# Maximum Likelihood Angle-Range Estimation for Monostatic FDA-MIMO Radar with Extended Range Ambiguity Using Subarrays

Authors: Kaikai Yang; Sheng Hong; Qi Zhu; Yanheng Ye
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2020)

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## Abstract

In this paper, we consider the joint angle-range estimation in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The transmit subarrays are first utilized to expand the range ambiguity, and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm is first proposed to improve the estimation performance. The range ambiguity is a serious problem in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, which can reduce the detection range of targets. To extend the unambiguous range, we propose to divide the transmitting array into subarrays. Then, within the unambiguous range, the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm is proposed to estimate the angle and range with high accuracy and high resolution. In the ML algorithm, the joint angle-range estimation problem becomes a high-dimensional search problem; thus, it is computationally expensive. To reduce the computation load, the alternating projection ML (AP-ML) algorithm is proposed by transforming the high-dimensional search into a series of one-dimensional search iteratively. With the proposed AP-ML algorithm, the angle and range are automatically paired. Simulation results show that transmitting subarray can extend the range ambiguity of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar and obtain a lower cramer-rao low bound (CRLB) for range estimation. Moreover, the proposed AP-ML algorithm is superior over the traditional estimation algorithms in terms of the estimation accuracy and resolution.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The frequency diverse array (FDA) concept was first proposed at the 2006 IEEE Radar Conference and has received widespread attention because of its range-dependent beam pattern [1–3]. The FDA range-dependent beam pattern is generated by the different carrier frequencies of the array elements; that is, there is a frequency increment between the FDA array element carrier frequency, and the frequency increment is much smaller than the reference array element carrier frequency. Compared with traditional phased array, the FDA has obvious advantages in applications such as beamforming [4], target detection and positioning [5], deceptive jamming suppression [6], and secure communication [7].The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar has excellent spatial resolution and target detection performance [8, 9]. Combining FDA and MIMO radar can increase FDA degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). There are two types of FDA-MIMO radar, which are the bistatic FDA-MIMO radar and the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The bistatic FDA-MIMO radar has the serious problem of angle-range coupling, which increases the difficulty of joint angle-range estimation [10]. However, the angle and range parameters are decoupled in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, which facilitates the joint angle-range estimation [11].Although the angle and range parameters are decoupled in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, there exists another serious problem of range ambiguity. The problem of unambiguous range in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar was pointed in [12], where the maximum unambiguous range was derived. In monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, only within a limited range, the range of target can be estimated without ambiguity, and the unambiguous range is inversely proportional to the frequency increment. To our best knowledge, there is only one work discussing how to extend the unambiguous range of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar at present. Inspired by [5], reference [13] proposed double-pulses method to extend the unambiguous range, which is to transmit double-pulses with different frequency increments at different times. However, transmitting double-pulses at different times will reduce the real-time performance of the radar system. Inspired by the method of angle and range decoupled using subarrays in traditional FDA (uniform linear array and uniform frequency increment) radar [14] and bistatic FDA-MIMO radar [10], we propose to extend the range ambiguity for the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar using subarrays. In this method, the FDA transmitting array is uniformly divided into subarrays with different frequency increments. Compared with the double-pulse method, the proposed method can reduce the time cost of the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar system. Meanwhile, in traditional monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, reducing the frequency increment can extend the unambiguous range. However, reducing the frequency increment, the cramer-rao low bound (CRLB) of the range estimation will increase accordingly. The proposed transmitting subarrays can solve this contradictory problem, and a lower-range estimation CRLB while extending the unambiguous range can be obtained.In addition, the joint angle and range estimation with unambiguous range in monostatic FDA-MIMO radars has received a lot of attention. In [15], the angle and range estimation CRLB, MSE, and resolution of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar were analysed and compared with traditional MIMO radar, which illustrated the advantages of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm was utilized in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar [16], where the resolution threshold for angle and range estimation was analysed. In [17], the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm was used to estimate the target angle and range without search. Compared with the searching algorithm (e.g., MUSIC), the calculation cost of ESPRIT algorithm is reduced, but the estimation accuracy is lower than the searching algorithm. In [18], by using the sparseness of the target in the space, the sparse model of the received signal in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar was established. The sparse model was solved using convex optimization, and finally the angle and range were estimated in a single snapshot. In [12], the design of the coprime array was applied to the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, which further improves the DOFs. At the same time, an angle and range estimation based on Bayesian learning algorithm was proposed. Reconstruction algorithm based on compressed sensing always subject to the grid-mismatch effect and deteriorating the estimation performance [19]. The off-grid angle and range estimation approach for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar with single snapshot based on decoupled atomic norm minimization (DANM) is proposed in [20]. And the estimation performance is better than orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP).In above related works, the classic MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms are widely used in angle and range estimation for monostatic FDA-MIMO. However, as a classic parameter estimation algorithm, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) [21] has not been discussed for angle and range estimation in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. According to the estimation theory, the estimation performance of MLE is better than MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms, and the estimation result is closer to the parameter estimation CRLB. Considering this paucity, in this paper, we first utilize the MLE algorithm to estimate angle and range jointly in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The log-likelihood function of angle-range estimation is derived, and the maximum likelihood (ML) cost function of the angle and range is obtained. Since the cost function of MLE requires high-dimensional search, the computation load is heavy. To improve the computational efficiency, we propose the alternating projection (AP) ML algorithm, which transforms the high-dimensional search into a series of one-dimensional iterative search [22]. In addition, the angle and range are automatically paired during the iteration.In this paper, the transmitting steering vector of traditional FDA and FDA with subarrays are derived, based on which the signal model of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar with transmitting subarrays is given. Then, the reason and principle of extending unambiguous range by transmitting subarrays are illustrated. The expression for the unambiguous range of the proposed method is derived and compared with the existing method. After extending the range ambiguity, we utilize the MLE algorithm within the unambiguous range to estimate the angle and range jointly in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. To further reduce the computational load, the AP-MLE is proposed. In the simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed method to expand the range ambiguity is verified. The CRLB of angle and range is derived. The estimation performance of the proposed AP-ML estimation algorithm is evaluated, which confirms the superiority of the proposed method in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar with subarrays.The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:(i)
The method to extend the range ambiguity by transmitting subarrays is proposed in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. Compared with the existing method of decreasing the frequency increment in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, the proposed method can obtain a lower range estimate CRLB. Compared with the existing double-pulse method, the proposed method can reduce the time cost of the radar system.(ii)
The AP-ML algorithm for joint angle and range estimation in the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar with transmitting subarrays is proposed. The specific algorithm flow is given, and the estimation performance is evaluated. Simulation results show that the estimation accuracy and resolution ability of the proposed AP-MLE algorithm are significantly superior over the classic MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms.Notations: Superscripts⋅T, ⋅H, and ⋅−1 denote complex transpose, conjugate transpose, and inverse operation, respectively. ⊗ denotes Kronecker product. lcm⋅ denotes least common multiple operation. ∝ means proportional relationship. trace⋅ denotes trace operation. ⊙ denotes Hadamard product. Re⋅ means taking the real part. 12×2 represents 2 × 2 matrix filled with ones.


## 2. Signal Model

The frequency diverse array is different from the traditional array in that there is a nonzero frequency incrementΔf in the carrier frequency between its array elements, and this frequency increment Δf is much smaller than the carrier frequency of the reference array element. The carrier frequency of the m-th array element is(1)fm=f1+m−1Δf,m=1,2,…,M,where f1 represents the reference array element carrier frequency, and M represents the number of array elements.In this paper, we consider a monostatic FDA-MIMO radar system with transmitting subarrays. The transmitting subarray monostatic FDA-MIMO radar system is shown in Figure1. The transmitting array is uniformly divided into K subarrays, where each subarray is a ULA with M array elements, the spacing between subarrays element and subarrays is dt. Assuming the frequency increment of the k-th subarray is Δfk. Receiving array is a ULA with N array elements, and the spacing between receiving array elements is dr.Figure 1
Transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar system. (a) Transmitting array. (b) Receiving array.
(a)(b)Suppose there is a target at the far field of the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The angle of the target relative to the array isθ, and the two-way propagation range of the target is r. In this case, the transmitting steering vector of transmitting array is [10](2)atθ,r=at1θ,rT,…,atkθ,rT,…,atKθ,rTT,where atkθ,r is the transmitting steering vector of the k-th subarray and atkθ,r can be expressed as [1–3](3)atkθ,r=e−j2π/ck−1Mdtf1sinθ−fk,1−f1,1r1,…,e−jM−1Δφkθ,rT,where Δφkθ,r=2π/cdtf1sinθ−Δfkr and c is speed of light. fk,1 represents the carrier frequency of the first element of the k-th subarray, and definition fk,m represents the carrier frequency of the m-th element of the k-th subarray, which can be written as(4)fk,m=fk,1+m−1Δfk,m=1,2,…,M.IfK = 1 or Δf1=⋯=Δfk=⋯=ΔfK and fk,1=fk−1,1+MΔfk−1, the transmitting subarrays degenerates into nontransmitting subarrays (transmitting frequency diverse array with ULA and uniform frequency increment).Assuming the transmitting subarrays transmit KM orthogonal signals, the narrow-band complex signal transmitted by them-th element in the k-th subarray can be expressed as(5)sk,mt=ϕk,mtej2πfk,mt,where ϕk,mt represents the km-th orthogonal signal.Suppose there areP static and irrelevant targets in the far field. The transmitting subarrays transmit KM signals, after the target is reflected, the signal is received and sampled by the receiving array, after matched filtering, the received signal can be written as [10, 20](6)xl=∑p=1Parθp⊗atθp,rpβpl+nl,l=1,…,L,where L is snapshots of the received signal, θp indicates the angle (direction of arrival (DOA) and direction of departure (DOD)) of the p-th target, and rp indicates the two-way range for the p-th target. βpl represents the complex amplitude of the received p-th target, and arθp=1,…,ej2π/cN−1drf1sinθpT is the receiving array steering vector. nl is the MN-dimensional complex Gaussian noise vector with zero mean and variance of σ2.Equation (6) can be written as(7)xl=Aβl+nl,l=1,…,L,where A=arθ1⊗atθ1,r1,…,arθP⊗atθP,rP∈ℂKNM×P is the array manifold matrix, βl=β1l,…,βpl,…,βPlT∈ℂP×1 is the complex amplitude vector of P targets.


## 3. Extend the Range Ambiguity Using Subarrays

In traditional radar system, ambiguity range is caused by range-folded echo due to pulse repetition frequency (PRF). However, in FDA-MIMO radar, the angle-range of the target can be estimated jointly. Similarly, the range ambiguity problem also exists in FDA-MIMO radar. The range ambiguity in FDA-MIMO radar is caused by the multiple peak values in range dimension of the angle-range beamforming [13]. In this section, we explain the range ambiguity problem from the angle-range estimation principle. In this case, the problem of the multiple peak values in range dimension of the angle-range beamforming turns into the multiple peak values in range dimension of the angle-range spectrum. In addition, we use method of subarrays to extend the range between the multiple peaks and it is equivalent to extending unambiguous range in FDA-MIMO radar.It can be seen from equation (7) that the angle and range in monostatic FDA-MIMO are decoupled. The angle of the target can be estimated separately from the receiving steering vector. Subsequently, the range of the target can be estimated from the transmitting steering vector. When estimating the angle and range of p-th target for transmitting frequency diverse array with ULA and uniform frequency increment, it is equivalent to estimating the phase difference Δφθp,rp=2π/cdtf1sinθp−Δfrp in the transmitting steering vector and the phase difference Δφθp=2π/cdrf1sinθp in the receiving steering vector. Obviously, the angle θp of p-th target can be estimated from the receiving steering vector without unambiguous. The range rp of p-th target can be estimated from the transmitting steering vector. However, the phase difference Δφθp,rp is ambiguous with range.We suppose the estimated valueϕ for the phase difference Δφθp,rp by the estimation algorithms is in the range of −π,π, i.e., ϕ∈−π,π. The range of the p-th target can be retrieved from the equation Δφθp,rp=ϕ, ϕ∈−π,π. We assume that the truth value of the p-th target range is rt and the truth value of the p-th target angle is θt. Then, we have(8)2πcdtf1sinθt−Δfrt+qramb=ϕ,q=0,±1,±2,…,where ramb is the ambiguity range. From (8), we can see that ramb=c/Δf, which means that the range ambiguity is determined by the frequency increment Δf. We can also conclude that there is a periodic ambiguity in the estimated range and the periodic range is c/Δf. That means the maximum unambiguous detection range of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar is c/Δf and the maximum unambiguous range is inversely proportional to the frequency increment. Hence, we propose the subarrays method to handle the ambiguity range and extend the maximum unambiguous range.In this paper, we utilize the method of transmitting subarrays to extend the maximum unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. In the transmitting subarrays, the frequency increment of thek-th subarray is Δfk. When range of the target estimated from the transmitter with transmitting subarrays, it is equivalent to estimating the phase difference Δφkθp,rp=2π/cdtf1sinθp−Δfkrp in the transmitting steering vector and angle of the p-th target estimated from receiving steering vector before. We suppose the estimated value ϕk for the phase difference Δφkθp,rp of k-th subarray by the estimation algorithms is in the range of −π,π, i.e., ϕk∈−π,π. In this case, the ambiguous rule of transmitting subarrays is determined by(9)2πcdtf1sinθt−Δf1rt+q1ramb1=ϕ1,q1=0,±1,±2,…,⋮2πcdtf1sinθt−Δfkrt+qkrambk=ϕk,qk=0,±1,±2,…,⋮2πcdtf1sinθt−ΔfKrt+qKrambK=ϕK,qK=0,±1,±2,…,where rambk is the maximum unambiguous range of the k-th subarray. Similarly, we can conclude that there is a periodic ambiguity in the range estimated by k-the subarray and the periodic range is c/Δfk. From equation (9), we can conclude that the maximum unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays satisfies(10)qrambmax=q1ramb1=⋯=qkrambk=⋯=qKrambK,q=0,±1,±2,…,where rambmax is the maximum unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays. Hence, from the equations (9) and (10), the maximum unambiguous range of monostatic FDA-MIMO radar with transmitting subarrays is(11)rambmax=lcmcΔf1,…,cΔfk,…,cΔfK.From equation (11), if c/Δf1,…,c/Δfk,…,c/ΔfK satisfies the coprime relationship, the maximum unambiguous range is c/Δf1×⋯×c/Δfk×⋯×c/ΔfK. Therefore, a reasonable configuration of the transmitting subarrays can greatly extend the unambiguous range of the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. On the contrary, if K = 1 or Δf1=⋯=Δfk=⋯=ΔfK and fk,1=fk−1,1+MΔfk−1, transmitting subarrays degenerate into nontransmitting subarrays, the unambiguous range will be greatly reduced.Maximum unambiguous range of traditional, double-pulses, and transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar is shown in Table1. The maximum unambiguous range of traditional monostatic FDA-MIMO radar is c/Δf. The maximum unambiguous range of transmitting double-pluses monostatic FDA-MIMO radar is lcmc/Δf1,c/Δf2 and the maximum unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar is lcmc/Δf1,…,c/Δfk,…,c/ΔfK. Therefore, both the method of double-pulse and transmitting subarrays can extend the maximum unambiguous range. If the method of double-pulse is to obtain the same size of the maximum unambiguous range as the transmitting subarrays, it is necessary to transmit K-pulses with different frequency increments at different times, which will greatly increase the time cost of the radar system. Compared with the method of double-pulses, the method of transmitting subarrays can reduce the time cost of the radar system.Table 1
Maximum unambiguous range of traditional, double-pulses, and transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar.
FDATraditionalDouble-pulsesTransmitting subarraysMaximum unambiguous range (m)c/Δflcmc/Δf1,c/Δf2lcmc/Δf1,…,c/Δfk,…,c/ΔfK


## 4. The AP-ML Algorithm for Angle-Range Estimation

### 4.1. ML Algorithm for Angle-Range Estimation

In this part, the MLE algorithm is used to estimate angle and range for monostatic FDA-MIMO. First, the log-likelihood function of angle and range estimation is derived. Second, through simplification, the ML cost function about angle and range estimation is obtained. Finally, an AP algorithm is used for dimensionality reduction iterative search. In iterative search, angle and range are automatically matched, and no additional angle and range matching algorithm is required.According to equation (7) array receiving signal model, the parameter to be estimated is η=θT,rT,Z,σ2, where(12a)θ=θ1,θ2,…,θPT,(12b)r=r1,r2,…,rPT,(12c)Z=β1T,…,βlT,…,βLT.Under the complex Gaussian noise with zero mean variance ofσ2, suppose the noises are independent of each other, the noise and signal also satisfy the independent relationship. At this time, the array received signal obeys X∼NcAS,σ2IKMN [23], and the joint probability density function (PDF) of X can be represented as(13)fXX;η=∏l=1L12πσ2KMN/2exp−xl−AβlHxl−Aβl2σ2,where X=x1,…,xl,…,xL.By performing the logarithm operation on the joint PDF, the log-likelihood function is obtained as(14)Lη=lnfXX;η=−KMNL2ln2πσ2−12σ2∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.By taking the derivative ofσ2setting the derivative function to zero, we can obtain the maximum likelihood estimation of σ2 as(15)σ^2=1KMNL∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.Substitutingσ^2 into equation (13), the new log-likelihood function as(16)Lθ,r,Z=−KMNL2−KMNL2ln2πKMNL∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.From equation (16), the new log-likelihood function satisfies the following relationship:(17)Lθ,r,Z∝−∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.Then, the maximum likelihood estimation of angle and range becomes(18)θ^,r^,Z^ML=argmaxθ,r,ZLθ,r,Z.Becausexl=Aβl+nl is a linear model about βl, we can know from the best likelihood estimation theorem of the linear model(19)β^lML=AHA−1AHxl.Taking equations (19) into (18) and simplifying, the maximum likelihood cost function for angle and range estimation can be described as(20)θ^,r^ML=argmaxθ,rtracePAR,where PA=AAHA−1AH is the projection matrix and R=1/L∑l=1LxlxHl is the signal covariance matrix.ML cost function is a high-dimensional search problem. When the number of targets isP, a global search will be conducted in the 2P-dimensional space. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, we further simplify the 2P-dimensional search into a series of one-dimensional iterative search by AP algorithm.


### 4.2. AP Iterative Search for ML Cost Function

AP algorithm is a simple and effective method to solve the multidimensional searching problem. It simplifies the multidimensional searching into a series of one-dimensional searching and thus can greatly reduce the computational load. However, if the objective function is not convex, the initial value of the parameter will greatly influence the result of searching. In order to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimal value, a good initialization parameter value is very important. The method in [24] is used to initialize angle and range.Firstly, the first group of angle and range initial values is obtained as follows:(21)θ^10,r^10=argmaxθ,rtraceParθ⊗atθ,rR.After that, the second group of angle and range is solved by(22)θ^20,r^20=argmaxθ,rtraceParθ^10⊗atθ^10,r^10,arθ⊗atθ,rR.According to the method of equations (21) and (22), initialize the P groups of angle and range in sequence.Next, iteratively update theP groups of angle and range until the algorithm iteration stop condition is satisfied. In the iterative process, perform a one-dimensional search for angle and range, respectively:(23)θ^pj+1=argmaxθtracePA^Θj,arθ⊗atθ,r^pjR,(24)r^pj+1=argmaxrtracePA^Θj,arθ^pj⊗atθ^pj,rR,where Θj represents the P-1 pair angle and range from the j-th iteration, which can be described as(25)Θj=θ1j,r1j,…,θp−1j,rp−1j,θp+1j,rp+1j,…,θPj,rPj.Finally, the iteration stop condition is(26)θ^pj+1−θ^pj≤δ,(27)r^pj+1−r^pj≤ε,where p=1,…,P, δ, and ε are error thresholds. When (26) and (27) are satisfied at the same time or the iteration reaches the maximum number, the iteration stops.The steps for the angle and range estimation in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar using AP-MLE are described as follows:Step 1:j = 0, initialize the angle-range parameters according to equations (21) and (22).Step 2:j = j + 1, iteratively and update the angle and range parameters according to equations (23) and (24).Step 3: if (26) and (27) are satisfied, or the maximum number of iterations is reached, the algorithm stops, otherwise repeat Step 2.


## 4.1. ML Algorithm for Angle-Range Estimation

In this part, the MLE algorithm is used to estimate angle and range for monostatic FDA-MIMO. First, the log-likelihood function of angle and range estimation is derived. Second, through simplification, the ML cost function about angle and range estimation is obtained. Finally, an AP algorithm is used for dimensionality reduction iterative search. In iterative search, angle and range are automatically matched, and no additional angle and range matching algorithm is required.According to equation (7) array receiving signal model, the parameter to be estimated is η=θT,rT,Z,σ2, where(12a)θ=θ1,θ2,…,θPT,(12b)r=r1,r2,…,rPT,(12c)Z=β1T,…,βlT,…,βLT.Under the complex Gaussian noise with zero mean variance ofσ2, suppose the noises are independent of each other, the noise and signal also satisfy the independent relationship. At this time, the array received signal obeys X∼NcAS,σ2IKMN [23], and the joint probability density function (PDF) of X can be represented as(13)fXX;η=∏l=1L12πσ2KMN/2exp−xl−AβlHxl−Aβl2σ2,where X=x1,…,xl,…,xL.By performing the logarithm operation on the joint PDF, the log-likelihood function is obtained as(14)Lη=lnfXX;η=−KMNL2ln2πσ2−12σ2∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.By taking the derivative ofσ2setting the derivative function to zero, we can obtain the maximum likelihood estimation of σ2 as(15)σ^2=1KMNL∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.Substitutingσ^2 into equation (13), the new log-likelihood function as(16)Lθ,r,Z=−KMNL2−KMNL2ln2πKMNL∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.From equation (16), the new log-likelihood function satisfies the following relationship:(17)Lθ,r,Z∝−∑l=1Lxl−AβlHxl−Aβl.Then, the maximum likelihood estimation of angle and range becomes(18)θ^,r^,Z^ML=argmaxθ,r,ZLθ,r,Z.Becausexl=Aβl+nl is a linear model about βl, we can know from the best likelihood estimation theorem of the linear model(19)β^lML=AHA−1AHxl.Taking equations (19) into (18) and simplifying, the maximum likelihood cost function for angle and range estimation can be described as(20)θ^,r^ML=argmaxθ,rtracePAR,where PA=AAHA−1AH is the projection matrix and R=1/L∑l=1LxlxHl is the signal covariance matrix.ML cost function is a high-dimensional search problem. When the number of targets isP, a global search will be conducted in the 2P-dimensional space. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, we further simplify the 2P-dimensional search into a series of one-dimensional iterative search by AP algorithm.


## 4.2. AP Iterative Search for ML Cost Function

AP algorithm is a simple and effective method to solve the multidimensional searching problem. It simplifies the multidimensional searching into a series of one-dimensional searching and thus can greatly reduce the computational load. However, if the objective function is not convex, the initial value of the parameter will greatly influence the result of searching. In order to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimal value, a good initialization parameter value is very important. The method in [24] is used to initialize angle and range.Firstly, the first group of angle and range initial values is obtained as follows:(21)θ^10,r^10=argmaxθ,rtraceParθ⊗atθ,rR.After that, the second group of angle and range is solved by(22)θ^20,r^20=argmaxθ,rtraceParθ^10⊗atθ^10,r^10,arθ⊗atθ,rR.According to the method of equations (21) and (22), initialize the P groups of angle and range in sequence.Next, iteratively update theP groups of angle and range until the algorithm iteration stop condition is satisfied. In the iterative process, perform a one-dimensional search for angle and range, respectively:(23)θ^pj+1=argmaxθtracePA^Θj,arθ⊗atθ,r^pjR,(24)r^pj+1=argmaxrtracePA^Θj,arθ^pj⊗atθ^pj,rR,where Θj represents the P-1 pair angle and range from the j-th iteration, which can be described as(25)Θj=θ1j,r1j,…,θp−1j,rp−1j,θp+1j,rp+1j,…,θPj,rPj.Finally, the iteration stop condition is(26)θ^pj+1−θ^pj≤δ,(27)r^pj+1−r^pj≤ε,where p=1,…,P, δ, and ε are error thresholds. When (26) and (27) are satisfied at the same time or the iteration reaches the maximum number, the iteration stops.The steps for the angle and range estimation in monostatic FDA-MIMO radar using AP-MLE are described as follows:Step 1:j = 0, initialize the angle-range parameters according to equations (21) and (22).Step 2:j = j + 1, iteratively and update the angle and range parameters according to equations (23) and (24).Step 3: if (26) and (27) are satisfied, or the maximum number of iterations is reached, the algorithm stops, otherwise repeat Step 2.


## 5. Simulation Results

In this part, we design some experiments to prove the efficiency of the proposed method of transmitting subarrays to extend the unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar and the superiority of the proposed AP-ML angle and range estimation for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar.


### 5.1. Simulation 1

In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed transmitting subarrays to extend the unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, simulation 1 gives the unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar and nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar by MUSIC spectrum.Consider the number of transmitting subarrays isK = 2, the number of subarrays elements is M = 6, and the frequency increment Δf1 of the first subarray is 2 kHz. The frequency increment Δf2 of the second subarray is 5 kHz. The carrier frequency of the first subarray reference array element is 10 GHz, and the carrier frequency of the second subarray reference array element is 10.000012 GHz. The number of array elements of the receiving array is N = 8, and dt=dr=c/2fKM. Suppose a target is located at (20°, 50 km), under the conditions of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = 20 dB, and the number of snapshots L is 100, the following gives the monostatic FDA-MIMO MUSIC spectrum with frequency increment Δf1=Δf2=2kHz, Δf1=Δf2=5kHz, and Δf1=2kHz, Δf2=5kHz.Figure2 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=Δf2=2kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of nontransmitting subarrays (traditional FDA) is 150 km. Figure 3 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=Δf2=5kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of nontransmitting subarrays is 60 km. Figure 4 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=2kHz and Δf2=5kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays is 300 km. Comparing Figures 2 and 3, under the traditional FDA, the unambiguous range is inversely proportional to the frequency increment. Comparing Figures 2–4, it can be concluded that the proposed transmitting subarrays can extend the unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar.Figure 2
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=Δf2=2kHz.Figure 3
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=Δf2=5kHz.Figure 4
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=2kHz and Δf2=5kHz.


### 5.2. Simulation 2

In order to verify the correctness of the proposed AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, simulation 2 gives the estimation result of AP-MLE.Suppose three targets located at (−10°, 151 km), (5°, 152 km), and (30°, 154 km), and transmitting subarraysK = 2, the number of each subarray elements M = 6, Δf1=2kHz, and Δf2=5kHz. Obviously three targets are within the unambiguous range. In the case of SNR = 10 dB and snapshot number L = 100, 100 Monte Carlo simulation results are given in Figure 5. The angle search step is 0.05°, and the range search step is 5 m.Figure 5
Angle and range estimation results of AP-MLE.Figure5 shows the angle and range estimation results of AP-MLE within the unambiguous range. From Figure 5, we can know the AP-MLE algorithm can complete the angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. At SNR = 10 dB, 100 estimations are closer to the real angle and range. In addition, in the AP iteration, the 3 groups of angle and range are automatically paired without additional pairing algorithm.


### 5.3. Simulation 3

Simulation 3 uses the average number of iterations curves versus SNR to represent the efficiency of the AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The simulation conditions are the same as for simulation 2.Figure6 gives the average number of iterations curves versus SNR of AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. As the SNR increases, the number of iterations required decreases. When SNR is greater than or equal to 20 dB, AP-MLE only needs about two iterations and the efficiency of the AP-MLE is significant.Figure 6
Average number of iterations curves versus SNR.


### 5.4. Simulation 4

In order to evaluate the estimation performance of the AP-MLE algorithm, the AP-MLE root mean square error (RMSE) of the angle and range against the SNR is compared with the MUSIC algorithm, ESPRIT algorithm (angle and range pairing algorithm in [25]), paper [13], and angle-range estimation CRLB. The CRLB expression is given by equation (28), the angle and range RMSE expressions are given by equations (35) and (36).(28)CRLBΘ=σ22LReCHPA⊥C⊙Rβ⊗12×2−1,where(29)Θ=θ1,r1,…,θp,rp,…,θP,rPT,(30)C=dθ1,dr1,…,dθp,drp,…,dθP,drP,(31)dθp=∂arθP⊗atθP,rP∂θP,(32)drp=∂arθP⊗atθP,rP∂rP,(33)Rβ=1L∑l=1LβlβHl,(34)PA⊥=I−PA.From equations (31) and (32), the frequency increments have a significant effect on the CRLB of range estimation and have no significant effect on the CRLB of angle estimation. Therefore, we mainly consider the effect of the frequency increment setting on the CRLB of range estimate in this simulation.(35)RMSEθ=1P∑p=1P1D∑d=1Dθ^pd−θp2,(36)RMSEr=1P∑p=1P1D∑d=1Dr^pd−rp2,where θ^pd is the angle value of the p-th target estimated at the d-th time, r^pd is the range value of the p-th target estimated at the d-th time, and D is the number of Monte Carlo simulations.Suppose three targets are located at (−5°, 11 km),(10°, 13 km), and (35°, 14 km), where the angle search step is 0.01° and the range search step is 1 m. The number of simulationsD = 200 and other simulation conditions are the same as simulation 2.Figure7 shows angle CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR and Figure 8 shows range CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR. From Figures 7 and 8, as the SNR increases, the angle and range RMSE of paper [13], MUSIC, ESPRIT, AP-MLE, and CRLBs decrease continuously. However, the angle and range RMSE of AP-MLE is closest to angle and range CRLB. So, the performance of angle and range estimation of AP-MLE is better than paper [13], MUSIC, and ESPRIT, and the ESPRIT is the worst.Figure 7
Angle CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR.Figure 8
Range CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR.Next, according to the range estimation CRLB withΔf1=Δf2=2kHz, Δf1=Δf2=3kHz, Δf1=Δf2=5kHz, and Δf1=2kHz, Δf2=5kHz in Figure 8, the nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar range estimation CRLB decreases with increasing frequency. However, from equation (8), the max unambiguous range decreases with increasing frequency. Hence, it is impossible to obtain a low-range CRLB and a large unambiguous range at the same time in nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. However, lower-range estimation CRLB and large unambiguous range can be obtained at the same time in transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. That means the proposed transmitting subarrays can solve the relationship between the low-range estimation CRLB and large unambiguous range contradiction.


### 5.5. Simulation 5

We measure resolution by the resolution probability of the targets. The expression for the threshold isχ=minθp1−θp22+rp1−rp22/2,p1,p2=1,…,P,p1≠p2. If the absolute error of the estimation than χ, the estimation is considered a failure resolution. The estimation angle and range are mapped to the wrong target, which leads to a large error, so that the different targets cannot be distinguished correctly.Assume that two targets are located at (10°, 11 km) and (15°, 11.5 km). Other simulation conditions are the same as simulation 2.Figure9 gives the resolution probability curves versus SNR. From Figure 9, as the SNR increases, the resolution probability of AP-MLE reaches 1 at the fastest. From the trend of the curve change, we can conclude the resolution probability of AP-MLE is the best, MUSIC is second, paper [13] is third, and the ESPRIT is the slowest. In addition, the resolution capability of AP-MLE is obviously greater than paper [13], MUSIC, and ESPRIT, and the ESPRIT algorithm.Figure 9
Resolution probability curves versus SNR.


## 5.1. Simulation 1

In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed transmitting subarrays to extend the unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, simulation 1 gives the unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar and nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar by MUSIC spectrum.Consider the number of transmitting subarrays isK = 2, the number of subarrays elements is M = 6, and the frequency increment Δf1 of the first subarray is 2 kHz. The frequency increment Δf2 of the second subarray is 5 kHz. The carrier frequency of the first subarray reference array element is 10 GHz, and the carrier frequency of the second subarray reference array element is 10.000012 GHz. The number of array elements of the receiving array is N = 8, and dt=dr=c/2fKM. Suppose a target is located at (20°, 50 km), under the conditions of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = 20 dB, and the number of snapshots L is 100, the following gives the monostatic FDA-MIMO MUSIC spectrum with frequency increment Δf1=Δf2=2kHz, Δf1=Δf2=5kHz, and Δf1=2kHz, Δf2=5kHz.Figure2 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=Δf2=2kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of nontransmitting subarrays (traditional FDA) is 150 km. Figure 3 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=Δf2=5kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of nontransmitting subarrays is 60 km. Figure 4 shows the MUSIC spectrum with Δf1=2kHz and Δf2=5kHz; in this case, the unambiguous range of transmitting subarrays is 300 km. Comparing Figures 2 and 3, under the traditional FDA, the unambiguous range is inversely proportional to the frequency increment. Comparing Figures 2–4, it can be concluded that the proposed transmitting subarrays can extend the unambiguous range for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar.Figure 2
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=Δf2=2kHz.Figure 3
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=Δf2=5kHz.Figure 4
MUSIC spectrum withΔf1=2kHz and Δf2=5kHz.


## 5.2. Simulation 2

In order to verify the correctness of the proposed AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar, simulation 2 gives the estimation result of AP-MLE.Suppose three targets located at (−10°, 151 km), (5°, 152 km), and (30°, 154 km), and transmitting subarraysK = 2, the number of each subarray elements M = 6, Δf1=2kHz, and Δf2=5kHz. Obviously three targets are within the unambiguous range. In the case of SNR = 10 dB and snapshot number L = 100, 100 Monte Carlo simulation results are given in Figure 5. The angle search step is 0.05°, and the range search step is 5 m.Figure 5
Angle and range estimation results of AP-MLE.Figure5 shows the angle and range estimation results of AP-MLE within the unambiguous range. From Figure 5, we can know the AP-MLE algorithm can complete the angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. At SNR = 10 dB, 100 estimations are closer to the real angle and range. In addition, in the AP iteration, the 3 groups of angle and range are automatically paired without additional pairing algorithm.


## 5.3. Simulation 3

Simulation 3 uses the average number of iterations curves versus SNR to represent the efficiency of the AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. The simulation conditions are the same as for simulation 2.Figure6 gives the average number of iterations curves versus SNR of AP-ML angle and range estimation for transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. As the SNR increases, the number of iterations required decreases. When SNR is greater than or equal to 20 dB, AP-MLE only needs about two iterations and the efficiency of the AP-MLE is significant.Figure 6
Average number of iterations curves versus SNR.


## 5.4. Simulation 4

In order to evaluate the estimation performance of the AP-MLE algorithm, the AP-MLE root mean square error (RMSE) of the angle and range against the SNR is compared with the MUSIC algorithm, ESPRIT algorithm (angle and range pairing algorithm in [25]), paper [13], and angle-range estimation CRLB. The CRLB expression is given by equation (28), the angle and range RMSE expressions are given by equations (35) and (36).(28)CRLBΘ=σ22LReCHPA⊥C⊙Rβ⊗12×2−1,where(29)Θ=θ1,r1,…,θp,rp,…,θP,rPT,(30)C=dθ1,dr1,…,dθp,drp,…,dθP,drP,(31)dθp=∂arθP⊗atθP,rP∂θP,(32)drp=∂arθP⊗atθP,rP∂rP,(33)Rβ=1L∑l=1LβlβHl,(34)PA⊥=I−PA.From equations (31) and (32), the frequency increments have a significant effect on the CRLB of range estimation and have no significant effect on the CRLB of angle estimation. Therefore, we mainly consider the effect of the frequency increment setting on the CRLB of range estimate in this simulation.(35)RMSEθ=1P∑p=1P1D∑d=1Dθ^pd−θp2,(36)RMSEr=1P∑p=1P1D∑d=1Dr^pd−rp2,where θ^pd is the angle value of the p-th target estimated at the d-th time, r^pd is the range value of the p-th target estimated at the d-th time, and D is the number of Monte Carlo simulations.Suppose three targets are located at (−5°, 11 km),(10°, 13 km), and (35°, 14 km), where the angle search step is 0.01° and the range search step is 1 m. The number of simulationsD = 200 and other simulation conditions are the same as simulation 2.Figure7 shows angle CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR and Figure 8 shows range CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR. From Figures 7 and 8, as the SNR increases, the angle and range RMSE of paper [13], MUSIC, ESPRIT, AP-MLE, and CRLBs decrease continuously. However, the angle and range RMSE of AP-MLE is closest to angle and range CRLB. So, the performance of angle and range estimation of AP-MLE is better than paper [13], MUSIC, and ESPRIT, and the ESPRIT is the worst.Figure 7
Angle CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR.Figure 8
Range CRLB and RMSE curves versus SNR.Next, according to the range estimation CRLB withΔf1=Δf2=2kHz, Δf1=Δf2=3kHz, Δf1=Δf2=5kHz, and Δf1=2kHz, Δf2=5kHz in Figure 8, the nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar range estimation CRLB decreases with increasing frequency. However, from equation (8), the max unambiguous range decreases with increasing frequency. Hence, it is impossible to obtain a low-range CRLB and a large unambiguous range at the same time in nontransmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. However, lower-range estimation CRLB and large unambiguous range can be obtained at the same time in transmitting subarrays monostatic FDA-MIMO radar. That means the proposed transmitting subarrays can solve the relationship between the low-range estimation CRLB and large unambiguous range contradiction.


## 5.5. Simulation 5

We measure resolution by the resolution probability of the targets. The expression for the threshold isχ=minθp1−θp22+rp1−rp22/2,p1,p2=1,…,P,p1≠p2. If the absolute error of the estimation than χ, the estimation is considered a failure resolution. The estimation angle and range are mapped to the wrong target, which leads to a large error, so that the different targets cannot be distinguished correctly.Assume that two targets are located at (10°, 11 km) and (15°, 11.5 km). Other simulation conditions are the same as simulation 2.Figure9 gives the resolution probability curves versus SNR. From Figure 9, as the SNR increases, the resolution probability of AP-MLE reaches 1 at the fastest. From the trend of the curve change, we can conclude the resolution probability of AP-MLE is the best, MUSIC is second, paper [13] is third, and the ESPRIT is the slowest. In addition, the resolution capability of AP-MLE is obviously greater than paper [13], MUSIC, and ESPRIT, and the ESPRIT algorithm.Figure 9
Resolution probability curves versus SNR.


## 6. Conclusions

This paper proposes to extend the unambiguous range of the monostatic FDA-MIMO radar using the transmitting subarrays. Meanwhile, the proposed transmitting subarrays can solve the relationship between the low range estimation CRLB and large unambiguous range contradiction. In addition, the AP-ML angle and range estimation for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar are proposed. The simulation results prove the superiority of AP-ML angle and range estimation for monostatic FDA-MIMO radar in estimation accuracy and resolution.



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*Source: 4601208-2020-09-08.xml*