# Effect of Uterine Arterial Chemoembolization Combined with Ultrasound-Guided Uterine Curettage on Cervical Pregnancy and Influencing Factors

Authors: Xueqin Gong; Yulong Qian; Liang Zhang; Liping Zhang
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2021)

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## Abstract

This is a retrospective study to analyze the efficacy of uterine artery chemoembolization (UACE) combined with ultrasound-guided curettage in the treatment of cervical pregnancy and the factors affecting the postoperative outcome. A total of 26 subjects were included in the study and were divided into a control group of 12 and an observer group of 14, all patients with cervical pregnancy diagnosed in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2020. Patients in the control group were treated with methotrexate injection (MTX) combined with ultrasound-guided curettage in our hospital, while the observer group was treated with UACE combined with ultrasound-guided curettage. The efficacy of the two groups was evaluated at 3 months postoperatively, and data on patients’ age, days of menopause, pregnancy frequency, and vaginal bleeding were collected retrospectively. Intraoperative bleeding, time to recovery of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), hospitalization time, time to return to normal menstruation, time to disappearance of gestational sac, pregnancy frequency, presence of endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, endogenous-exogenous type, gestational sac size, and HCG level were recorded in both groups. Single-factor analysis and multifactor logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors influencing the surgical outcomes of patients. The results of the study showed that the overall efficiency of the observer group was significantly higher than that of the control group, while intraoperative bleeding, hospital stay, time to return to normal menstruation, and time to disappearance of the gestational sac were all lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). The results of univariate and multifactorial analyses showed that endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, and endogenous-exogenous type could affect the patients’ postoperative recovery (p<0.05); gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, and thinnest myometrium were independent factors affecting the patients’ postoperative recovery (p<0.05). The above results suggest that UACE combined with ultrasound-guided uterine clearance for cervical pregnancy can significantly improve treatment efficacy, reduce intraoperative bleeding, and improve recovery time from postoperative related symptoms. The treatment efficacy of patients with cervical pregnancy was related to the gestational week, the maximum diameter of the gestational sac, and the thinnest muscle layer.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Cervical pregnancy refers to the implantation and development of fertilized eggs in the cervical canal, and the patients mostly show menopause and painless vaginal bleeding [1]. In recent years, the widespread application of uterine cavity operations such as induced abortion has increased the incidence of cervical pregnancy year by year, and the current incidence of cervical pregnancy accounts for 1% of ectopic pregnancies. The important component of the cervix is fibrous tissue, so the implantation of the fertilized egg in the cervix is not stable, and most patients will have a miscarriage within 20 weeks of pregnancy [2, 3]. The gestational sac is surrounded by abundant blood vessels and will be at risk of hemorrhage in case of abortion. Previous treatment of cervical pregnancy often required hysterectomy to save the patient’s life, which makes the patient lose the ability to become pregnant and makes the operation more difficult, so patients are generally reluctant to undergo hysterectomy [4, 5].The current methods for the treatment of cervical pregnancy include systemic medication or local chemotherapeutic debridement. Direct curettage treatment has a high chance of triggering intraoperative hemorrhage and is extremely risky intraoperatively; thus, treating it medically prior to clearance is the key to treatment [6]. Methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy has methods of administration such as systemic or ultrasound-guided intrauterine arterial injection, which inhibits trophoblast growth and causes necrosis, shedding, and resorption of embryonic tissue. However, it has disadvantages such as long treatment time and significant systemic toxic side effects, leading to the risk of vaginal hemorrhage still during the treatment [7]. The low concentration and slow onset of the drug in the lesion administered by cervical injection may lead to a delay in optimal treatment and increase the risk of complications in subsequent treatment [8]. UACE is an interventional treatment to reduce hemorrhage by injecting embolic agents into blood vessels under the guidance of ultrasound, X-ray, and computed tomography (CT) [9, 10]. This study explored the efficacy of UACE combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation in the treatment of cervical pregnancy and related factors affecting the efficacy. The specific report is as follows.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Materials

The clinical data of 26 patients with cervical pregnancy diagnosed in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively collected, and the 26 patients were divided into 12 cases in the control group and 14 cases in the observer group. In the control group, the patients’ ages ranged from 21 to 39 years, with a mean of (30.12 ± 3.17) years. The number of days of menopause ranged from 22 to 88 days, with a mean of (54.98 ± 13.51) days. The number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 4, with a mean of (1.51 ± 0.23). And there were 6 cases of vaginal bleeding. In the observer group, patients were 20–40 years old, with a mean of (30.34 ± 3.15) years. The number of days of menopause ranged from 20 to 90 days, with a mean of (51.39 ± 14.48) days. The number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 4 times, with a mean of (1.56 ± 0.25) times. There were 7 cases of vaginal bleeding. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in general data such as age, menopausal days, pregnancy times, and vaginal bleeding, and they were comparable (p>0.05).


### 2.2. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria are as follows. Patients had a history of menopause, early pregnancy reaction, and uncomplicated vaginal bleeding; elevated serum HCG level; ultrasound or magnetic resonance consistent with pregnancy manifestations; previously healthy patients; 20 years ≤ age  ≤ 40 years; no pregnancy complications or comorbidities in this pregnancy; and complete clinical data.


### 2.3. Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria are as follows. Patients with coagulation disorders and combined immune diseases and patients with combined severe cardiopulmonary insufficiency.


### 2.4. Research Method

The control group was treated with MTX combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation. 50–100 mg of MTX (Shanghai ShangPharma Xinyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was used for cervical injection once a week until human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) dropped below 1000 mIU/ML. Afterwards, ultrasound-guided cervical clearance was performed, the patient’s uterine cavity is explored by ultrasound, and cervical dilation is performed. The type of the suction tube is selected depending on the size of the patient’s gestational sac, and the negative pressure of the suction tube is maintained within the range of 500 mmHg, and the uterus is suctioned in a clockwise direction. To avoid perforation, the suction tube should be operated carefully when it reaches the patient’s cervical pregnancy site, the intraoperative bleeding was recorded, and the scraped tissue was sent for pathological examination.The observer group was treated with UACE combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation. After the diagnosis was confirmed, UACE treatment was performed under digital contrast angiography. The surgical site was routinely disinfected, towels were spread, and the procedure was performed under local anesthesia. A 5F Cobra catheter was placed into the bilateral uterine arteries under the guidance of a thin guidewire, and contrast was injected through the catheter to investigate the blood supply to the uterine arteries. A mixture of 50–100 mg MTX injected through the catheter with gelatin sponge pellets and contrast agent was delivered to the patient’s bilateral uterine arteries; the catheter was withdrawn after the contrast indicated successful embolization (the schematic diagram of successful radiography is shown in Figure1), and the puncture site was compressed and bandaged for 15 min, and the patient was instructed to lie down and rest. After 24–48 h of vascular embolization, clearance was performed to remove the cervical pregnancy embryonic tissue (steps and operations were the same as for the control group), and intraoperative bleeding was recorded, and the scraped-out tissue was sent for pathological examination.Figure 1
UACE imaging situation. (a) The right uterine artery is slightly thickened and the spiral artery extends inward and upward. (b) Complete embolization of the left uterine artery. (c) Thickening of the left uterine artery, marked vascular staining in the region of the inferior branch of the uterine artery, and upward pushing of the spiral uterine artery. (d) After the right uterine artery was embolized, the angiogram showed that the uterine artery was not developed and the blood vessel staining disappeared.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 2.5. Observation Indicator

Retrospective collection of patient age, menopausal days, pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, and other information recorded the two groups of patients intraoperative bleeding, serum HCG recovery time, hospitalization time, menstrual normality time, pregnancy sac disappearance time, pregnancy, whether there is endometrial inflammation, pregnancy week, pregnancy sac maximum diameter, thinnest muscle layer, and endogenous-exogenous type. Check the size of the pregnancy sac and measure HCG levels.Evaluation criteria for efficacy in 3 months after surgery [11] are as follows. Markedly effective: the treatment of pregnancy sac completely discharged, the gestational sac is basically not palpable, and the HCG level is within the normal range. Valid: most of the gestational sacs were eliminated after treatment and HCG dropped to 100 mIU/ml, with a steady decrease in the later stages. Invalid: the size of the gestational sac and the HCG level did not change significantly after treatment, and in some patients, the HCG level even increased. Total effective rate = (number of markedly effective cases + number of valid cases)/total number of cases × 100%.


### 2.6. Statistical Methods

SPSS22.0 software was used for data processing, and GraphPad Prism 8 was used to make statistical graphs. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard (x¯±s) deviation. Analysis of variance was used for multiple group comparisons, and the t-test was used for pairwise comparisons. The enumeration data are given as n (%), and the chi-square (χ2) test was performed. The logistic regression model was used for the multivariate analysis. The test level was α = 0.05, and p<0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant.


## 2.1. Materials

The clinical data of 26 patients with cervical pregnancy diagnosed in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively collected, and the 26 patients were divided into 12 cases in the control group and 14 cases in the observer group. In the control group, the patients’ ages ranged from 21 to 39 years, with a mean of (30.12 ± 3.17) years. The number of days of menopause ranged from 22 to 88 days, with a mean of (54.98 ± 13.51) days. The number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 4, with a mean of (1.51 ± 0.23). And there were 6 cases of vaginal bleeding. In the observer group, patients were 20–40 years old, with a mean of (30.34 ± 3.15) years. The number of days of menopause ranged from 20 to 90 days, with a mean of (51.39 ± 14.48) days. The number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 4 times, with a mean of (1.56 ± 0.25) times. There were 7 cases of vaginal bleeding. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in general data such as age, menopausal days, pregnancy times, and vaginal bleeding, and they were comparable (p>0.05).


## 2.2. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria are as follows. Patients had a history of menopause, early pregnancy reaction, and uncomplicated vaginal bleeding; elevated serum HCG level; ultrasound or magnetic resonance consistent with pregnancy manifestations; previously healthy patients; 20 years ≤ age  ≤ 40 years; no pregnancy complications or comorbidities in this pregnancy; and complete clinical data.


## 2.3. Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria are as follows. Patients with coagulation disorders and combined immune diseases and patients with combined severe cardiopulmonary insufficiency.


## 2.4. Research Method

The control group was treated with MTX combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation. 50–100 mg of MTX (Shanghai ShangPharma Xinyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was used for cervical injection once a week until human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) dropped below 1000 mIU/ML. Afterwards, ultrasound-guided cervical clearance was performed, the patient’s uterine cavity is explored by ultrasound, and cervical dilation is performed. The type of the suction tube is selected depending on the size of the patient’s gestational sac, and the negative pressure of the suction tube is maintained within the range of 500 mmHg, and the uterus is suctioned in a clockwise direction. To avoid perforation, the suction tube should be operated carefully when it reaches the patient’s cervical pregnancy site, the intraoperative bleeding was recorded, and the scraped tissue was sent for pathological examination.The observer group was treated with UACE combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation. After the diagnosis was confirmed, UACE treatment was performed under digital contrast angiography. The surgical site was routinely disinfected, towels were spread, and the procedure was performed under local anesthesia. A 5F Cobra catheter was placed into the bilateral uterine arteries under the guidance of a thin guidewire, and contrast was injected through the catheter to investigate the blood supply to the uterine arteries. A mixture of 50–100 mg MTX injected through the catheter with gelatin sponge pellets and contrast agent was delivered to the patient’s bilateral uterine arteries; the catheter was withdrawn after the contrast indicated successful embolization (the schematic diagram of successful radiography is shown in Figure1), and the puncture site was compressed and bandaged for 15 min, and the patient was instructed to lie down and rest. After 24–48 h of vascular embolization, clearance was performed to remove the cervical pregnancy embryonic tissue (steps and operations were the same as for the control group), and intraoperative bleeding was recorded, and the scraped-out tissue was sent for pathological examination.Figure 1
UACE imaging situation. (a) The right uterine artery is slightly thickened and the spiral artery extends inward and upward. (b) Complete embolization of the left uterine artery. (c) Thickening of the left uterine artery, marked vascular staining in the region of the inferior branch of the uterine artery, and upward pushing of the spiral uterine artery. (d) After the right uterine artery was embolized, the angiogram showed that the uterine artery was not developed and the blood vessel staining disappeared.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 2.5. Observation Indicator

Retrospective collection of patient age, menopausal days, pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, and other information recorded the two groups of patients intraoperative bleeding, serum HCG recovery time, hospitalization time, menstrual normality time, pregnancy sac disappearance time, pregnancy, whether there is endometrial inflammation, pregnancy week, pregnancy sac maximum diameter, thinnest muscle layer, and endogenous-exogenous type. Check the size of the pregnancy sac and measure HCG levels.Evaluation criteria for efficacy in 3 months after surgery [11] are as follows. Markedly effective: the treatment of pregnancy sac completely discharged, the gestational sac is basically not palpable, and the HCG level is within the normal range. Valid: most of the gestational sacs were eliminated after treatment and HCG dropped to 100 mIU/ml, with a steady decrease in the later stages. Invalid: the size of the gestational sac and the HCG level did not change significantly after treatment, and in some patients, the HCG level even increased. Total effective rate = (number of markedly effective cases + number of valid cases)/total number of cases × 100%.


## 2.6. Statistical Methods

SPSS22.0 software was used for data processing, and GraphPad Prism 8 was used to make statistical graphs. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard (x¯±s) deviation. Analysis of variance was used for multiple group comparisons, and the t-test was used for pairwise comparisons. The enumeration data are given as n (%), and the chi-square (χ2) test was performed. The logistic regression model was used for the multivariate analysis. The test level was α = 0.05, and p<0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Comparison of Efficacy

When the efficacy was evaluated 3 months after the end of treatment, 3 cases in the control group were markedly effective (25.00%), 4 cases were valid (33.33%), and 5 cases were invalid (41.67%), with a total effective rate of 58.33%. In the observer group, there were 9 cases with a markedly effect (64.29%), 4 cases with effective valid (28.57%), and 1 case with invalid (7.14%), with a total effective rate of 92.86%. The difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05, Figure 2).Figure 2
Comparison of clinical efficacy. The total effective rate of treatment in the observer group was compared with that in the control group,p∗<0.05.


### 3.2. Comparison of Intraoperative Bleeding and Postoperative Symptom Improvement Time

By comparing the surgical and postoperative recovery of the two groups, we found that the intraoperative bleeding was significantly lower in the observer group than in the control group, and the mean time of serum HCG recovery, hospitalization, return to normal menstruation, and disappearance of the gestational sac were significantly shorter than in the control group (p<0.05, Figure 3).Figure 3
Comparison of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative symptom improvement time between the observer group and the control group. (a) Comparison of mean intraoperative bleeding. (b) Comparison of mean HCG recovery times. (c) Comparison of mean hospital stay. (d) Comparison of the average time to return to normal menstruation. (e) Comparison of mean gestational sac disappearance time. Compared with the control group,p∗<0.05.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


### 3.3. Single-Factor Analysis of Postoperative Recovery in Patients with Cervical Pregnancy

Finally, there were 20 patients with effective treatment and 6 patients with invalid treatment. A comparison of the clinical data of patients with different postoperative outcomes showed that the differences in age, gestation, and initial HCG values of patients with different outcomes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The differences in endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, and endogenous-exogenous type were statistically significant, suggesting that these indicators may be the main factors affecting the recovery of cervical pregnancy after surgery (p<0.05, Table 1).Table 1
Single-factor analysis of postoperative recovery in cervical pregnancy patients (cases, %).
InfluencersNumber of cases (n = 26)Efficacyχ2 valueP valueValid (n = 20)Invalid (n = 6)Age (years)20–30131120.8670.35230–401394Pregnancy (times)0–2201640.4620.4973–4642Inflammation of the endometriumNo141314.3390.037Yes1275Pregnancy week (week)0–8161516.6350.010＞81055Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sac (cm)0–2181624.7190.0302–4844Thinnest muscle layer (mm)＜27346.2620.012＞219172Endogenous/exogenousEndogenous12754.3390.037Exogenous14131Initial HCG (mIU/ML)＜600201640.4620.497＞600642


### 3.4. Multifactor Analysis of Postoperative Recovery in Patients with Cervical Pregnancy

The effectiveness of treatment was used as the dependent variableY (yes = 1, no = 0), and endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, and endogenous or exogenous gestational sac were used as independent variables X and subjected to the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The assigned values are given in Table 2. The multifactor logistic analysis showed that during pregnancy week, the maximum diameter of the sac and the thinnest muscle layer were independent factors influencing the patient’s postoperative recovery (p<0.05, Table 3).Table 2
Assignment for the multivariate analysis of factors.
FactorsVariableAssignmentEndometrial inflammationX1No = 0, yes = 1Pregnancy weekX20∼8 = 0, ＞8 = 1Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sacX30∼2 = 0, 2∼4 = 1Thinnest muscle layerX4＜2 = 0, ＞2 = 1Endogenous/exogenousX5Endogenous = 0, exogenous = 1Table 3
Multifactor analysis of postoperative recovery in patients with cervical pregnancy.
FactorsBSEWalddfSig.Exp. (B)Endometrial inflammation0.0780.0687.02610.3121.285Pregnancy week (week)0.2630.05711.01210.0320.894Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sac (cm)0.1820.14112.05610.0280.258Thinnest muscle layer (mm)0.3090.08110.98410.0150.895Endogenous/exogenous0.1740.12611.85910.1210.274


## 3.1. Comparison of Efficacy

When the efficacy was evaluated 3 months after the end of treatment, 3 cases in the control group were markedly effective (25.00%), 4 cases were valid (33.33%), and 5 cases were invalid (41.67%), with a total effective rate of 58.33%. In the observer group, there were 9 cases with a markedly effect (64.29%), 4 cases with effective valid (28.57%), and 1 case with invalid (7.14%), with a total effective rate of 92.86%. The difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05, Figure 2).Figure 2
Comparison of clinical efficacy. The total effective rate of treatment in the observer group was compared with that in the control group,p∗<0.05.


## 3.2. Comparison of Intraoperative Bleeding and Postoperative Symptom Improvement Time

By comparing the surgical and postoperative recovery of the two groups, we found that the intraoperative bleeding was significantly lower in the observer group than in the control group, and the mean time of serum HCG recovery, hospitalization, return to normal menstruation, and disappearance of the gestational sac were significantly shorter than in the control group (p<0.05, Figure 3).Figure 3
Comparison of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative symptom improvement time between the observer group and the control group. (a) Comparison of mean intraoperative bleeding. (b) Comparison of mean HCG recovery times. (c) Comparison of mean hospital stay. (d) Comparison of the average time to return to normal menstruation. (e) Comparison of mean gestational sac disappearance time. Compared with the control group,p∗<0.05.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)


## 3.3. Single-Factor Analysis of Postoperative Recovery in Patients with Cervical Pregnancy

Finally, there were 20 patients with effective treatment and 6 patients with invalid treatment. A comparison of the clinical data of patients with different postoperative outcomes showed that the differences in age, gestation, and initial HCG values of patients with different outcomes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The differences in endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, and endogenous-exogenous type were statistically significant, suggesting that these indicators may be the main factors affecting the recovery of cervical pregnancy after surgery (p<0.05, Table 1).Table 1
Single-factor analysis of postoperative recovery in cervical pregnancy patients (cases, %).
InfluencersNumber of cases (n = 26)Efficacyχ2 valueP valueValid (n = 20)Invalid (n = 6)Age (years)20–30131120.8670.35230–401394Pregnancy (times)0–2201640.4620.4973–4642Inflammation of the endometriumNo141314.3390.037Yes1275Pregnancy week (week)0–8161516.6350.010＞81055Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sac (cm)0–2181624.7190.0302–4844Thinnest muscle layer (mm)＜27346.2620.012＞219172Endogenous/exogenousEndogenous12754.3390.037Exogenous14131Initial HCG (mIU/ML)＜600201640.4620.497＞600642


## 3.4. Multifactor Analysis of Postoperative Recovery in Patients with Cervical Pregnancy

The effectiveness of treatment was used as the dependent variableY (yes = 1, no = 0), and endometrial inflammation, gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, thinnest myometrium, and endogenous or exogenous gestational sac were used as independent variables X and subjected to the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The assigned values are given in Table 2. The multifactor logistic analysis showed that during pregnancy week, the maximum diameter of the sac and the thinnest muscle layer were independent factors influencing the patient’s postoperative recovery (p<0.05, Table 3).Table 2
Assignment for the multivariate analysis of factors.
FactorsVariableAssignmentEndometrial inflammationX1No = 0, yes = 1Pregnancy weekX20∼8 = 0, ＞8 = 1Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sacX30∼2 = 0, 2∼4 = 1Thinnest muscle layerX4＜2 = 0, ＞2 = 1Endogenous/exogenousX5Endogenous = 0, exogenous = 1Table 3
Multifactor analysis of postoperative recovery in patients with cervical pregnancy.
FactorsBSEWalddfSig.Exp. (B)Endometrial inflammation0.0780.0687.02610.3121.285Pregnancy week (week)0.2630.05711.01210.0320.894Maximum diameter of the pregnancy sac (cm)0.1820.14112.05610.0280.258Thinnest muscle layer (mm)0.3090.08110.98410.0150.895Endogenous/exogenous0.1740.12611.85910.1210.274


## 4. Discussion

The clinical symptoms of cervical pregnancy are mainly menopause and painless vaginal bleeding. Routine gynecological examination showed that the cervix was enlarged and dark blue. At present, the etiology of cervical pregnancy is not yet clear, and it may be closely related to congenital uterine dysplasia, endometrial inflammation, and uterine trauma caused by repeated curettage [12, 13]. B-ultrasound is a commonly used method of cervical pregnancy examination. The serum HCG concentration will increase with the time of pregnancy. The implantation of fertilized eggs in the cervix is often unstable, and most patients with cervical pregnancy abort within 20 weeks of pregnancy [14, 15]. There are abundant blood vessels around the gestational sac, and the embryo will increase its vitality as the gestational age increases, thereby increasing the risk of miscarriage and hemorrhage in patients with cervical pregnancy [16, 17].The results of this study showed that the total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group. In addition, the amount of blood loss, hospital stay, time to normal menstruation, and disappearance of gestational sac in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The reason is that UACE is a means of interventional treatment, which embolizes blood vessels by injecting embolic agents into the uterine artery to reduce the occurrence of major bleeding. The reason for this is that the blood supply of cervical pregnancy originates from the uterine artery, so MTX infusion through the uterine artery can significantly increase the drug concentration at the pregnancy compared to cervical injection of MTX chemotherapy, which can directly attenuate the trophoblast [18]. Embolization of both uterine arteries is able to reduce the blood supply around the uterine muscle gestational sac tissue, resulting in hypoxia and ischemia of uterine smooth muscle fibers and accelerating the death of the embryo [19]. At the same time, UACE is a means of interventional treatment, which embolizes blood vessels by injecting embolic agents into the uterine artery to reduce the occurrence of major bleeding. UACE combined with uterine debridement is less damaging to patients with cervical pregnancy, relatively simple to perform, and has less impact on patients’ fertility, allowing for a faster recovery and a more effective improvement in prognosis, making it an acceptable treatment for patients [20, 21].The results of this study show that endometrial inflammation, gestational age, the largest diameter of the gestational sac, the thinnest muscle layer, and the endophytic and exophytic types can all affect the efficacy of surgical treatment in patients with cervical pregnancy. Among them, the gestational week, maximum diameter of the gestational sac, and the thinnest muscle layer are independent influences on the efficacy of surgical treatment and can sensitively predict the failure of surgical treatment of cervical pregnancy. The efficacy of treatment of cervical pregnancy is affected in patients with a gestational week greater than 8 weeks and a gestational sac diameter greater than 3.60 cm. The longer the gestational week, the larger the possible gestational sac or fetus, and the more abundant the local and surrounding blood supply to the sac will be, while the contraction of the muscular layer at the uterine scar is further weakened, making it easy to have postoperative bleeding, incomplete clearance, or residual embryonic tissue, which affects the outcome of the intervention [22, 23]. The thickness of the thinnest muscle layer at the scar is a protective factor for patients with cervical pregnancy, and the thicker the thinnest muscle layer, the less likely patients with cervical pregnancy will experience miscarriage hemorrhage [24].In summary, UACE combined with ultrasound-guided uterine evacuation for the treatment of cervical pregnancy can significantly improve the efficacy, reduce intraoperative bleeding, and improve the recovery time of postoperative related symptoms. The efficacy of surgical treatment for patients with cervical pregnancy is related to the gestational age, the largest diameter of the gestational sac, and the thinnest muscle layer. The shortcomings of this study are that the selected sample size is too small, and the follow-up time is short. In the future, it is necessary to further increase the sample size and extend the follow-up period to observe the long-term efficacy of this method.



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*Source: 4609497-2021-09-01.xml*