# Investigation and Analysis of the Status Quo of Social Organization Standards in Chinese Civil Astronautics Field

Authors: Linfeng Wu; Peng Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

China has realized that it is difficult to establish enough standards to meet the market demand in some innovative fields by relying on government standards alone. The social organization standards developed by non-governmental organizations and social organizations are developing rapidly. This paper analyzes the current development and existing problems of social organization standards in the field of Chinese civil astronautics, takes the data of the national social organization standards information platform as the research object, and conducts mining and key analysis by extracting important data such as standard type, standard publication and implementation time, and standard disclosure, put forward suggestions to strengthen the building of social organization standardization capabilities, improve public recognition, and promote the development of technology in the field of civil astronautics in China.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Since March 2015, the State Council has issued the “Reform Plan for Deepening Standardization Work,” which proposes to support and develop social organization standards. This, in the form of national policy documents, has created a new era of standardization construction in China, and it has realized the transformation from the previous government-led standard setting to government participation and market-led mode. The new “Standardization Law” implemented in January 2018 mentioned that “the state encourages associations, chambers of commerce, federations, industrial technology alliances, and other social organizations to coordinate relevant market entities to jointly formulate social organization standards that meet the needs of the market and innovation.” The legal status of social organization standards also points out the direction for the development of social organization standards. The “Regulations on the Management of Social organization standards” jointly issued by the National Standardization Administration Committee and the Ministry of Civil Affairs detailed the relevant requirements in the process of social organization standardization. On October 10, 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the “National Standardization Development Outline,” which pointed out that it is necessary to fully publish the standardization vitality of market players, optimize the dual structure of government-issued standards and market-developed standards, and greatly increase the proportion of market-developed standards. As an important driving force for national economic and social development and scientific and technological progress, astronautics technology is a concentrated expression of national economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national strength. However, there are still some common problems in the standards in the astronautics field, including the lack of technical standards for astronautics applications, insufficient innovation-oriented development, and insufficient market demand. [1] In February 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized when meeting with the representatives of the scientific research personnel of the "Chang’E 5" mission of the lunar exploration project, “We must continue to give full play to the advantages of the new national system, increase the efforts of independent innovation, and promote the innovative development of China’s space science, space technology, and space applications. [2] According to expert estimates, 80%–90% of the high-tech required for the development of military astronautics systems in the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries come from private enterprises, and only 10%–20% from the scientific research institute of the military. [3] The positioning of the social organization standard is just to fill the market vacancy and encourage the innovation of the whole people. The integrated development may also play a very good role in promoting the military astronautics industry. For example, by using the model standardization outline and standard selection range, the scientific selection, implementation and supervision, and inspection of standards are strengthened, so that standardization runs through the whole process of model development and production, References [4–6]. According to the provisions of China Standardization Law, social organization standards are jointly formulated by social organizations, non-governmental enterprises, institutions, etc., which are particularly conducive to giving full play to the wisdom of the whole people, stimulating the innovative thinking of the public, and jointly exploring the application of new technologies, new methods and new manufacturing process in the field of civil astronautics. This can play a good role in promoting the lack of technical standards and innovation capacity in the field of astronautics in China. However, due to the short development process of social organization standards in China, insufficient experience accumulation, inaccurate understanding of policies by many social organizations, and other problems, there are still some deficiencies and problems that need to be improved in the process of cultivating and developing social organization standards in the civil astronautics field. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the formulation process of the social organization standards by sorting out and analyzing the social organizations in China’s civil astronautics field and their standards.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Data Sources

The data come from the national social organization standard information platform (hereinafter referred to as the platform) [7], through which the national economic industry is classified into 4 categories: Class C stands for manufacturing; Class D stands for electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply; Class I stands for information transmission, software, and information technology service industry; Class M stands for scientific research and technical service industry, from which to search for relevant social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics. The inquiry date is until December 31, 2021. This is a big data statistical method of the platform.


### 2.2. Data Processing

Establish a database through data statistical analysis software, and enter the information including standard name, standard number, social organization name, issuing authority, activity area, publication date, implementation date, standard disclosure, social organization standard publication time and implementation time of the relevant social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, etc., statistical analysis social organization level, issuing province, social organization standard type, publication and implementation time interval, national economic classification, and professional fields of these social organization standards. The platform itself has statistical functions, but in the process of data saving, it needs to manually eliminate the division errors of professional fields and obviously irrelevant social organization standards.


## 2.1. Data Sources

The data come from the national social organization standard information platform (hereinafter referred to as the platform) [7], through which the national economic industry is classified into 4 categories: Class C stands for manufacturing; Class D stands for electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply; Class I stands for information transmission, software, and information technology service industry; Class M stands for scientific research and technical service industry, from which to search for relevant social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics. The inquiry date is until December 31, 2021. This is a big data statistical method of the platform.


## 2.2. Data Processing

Establish a database through data statistical analysis software, and enter the information including standard name, standard number, social organization name, issuing authority, activity area, publication date, implementation date, standard disclosure, social organization standard publication time and implementation time of the relevant social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, etc., statistical analysis social organization level, issuing province, social organization standard type, publication and implementation time interval, national economic classification, and professional fields of these social organization standards. The platform itself has statistical functions, but in the process of data saving, it needs to manually eliminate the division errors of professional fields and obviously irrelevant social organization standards.


## 3. Results and Analysis

### 3.1. Civil Astronautics Social Organizations

#### 3.1.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, 28 representative relevant social organizations in the civil astronautics field were found on the platform, including: Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China satellite navigation and positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of mechanical engineering, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Industry Association, China Association for the promotion of international cooperation in agriculture, Beijing Information, and industrialization integration service alliance, Zhongguancun space information industry technology alliance, Zhongguancun public trust satellite application technology industry alliance, Zhongguancun leading innovation commercial astronautics industry development alliance, Zhongguancun Scientific Innovation smart military industry technology innovation strategic alliance, Zhongguancun military civilian integration information equipment industry promotion association, Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou space geographic information and Internet of things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, and Jiangsu communication society. They are distributed in five provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. The number of National prefix social organizations is the largest, 13. The remaining 15 social organizations are distributed in Beijing (7), Guangdong Province (3), Shanghai (3), Fujian Province (1), and Jiangsu Province (1), accounting for 53.57% of the number of relevant social organizations. See Figure1 for the distribution and number of social organizations in each province.Figure 1
The distribution and number of social organizations in each province.


#### 3.1.2. Regional Analysis of Social Organization Activities

Sort out and analyze the level/region of activity of the above social organizations. Among the 28 social organizations, there are 13 national prefixes including Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, and China Communications Standardization Association, etc., and 6 Beijing social organizations including the Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, the Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, and the Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautical Industry Development Alliance; the scope of activities is “national,” accounting for 64.3%. The geographical scope of activities of the remaining social organizations is all a city, district, or county, accounting for 35.7%. For example, among the 7 social organizations in Beijing, the remaining one, the Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, can only carry out business in Beijing; the specific data are shown in Table1.Table 1
The regional situation of the representative social organizations’ activities in the field of civil astronautics.
Activity areaThe name of the social organizationNationwideChinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Mechanical Engineering Society, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Zhongguancun Military-Civilian Integration Information Equipment Industry Promotion AssociationWithin the scope of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central governmentBeijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Jiangsu communication societyWithin prefecture level citiesGuangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry AssociationWithin the scope of county and cityGuangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association


#### 3.1.3. The Number of Standards Issued by the Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, a total of 196 civil astronautics-related standards issued by 28 social organizations have been collected. Among them, 53.57% of the social organizations issued less than 1 standard; 25% of the social organizations issued 1-10 standards; 14.29% of the social organizations issued 10-30 standards; and the social organizations issued more than 30 standards accounted for 7.14%. The social organizations are listed in Table2.Table 2
The number of standards issued by representative social organizations in the field of civil astronautics.
Number of published standardsNumber of social organizationsThe proportion (%)Name of social organizationLess than 11553.57Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautics Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Military and Civilian Fusion Information Equipment Industry Promotion Association, Beijing Military-Civil Fusion Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of Things Industry Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association1-10725.00China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Jiangsu Communications Society, Guangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association10-30414.29China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Communications Enterprise Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry AssociationMore than 3027.14China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of Mechanical Engineering


### 3.2. Analysis of Social Organization Standards in Civil Astronautics Field

#### 3.2.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization Standard

The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country is shown in Figure2. 91.33% of the total number of social organization standards issued by social organizations with the “national” prefix of the Ministry of Civil Affairs is the issuing authority. The rest of the social organization standards are distributed in the three provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the most published is the social organization in Beijing, which accounts for 3.57% of the total. This large difference in the number of social organizations is directly related to the background that China’s astronautics industry was monopolized by the national government at the beginning.Figure 2
The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country.


#### 3.2.2. Publicity of Social Organization Standards

Among the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics obtained by the platform query, the full text of the standards that can be viewed online accounted for 13.27% of the total, and 86.73% of the full text of the standard texts were not fully displayed. According to our analysis, the reason why the full text of the standard is not disclosed may be that it involves internal core technical information, which is inconvenient to disclose to the public. In terms of the disclosure of social organizations at all levels, 10.61% of the standards issued by the certificate-issuing authority for National prefix social organizations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs are public, and 89.39% are not public; 41.18% of the standards issued by other social organizations are public, and 58.82% are unpublished full texts. You can see that in general, the social organization standards issued by the civil astronautics field are more private than public, and the social organization standards in this field issued by National prefix social organizations are more private than other social organizations. It is believed that with the development of group standards, the number of social organization standards issued by local social organizations will gradually increase in the future.


#### 3.2.3. The Publication of Social Organization Standards on the Platform

It is found on the platform that the publication year of the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics starts from 2016, and the platform was established in March 2016, so there is no previous relevant record. There were 19 publications in 2016, 10 publications in 2017, 40 publications in 2018, 53 publications in 2019, 26 publications in 2020, and 27 publications in 2021, they are shown in Figure3. From 2017 to 2021, the number of standards published by civil astronautics-related social organizations generally develops a parabolic trend, there was rapid growth in 2017-2018, and by 2019, the number of standards published has nearly tripled compared to 2017. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The reason may be that after the new standardization law was issued and implemented in 2017, the legal status of social organization standards was formally established, resulting in a sharp increase in the number of social organization standards.Figure 3
Growth in the number of social organization standards published in the field of civil astronautics.


#### 3.2.4. Social Organization Standard Publication Time and Implementation Time Interval

The publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards are shown in Figure4. Through analysis, it is found that the time interval between the publication and implementation of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field ranges from 0 to 251 days, and the average interval is 16.79 days, the publication time of most standards is the same as the implementation time, accounting for 45.92%, indicating that compared with national standards, social organization standards can be implemented faster after publication and quickly meet market demand. Among them, the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of the National prefix social organization is 14.81 days, and the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of other local social organizations is 38.11 days. On the one hand, this reflects that local organizations are more cautious in the implementation of social organization standards. However, from another perspective, in terms of the positioning that social organization standards should respond quickly to market demand, National prefix social organization has conducted more thorough research on national policies related to social organization standards.Figure 4
Comparison of publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards in civil astronautics field.


#### 3.2.5. Social Organization Standard Type

The standard types of social organization standards in civil astronautics field mainly include specification standards, test method standards, terminology standards, and guide standards. Among them, specification standards account for 86.73%, test method standards account for 9.18%, terminology standards account for 2.55%, and guide standards account for 1.53%. You can see that the civil astronautics community mainly develops specification standards. In terms of technology, it mainly involves data communication, information technology application, industrial design, mechanical, and electronic equipment manufacturing, etc.


#### 3.2.6. Standard Classification of Social Organization Standards

According to the national economic classification of the social organization standard in the field of civil astronautics, ClassI 631, Telecom, accounts for 35.71%. According to the international standard classification of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, there are mainly No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, and No. 33.040.40, data communication networks, accounting for the largest proportion. Among them, No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, social organization standards accounted for 9.69%, and No. 33.040.40, data communication network, social organization standards accounted for 8.67%.


## 3.1. Civil Astronautics Social Organizations

### 3.1.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, 28 representative relevant social organizations in the civil astronautics field were found on the platform, including: Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China satellite navigation and positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of mechanical engineering, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Industry Association, China Association for the promotion of international cooperation in agriculture, Beijing Information, and industrialization integration service alliance, Zhongguancun space information industry technology alliance, Zhongguancun public trust satellite application technology industry alliance, Zhongguancun leading innovation commercial astronautics industry development alliance, Zhongguancun Scientific Innovation smart military industry technology innovation strategic alliance, Zhongguancun military civilian integration information equipment industry promotion association, Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou space geographic information and Internet of things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, and Jiangsu communication society. They are distributed in five provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. The number of National prefix social organizations is the largest, 13. The remaining 15 social organizations are distributed in Beijing (7), Guangdong Province (3), Shanghai (3), Fujian Province (1), and Jiangsu Province (1), accounting for 53.57% of the number of relevant social organizations. See Figure1 for the distribution and number of social organizations in each province.Figure 1
The distribution and number of social organizations in each province.


### 3.1.2. Regional Analysis of Social Organization Activities

Sort out and analyze the level/region of activity of the above social organizations. Among the 28 social organizations, there are 13 national prefixes including Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, and China Communications Standardization Association, etc., and 6 Beijing social organizations including the Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, the Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, and the Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautical Industry Development Alliance; the scope of activities is “national,” accounting for 64.3%. The geographical scope of activities of the remaining social organizations is all a city, district, or county, accounting for 35.7%. For example, among the 7 social organizations in Beijing, the remaining one, the Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, can only carry out business in Beijing; the specific data are shown in Table1.Table 1
The regional situation of the representative social organizations’ activities in the field of civil astronautics.
Activity areaThe name of the social organizationNationwideChinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Mechanical Engineering Society, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Zhongguancun Military-Civilian Integration Information Equipment Industry Promotion AssociationWithin the scope of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central governmentBeijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Jiangsu communication societyWithin prefecture level citiesGuangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry AssociationWithin the scope of county and cityGuangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association


### 3.1.3. The Number of Standards Issued by the Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, a total of 196 civil astronautics-related standards issued by 28 social organizations have been collected. Among them, 53.57% of the social organizations issued less than 1 standard; 25% of the social organizations issued 1-10 standards; 14.29% of the social organizations issued 10-30 standards; and the social organizations issued more than 30 standards accounted for 7.14%. The social organizations are listed in Table2.Table 2
The number of standards issued by representative social organizations in the field of civil astronautics.
Number of published standardsNumber of social organizationsThe proportion (%)Name of social organizationLess than 11553.57Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautics Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Military and Civilian Fusion Information Equipment Industry Promotion Association, Beijing Military-Civil Fusion Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of Things Industry Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association1-10725.00China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Jiangsu Communications Society, Guangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association10-30414.29China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Communications Enterprise Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry AssociationMore than 3027.14China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of Mechanical Engineering


## 3.1.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, 28 representative relevant social organizations in the civil astronautics field were found on the platform, including: Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China satellite navigation and positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of mechanical engineering, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Industry Association, China Association for the promotion of international cooperation in agriculture, Beijing Information, and industrialization integration service alliance, Zhongguancun space information industry technology alliance, Zhongguancun public trust satellite application technology industry alliance, Zhongguancun leading innovation commercial astronautics industry development alliance, Zhongguancun Scientific Innovation smart military industry technology innovation strategic alliance, Zhongguancun military civilian integration information equipment industry promotion association, Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou space geographic information and Internet of things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, and Jiangsu communication society. They are distributed in five provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. The number of National prefix social organizations is the largest, 13. The remaining 15 social organizations are distributed in Beijing (7), Guangdong Province (3), Shanghai (3), Fujian Province (1), and Jiangsu Province (1), accounting for 53.57% of the number of relevant social organizations. See Figure1 for the distribution and number of social organizations in each province.Figure 1
The distribution and number of social organizations in each province.


## 3.1.2. Regional Analysis of Social Organization Activities

Sort out and analyze the level/region of activity of the above social organizations. Among the 28 social organizations, there are 13 national prefixes including Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, and China Communications Standardization Association, etc., and 6 Beijing social organizations including the Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, the Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, and the Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautical Industry Development Alliance; the scope of activities is “national,” accounting for 64.3%. The geographical scope of activities of the remaining social organizations is all a city, district, or county, accounting for 35.7%. For example, among the 7 social organizations in Beijing, the remaining one, the Beijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, can only carry out business in Beijing; the specific data are shown in Table1.Table 1
The regional situation of the representative social organizations’ activities in the field of civil astronautics.
Activity areaThe name of the social organizationNationwideChinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautical Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry Association, China Communications Enterprise Association, China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Communications Standardization Association, China Mechanical Engineering Society, China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Zhongguancun Military-Civilian Integration Information Equipment Industry Promotion AssociationWithin the scope of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central governmentBeijing military civilian integration Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of things industry association, Jiangsu communication societyWithin prefecture level citiesGuangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association, Putian Communication Industry AssociationWithin the scope of county and cityGuangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association


## 3.1.3. The Number of Standards Issued by the Social Organization

As of December 31, 2021, a total of 196 civil astronautics-related standards issued by 28 social organizations have been collected. Among them, 53.57% of the social organizations issued less than 1 standard; 25% of the social organizations issued 1-10 standards; 14.29% of the social organizations issued 10-30 standards; and the social organizations issued more than 30 standards accounted for 7.14%. The social organizations are listed in Table2.Table 2
The number of standards issued by representative social organizations in the field of civil astronautics.
Number of published standardsNumber of social organizationsThe proportion (%)Name of social organizationLess than 11553.57Chinese Astronautical Society, China Astronautics Industry Quality Association, China Aerospace Tools Association, China Agricultural International Cooperation Promotion Association, Beijing Information and Industrialization Integration Service Alliance, Zhongguancun Space Information Industry Technology Alliance, Zhongguancun Leading Commercial Astronautics Industry Development Alliance, Zhongguancun Military and Civilian Fusion Information Equipment Industry Promotion Association, Beijing Military-Civil Fusion Collaborative Innovation Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shanghai Information System Quality Technology Association, Shanghai Communication Manufacturing Industry Association, Shenzhen Satellite Internet of Things Industry Association, Putian Communication Industry Association, Guangzhou Development Zone Electronics and Communication Industry Association1-10725.00China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association, China Meteorological Service Association, China Ordnance Engineering Society, Zhongguancun public trust Satellite Application Technology Industry Alliance, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Smart Military Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, Jiangsu Communications Society, Guangzhou Spatial Geographic Information and Internet of Things Promotion Association10-30414.29China Electronic Circuit Industry Association (formerly China Printed Circuit Industry Association), China Communications Enterprise Association, China Communications Society, China Communications Industry AssociationMore than 3027.14China Communications Standardization Association, China Society of Mechanical Engineering


## 3.2. Analysis of Social Organization Standards in Civil Astronautics Field

### 3.2.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization Standard

The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country is shown in Figure2. 91.33% of the total number of social organization standards issued by social organizations with the “national” prefix of the Ministry of Civil Affairs is the issuing authority. The rest of the social organization standards are distributed in the three provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the most published is the social organization in Beijing, which accounts for 3.57% of the total. This large difference in the number of social organizations is directly related to the background that China’s astronautics industry was monopolized by the national government at the beginning.Figure 2
The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country.


### 3.2.2. Publicity of Social Organization Standards

Among the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics obtained by the platform query, the full text of the standards that can be viewed online accounted for 13.27% of the total, and 86.73% of the full text of the standard texts were not fully displayed. According to our analysis, the reason why the full text of the standard is not disclosed may be that it involves internal core technical information, which is inconvenient to disclose to the public. In terms of the disclosure of social organizations at all levels, 10.61% of the standards issued by the certificate-issuing authority for National prefix social organizations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs are public, and 89.39% are not public; 41.18% of the standards issued by other social organizations are public, and 58.82% are unpublished full texts. You can see that in general, the social organization standards issued by the civil astronautics field are more private than public, and the social organization standards in this field issued by National prefix social organizations are more private than other social organizations. It is believed that with the development of group standards, the number of social organization standards issued by local social organizations will gradually increase in the future.


### 3.2.3. The Publication of Social Organization Standards on the Platform

It is found on the platform that the publication year of the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics starts from 2016, and the platform was established in March 2016, so there is no previous relevant record. There were 19 publications in 2016, 10 publications in 2017, 40 publications in 2018, 53 publications in 2019, 26 publications in 2020, and 27 publications in 2021, they are shown in Figure3. From 2017 to 2021, the number of standards published by civil astronautics-related social organizations generally develops a parabolic trend, there was rapid growth in 2017-2018, and by 2019, the number of standards published has nearly tripled compared to 2017. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The reason may be that after the new standardization law was issued and implemented in 2017, the legal status of social organization standards was formally established, resulting in a sharp increase in the number of social organization standards.Figure 3
Growth in the number of social organization standards published in the field of civil astronautics.


### 3.2.4. Social Organization Standard Publication Time and Implementation Time Interval

The publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards are shown in Figure4. Through analysis, it is found that the time interval between the publication and implementation of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field ranges from 0 to 251 days, and the average interval is 16.79 days, the publication time of most standards is the same as the implementation time, accounting for 45.92%, indicating that compared with national standards, social organization standards can be implemented faster after publication and quickly meet market demand. Among them, the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of the National prefix social organization is 14.81 days, and the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of other local social organizations is 38.11 days. On the one hand, this reflects that local organizations are more cautious in the implementation of social organization standards. However, from another perspective, in terms of the positioning that social organization standards should respond quickly to market demand, National prefix social organization has conducted more thorough research on national policies related to social organization standards.Figure 4
Comparison of publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards in civil astronautics field.


### 3.2.5. Social Organization Standard Type

The standard types of social organization standards in civil astronautics field mainly include specification standards, test method standards, terminology standards, and guide standards. Among them, specification standards account for 86.73%, test method standards account for 9.18%, terminology standards account for 2.55%, and guide standards account for 1.53%. You can see that the civil astronautics community mainly develops specification standards. In terms of technology, it mainly involves data communication, information technology application, industrial design, mechanical, and electronic equipment manufacturing, etc.


### 3.2.6. Standard Classification of Social Organization Standards

According to the national economic classification of the social organization standard in the field of civil astronautics, ClassI 631, Telecom, accounts for 35.71%. According to the international standard classification of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, there are mainly No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, and No. 33.040.40, data communication networks, accounting for the largest proportion. Among them, No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, social organization standards accounted for 9.69%, and No. 33.040.40, data communication network, social organization standards accounted for 8.67%.


## 3.2.1. Provincial Distribution of Social Organization Standard

The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country is shown in Figure2. 91.33% of the total number of social organization standards issued by social organizations with the “national” prefix of the Ministry of Civil Affairs is the issuing authority. The rest of the social organization standards are distributed in the three provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the most published is the social organization in Beijing, which accounts for 3.57% of the total. This large difference in the number of social organizations is directly related to the background that China’s astronautics industry was monopolized by the national government at the beginning.Figure 2
The distribution of social organization standards in various provinces and municipalities across the country.


## 3.2.2. Publicity of Social Organization Standards

Among the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics obtained by the platform query, the full text of the standards that can be viewed online accounted for 13.27% of the total, and 86.73% of the full text of the standard texts were not fully displayed. According to our analysis, the reason why the full text of the standard is not disclosed may be that it involves internal core technical information, which is inconvenient to disclose to the public. In terms of the disclosure of social organizations at all levels, 10.61% of the standards issued by the certificate-issuing authority for National prefix social organizations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs are public, and 89.39% are not public; 41.18% of the standards issued by other social organizations are public, and 58.82% are unpublished full texts. You can see that in general, the social organization standards issued by the civil astronautics field are more private than public, and the social organization standards in this field issued by National prefix social organizations are more private than other social organizations. It is believed that with the development of group standards, the number of social organization standards issued by local social organizations will gradually increase in the future.


## 3.2.3. The Publication of Social Organization Standards on the Platform

It is found on the platform that the publication year of the social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics starts from 2016, and the platform was established in March 2016, so there is no previous relevant record. There were 19 publications in 2016, 10 publications in 2017, 40 publications in 2018, 53 publications in 2019, 26 publications in 2020, and 27 publications in 2021, they are shown in Figure3. From 2017 to 2021, the number of standards published by civil astronautics-related social organizations generally develops a parabolic trend, there was rapid growth in 2017-2018, and by 2019, the number of standards published has nearly tripled compared to 2017. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The number of standards has increased sharply since 2018. The reason may be that after the new standardization law was issued and implemented in 2017, the legal status of social organization standards was formally established, resulting in a sharp increase in the number of social organization standards.Figure 3
Growth in the number of social organization standards published in the field of civil astronautics.


## 3.2.4. Social Organization Standard Publication Time and Implementation Time Interval

The publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards are shown in Figure4. Through analysis, it is found that the time interval between the publication and implementation of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field ranges from 0 to 251 days, and the average interval is 16.79 days, the publication time of most standards is the same as the implementation time, accounting for 45.92%, indicating that compared with national standards, social organization standards can be implemented faster after publication and quickly meet market demand. Among them, the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of the National prefix social organization is 14.81 days, and the average interval between the publication and implementation of the standards of other local social organizations is 38.11 days. On the one hand, this reflects that local organizations are more cautious in the implementation of social organization standards. However, from another perspective, in terms of the positioning that social organization standards should respond quickly to market demand, National prefix social organization has conducted more thorough research on national policies related to social organization standards.Figure 4
Comparison of publication time and implementation time interval of social organization standards in civil astronautics field.


## 3.2.5. Social Organization Standard Type

The standard types of social organization standards in civil astronautics field mainly include specification standards, test method standards, terminology standards, and guide standards. Among them, specification standards account for 86.73%, test method standards account for 9.18%, terminology standards account for 2.55%, and guide standards account for 1.53%. You can see that the civil astronautics community mainly develops specification standards. In terms of technology, it mainly involves data communication, information technology application, industrial design, mechanical, and electronic equipment manufacturing, etc.


## 3.2.6. Standard Classification of Social Organization Standards

According to the national economic classification of the social organization standard in the field of civil astronautics, ClassI 631, Telecom, accounts for 35.71%. According to the international standard classification of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, there are mainly No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, and No. 33.040.40, data communication networks, accounting for the largest proportion. Among them, No. 35.020, Information technology synthesis, social organization standards accounted for 9.69%, and No. 33.040.40, data communication network, social organization standards accounted for 8.67%.


## 4. Discussion

### 4.1. Analysis of the Current Status of Social Organization Standards in the field of Civil Astronautics in China

By the end of 2021, a total of 5,758 social organizations have registered on the platform, and a total of 33,403 social organization standards have been published on the platform. There are 28 representative social organizations that have legally registered in the field of civil astronautics, and 196 standards related to the field of civil astronautics have been published, accounting for only 0.59%. Through the sorting and analysis of these civil astronautical social organizations and their standardization activities, there are mainly the following four problems.


#### 4.1.1. Lack of System Planning and Design

At present, large number of civil astronautics social organizations registered on the platform lack macro-level overall strategic planning and system planning for the social organization’s standardization activities, and lack systematic design and prospective research on the standardization work that the social organization intends to carry out, which is blind and random, which is greatly affected by the market environment, which leads to deviations between the formulation of relevant standards and the development of national strategies, and insufficient driving force for related industries that are urgently needed or key developed in the astronautics field. For example, large number of social organizations have not formulated development plans for the development of social organization standardization, have not conducted research on the standard system in related fields, and have not carry out forward-looking design for the social organization’s standardization activities, and often only focused on the product or technology development needs of a few enterprises.


#### 4.1.2. Lack of in-Depth Understanding of Relevant National Policies

In the field of social organization standards, the relevant national authorities have issued large number of documents and regulations, but many relevant social organizations in the field of civil astronautics have not conducted in-depth research and analysis on these regulations and documents, such as the “Reform Plan for Deepening Standardization Work” issued by the State Council in March 2015, the new “Standardization Law” in November 2017, “Regulations on the Management of Social organization standards” jointly issued by the National Standards Administration and the Ministry of Civil Affairs in January 2019, “National Standardization Development Outline” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in October 2021, and “Opinions on Promoting the Quality Development of Social organization standards and Regulations” jointly issued by 17 departments including the National Standards Committee in February 2022. These are good guidelines and documents. However, many social organizations’ study and understanding of relevant documents remain on the surface, and lack of in-depth research on the spirit of the documents. Therefore, these regulations will inevitably lead to their inability to effectively guide their actual implementation of relevant standardization activities, not to mention their flexible use in social organization standardization activities. For example, the technical fields and contents of standards developed by some social organizations are not based on technological innovation and market demand for filling gaps. The application of the standards is narrow and the application value is not high. Before developing standards, many social organizations did not systematically sort out, research and analyze national standards or industry standards in related fields.


#### 4.1.3. The Level of Social Organization Standardization Is Not High

In general, not only social organizations in the field of civil astronautics but also many other social organizations have the problem of low standardization level. The development and review of social organization standards often lack the participation and guidance of experts in the field of standardization, resulting in a large number of irregularities in the name, format, overall framework design, setting of core technical content, and content representation of the standards. During the drafting process of social organization standards, there was no real understanding of the relevant guiding standards, and there was a lack of understanding of the core technical elements of different types of standards. Some social organizations refer to or cite obsolete standards. For example, the development of standards of many social organizations still follows the replaced, GB/T 1.1-2009 “Standardization Work Guidelines.” In addition, in large number of social organizations, the drafters are not figuring out the relationship between standard normative citations and references, and there is a lot of misuse and confusion.


#### 4.1.4. The Procedures for Standardization Work Are Not Standardized

Generally, social organizations including the civil astronautics field and social organizations that have passed the platform registration review have submitted Management methods related to the standard-developing process. However, when the social organizations carry out standardization work in actuality, they do not strictly implement the standard-developing procedures submitted on the platform system. Many social organizations do not know that there are two national standards, GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization Standardization Part 1: Guidelines for Good Behavior” and GB/T 20004.2-2018 “Social organization Standardization Part 2: Guidelines for Evaluation of Good Behavior,” let alone the implementation of the two standards.Specifically, on the one hand, the review process of social organization standards project approval is not standardized, and authoritative experts are not organized to conduct technical review on whether it is necessary to develop the standard. On the other hand, in the process of developing social organization standards, the procedures for reviewing discussion and standard content were not standardized, and the number of reviews and discussions was set unreasonably. Even some social organizations did not hold an expert review meeting at all in the process of developing social organization standards.


### 4.2. Literature Analysis

The index analysis method is used to investigate and evaluate the contents of papers related to social organization standard management in the aerospace field. The method application process is based on the inclusion of paper retrieval, and draws on the PRISMA protocol used for systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant indexes were extracted and analyzed for the full text of the paper. The retrieval function of CNKI [8] is applied, and the full-text word index is adopted. The retrieved full-text words include: civil aerospace, commercial aerospace, social organization standard management, social organization standard evaluation, high-quality social organization standard, government standard, and market standard. The publication time of the paper is limited to: January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2021. The type of literature retrieved is periodical.A total of 1265 papers were retrieved for the first time, excluding papers (books and newspapers) that were obviously inconsistent, and 1131 papers were included in the first round. The second time, according to the professional relevance screening and reading, 13 representative and highly relevant papers were finally included.


#### 4.2.1. Research Status abroad

Roderburg and MacGregor et al. [9, 10] studied the relationship between standard development and government regulation, and believed that regulation in a broad sense includes government regulation and non-governmental regulation. The regulatory subjects include social public institutions, industry self-discipline organizations, and private individuals; and the scope of regulation is often limited to economic activities. Bredillet [11] studied and analyzed the role of standards on economic development and organizational performance. Blind [12] believes that government intervention is an effective tool to reduce information asymmetry. The government can promote the transparency of market transactions through public policies and build a good information exchange mechanism. Dietmar et al. [13] pointed out that voluntary standards are mainly jointly formulated and governed by the business community, civil society, trade unions, and the government. Delcamp and Leiponen [14] believe that voluntary standards are quasi-public goods, with non-competitiveness and exclusivity. Completely provided by the market may result in the monopoly of key technologies, excessive royalties, and even reduce the overall welfare of society.


#### 4.2.2. Research Status in China

Wang et al. [15] discussed the standardization management and operation mechanism of two typical foreign alliances, such as the World Wide Web Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Solutions Alliance, and how the alliance was recognized as a standard development organization by the national standards agency, and how the standards formulated by the alliance were implemented and corresponding. Research and analysis are carried out on the connection of national standards/international standards. Liao et al. [16] studied and analyzed the standardized management system of the United States and its reference to China. Lu [17] analyzed the potential problems and reasons faced in the process of social organization standards reform and development, and put forward work suggestions for introducing a third-party evaluation mechanism in the development of social organization standards. Fang and Liu [18] discussed the mechanism of the dominant government in the social organization standard cracking element governance, based on the analysis of the characteristics and limitations of bureaucratic governance, market governance, and network governance. Wei et al. [19] put forward the development stage and course of China’s astronautics standardization, and analyzed the current status of standardization work from four aspects: astronautics standardization top-level design, guaranteeing model scientific research and production, promoting the development of astronautics industry, and assisting international astronautics cooperation. The development of astronautics standardization is prospected. Gu [20] investigated and analyzed the strategic positioning and development trend of foreign social organization standards, and combined with the analysis and interpretation of the macro policy environment of China’s social organization standards. Zhu [21] made a macro analysis and suggestions on the development status of China’s social organization standards. Wang et al. [22] discussed the importance of social organization standards to China’s high-quality development, analyzed the relevant policies, positioning, development status, and existing problems of China’s social organization standards, and gave corresponding policy suggestions. Zhu [23] selected typical foreign social organizations IEEE and ASTM, as well as the top ten active domestic social organizations on the national social organization standard information platform, compared the situation of standardization organizations, and refined the standardization organizations of foreign social organizations. She extracted the characteristics and management methods of IEEE and ASTM, and summarized the shortcomings of the standardization organizations of social organizations in China.


#### 4.2.3. Index Extraction and Evaluation Analysis of Related Papers

The data extraction table of relevant papers is established by Excel, which is shown in Table3. The extracted contents are mainly indicators that can be used for PRISMA evaluation. The indicators specifically include: title, publication year, research content, research conclusion, etc.Table 3
Comparison of relevant papers.
No.Published timeName of the paperResearch contentsConclusions1.2003Genesis and role of standards: Theoretical foundations and socio-economic model for the construction and use of standardsThe genesis and the role of standardsThe standard is a way to resolve and forecast problems using collective cognitive processes. This approach is fundamental to the creation of value on the related economic and competence perspectives.2.2014Innovating standards through informal consortia: The case of wireless telecommunicationsThe effects of industry consortia on the coordination of innovation strategies of the members.For managers, the participation in a variety of technical consortia enables influencing peers’ innovation strategies related to compatibility standards.3.2012Analysis and inspirations on management and operating mechanism of standardization in typical foreign consortiaThe management and operating mechanism of standardization and patent management mechanism in world wide web consortium and alliance for telecommunications industry solutionsThe alliance has established a relatively perfect management and operation mechanism; the standardization resources of the alliance have become a useful supplement to the standardization work of international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the alliance is demand-oriented and voluntarily seeks recognition from international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the international standards organization or national standards institution shall follow certain procedures and standards for the recognition of the alliance and alliance standards; in the process of recognizing the alliance and alliance standards, the patent policy was coordinated4.2013United nations national standards system and its references giving for ChinaAmerican standardized management systemThe standardized management system should be driven by the improvement of technical level; we should speed up the revision of Chinese standardization law; the government must participate in standardization activities together with the market and society.5.2016Thoughts and suggestions on constructing the third-party evaluation mechanism of social organization standardsThe current situation of social organization standards both at home and abroad, the practice Shanghai has made to promote the social organization standards pilot projects, the potential problems, the cause of the problems during reform and development process of social organization standardsIt is imperative to introduce the third-party evaluation mechanism into the social organization standards. The combination of the third-party evaluation and the government’s supervision of the social organization standards can improve the credibility of the social organization standards.6.2018The fragmentation of group standards, Meta-Governance, and the mechanisms of Government’s functionThe functioning mechanisms of leading government in the meta-governance aiming at converging social organization standards within the same technology domain.The government-led meta governance is a countermeasure to solve the cracking problem in the development of social organization standards. In the context of social organization standards cracking, the government as the meta-governance solves the dispersion and contradiction between social organization standards by means of the integration of three governance modes, namely, hierarchical governance, market governance, and network governance.7.2018Research on development and expectation of China aerospace standardizationThe development stage, course, and the standardization work status of China aerospace standardizationChinese aerospace industry is accelerating its transformation from a “large Aerospace scale country” to a “powerful aerospace technology country.”8.2019Research on the development trend of group standards in ChinaThe strategic positioning and development trend of several foreign social organization standards, the policies on social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization standards that can eventually be recognized by the industry and the public need to achieve the following three key points: Clarifying their own positioning, standardizing the standardization management mechanism, and building the certification work mechanism.9.2020Current development status of association standards in ChinaThe current situation of the development of social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization should use the standards to lead the innovation and development of the market and improve the competitiveness of the industry. It should not only accurately grasp the core of technology when formulating the standards, but also pay attention to the trend of market changes and timely updates to avoid being eliminated by the market. Governments at all levels, social organizations and enterprises should cooperate with each other, actively participate in the standardization work, promote industrial upgrading with standards, and promote standardization reform with industries.10.2021Research on the development status and trend of association standards in ChinaThe development of domestic and international association standards, and the importance of association standards for Chinese high-quality development.It points out the problems existing in the development of social organization standards in China, and puts forward some countermeasures to improve the management system of social organization standards and strengthen the supervision of social organization standards.11.2021Comparative study on the management of standardization social organizations at home and abroadIEEE, ASTM, and the top 10 domestic social organizations on the China national social organization standard information platform, for example, compares and analyzes the structures of these domestic and foreign organizations.The organizational construction of social organizations is the basis for carrying out social organization standardization work. The construction of organization requires not only a scientific and reasonable organizational structure but also a reasonable operation guarantee mechanism.Through the above comparative analysis, most of the relevant preliminary research and analysis at China and abroad are based on macro-level theoretical research or small range data, and there are relatively few studies on the evaluation of social organization standards in specific fields, especially the research and analysis based on the actual big data of the development of social organization standards in recent years. Of course, the research, analysis, and related theories of previous scholars have certain reference value for this research.This paper takes the platform data as the research object, conducts research and analysis on the current social organizations and social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, analyzes the current development of social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, and finds problems in the development of social organization standardization. Some suggestions are put forward for the development of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, to provide a reference for promoting the standardized and high-quality development of social organization standards. This practical statistical analysis of big data based on the information platform puts forward targeted solutions to the problems found, which is more instructive for solving the standardization problems in China’s astronautics field and improving the quality and production efficiency of civil astronautics products.


### 4.3. General Recommendations

By sorting out and briefly analyzing the standardization activities of representative social organizations in the civil astronautics field registered on the platform, some problems have been found, and some other social organizations on the platform may have similar problems. Targeted improvements should be made mainly from the following four aspects.


#### 4.3.1. Pay Attention to Social Organization Standardization Development Planning and Design

At present, social organizations in the civil astronautics field should carry out systematic strategic planning and standard system planning before the social organization carries out standardization activities, make layout and design in advance for the later social organization standardization work, and carry out forward-looking research on which or which key areas the social organization carries out social organization standardization work. This work is very important and should be paid attention to, to reduce the randomness of social organization standardization activities and be less disturbed by external factors. Many influential standards organizations abroad have formulated standardization strategies and updated them regularly. In addition, although social organization standards are the main direction for general social organizations to carry out standardization work, relevant national standards and industrial standards have important reference significance for relevant social organizations to carry out standardization work, so they need to be studied and considered in system planning.


#### 4.3.2. Carry Out In-Depth Research and Analysis of Relevant National Policies and Regulations

Social organization standards are cultivated and developed by the state after the issuance of the “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” after years of support and encouragement, social organizations all over the country have carried out social organization standardization-related activities. As an important pillar industry of the national economy, the civil astronautics field plays a more important role in carrying out social organization standardization activities to give full play to the innovation of the masses and to comprehensively enhance the innovation capability of China in this field. However, not all aspects of this field are suitable for the development of social organization standards, and it is necessary to further study and analyze relevant documents such as “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards,” “Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Social organization standards and Specifications,” and deeply understand its spirit, which is shown in Table4. Make the developed social organization standards coordinated well and cooperate with the existing national standards, astronautics industry standards, and astronautics enterprise standards in this field, and achieve the best application effect. For example, the orientation of social organization standards in the “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” is to fill the gap of standards in this field in the market, encourage innovation. And we try to refer to national standards for terminology, classification, value, and symbol standards, instead of developing social organization standards in these fields. The spirit of these documents has a good guiding role for the project establishment and the development of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field. Therefore, in-depth research and analysis of relevant national regulations and policy documents is required.Table 4
Summary of relevant Regulations and policies for social organization standards in China.
NumberPublished timeName of the relevant regulations and policiesPolicy issuing agencyRole of relevant regulations and policies1.March 2015Deepening standardization work reform planState councilIt is the first time to put forward the “development social organization standards” in the form of national policy documents2.November 2017Standardization law of the People’s republic of ChinaStanding committee of the national People’s congressIt not only establishes the legal status of social organization standards but also points out the direction for the development of social organization standards.3.January, 2019Regulations on the management of social organization standardsNational standardization administration committee and the ministry of civil affairsIt detailed the relevant requirements in the process of social organization standardization.4.October, 2021National standardization development outlineThe CPC(Communist party of China) central committee and the state councilIt pointed out that the standardization vitality of market players should be fully published, the dual structure of standards issued by the government and independently developed by the market should be optimized, and the proportion of independently developed standards by the market should be greatly increased.5.February, 2022Opinions on promoting standardization and quality development of social organization standardsThe national standardization administration committee and other 17 departmentsIn view of the inaccurate positioning, low level and non-standard management of social organization standards, the policy proposes that it is necessary to strengthen standardization and guidance.


#### 4.3.3. Strengthen the Construction of Social Organization Standardization Ability Level

To strengthen the construction of social organization standardization ability level, on the one hand, social organizations should be equipped with technical personnel who are familiar with standardization expertise. On the other hand, social organizations should organize relevant training activities in time to improve the professional skills of staff within the social organization. The professional knowledge and skills mentioned here not only refer to the ability to master and apply the standardization of professional knowledge but also understand the regulations and policies related to the social organization standards. In addition, if you are familiar with the drafting rules and evaluation principles of relevant standards, it will further promote the improvement of the social organization’s standardization ability. For example, the understanding of “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” and other documents, the understanding and mastery of GB/T 1.1-2020 “Guidelines for standardization work,” GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization standardization Part 1: Guideline for good Behavior,” and other related specific types and specific content standards drafting rules and standards.


#### 4.3.4. Introduce a Third-Party Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism

First, social organization standards are market standards and should be supervised and inspected by the market. On the one hand, it can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of consumers, and through the establishment of various monitoring and reporting mechanisms, the implementation of low-efficiency and low-quality standards can be supervised by the whole people. On the other hand, give full play to the supervision role of social media, supervise the irregular behavior of social organizations, and expose inappropriate behavior.Secondly, the standardized development of social organization standards is inseparable from government supervision and authoritative third-party evaluation. At present, market supervision departments at all levels have played a very good role in supervising the registered social organizations on the platform and the social organization standards issued by them. At present, market supervision departments at all levels will require relevant social organizations to make rectifications when they find irregular behaviors of registered social organizations on the platform. In addition, it is also necessary to introduce an authoritative third-party evaluation organization, through objective and scientific evaluation, and through the platform to carry out excellent publicity and problem exposure, to play a better role in supervision and evaluation.


## 4.1. Analysis of the Current Status of Social Organization Standards in the field of Civil Astronautics in China

By the end of 2021, a total of 5,758 social organizations have registered on the platform, and a total of 33,403 social organization standards have been published on the platform. There are 28 representative social organizations that have legally registered in the field of civil astronautics, and 196 standards related to the field of civil astronautics have been published, accounting for only 0.59%. Through the sorting and analysis of these civil astronautical social organizations and their standardization activities, there are mainly the following four problems.


### 4.1.1. Lack of System Planning and Design

At present, large number of civil astronautics social organizations registered on the platform lack macro-level overall strategic planning and system planning for the social organization’s standardization activities, and lack systematic design and prospective research on the standardization work that the social organization intends to carry out, which is blind and random, which is greatly affected by the market environment, which leads to deviations between the formulation of relevant standards and the development of national strategies, and insufficient driving force for related industries that are urgently needed or key developed in the astronautics field. For example, large number of social organizations have not formulated development plans for the development of social organization standardization, have not conducted research on the standard system in related fields, and have not carry out forward-looking design for the social organization’s standardization activities, and often only focused on the product or technology development needs of a few enterprises.


### 4.1.2. Lack of in-Depth Understanding of Relevant National Policies

In the field of social organization standards, the relevant national authorities have issued large number of documents and regulations, but many relevant social organizations in the field of civil astronautics have not conducted in-depth research and analysis on these regulations and documents, such as the “Reform Plan for Deepening Standardization Work” issued by the State Council in March 2015, the new “Standardization Law” in November 2017, “Regulations on the Management of Social organization standards” jointly issued by the National Standards Administration and the Ministry of Civil Affairs in January 2019, “National Standardization Development Outline” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in October 2021, and “Opinions on Promoting the Quality Development of Social organization standards and Regulations” jointly issued by 17 departments including the National Standards Committee in February 2022. These are good guidelines and documents. However, many social organizations’ study and understanding of relevant documents remain on the surface, and lack of in-depth research on the spirit of the documents. Therefore, these regulations will inevitably lead to their inability to effectively guide their actual implementation of relevant standardization activities, not to mention their flexible use in social organization standardization activities. For example, the technical fields and contents of standards developed by some social organizations are not based on technological innovation and market demand for filling gaps. The application of the standards is narrow and the application value is not high. Before developing standards, many social organizations did not systematically sort out, research and analyze national standards or industry standards in related fields.


### 4.1.3. The Level of Social Organization Standardization Is Not High

In general, not only social organizations in the field of civil astronautics but also many other social organizations have the problem of low standardization level. The development and review of social organization standards often lack the participation and guidance of experts in the field of standardization, resulting in a large number of irregularities in the name, format, overall framework design, setting of core technical content, and content representation of the standards. During the drafting process of social organization standards, there was no real understanding of the relevant guiding standards, and there was a lack of understanding of the core technical elements of different types of standards. Some social organizations refer to or cite obsolete standards. For example, the development of standards of many social organizations still follows the replaced, GB/T 1.1-2009 “Standardization Work Guidelines.” In addition, in large number of social organizations, the drafters are not figuring out the relationship between standard normative citations and references, and there is a lot of misuse and confusion.


### 4.1.4. The Procedures for Standardization Work Are Not Standardized

Generally, social organizations including the civil astronautics field and social organizations that have passed the platform registration review have submitted Management methods related to the standard-developing process. However, when the social organizations carry out standardization work in actuality, they do not strictly implement the standard-developing procedures submitted on the platform system. Many social organizations do not know that there are two national standards, GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization Standardization Part 1: Guidelines for Good Behavior” and GB/T 20004.2-2018 “Social organization Standardization Part 2: Guidelines for Evaluation of Good Behavior,” let alone the implementation of the two standards.Specifically, on the one hand, the review process of social organization standards project approval is not standardized, and authoritative experts are not organized to conduct technical review on whether it is necessary to develop the standard. On the other hand, in the process of developing social organization standards, the procedures for reviewing discussion and standard content were not standardized, and the number of reviews and discussions was set unreasonably. Even some social organizations did not hold an expert review meeting at all in the process of developing social organization standards.


## 4.1.1. Lack of System Planning and Design

At present, large number of civil astronautics social organizations registered on the platform lack macro-level overall strategic planning and system planning for the social organization’s standardization activities, and lack systematic design and prospective research on the standardization work that the social organization intends to carry out, which is blind and random, which is greatly affected by the market environment, which leads to deviations between the formulation of relevant standards and the development of national strategies, and insufficient driving force for related industries that are urgently needed or key developed in the astronautics field. For example, large number of social organizations have not formulated development plans for the development of social organization standardization, have not conducted research on the standard system in related fields, and have not carry out forward-looking design for the social organization’s standardization activities, and often only focused on the product or technology development needs of a few enterprises.


## 4.1.2. Lack of in-Depth Understanding of Relevant National Policies

In the field of social organization standards, the relevant national authorities have issued large number of documents and regulations, but many relevant social organizations in the field of civil astronautics have not conducted in-depth research and analysis on these regulations and documents, such as the “Reform Plan for Deepening Standardization Work” issued by the State Council in March 2015, the new “Standardization Law” in November 2017, “Regulations on the Management of Social organization standards” jointly issued by the National Standards Administration and the Ministry of Civil Affairs in January 2019, “National Standardization Development Outline” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in October 2021, and “Opinions on Promoting the Quality Development of Social organization standards and Regulations” jointly issued by 17 departments including the National Standards Committee in February 2022. These are good guidelines and documents. However, many social organizations’ study and understanding of relevant documents remain on the surface, and lack of in-depth research on the spirit of the documents. Therefore, these regulations will inevitably lead to their inability to effectively guide their actual implementation of relevant standardization activities, not to mention their flexible use in social organization standardization activities. For example, the technical fields and contents of standards developed by some social organizations are not based on technological innovation and market demand for filling gaps. The application of the standards is narrow and the application value is not high. Before developing standards, many social organizations did not systematically sort out, research and analyze national standards or industry standards in related fields.


## 4.1.3. The Level of Social Organization Standardization Is Not High

In general, not only social organizations in the field of civil astronautics but also many other social organizations have the problem of low standardization level. The development and review of social organization standards often lack the participation and guidance of experts in the field of standardization, resulting in a large number of irregularities in the name, format, overall framework design, setting of core technical content, and content representation of the standards. During the drafting process of social organization standards, there was no real understanding of the relevant guiding standards, and there was a lack of understanding of the core technical elements of different types of standards. Some social organizations refer to or cite obsolete standards. For example, the development of standards of many social organizations still follows the replaced, GB/T 1.1-2009 “Standardization Work Guidelines.” In addition, in large number of social organizations, the drafters are not figuring out the relationship between standard normative citations and references, and there is a lot of misuse and confusion.


## 4.1.4. The Procedures for Standardization Work Are Not Standardized

Generally, social organizations including the civil astronautics field and social organizations that have passed the platform registration review have submitted Management methods related to the standard-developing process. However, when the social organizations carry out standardization work in actuality, they do not strictly implement the standard-developing procedures submitted on the platform system. Many social organizations do not know that there are two national standards, GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization Standardization Part 1: Guidelines for Good Behavior” and GB/T 20004.2-2018 “Social organization Standardization Part 2: Guidelines for Evaluation of Good Behavior,” let alone the implementation of the two standards.Specifically, on the one hand, the review process of social organization standards project approval is not standardized, and authoritative experts are not organized to conduct technical review on whether it is necessary to develop the standard. On the other hand, in the process of developing social organization standards, the procedures for reviewing discussion and standard content were not standardized, and the number of reviews and discussions was set unreasonably. Even some social organizations did not hold an expert review meeting at all in the process of developing social organization standards.


## 4.2. Literature Analysis

The index analysis method is used to investigate and evaluate the contents of papers related to social organization standard management in the aerospace field. The method application process is based on the inclusion of paper retrieval, and draws on the PRISMA protocol used for systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant indexes were extracted and analyzed for the full text of the paper. The retrieval function of CNKI [8] is applied, and the full-text word index is adopted. The retrieved full-text words include: civil aerospace, commercial aerospace, social organization standard management, social organization standard evaluation, high-quality social organization standard, government standard, and market standard. The publication time of the paper is limited to: January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2021. The type of literature retrieved is periodical.A total of 1265 papers were retrieved for the first time, excluding papers (books and newspapers) that were obviously inconsistent, and 1131 papers were included in the first round. The second time, according to the professional relevance screening and reading, 13 representative and highly relevant papers were finally included.


### 4.2.1. Research Status abroad

Roderburg and MacGregor et al. [9, 10] studied the relationship between standard development and government regulation, and believed that regulation in a broad sense includes government regulation and non-governmental regulation. The regulatory subjects include social public institutions, industry self-discipline organizations, and private individuals; and the scope of regulation is often limited to economic activities. Bredillet [11] studied and analyzed the role of standards on economic development and organizational performance. Blind [12] believes that government intervention is an effective tool to reduce information asymmetry. The government can promote the transparency of market transactions through public policies and build a good information exchange mechanism. Dietmar et al. [13] pointed out that voluntary standards are mainly jointly formulated and governed by the business community, civil society, trade unions, and the government. Delcamp and Leiponen [14] believe that voluntary standards are quasi-public goods, with non-competitiveness and exclusivity. Completely provided by the market may result in the monopoly of key technologies, excessive royalties, and even reduce the overall welfare of society.


### 4.2.2. Research Status in China

Wang et al. [15] discussed the standardization management and operation mechanism of two typical foreign alliances, such as the World Wide Web Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Solutions Alliance, and how the alliance was recognized as a standard development organization by the national standards agency, and how the standards formulated by the alliance were implemented and corresponding. Research and analysis are carried out on the connection of national standards/international standards. Liao et al. [16] studied and analyzed the standardized management system of the United States and its reference to China. Lu [17] analyzed the potential problems and reasons faced in the process of social organization standards reform and development, and put forward work suggestions for introducing a third-party evaluation mechanism in the development of social organization standards. Fang and Liu [18] discussed the mechanism of the dominant government in the social organization standard cracking element governance, based on the analysis of the characteristics and limitations of bureaucratic governance, market governance, and network governance. Wei et al. [19] put forward the development stage and course of China’s astronautics standardization, and analyzed the current status of standardization work from four aspects: astronautics standardization top-level design, guaranteeing model scientific research and production, promoting the development of astronautics industry, and assisting international astronautics cooperation. The development of astronautics standardization is prospected. Gu [20] investigated and analyzed the strategic positioning and development trend of foreign social organization standards, and combined with the analysis and interpretation of the macro policy environment of China’s social organization standards. Zhu [21] made a macro analysis and suggestions on the development status of China’s social organization standards. Wang et al. [22] discussed the importance of social organization standards to China’s high-quality development, analyzed the relevant policies, positioning, development status, and existing problems of China’s social organization standards, and gave corresponding policy suggestions. Zhu [23] selected typical foreign social organizations IEEE and ASTM, as well as the top ten active domestic social organizations on the national social organization standard information platform, compared the situation of standardization organizations, and refined the standardization organizations of foreign social organizations. She extracted the characteristics and management methods of IEEE and ASTM, and summarized the shortcomings of the standardization organizations of social organizations in China.


### 4.2.3. Index Extraction and Evaluation Analysis of Related Papers

The data extraction table of relevant papers is established by Excel, which is shown in Table3. The extracted contents are mainly indicators that can be used for PRISMA evaluation. The indicators specifically include: title, publication year, research content, research conclusion, etc.Table 3
Comparison of relevant papers.
No.Published timeName of the paperResearch contentsConclusions1.2003Genesis and role of standards: Theoretical foundations and socio-economic model for the construction and use of standardsThe genesis and the role of standardsThe standard is a way to resolve and forecast problems using collective cognitive processes. This approach is fundamental to the creation of value on the related economic and competence perspectives.2.2014Innovating standards through informal consortia: The case of wireless telecommunicationsThe effects of industry consortia on the coordination of innovation strategies of the members.For managers, the participation in a variety of technical consortia enables influencing peers’ innovation strategies related to compatibility standards.3.2012Analysis and inspirations on management and operating mechanism of standardization in typical foreign consortiaThe management and operating mechanism of standardization and patent management mechanism in world wide web consortium and alliance for telecommunications industry solutionsThe alliance has established a relatively perfect management and operation mechanism; the standardization resources of the alliance have become a useful supplement to the standardization work of international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the alliance is demand-oriented and voluntarily seeks recognition from international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the international standards organization or national standards institution shall follow certain procedures and standards for the recognition of the alliance and alliance standards; in the process of recognizing the alliance and alliance standards, the patent policy was coordinated4.2013United nations national standards system and its references giving for ChinaAmerican standardized management systemThe standardized management system should be driven by the improvement of technical level; we should speed up the revision of Chinese standardization law; the government must participate in standardization activities together with the market and society.5.2016Thoughts and suggestions on constructing the third-party evaluation mechanism of social organization standardsThe current situation of social organization standards both at home and abroad, the practice Shanghai has made to promote the social organization standards pilot projects, the potential problems, the cause of the problems during reform and development process of social organization standardsIt is imperative to introduce the third-party evaluation mechanism into the social organization standards. The combination of the third-party evaluation and the government’s supervision of the social organization standards can improve the credibility of the social organization standards.6.2018The fragmentation of group standards, Meta-Governance, and the mechanisms of Government’s functionThe functioning mechanisms of leading government in the meta-governance aiming at converging social organization standards within the same technology domain.The government-led meta governance is a countermeasure to solve the cracking problem in the development of social organization standards. In the context of social organization standards cracking, the government as the meta-governance solves the dispersion and contradiction between social organization standards by means of the integration of three governance modes, namely, hierarchical governance, market governance, and network governance.7.2018Research on development and expectation of China aerospace standardizationThe development stage, course, and the standardization work status of China aerospace standardizationChinese aerospace industry is accelerating its transformation from a “large Aerospace scale country” to a “powerful aerospace technology country.”8.2019Research on the development trend of group standards in ChinaThe strategic positioning and development trend of several foreign social organization standards, the policies on social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization standards that can eventually be recognized by the industry and the public need to achieve the following three key points: Clarifying their own positioning, standardizing the standardization management mechanism, and building the certification work mechanism.9.2020Current development status of association standards in ChinaThe current situation of the development of social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization should use the standards to lead the innovation and development of the market and improve the competitiveness of the industry. It should not only accurately grasp the core of technology when formulating the standards, but also pay attention to the trend of market changes and timely updates to avoid being eliminated by the market. Governments at all levels, social organizations and enterprises should cooperate with each other, actively participate in the standardization work, promote industrial upgrading with standards, and promote standardization reform with industries.10.2021Research on the development status and trend of association standards in ChinaThe development of domestic and international association standards, and the importance of association standards for Chinese high-quality development.It points out the problems existing in the development of social organization standards in China, and puts forward some countermeasures to improve the management system of social organization standards and strengthen the supervision of social organization standards.11.2021Comparative study on the management of standardization social organizations at home and abroadIEEE, ASTM, and the top 10 domestic social organizations on the China national social organization standard information platform, for example, compares and analyzes the structures of these domestic and foreign organizations.The organizational construction of social organizations is the basis for carrying out social organization standardization work. The construction of organization requires not only a scientific and reasonable organizational structure but also a reasonable operation guarantee mechanism.Through the above comparative analysis, most of the relevant preliminary research and analysis at China and abroad are based on macro-level theoretical research or small range data, and there are relatively few studies on the evaluation of social organization standards in specific fields, especially the research and analysis based on the actual big data of the development of social organization standards in recent years. Of course, the research, analysis, and related theories of previous scholars have certain reference value for this research.This paper takes the platform data as the research object, conducts research and analysis on the current social organizations and social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, analyzes the current development of social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, and finds problems in the development of social organization standardization. Some suggestions are put forward for the development of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, to provide a reference for promoting the standardized and high-quality development of social organization standards. This practical statistical analysis of big data based on the information platform puts forward targeted solutions to the problems found, which is more instructive for solving the standardization problems in China’s astronautics field and improving the quality and production efficiency of civil astronautics products.


## 4.2.1. Research Status abroad

Roderburg and MacGregor et al. [9, 10] studied the relationship between standard development and government regulation, and believed that regulation in a broad sense includes government regulation and non-governmental regulation. The regulatory subjects include social public institutions, industry self-discipline organizations, and private individuals; and the scope of regulation is often limited to economic activities. Bredillet [11] studied and analyzed the role of standards on economic development and organizational performance. Blind [12] believes that government intervention is an effective tool to reduce information asymmetry. The government can promote the transparency of market transactions through public policies and build a good information exchange mechanism. Dietmar et al. [13] pointed out that voluntary standards are mainly jointly formulated and governed by the business community, civil society, trade unions, and the government. Delcamp and Leiponen [14] believe that voluntary standards are quasi-public goods, with non-competitiveness and exclusivity. Completely provided by the market may result in the monopoly of key technologies, excessive royalties, and even reduce the overall welfare of society.


## 4.2.2. Research Status in China

Wang et al. [15] discussed the standardization management and operation mechanism of two typical foreign alliances, such as the World Wide Web Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Solutions Alliance, and how the alliance was recognized as a standard development organization by the national standards agency, and how the standards formulated by the alliance were implemented and corresponding. Research and analysis are carried out on the connection of national standards/international standards. Liao et al. [16] studied and analyzed the standardized management system of the United States and its reference to China. Lu [17] analyzed the potential problems and reasons faced in the process of social organization standards reform and development, and put forward work suggestions for introducing a third-party evaluation mechanism in the development of social organization standards. Fang and Liu [18] discussed the mechanism of the dominant government in the social organization standard cracking element governance, based on the analysis of the characteristics and limitations of bureaucratic governance, market governance, and network governance. Wei et al. [19] put forward the development stage and course of China’s astronautics standardization, and analyzed the current status of standardization work from four aspects: astronautics standardization top-level design, guaranteeing model scientific research and production, promoting the development of astronautics industry, and assisting international astronautics cooperation. The development of astronautics standardization is prospected. Gu [20] investigated and analyzed the strategic positioning and development trend of foreign social organization standards, and combined with the analysis and interpretation of the macro policy environment of China’s social organization standards. Zhu [21] made a macro analysis and suggestions on the development status of China’s social organization standards. Wang et al. [22] discussed the importance of social organization standards to China’s high-quality development, analyzed the relevant policies, positioning, development status, and existing problems of China’s social organization standards, and gave corresponding policy suggestions. Zhu [23] selected typical foreign social organizations IEEE and ASTM, as well as the top ten active domestic social organizations on the national social organization standard information platform, compared the situation of standardization organizations, and refined the standardization organizations of foreign social organizations. She extracted the characteristics and management methods of IEEE and ASTM, and summarized the shortcomings of the standardization organizations of social organizations in China.


## 4.2.3. Index Extraction and Evaluation Analysis of Related Papers

The data extraction table of relevant papers is established by Excel, which is shown in Table3. The extracted contents are mainly indicators that can be used for PRISMA evaluation. The indicators specifically include: title, publication year, research content, research conclusion, etc.Table 3
Comparison of relevant papers.
No.Published timeName of the paperResearch contentsConclusions1.2003Genesis and role of standards: Theoretical foundations and socio-economic model for the construction and use of standardsThe genesis and the role of standardsThe standard is a way to resolve and forecast problems using collective cognitive processes. This approach is fundamental to the creation of value on the related economic and competence perspectives.2.2014Innovating standards through informal consortia: The case of wireless telecommunicationsThe effects of industry consortia on the coordination of innovation strategies of the members.For managers, the participation in a variety of technical consortia enables influencing peers’ innovation strategies related to compatibility standards.3.2012Analysis and inspirations on management and operating mechanism of standardization in typical foreign consortiaThe management and operating mechanism of standardization and patent management mechanism in world wide web consortium and alliance for telecommunications industry solutionsThe alliance has established a relatively perfect management and operation mechanism; the standardization resources of the alliance have become a useful supplement to the standardization work of international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the alliance is demand-oriented and voluntarily seeks recognition from international standards organizations or national standards institutions; the international standards organization or national standards institution shall follow certain procedures and standards for the recognition of the alliance and alliance standards; in the process of recognizing the alliance and alliance standards, the patent policy was coordinated4.2013United nations national standards system and its references giving for ChinaAmerican standardized management systemThe standardized management system should be driven by the improvement of technical level; we should speed up the revision of Chinese standardization law; the government must participate in standardization activities together with the market and society.5.2016Thoughts and suggestions on constructing the third-party evaluation mechanism of social organization standardsThe current situation of social organization standards both at home and abroad, the practice Shanghai has made to promote the social organization standards pilot projects, the potential problems, the cause of the problems during reform and development process of social organization standardsIt is imperative to introduce the third-party evaluation mechanism into the social organization standards. The combination of the third-party evaluation and the government’s supervision of the social organization standards can improve the credibility of the social organization standards.6.2018The fragmentation of group standards, Meta-Governance, and the mechanisms of Government’s functionThe functioning mechanisms of leading government in the meta-governance aiming at converging social organization standards within the same technology domain.The government-led meta governance is a countermeasure to solve the cracking problem in the development of social organization standards. In the context of social organization standards cracking, the government as the meta-governance solves the dispersion and contradiction between social organization standards by means of the integration of three governance modes, namely, hierarchical governance, market governance, and network governance.7.2018Research on development and expectation of China aerospace standardizationThe development stage, course, and the standardization work status of China aerospace standardizationChinese aerospace industry is accelerating its transformation from a “large Aerospace scale country” to a “powerful aerospace technology country.”8.2019Research on the development trend of group standards in ChinaThe strategic positioning and development trend of several foreign social organization standards, the policies on social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization standards that can eventually be recognized by the industry and the public need to achieve the following three key points: Clarifying their own positioning, standardizing the standardization management mechanism, and building the certification work mechanism.9.2020Current development status of association standards in ChinaThe current situation of the development of social organization standards in ChinaThe social organization should use the standards to lead the innovation and development of the market and improve the competitiveness of the industry. It should not only accurately grasp the core of technology when formulating the standards, but also pay attention to the trend of market changes and timely updates to avoid being eliminated by the market. Governments at all levels, social organizations and enterprises should cooperate with each other, actively participate in the standardization work, promote industrial upgrading with standards, and promote standardization reform with industries.10.2021Research on the development status and trend of association standards in ChinaThe development of domestic and international association standards, and the importance of association standards for Chinese high-quality development.It points out the problems existing in the development of social organization standards in China, and puts forward some countermeasures to improve the management system of social organization standards and strengthen the supervision of social organization standards.11.2021Comparative study on the management of standardization social organizations at home and abroadIEEE, ASTM, and the top 10 domestic social organizations on the China national social organization standard information platform, for example, compares and analyzes the structures of these domestic and foreign organizations.The organizational construction of social organizations is the basis for carrying out social organization standardization work. The construction of organization requires not only a scientific and reasonable organizational structure but also a reasonable operation guarantee mechanism.Through the above comparative analysis, most of the relevant preliminary research and analysis at China and abroad are based on macro-level theoretical research or small range data, and there are relatively few studies on the evaluation of social organization standards in specific fields, especially the research and analysis based on the actual big data of the development of social organization standards in recent years. Of course, the research, analysis, and related theories of previous scholars have certain reference value for this research.This paper takes the platform data as the research object, conducts research and analysis on the current social organizations and social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, analyzes the current development of social organization standards in Chinese civil astronautics field, and finds problems in the development of social organization standardization. Some suggestions are put forward for the development of social organization standards in the field of civil astronautics, to provide a reference for promoting the standardized and high-quality development of social organization standards. This practical statistical analysis of big data based on the information platform puts forward targeted solutions to the problems found, which is more instructive for solving the standardization problems in China’s astronautics field and improving the quality and production efficiency of civil astronautics products.


## 4.3. General Recommendations

By sorting out and briefly analyzing the standardization activities of representative social organizations in the civil astronautics field registered on the platform, some problems have been found, and some other social organizations on the platform may have similar problems. Targeted improvements should be made mainly from the following four aspects.


### 4.3.1. Pay Attention to Social Organization Standardization Development Planning and Design

At present, social organizations in the civil astronautics field should carry out systematic strategic planning and standard system planning before the social organization carries out standardization activities, make layout and design in advance for the later social organization standardization work, and carry out forward-looking research on which or which key areas the social organization carries out social organization standardization work. This work is very important and should be paid attention to, to reduce the randomness of social organization standardization activities and be less disturbed by external factors. Many influential standards organizations abroad have formulated standardization strategies and updated them regularly. In addition, although social organization standards are the main direction for general social organizations to carry out standardization work, relevant national standards and industrial standards have important reference significance for relevant social organizations to carry out standardization work, so they need to be studied and considered in system planning.


### 4.3.2. Carry Out In-Depth Research and Analysis of Relevant National Policies and Regulations

Social organization standards are cultivated and developed by the state after the issuance of the “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” after years of support and encouragement, social organizations all over the country have carried out social organization standardization-related activities. As an important pillar industry of the national economy, the civil astronautics field plays a more important role in carrying out social organization standardization activities to give full play to the innovation of the masses and to comprehensively enhance the innovation capability of China in this field. However, not all aspects of this field are suitable for the development of social organization standards, and it is necessary to further study and analyze relevant documents such as “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards,” “Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Social organization standards and Specifications,” and deeply understand its spirit, which is shown in Table4. Make the developed social organization standards coordinated well and cooperate with the existing national standards, astronautics industry standards, and astronautics enterprise standards in this field, and achieve the best application effect. For example, the orientation of social organization standards in the “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” is to fill the gap of standards in this field in the market, encourage innovation. And we try to refer to national standards for terminology, classification, value, and symbol standards, instead of developing social organization standards in these fields. The spirit of these documents has a good guiding role for the project establishment and the development of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field. Therefore, in-depth research and analysis of relevant national regulations and policy documents is required.Table 4
Summary of relevant Regulations and policies for social organization standards in China.
NumberPublished timeName of the relevant regulations and policiesPolicy issuing agencyRole of relevant regulations and policies1.March 2015Deepening standardization work reform planState councilIt is the first time to put forward the “development social organization standards” in the form of national policy documents2.November 2017Standardization law of the People’s republic of ChinaStanding committee of the national People’s congressIt not only establishes the legal status of social organization standards but also points out the direction for the development of social organization standards.3.January, 2019Regulations on the management of social organization standardsNational standardization administration committee and the ministry of civil affairsIt detailed the relevant requirements in the process of social organization standardization.4.October, 2021National standardization development outlineThe CPC(Communist party of China) central committee and the state councilIt pointed out that the standardization vitality of market players should be fully published, the dual structure of standards issued by the government and independently developed by the market should be optimized, and the proportion of independently developed standards by the market should be greatly increased.5.February, 2022Opinions on promoting standardization and quality development of social organization standardsThe national standardization administration committee and other 17 departmentsIn view of the inaccurate positioning, low level and non-standard management of social organization standards, the policy proposes that it is necessary to strengthen standardization and guidance.


### 4.3.3. Strengthen the Construction of Social Organization Standardization Ability Level

To strengthen the construction of social organization standardization ability level, on the one hand, social organizations should be equipped with technical personnel who are familiar with standardization expertise. On the other hand, social organizations should organize relevant training activities in time to improve the professional skills of staff within the social organization. The professional knowledge and skills mentioned here not only refer to the ability to master and apply the standardization of professional knowledge but also understand the regulations and policies related to the social organization standards. In addition, if you are familiar with the drafting rules and evaluation principles of relevant standards, it will further promote the improvement of the social organization’s standardization ability. For example, the understanding of “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” and other documents, the understanding and mastery of GB/T 1.1-2020 “Guidelines for standardization work,” GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization standardization Part 1: Guideline for good Behavior,” and other related specific types and specific content standards drafting rules and standards.


### 4.3.4. Introduce a Third-Party Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism

First, social organization standards are market standards and should be supervised and inspected by the market. On the one hand, it can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of consumers, and through the establishment of various monitoring and reporting mechanisms, the implementation of low-efficiency and low-quality standards can be supervised by the whole people. On the other hand, give full play to the supervision role of social media, supervise the irregular behavior of social organizations, and expose inappropriate behavior.Secondly, the standardized development of social organization standards is inseparable from government supervision and authoritative third-party evaluation. At present, market supervision departments at all levels have played a very good role in supervising the registered social organizations on the platform and the social organization standards issued by them. At present, market supervision departments at all levels will require relevant social organizations to make rectifications when they find irregular behaviors of registered social organizations on the platform. In addition, it is also necessary to introduce an authoritative third-party evaluation organization, through objective and scientific evaluation, and through the platform to carry out excellent publicity and problem exposure, to play a better role in supervision and evaluation.


## 4.3.1. Pay Attention to Social Organization Standardization Development Planning and Design

At present, social organizations in the civil astronautics field should carry out systematic strategic planning and standard system planning before the social organization carries out standardization activities, make layout and design in advance for the later social organization standardization work, and carry out forward-looking research on which or which key areas the social organization carries out social organization standardization work. This work is very important and should be paid attention to, to reduce the randomness of social organization standardization activities and be less disturbed by external factors. Many influential standards organizations abroad have formulated standardization strategies and updated them regularly. In addition, although social organization standards are the main direction for general social organizations to carry out standardization work, relevant national standards and industrial standards have important reference significance for relevant social organizations to carry out standardization work, so they need to be studied and considered in system planning.


## 4.3.2. Carry Out In-Depth Research and Analysis of Relevant National Policies and Regulations

Social organization standards are cultivated and developed by the state after the issuance of the “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” after years of support and encouragement, social organizations all over the country have carried out social organization standardization-related activities. As an important pillar industry of the national economy, the civil astronautics field plays a more important role in carrying out social organization standardization activities to give full play to the innovation of the masses and to comprehensively enhance the innovation capability of China in this field. However, not all aspects of this field are suitable for the development of social organization standards, and it is necessary to further study and analyze relevant documents such as “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards,” “Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Social organization standards and Specifications,” and deeply understand its spirit, which is shown in Table4. Make the developed social organization standards coordinated well and cooperate with the existing national standards, astronautics industry standards, and astronautics enterprise standards in this field, and achieve the best application effect. For example, the orientation of social organization standards in the “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” is to fill the gap of standards in this field in the market, encourage innovation. And we try to refer to national standards for terminology, classification, value, and symbol standards, instead of developing social organization standards in these fields. The spirit of these documents has a good guiding role for the project establishment and the development of social organization standards in the civil astronautics field. Therefore, in-depth research and analysis of relevant national regulations and policy documents is required.Table 4
Summary of relevant Regulations and policies for social organization standards in China.
NumberPublished timeName of the relevant regulations and policiesPolicy issuing agencyRole of relevant regulations and policies1.March 2015Deepening standardization work reform planState councilIt is the first time to put forward the “development social organization standards” in the form of national policy documents2.November 2017Standardization law of the People’s republic of ChinaStanding committee of the national People’s congressIt not only establishes the legal status of social organization standards but also points out the direction for the development of social organization standards.3.January, 2019Regulations on the management of social organization standardsNational standardization administration committee and the ministry of civil affairsIt detailed the relevant requirements in the process of social organization standardization.4.October, 2021National standardization development outlineThe CPC(Communist party of China) central committee and the state councilIt pointed out that the standardization vitality of market players should be fully published, the dual structure of standards issued by the government and independently developed by the market should be optimized, and the proportion of independently developed standards by the market should be greatly increased.5.February, 2022Opinions on promoting standardization and quality development of social organization standardsThe national standardization administration committee and other 17 departmentsIn view of the inaccurate positioning, low level and non-standard management of social organization standards, the policy proposes that it is necessary to strengthen standardization and guidance.


## 4.3.3. Strengthen the Construction of Social Organization Standardization Ability Level

To strengthen the construction of social organization standardization ability level, on the one hand, social organizations should be equipped with technical personnel who are familiar with standardization expertise. On the other hand, social organizations should organize relevant training activities in time to improve the professional skills of staff within the social organization. The professional knowledge and skills mentioned here not only refer to the ability to master and apply the standardization of professional knowledge but also understand the regulations and policies related to the social organization standards. In addition, if you are familiar with the drafting rules and evaluation principles of relevant standards, it will further promote the improvement of the social organization’s standardization ability. For example, the understanding of “Deepening standardization work reform plan,” “Administrative Regulations on Social organization standards” and other documents, the understanding and mastery of GB/T 1.1-2020 “Guidelines for standardization work,” GB/T 20004.1-2016 “Social organization standardization Part 1: Guideline for good Behavior,” and other related specific types and specific content standards drafting rules and standards.


## 4.3.4. Introduce a Third-Party Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism

First, social organization standards are market standards and should be supervised and inspected by the market. On the one hand, it can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of consumers, and through the establishment of various monitoring and reporting mechanisms, the implementation of low-efficiency and low-quality standards can be supervised by the whole people. On the other hand, give full play to the supervision role of social media, supervise the irregular behavior of social organizations, and expose inappropriate behavior.Secondly, the standardized development of social organization standards is inseparable from government supervision and authoritative third-party evaluation. At present, market supervision departments at all levels have played a very good role in supervising the registered social organizations on the platform and the social organization standards issued by them. At present, market supervision departments at all levels will require relevant social organizations to make rectifications when they find irregular behaviors of registered social organizations on the platform. In addition, it is also necessary to introduce an authoritative third-party evaluation organization, through objective and scientific evaluation, and through the platform to carry out excellent publicity and problem exposure, to play a better role in supervision and evaluation.


## 5. Conclusion

The good integration of the advanced technology of private enterprises and the advanced technology of military enterprises in the astronautics field can not only meet the needs of technological improvement of major astronautics products but also reduce the national scientific research expenditure, shorten the cycle of Chinese astronautics equipment replacement, and improve the guidance accuracy and other technologies parameters, promote the development of cutting-edge astronautics technology, and provide new impetus for civil astronautics, commercial satellite launch, and military equipment design and production. However, these also require the overall improvement of the social organization standards quality in the civil astronautics field, and the overall improvement of the standardization capabilities of social organizations in the civil astronautics field. Social organization standards should play an increasingly important role in boosting technological innovation and development in the field of civil astronautics, promoting military-civilian integration, and assisting the high-quality development of Chinese astronautics industry. Based on the previous relevant research and the investigation and analysis of the standardization of social organizations in the field of civil astronautics in China on the information platform, this paper also puts forward some targeted suggestions. Therefore, as a leading role in the civil astronautics field, social organizations should timely summarize their own problems, constantly improve their own standardization ability, pay attention to standardization development planning, and strengthen relevant policy research. Only in this way can it play a better role in promoting and realizing the grand goal of “powerful country in quality, science and technology, and astronautics” put forward by the “19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.”



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*Source: 4578080-2022-09-19.xml*