# Hybrid Projective Synchronization of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems with Time Delay

Authors: Li-xin Yang; Jun Jiang
Journal: Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The hybrid projective synchronization for fractional-order chaotic systems with time delay is investigated in this paper. On the basis of stability analysis of fractional-order systems and pole placement technique, a novel and general approach is proposed. The hybrid projective synchronization of fractional-order chaotic and hyperchaotic systems with time delay is achieved via designing an appropriate controller. Corresponding numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synchronization scheme. Furthermore, the influence of the fractional order on the synchronization process is discussed. The result reveals that the fractional order has a significant effect on the synchronization speed.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fractional calculus is a topic being more than 300 years old. The idea of fractional calculus has been known since the regular calculus, with the first reference probably being associated with Leibniz and L’Hospital in 1965 where half-order derivative was mentioned. Compared with the integer order model, fractional-order derivatives provide a wonderful instrument for the description of memory and hereditary properties of many processes. Fractional-order systems are shown to widely exist in various fields of the real world and have attracted increasing interests in recent years [1–4]. For instance, viscoelastic system [5], models of real capacitor [6], real inductor [7], and so forth. As a matter of fact, many fractional-order differential systems behave chaotically, such as the fractional-order Liu system [8], the fractional-order Chen system [9], and the fractional-order Chua system [10] [11–17]. Also, there has been a great interest in the synchronization of chaotic dynamical systems due to their wide range of applications, such as signal processing and automatic control engineering [18, 19]. Even though the synchronization of the integer-order chaotic systems has been investigated by many researchers. In [20], the authors investigated projective synchronization of a class of delayed chaotic systems via impulsive control. After that, He et al. [21] studied the impulsive synchronization of two nonidentical chaotic systems with time-varying delay; they derived the sufficient conditions for impulsive synchronization with a bound on the synchronization error and so forth [22, 23].As for the synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems, we notice that there are already some literature discussing this topic; however, it has not received adequate attention. In [24], the authors studied the phase synchronization in coupled Sprott chaotic systems presented by fractional differential equations; after that, Zhang et al. [25] pointed out the complete synchronization problem of fractional-order system; they have found a kind of interesting nonlinear phenomenon-hybrid synchronization in linearly coupled fractional-order chaotic systems. Recently, Wang et al. [26] studied the hybrid projective synchronization of fractional-order chaotic system. They realized that the slave system can be synchronized with the projection of the master system generated through state transformation. Due to the complexity of the different scale factors, this type of synchronization can be used to extend binary digital to M-nary digital communication for getting fast communication. So, it is necessary to discuss the hybrid projective synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems.On the other hand, it is known that time delay should be and must be an important factor that affects the synchronization capability of chaotic system in the real world. Therefore, in most cases, it is more reasonable to require the slave system to synchronize the master system with a time delay. However, little research effort has been done about the hybrid projective synchronization of the fractional-order chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems with time delay. Chen et al. [27] discussed the lag synchronization of structurally nonequivalent chaotic systems with time delays in detail. In [28], chaos synchronization of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with time delay based on adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control is investigated.Inspired by the aforementioned works, we investigate the hybrid projective synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems with time delay in this paper. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order systems, we propose an appropriate controller to realize the hybrid projective synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems with time delay. In addition, we find that the fractional order of chaotic systems would influence the synchronization process. The bigger the fractional order is, the better the synchronization performance turns out. Also, the synchronization rate of integer-order chaotic (hyperchaotic) system is much faster than that of the fractional-order one, and the synchronization effect is much better than that of the fractional-order ones.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, a scheme for hybrid projective synchronization of chaotic systems with time delay is proposed. In Section 3, numerical simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach. The paper is concluded in Section 4.


## 2. Scheme Design for Hybrid Projective Synchronization

There exist many definitions for fractional derivatives. The Riemann-Liouville definition and the Caputo definition are the two most commonly used ones. In this paper, the Caputo definition is adopted for derivatives which is introduced briefly in the following [29]:
(1)D*αf(t)=1Γ(n-α)∫t0t(t-τ)α-n+1f(n)(τ)dτ,
for n-1≤α<n, where Γ(·) is the Gamma function.Consider two general fractional-order chaotic systems which are referred to as the drive and response systems, respectively, in the form of(2)D*qx(t)=Ax(t)+F(x(t)),(3)D*qy(t)=By(t)+G(y(t))+U(t),
where x(t)=(x1(t),x2(t),…,xn(t))T∈Rn, y(t)=(y1(t),y2(t),…,yn(t))T∈Rn are the state vectors, F:Rn→Rn, G:Rn→Rn are continuous vector functions, A∈Rn×n, B∈Rn×n are constant matrices, and U(t)=(u1(t),u2(t),…,un(t))T∈Rn is a controller to be designed later.Definition 1 (see [30]).
For the given drive system (2) and response system (3), if there exist a real scaling matrix Λ and a delay time τ, limt→∞∥e(t)∥=∥y(t)-Λx(t-τ)∥=0. It is to say that the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay is achieved between system (2) and system (3).
Define the error vector ase(t)=y(t)-Λx(t-τ); so, the error dynamical system is determined as
(4)D*qe(t)=Be(t)+BΛx(t-τ)+G(y(t))-ΛAx(t-τ)-ΛF(x(t-τ))+U(t).
It is noticed that the hybrid projective synchronization between the two systems (2) and (3) can be translated into the analysis of the asymptotical stability of zero solution of the error system (4). In the next step, a suitable controller is designed to ensure the asymptotical stability to zero solution of the error system (4) based on the stability theorem of fractional-order systems.
Some remarks on Definition1 are as follows.Remark 2.
IfΛ=I and Λ=-I (I is identity matrix), hybrid projective synchronization will be reduced to the projective synchronization and projective antisynchronization, respectively.Remark 3.
Ifτ=0, hybrid projective synchronization with time delay degenerates to the hybrid projective synchronization.Remark 4.
The scaling matrixΛ can be arbitrarily chosen in this paper; thus, we select a simpler form which is the diagonal matrix.Lemma 5 (see [29]).
Consider a general autonomous system that can be described by(5)D*qx=Ax,
with x(0)=x0, where x∈Rn is the state variable, A∈Rn×n is constant matrix, and q indicates the fractional order; one has the following.Case 1.
Asymptotically stable if and only if|arg(λi(A))|>qπ/2, i=1,2,3,…,n, where arg(λi(A)) denotes the argument of the eigenvalue λi of A. In case of q=1, the previous stability agrees with the well-known results for ordinary linear differential systems.Case 2.
Stable if and only if either it is asymptotically stable or those critical eigenvalues which satisfy|arg(λi(A))|=qπ/2, i=1,2,3,… and have geometric multiplicity one.Theorem 6.
For a given scaling matrixΛ and time delay τ, system (2) and system (3) can achieve hybrid projective synchronization with time delay for any initial values, by using the following controller:
(6)U=ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)-G(y(t))+Ke(t),
where K∈Rn×n is a gain matrix.Proof.
Submitting controller (6) into system (4), the error dynamical system can be rewritten as
(7)D*qe(t)=Be(t)+BΛx(t-τ)+G(y(t))-ΛAx(t-τ)-ΛF(x(t-τ))+U(t)=Be(t)+BΛx(t-τ)+G(y(t))-ΛAx(t-τ)-ΛF(x(t-τ))+ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)-G(y(t))+Ke(t)=(B+K)e.
Due to Lemma 5, if we choose an appropriate gain matrix K, all the eigenvalues λi of B+K satisfy |arg(λi)|>qπ/2, i=1,2,3,…n, that is limt→∞∥e∥=0. It is to say that systems (2) and (3) realize the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay by the controller (6).


## 3. Examples and Numerical Simulations

In this section, numerical examples will be given to verify the effectiveness of hybrid projective synchronization with time delay in fractional-order chaotic systems. First of all, we intend to investigate the hybrid projective synchronization behavior between the fractional-order chaotic Chen andLu¨ systems; furthermore, we will study the hybrid projective synchronization between the fractional-order hyperchaotic Lorenz system and a new fractional-order system.


### 3.1. Hybrid Projective Synchronization between the Fractional-Order Chen System and the Fractional-OrderLu¨ System

In 2004, Li and Peng and Li and Chen studied the chaotic behaviors of the chaotic Chen system with fractional order, which is described as follows:(8)D*qx1(t)=a(x2-x1),D*qx2(t)=(c-a)x1-x1x3+cx2,D*qx3(t)=x1x2-bx3,
where 0<q<1 is the fractional order and x1, x2, x3 are state variables, when a=35, b=3, c=28, and q=0.9; system (8) exhibits chaotic behaviors as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The attractor of the Chen system withq=0.9.The fractional-orderLu¨ system is given by
(9)D*qy1(t)=d(y2-y1),D*qy2(t)=-y1y3+hy2,D*qy3(t)=y1y2-fy3.
System (9) exhibits a chaotic attractor for d=36, h=20, f=3. Figure 2 displays the chaotic attractor of the fractional-order Lu¨ chaotic system with the order q=0.9.Figure 2
The attractor of theLu¨ system with q=0.9.We take that system (8) is the drive system and the response system is the fractional-order chaotic Lu¨ system, which is given as follows:
(10)D*qy1(t)=d(y2-y1)+u1,D*qy2(t)=-y1y3+hy2+u2,D*qy3(t)=y1y2-fy3+u3,
where ui(i=1,2,3) are the control functions to be determined in the later discussion.Compare systems (8) and (10) with systems (2) and (3), one can have
(11)A=[-aa0c-ac000-b],F(x)=[0-x1x3x1x2],B=[-dd00h000-f],G(y)=(0-y1y3y1y2).
We choose the following scaling matrix:
(12)Λ=[1000-10001].
Then, the error system e(t)=y(t)-Λx(t-τ) can be obtain as
(13)e1=y1-(x1(t-τ)),e2=y2+(x2(t-τ)),e3=y3-(x3(t-τ)).
According to Theorem 6, the control function is considered as Υ=ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)+Ke(t), K∈Rn×n. Hence, the error dynamical system is given in the following form:
(14)D*qe=(B+K)e.
It can be seen that there exist a gain matrix K such that system (8) and system (10) realize the hybrid projective synchronization. For example, we can set all the eigenvalues λi=-1 of B+K with the matrix
(15)K=[35-3500-210002].
Which satisfy |arg(λi)|>0.9π/2, i=1,2,3,…. In other words, we can realize the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between system (8) and system (10).In the following step, we would like to give the numerical simulations to verify the effectiveness of the previously designed controller. In the numerical simulations, the predictor-corrector algorithm [31] is utilized to solve the differential equations of the systems (8) and (10). The initial conditions are (x1(0),x2(0),x3(0))=(1,1,1) and (y1(0),y2(0),y3(0))=(0.5,0.5,0.5) and time delay is set as τ=0.2. If the control gain matrix K is chosen as previously, the state synchronization variables and errors of system (8) and system (10) varying with time t are shown in Figure 3. From those figures, it can be seen that the state variables of the system (8) and system (10) with time delay τ=0.2 tend to evolve in the same direction, get closer with the evolution of time, and finally coincide under the desired scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3)=(1,-1,1); all the synchronization errors converge to zero. It implies that the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between the fractional-order system (8) and system (10) is achieved.The state synchronization variables and errors between the drive system (8) and response system (10) with time delay τ=0.2 and scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3)=(1,-1,1).
(a)
State variables ofx1 and y1
(b)
State variables ofx2 and y2
(c)
State variables ofx3 and y3
(d)
Error states of the drive system (8) and response system  (10)


### 3.2. Hybrid Projective Synchronization between the Hyperchaotic Fractional-Order Lorenz System and a New Hyperchaotic System

The fractional-order Lorenz system can be described as follows:(16)D*qx1=a(x2-x1)+x4,D*qx2=cx1-x2-x1x3,D*qx3=x1x2-bx3,D*qx4=-x2x3+rx4,
when q=0.98 and (a,b,c,r)=(10,8/3,28,-1), the fractional-order Lorenz hyperchaotic attractor is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
The attractor of the Lorenz system withq=0.98.A new modified four-dimensional hyperchaotic system with two nonlinearity terms which presented in [19] can be expressed as
(17)D*qy1=e(y2-y1)+fy4,D*qy2=hy1-gy1y3+θy4,D*qy3=-dy3+y1y2,D*qy4=-10y2,
when q=0.98, e=10, f=15, h=40, θ=10, d=2.5, the new four-dimensional fractional-order system (17) is hyperchaotic as depicted in Figure 5.Figure 5
The attractor of the new system withq=0.98.We consider system (16) as the drive system; the response system is described by the following differential equation:
(18)D*qy1=e(y2-y1)+fy4+u1D*qy2=hy1-gy1y3+θy4+u2D*qy3=-dy3+βy1y2+u3D*qy4=-10y2+u4,
where ui(i=1,2,3,4) are the control functions to be determined in the later discussion.For the sake of simplification, we can get(19)A=[-aa01c-10000-b0000r],F(x)=(0-x1x3x1x2-x2x3),B=[-ee0fh00θ00-d00-1000],G(y)=(0-y1y3y1y20).
Here, we choose scaling matrix as
(20)Λ=[1.51.5000-2000030000-1].
The error system e(t)=y(t)-Λx(t-τ) can be obtain as
(21)e1=y1-1.5(x1(t-τ)),e2=y2+2(x2(t-τ)),e3=y3-3(x3(t-τ)),e4=y4+(x4(t-τ)).
From Theorem 6, we can obtain the controller U=ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)+Ke(t), K∈Rn×n. Therefore, the error system is given in the following form:
(22)D*qe=(B+K)e.
It follows from Theorem 6 that there exists a gain matrix K so that system (16) and system (18) realize the hybrid projective synchronization. For the sake of convenience, we can select all the eigenvalues λi=-1 of B+K with the following matrix:
(23)K=[9-100-15-40-10-1000-1.500100-1];
which satisfy |arg(λi)|>0.98π/2, i=1,2,3,…. In other words, we can realize the hybrid projective synchronization between system (16) and system (18).Analogously, we also would like to give the numerical simulations to verify the effectiveness of the previously designed controller. The initial values are chosen as(x1(0),x2(0),x3(0),x4(0))=(0.1,2,3,0.5)(y1(0),y2(0),y3(0),y4(0))=(0.5,1,1,0.5). Time delay is taken as τ=0.1. The control gain matrix K is selected as mentioned above (23). Figure 6 shows that the state synchronization variables of system (16) and system (18) vary with time. From Figure 6, it can be seen that the state variables of system (16) and system (18) with time delay τ=0.1 tend to evolve in the same direction, get closer with the evolution of time, and finally coincide under the desired scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4)=(1.5,-2,3,-1), where the red line stands for the response system, and blue line denotes the drive system. Which means that the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between the fractional-order system (16) and system (18) is achieved.The state synchronization variables between the drive system (16) and response system (18) with time delay τ=0.1 and scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4)=(1.5,-2,3,-1).
(a)
State variables ofx1 and y1
(b)
State variables ofx2 and y2
(c)
State variables ofx3 and y3
(d)
State variables ofx4 and y4In order to discuss the influence of the fractional order on the synchronization process, we again use the previous hyperchaotic fractional-order system of (16) and (18) to present another example. We fix the parameters as stated in (16) and (18) and test the proposed synchronization scheme for other values of order when q=0.85, q=0.98, and q=1, respectively. Figures 7–9 depict the time evolution of the synchronization errors with different order; in this simulation, we set τ=0.1; it can be noted that the smaller the fractional order is, the worse the synchronization performance turns. For instance, when the fractional order q=0.85, the synchronization is achieved at t=40 s; the result is shown in Figure 7. However, when the fractional order q=0.98, the synchronization can be realized before t=20 s as shown in Figure 8. In particular, when q=1, the fractional order dynamical chaotic system is simplified to the integer order dynamical chaotic system; Figure 9 shows that the synchronization time is about t=5 s. It is obvious that the synchronization rate of the integer order chaotic system is much faster than that of the fractional-order one, and the synchronization effect is much better than that of the fractional-order one.Figure 7
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=0.85.Figure 8
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=0.98.Figure 9
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=1.


## 3.1. Hybrid Projective Synchronization between the Fractional-Order Chen System and the Fractional-OrderLu¨ System

In 2004, Li and Peng and Li and Chen studied the chaotic behaviors of the chaotic Chen system with fractional order, which is described as follows:(8)D*qx1(t)=a(x2-x1),D*qx2(t)=(c-a)x1-x1x3+cx2,D*qx3(t)=x1x2-bx3,
where 0<q<1 is the fractional order and x1, x2, x3 are state variables, when a=35, b=3, c=28, and q=0.9; system (8) exhibits chaotic behaviors as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The attractor of the Chen system withq=0.9.The fractional-orderLu¨ system is given by
(9)D*qy1(t)=d(y2-y1),D*qy2(t)=-y1y3+hy2,D*qy3(t)=y1y2-fy3.
System (9) exhibits a chaotic attractor for d=36, h=20, f=3. Figure 2 displays the chaotic attractor of the fractional-order Lu¨ chaotic system with the order q=0.9.Figure 2
The attractor of theLu¨ system with q=0.9.We take that system (8) is the drive system and the response system is the fractional-order chaotic Lu¨ system, which is given as follows:
(10)D*qy1(t)=d(y2-y1)+u1,D*qy2(t)=-y1y3+hy2+u2,D*qy3(t)=y1y2-fy3+u3,
where ui(i=1,2,3) are the control functions to be determined in the later discussion.Compare systems (8) and (10) with systems (2) and (3), one can have
(11)A=[-aa0c-ac000-b],F(x)=[0-x1x3x1x2],B=[-dd00h000-f],G(y)=(0-y1y3y1y2).
We choose the following scaling matrix:
(12)Λ=[1000-10001].
Then, the error system e(t)=y(t)-Λx(t-τ) can be obtain as
(13)e1=y1-(x1(t-τ)),e2=y2+(x2(t-τ)),e3=y3-(x3(t-τ)).
According to Theorem 6, the control function is considered as Υ=ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)+Ke(t), K∈Rn×n. Hence, the error dynamical system is given in the following form:
(14)D*qe=(B+K)e.
It can be seen that there exist a gain matrix K such that system (8) and system (10) realize the hybrid projective synchronization. For example, we can set all the eigenvalues λi=-1 of B+K with the matrix
(15)K=[35-3500-210002].
Which satisfy |arg(λi)|>0.9π/2, i=1,2,3,…. In other words, we can realize the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between system (8) and system (10).In the following step, we would like to give the numerical simulations to verify the effectiveness of the previously designed controller. In the numerical simulations, the predictor-corrector algorithm [31] is utilized to solve the differential equations of the systems (8) and (10). The initial conditions are (x1(0),x2(0),x3(0))=(1,1,1) and (y1(0),y2(0),y3(0))=(0.5,0.5,0.5) and time delay is set as τ=0.2. If the control gain matrix K is chosen as previously, the state synchronization variables and errors of system (8) and system (10) varying with time t are shown in Figure 3. From those figures, it can be seen that the state variables of the system (8) and system (10) with time delay τ=0.2 tend to evolve in the same direction, get closer with the evolution of time, and finally coincide under the desired scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3)=(1,-1,1); all the synchronization errors converge to zero. It implies that the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between the fractional-order system (8) and system (10) is achieved.The state synchronization variables and errors between the drive system (8) and response system (10) with time delay τ=0.2 and scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3)=(1,-1,1).
(a)
State variables ofx1 and y1
(b)
State variables ofx2 and y2
(c)
State variables ofx3 and y3
(d)
Error states of the drive system (8) and response system  (10)


## 3.2. Hybrid Projective Synchronization between the Hyperchaotic Fractional-Order Lorenz System and a New Hyperchaotic System

The fractional-order Lorenz system can be described as follows:(16)D*qx1=a(x2-x1)+x4,D*qx2=cx1-x2-x1x3,D*qx3=x1x2-bx3,D*qx4=-x2x3+rx4,
when q=0.98 and (a,b,c,r)=(10,8/3,28,-1), the fractional-order Lorenz hyperchaotic attractor is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
The attractor of the Lorenz system withq=0.98.A new modified four-dimensional hyperchaotic system with two nonlinearity terms which presented in [19] can be expressed as
(17)D*qy1=e(y2-y1)+fy4,D*qy2=hy1-gy1y3+θy4,D*qy3=-dy3+y1y2,D*qy4=-10y2,
when q=0.98, e=10, f=15, h=40, θ=10, d=2.5, the new four-dimensional fractional-order system (17) is hyperchaotic as depicted in Figure 5.Figure 5
The attractor of the new system withq=0.98.We consider system (16) as the drive system; the response system is described by the following differential equation:
(18)D*qy1=e(y2-y1)+fy4+u1D*qy2=hy1-gy1y3+θy4+u2D*qy3=-dy3+βy1y2+u3D*qy4=-10y2+u4,
where ui(i=1,2,3,4) are the control functions to be determined in the later discussion.For the sake of simplification, we can get(19)A=[-aa01c-10000-b0000r],F(x)=(0-x1x3x1x2-x2x3),B=[-ee0fh00θ00-d00-1000],G(y)=(0-y1y3y1y20).
Here, we choose scaling matrix as
(20)Λ=[1.51.5000-2000030000-1].
The error system e(t)=y(t)-Λx(t-τ) can be obtain as
(21)e1=y1-1.5(x1(t-τ)),e2=y2+2(x2(t-τ)),e3=y3-3(x3(t-τ)),e4=y4+(x4(t-τ)).
From Theorem 6, we can obtain the controller U=ΛAx(t-τ)+ΛFx(t-τ)-BΛx(t-τ)+Ke(t), K∈Rn×n. Therefore, the error system is given in the following form:
(22)D*qe=(B+K)e.
It follows from Theorem 6 that there exists a gain matrix K so that system (16) and system (18) realize the hybrid projective synchronization. For the sake of convenience, we can select all the eigenvalues λi=-1 of B+K with the following matrix:
(23)K=[9-100-15-40-10-1000-1.500100-1];
which satisfy |arg(λi)|>0.98π/2, i=1,2,3,…. In other words, we can realize the hybrid projective synchronization between system (16) and system (18).Analogously, we also would like to give the numerical simulations to verify the effectiveness of the previously designed controller. The initial values are chosen as(x1(0),x2(0),x3(0),x4(0))=(0.1,2,3,0.5)(y1(0),y2(0),y3(0),y4(0))=(0.5,1,1,0.5). Time delay is taken as τ=0.1. The control gain matrix K is selected as mentioned above (23). Figure 6 shows that the state synchronization variables of system (16) and system (18) vary with time. From Figure 6, it can be seen that the state variables of system (16) and system (18) with time delay τ=0.1 tend to evolve in the same direction, get closer with the evolution of time, and finally coincide under the desired scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4)=(1.5,-2,3,-1), where the red line stands for the response system, and blue line denotes the drive system. Which means that the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay between the fractional-order system (16) and system (18) is achieved.The state synchronization variables between the drive system (16) and response system (18) with time delay τ=0.1 and scaling factors (λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4)=(1.5,-2,3,-1).
(a)
State variables ofx1 and y1
(b)
State variables ofx2 and y2
(c)
State variables ofx3 and y3
(d)
State variables ofx4 and y4In order to discuss the influence of the fractional order on the synchronization process, we again use the previous hyperchaotic fractional-order system of (16) and (18) to present another example. We fix the parameters as stated in (16) and (18) and test the proposed synchronization scheme for other values of order when q=0.85, q=0.98, and q=1, respectively. Figures 7–9 depict the time evolution of the synchronization errors with different order; in this simulation, we set τ=0.1; it can be noted that the smaller the fractional order is, the worse the synchronization performance turns. For instance, when the fractional order q=0.85, the synchronization is achieved at t=40 s; the result is shown in Figure 7. However, when the fractional order q=0.98, the synchronization can be realized before t=20 s as shown in Figure 8. In particular, when q=1, the fractional order dynamical chaotic system is simplified to the integer order dynamical chaotic system; Figure 9 shows that the synchronization time is about t=5 s. It is obvious that the synchronization rate of the integer order chaotic system is much faster than that of the fractional-order one, and the synchronization effect is much better than that of the fractional-order one.Figure 7
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=0.85.Figure 8
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=0.98.Figure 9
The time evolution of synchronization errors withq=1.


## 4. Conclusions

In this paper, the hybrid projective synchronization with time delay of chaotic systems has been investigated. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order differential equations, an appropriate controller is designed to realize the hybrid projective synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. Some numerical simulations are presented to show the applicability and feasibility of the proposed approach.In addition, as the fractional order imposes direct effect on the chaotic behavior of the nonlinear dynamical system, it may affect the synchronization performance of the fractional order systems. We use the above fractional-order chaotic systems to present detailed discussion. Numerical evidence shows that the bigger the fractional order is, the better the synchronization performance turns. Meanwhile, the synchronization rate of the integer-order chaotic system is much faster than that of the fractional-order one, and the synchronization effect is much better than that of the fractional-order one. It can be seen that the order is an important intrinsic parameter on the synchronization process.



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