# 5G Smart Sensor Network-Based e-Commerce Investment Risk Management System for SMEs

Authors: Lei Tang; Yongqing Zhang
Journal: Journal of Sensors
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The rapid development of Internet technology in the new era has led to the prosperous development of the e-commerce industry, and more and more traditional retail enterprises are transforming into e-commerce enterprises in line with the development of the times to survive. Based on the relevant financial risk management theories, this paper designs an e-commerce investment risk management system for small and medium-sized enterprises based on the 5G intelligent sensor network, identify the financial risks arising from the e-commerce model, and takes appropriate countermeasures to manage the identified risks. For the optimal coverage problem of homogeneous terminals in the subnetwork of a smart sensing network, this paper introduces the concept of area coverage contribution, transforms the problem of selecting the optimal coverage subset in a large area into the problem of selecting the substrate particles, and organically combines the particle swarm algorithm in the bionic algorithm to consider the network survival period, area sensing coverage, and iteration cost for the hierarchical distributed large-scale IoT architecture. A minimum coverage subset dormancy scheduling algorithm based on homogeneous terminals is proposed. The simulation results are compared with the greedy algorithm and the multioptimized target task assignment algorithm, and it is demonstrated that this algorithm can consider multiple optimization objectives such as energy balance, scheduling cycle, timeout rate, network survival cycle, and system reliability and perform well in the case of large-scale deployment. Finally, an appropriate financial risk evaluation model is constructed to objectively evaluate the identified financial risks, and targeted financial risk control measures and suggestions are proposed based on four aspects: financing, investment, operation, and others.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Modern information technology has developed by leaps and bounds, and with the upgrading and popularization of computers and various communication devices, the Internet has gradually become an essential part of people’s lives. Internet technology is not only gradually changing people’s daily life habits but also promoting the change of modern enterprises [1]. The existence of the Internet has greatly changed the profit model of enterprises, and the profit model relying on the Internet has enabled enterprises to generate more profits, and more and more enterprises are dependent on the Internet. Those enterprises that rely more excessively on the Internet than other enterprises, both in terms of management and product sales, are called e-commerce enterprises, and their business management model is called the e-commerce model [2]. The addition of a large number of edge devices has led to an explosive growth trend of edge data, and the data and results collected by all end nodes are all converged to the cloud computing center for processing, which not only puts pressure on the network bandwidth but also generates a lot of energy consumption by end nodes due to redundant data communication. Due to the excessive reliance of e-commerce enterprises on the Internet, their business management model is very different from that of traditional enterprises, and the Internet itself has problems such as information security, and the business model that relies on the Internet must have financial risks that are different from those of traditional business models, which leads to a different focus and method of financial risk control. The problem of financial risk control in e-commerce mode is a problem that e-commerce enterprises must face and solve in the process of development and progress [3]. In recent years, with the development of the Internet of Things, WSN has attracted the attention of researchers in theory and practice, and its application prospects are broad, and typical scenarios include military fields, smart cities, smart grids, smart agriculture, and smart transportation systems.Based on theories related to financial risk control and combined with 5G intelligent sensing network technology, this paper designs an e-commerce investment risk management system for SMEs to identify financial risks arising from the e-commerce model and take appropriate countermeasures to manage the identified risks. In a large-scale wireless sensor network environment with e-commerce data demand, the addition of a large number of edge devices makes the edge data show an explosive growth trend, and all the data collected by all terminal nodes and the results are all converged to the cloud computing center for processing, which not only puts pressure on the network bandwidth but also generates a lot of energy consumption by the terminal nodes due to redundant data communication. Moreover, the processing speed is jointly affected by several factors such as the computing power of the computing center, the total number of tasks, and network bandwidth, and the problem of longer latency is inevitable [4]. Therefore, centralized hibernation scheduling of end nodes on the cloud is extremely challenging. For the pain points of centralized and distributed hibernation scheduling, this paper designs edge computing algorithms. In the edge computing scenario, part of the data does not need to be uploaded to the cloud computing center, and the storage, processing, and analysis of data can be done by the edge server at the edge of the network, which greatly relieves the network bandwidth pressure compared with cloud computing. Moreover, since the data is processed at the network edge, i.e., the closest place to the data, this not only solves the latency problem but also effectively reduces unnecessary resource waste and relieves the pressure on cloud computing. In the large-scale wireless sensing network scenario, the whole area is divided into multiple subregions by the edge servers, and each edge server is responsible for the dormant scheduling policy formulation of each subregion, and the communication between the edge servers can also effectively ensure the global optimality of the dormant scheduling policy and the low consumption and efficient operation of the e-commerce investment risk management system.


## 2. Related Work

Financial risk is a real problem that companies have to face in the process of operation and management, and it is said that the process of company operation is the process of risk management since the risk is present throughout the company’s operation and management. Liu et al. [5] conclude through research that the following three major risks multiply to constitute investment risk, firstly, control risk, which is the attempt to exclude matters that may be risky through a series of measures and actions; secondly, inspection risk, which means finding the risk through various means and methods; the last dimension is the existence of the situation that is not interfered with by subjective initiative due to the objective environment in the context of inherent risks. The literature [6] finds that the investment process is not static but is influenced by the nature of the investee and that avoiding investment failure to the maximum requires the CPA to have a clear understanding of investment risk and to be able to evaluate and estimate it. Priyanka et al. [7] found that the past investment experience and years of investment experience of CPAs also affect the investment risk in future investment work, and the risk prevention measures recognized, learned, and accumulated in the experience can provide the basis for future investment work. Literature [8] based on the diversification of investment methods and the Internet environment, argues that CPA investment risks come from the level of information technology security, the level of system operation control, and the level of daily testing. Literature [9] based on big data cloud computing technology under the analysis of investment means, investment mode, and investment evidence relationship, argues that investment risk increases with the increase of insecurity factors existing in the network environment because big data cloud computers improve investment efficiency mainly with the help of the network environment. Ma et al. [10] argue that the big data investment environment has changed, the value of company data has decreased, useless and duplicate data is increasing in the context of big data, and concludes that the investment risk under big data investment is mainly divided into two levels, the first level is the risk at the system level, such as the risk of native defects, and the second level is composed of the risk caused by inappropriate actions of CPAs, such as work errors. The literature [11] found that credit is very important for e-commerce and pointed out that if in e-commerce transactions, both parties cannot understand each other’s credit situation, it will bring certain risks to the transactions, so they constructed the basic framework of the e-commerce credit system, emphasized the importance of improving the relevant policy system, and proposed that credit intermediaries and third-party constraints can be included in the transaction process. Gaba et al. [12] studies the credit-related problems of cross-border e-commerce transactions, constructs a credit game model with an Agent-Swarm simulation model as the research method and obtains the research concluded that in the static game, there is the problem of information asymmetry, and it is more likely to have a breach of trust, while in the dynamic game, both sides of the transaction are more likely to keep their trust.In terms of smart sensing networks, Deebak and Fadi [13] used dynamic transmission power control in combination with a well-known power-aware routing protocol to save power and increase the survival cycle of wireless sensing networks, which effectively extended the network lifetime. In the literature [14], a LoRa-based star wireless sensing network is developed to overcome the inherent defects of mesh networks and an improved compressed sensing algorithm is proposed for network data reconstruction, which reduces the amount of data in packets transmitted by LoRa nodes and avoids conflicts and delays. In static mesh wireless sensing networks where sensor nodes cannot move, to collect information flow, a unique hierarchical strategy called hierarchical nodes is deployed in the literature [15], where end nodes deliver data to aggregation nodes, and to achieve optimal energy-efficient paths, end nodes are deployed to form a topology graph in which each end node chooses the path with the minimum number of hops to deliver data to aggregation nodes, thus balancing energy of sensor nodes and prolong the network lifetime. Similarly, the literature [16] proposes a deployment strategy and heuristic algorithm for multiple aggregation nodes in wireless sensing networks, where the aggregation nodes can be arranged on demand. The strategy configures the aggregation nodes by calculating the optimal location offline, and the deployment strategy is proven by the simulation to save energy consumption of wireless sensing networks, improve network service efficiency, and extend the network lifetime. In the context of railroad environmental monitoring applications, Cao et al. [17] proposes an energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for narrowband areas along railroads, which divides packets into different priority levels so that packets with higher priority can be transmitted with fewer entries to improve transmission efficiency. Also, making considering packets, Babenko and Nehrey [18] considered the optimal fixed packet size based on the radio parameters of the transceiver and channel conditions and proposed a routing protocol based on K-means clustering. This method not only minimizes the energy consumption of individual nodes but also considers different power levels for data transmission from cluster head to cluster members and base station, which effectively extends the network survival cycle and improves the overall throughput of the network.


## 3. Construction of an e-Business Investment Risk Management Model for SMEs Based on a 5G Intelligent Sensing Network

### 3.1. Energy-Saving Algorithm for Collaborative Task Assignment of Intelligent Sensing Networks for e-Commerce Terminals

On the surface, e-commerce is mainly based on the Internet and mobile devices, but the successful transactions of e-commerce business are related to the following four features: first, the means of settlement by bank cards or mobile app payment channels; second, uninterrupted communication network services; third, security authentication and legal system; fourth, logistics storage and distribution system. The accounting system of enterprises that uses the Internet as a medium for various commodity information transactions shows the characteristics of automation [19]. e-Commerce enterprises have many unique features compared with traditional enterprises, such as paying more attention to the efficiency of logistics and having advantages in the liquidity of funds and the speed of information transmission.The collaborative task can be further split into different subtasks, some of which are more urgent and may require computationally powerful terminal nodes to execute; while some subtasks only play a supplementary role to the whole collaborative task and do not require particularly powerful terminals to complete. Therefore, in a hierarchical distributed large-scale network, there are two types of subnets under a convergence node: one type of subnets consists of homogeneous terminals within the subnets, which are responsible for normalized monitoring of the area to be monitored; and, one type of subnets consists of heterogeneous terminals, and when the normalized monitoring senses an emergency, the convergence node with edge intelligence computing capability needs to issue a collaborative task assignment scheme. Because each end node needs to broadcast, the current state in the network for distributed consensus or upload to the aggregation node is to ensure the timeliness and reliability of network information, the resulting high communication overhead can deplete the energy of all end nodes. This is contrary to the goal of increasing the network survival cycle through optimal task allocation. An efficient collaborative task allocation scheme should also consider energy balance [20]. If in multiple rounds of scheduling, a terminal node in a small range is activated several times to complete the task, causing the energy consumption of the terminal node in the local range, it will lead to a sensory void in the whole wireless sensing network and form multiple disconnected subregions, which is an undesired result in the practical application process. Figure 1 shows the cooperative task allocation framework of an intelligent sensing network for e-commerce terminals.Figure 1
Framework for collaborative task assignment of smart sensor networks for e-commerce terminals.Selecting the end nodes working in a large range of end nodes that meet the task requirements and are energy efficient is an NP-hard problem that requires advanced scheduling strategies and algorithms for efficient execution in wireless sensing networks. Classical task allocation algorithms may provide good solutions at the cost of exhausting the energy of the end nodes before the task starts. The terminal node with sensing radiusr is deployed at any location in region A2, which is known by the first condition in the definition of area coverage contribution to be able to completely sense coverage of CCA (A2), i.e., region A1; the second condition in the definition of area coverage contribution to know that although the terminal node deployed at any location in region A2 can completely sense coverage of region A1, there is always a sensing blind area. In other words, multiple CCA models are needed for joint sensory coverage of the area to be monitored in a large monitoring area scenario. The definition has the following characteristics [21].
(1)gk=Tfk=∑i=0kP⋅fi,when f is used to represent the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations of viewpoints, the system of equations of viewpoints can be expressed as
(2)f⊗s=f∗s⊕s.Since there is also uncertainty in the investor’s view, a random error term is added to this.(3)Nvi=ΠVit+θ+η.Once the adjusted expected return and variance are obtained, the optimal weights can be calculated according to the Markowitz mean-variance model (no short-selling constraint case, whereD is the risk aversion coefficient.
(4)Yκ=∫A′yγB′y1/2α+C′y3dy+D′ηy.In real-world applications, it is entirely possible for an end node to fail and it cannot be assumed that communication will always be perfect. Due to the wavering link quality between end nodes, data transmission may fail or be incomplete, and data that fails to transmit may need to be retransmitted multiple times, thus doubling or more the cost of communication. Quantitative investment belongs to one of the active investment methods. Unlike traditional fundamental and technical analysis, quantitative investment strategy mainly relies on calculation and reasoning, through data analysis and building models, and through scientific methods to determine investment plans and obtain excess returns without relying on subjective judgment for trading decisions, which can eliminate investors’ subjective bias, and even if each transaction does not make much profit, it can seize arbitrage opportunities and trade quickly to gain benefits many times. Therefore, link quality between end nodes cannot be ignored, and it can have a significant impact on network lifetime. Another factor is the quality of sensor sensing, processing, and task execution [22]. If assigning tasks to multiple end nodes to work can significantly improve the quality of service at the cost of high energy consumption, then, it is also a worthwhile study to weigh the relationship between service fitness and energy consumption. Finally, the quality of service of wireless sensing networks can be measured by the packet loss rate, the accuracy of sensing information, the speed of task processing, and the success or failure rate of executing tasks.To continuously optimize task assignment, statistical data about the wireless sensor network must be collected. Typically, task allocation algorithms rely on as much as possible and as accurate information about the end nodes as possible to optimally schedule the end nodes in the wireless sensing network. However, collecting information about each end node at a high frequency inevitably leads to a significant increase in the load on the wireless sensing network, because each end node needs to broadcast its current state in the network for distributed consensus or upload it to the aggregation node to ensure the timeliness and reliability of the network information, but the resulting high communication overhead can exhaust the energy of all end nodes. This is contrary to the goal of increasing the network survival cycle through optimal task allocation. With this in mind, perfect information cannot be assumed at any step of task assignment, and the algorithm needs to incorporate the uncertainty of the end node states and use this metainformation in the decision process.The scheduling algorithm is executed by an active aggregation node with intelligent computing capability at the edge, which makes centralized nonpreemptive scheduling for the terminal nodes under its subnet. That is, multiple tasks can be assigned to the same terminal node for execution but only one task can be executed at the same time. For example, it is assumed that the computational processing module and the communication RF module can work simultaneously at each terminal node (which is possible in many existing papers). It is also assumed that there is perfect time synchronization. To avoid communication interference between scheduled tasks, it is assumed that the underlying MAC protocol can communicate according to the start and end times of the tasks, which requires a bandwidth reservation mechanism, such as a TDMA-based MAC protocol.In the case of multiple receivers involved, efficient wireless multicast is assumed to be supported; instead of requesting data from the original data source, receivers can copy information directly from the nearest routed node visited by the sender. Through this process, only necessary routing tasks are inserted into the solution, reducing redundant communication to some extent. In large-scale networks, although some of the tasks with spatial constraints can be selected from a small set of alternative end nodes, which can satisfy the task itself and improve the convergence speed of the algorithm to some extent, the random assignment of end nodes to most of the relaying and processing tasks is bound to affect the performance of the whole algorithm. Therefore, after selecting the set of alternative terminal nodes for the precursor task, the set of alternative terminal nodes for the successor task with the minimum number of communication hopsr from the set of alternative terminal nodes for the precursor task is then generated. Where the parameter r is a positive integer that can be adjusted for different initial solutions to prevent the initial solutions from becoming too similar. Through this process, the collaboration between terminal nodes that are far from each other is restricted [23]. As a result, the cost of expensive multihop communication during end-node collaboration is reduced and only communication links with low cost are provided to the genetic algorithm to evolve to produce the best solution.


### 3.2. SME e-Commerce Quantitative Investment Allocation Model

Portfolio theory is the theoretical basis of the broad asset allocation model, whose core idea is to allocate funds to different kinds of assets to achieve the goal of avoiding systematic and unsystematic risks of investment. Traditional investment methods are based on fundamental and technical analysis, investment variety judgment, asset allocation, and trading operations based on the experience of professional investors, with people in the leading position in investment decision-making. e-Commerce quantitative investment is through the computer analysis of market trading data, according to the quantitative investment decision-making model for trading judgment and trading operations, can quickly update a full range of real-time data, rational decision-making, balance the risk and return, and timely grasp the opportunity to trade. For investment, between the investment entity and the investee, the investee has more information resources, and the investment entity relies on the information and financial statements provided by the investment entity to make investment judgments and express investment opinions. The investment entity must focus on the risk of concealment, modification, or even creation of false information and fraud. A trading investment strategy is a broader concept; that is, through a certain way to use the laws and characteristics of the market for investment transactions, trading strategy according to the investment concept is divided into a value-oriented passive investment, which is very different from the price of the core of active investment. Quantitative investment belongs to one of the active investment methods, different from the traditional fundamental and technical analysis. Quantitative investment strategy mainly relies on calculation and reasoning, through data analysis and building models and through the scientific method to determine the investment plan. To obtain excess returns, do not rely on subjective judgment for trading decisions, it can eliminate the subjective bias of investors, even if each transaction profit is not much, but can seize the arbitrage opportunity to trading quickly and gaining benefits many times.Figure2 shows a quantitative investment allocation model for e-commerce based on a 5G intelligent sensing network. With the gradual popularity of quantitative investment today, investment strategies are constantly being introduced, however, it seems that quantitative strategies as a whole are mainly divided into four major categories, namely market neutral strategies, trend tracking strategies, arbitrage strategies, and high-frequency strategies. Because of the high volatility and high frequency of changes in financial derivatives, the most important investment strategy in the process of financial derivatives investment is the trend-tracking strategy. In stock index futures trading, the trend-tracking strategy has good performance, so this paper will conduct an in-depth study on the trend-tracking strategy [24]. In a perfectly competitive market, consumers, producers, and other market participants have the same information that affects their economic decisions and judgments. However, in all kinds of economic activities and transactions, the quality and quantity of information are scattered in the hands of different transaction participants. In short, buyers and sellers have different degrees of information on the amount, quality, and quantity of the products or services traded, and those who have more information are often at an advantage, while those who have less information are generally at a disadvantage. For investment, between the investment entity and the investee unit, the investee unit has more information resources, and the investment entity makes investment judgments and investment opinions based on the information and financial statements it provides. For some reason, the investment entity must focus on whether the investee has concealed, modified, or even created false information and fraud risks.Figure 2
Quantitative investment allocation model for e-commerce based on 5G smart sensing network.Investment risk is the risk that an enterprise’s investment project brings in returns and does not achieve the expected results. Investment risk is reflected in a company’s investment activities and generally exists between the time the company starts making investment decisions and the end of the investment period. Portfolio theory suggests that investment risk can be reduced by investing in a portfolio of several different investments. The theory states that portfolio investment in several securities has a return that is the weighted average return of the individual securities, but the risk is not the weighted average risk of the individual securities, so it diversifies the unsystematic risk. In the process of investment planning, to find the optimal portfolio solution, companies need to weigh the relationship between the costs and benefits arising from risk reduction, which requires the quantitative analysis of portfolio theory. After a long period of development, the portfolio theory has formed a modern portfolio theory with a very complete theoretical system. It includes behavioral finance theory, efficient market theory, capital asset pricing model, portfolio theory, and APT model.According to modern portfolio theory, investors can use financial literacy to reduce unsystematic investment risk in the face of unsystematic risk. Financial literacy can enhance investors’ ability to perceive risks. Risk cognition is a series of cognitive processes such as perception, understanding, evaluation, and the reaction of investors to investment objects under the influence of specific social, cultural, and personal psychological factors. Risk cognition is the judgment of investment-decision makers on the possibility of future risk occurrence, which is a subjective judgment mechanism of crisis probability and can respond to different subjective judgment mechanism of the probability of a crisis, which can reflect the comprehensive evaluation of future uncertainty under different cultural backgrounds and different financial literacy. In the process of financial investment, the perception of investment risk is an important factor in determining investors’ risk preferences. When investors face low familiarity with the investment object, their risk perception ability is also low, mainly in two aspects, one is the limitation of time and ability, investors with insufficient risk perception cannot obtain enough information or enough information to make the correct judgment; on the other hand, investors with insufficient risk perception ability may show overconfidence, thus overestimating their ability, that is, there is the phenomenon of “ignorance is fearlessness”. Thus, the direction to improve investors’ insufficient cognitive ability is to improve their financial literacy. Rational investors, more often than not, want to increase their risk perception ability by improving their financial literacy so that they can make more scientific investment decisions. Generally speaking, the stronger the risk perception ability is, the more reasonable the risk appetite is. As the financial knowledge possessed by individual investors increases, it can promote self-protection and improve investment returns; the more financially literate investors are, the healthier and more rational investment philosophy and investment habits they will exhibit.Multiattribute evaluation is a multioption selection or single-option effect evaluation based on the key characteristics of the evaluation object under different decision objectives. Due to the excessive reliance of e-commerce enterprises on the Internet, their business management model is very different from that of traditional enterprises, and the Internet itself has problems with information security, etc. The business model relying on the Internet must have different financial risks from the traditional business model, which leads to a different focus and method of financial risk control. There is three main decision information needed for multiattribute decision making: the selection of decision indicators, the description of decision object attributes, and the selection of decision ranking preferences or evaluation methods. Both the in-depth exploration of multiattribute decision theory and the application of this theory to solve problems in practical production life have important value and significance in specific research. There are many decision-making problems in complex large-scale construction projects, such as the bidding of engineering projects, the investment selection of different investors in complex large-scale construction projects, the selection of suppliers for engineering projects, the selection of sites for complex large-scale projects, the management of project personnel, and other social and practical applications, so the study of multiattribute decision theory and practice is particularly important for people’s production life. Therefore, the study of the theory and practice of multiattribute decision-making is particularly important for people’s production life.


## 3.1. Energy-Saving Algorithm for Collaborative Task Assignment of Intelligent Sensing Networks for e-Commerce Terminals

On the surface, e-commerce is mainly based on the Internet and mobile devices, but the successful transactions of e-commerce business are related to the following four features: first, the means of settlement by bank cards or mobile app payment channels; second, uninterrupted communication network services; third, security authentication and legal system; fourth, logistics storage and distribution system. The accounting system of enterprises that uses the Internet as a medium for various commodity information transactions shows the characteristics of automation [19]. e-Commerce enterprises have many unique features compared with traditional enterprises, such as paying more attention to the efficiency of logistics and having advantages in the liquidity of funds and the speed of information transmission.The collaborative task can be further split into different subtasks, some of which are more urgent and may require computationally powerful terminal nodes to execute; while some subtasks only play a supplementary role to the whole collaborative task and do not require particularly powerful terminals to complete. Therefore, in a hierarchical distributed large-scale network, there are two types of subnets under a convergence node: one type of subnets consists of homogeneous terminals within the subnets, which are responsible for normalized monitoring of the area to be monitored; and, one type of subnets consists of heterogeneous terminals, and when the normalized monitoring senses an emergency, the convergence node with edge intelligence computing capability needs to issue a collaborative task assignment scheme. Because each end node needs to broadcast, the current state in the network for distributed consensus or upload to the aggregation node is to ensure the timeliness and reliability of network information, the resulting high communication overhead can deplete the energy of all end nodes. This is contrary to the goal of increasing the network survival cycle through optimal task allocation. An efficient collaborative task allocation scheme should also consider energy balance [20]. If in multiple rounds of scheduling, a terminal node in a small range is activated several times to complete the task, causing the energy consumption of the terminal node in the local range, it will lead to a sensory void in the whole wireless sensing network and form multiple disconnected subregions, which is an undesired result in the practical application process. Figure 1 shows the cooperative task allocation framework of an intelligent sensing network for e-commerce terminals.Figure 1
Framework for collaborative task assignment of smart sensor networks for e-commerce terminals.Selecting the end nodes working in a large range of end nodes that meet the task requirements and are energy efficient is an NP-hard problem that requires advanced scheduling strategies and algorithms for efficient execution in wireless sensing networks. Classical task allocation algorithms may provide good solutions at the cost of exhausting the energy of the end nodes before the task starts. The terminal node with sensing radiusr is deployed at any location in region A2, which is known by the first condition in the definition of area coverage contribution to be able to completely sense coverage of CCA (A2), i.e., region A1; the second condition in the definition of area coverage contribution to know that although the terminal node deployed at any location in region A2 can completely sense coverage of region A1, there is always a sensing blind area. In other words, multiple CCA models are needed for joint sensory coverage of the area to be monitored in a large monitoring area scenario. The definition has the following characteristics [21].
(1)gk=Tfk=∑i=0kP⋅fi,when f is used to represent the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations of viewpoints, the system of equations of viewpoints can be expressed as
(2)f⊗s=f∗s⊕s.Since there is also uncertainty in the investor’s view, a random error term is added to this.(3)Nvi=ΠVit+θ+η.Once the adjusted expected return and variance are obtained, the optimal weights can be calculated according to the Markowitz mean-variance model (no short-selling constraint case, whereD is the risk aversion coefficient.
(4)Yκ=∫A′yγB′y1/2α+C′y3dy+D′ηy.In real-world applications, it is entirely possible for an end node to fail and it cannot be assumed that communication will always be perfect. Due to the wavering link quality between end nodes, data transmission may fail or be incomplete, and data that fails to transmit may need to be retransmitted multiple times, thus doubling or more the cost of communication. Quantitative investment belongs to one of the active investment methods. Unlike traditional fundamental and technical analysis, quantitative investment strategy mainly relies on calculation and reasoning, through data analysis and building models, and through scientific methods to determine investment plans and obtain excess returns without relying on subjective judgment for trading decisions, which can eliminate investors’ subjective bias, and even if each transaction does not make much profit, it can seize arbitrage opportunities and trade quickly to gain benefits many times. Therefore, link quality between end nodes cannot be ignored, and it can have a significant impact on network lifetime. Another factor is the quality of sensor sensing, processing, and task execution [22]. If assigning tasks to multiple end nodes to work can significantly improve the quality of service at the cost of high energy consumption, then, it is also a worthwhile study to weigh the relationship between service fitness and energy consumption. Finally, the quality of service of wireless sensing networks can be measured by the packet loss rate, the accuracy of sensing information, the speed of task processing, and the success or failure rate of executing tasks.To continuously optimize task assignment, statistical data about the wireless sensor network must be collected. Typically, task allocation algorithms rely on as much as possible and as accurate information about the end nodes as possible to optimally schedule the end nodes in the wireless sensing network. However, collecting information about each end node at a high frequency inevitably leads to a significant increase in the load on the wireless sensing network, because each end node needs to broadcast its current state in the network for distributed consensus or upload it to the aggregation node to ensure the timeliness and reliability of the network information, but the resulting high communication overhead can exhaust the energy of all end nodes. This is contrary to the goal of increasing the network survival cycle through optimal task allocation. With this in mind, perfect information cannot be assumed at any step of task assignment, and the algorithm needs to incorporate the uncertainty of the end node states and use this metainformation in the decision process.The scheduling algorithm is executed by an active aggregation node with intelligent computing capability at the edge, which makes centralized nonpreemptive scheduling for the terminal nodes under its subnet. That is, multiple tasks can be assigned to the same terminal node for execution but only one task can be executed at the same time. For example, it is assumed that the computational processing module and the communication RF module can work simultaneously at each terminal node (which is possible in many existing papers). It is also assumed that there is perfect time synchronization. To avoid communication interference between scheduled tasks, it is assumed that the underlying MAC protocol can communicate according to the start and end times of the tasks, which requires a bandwidth reservation mechanism, such as a TDMA-based MAC protocol.In the case of multiple receivers involved, efficient wireless multicast is assumed to be supported; instead of requesting data from the original data source, receivers can copy information directly from the nearest routed node visited by the sender. Through this process, only necessary routing tasks are inserted into the solution, reducing redundant communication to some extent. In large-scale networks, although some of the tasks with spatial constraints can be selected from a small set of alternative end nodes, which can satisfy the task itself and improve the convergence speed of the algorithm to some extent, the random assignment of end nodes to most of the relaying and processing tasks is bound to affect the performance of the whole algorithm. Therefore, after selecting the set of alternative terminal nodes for the precursor task, the set of alternative terminal nodes for the successor task with the minimum number of communication hopsr from the set of alternative terminal nodes for the precursor task is then generated. Where the parameter r is a positive integer that can be adjusted for different initial solutions to prevent the initial solutions from becoming too similar. Through this process, the collaboration between terminal nodes that are far from each other is restricted [23]. As a result, the cost of expensive multihop communication during end-node collaboration is reduced and only communication links with low cost are provided to the genetic algorithm to evolve to produce the best solution.


## 3.2. SME e-Commerce Quantitative Investment Allocation Model

Portfolio theory is the theoretical basis of the broad asset allocation model, whose core idea is to allocate funds to different kinds of assets to achieve the goal of avoiding systematic and unsystematic risks of investment. Traditional investment methods are based on fundamental and technical analysis, investment variety judgment, asset allocation, and trading operations based on the experience of professional investors, with people in the leading position in investment decision-making. e-Commerce quantitative investment is through the computer analysis of market trading data, according to the quantitative investment decision-making model for trading judgment and trading operations, can quickly update a full range of real-time data, rational decision-making, balance the risk and return, and timely grasp the opportunity to trade. For investment, between the investment entity and the investee, the investee has more information resources, and the investment entity relies on the information and financial statements provided by the investment entity to make investment judgments and express investment opinions. The investment entity must focus on the risk of concealment, modification, or even creation of false information and fraud. A trading investment strategy is a broader concept; that is, through a certain way to use the laws and characteristics of the market for investment transactions, trading strategy according to the investment concept is divided into a value-oriented passive investment, which is very different from the price of the core of active investment. Quantitative investment belongs to one of the active investment methods, different from the traditional fundamental and technical analysis. Quantitative investment strategy mainly relies on calculation and reasoning, through data analysis and building models and through the scientific method to determine the investment plan. To obtain excess returns, do not rely on subjective judgment for trading decisions, it can eliminate the subjective bias of investors, even if each transaction profit is not much, but can seize the arbitrage opportunity to trading quickly and gaining benefits many times.Figure2 shows a quantitative investment allocation model for e-commerce based on a 5G intelligent sensing network. With the gradual popularity of quantitative investment today, investment strategies are constantly being introduced, however, it seems that quantitative strategies as a whole are mainly divided into four major categories, namely market neutral strategies, trend tracking strategies, arbitrage strategies, and high-frequency strategies. Because of the high volatility and high frequency of changes in financial derivatives, the most important investment strategy in the process of financial derivatives investment is the trend-tracking strategy. In stock index futures trading, the trend-tracking strategy has good performance, so this paper will conduct an in-depth study on the trend-tracking strategy [24]. In a perfectly competitive market, consumers, producers, and other market participants have the same information that affects their economic decisions and judgments. However, in all kinds of economic activities and transactions, the quality and quantity of information are scattered in the hands of different transaction participants. In short, buyers and sellers have different degrees of information on the amount, quality, and quantity of the products or services traded, and those who have more information are often at an advantage, while those who have less information are generally at a disadvantage. For investment, between the investment entity and the investee unit, the investee unit has more information resources, and the investment entity makes investment judgments and investment opinions based on the information and financial statements it provides. For some reason, the investment entity must focus on whether the investee has concealed, modified, or even created false information and fraud risks.Figure 2
Quantitative investment allocation model for e-commerce based on 5G smart sensing network.Investment risk is the risk that an enterprise’s investment project brings in returns and does not achieve the expected results. Investment risk is reflected in a company’s investment activities and generally exists between the time the company starts making investment decisions and the end of the investment period. Portfolio theory suggests that investment risk can be reduced by investing in a portfolio of several different investments. The theory states that portfolio investment in several securities has a return that is the weighted average return of the individual securities, but the risk is not the weighted average risk of the individual securities, so it diversifies the unsystematic risk. In the process of investment planning, to find the optimal portfolio solution, companies need to weigh the relationship between the costs and benefits arising from risk reduction, which requires the quantitative analysis of portfolio theory. After a long period of development, the portfolio theory has formed a modern portfolio theory with a very complete theoretical system. It includes behavioral finance theory, efficient market theory, capital asset pricing model, portfolio theory, and APT model.According to modern portfolio theory, investors can use financial literacy to reduce unsystematic investment risk in the face of unsystematic risk. Financial literacy can enhance investors’ ability to perceive risks. Risk cognition is a series of cognitive processes such as perception, understanding, evaluation, and the reaction of investors to investment objects under the influence of specific social, cultural, and personal psychological factors. Risk cognition is the judgment of investment-decision makers on the possibility of future risk occurrence, which is a subjective judgment mechanism of crisis probability and can respond to different subjective judgment mechanism of the probability of a crisis, which can reflect the comprehensive evaluation of future uncertainty under different cultural backgrounds and different financial literacy. In the process of financial investment, the perception of investment risk is an important factor in determining investors’ risk preferences. When investors face low familiarity with the investment object, their risk perception ability is also low, mainly in two aspects, one is the limitation of time and ability, investors with insufficient risk perception cannot obtain enough information or enough information to make the correct judgment; on the other hand, investors with insufficient risk perception ability may show overconfidence, thus overestimating their ability, that is, there is the phenomenon of “ignorance is fearlessness”. Thus, the direction to improve investors’ insufficient cognitive ability is to improve their financial literacy. Rational investors, more often than not, want to increase their risk perception ability by improving their financial literacy so that they can make more scientific investment decisions. Generally speaking, the stronger the risk perception ability is, the more reasonable the risk appetite is. As the financial knowledge possessed by individual investors increases, it can promote self-protection and improve investment returns; the more financially literate investors are, the healthier and more rational investment philosophy and investment habits they will exhibit.Multiattribute evaluation is a multioption selection or single-option effect evaluation based on the key characteristics of the evaluation object under different decision objectives. Due to the excessive reliance of e-commerce enterprises on the Internet, their business management model is very different from that of traditional enterprises, and the Internet itself has problems with information security, etc. The business model relying on the Internet must have different financial risks from the traditional business model, which leads to a different focus and method of financial risk control. There is three main decision information needed for multiattribute decision making: the selection of decision indicators, the description of decision object attributes, and the selection of decision ranking preferences or evaluation methods. Both the in-depth exploration of multiattribute decision theory and the application of this theory to solve problems in practical production life have important value and significance in specific research. There are many decision-making problems in complex large-scale construction projects, such as the bidding of engineering projects, the investment selection of different investors in complex large-scale construction projects, the selection of suppliers for engineering projects, the selection of sites for complex large-scale projects, the management of project personnel, and other social and practical applications, so the study of multiattribute decision theory and practice is particularly important for people’s production life. Therefore, the study of the theory and practice of multiattribute decision-making is particularly important for people’s production life.


## 4. Establishing a Comprehensive Risk Management System for the e-Commerce Investment Business of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Establishing comprehensive risk management in the management of risk improvement in the e-commerce investment business of SMEs, the concept of comprehensive risk management is introduced. Comprehensive risk management is a systematic process that can connect the business processes of e-commerce investment, the personnel of each department, and each link within the enterprise, and control the risks within a certain tolerance level by identifying potential risks, and providing risk reports to the board of directors or senior reporting. A dynamic risk management process, a rigorous organization oriented to the company’s overall objectives, and risk management goals, as shown in Figure3, meets the following characteristics in implementing comprehensive risk management.Figure 3
Total Investment Risk Management Model.The strategic objectives of the SME and the company’s risk management objectives can be synergistically aligned, and the target process can be fully budgeted, decomposed according to the company’s overall objectives of risk and revenue, decomposed to the revenue and risk objectives on each business unit, and the board of directors communicates the overall objectives of the company from the top down. Risk management strategy includes risk management objectives, forecasting economic costs, detecting capital shortfalls, proposing capital structure planning and solutions, and long-term planning for risk [25].Systematic requires SME e-commerce investment risk management system can start from the company as a whole, can recognize the organic relationship between the company’s business departments, functional departments, and various types of risks, and not a single consideration of local risks, headaches, and foot but can start from the overall situation, the business lines, all risks, the implementation of all aspects of the link can be a full range of risk identification, risk, control, and feedback of the whole process. The traditional investment method is through fundamental and technical analysis, according to the experience of professional investors to make investment variety judgment, asset allocation, and trading operations, people in the investment decision in the leading position.Integration requires the investment risk management system to consider the overall impact of each business, each department, and each type of risk on the company, to consider all risks that may holistically affect the company’s profitability, to analyze and evaluate each risk, to analyze and evaluate different types of risks with a different frequency of occurrence that brings different levels of loss, and to adopt different solutions for implementation. Instead of simply adding up each risk, some risks can offset each other, and some risks can overlap.The organization requires SMEs to have a strong organizational system as a guarantee. Each business department regularly submits risk analysis reports to the upper-level risk management department, forming an independent, three-dimensional risk management system from the bottom up, and the front-line business departments can report to the upper-level risk management department, forming a two-way reporting mechanism.Dynamicity requires SMEs to be able to dynamically analyze and monitor the risks of each business unit, and to dynamically adjust risk management strategies according to changes in the company’s internal and external environment; if the company’s strategic objectives are changed, the company must adjust the corresponding risk budget and risk management methods in risk management, and each business unit must adjust its risk management objectives and methods accordingly to achieve dynamic management of the entire process. This is to achieve dynamic management of the whole process.Preventive requires the company to be able to risk warning and risk budgeting of potential risks in risk management. The risk can be controlled before the outbreak, can realize the requirements of strict control systems, rules, and business processes for comprehensive risk management, and can strengthen the ability of risk management through modern risk management information systems, data collection, and use of mathematical models to improve risk prevention.


## 5. Experimental Verification and Conclusion

### 5.1. Algorithm Performance Testing

During the simulation, the number of subtasks is controlled constant, and it is found that the algorithm performance is moderate at a sensor deployment density of 20.01 m, which is suitable for algorithm performance comparison. Therefore, 40 terminal nodes were chosen to be deployed randomly in the area to be monitored at60×60m2, and the impact on the algorithm performance with increasing workload was observed by adjusting the number of subtasks after collaborative task splitting. As shown in Figure 4, the greedy algorithm aggregates most tasks to be executed on some terminal nodes with strong computational power, which coupled with the dependency between tasks, can only execute the successor tasks after the precursor tasks are executed on the same terminal node, which directly leads to longer task queuing time and correspondingly longer scheduling period. Therefore, as the number of terminal nodes increases, the scheduling period of the greedy algorithm is always larger than that of NSGA and the present algorithm. In addition, the increase in the number of terminal nodes greatly affects the performance of NSGA in terms of the scheduling cycle due to the complex multihop communication.Figure 4
Comparison of scheduling cycle performance for different network sizes.As shown in Figure5, the greedy algorithm is the first to exceed the task deadline as the number of tasks increases, while the NSGA algorithm and the present algorithm assign tasks to different end nodes for execution to speed up task execution, and multiple collaborating end nodes share the work capacity. This algorithm takes into consideration whether the task is completed within the deadline when defining the hybrid fitness function, and if a chromosome (i.e., a set of task assignment strategies) fails to complete the task within the deadline, the chromosome is penalized and a relatively low hybrid fitness value is obtained by Eq. (4). During the iteration of the algorithm, the chromosome is then defined as an inferior gene, which is not easy to be inherited, and in turn is easily eliminated. Therefore, compared with the NSGA algorithm, this algorithm always maintains a lower timeout rate as the number of tasks increases.Figure 5
Performance comparison of scheduling cycles with different numbers of tasks.


### 5.2. Practical Application Testing

From Figure6, it can be seen that as the allocation ratio increases, the return of this algorithmic strategy shows an increasing return, and the return situation is highly variable, only the strategy return of 100/0 and 90/10 is higher than the benchmark return. The maximum retracement is smaller than the maximum retracement of the underlying assets, and the beta is greater than zero, reflecting that the algorithmic model can effectively control risk. However, the alpha and Sharpe ratios of the SVM model are both zero, which fully indicates its weak risk-return capability.Figure 6
Strategy return curve for XGBoost 60/40 ratio.The returns of the strategies show an increasing trend with the increase of the allocation ratio, and the returns of the five matching strategies have a small change, and the returns of the strategies are higher than the benchmark returns. Integration requires the investment risk management system to consider the overall impact of each business, each department, and each type of risk on the company, to consider all risks that may holistically affect the company’s profitability, to analyze and evaluate each risk, to analyze and evaluate different types of risks with different frequencies of occurrence that bring different levels of loss, and to adopt different solutions for implementation. Instead of simply adding up each risk, some risks can offset each other, and some risks can overlap. When the capital allocation ratio is 100/0, the strategy of this algorithm model has the best return, except for the maximum retracement. The other five evaluation indicators are the highest, and its maximum retest of 17.6% is still within the set retracement range, and the strategy performance is satisfactory. However, the alpha and Sharpe ratios of the XGBoost model are negative, which fully indicates its lack of risk-return ability.As shown in Figure7, the model investment return obtained from this paper’s model combined with the Dual-Thrust strategy gives a higher investment return after a period of learning, and the strategy without the CEEMDAN-LSTM model has a low-risk resistance, while a negative investment return occurs in the downtrend, indicating that using only the Dual- Thrust strategy does not give a better investment strategy when the market is more volatile. The CEEMDAN-LSTM model with the introduction of high-frequency components is close to the overall return compared to the one without the introduction of high-frequency components, but the maximum retracement is smaller, indicating that the introduction of high-frequency components can effectively reduce the risk of investment while maintaining a higher investment return in the case of high market volatility.Figure 7
Yield comparison chart.From Figure8, it can be found that the distribution of alerts for multiple investment methods varies, reflecting that the cost deviation of carriers under complex large e-commerce investments is different for the threat level of the project at different stages. At the same time, it is not difficult to find that the boundaries of these alerts are not continuous, however, the magnitude of deviations in investment project management has universal coverage, which may lead to situations that are difficult to be accommodated by the alert classification model established at this stage of the paper. Therefore, to improve the general applicability of this alert classification model, the four-degree deviation warning intervals for multiple types of costs are improved by standing integration based on the discrete interval improvement theory described in the previous paper.Figure 8
Distribution of warning situations of different investment methods.


## 5.1. Algorithm Performance Testing

During the simulation, the number of subtasks is controlled constant, and it is found that the algorithm performance is moderate at a sensor deployment density of 20.01 m, which is suitable for algorithm performance comparison. Therefore, 40 terminal nodes were chosen to be deployed randomly in the area to be monitored at60×60m2, and the impact on the algorithm performance with increasing workload was observed by adjusting the number of subtasks after collaborative task splitting. As shown in Figure 4, the greedy algorithm aggregates most tasks to be executed on some terminal nodes with strong computational power, which coupled with the dependency between tasks, can only execute the successor tasks after the precursor tasks are executed on the same terminal node, which directly leads to longer task queuing time and correspondingly longer scheduling period. Therefore, as the number of terminal nodes increases, the scheduling period of the greedy algorithm is always larger than that of NSGA and the present algorithm. In addition, the increase in the number of terminal nodes greatly affects the performance of NSGA in terms of the scheduling cycle due to the complex multihop communication.Figure 4
Comparison of scheduling cycle performance for different network sizes.As shown in Figure5, the greedy algorithm is the first to exceed the task deadline as the number of tasks increases, while the NSGA algorithm and the present algorithm assign tasks to different end nodes for execution to speed up task execution, and multiple collaborating end nodes share the work capacity. This algorithm takes into consideration whether the task is completed within the deadline when defining the hybrid fitness function, and if a chromosome (i.e., a set of task assignment strategies) fails to complete the task within the deadline, the chromosome is penalized and a relatively low hybrid fitness value is obtained by Eq. (4). During the iteration of the algorithm, the chromosome is then defined as an inferior gene, which is not easy to be inherited, and in turn is easily eliminated. Therefore, compared with the NSGA algorithm, this algorithm always maintains a lower timeout rate as the number of tasks increases.Figure 5
Performance comparison of scheduling cycles with different numbers of tasks.


## 5.2. Practical Application Testing

From Figure6, it can be seen that as the allocation ratio increases, the return of this algorithmic strategy shows an increasing return, and the return situation is highly variable, only the strategy return of 100/0 and 90/10 is higher than the benchmark return. The maximum retracement is smaller than the maximum retracement of the underlying assets, and the beta is greater than zero, reflecting that the algorithmic model can effectively control risk. However, the alpha and Sharpe ratios of the SVM model are both zero, which fully indicates its weak risk-return capability.Figure 6
Strategy return curve for XGBoost 60/40 ratio.The returns of the strategies show an increasing trend with the increase of the allocation ratio, and the returns of the five matching strategies have a small change, and the returns of the strategies are higher than the benchmark returns. Integration requires the investment risk management system to consider the overall impact of each business, each department, and each type of risk on the company, to consider all risks that may holistically affect the company’s profitability, to analyze and evaluate each risk, to analyze and evaluate different types of risks with different frequencies of occurrence that bring different levels of loss, and to adopt different solutions for implementation. Instead of simply adding up each risk, some risks can offset each other, and some risks can overlap. When the capital allocation ratio is 100/0, the strategy of this algorithm model has the best return, except for the maximum retracement. The other five evaluation indicators are the highest, and its maximum retest of 17.6% is still within the set retracement range, and the strategy performance is satisfactory. However, the alpha and Sharpe ratios of the XGBoost model are negative, which fully indicates its lack of risk-return ability.As shown in Figure7, the model investment return obtained from this paper’s model combined with the Dual-Thrust strategy gives a higher investment return after a period of learning, and the strategy without the CEEMDAN-LSTM model has a low-risk resistance, while a negative investment return occurs in the downtrend, indicating that using only the Dual- Thrust strategy does not give a better investment strategy when the market is more volatile. The CEEMDAN-LSTM model with the introduction of high-frequency components is close to the overall return compared to the one without the introduction of high-frequency components, but the maximum retracement is smaller, indicating that the introduction of high-frequency components can effectively reduce the risk of investment while maintaining a higher investment return in the case of high market volatility.Figure 7
Yield comparison chart.From Figure8, it can be found that the distribution of alerts for multiple investment methods varies, reflecting that the cost deviation of carriers under complex large e-commerce investments is different for the threat level of the project at different stages. At the same time, it is not difficult to find that the boundaries of these alerts are not continuous, however, the magnitude of deviations in investment project management has universal coverage, which may lead to situations that are difficult to be accommodated by the alert classification model established at this stage of the paper. Therefore, to improve the general applicability of this alert classification model, the four-degree deviation warning intervals for multiple types of costs are improved by standing integration based on the discrete interval improvement theory described in the previous paper.Figure 8
Distribution of warning situations of different investment methods.


## 6. Conclusion

Based on a thorough study of existing theoretical approaches related to quantitative investment and broad asset class allocation, this paper constructs a quantitative investment model for risk allocation of SME e-commerce investment based on a 5G intelligent sensing network with SME e-commerce investment as the main investment target and makes full use of the algorithm’s learning ability for massive historical data to discover the structural change patterns and trends of different assets. We introduce the concept of area coverage contribution, transform the problem of selecting the optimal coverage subset in a large area into the selection problem of substrate particles, and organically combine the particle swarm algorithm in the bionic algorithm to propose a minimum coverage subset dormancy scheduling algorithm based on homogeneous terminals for hierarchical distributed large-scale IoT architectures by considering the network survival period, area sensing coverage, and iteration cost. In this paper, with the research objective of satisfying the task itself and reducing energy consumption to extend the survival cycle of wireless sensing network, the minimum coverage subset dormancy scheduling algorithm based on homogeneous terminals and the collaborative task assignment energy-saving algorithm based on e-commerce terminals are investigated, and the performance of this algorithm is verified by comparing it with traditional algorithms from multiple angles through simulation analysis.



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