# Comprehensive Modification Technology of Involute Spur Gear Based on Optimal Transmission Performance

Authors: Guopeng Zhang; Xueyi Li; Ningning Wang; Qingliang Zeng; Xiao Shen
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2018)

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## Abstract

There are some issues that should be solved like load shock, vibration, and uneven load distribution during transmission of involute spur gears. However, common modification methods such as axial modification as well as profile modification could not solve these problems once for all. Hence, a novel method of comprehensive modification was proposed, and the evaluation methodology of transmission performance was drawn up too. Changing modification parameters can control transmission performance of gear unit, which can generate many different modification ways. Besides, based on the orthogonal experiment method and evaluation methodology, optimal modification ways can be chosen for gear pairs working in different conditions. Taking a set of spur gear pair as an example, an ideal modification way was obtained. In addition, analysis results verified that conducting comprehensive modification could enhance the meshing performance once for all.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

When the gear mechanism transmits power, axial deviation may be generated because of assembly error and teeth deformation. Lias et al. [1] and Korotkin and Gazzaev [2] found that axial deviation seriously affects tooth stresses, and it may lead to uneven load distribution. In addition, there are some other problems in gear units, such as large fluctuation of transmission error (TE) and load shock. They may result in vibration and decreasing the carrying capacity and service life of gear units. Aiming at above problems, conducting modification for gears was researched by many researchers. Thus, teeth surfaces of modified gear are adjusted, and it may improve the meshing performance. For instance, profile modification was performed by Velex et al. [3] to reduce load shock, and the phenomenon of vibration was improved. In addition, axial modifications are often conducted for gears to relieve uneven load distribution. However, most researchers usually consider profile modification and axial modification as two separate issues, and few people take them as a problem. It is conducting profile modification and axial modification at the same time, called comprehensive modification. If gear pairs are modified in this way, the phenomenon of vibration and uneven load distribution can be improved once for all. Nevertheless, how to control modification effects and how to analyze and evaluate the transmission performance become key issues.Numerous people have researched modification methods for gear mechanism from different aspects at present. For example, Liu and Parker [4] and Chen et al. [5] studied effects of profile modification on dynamic performance of gears, and they found that it can reduce vibration and noises obviously. The method of adjusting parameters of cutting tools to modify gears was studied by Simon [6]. Baglioni et al. [7] explored the influence of modification parameters on transmission efficiency of gear units. Besides, static/dynamic finite element analyses were performed for profile modification gears by Wu et al. [8]. In addition, Hotait and Kahraman [9] researched the effects of axial deviation and axial modification on load distribution as well as bending stress, and they found that different modification amounts influence modification effects. The tooth surface equation of axial modified gear was deduced based on the principle of gear-hobbing and gear-milling by Kawalec and Wiktor [10]. Fuentes et al. [11] compared two different methods of axial modification for spur bevel gears by means of simulation analyses. Moreover, the effects of axial modification, machining error, and other factors on gear strength, carrying capacity, and load distribution were studied by Li [12, 13] using finite element analysis, and the influence of profile modification was researched using the same method in the literature [14]. However, all these studies have researched profile modification or axial modification separately, and they did not explore a method to solve load shock, vibration, and uneven load distribution once for all.Some researchers studied comprehensive modification for cylindrical gear pairs. Huang and Su [15] conducted comprehensive modification for helical gear pairs, and the effect of comprehensive modification on dynamic performance of gear pairs was investigated. But the effects on tooth contact and load distribution were not considered in this study. Taking the contact stress and the fluctuation of TE as objective function, Artoni et al. [16] optimized the comprehensive modification. Simon [17] proposed a comprehensive method for spur and helical gears. A corresponding computer program was developed, and the effects of some key parameters on optimal tooth modifications were analyzed, respectively. However, the method only studied two simple modification curves, linear and parabolic, and the influence of working condition parameters was not considered. Besides, the accurate model for gear pair with comprehensive modification was built by Barbieri et al. [18], and they applied analysis using the accurate model, but they did not explored the method and theory of modification.In order to overcome shortcomings of the previous studies and solve the problems in gear mechanisms, a novel comprehensive modification method and corresponding evaluation method is proposed in this study. Furthermore, the method of building accurate model for modified gear pairs is introduced, and transient meshing analyses are conducted based on the models. Because transmission performances are controlled by modification parameters which influence the tooth shape, the modification parameters are optimized based on the orthogonal experiment at last. Thus, optimal modification ways can be found for gear pairs working in different conditions.


## 2. Comprehensive Modification of Involute Spur Gears

In practice, the production of modified gears needs secondary operation on the basis of gears that have been produced. Generally, the smaller gear of a gear pair is modified because it has fewer teeth, and manufacturing costs can be reduced. The tooth shape without modification looks like dash-dotted section, as shown in Figures1(a) and 1(b).Figure 1
Shape of gear tooth. (a) Conducting axial modification for gear. (b) Conducting profile modification for gear.
(a)
(b)If the gear is only operated with axial modification, the tooth shape will look like dashed section, as shown in Figure1(a). cc is the axial modification amount; CAM represents the axial modification curve. If the gear is only operated with profile modification, the tooth shape will look like dotted section, as shown in Figure 1(b). Δmax is the profile modification amount; CPM represents the profile modification curve. However, it is not only necessary to carry on axial modification but also necessary to conduct profile modification for gear comprehensive modification. Thus, the tooth shape with comprehensive modification looks like the section of solid lines in Figures 1(a) and 1(b). Besides, the value of cc and Δmax are in accordance with the method mentioned in the literature [19]. The point Pki represents any point at the part of comprehensive modification which is located on cross section of k. The cylindrical coordinate system is established by taking the initial point of involute as coordinate origin and the axial direction as the Z axis, and the coordinate system is located at the gear face. Thus, the coordinates of Pki can be described as follows:(1)rki=ra2+l−lki2−2ra⋅l−lkisinαa,θki=θ1ki+θ2ki−θ3ki⋅180π+θk,zki=zk.where ra is the addendum circle radius, l represents the profile modification length, lki is the modification length of point Pki, αa is the pressure angle of addendum circle, and zk represents the coordinate of the Z axis. Besides, l can be calculated as follows:(2)l=ε−1⋅mt⋅cosαt⋅π,where ε is the contact ratio of gear pair, mt is the transverse module, and αt represents the transverse pressure angle.In addition,θ1ki, θ2ki, θ3ki, and θk in Equation (1) can be calculated, respectively, as the following equation:(3)θ1ki=tanαki−αki,θ2ki=ski2rki,θ3ki=arctanrki⋅sinθ2ki−Δkilki,θk=ckra⋅180π.In Equation (3), αki is the pressure angle of point Pki, ski is the tooth thickness of this point, Δki represents the profile modification value of point Pki, and ck is the axial modification value of cross section k. Moreover, αki, Δki, and ck can be calculated, respectively, as Equations (4)–(6):(4)αki=αa−arcsincosαa⋅l−lkirki,(5)Δki=Δmax⋅λ⋅lkilγ+1−λ⋅lkilβ,(6)ck=cc⋅ω⋅zkbcη+1−ω⋅zkbcφ,where λ is the superposition coefficient, 0≤λ≤1, γ and β are the power, 1≤γ≤3, 1≤β≤3, and these three coefficients control the shape of profile modification curve. Besides, ω is the superposition coefficient of the axial modification curve, 0≤ω≤1, η and φ are the power, 1≤η≤3, 1≤ϕ≤3, and these three coefficients control the shape of the axial modification curve. bc represents the distance from the center of axial modification to the closer tooth face.As for the part without comprehensive modification of the tooth surface, it is same with usual axial modification. Hence, coordinates of points located on this part are not introduced here.


## 3. Transmission Performance Evaluation of Modified Gear Pair

The finite element method is widely used in structural analysis with development of CAE technology, and details such as deformation and stress about the mechanical structure can be obtained in this way. Therefore, the finite element method is used to analyze the transmission performance of gears with comprehensive modification in this study. In addition, the model used for analysis should be built before that.To avoid data loss and the destruction of model when transfer data between different software, models of modified gear pairs can be built in ANSYS using APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) based on previous study [20]. The shape of the tooth surface is complex after applying comprehensive modification because it is affected by two modification curves mentioned above. In addition, the contact condition between tooth surfaces has a great influence on stresses and others, so the tooth surface must be accurate enough. According to the method mentioned above, coordinates of points located on the tooth surface can be calculated. In order to facilitate gear solid modeling, the gird lattice of a single tooth surface as shown in Figure 2(a) is calculated. In addition, the tooth surface is fitted by every point in the matrix, as shown in Figure 2(b).Figure 2
Fitting tooth surface. (a) Grid lattice of a single tooth surface. (b) Tooth surface.
(a)
(b)Based on the tooth surface established above, the model of gear pair with comprehensive modification can be build according to the method mentioned in the literature [19]. The model of a gear pair is meshed with the mapping method in this study, then establishing contact pairs, and applying loads as well as constraints to the model, and the finite element model of a gear pair with comprehensive modification can be described as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Finite element model of modified gear pair.Conducting transient meshing analysis on the basis of the finite element model, transmission performance can be acquired by reading the analysis results. Contour map of contact stress of modified gear pair can reflect the contact condition and the shape of contact area. Hence, reading contour map of contact stress as Figure4, it can be found that the shape of the contact area is narrow and long, which means contact condition is well and the phenomenon of uneven load distribution is improved. Besides, the value of contact stress can be obtained from the figure too.Figure 4
Contour map of contact stress.Moreover, reading rotations of drive gear and driven gear, respectively, the transmission error can be calculated. The transmission error curve can be drawn as shown in Figure5. If a pair of gears is modified using different modification ways, the fluctuation of TE will be different. Smaller fluctuation reflects better modification effect.Figure 5
Curve of transmission error.In addition, load distribution, root bending stress, and the distance from modification center to tooth width center can also be read; thus, transmission performance can be evaluated.


## 4. Optimizing Modification Parameters to Control Transmission Performance

The shape of the tooth surface directly affects the transmission performance of a gear pair. Therefore, finding ideal modification ways for different gear pairs to get optimal transmission performance becomes a key issue researched in this study.As mentioned above, the shape of the tooth surface is controlled by two modification curves, and it can be changed by controlling parameters which influence these two modification curves. Referring to the previous study [21], ideal modification way is optimized through the orthogonal experiment. In addition, parameters that control modification effects and transmission performance are influence factors, and they are λ, γ, β, ω, η, and φ. Considered about the efficiency of the orthogonal experiment and the effect, every influence factor is divided into 5 levels in this study. The orthogonal experiment scheme is arranged according to the orthogonal table L25(56), which is as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Scheme of orthogonal experiment.
Test
Influence factors
λ
γ
β
ω
η
φ
1
0.1
1
1
0.1
1
1
2
0.1
1.5
1.5
0.3
1.5
1.5
3
0.1
2
2
0.5
2
2
4
0.1
2.5
2.5
0.7
2.5
2.5
5
0.1
3
3
0.9
3
3
6
0.3
1
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
7
0.3
1.5
2
0.7
3
1
8
0.3
2
2.5
0.9
1
1.5
9
0.3
2.5
3
0.1
1.5
2
10
0.3
3
1
0.3
2
2.5
11
0.5
1
2
0.9
1.5
2.5
12
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.1
2
3
13
0.5
2
3
0.3
2.5
1
14
0.5
2.5
1
0.5
3
1.5
15
0.5
3
1.5
0.7
1
2
16
0.7
1
2.5
0.3
3
2
17
0.7
1.5
3
0.5
1
2.5
18
0.7
2
1
0.7
1.5
3
19
0.7
2.5
1.5
0.9
2
1
20
0.7
3
2
0.1
2.5
1.5
21
0.9
1
3
0.7
2
1.5
22
0.9
1.5
1
0.9
2.5
2
23
0.9
2
1.5
0.1
3
2.5
24
0.9
2.5
2
0.3
1
3
25
0.9
3
2.5
0.5
1.5
1According to the scheme listed above, simulation analyses are conducted for the gear pair using data listed in Table1. When the analyses are finished in turn, corresponding performance parameters such as root bending stress, contact stress, and fluctuation of transmission error for each modified gear pair can be obtained.The determination of the best modification way is a multiobjective optimization problem, which should minimize the fluctuation of the transmission error, root bending stress, and contact stress of the modified gear pair. Usually, it is difficult to achieve this. Compared with root bending stress and contact stress, the fluctuation of the transmission error is more sensitive to modification parameters. To determine the ideal modification way, according to the analysis result of the orthogonal experiment, several schemes with small fluctuation of the transmission error are selected first. Then, from these schemes, the scheme with the best contact area and satisfying contact stress and root bending stress is selected, which is the ideal modification scheme.


## 5. Simulation Example and Comparative Analysis

Based on the developed program, several pairs of gears under different working conditions were selected for the modification simulation, and ideal comprehensive modification ways can be obtained by changing parameters which control the shape of the tooth surface. Taking a pair of gears in a reducer used in an automobile as an example, the specific implementation process is introduced in detail to verify the rationality and validity of the method described, and parameters of the gear pair are shown in Table2.Table 2
Parameters of gear pair.
Tooth number
Drive gear
18
Driven gear
55
Modulusm
6
Pressure angleα (°)
20
Modification coefficient
Drive gearx1
0.54
Driven gearx2
0.5548
Tooth width (mm)
Drive gearB1
68
Driven gearB2
64
The rotate speed of drive gear (r/min)
1484
The torque of drive gear (Nm)
400
Load factor
1.59The allowable value of contact fatigue stress of the gear pair shown in Table2 is 1080.0 MPa, and the allowable value of bending fatigue stress is 376.43 MPa. Transient meshing analyses are conducted for the gear pair with comprehensive modification using data shown in Table 1. The results of these analyses are summarized in Table 3, included contact stress, root bending stress, and the distance from the contact area to the center of tooth width. Besides, standard deviation of TE is calculated to reflect the fluctuation of TE.Table 3
Results of orthogonal.
Test number
Experiment results
Contact stress (MPa)
Bending stress of drive gear (MPa)
Bending stress of driven gear (MPa)
Standard deviation of TE × 10−5 (rad)
Distance between contact pot to center of tooth width (mm)
1
730.40
83.34
91.35
2.16
30.6
2
662.72
99.38
87.98
1.28
30.6
3
626.14
102.25
86.28
0.70
28.9
4
610.93
112.28
85.43
0.35
27.2
5
609.33
109.87
85.91
0.30
23.8
6
680.42
94.54
88.37
0.30
30.6
7
636.63
101.69
86.27
0.70
30.6
8
614.04
113.24
86.38
2.04
28.9
9
609.79
116.58
86.89
0.73
27.2
10
678.61
101.52
89.47
0.46
30.6
11
672.78
100.64
88.82
1.19
30.6
12
632.44
101.31
86.15
0.28
28.9
13
614.29
113.59
86.48
1.58
27.2
14
660.16
100.41
88.34
0.67
30.6
15
627.26
111.03
87.15
1.70
28.9
16
684.32
97.83
89.47
0.53
30.6
17
639.04
102.28
86.92
1.23
28.9
18
653.89
99.5
87.48
0.92
30.6
19
622.64
109.88
86.52
0.84
28.9
20
612.56
113.85
87.17
1.16
27.2
21
707.01
94.44
90.91
0.89
30.6
22
668.68
95.66
87.64
0.40
30.6
23
629.24
100.89
85.76
0.35
28.9
24
611.57
112.68
85.62
0.69
27.2
25
609.44
117.41
87.48
1.68
27.2It can be found that values of standard deviation of TE in tests including number 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 22, and 23 are smaller than 0.5 × 10−5/rad. In these 7 tests, considering stresses and the distance from the contact area to the center of tooth width, modification effect is the best when the gear pair is modified with 5th set of parameters. The distance from the contact area to the center of tooth width is shortest in this test, and the contact stress is 609.33 MPa, which is smaller than the allowable value. Besides, the root bending stress of drive gear in this test is 109.87 MPa, and the root bending stress of driven gear is 85.91 MPa; both of them are less than allowable values. That means applying comprehensive modification to the gear pair with optimized parameters can meet the strength requirements.Furthermore, in order to verify the comprehensive modification effects, transient meshing analysis is performed for the gear pair shown in Table2 without modification and comparing its results with results of test 5. The contact stress is 995.23 MPa in this situation, the root bending stress of drive gear is 102.01 MPa, and the root bending stress of driven gear is 115.51 MPa. It can be found that the gear pair is barely meet strength requirement without modification. The contour map of contact stress is acquired as shown in Figure 6(a), while the contour map of test 5 is as shown in Figure 6(b). Comparing these two pictures, it can be found that there is serious phenomenon of uneven load distribution during the transmission, and conducting comprehensive modification can obviously improve this phenomenon.Figure 6
Contour map of contact stress. (a) Without modification. (b) Comprehensive modification.
(a)
(b)The values of contact stress are read along tooth width, respectively, for the gear pair without modification and test 5, and the distribution curve can be drawn as shown in Figure7. Thus, effect of comprehensive modification on the phenomenon of uneven load distribution is compared visually. It can be found that the distribution of contact stress of the gear pair without comprehensive modification is a slope because of axial deviation, and the maximum value is very high. While conducting comprehensive modification to the gear pair, the distribution is relatively smooth. That means, the phenomenon of uneven load distribution has been improved, and the maximum value of contact stress is declined obviously.Figure 7
Distribution of contact stress.Besides, the value of load on the tooth surface during the meshing process is read, and distribution curves are drawn in Figure8. Load on the tooth surface has abrupt changes, and these abrupt changes are load shocks. Thus, it may lead to vibration for gear mechanism. If the gear pair is modified with optimized parameters, load on the tooth surface increases gradually to the maximum when the tooth starts meshing. After some time, the load decreases gradually from the maximum to zero when the tooth takes off meshing. Thus, the phenomenon of load shock can be dramatically improved.Figure 8
Load on tooth surface.The value of the transmission error can be read in these two situations, and curves of TE are drawn in Figure9. It can be found that the fluctuation of TE in a gear pair without modification is large, and the standard deviation is 1.31 × 10−5/rad. As for the situation with comprehensive modification, there are still cyclical fluctuations of TE, but the amplitude is decreased obviously. Besides, the standard deviation is 0.30 × 10−5/rad, which is smaller. Therefore, conducting comprehensive modification can decrease the fluctuation of TE, and vibration as well as noise resulting from it can be reduced too.Figure 9
Fluctuation of transmission error.


## 6. Conclusions

Taking a pair of gears as an example, the comprehensive modification method proposed in this study is applied to the gear pair. Changing parameters which control the shape of the tooth surface, optimal transmission performance can be obtained for the gear pair based on conducting the orthogonal experiment. Through lots of results of simulation and comparative analysis, the following conclusions can be summarized:(1)
Conducting comprehensive modification can reduce load shock in the gear pairs and improve the phenomenon of vibration and noise because of large fluctuation of the transmission error.(2)
Conducting comprehensive modification can improve the phenomenon of uneven load distribution result from axial deviation.(3)
Modification effects are influenced by parameters which control the shape of the tooth surface.(4)
Using the method proposed in this study, optimal transmission performance can be obtained for gear pairs.



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*Source: 4389652-2018-11-08.xml*