# Research on the Construction of Evaluation Index System for Chongqing International Marathon in the New Era

Authors: Yuqin Su; Dalin Huang; Zhengcheng Jin; Shifan Chen; Ao Chen
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Chongqing International Marathon event is one of the top marathon events in China. Under the background of the new era, constructing a scientific and reasonable marathon evaluation system plays an important role in the development of this event. In this study, literature method, field investigation method, Delphi method, interview method, analytic hierarchy process, and other methods are used. And it includes 5 primary indicators, 13 secondary indicators, and 58 tertiary indicators. What is more, AHP is used to determine the weight of indicators at each level. This evaluation system can help the race-organizing committee more scientifically understand this event and lay a solid foundation for finally building an excellent brand event.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Statistics from the German Athletics Association show that there are 180 professional marathons and 3,700 mass marathons in Germany every year. Every week, there are thousands of free marathons in Germany. Currently, more than 100 cities in Germany hold New Year’s Eve Marathon or New Year’s Marathon. The events of the competition range from 800 meters to 20 kilometers. Contestants range from kindergarten children to gray-haired elderly people. After 11 years of development and precipitation, Chongqing International Marathon [1] (P.115), as one of the top marathon events in Chongqing and even in China, has attracted extensive attention from the whole society.With the development of the economy and society, people pay more and more attention to health, and more people participate in sports. Running is the most and convenient choice. Chongqing International Marathon is one of the more famous marathon events in China and even in the world. The projects are diverse and distinctive, and the number of participants has doubled year by year. According to statistics, the 2019 Chongqing International Marathon has four events: full course, half course, minimarathon, and parent-child marathon, with a total enrollment of more than 100,000. Runners from more than 50 countries and regions and more than 500 cities all over the world participated in the forecast, with more than 30,000 participants and 220 foreign athletes. However, due to the need for epidemic prevention and control, the scale of the Chongqing International Marathon in 2020 will be adjusted from 30,000 to less than 4,900, including 4,000 full marathons and 900 minimarathons, and the parent-child project will be canceled. It can be seen that the Chongqing International Marathon is deeply loved by people.The core of the Chongqing International Marathon is a sports competition. Because the event is held in Chongqing, it has always been a characteristic event of Chongqing mountain city and river since its establishment. Therefore, building such a marathon brand event in line with Chongqing will have a positive impact on the regional politics, economy, culture, society, and environment and will also become a landmark social activity in Chongqing.As Chongqing has gradually become one of the most popular tourist cities in China, more and more tourists begin to choose sports elements in tourism. “Sports + tourism” is becoming a popular new leisure lifestyle, which also makes the sports development of Chongqing to enter the fast lane. The holding of the Chongqing International Marathon is of positive significance to Chongqing’s economic development, cultural development, and sports development. Therefore, more and more tourists also come to Chongqing.Both the quality of the event and the number of participants showed a geometric growth [2]. Although China’s marathon events have rapidly developed in recent years, many problems still occur from time to time, such as the overall growth stage, the imperfect event mechanism, the relatively insufficient operation and management experience of event personnel, and the weak awareness of the organizing committee to scientifically run events. This is because it has not formed a relatively complete event index evaluation system [3] (P.67–76) as a reference standard for the comprehensive evaluation of the event-organizing committee to help the better development of the event. The event index evaluation system can be used as a reference standard to evaluate whether the overall operation mechanism of an event is excellent or not, and it is also a basic evaluation standard for whether an event can become a brand event [4]. At present, there is an extreme lack of relevant research on the evaluation index system of marathon in China. A total of 1,870 articles were retrieved by inputting the keyword “marathon” in CNKI literature retrieval. In the search keyword “sports event evaluation index system,” there are only 46 results, but there are only two articles in the further search keyword “marathon event evaluation system.” Although the Chongqing International Marathon has achieved certain success after year-on-year development, it still lacks an effective event evaluation index system to guide its future development direction and help the Chongqing International Marathon make experience summary, and the establishment of an event evaluation index can well fill this gap. Based on this, it is urgent to establish a scientific and effective evaluation index system [5] of the Chongqing International Marathon.In this study, we have built a complete evaluation index system for the Chongqing International Marathon brand event. As an international marathon gold medal event, the event has a very good reputation at home and abroad. As one of China’s four municipalities directly under the central government, Chongqing has an important economic and social status, and the development of large-scale mass sports events is also a research hotspot in recent years. On the one hand, the construction of the evaluation index system can comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the event and provide important theoretical support for the sustainable development of the event. On the other hand, it also has universality. On this basis, it can provide reference and reference for other marathon events at home and abroad. The members of the research group personally participated in the preparation and holding of the event in the early stage and successfully applied for the scientific research project of Chongqing Sports Bureau.Most of the existing marathon competition evaluation systems only use SWOT analysis and literature methods for research. We extend and add the method to design a more detailed evaluation system.At the same time, the survey objects selected by the Delphi method are also experts and scholars with important influence in Chinese sports academic circles. Their support for the subject makes the results of the whole study more scientific and rigorous.


## 2. Research Methods

### 2.1. Documentation Method

According to keywords and research directions, we consulted many books on sports events, sports social humanities, sports management, sports economics, sports event evaluation, and read relevant studies such as sports event evaluation, event evaluation system, event evaluation indicators, event evaluation standards, and event evaluation construction through CNKI. Using academic search engines such as Scirus, Issuu, CNKI, and Google, keywords such as “marathon event evaluation,” “marathon event organization and management,” “marathon brand event evaluation,” and “evaluation index system” are input. On this basis, the primary, secondary, and tertiary evaluation index factors of recelebrating the international marathon brand event are preliminarily screened.


### 2.2. Investigation Method

#### 2.2.1. Interview Method

By visiting experts and scholars in the fields of domestic sports event organization and management, event evaluation standards, sports event evaluation system research, marathon event operation and management, and visiting relevant leaders and staff of Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd., we learned about the opinions of relevant personnel on the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events and further improved the scientificity and preciseness of the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events.


#### 2.2.2. Delphi

We designed the expert interview outline of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation system, the screening questionnaire for the importance of indicators at all levels and the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation questionnaire (the questionnaire is tested by experts for reliability and validity and meets the statistical requirements, and the experts modify the evaluation indicators and assign the index weight). The overall survey is distributed, recovered, and distributed in two rounds according to the procedure after sorting out, and the expert opinions basically tend to be consistent.Following the principles of anonymity, feedback, statistics, and research needs of the Delphi method [6], 15 experts and scholars were selected to conduct the second round of questionnaire survey, screening, and determine the index system, including 4 sports experts; 3 sports management experts; 4 sports sociology experts; 2 government staff; and 2 persons from Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd. (see Table 1 for details).Table 1
List of experts (n = 15).
Expert categoryProfessional title (number)Degree (number)Sports expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sociology of sports humanitiesProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sports event management expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Staff of relevant government departmentsDeputy director general (1); section chief(1)Master(1); bachelor (1)Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd.Department general manager (1); clerk general (1)Bachelor (2)Total number15Doctor (9); master (3); bachelor (3)


### 2.3. Hierarchical Analysis

Analytic hierarchy process [7] (P.148–153) (AHP) decomposes the problem into different constituent factors according to the nature of the problem and the overall goal to be achieved and aggregates and combines the factors according to different levels according to the correlation, influence, and subordinate relationship between the factors to form a multilevel analysis structure model. Thus, the problem is finally attributed to the determination of the relatively important weight of the lowest level (schemes and measures for decision-making) relative to the highest level (overall goal) or the arrangement of the relative advantages and disadvantages. This study establishes a multilevel rating index model of sports events by using the AHP method, then gives a quantitative description of the relative importance of each level of evaluation index according to expert advice, finally, determines the value of the relative importance order of all indicators at each level, and conducts consistency test. If the consistency conditions are not met, the judgment matrix is modified until they are met.


### 2.4. Logical Analysis Method

On the basis of combining a large number of theoretical data and mathematical data, through logic demonstration and summary, the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events has been initially established.


### 2.5. Mathematical Statistics Method

This study obtained the analysis of the expert questionnaire, the factor analysis, and the quantitative calculation. It lays a foundation for the construction of Chongqing International Marathon evaluation index system.


## 2.1. Documentation Method

According to keywords and research directions, we consulted many books on sports events, sports social humanities, sports management, sports economics, sports event evaluation, and read relevant studies such as sports event evaluation, event evaluation system, event evaluation indicators, event evaluation standards, and event evaluation construction through CNKI. Using academic search engines such as Scirus, Issuu, CNKI, and Google, keywords such as “marathon event evaluation,” “marathon event organization and management,” “marathon brand event evaluation,” and “evaluation index system” are input. On this basis, the primary, secondary, and tertiary evaluation index factors of recelebrating the international marathon brand event are preliminarily screened.


## 2.2. Investigation Method

### 2.2.1. Interview Method

By visiting experts and scholars in the fields of domestic sports event organization and management, event evaluation standards, sports event evaluation system research, marathon event operation and management, and visiting relevant leaders and staff of Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd., we learned about the opinions of relevant personnel on the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events and further improved the scientificity and preciseness of the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events.


### 2.2.2. Delphi

We designed the expert interview outline of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation system, the screening questionnaire for the importance of indicators at all levels and the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation questionnaire (the questionnaire is tested by experts for reliability and validity and meets the statistical requirements, and the experts modify the evaluation indicators and assign the index weight). The overall survey is distributed, recovered, and distributed in two rounds according to the procedure after sorting out, and the expert opinions basically tend to be consistent.Following the principles of anonymity, feedback, statistics, and research needs of the Delphi method [6], 15 experts and scholars were selected to conduct the second round of questionnaire survey, screening, and determine the index system, including 4 sports experts; 3 sports management experts; 4 sports sociology experts; 2 government staff; and 2 persons from Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd. (see Table 1 for details).Table 1
List of experts (n = 15).
Expert categoryProfessional title (number)Degree (number)Sports expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sociology of sports humanitiesProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sports event management expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Staff of relevant government departmentsDeputy director general (1); section chief(1)Master(1); bachelor (1)Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd.Department general manager (1); clerk general (1)Bachelor (2)Total number15Doctor (9); master (3); bachelor (3)


## 2.2.1. Interview Method

By visiting experts and scholars in the fields of domestic sports event organization and management, event evaluation standards, sports event evaluation system research, marathon event operation and management, and visiting relevant leaders and staff of Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd., we learned about the opinions of relevant personnel on the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events and further improved the scientificity and preciseness of the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events.


## 2.2.2. Delphi

We designed the expert interview outline of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation system, the screening questionnaire for the importance of indicators at all levels and the Chongqing International Marathon brand event evaluation questionnaire (the questionnaire is tested by experts for reliability and validity and meets the statistical requirements, and the experts modify the evaluation indicators and assign the index weight). The overall survey is distributed, recovered, and distributed in two rounds according to the procedure after sorting out, and the expert opinions basically tend to be consistent.Following the principles of anonymity, feedback, statistics, and research needs of the Delphi method [6], 15 experts and scholars were selected to conduct the second round of questionnaire survey, screening, and determine the index system, including 4 sports experts; 3 sports management experts; 4 sports sociology experts; 2 government staff; and 2 persons from Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd. (see Table 1 for details).Table 1
List of experts (n = 15).
Expert categoryProfessional title (number)Degree (number)Sports expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sociology of sports humanitiesProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Sports event management expertsProfessor(1); associate professor (3)Doctor(3); master(1)Staff of relevant government departmentsDeputy director general (1); section chief(1)Master(1); bachelor (1)Chongqing Chongma Sports Development Co., Ltd.Department general manager (1); clerk general (1)Bachelor (2)Total number15Doctor (9); master (3); bachelor (3)


## 2.3. Hierarchical Analysis

Analytic hierarchy process [7] (P.148–153) (AHP) decomposes the problem into different constituent factors according to the nature of the problem and the overall goal to be achieved and aggregates and combines the factors according to different levels according to the correlation, influence, and subordinate relationship between the factors to form a multilevel analysis structure model. Thus, the problem is finally attributed to the determination of the relatively important weight of the lowest level (schemes and measures for decision-making) relative to the highest level (overall goal) or the arrangement of the relative advantages and disadvantages. This study establishes a multilevel rating index model of sports events by using the AHP method, then gives a quantitative description of the relative importance of each level of evaluation index according to expert advice, finally, determines the value of the relative importance order of all indicators at each level, and conducts consistency test. If the consistency conditions are not met, the judgment matrix is modified until they are met.


## 2.4. Logical Analysis Method

On the basis of combining a large number of theoretical data and mathematical data, through logic demonstration and summary, the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events has been initially established.


## 2.5. Mathematical Statistics Method

This study obtained the analysis of the expert questionnaire, the factor analysis, and the quantitative calculation. It lays a foundation for the construction of Chongqing International Marathon evaluation index system.


## 3. Establishment Process of the Evaluation Index System of the Chongqing International Marathon Brand Events

The establishment of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event index system is a complex and detailed process. We need to first establish a basic understanding of the research object, then conduct an overall feature analysis of the research object, then model the research object and conduct in-depth research, then gradually improve the existing research, and finally form a systematic research result [8] (P.9–13). Therefore, the research process of this study is roughly divided into four steps: theoretical preparation, preliminary selection of index system, test of index factors and determination of weight, and establishment of evaluation system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event (see Figure 1 for details). In the research method, the analytic hierarchy process is mainly used, because other analysis methods such as principal component analysis are not applicable to this study. Taking principal component analysis as an example, it needs to ensure that the cumulative contribution rate of the first few principal components extracted reaches one, and the high-level and extracted principal components must be able to give explanations that conform to the actual background and meaning.Figure 1
The establishment process of the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand competition.


## 4. Construction of the Evaluation Index System of the Chongqing International Marathon Brand Events

### 4.1. Preliminary Construction Process of the Construction of the Index System

Through the field investigation on the overall history, organization and holding, politics, economy, society, humanities, environment, and other factors of the Chongqing International Marathon, and by consulting the studies of China Journal Network on events, marathon, evaluation index system, and so on, and by studying the laws and regulations on sports events such as the 14th five-year plan for sports development [9] of government departments, it can be found that the “system” theory [10] (P.70–78) is a theoretical method suitable for constructing the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon. The word “system” originated from ancient Greek, meaning that parts constitute a whole. It was not until L. von Bertalanffy founded the “general system theory” [11] (P.5–8) in 1937. L. von. Bertalanffy believes that it is inappropriate to limit the general system theory to technology as a mathematical theory, because there are many systemic problems that cannot be expressed by modern mathematical concepts. The term general system theory has a broader content, including a very wide range of research fields and three main aspects: first, the science of system, also known as mathematical system theory. This is to use accurate mathematical language to describe the system and study the fundamental theory applicable to all systems. Second is system technology, also known as system engineering. This is to study complex systems such as engineering system, life system, economic system, and social system with system thought and system method. Third is system philosophy: it studies the nature of the scientific methodology of general system theory and raises it to the status of philosophical methodology. L. Von. Bertalanffy tried to extend the general system theory to the category of system science, including almost all three levels of system science. However, the main research contents of modern general system theory are still limited to system thought, system isomorphism, open system, and system philosophy.The subsystems involved in large-scale sports events such as the Chongqing International Marathon include politics, economy, culture, society, and environment. These systems are closely interrelated. For the Chongqing International Marathon, it itself is a huge system engineering . The index evaluation of system engineering needs to be considered from the perspective of system, its operation and development must follow the viewpoint of system theory, and its internal subsystems and internal factors independently interact and develop. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the political, economic, cultural, social, and environmental systems involved in the event and then systematically analyze each subsystem on the basis of the above analysis to obtain the index factors of each subsystem.Finally, considering the time and economic cost of the survey, and the factors of reasonable selection of indicators, high evaluability, and high testability, the evaluation index system [12] (Table 2) of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event is preliminarily determined, which is composed of five first-class indicators [13], 13 second-class indicators, and 58 third-class indicators, including politics, economy, culture, society, and environment.Table 2
Preliminary index system.
Primary indicatorsSecondary indicatorsTertiary indicatorsPolity A1Policy implementation B1Implementation degree of national fitness C1The practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C2The intensity of sports event construction in a strong sports city C3The construction intensity of strengthening the city with sports talents C4To welcome the centenary anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China C5Regional exchanges B2Construction along the “one belt, one road” line C6Regional event exchange C7Economy A2Positive economic impact B3Tourism gain C8Regional per capita sports GDP C9Local event organizers C10Economic benefits of regional characteristic brand C11Positive impact on the talent market C12Negative economic impact B4Positive impact on tourism C13The GDP value C14The event department a loss C15Foreign goods encroach on the market C16Negative impact on the talent market C17Event loss C18Destruction of commodity market value system C19Negative impact on the operation of the scenic spots along the way C20Culture A3Cultural improvement B5Carry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C21Building the socialist core value system C22Training of local sports stars C23The development of sports spirit and culture C24Event-related cultural events C25Carry forward the characteristics B6Publicity of the featured events C26Design of characteristic medals C27Design of characteristic competition route C28Setting of characteristic events C29Display of regional culture C30Society A4Regional prestige B7Event level C31Media publicity C32Athletes’ satisfaction C33Sponsor SatisfactionC34Event visibility B8Number of contestants level C35Level of the contestant C36Media quantity and level C37Regional sports popularization B9Regional marathon participation C38Regional sports event participation C39Regional citizens pay attention to the ways C40Regional citizens’ sports literacy training C41Level of urban sports public service C42Resident life B10Safety misadventure C43Traffic interference C44Life satisfaction of the residents C45Educational diffusion effect B11Integration of university marathon courses C46Research on university marathon topics C47Number of heavy horse research topics C48The degree of influence on stimulating the students’ will and quality and establishing the lifelong exercise goal C49Environment A5Positive environmental impact B12Implementation of precompetition environmental publicity C50Environmental remediation caused by the event C51The implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C52Promotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C53Promotion degree of greening design and construction C54Negative environmental impact B13Degree of water damage in the competition C55Degree of damage of the surrounding living environment C56Waste cleaning efforts C57Energy consumption degree of the event C58


### 4.2. Selection Process of the Index System

#### 4.2.1. First Round of Expert Consultation

First, this study carried out expert thematic discussion and open-ended questionnaire survey on the rationality of the primary indicators. The result is that the concentration of reservations of the five primary indicators is relatively high, so the primary indicators do not need to be modified. Then, according to the preliminary index system, the questionnaire is made into two sections: secondary index and tertiary index Ι. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire adopts the basic idea of the Likert 5 scale method [14] (P.18–23,28), that is, the expert score is graded according to important-unimportant 5. However, considering the traditional the Likert 5 scale is rough for complex systems such as medium and large marathon systems, it is improved to a continuous graduation scale. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the questionnaire Ι. We use Cronbach’s α to test the reliability of the scale. If the α coefficient does not exceed 0.6, it is generally considered that the internal consensus reliability is insufficient; when it reaches 0.7-0.8, it means that the scale has considerable reliability, and when it reaches 0.8-0.9, it means that the scale’s reliability is very good. The result is that Cronbach’s α is 0.81, which indicates that the reliability of the scale is good. Through letters, questionnaires, and face-to-face interviews, questionnaires were collected on the spot, and 15 valid questionnaires were obtained. SPSS 26.0 was used for analysis to determine whether the index was retained or not according to the importance mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of each index score. Among them, the mean value of importance reflects the unified result of expert opinions. The greater the value, the more the index should be retained. The standard deviation reflects the divergence degree of expert opinions. The smaller the value, the smaller the divergence caused by the index, and the more the index should be retained. The smaller the coefficient of variation of each index score, the higher the coordination of expert opinions, and the more the index should be retained. We eliminated the six tertiary indicators with the smallest mean value, the largest standard deviation, and the largest coefficient of variation and retained 13 secondary indicators and 52 tertiary indicators (see Tables 3 and 4 for the scores and screening results of secondary and tertiary indicators). In Table 3, secondary indicators correspond to each support item under primary indicators in Table 2. The results are discussed with experts after the following revisions: (1) merge C49 into C21; (2) simplify C54 to environmental protection facilities.Table 3
Mean and coefficient of variation of the secondary indicators.
Secondary indicatorsMean of importanceStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultPolicy implementation B14.250.420.10RetainingRegional exchanges B23.581.430.40RetainingPositive economic impact B34.170.750.18RetainingNegative economic impact B43.830.980.26RetainingCultural improvement B53.830.980.26RetainingCarry forward the characteristics B64.170.750.18RetainingRegional prestige B74.080.920.22RetainingEvent visibility B84.750.420.09RetainingRegional sports popularization B94.000.630.16RetainingResident life B104.000.890.22RetainingEducational diffusion effect B114.670.520.11RetainingPositive environmental impact B123.501.220.35RetainingNegative environmental impact B133.831.170.30RetainingTable 4
Mean and coefficient of variation of the tertiary indicators.
Tertiary indicatorsMeance meanStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultImplementation degree of national fitness C14.140.840.20RetainingThe practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C23.960.630.16RetainingThe intensity of sports event construction in a strong sports city C33.930.830.21RetainingThe construction intensity of strengthening the city with sports talents C43.130.830.27RetainingTo welcome the centenary anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China C53.181.070.34RetainingConstruction along the “one belt, one road” line C63.890.960.25RetainingRegional event exchange C74.460.500.11RetainingTourism gain C83.320.770.23RetainingRegional per capita sports GDP C94.210.670.16RetainingLocal event organizers C104.570.510.11RetainingEconomic benefits of regional characteristic brand C113.250.750.23RetainingPositive impact on the talent market C122.391.150.48RetainingPositive impact on tourism C132.431.020.42DeleteThe GDP value C142.291.200.53DeleteThe event department a loss C153.250.750.23RetainingForeign goods encroach on the market C163.290.800.24DeleteNegative impact on the talent market C173.431.070.31RetainingEvent loss C183.930.830.21DeleteDestruction of commodity market value system C193.390.880.26RetainingNegative impact on the operation of the scenic spots along the way C204.200.680.16RetainingCarry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C213.821.140.30RetainingBuilding the socialist core value system C224.210.700.17RetainingTraining of local sports stars C233.641.150.32RetainingThe development of sports spirit and culture C243.681.100.30RetainingEvent-related cultural events C254.071.000.24RetainingPublicity of the featured events C264.000.760.19RetainingDesign of characteristic medals C274.140.740.18RetainingDesign of characteristic competition route C283.821.070.28RetainingSetting of characteristic events C294.140.530.13RetainingDisplay of regional culture C304.320.720.17RetainingEvent level C314.290.730.17RetainingMedia publicity C324.270.710.17RetainingAthletes’ satisfaction C333.990.660.17RetainingSponsor satisfaction C343.140.840.27RetainingNumber of contestants level C353.540.800.23RetainingLevel of the contestant C363.700.580.16RetainingMedia quantity and level C372.211.120.51RetainingRegional marathon participation C382.711.330.49RetainingRegional sports event participation C392.860.950.33RetainingRegional citizens pay attention to the ways C403.411.070.31RetainingRegional citizens’ sports literacy training C413.710.910.25RetainingLevel of urban sports public service C423.260.860.26RetainingSafety misadventure C433.211.120.35RetainingTraffic interference C443.470.900.26RetainingLife satisfaction of the residents C453.390.880.26RetainingIntegration of university marathon courses C463.271.310.40RetainingResearch on university marathon topics C472.991.010.34RetainingNumber of heavy horse research topics C483.361.150.34RetainingThe degree of influence on stimulating the students’ will and quality and establishing the lifelong exercise goal C491.890.840.44RetainingImplementation of precompetition environmental publicity C501.960.800.41RetainingEnvironmental remediation caused by the event C512.360.740.32RetainingThe implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C522.041.250.61RetainingPromotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C534.140.840.20RetainingPromotion degree of greening design and construction C543.960.630.16RetainingDegree of water damage in the competition C553.930.830.21DeleteDegree of damage of the surrounding living environment C562.960.770.26RetainingWaste cleaning efforts C572.790.700.25RetainingEnergy consumption degree of the event C583.890.960.25Delete


#### 4.2.2. Second Round of Expert Consultation

According to the results of the first round of expert consultation, a questionnaire ΙΙ containing secondary indicators and tertiary indicators is formulated. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire still adopts the improved Likert 5 scale method ΙΙ, the Krambaha reliability coefficient is 0.85, indicating that the scale has good reliability. Questionnaire ΙΙ is issued to experts, and the questionnaire was analyzed according to the same method as in round 1 of ΙΙ and followed the opinions of experts and imposed more strict restrictions on the mean value of importance. When the mean value of importance is less than 75% (i.e., 3.75) of the full score, it is considered that the index cannot meet the standard. In the second round, one secondary indicator and 14 tertiary indicators were successively deleted, and finally an indicator system with 12 secondary indicators and 37 tertiary indicators was obtained (see Table5). The expert opinions of the indicator system were highly unified. The complete index construction process is shown in Figure 2.Table 5
List of influence on index systems and weight of medium and large marathon events.
Primary indicatorsWeightSecondary indicatorsWeightTertiary indicatorsWeightPolity A10.179Policy implementation B10.094Implementation degree of national fitness C10.028The practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C20.031Construction intensity of building a strong city with sports talents C40.029Regional exchanges B20.085Regional event exchange C70.027Economy A20.176Positive economic impact B30.089Regional per capita sports GDP C90.030Local event organizers C100.028Economic benefits of regional characteristic brand C110.026Negative economic impact B40.087Positive impact on tourism C130.027Culture A30.185Cultural improvement B50.096Carry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C210.028The development of sports spirit and cultureC240.032Event-related cultural events C250.030Carry forward the characteristics B60.089Publicity of the featured events C260.032Design of characteristic medals C270.027Design of characteristic competition route C280.026Setting of characteristic events C290.028Display of regional culture C300.026Society A40.373Regional prestige B70.090Event level C310.032Media publicity C320.030Athletes’ satisfaction C330.028Sponsor satisfaction C340.024Event visibility B80.090Number of contestants level C350.023Level of the contestant C360.032Media quantity and level C370.029Regional sports popularization B90.099Regional marathon participation C380.032Regional sports event participation C390.031Regional citizens pay attention to the ways C400.028Regional citizens’ sports literacy training C410.033Level of urban sports public service C420.031Educational diffusion effect B110.094Research on university marathon topics C470.032Number of heavy horse research topics C480.027Environment A50.087Positive environmental impact B120.071Implementation of precompetition environmental publicity C500.164Environmental remediation caused by the event C510.170The implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C520.164Promotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C530.164Negative environmental impact B130.016Environmental protection facilities C540.152Degree of damage of the surrounding living environment C560.096Waste cleaning efforts C570.091Figure 2
Index deletion and establishment of the evaluation system.


### 4.3. Weight Determination of the Index System

Whether the index weight [15] (P.47–55) is reasonable greatly affects the scientificity and correctness of the evaluation. In this study, AHP and probability distribution function are preselected to calculate the weight of each index. The two methods will be discussed with experts. Considering the AHP method, experts need to be reinvited to compare and fill in the form for up to 2,275 times among 5 primary indicators, 12 secondary indicators, and 37 tertiary indicators, which will waste experts’ energy cost and research time cost. The improved Likert 5 scale method has good perception and accuracy for quantitative scoring. Therefore, the latter probability distribution function is used to calculate the weight of each index. Among them, the weight of each three-level indicator is the average value of its importance in the second round of expert consultation. The weight X of level I and level II indicators obeys uniform distribution X∼Ua,b, and its calculation formula is(1)X=∫xfxdx,among them,(2)fx=1b−a,0<x<a,0,others,b=5,a=1.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of tertiary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the sum of expert scoring weights of all tertiary indicators∑m=135Xm and (2) weighting coefficient of the m-th tertiary indicators Wm=Xm/∑m=135Xm.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of secondary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the expert scoring weightXi of each secondary indicators, respectively, (2) calculating the sum of all expert weights of all secondary indicators ∑i=111Xi, and (3) weighting coefficient of the i-th secondary indicators Wi=Xi/∑i=111Xi.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of primary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the expert scoring weightXj of each primary indicator, respectively, (2) calculating the sum of expert weights of all primary indicators ∑j=15Xj, and (3) weighting coefficient of the j-th primary indicators Wj=Xj/∑j=15Xj.


## 4.1. Preliminary Construction Process of the Construction of the Index System

Through the field investigation on the overall history, organization and holding, politics, economy, society, humanities, environment, and other factors of the Chongqing International Marathon, and by consulting the studies of China Journal Network on events, marathon, evaluation index system, and so on, and by studying the laws and regulations on sports events such as the 14th five-year plan for sports development [9] of government departments, it can be found that the “system” theory [10] (P.70–78) is a theoretical method suitable for constructing the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon. The word “system” originated from ancient Greek, meaning that parts constitute a whole. It was not until L. von Bertalanffy founded the “general system theory” [11] (P.5–8) in 1937. L. von. Bertalanffy believes that it is inappropriate to limit the general system theory to technology as a mathematical theory, because there are many systemic problems that cannot be expressed by modern mathematical concepts. The term general system theory has a broader content, including a very wide range of research fields and three main aspects: first, the science of system, also known as mathematical system theory. This is to use accurate mathematical language to describe the system and study the fundamental theory applicable to all systems. Second is system technology, also known as system engineering. This is to study complex systems such as engineering system, life system, economic system, and social system with system thought and system method. Third is system philosophy: it studies the nature of the scientific methodology of general system theory and raises it to the status of philosophical methodology. L. Von. Bertalanffy tried to extend the general system theory to the category of system science, including almost all three levels of system science. However, the main research contents of modern general system theory are still limited to system thought, system isomorphism, open system, and system philosophy.The subsystems involved in large-scale sports events such as the Chongqing International Marathon include politics, economy, culture, society, and environment. These systems are closely interrelated. For the Chongqing International Marathon, it itself is a huge system engineering . The index evaluation of system engineering needs to be considered from the perspective of system, its operation and development must follow the viewpoint of system theory, and its internal subsystems and internal factors independently interact and develop. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the political, economic, cultural, social, and environmental systems involved in the event and then systematically analyze each subsystem on the basis of the above analysis to obtain the index factors of each subsystem.Finally, considering the time and economic cost of the survey, and the factors of reasonable selection of indicators, high evaluability, and high testability, the evaluation index system [12] (Table 2) of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event is preliminarily determined, which is composed of five first-class indicators [13], 13 second-class indicators, and 58 third-class indicators, including politics, economy, culture, society, and environment.Table 2
Preliminary index system.
Primary indicatorsSecondary indicatorsTertiary indicatorsPolity A1Policy implementation B1Implementation degree of national fitness C1The practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C2The intensity of sports event construction in a strong sports city C3The construction intensity of strengthening the city with sports talents C4To welcome the centenary anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China C5Regional exchanges B2Construction along the “one belt, one road” line C6Regional event exchange C7Economy A2Positive economic impact B3Tourism gain C8Regional per capita sports GDP C9Local event organizers C10Economic benefits of regional characteristic brand C11Positive impact on the talent market C12Negative economic impact B4Positive impact on tourism C13The GDP value C14The event department a loss C15Foreign goods encroach on the market C16Negative impact on the talent market C17Event loss C18Destruction of commodity market value system C19Negative impact on the operation of the scenic spots along the way C20Culture A3Cultural improvement B5Carry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C21Building the socialist core value system C22Training of local sports stars C23The development of sports spirit and culture C24Event-related cultural events C25Carry forward the characteristics B6Publicity of the featured events C26Design of characteristic medals C27Design of characteristic competition route C28Setting of characteristic events C29Display of regional culture C30Society A4Regional prestige B7Event level C31Media publicity C32Athletes’ satisfaction C33Sponsor SatisfactionC34Event visibility B8Number of contestants level C35Level of the contestant C36Media quantity and level C37Regional sports popularization B9Regional marathon participation C38Regional sports event participation C39Regional citizens pay attention to the ways C40Regional citizens’ sports literacy training C41Level of urban sports public service C42Resident life B10Safety misadventure C43Traffic interference C44Life satisfaction of the residents C45Educational diffusion effect B11Integration of university marathon courses C46Research on university marathon topics C47Number of heavy horse research topics C48The degree of influence on stimulating the students’ will and quality and establishing the lifelong exercise goal C49Environment A5Positive environmental impact B12Implementation of precompetition environmental publicity C50Environmental remediation caused by the event C51The implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C52Promotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C53Promotion degree of greening design and construction C54Negative environmental impact B13Degree of water damage in the competition C55Degree of damage of the surrounding living environment C56Waste cleaning efforts C57Energy consumption degree of the event C58


## 4.2. Selection Process of the Index System

### 4.2.1. First Round of Expert Consultation

First, this study carried out expert thematic discussion and open-ended questionnaire survey on the rationality of the primary indicators. The result is that the concentration of reservations of the five primary indicators is relatively high, so the primary indicators do not need to be modified. Then, according to the preliminary index system, the questionnaire is made into two sections: secondary index and tertiary index Ι. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire adopts the basic idea of the Likert 5 scale method [14] (P.18–23,28), that is, the expert score is graded according to important-unimportant 5. However, considering the traditional the Likert 5 scale is rough for complex systems such as medium and large marathon systems, it is improved to a continuous graduation scale. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the questionnaire Ι. We use Cronbach’s α to test the reliability of the scale. If the α coefficient does not exceed 0.6, it is generally considered that the internal consensus reliability is insufficient; when it reaches 0.7-0.8, it means that the scale has considerable reliability, and when it reaches 0.8-0.9, it means that the scale’s reliability is very good. The result is that Cronbach’s α is 0.81, which indicates that the reliability of the scale is good. Through letters, questionnaires, and face-to-face interviews, questionnaires were collected on the spot, and 15 valid questionnaires were obtained. SPSS 26.0 was used for analysis to determine whether the index was retained or not according to the importance mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of each index score. Among them, the mean value of importance reflects the unified result of expert opinions. The greater the value, the more the index should be retained. The standard deviation reflects the divergence degree of expert opinions. The smaller the value, the smaller the divergence caused by the index, and the more the index should be retained. The smaller the coefficient of variation of each index score, the higher the coordination of expert opinions, and the more the index should be retained. We eliminated the six tertiary indicators with the smallest mean value, the largest standard deviation, and the largest coefficient of variation and retained 13 secondary indicators and 52 tertiary indicators (see Tables 3 and 4 for the scores and screening results of secondary and tertiary indicators). In Table 3, secondary indicators correspond to each support item under primary indicators in Table 2. The results are discussed with experts after the following revisions: (1) merge C49 into C21; (2) simplify C54 to environmental protection facilities.Table 3
Mean and coefficient of variation of the secondary indicators.
Secondary indicatorsMean of importanceStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultPolicy implementation B14.250.420.10RetainingRegional exchanges B23.581.430.40RetainingPositive economic impact B34.170.750.18RetainingNegative economic impact B43.830.980.26RetainingCultural improvement B53.830.980.26RetainingCarry forward the characteristics B64.170.750.18RetainingRegional prestige B74.080.920.22RetainingEvent visibility B84.750.420.09RetainingRegional sports popularization B94.000.630.16RetainingResident life B104.000.890.22RetainingEducational diffusion effect B114.670.520.11RetainingPositive environmental impact B123.501.220.35RetainingNegative environmental impact B133.831.170.30RetainingTable 4
Mean and coefficient of variation of the tertiary indicators.
Tertiary indicatorsMeance meanStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultImplementation degree of national fitness C14.140.840.20RetainingThe practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C23.960.630.16RetainingThe intensity of sports event construction in a strong sports city C33.930.830.21RetainingThe construction intensity of strengthening the city with sports talents C43.130.830.27RetainingTo welcome the centenary anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China C53.181.070.34RetainingConstruction along the “one belt, one road” line C63.890.960.25RetainingRegional event exchange C74.460.500.11RetainingTourism gain C83.320.770.23RetainingRegional per capita sports GDP C94.210.670.16RetainingLocal event organizers C104.570.510.11RetainingEconomic benefits of regional characteristic brand C113.250.750.23RetainingPositive impact on the talent market C122.391.150.48RetainingPositive impact on tourism C132.431.020.42DeleteThe GDP value C142.291.200.53DeleteThe event department a loss C153.250.750.23RetainingForeign goods encroach on the market C163.290.800.24DeleteNegative impact on the talent market C173.431.070.31RetainingEvent loss C183.930.830.21DeleteDestruction of commodity market value system C193.390.880.26RetainingNegative impact on the operation of the scenic spots along the way C204.200.680.16RetainingCarry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C213.821.140.30RetainingBuilding the socialist core value system C224.210.700.17RetainingTraining of local sports stars C233.641.150.32RetainingThe development of sports spirit and culture C243.681.100.30RetainingEvent-related cultural events C254.071.000.24RetainingPublicity of the featured events C264.000.760.19RetainingDesign of characteristic medals C274.140.740.18RetainingDesign of characteristic competition route C283.821.070.28RetainingSetting of characteristic events C294.140.530.13RetainingDisplay of regional culture C304.320.720.17RetainingEvent level C314.290.730.17RetainingMedia publicity C324.270.710.17RetainingAthletes’ satisfaction C333.990.660.17RetainingSponsor satisfaction C343.140.840.27RetainingNumber of contestants level C353.540.800.23RetainingLevel of the contestant C363.700.580.16RetainingMedia quantity and level C372.211.120.51RetainingRegional marathon participation C382.711.330.49RetainingRegional sports event participation C392.860.950.33RetainingRegional citizens pay attention to the ways C403.411.070.31RetainingRegional citizens’ sports literacy training C413.710.910.25RetainingLevel of urban sports public service C423.260.860.26RetainingSafety misadventure C433.211.120.35RetainingTraffic interference C443.470.900.26RetainingLife satisfaction of the residents C453.390.880.26RetainingIntegration of university marathon courses C463.271.310.40RetainingResearch on university marathon topics C472.991.010.34RetainingNumber of heavy horse research topics C483.361.150.34RetainingThe degree of influence on stimulating the students’ will and quality and establishing the lifelong exercise goal C491.890.840.44RetainingImplementation of precompetition environmental publicity C501.960.800.41RetainingEnvironmental remediation caused by the event C512.360.740.32RetainingThe implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C522.041.250.61RetainingPromotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C534.140.840.20RetainingPromotion degree of greening design and construction C543.960.630.16RetainingDegree of water damage in the competition C553.930.830.21DeleteDegree of damage of the surrounding living environment C562.960.770.26RetainingWaste cleaning efforts C572.790.700.25RetainingEnergy consumption degree of the event C583.890.960.25Delete


### 4.2.2. Second Round of Expert Consultation

According to the results of the first round of expert consultation, a questionnaire ΙΙ containing secondary indicators and tertiary indicators is formulated. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire still adopts the improved Likert 5 scale method ΙΙ, the Krambaha reliability coefficient is 0.85, indicating that the scale has good reliability. Questionnaire ΙΙ is issued to experts, and the questionnaire was analyzed according to the same method as in round 1 of ΙΙ and followed the opinions of experts and imposed more strict restrictions on the mean value of importance. When the mean value of importance is less than 75% (i.e., 3.75) of the full score, it is considered that the index cannot meet the standard. In the second round, one secondary indicator and 14 tertiary indicators were successively deleted, and finally an indicator system with 12 secondary indicators and 37 tertiary indicators was obtained (see Table5). The expert opinions of the indicator system were highly unified. The complete index construction process is shown in Figure 2.Table 5
List of influence on index systems and weight of medium and large marathon events.
Primary indicatorsWeightSecondary indicatorsWeightTertiary indicatorsWeightPolity A10.179Policy implementation B10.094Implementation degree of national fitness C10.028The practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C20.031Construction intensity of building a strong city with sports talents C40.029Regional exchanges B20.085Regional event exchange C70.027Economy A20.176Positive economic impact B30.089Regional per capita sports GDP C90.030Local event organizers C100.028Economic benefits of regional characteristic brand C110.026Negative economic impact B40.087Positive impact on tourism C130.027Culture A30.185Cultural improvement B50.096Carry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C210.028The development of sports spirit and cultureC240.032Event-related cultural events C250.030Carry forward the characteristics B60.089Publicity of the featured events C260.032Design of characteristic medals C270.027Design of characteristic competition route C280.026Setting of characteristic events C290.028Display of regional culture C300.026Society A40.373Regional prestige B70.090Event level C310.032Media publicity C320.030Athletes’ satisfaction C330.028Sponsor satisfaction C340.024Event visibility B80.090Number of contestants level C350.023Level of the contestant C360.032Media quantity and level C370.029Regional sports popularization B90.099Regional marathon participation C380.032Regional sports event participation C390.031Regional citizens pay attention to the ways C400.028Regional citizens’ sports literacy training C410.033Level of urban sports public service C420.031Educational diffusion effect B110.094Research on university marathon topics C470.032Number of heavy horse research topics C480.027Environment A50.087Positive environmental impact B120.071Implementation of precompetition environmental publicity C500.164Environmental remediation caused by the event C510.170The implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C520.164Promotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C530.164Negative environmental impact B130.016Environmental protection facilities C540.152Degree of damage of the surrounding living environment C560.096Waste cleaning efforts C570.091Figure 2
Index deletion and establishment of the evaluation system.


## 4.2.1. First Round of Expert Consultation

First, this study carried out expert thematic discussion and open-ended questionnaire survey on the rationality of the primary indicators. The result is that the concentration of reservations of the five primary indicators is relatively high, so the primary indicators do not need to be modified. Then, according to the preliminary index system, the questionnaire is made into two sections: secondary index and tertiary index Ι. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire adopts the basic idea of the Likert 5 scale method [14] (P.18–23,28), that is, the expert score is graded according to important-unimportant 5. However, considering the traditional the Likert 5 scale is rough for complex systems such as medium and large marathon systems, it is improved to a continuous graduation scale. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the questionnaire Ι. We use Cronbach’s α to test the reliability of the scale. If the α coefficient does not exceed 0.6, it is generally considered that the internal consensus reliability is insufficient; when it reaches 0.7-0.8, it means that the scale has considerable reliability, and when it reaches 0.8-0.9, it means that the scale’s reliability is very good. The result is that Cronbach’s α is 0.81, which indicates that the reliability of the scale is good. Through letters, questionnaires, and face-to-face interviews, questionnaires were collected on the spot, and 15 valid questionnaires were obtained. SPSS 26.0 was used for analysis to determine whether the index was retained or not according to the importance mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of each index score. Among them, the mean value of importance reflects the unified result of expert opinions. The greater the value, the more the index should be retained. The standard deviation reflects the divergence degree of expert opinions. The smaller the value, the smaller the divergence caused by the index, and the more the index should be retained. The smaller the coefficient of variation of each index score, the higher the coordination of expert opinions, and the more the index should be retained. We eliminated the six tertiary indicators with the smallest mean value, the largest standard deviation, and the largest coefficient of variation and retained 13 secondary indicators and 52 tertiary indicators (see Tables 3 and 4 for the scores and screening results of secondary and tertiary indicators). In Table 3, secondary indicators correspond to each support item under primary indicators in Table 2. The results are discussed with experts after the following revisions: (1) merge C49 into C21; (2) simplify C54 to environmental protection facilities.Table 3
Mean and coefficient of variation of the secondary indicators.
Secondary indicatorsMean of importanceStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultPolicy implementation B14.250.420.10RetainingRegional exchanges B23.581.430.40RetainingPositive economic impact B34.170.750.18RetainingNegative economic impact B43.830.980.26RetainingCultural improvement B53.830.980.26RetainingCarry forward the characteristics B64.170.750.18RetainingRegional prestige B74.080.920.22RetainingEvent visibility B84.750.420.09RetainingRegional sports popularization B94.000.630.16RetainingResident life B104.000.890.22RetainingEducational diffusion effect B114.670.520.11RetainingPositive environmental impact B123.501.220.35RetainingNegative environmental impact B133.831.170.30RetainingTable 4
Mean and coefficient of variation of the tertiary indicators.
Tertiary indicatorsMeance meanStandard deviationCoefficient of variationResultImplementation degree of national fitness C14.140.840.20RetainingThe practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C23.960.630.16RetainingThe intensity of sports event construction in a strong sports city C33.930.830.21RetainingThe construction intensity of strengthening the city with sports talents C43.130.830.27RetainingTo welcome the centenary anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China C53.181.070.34RetainingConstruction along the “one belt, one road” line C63.890.960.25RetainingRegional event exchange C74.460.500.11RetainingTourism gain C83.320.770.23RetainingRegional per capita sports GDP C94.210.670.16RetainingLocal event organizers C104.570.510.11RetainingEconomic benefits of regional characteristic brand C113.250.750.23RetainingPositive impact on the talent market C122.391.150.48RetainingPositive impact on tourism C132.431.020.42DeleteThe GDP value C142.291.200.53DeleteThe event department a loss C153.250.750.23RetainingForeign goods encroach on the market C163.290.800.24DeleteNegative impact on the talent market C173.431.070.31RetainingEvent loss C183.930.830.21DeleteDestruction of commodity market value system C193.390.880.26RetainingNegative impact on the operation of the scenic spots along the way C204.200.680.16RetainingCarry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C213.821.140.30RetainingBuilding the socialist core value system C224.210.700.17RetainingTraining of local sports stars C233.641.150.32RetainingThe development of sports spirit and culture C243.681.100.30RetainingEvent-related cultural events C254.071.000.24RetainingPublicity of the featured events C264.000.760.19RetainingDesign of characteristic medals C274.140.740.18RetainingDesign of characteristic competition route C283.821.070.28RetainingSetting of characteristic events C294.140.530.13RetainingDisplay of regional culture C304.320.720.17RetainingEvent level C314.290.730.17RetainingMedia publicity C324.270.710.17RetainingAthletes’ satisfaction C333.990.660.17RetainingSponsor satisfaction C343.140.840.27RetainingNumber of contestants level C353.540.800.23RetainingLevel of the contestant C363.700.580.16RetainingMedia quantity and level C372.211.120.51RetainingRegional marathon participation C382.711.330.49RetainingRegional sports event participation C392.860.950.33RetainingRegional citizens pay attention to the ways C403.411.070.31RetainingRegional citizens’ sports literacy training C413.710.910.25RetainingLevel of urban sports public service C423.260.860.26RetainingSafety misadventure C433.211.120.35RetainingTraffic interference C443.470.900.26RetainingLife satisfaction of the residents C453.390.880.26RetainingIntegration of university marathon courses C463.271.310.40RetainingResearch on university marathon topics C472.991.010.34RetainingNumber of heavy horse research topics C483.361.150.34RetainingThe degree of influence on stimulating the students’ will and quality and establishing the lifelong exercise goal C491.890.840.44RetainingImplementation of precompetition environmental publicity C501.960.800.41RetainingEnvironmental remediation caused by the event C512.360.740.32RetainingThe implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C522.041.250.61RetainingPromotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C534.140.840.20RetainingPromotion degree of greening design and construction C543.960.630.16RetainingDegree of water damage in the competition C553.930.830.21DeleteDegree of damage of the surrounding living environment C562.960.770.26RetainingWaste cleaning efforts C572.790.700.25RetainingEnergy consumption degree of the event C583.890.960.25Delete


## 4.2.2. Second Round of Expert Consultation

According to the results of the first round of expert consultation, a questionnaire ΙΙ containing secondary indicators and tertiary indicators is formulated. The scoring mechanism of the questionnaire still adopts the improved Likert 5 scale method ΙΙ, the Krambaha reliability coefficient is 0.85, indicating that the scale has good reliability. Questionnaire ΙΙ is issued to experts, and the questionnaire was analyzed according to the same method as in round 1 of ΙΙ and followed the opinions of experts and imposed more strict restrictions on the mean value of importance. When the mean value of importance is less than 75% (i.e., 3.75) of the full score, it is considered that the index cannot meet the standard. In the second round, one secondary indicator and 14 tertiary indicators were successively deleted, and finally an indicator system with 12 secondary indicators and 37 tertiary indicators was obtained (see Table5). The expert opinions of the indicator system were highly unified. The complete index construction process is shown in Figure 2.Table 5
List of influence on index systems and weight of medium and large marathon events.
Primary indicatorsWeightSecondary indicatorsWeightTertiary indicatorsWeightPolity A10.179Policy implementation B10.094Implementation degree of national fitness C10.028The practice degree of the new pattern of the competition C20.031Construction intensity of building a strong city with sports talents C40.029Regional exchanges B20.085Regional event exchange C70.027Economy A20.176Positive economic impact B30.089Regional per capita sports GDP C90.030Local event organizers C100.028Economic benefits of regional characteristic brand C110.026Negative economic impact B40.087Positive impact on tourism C130.027Culture A30.185Cultural improvement B50.096Carry forward the Chinese spirit of sports C210.028The development of sports spirit and cultureC240.032Event-related cultural events C250.030Carry forward the characteristics B60.089Publicity of the featured events C260.032Design of characteristic medals C270.027Design of characteristic competition route C280.026Setting of characteristic events C290.028Display of regional culture C300.026Society A40.373Regional prestige B70.090Event level C310.032Media publicity C320.030Athletes’ satisfaction C330.028Sponsor satisfaction C340.024Event visibility B80.090Number of contestants level C350.023Level of the contestant C360.032Media quantity and level C370.029Regional sports popularization B90.099Regional marathon participation C380.032Regional sports event participation C390.031Regional citizens pay attention to the ways C400.028Regional citizens’ sports literacy training C410.033Level of urban sports public service C420.031Educational diffusion effect B110.094Research on university marathon topics C470.032Number of heavy horse research topics C480.027Environment A50.087Positive environmental impact B120.071Implementation of precompetition environmental publicity C500.164Environmental remediation caused by the event C510.170The implementation of the event in environmental demonstration C520.164Promotion of the event to local residents’ awareness of environmental protection C530.164Negative environmental impact B130.016Environmental protection facilities C540.152Degree of damage of the surrounding living environment C560.096Waste cleaning efforts C570.091Figure 2
Index deletion and establishment of the evaluation system.


## 4.3. Weight Determination of the Index System

Whether the index weight [15] (P.47–55) is reasonable greatly affects the scientificity and correctness of the evaluation. In this study, AHP and probability distribution function are preselected to calculate the weight of each index. The two methods will be discussed with experts. Considering the AHP method, experts need to be reinvited to compare and fill in the form for up to 2,275 times among 5 primary indicators, 12 secondary indicators, and 37 tertiary indicators, which will waste experts’ energy cost and research time cost. The improved Likert 5 scale method has good perception and accuracy for quantitative scoring. Therefore, the latter probability distribution function is used to calculate the weight of each index. Among them, the weight of each three-level indicator is the average value of its importance in the second round of expert consultation. The weight X of level I and level II indicators obeys uniform distribution X∼Ua,b, and its calculation formula is(1)X=∫xfxdx,among them,(2)fx=1b−a,0<x<a,0,others,b=5,a=1.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of tertiary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the sum of expert scoring weights of all tertiary indicators∑m=135Xm and (2) weighting coefficient of the m-th tertiary indicators Wm=Xm/∑m=135Xm.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of secondary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the expert scoring weightXi of each secondary indicators, respectively, (2) calculating the sum of all expert weights of all secondary indicators ∑i=111Xi, and (3) weighting coefficient of the i-th secondary indicators Wi=Xi/∑i=111Xi.The calculation method of the weight coefficient of primary indicators is as follows: (1) calculating the expert scoring weightXj of each primary indicator, respectively, (2) calculating the sum of expert weights of all primary indicators ∑j=15Xj, and (3) weighting coefficient of the j-th primary indicators Wj=Xj/∑j=15Xj.


## 5. Conclusions and Outlooks

### 5.1. Conclusions

As one of the top marathon brand events in Southwest China and even at home and abroad, the Chongqing International Marathon itself has its unique research value. Therefore, the construction of a complete set of logical, highly scientific, and rigorous index evaluation system for the Chongqing International Marathon brand events is conducive to the comprehensive impact of the event itself on the host region and provides important theoretical support for the development of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events and the practical work of relevant sports departments in the future. It also has more practical significance.The core of the Chongqing International Marathon is a sports competition, and the event itself is located in Chongqing. Since its establishment, it has always been a characteristic event of Chongqing mountain city and river water. Therefore, building such a marathon brand event in line with Chongqing will have a positive impact on the regional politics, economy, culture, society, and environment and will also become a landmark social activity in Chongqing.In this study, the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand competition established by using the methods of literature, Delphi, and analytic hierarchy process includes 5 primary indicators, 13 secondary indicators, and 58 tertiary indicators, including politics, economy, culture, society, and environment. Through the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event, it can be seen that society (0.523) is the main impact of the event on the host region, indicating that the event itself has a great impact on all levels of society in the host region; then, the event also has a great impact on the regional culture (0.519), indicating that the event plays a positive role in promoting and carrying forward culture; second, the impact of the event on the politics (0.504) and economy (0.496) of the host region is roughly the same; finally, the relatively small impact of the event on the local environment (0.487) shows that with the event held for many years, people have formed a good awareness of environmental protection.The advantage of the research method adopted in this study is that it combines both subjective research methods (Delphi method) and objective research methods (AHP), because it avoids greater subjectivity compared to only using the Delphi method for research. Compared with the method that only uses survey data, it avoids overanalysis of data.


### 5.2. Outlook

The brand event evaluation index system constructed in this study takes the Chongqing International Marathon as the research object. The index is relatively detailed and contains strong integrity. However, in the process of consultation and interview, due to limited conditions, only 15 experts and scholars’ opinions were collected, and only 15 experts were consulted in the overall study. The number of experts is relatively small. Due to the large scope of the research object, the selection of experts is still not comprehensive. In addition, there is little research on the construction of the marathon brand event evaluation system in China, which has a certain impact on the construction of the Chongqing International Marathon event evaluation system. However, the author of this study will continue this kind of research and will further improve and improve in many deficiencies.


## 5.1. Conclusions

As one of the top marathon brand events in Southwest China and even at home and abroad, the Chongqing International Marathon itself has its unique research value. Therefore, the construction of a complete set of logical, highly scientific, and rigorous index evaluation system for the Chongqing International Marathon brand events is conducive to the comprehensive impact of the event itself on the host region and provides important theoretical support for the development of the Chongqing International Marathon brand events and the practical work of relevant sports departments in the future. It also has more practical significance.The core of the Chongqing International Marathon is a sports competition, and the event itself is located in Chongqing. Since its establishment, it has always been a characteristic event of Chongqing mountain city and river water. Therefore, building such a marathon brand event in line with Chongqing will have a positive impact on the regional politics, economy, culture, society, and environment and will also become a landmark social activity in Chongqing.In this study, the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand competition established by using the methods of literature, Delphi, and analytic hierarchy process includes 5 primary indicators, 13 secondary indicators, and 58 tertiary indicators, including politics, economy, culture, society, and environment. Through the evaluation index system of the Chongqing International Marathon brand event, it can be seen that society (0.523) is the main impact of the event on the host region, indicating that the event itself has a great impact on all levels of society in the host region; then, the event also has a great impact on the regional culture (0.519), indicating that the event plays a positive role in promoting and carrying forward culture; second, the impact of the event on the politics (0.504) and economy (0.496) of the host region is roughly the same; finally, the relatively small impact of the event on the local environment (0.487) shows that with the event held for many years, people have formed a good awareness of environmental protection.The advantage of the research method adopted in this study is that it combines both subjective research methods (Delphi method) and objective research methods (AHP), because it avoids greater subjectivity compared to only using the Delphi method for research. Compared with the method that only uses survey data, it avoids overanalysis of data.


## 5.2. Outlook

The brand event evaluation index system constructed in this study takes the Chongqing International Marathon as the research object. The index is relatively detailed and contains strong integrity. However, in the process of consultation and interview, due to limited conditions, only 15 experts and scholars’ opinions were collected, and only 15 experts were consulted in the overall study. The number of experts is relatively small. Due to the large scope of the research object, the selection of experts is still not comprehensive. In addition, there is little research on the construction of the marathon brand event evaluation system in China, which has a certain impact on the construction of the Chongqing International Marathon event evaluation system. However, the author of this study will continue this kind of research and will further improve and improve in many deficiencies.



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*Source: 4388914-2021-12-16.xml*