# Nonlinear Vibroimpact Characteristics of a Planetary Gear Transmission System

Authors: Jianxing Zhou; Wenlei Sun; Liang Yuan
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

In order to research the vibroimpact characteristics of a planetary gear transmission system under high speed and lightly loaded conditions, a new modeling method is proposed. In the modeling process, linear spring was used to simulate gear mesh elasticity under heavy load cases, and Hertz contact theory was used to calculate the contact force of gear pair under light load cases. Then, effects of the working conditions on the system vibroimpact characteristics are analyzed. The results show that, with input speed growing, the mesh force produced obvious fluctuations on the resonance frequencies of the sun gear and carrier torsion vibration, ring gear’s transverse vibration under the heavy load. Under light load condition, the collision vibration occurs in the gear pair; the changing trend of the contact force shows strongly nonlinear characteristics. The time of mesh-apart in gears pair decreases gradually as the load is increased; until it reaches collision vibration threshold value, the gear pair is no longer mesh-apart. With increasing of the input speed, the time of mesh-apart is decreased gradually; the fluctuation amplitude of contact force shows a linearly increasing trend. The study provides useful theoretical guideline for planetary gear transmission low-noise design.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Planetary gear transmission is characterized by large gear ratio, compact structure, and light weight and has been widely applied to various industries. Planetary gear transmission has become an indispensable key device in main power system in high speed and heavy load transmission device such as helicopter transmission and marine transmission; however, the wear in tooth profile and error in machining are likely to result in gear backlash in gear pair, which will bring repetitive collision phenomenon of contact [1], contact loss, and recontact between gears. At high speed, the gear transmission shows more obvious impact effect and leads to strong vibration, exerting an adverse influence on working performance and service life of equipment.Impact process is a complex process associated with relative speed of objects in contact, geometrical shape of contact surface, duration of contact, and local plastic deformation [2]. High speed impact between gears in gear dynamics means gear’s rapid rebound from the moment being mesh-apart in contact each other, which is equivalent to low speed impact in structural dynamics, so the impact between gear teeth can be described by classical impact dynamics theory [3].Typical analyses model of planetary gear transmission can be divided into two main groups: finite element model and lumped parameter model. The lumped parameter model is the most common model used to study dynamic behaviors of the planetary gear system. With the development of research, this kind of analytical model has developed from initial purely torsional model to torsion-transverse vibration coupling and torsion-transverse-axial coupling model [4]. Meanwhile, in order to make the analytical model closer to the physical prototype, a growing number of factors and application conditions are involved consecutively, such as external excitation [5], effect of oil film rigidity asymmetry of sliding bearing [6], and clearance of the bearing [7].Same scholars use a clearance-type nonlinear restoring function in the model to describe the gear mesh and backlash. Walha et al. found that gear contact is characterized by a periodically changing stiffness and a backlash can lead to loss of the contact [8]. Kahraman et al. analyzed steady state response period solution of time varying system with backlash [9]. Sun et al. made a study of influence of time varying mesh stiffness, error, and backlash on nonlinear dynamic behavior of system [10]. Eritenel and Parker examined nonlinearity due to partial contact loss, where segments of contact are lost between meshing teeth, using a rigid body dynamic model [11].Through using this kind of model, the gear tooth flank backlash is considered, and the contact loss phenomenon and nonlinear dynamic characteristics are simulated. However, when the gear tooth recontact, the gear pairs impact will happened. The impact force and its influence on the system dynamics cannot be solved by this kind model. Barthod et al. indicate that the rattling noise is produced by gear system vibroimpact, and the rattling noise shall be enhanced evidently with the increase of excitation in frequency and amplitude [12]. Doĝan et al. found that the influencing factors of rattling noise in reducer are divided into geometric parameter of gear (such as module, number of teeth, helix angle, and backlash) and parameter of operating condition (such as angular acceleration and excitation frequency) [13]. Kadmiri et al. consider that the impact load due to gear rattling is also associated with coefficient of impact recovery (such as structure material and contact shape and lubrication) [14]. Presently, there is almost no document about research on impact and vibration of planetary gear transmission system.Finite element model has more geometry information of the tooth, so its result is more precise and intuitive. Generally, finite element model is used to analyze the gear loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) [15, 16], load sharing between the gears [17], and time varying meshing stiffness calculation [18]. The finite element models for dynamic response are rare because they require significant computational effort [19].The paper presents vibroimpact analytical model building method of planetary gear transmission system using the lumped parameter method, in which the Hertz contact theory is induced to describe impact of the gear pairs, the influence of operating condition of system on dynamic engaging force is calculated, and the system vibroimpact characteristics are analyzed under the conditions of heavy load and light load.


## 2. Analytical Model

### 2.1. Analytical Model for Planetary Gear Transmission

The planetary gear transmission system given in the paper is as shown in Figure1(a), the symbol R is ring gear, S is sun gear, P is planet wheel, and C is planet carrier. The system is composed of a sun gear, 3 planet wheels, a planet carrier, and a ring gear. Sun gear is input part, adopting slender elastic axis for connection to function as elastic floating action. Ring gear is fixed; planet carrier is output end.Figure 1
The planetary gear transmission system sketch and three-dimensional model.
(a)
Planetary gear transmission system sketch
(b)
Assembly model for planetary gear transmission systemThe basic parameters for experimental prototype are as shown in Table1; its moment of inertia and mass are obtained by UG NX through 3-dimension solid modeling. The 3-dimension assembly model for transmission system is as shown in Figure 1(b).Table 1
The planetary gear transmission system parameters.
Parameter
Sun gear
Planet wheel
Ring gear
Number of teeth
34
31
96
Face width (mm)
42
42
42
Module (mm)
3
3
3
Pressure angle (°)
28
28
28
Modification coefficient
−0.02
0.02
0.02
Mass
2.7
2.5
5.3
Moment of inertia
0.008
0.007
0.178


### 2.2. Planetary Gear Transmission System Dynamic Model

2K-H planetary gear transmission system dynamic model is shown in Figure2, the support stiffness, torsional stiffness, and gear mesh stiffness are replaced by spring, planet carrier taken as origin of coordinates, horizontal direction taken as X-direction, and vertical direction taken as Y-direction, and θ is direction of torsional angle. The symbol K is stiffness in the figure. K
s is support stiffness of sun gear, K
s
θ is torsional stiffness of sun gear in model; planet gear adopts bearing for support; k
p
i is support stiffness of number i (i
=
1,2
,
3) planet wheel; K
r is support stiffness of ring gear, adopting four symmetric positions (on top, bottom, left, and right, resp.) to constrain annular gear structure. k
s
p
i and k
r
p
i in model are gear mesh stiffness for sun gear and planet gear as well as planet gear and ring gear, respectively.Figure 2
The planetary gear transmission system dynamic model.A number of simplifying assumptions were employed in establishing the gear transmission subsystem dynamic model through lumped parameter method:(1)
The gear body and planet carrier are assumed to be rigid. The flexibilities of the gear teeth at each gear mesh interface are modeled by a spring having periodically time varying stiffness.
(2)
The engaging force between gears always exists along the gear line of action. Each support part’s flexibility is included in the form of a linear spring, and the support stiffness is constant.
(3)
Planet gears are surrounding the central gear (including sun gear and planet carrier). Every planet gear has the same mass, moment of inertia, and support stiffness. Friction during gear engagement is neglected.
(4)
Each planet gear has the same meshing stiffness with the sun gear except for different phase positions. The support stiffness of sun gear, ring gear, and planet carrier in all directions is the same.
(5)
The gear-shaft connections were assumed to be rigid, ignoring the stiffness of the connections and any consequent relative torsional motion between the shaft and gear hub.Then in the systemX and Y are transverse microdisplacement; θ is torsional microdisplacement. Supposing that all gears have degree of freedom along transverse and torsional directions, the generalized displacement vector of the system is as follows:(1)
X
=
x
s
y
s
θ
s
,
x
p
1
y
p
1
θ
p
1
,
…
,
x
r
y
r
T
.


### 2.3. Engaging Force and Impact Force between Gear Pair

When load is large enough, the gear pair are always engaged and no contact loss happened, so engaging force generated on two tooth flanks and elastic deformation are in linear proportion. At this time, the gear pair stiffness is replaced by linear spring; the dynamic model for sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure3. Both the torsion and transverse displacement of the gears have an effect on their engaging process, so all microdisplacements are translated to action line of contact. When engaging spring compression is defined to be positive and its tension is defined to be negative, then (2)
δ
s
p
i
=
x
s
cos
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
y
s
sin
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
u
s
-
x
p
i
sin
⁡
α
-
y
p
i
cos
⁡
α
-
u
p
i
-
e
s
p
i
t
,where(3)
φ
s
p
i
=
ϕ
c
-
α
+
ϕ
p
i
+
π
2
,
u
s
=
θ
s
r
s
,
u
p
i
=
θ
p
i
r
p
i
,
ϕ
c
=
w
c
t
,in which α is working pressure angle and ϕ
p
i is phase angle (ϕ
i
=
2
π
(
i
-
1
)
/
3). r
s
,
r
p
i are base circle radius of sun gear and planet gear; e
s
p
i
(
t
) is engaging error.Figure 3
The dynamic model of sun gear and planet gear.Here, the engaging force is(4)
F
s
p
i
=
k
s
p
i
δ
s
p
i
+
c
s
p
i
δ
˙
s
p
i
.When transmission system load is light, the load is unable to make two tooth flanks maintain constant engaging, so the gear pair comes into instantaneous impact on two tooth flanks. Therefore, driven gear shall speed up in a second to separate from driving gear to reciprocate in such a way that the gear pair contact loss phenomenon appeared. In this process, the impact force is produced between the contacted gears. The paper describes elastic effect between gear teeth by Hertz contact mechanics. Under this condition, the dynamic model for sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure4, in which the tooth flanks in contact between sun gear and planet gear are connected by contact spring and k
c
s
p
i is tooth flank contact stiffness.Figure 4
The vibroimpact model of sun gear and planet gear.In the gear engagement process, with the influence of errors and structure deformations, the direction of gear engaging force is not strictly along the theoretical action line. Since such errors and deformations are small enough, here we suppose that the gear engaging force is still along theoretical action line, and the two gear teeth in contact shall be taken as two bodies in impact. Taking material damping into consideration, the generalized Hertz formula of the sun gear and planet gear is shown as the following forms:(5)
F
s
p
i
=
k
c
s
p
i
δ
s
p
i
n
+
D
c
s
p
i
x
δ
˙
s
p
i
n
=
1.5
,where δ is relative deformation of two bodies in contact and δ
˙ is relative contact speed. Damping coefficient is D
(
x
)
=
λ
x
n, in which λ is hysteresis damping coefficient. k
c
s
p
i is Hertz stiffness in elasticity theory; it is dependent on material characteristic and radius of curvature, as shown in the following:(6)
k
c
s
p
i
=
4
3
π
h
1
+
h
2
r
1
r
2
r
1
+
r
2
1
/
2
h
i
=
1
-
ν
i
2
π
E
i
,
i
=
1,2
,where r
1 and r
2 are sun gear and planet gear tooth profile radius of curvature, respectively, and E
i and ν
i are modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.The speed relation of hysteresis damping coefficientλ before and after impact according to energy relation and kinetic energy loss during impact is calculated based on Newton’s coefficient of recovery e, (7)
Δ
T
=
1
2
m
-
v
10
-
v
20
2
1
-
e
2
,where m
-
=
m
1
m
2
/
(
m
1
+
m
2
).In addition, impact is energy loss and indicated by(8)
Δ
T
=
∮
D
δ
˙
d
δ
≈
2
∫
0
δ
m
λ
δ
n
δ
˙
d
δ
=
2
3
λ
k
m
-
v
10
-
v
20
3
.Coefficient of recovery and hysteresis damping coefficient satisfy(9)
λ
=
3
4
k
1
-
e
2
v
10
-
v
20
.Contact force is equivalent to (10)
f
=
k
δ
n
1
+
3
4
1
-
e
2
v
10
-
v
20
δ
˙
.The above-mentioned formula reveals the relation between contact force and coefficient of recovery and speed before and after impact.


### 2.4. Impact and Vibration Model for Planetary Gear Transmission System

Differential equation for system vibration is built based on stress condition of all parts(11)
m
s
x
¨
s
+
c
s
x
˙
s
-
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
cos
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
k
s
x
s
=
0
,
m
s
y
¨
s
+
c
s
y
˙
s
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
sin
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
k
s
y
s
=
0
,
m
s
p
i
u
¨
s
+
c
θ
u
˙
s
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
+
k
θ
u
s
=
T
in
r
s
,
m
p
i
x
¨
i
-
k
p
i
δ
p
i
x
-
F
s
p
i
sin
⁡
α
+
F
r
p
i
sin
⁡
α
=
0
,
m
p
i
y
¨
i
-
k
p
i
δ
p
i
y
-
F
s
p
i
cos
⁡
α
-
F
r
p
i
cos
⁡
α
=
0
,
m
e
q
,
p
i
u
¨
i
-
F
r
p
i
+
F
s
p
i
=
0
,
m
e
q
c
u
¨
c
+
∑
i
=
1
N
c
p
i
δ
˙
c
p
i
y
+
c
c
u
u
˙
c
+
∑
i
=
1
N
k
p
i
δ
c
p
i
y
+
k
c
u
u
c
=
T
out
r
c
,
m
r
x
¨
r
+
c
r
x
˙
r
-
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
cos
⁡
φ
r
p
i
+
k
r
x
r
=
0
,
m
r
y
¨
r
+
c
r
y
˙
r
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
sin
⁡
φ
r
p
i
+
k
r
y
r
=
0
,
m
r
p
i
u
¨
r
+
c
r
θ
u
˙
r
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
+
k
r
θ
u
r
=
0
,where m
s
p
i is equivalent mass of sun gear and number i planet gear, m
s
p
i
=
m
-
s
m
-
p
i
/
m
-
s
+
m
-
p
i,  m
-
s
=
I
s
/
R
s
2,  m
-
g
=
I
p
i
/
R
p
i
2,  m
p
i is mass of planet gear, m
s is mass of sun gear, and m
r is mass of ring gear.


## 2.1. Analytical Model for Planetary Gear Transmission

The planetary gear transmission system given in the paper is as shown in Figure1(a), the symbol R is ring gear, S is sun gear, P is planet wheel, and C is planet carrier. The system is composed of a sun gear, 3 planet wheels, a planet carrier, and a ring gear. Sun gear is input part, adopting slender elastic axis for connection to function as elastic floating action. Ring gear is fixed; planet carrier is output end.Figure 1
The planetary gear transmission system sketch and three-dimensional model.
(a)
Planetary gear transmission system sketch
(b)
Assembly model for planetary gear transmission systemThe basic parameters for experimental prototype are as shown in Table1; its moment of inertia and mass are obtained by UG NX through 3-dimension solid modeling. The 3-dimension assembly model for transmission system is as shown in Figure 1(b).Table 1
The planetary gear transmission system parameters.
Parameter
Sun gear
Planet wheel
Ring gear
Number of teeth
34
31
96
Face width (mm)
42
42
42
Module (mm)
3
3
3
Pressure angle (°)
28
28
28
Modification coefficient
−0.02
0.02
0.02
Mass
2.7
2.5
5.3
Moment of inertia
0.008
0.007
0.178


## 2.2. Planetary Gear Transmission System Dynamic Model

2K-H planetary gear transmission system dynamic model is shown in Figure2, the support stiffness, torsional stiffness, and gear mesh stiffness are replaced by spring, planet carrier taken as origin of coordinates, horizontal direction taken as X-direction, and vertical direction taken as Y-direction, and θ is direction of torsional angle. The symbol K is stiffness in the figure. K
s is support stiffness of sun gear, K
s
θ is torsional stiffness of sun gear in model; planet gear adopts bearing for support; k
p
i is support stiffness of number i (i
=
1,2
,
3) planet wheel; K
r is support stiffness of ring gear, adopting four symmetric positions (on top, bottom, left, and right, resp.) to constrain annular gear structure. k
s
p
i and k
r
p
i in model are gear mesh stiffness for sun gear and planet gear as well as planet gear and ring gear, respectively.Figure 2
The planetary gear transmission system dynamic model.A number of simplifying assumptions were employed in establishing the gear transmission subsystem dynamic model through lumped parameter method:(1)
The gear body and planet carrier are assumed to be rigid. The flexibilities of the gear teeth at each gear mesh interface are modeled by a spring having periodically time varying stiffness.
(2)
The engaging force between gears always exists along the gear line of action. Each support part’s flexibility is included in the form of a linear spring, and the support stiffness is constant.
(3)
Planet gears are surrounding the central gear (including sun gear and planet carrier). Every planet gear has the same mass, moment of inertia, and support stiffness. Friction during gear engagement is neglected.
(4)
Each planet gear has the same meshing stiffness with the sun gear except for different phase positions. The support stiffness of sun gear, ring gear, and planet carrier in all directions is the same.
(5)
The gear-shaft connections were assumed to be rigid, ignoring the stiffness of the connections and any consequent relative torsional motion between the shaft and gear hub.Then in the systemX and Y are transverse microdisplacement; θ is torsional microdisplacement. Supposing that all gears have degree of freedom along transverse and torsional directions, the generalized displacement vector of the system is as follows:(1)
X
=
x
s
y
s
θ
s
,
x
p
1
y
p
1
θ
p
1
,
…
,
x
r
y
r
T
.


## 2.3. Engaging Force and Impact Force between Gear Pair

When load is large enough, the gear pair are always engaged and no contact loss happened, so engaging force generated on two tooth flanks and elastic deformation are in linear proportion. At this time, the gear pair stiffness is replaced by linear spring; the dynamic model for sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure3. Both the torsion and transverse displacement of the gears have an effect on their engaging process, so all microdisplacements are translated to action line of contact. When engaging spring compression is defined to be positive and its tension is defined to be negative, then (2)
δ
s
p
i
=
x
s
cos
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
y
s
sin
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
u
s
-
x
p
i
sin
⁡
α
-
y
p
i
cos
⁡
α
-
u
p
i
-
e
s
p
i
t
,where(3)
φ
s
p
i
=
ϕ
c
-
α
+
ϕ
p
i
+
π
2
,
u
s
=
θ
s
r
s
,
u
p
i
=
θ
p
i
r
p
i
,
ϕ
c
=
w
c
t
,in which α is working pressure angle and ϕ
p
i is phase angle (ϕ
i
=
2
π
(
i
-
1
)
/
3). r
s
,
r
p
i are base circle radius of sun gear and planet gear; e
s
p
i
(
t
) is engaging error.Figure 3
The dynamic model of sun gear and planet gear.Here, the engaging force is(4)
F
s
p
i
=
k
s
p
i
δ
s
p
i
+
c
s
p
i
δ
˙
s
p
i
.When transmission system load is light, the load is unable to make two tooth flanks maintain constant engaging, so the gear pair comes into instantaneous impact on two tooth flanks. Therefore, driven gear shall speed up in a second to separate from driving gear to reciprocate in such a way that the gear pair contact loss phenomenon appeared. In this process, the impact force is produced between the contacted gears. The paper describes elastic effect between gear teeth by Hertz contact mechanics. Under this condition, the dynamic model for sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure4, in which the tooth flanks in contact between sun gear and planet gear are connected by contact spring and k
c
s
p
i is tooth flank contact stiffness.Figure 4
The vibroimpact model of sun gear and planet gear.In the gear engagement process, with the influence of errors and structure deformations, the direction of gear engaging force is not strictly along the theoretical action line. Since such errors and deformations are small enough, here we suppose that the gear engaging force is still along theoretical action line, and the two gear teeth in contact shall be taken as two bodies in impact. Taking material damping into consideration, the generalized Hertz formula of the sun gear and planet gear is shown as the following forms:(5)
F
s
p
i
=
k
c
s
p
i
δ
s
p
i
n
+
D
c
s
p
i
x
δ
˙
s
p
i
n
=
1.5
,where δ is relative deformation of two bodies in contact and δ
˙ is relative contact speed. Damping coefficient is D
(
x
)
=
λ
x
n, in which λ is hysteresis damping coefficient. k
c
s
p
i is Hertz stiffness in elasticity theory; it is dependent on material characteristic and radius of curvature, as shown in the following:(6)
k
c
s
p
i
=
4
3
π
h
1
+
h
2
r
1
r
2
r
1
+
r
2
1
/
2
h
i
=
1
-
ν
i
2
π
E
i
,
i
=
1,2
,where r
1 and r
2 are sun gear and planet gear tooth profile radius of curvature, respectively, and E
i and ν
i are modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.The speed relation of hysteresis damping coefficientλ before and after impact according to energy relation and kinetic energy loss during impact is calculated based on Newton’s coefficient of recovery e, (7)
Δ
T
=
1
2
m
-
v
10
-
v
20
2
1
-
e
2
,where m
-
=
m
1
m
2
/
(
m
1
+
m
2
).In addition, impact is energy loss and indicated by(8)
Δ
T
=
∮
D
δ
˙
d
δ
≈
2
∫
0
δ
m
λ
δ
n
δ
˙
d
δ
=
2
3
λ
k
m
-
v
10
-
v
20
3
.Coefficient of recovery and hysteresis damping coefficient satisfy(9)
λ
=
3
4
k
1
-
e
2
v
10
-
v
20
.Contact force is equivalent to (10)
f
=
k
δ
n
1
+
3
4
1
-
e
2
v
10
-
v
20
δ
˙
.The above-mentioned formula reveals the relation between contact force and coefficient of recovery and speed before and after impact.


## 2.4. Impact and Vibration Model for Planetary Gear Transmission System

Differential equation for system vibration is built based on stress condition of all parts(11)
m
s
x
¨
s
+
c
s
x
˙
s
-
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
cos
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
k
s
x
s
=
0
,
m
s
y
¨
s
+
c
s
y
˙
s
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
sin
⁡
φ
s
p
i
+
k
s
y
s
=
0
,
m
s
p
i
u
¨
s
+
c
θ
u
˙
s
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
s
p
i
+
k
θ
u
s
=
T
in
r
s
,
m
p
i
x
¨
i
-
k
p
i
δ
p
i
x
-
F
s
p
i
sin
⁡
α
+
F
r
p
i
sin
⁡
α
=
0
,
m
p
i
y
¨
i
-
k
p
i
δ
p
i
y
-
F
s
p
i
cos
⁡
α
-
F
r
p
i
cos
⁡
α
=
0
,
m
e
q
,
p
i
u
¨
i
-
F
r
p
i
+
F
s
p
i
=
0
,
m
e
q
c
u
¨
c
+
∑
i
=
1
N
c
p
i
δ
˙
c
p
i
y
+
c
c
u
u
˙
c
+
∑
i
=
1
N
k
p
i
δ
c
p
i
y
+
k
c
u
u
c
=
T
out
r
c
,
m
r
x
¨
r
+
c
r
x
˙
r
-
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
cos
⁡
φ
r
p
i
+
k
r
x
r
=
0
,
m
r
y
¨
r
+
c
r
y
˙
r
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
sin
⁡
φ
r
p
i
+
k
r
y
r
=
0
,
m
r
p
i
u
¨
r
+
c
r
θ
u
˙
r
+
∑
i
=
1
3
F
r
p
i
+
k
r
θ
u
r
=
0
,where m
s
p
i is equivalent mass of sun gear and number i planet gear, m
s
p
i
=
m
-
s
m
-
p
i
/
m
-
s
+
m
-
p
i,  m
-
s
=
I
s
/
R
s
2,  m
-
g
=
I
p
i
/
R
p
i
2,  m
p
i is mass of planet gear, m
s is mass of sun gear, and m
r is mass of ring gear.


## 3. Dynamic Characteristic of System under the Action of Large Load

### 3.1. Engaging Force of System

When the load act on the gear train is heavy, the tooth flanks of gear pair stay in contact all the time; the dynamic load of system is calculated at the speed of 500 r/min and under the load of 500 N·m.The dynamic force of sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure5(a), it is observed that dynamic load shows cyclical variation, its cycle is T
m (time of the mesh cycle), the average value of dynamic load is 774 N, and the amplitude in fluctuation is 168 N. As shown in Figure 5(b), the main frequency component in dynamic load of sun gear and planet gear is engaging frequency (212 Hz), 2-multiple-frequency, 3-multiple-frequency, and 4-multiple-frequency components, in which 3-multiple frequency component is the highest in energy.Figure 5
The dynamic force of sun gear and planet gear.
(a)
Time history of sun gear and planet gear meshing force
(b)
Sun gear and planet gear meshing force spectraThe dynamic force of planet gear and ring gear is as shown in Figure6(a); we can observe that the average value of dynamic load is 750 N; the amplitude in fluctuation is 118 N. As shown in Figure 6(b), the main frequency component in dynamic load is engaging frequency, 2-multiple frequency, and 3-multiple frequency component, in which engaging frequency is the highest in energy.Figure 6
The dynamic force of ring gear and planet gear.
(a)
Time history of sun gear and planet gear meshing force
(b)
Sun gear and planet gear meshing force spectra


### 3.2. Load Spectrum of System under Continuous Operating Condition

The vibration and excitation of planetary gear transmission system are composed of engaging frequency and multiple frequency; in addition, the relation between excitation component and natural frequency of transmission system also has direct effect on vibration amplitude. The dynamic response of gear box is as shown in Figure7, in which f
m is engaging frequency. Since engaging frequency and multiple frequency components are linear proportion with the rotating speed, therefore, all harmonic components in excitation of gear are in radial distribution. The engaging frequency of dynamic load of sun gear and planet gear appears as obvious peak value around natural frequency (412 Hz, there are two orders of repetition frequency; the corresponding speed is 706 r/min) of sun gear rotational vibration. Given engaging frequency component from 2500 r/min to 3000 r/min and second harmonic component of 1500 r/min, under the action of third harmonic at 1000 r/min, there are the highest peak appearing around natural frequency of planet gear rotational vibration (889 Hz, there are three repetition frequencies, 919 Hz) and rotation vibration (1046 Hz) of planet carrier, in which 3000 r/min engaging frequency component is the highest in peak value. There is also peak value around natural frequency of ring gear transverse vibration (1791 Hz) under the action of 2800 r/min of second harmonic component.Figure 7
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the sun gear and planet gear.
(a)
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the sun gear and planet gear
(b)
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the planet gear and ring gearAlthough vibration of parametric excitation of the gear system is linear matter, the dynamic load frequency components are complex due to coupled effect of the time varying mesh stiffness and the contact force of tooth profile. Meanwhile, different speed shall have a direct effect on excitation frequency component. In order to reveal the influence of rotating speed on fluctuation in dynamic load of bearing, the 1st harmonics variations ofF
s
p
i and F
r
p
i have been calculated within the range of the main operating speed (500 r/min~3000 r/min) as shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
The dynamic force first-order harmonic component of ring gear and planet gear under different speed.The first-order harmonic component variation of engaging force is divided into three sections, namely a, b, and c. The first section is from 500 r/min to 1050 r/min,F
s
p and F
r
p increased by degrees with the increase of speed, and this section only contains the first-order nature frequency of sun gear torsional vibration. However, accompanied by trend of fluctuation, F
s
p is much higher than F
r
p in speeding up in the section, since the torsional vibration of sun gear has a direct effect on engagement between sun gear and planet gear, and then the component of the dynamic load F
s
p to approach F
r
p, till they are identical at 1050 r/min; the second section is from 1050 r/min to 2000 r/min, in which the numbers of system natural frequency are added; there are planet gear transverse vibration (889 Hz, 919 Hz), planet carrier torsional vibration (1046 Hz). All the vibration modes have a direct effect on engagement of sun gear and planet gear, accordingly, so F
s
p is increased to a great extent in the section. Since sun gear torsional vibration does not have a direct effect on engagement of ring gear and planet gear, F
r
p experienced a process of gradual decrease at the beginning of the third section. Then insignificant increase happened to F
r
p due to the number of system vibration modes being decreased, but only ring gear transverse vibration (1791 Hz).


## 3.1. Engaging Force of System

When the load act on the gear train is heavy, the tooth flanks of gear pair stay in contact all the time; the dynamic load of system is calculated at the speed of 500 r/min and under the load of 500 N·m.The dynamic force of sun gear and planet gear is as shown in Figure5(a), it is observed that dynamic load shows cyclical variation, its cycle is T
m (time of the mesh cycle), the average value of dynamic load is 774 N, and the amplitude in fluctuation is 168 N. As shown in Figure 5(b), the main frequency component in dynamic load of sun gear and planet gear is engaging frequency (212 Hz), 2-multiple-frequency, 3-multiple-frequency, and 4-multiple-frequency components, in which 3-multiple frequency component is the highest in energy.Figure 5
The dynamic force of sun gear and planet gear.
(a)
Time history of sun gear and planet gear meshing force
(b)
Sun gear and planet gear meshing force spectraThe dynamic force of planet gear and ring gear is as shown in Figure6(a); we can observe that the average value of dynamic load is 750 N; the amplitude in fluctuation is 118 N. As shown in Figure 6(b), the main frequency component in dynamic load is engaging frequency, 2-multiple frequency, and 3-multiple frequency component, in which engaging frequency is the highest in energy.Figure 6
The dynamic force of ring gear and planet gear.
(a)
Time history of sun gear and planet gear meshing force
(b)
Sun gear and planet gear meshing force spectra


## 3.2. Load Spectrum of System under Continuous Operating Condition

The vibration and excitation of planetary gear transmission system are composed of engaging frequency and multiple frequency; in addition, the relation between excitation component and natural frequency of transmission system also has direct effect on vibration amplitude. The dynamic response of gear box is as shown in Figure7, in which f
m is engaging frequency. Since engaging frequency and multiple frequency components are linear proportion with the rotating speed, therefore, all harmonic components in excitation of gear are in radial distribution. The engaging frequency of dynamic load of sun gear and planet gear appears as obvious peak value around natural frequency (412 Hz, there are two orders of repetition frequency; the corresponding speed is 706 r/min) of sun gear rotational vibration. Given engaging frequency component from 2500 r/min to 3000 r/min and second harmonic component of 1500 r/min, under the action of third harmonic at 1000 r/min, there are the highest peak appearing around natural frequency of planet gear rotational vibration (889 Hz, there are three repetition frequencies, 919 Hz) and rotation vibration (1046 Hz) of planet carrier, in which 3000 r/min engaging frequency component is the highest in peak value. There is also peak value around natural frequency of ring gear transverse vibration (1791 Hz) under the action of 2800 r/min of second harmonic component.Figure 7
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the sun gear and planet gear.
(a)
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the sun gear and planet gear
(b)
The dynamic force waterfall curve of the planet gear and ring gearAlthough vibration of parametric excitation of the gear system is linear matter, the dynamic load frequency components are complex due to coupled effect of the time varying mesh stiffness and the contact force of tooth profile. Meanwhile, different speed shall have a direct effect on excitation frequency component. In order to reveal the influence of rotating speed on fluctuation in dynamic load of bearing, the 1st harmonics variations ofF
s
p
i and F
r
p
i have been calculated within the range of the main operating speed (500 r/min~3000 r/min) as shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
The dynamic force first-order harmonic component of ring gear and planet gear under different speed.The first-order harmonic component variation of engaging force is divided into three sections, namely a, b, and c. The first section is from 500 r/min to 1050 r/min,F
s
p and F
r
p increased by degrees with the increase of speed, and this section only contains the first-order nature frequency of sun gear torsional vibration. However, accompanied by trend of fluctuation, F
s
p is much higher than F
r
p in speeding up in the section, since the torsional vibration of sun gear has a direct effect on engagement between sun gear and planet gear, and then the component of the dynamic load F
s
p to approach F
r
p, till they are identical at 1050 r/min; the second section is from 1050 r/min to 2000 r/min, in which the numbers of system natural frequency are added; there are planet gear transverse vibration (889 Hz, 919 Hz), planet carrier torsional vibration (1046 Hz). All the vibration modes have a direct effect on engagement of sun gear and planet gear, accordingly, so F
s
p is increased to a great extent in the section. Since sun gear torsional vibration does not have a direct effect on engagement of ring gear and planet gear, F
r
p experienced a process of gradual decrease at the beginning of the third section. Then insignificant increase happened to F
r
p due to the number of system vibration modes being decreased, but only ring gear transverse vibration (1791 Hz).


## 4. Impact and Vibration Characteristic of System under Light Load

### 4.1. Influence of Load on Impact Force of Gears

The research of gear system vibroimpact does not take account of structural permanent deformation, but the process for gear from separated to contact is considered. With effect of relative velocity, the gear system is inevitably to bring impact between gear teeth of the driving and driven gear; then large impulsive load must be generated.At the condition of the speed being 500 r/min and the load being light and gear contact force being as shown in Figure9, in which curve A is time domain history of impact force and B is time domain history of angular speed of planet gear, it is observed that the impact force between planet gear and ring gear under the condition of load being 0 is still showing cyclical fluctuation. There is disengagement (the gears are in separate state) appearing in every cycle, when the gear recontact; the impact force is increased rapidly. During the time of gears disengagement, the impact force is 0 as a result of absence of external force, so the planet gear angular speed remains constant in a second.Figure 9
The dynamic impact force under different load.
(a)
Gear impact force and planet gear angular speed without load
(b)
Gear impact force and planet gear angular speed underM
=
21 N·mIn addition, we can see that there are two obvious peak values in every cycle, so the second harmonic component is main frequency component of impact force. With the increase of load, the time for disengagement shall gradually shorten. When load is 21 N·m, the gear pair is in critical state between normal engagement and disengagement, as shown in Figure9(b). It is observed that the impact force and angular speed of planet gear also show cyclic variation, and only one point on impact forces is intersected with x-axis in every cycle (namely, it is equal to 0), and the angular speed of planet gear only shows inflection point in the position. It is also found that there is only one larger peak value in one cycle, so engaging frequency component is changed to be the main frequency component of contact force. The variation of impact force shows strong nonlinear feature; the load is not only to affect the average value of the force and amplitude in fluctuation, but also to have a direct effect on frequency components.The influence of load on vibroimpact of planetary gear transmission system is shown in Figure10. The gear engagement can be divided into two stages with change of the load; the first stage is vibroimpact stage, in which the impact is larger than planet gear moment of retardation: (12)
m
e
q
,
p
i
u
¨
i
≥
T
drag
,where T
d
r
a
g is moment of retardation dependent on driven gear damping force and load moment.Figure 10
The effect of the load on gear vibroimpact characteristics.At this point, gear shall start vibroimpact of engagement, disengagement, and reengagement [20]. In general, time for gear to disengage shall gradually shorten with the increase of load. When load is smaller, since time for disengagement is longer, the time is 0.24
T under the load which is 0. Then the load is effectively to reduce the speed of driven gear after impact. With the increase of load, the load shall increase relative impact speed of gear and impact force, so the disengagement time is shortened slowly. When load increases again, time for disengagement shall shorten rapidly again; gear contact force and amplitude in fluctuation show second function quadratic function curve change.When load is up to threshold value (in the paper it is 21 N·m), gear engagement shall enter into normal engagement, in which gear shall not disengage again. With the increase of load, amplitude in fluctuation of engaging force shall show linear increase, but its increasing speed is reduced compared with that in vibroimpact stage.


### 4.2. Influence of Rotating Speed on Impact Force of Gear

The influence of rotating speed on engagement of planetary gear transmission system is shown in Figure11. When the load is 0, with the increase of input rotating speed, time for gear to disengage is decreased gradually. At lower rotating speed, the engaging period is longer and the relative rotating speed of gear is lower, so the impact force is smaller and gear shall have longer time to maintain disengagement after impact for one time. When rotating speed is 50 r/min, the time for disengagement is 0.34
T. As the increase of rotating speed, the relative rotating speed of gear is increased, and the impact force and collisional deformation will gradually increase; therefore, the contact time for two tooth flanks is longer, the time for disengagement shall is shorter, when rotating speed is 2000 r/min, and the time for disengagement is reduced to 0.11
T.Figure 11
The effect of the input speed on gear vibroimpact characteristics.In the process of speed change, since torsional direction of planet gear is unconstrained, with torsional rigidity of sun gear being much smaller than contact rigidity, therefore, the influence of constraint elasticity of two tooth flanks on coefficient of recovery shall be very small; at this time, the impact of gear can be assumed as free body [21], with small influence of external elastic constraint on fluctuation of impact force; therefore, the inherent characteristic of system shall have direct effect on variation in impact force; the amplitude in fluctuation of impact force shall show linear increase with the increase of rotating speed; in addition, it is also observed that threshold value of impact and vibration of gear shall also show linear increase with the increase of speed.


### 4.3. Influence of Rotating Speed on Floating Trajectory of Center Gear

The floating trajectory of sun gear and ring gear at different input speed under the condition of the load is 0 as shown in Figure12. We found that the floating range of sun gear increases as the speed increases; it is also subjected to the influence of the system inherent mode of vibration. The floating range at the 1000 r/min is the largest, because the third harmonic component at 1000 r/min shall meet the frequency of the planet carrier torsional vibration. There is no obvious resonance of ring gear within the range of rotating speed change, so the ring gear floating range shall monotonously increase with the increase of rotating speed.Figure 12
Floating trajectory of center gear at various speed.
(a)
Floating trajectory of the sun gear
(b)
Floating trajectory of the ring gearWhen the gears tooth are contacted, the impact force which is produced by different speed between two faces of gear teeth is smaller, and the impact energy is also small and will be rapidly consumed; then the driven gear starts to speed down to give rise to second impact, so the system shows periodical vibration. Thus, when the rotating speed is 100 r/min, with effect of the gear impact, every impact between gears shall make floating trajectory generate larger deviation at instant. Therefore, the floating trajectory of center gear is regular and presentZ
r (Z
r is the number of the ring gear teeth) leafy curves. When the speed increased, the difference in speed between gears also increases and the impact force shall gradually increase too; the system shall intensify vibroimpact. When rotating speed is 300 r/min, the leafy curve in floating trajectory of sun gear shall show heterogeneous distribution; the sun gear trajectory is showing change trend to quasi periodical curve and the floating trajectory of ring gear still being regular. When rotating speed is 1000 r/min, sun gear and planet gear show obviously vibroimpact; accordingly, the floating trajectory of sun gear is present noncyclic change and floating trajectory of ring gear showing regular radial curve. At this point, the sun gear generates beat vibration due to effect of the natural frequency of the sun gear torsion. At high speed, sun gear and planet gear show repeatedly impact of engagement and disengagement from time to time without regular pattern; the system vibration is changed to a typical chaos vibration. When rotating speed is 2000 r/min, the floating trajectory of sun gear is changed into noncyclic curve; the floating trajectory of ring gear is changed into radial curve.When input rotating speed is 2000 r/min, the impact force between sun gear and planet gear shall increase; the system shows subharmonic resonance phenomenon, the time history of the sun gear microdisplacement alongx-direction as shown in Figure 13(a). As frequency spectrum shown in Figure 13(b), the components around engaging frequency of the system are disorder in distribution, and the 1/2 subharmonic component appeared. This phenomenon in gear system is also discussed in [9], in which it is verified existence by experiment.Figure 13
Time history and frequency spectrum for displacement of center gear alongx direction at 2000 r/min.
(a)
The time history of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction (μm)
(b)
The spectra of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction
(c)
The time history of the ring gear displacement in theX-direction (μm)
(d)
The spectra of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction


## 4.1. Influence of Load on Impact Force of Gears

The research of gear system vibroimpact does not take account of structural permanent deformation, but the process for gear from separated to contact is considered. With effect of relative velocity, the gear system is inevitably to bring impact between gear teeth of the driving and driven gear; then large impulsive load must be generated.At the condition of the speed being 500 r/min and the load being light and gear contact force being as shown in Figure9, in which curve A is time domain history of impact force and B is time domain history of angular speed of planet gear, it is observed that the impact force between planet gear and ring gear under the condition of load being 0 is still showing cyclical fluctuation. There is disengagement (the gears are in separate state) appearing in every cycle, when the gear recontact; the impact force is increased rapidly. During the time of gears disengagement, the impact force is 0 as a result of absence of external force, so the planet gear angular speed remains constant in a second.Figure 9
The dynamic impact force under different load.
(a)
Gear impact force and planet gear angular speed without load
(b)
Gear impact force and planet gear angular speed underM
=
21 N·mIn addition, we can see that there are two obvious peak values in every cycle, so the second harmonic component is main frequency component of impact force. With the increase of load, the time for disengagement shall gradually shorten. When load is 21 N·m, the gear pair is in critical state between normal engagement and disengagement, as shown in Figure9(b). It is observed that the impact force and angular speed of planet gear also show cyclic variation, and only one point on impact forces is intersected with x-axis in every cycle (namely, it is equal to 0), and the angular speed of planet gear only shows inflection point in the position. It is also found that there is only one larger peak value in one cycle, so engaging frequency component is changed to be the main frequency component of contact force. The variation of impact force shows strong nonlinear feature; the load is not only to affect the average value of the force and amplitude in fluctuation, but also to have a direct effect on frequency components.The influence of load on vibroimpact of planetary gear transmission system is shown in Figure10. The gear engagement can be divided into two stages with change of the load; the first stage is vibroimpact stage, in which the impact is larger than planet gear moment of retardation: (12)
m
e
q
,
p
i
u
¨
i
≥
T
drag
,where T
d
r
a
g is moment of retardation dependent on driven gear damping force and load moment.Figure 10
The effect of the load on gear vibroimpact characteristics.At this point, gear shall start vibroimpact of engagement, disengagement, and reengagement [20]. In general, time for gear to disengage shall gradually shorten with the increase of load. When load is smaller, since time for disengagement is longer, the time is 0.24
T under the load which is 0. Then the load is effectively to reduce the speed of driven gear after impact. With the increase of load, the load shall increase relative impact speed of gear and impact force, so the disengagement time is shortened slowly. When load increases again, time for disengagement shall shorten rapidly again; gear contact force and amplitude in fluctuation show second function quadratic function curve change.When load is up to threshold value (in the paper it is 21 N·m), gear engagement shall enter into normal engagement, in which gear shall not disengage again. With the increase of load, amplitude in fluctuation of engaging force shall show linear increase, but its increasing speed is reduced compared with that in vibroimpact stage.


## 4.2. Influence of Rotating Speed on Impact Force of Gear

The influence of rotating speed on engagement of planetary gear transmission system is shown in Figure11. When the load is 0, with the increase of input rotating speed, time for gear to disengage is decreased gradually. At lower rotating speed, the engaging period is longer and the relative rotating speed of gear is lower, so the impact force is smaller and gear shall have longer time to maintain disengagement after impact for one time. When rotating speed is 50 r/min, the time for disengagement is 0.34
T. As the increase of rotating speed, the relative rotating speed of gear is increased, and the impact force and collisional deformation will gradually increase; therefore, the contact time for two tooth flanks is longer, the time for disengagement shall is shorter, when rotating speed is 2000 r/min, and the time for disengagement is reduced to 0.11
T.Figure 11
The effect of the input speed on gear vibroimpact characteristics.In the process of speed change, since torsional direction of planet gear is unconstrained, with torsional rigidity of sun gear being much smaller than contact rigidity, therefore, the influence of constraint elasticity of two tooth flanks on coefficient of recovery shall be very small; at this time, the impact of gear can be assumed as free body [21], with small influence of external elastic constraint on fluctuation of impact force; therefore, the inherent characteristic of system shall have direct effect on variation in impact force; the amplitude in fluctuation of impact force shall show linear increase with the increase of rotating speed; in addition, it is also observed that threshold value of impact and vibration of gear shall also show linear increase with the increase of speed.


## 4.3. Influence of Rotating Speed on Floating Trajectory of Center Gear

The floating trajectory of sun gear and ring gear at different input speed under the condition of the load is 0 as shown in Figure12. We found that the floating range of sun gear increases as the speed increases; it is also subjected to the influence of the system inherent mode of vibration. The floating range at the 1000 r/min is the largest, because the third harmonic component at 1000 r/min shall meet the frequency of the planet carrier torsional vibration. There is no obvious resonance of ring gear within the range of rotating speed change, so the ring gear floating range shall monotonously increase with the increase of rotating speed.Figure 12
Floating trajectory of center gear at various speed.
(a)
Floating trajectory of the sun gear
(b)
Floating trajectory of the ring gearWhen the gears tooth are contacted, the impact force which is produced by different speed between two faces of gear teeth is smaller, and the impact energy is also small and will be rapidly consumed; then the driven gear starts to speed down to give rise to second impact, so the system shows periodical vibration. Thus, when the rotating speed is 100 r/min, with effect of the gear impact, every impact between gears shall make floating trajectory generate larger deviation at instant. Therefore, the floating trajectory of center gear is regular and presentZ
r (Z
r is the number of the ring gear teeth) leafy curves. When the speed increased, the difference in speed between gears also increases and the impact force shall gradually increase too; the system shall intensify vibroimpact. When rotating speed is 300 r/min, the leafy curve in floating trajectory of sun gear shall show heterogeneous distribution; the sun gear trajectory is showing change trend to quasi periodical curve and the floating trajectory of ring gear still being regular. When rotating speed is 1000 r/min, sun gear and planet gear show obviously vibroimpact; accordingly, the floating trajectory of sun gear is present noncyclic change and floating trajectory of ring gear showing regular radial curve. At this point, the sun gear generates beat vibration due to effect of the natural frequency of the sun gear torsion. At high speed, sun gear and planet gear show repeatedly impact of engagement and disengagement from time to time without regular pattern; the system vibration is changed to a typical chaos vibration. When rotating speed is 2000 r/min, the floating trajectory of sun gear is changed into noncyclic curve; the floating trajectory of ring gear is changed into radial curve.When input rotating speed is 2000 r/min, the impact force between sun gear and planet gear shall increase; the system shows subharmonic resonance phenomenon, the time history of the sun gear microdisplacement alongx-direction as shown in Figure 13(a). As frequency spectrum shown in Figure 13(b), the components around engaging frequency of the system are disorder in distribution, and the 1/2 subharmonic component appeared. This phenomenon in gear system is also discussed in [9], in which it is verified existence by experiment.Figure 13
Time history and frequency spectrum for displacement of center gear alongx direction at 2000 r/min.
(a)
The time history of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction (μm)
(b)
The spectra of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction
(c)
The time history of the ring gear displacement in theX-direction (μm)
(d)
The spectra of the sun gear displacement in theX-direction


## 5. Conclusions

This paper presents a novel modeling method of planetary gear system, in which the Hertz contact theory is induced to describe impact of the gear pairs under the condition of the high speed and light load. The vibroimpact characteristics of the system are analyzed; some interesting conclusions are obtained as follows:(1)
As input speed continuously increased under large load condition, the harmonic components of dynamic mesh load show radial distribution. The dynamic load obvious fluctuation appeared when harmonic components are around natural frequency of system.
(2)
Under the light load condition, the vibroimpact phenomenon happened in planetary gear system. With increase of load, the main frequency component of impact force between the gears is changed from the second harmonic component into engaging frequency component. Meanwhile, the time of gear mesh-apart is decreased continuously, till load is big enough to make gear system engaged normally.
(3)
With increasing of input speed under the light load condition, the gear mesh-apart time shortens gradually; the relative speed of the gear pairs is increased, so vibroimpact of the system increased in intensity, and amplitude of impact force between the gears increased linearly.
(4)
With increasing of input speed, the floating trajectory of the center gear is changed from regular leafy curves to the irregularly curves. Nonlinear feature of the center gear displacement can be observed at 2000 r/min.



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*Source: 4304525-2016-01-06.xml*