# Ricci Solitons inα-Sasakian Manifolds

Authors: Gurupadavva Ingalahalli; C. S. Bagewadi
Journal: ISRN Geometry
 (2012)

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## Abstract

We study Ricci solitons inα-Sasakian manifolds. It is shown that a symmetric parallel second order-covariant tensor in a α-Sasakian manifold is a constant multiple of the metric tensor. Using this, it is shown that if ℒVg+2S is parallel where V is a given vector field, then (g,V,λ) is Ricci soliton. Further, by virtue of this result, Ricci solitons for n-dimensional α-Sasakian manifolds are obtained. Next, Ricci solitons for 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifolds are discussed with an example.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In 1982, Hamilton [1] introduced the concept of Ricci flow which smooths out the geometry of manifold that is if there are singular points these can be minimized under Ricci flow. Ricci solitons move under the Ricci flow simply by diffeomorphisms of the initial metric that is they are stationary points of the Ricci flow: ∂g/∂t=-2Ric(g), (in this paper we use Ric=S) in the space of metrics on M. Hence it is interesting to study Ricci solitons.Definition 1.1.
A Ricci soliton(g,V,λ) on a Riemannian manifold M is defined by
(1.1)LVg+2S+2λg=0.
It is said to be shrinking, steady, or expanding according as λ<0,λ=0 and λ>0.Note that here the metricg(t) is the pull back of the initial metric g(0) by a 1-parameter family of diffeomorphisms generated by a vector field V on a manifold M. Compact Ricci solitons are the fixed points of the Ricci flow: ∂g/∂t=-2Ric(g) projected from the space of metrics onto its quotient modulo diffeomorphisms and scalings and often arise as blow-up limits for the Ricci flow on compact manifolds.In 1923, Eisenhart [2] proved that if a positive definite Riemannian manifold (M,g) admits a second order parallel symmetric covariant tensor other than a constant multiple of the metric tensor, then it is reducible. In 1925, Levy [3] obtained the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such tensors. In 1989, 1990, and 1991, Sharma [4–6] has generalized Levy's result by showing that a second order parallel (not necessarily symmetric and nonsingular) tensor on an n-dimensional (n>2) space of constant curvature is a constant multiple of the metric tensor. It is also proved that in a Sasakian manifold there is no nonzero parallel 2-form. In 2007, Das [7] in his paper proved that a second order symmetric parallel tensor on an α-K-contact (α∈R0) manifold is a constant multiple of the associated metric tensor and also proved that there is no nonzero skew symmetric second order parallel tensor on an α-Sasakian manifold. Note that α-Sasakian manifolds are generalisations of Sasakian manifolds. Hence one can find interest in generalisation, from Sasakian to α-Sasakian manifolds and study Ricci solitons in this manifold.In 2008, Sharma [8] studied Ricci solitons in K-contact manifolds, where the structure field ξ is killing and he proved that a complete K-contact gradient soliton is compact Einstein and Sasakian. In 2010, Călin and Crasmareanu [9] extended the Eisenhart problem to Ricci solitons in f-Kenmotsu manifolds. They studied the case of f-Kenmotsu manifolds satisfying a special condition called regular and a symmetric parallel tensor field of second order is a constant multiple of the Riemannian metric. Using this result, they obtained the results on Ricci solitons. Recently, Bagewadi and Ingalahalli [10] studied Ricci solitons in Lorentzian α-Sasakian Manifolds.In this paper, we obtain some results on Ricci solitons.


## 2. Preliminaries

LetM be an almost contact metric manifold of dimension n, equipped with an almost contact metric structure (ϕ,ξ,η,g) consisting of a (1,1) tensor field ϕ, a vector field ξ, a 1-form η and a Riemannian metric g, which satisfy
(2.1)ϕ2=-I+η⊗ξ,η(ξ)=1,η∘ϕ=0,ϕξ=0,(2.2)g(ϕX,ϕY)=g(X,Y)-η(X)η(Y),η(X)=g(X,ξ),
for all X,Y∈𝔛(M). An almost contact metric manifold M(ϕ,ξ,η,g) is said to be α-Sasakian manifold if the following conditions hold:
(2.3)(∇Xϕ)Y=α(g(X,Y)ξ-η(Y)X),(2.4)∇Xξ=-αϕX,(∇Xη)Y=αg(X,ϕY).
Holds for some smooth function α on M.In anα-Sasakian manifold, the following relations hold:
(2.5)R(X,Y)ξ=α2[η(Y)X-η(X)Y]+(Yα)ϕX-(Xα)ϕY,(2.6)R(ξ,X)Y=α2[g(X,Y)ξ-η(Y)X]+g(X,ϕY)(gradα)+(Yα)ϕX,(2.7)η(R(X,Y)Z)=α2[g(Y,Z)η(X)-g(X,Z)η(Y)]+(Xα)g(ϕY,Z)-(Yα)g(ϕX,Z),(2.8)S(X,ξ)=α2(n-1)η(X)-((ϕX)α),(2.9)S(ξ,ξ)=α2(n-1),(2.10)Qξ=α2(n-1)ξ+ϕ(gradα),
for all X,Y,Z∈𝔛(M), where R is the Riemannian curvature tensor, S is the Ricci tensor and Q is the Ricci operator.


## 3. Parallel Symmetric Second Order Tensors and Ricci Solitonsin α-Sasakian Manifolds

Fixh a symmetric tensor field of (0,2)-type which we suppose to be parallel with respect to ∇ that is ∇h=0. Applying the Ricci identity [4, 11]
(3.1)∇2h(X,Y;Z,W)-∇2h(X,Y;W,Z)=0,
we obtain the relation
(3.2)h(R(X,Y)Z,W)+h(Z,R(X,Y)W)=0.
Replacing Z=W=ξ in (3.2) and by using (2.5) and by the symmetry of h, we have
(3.3)2[(Yα)h(ϕX,ξ)-(Xα)h(ϕY,ξ)]+2α2[η(Y)h(X,ξ)-η(X)h(Y,ξ)]=0.
Put X=ξ in (3.3) and by virtue of (2.1), we have
(3.4)2α2[η(Y)h(ξ,ξ)-h(Y,ξ)]-2(ξα)h(ϕY,ξ)=0.
Replacing Y=ϕY in (3.4), we have
(3.5)2(ξα)[h(Y,ξ)-η(Y)h(ξ,ξ)]-2α2h(ϕY,ξ)=0.
Solving (3.4) and (3.5), we have
(3.6)(α4+(ξα)2)[η(Y)h(ξ,ξ)-h(Y,ξ)]=0.
Since α4+(ξα)2≠0, it results
(3.7)h(Y,ξ)=η(Y)h(ξ,ξ).
Differentiating (3.7) covariantly with respect to X, we have
(3.8)(∇Xh)(Y,ξ)+h(∇XY,ξ)+h(Y,∇Xξ)=[(∇Xη)(Y)+η(∇XY)]h(ξ,ξ)+η(Y)[(∇Xh)(Y,ξ)+2h(∇Xξ,ξ)].
By using the parallel condition ∇h=0, η(∇Xξ)=0 and (3.7) in (3.8), we have
(3.9)h(Y,∇Xξ)=(∇Xη)(Y)h(ξ,ξ).
By using (2.4) in (3.9), we get
(3.10)-αh(Y,ϕX)=αg(X,ϕY)h(ξ,ξ).
Replacing X=ϕX in (3.10), we get
(3.11)α[h(Y,X)-g(Y,X)h(ξ,ξ)]=0.
Since α is a nonzero smooth function in α-Sasakian manifold and this implies that
(3.12)h(X,Y)=g(X,Y)h(ξ,ξ),
the above equation implies that h(ξ,ξ) is a constant, via (3.7). Now by considering the above condition we state the following theorem.Theorem 3.1.
A symmetric parallel second order covariant tensor in anα-Sasakian manifold is a constant multiple of the metric tensor.Corollary 3.2.
A locally Ricci symmetric(∇S=0)α-Sasakian manifold is an Einstein manifold.Remark 3.3.
The following statements forα-Sasakian manifold are equivalent:  (1)
Einstein,(2)
locally Ricci symmetric,(3)
Ricci semi-symmetric that isR·S=0.
The implication (1)→(2)→(3) is trivial. Now, we prove the implication (3)→(1) andR·S=0 means exactly (3.2) with replaced h by S that is,
(3.13)(R(X,Y)⋅S)(U,V)=-S(R(X,Y)U,V)-S(U,R(X,Y)V).
Considering R·S=0 and putting X=ξ in (3.13), we have
(3.14)S(R(ξ,Y)U,V)+S(U,R(ξ,Y)V)=0.
By using (2.6) in (3.14), we obtain
(3.15)[g(ϕU,Y)S(gradα,V)+(Uα)S(ϕY,V)]+α2[g(Y,U)S(ξ,V)-η(U)S(Y,V)]+[g(ϕV,Y)S(U,gradα)+(Vα)S(U,ϕY)]+α2[g(Y,V)S(U,ξ)-η(V)S(U,Y)]=0.
Putting U=ξ in (3.15) and by using (2.1), (2.8), and (2.9) on simplification, we obtain
(3.16)(ξα)S(ϕY,V)-α2η(Y)((ϕV)α)-α2S(Y,V)+g(Y,ϕV)S(ξ,gradα)+α4(n-1)g(Y,V)+α2η(V)((ϕY)α)=0.
Interchanging Y and V in (3.16), we have
(3.17)(ξα)S(ϕV,Y)-α2η(V)((ϕY)α)-α2S(V,Y)+g(V,ϕY)S(ξ,gradα)+α4(n-1)g(V,Y)+α2η(Y)((ϕV)α)=0.
Adding (3.16) and (3.17), we obtain
(3.18)S(Y,V)=(n-1)α2g(Y,V).
We conclude the following.Proposition 3.4.
A Ricci semi-symmetricα-Sasakian manifold is an Einstein manifold.Corollary 3.5.
Suppose that on aα-Sasakian manifold the (0,2)-type field ℒVg+2S is parallel where V is a given vector field. Then (g,V,λ) yield a Ricci soliton. In particular, if the given α-Sasakian manifold is Ricci semi-symmetric with ℒVg parallel, one has the same conclusion.Proof.
Follows from Theorem3.1 and Corollary 3.2.
A Ricci soliton inα-Sasakian manifold defined by (1.1). Thus ℒVg+2S is parallel. In Theorem 3.1 we proved that if an α-Sasakian manifold admits a symmetric parallel (0,2) tensor, then the tensor is a constant multiple of the metric tensor. Hence ℒVg+2S is a constant multiple of the metric tensor g that is (ℒVg+2S)(X,Y)=g(X,Y)h(ξ,ξ), where h(ξ,ξ) is a nonzero constant. We close this section with applications of our Theorem 3.1 to Ricci solitons.Corollary 3.6.
If a metricg in an α-Sasakian manifold is a Ricci soliton with V=ξ then it is Einstein.Proof.
PuttingV=ξ in (1.1), then we have
(3.19)(Lξg+2S+2λg)(X,Y)=0,
where
(3.20)(Lξg)(X,Y)=g(∇Xξ,Y)+g(X,∇Yξ)=0.
Substituting (3.20) in (3.19), then we get the result.Hence we state the following result.Corollary 3.7.
A Ricci soliton(g,ξ,λ) in an n-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold cannot be steady but is shrinking.Proof.
From Linear Algebra either the vector fieldV∈Spanξ or V⊥ξ. However the second case seems to be complex to analyse in practice. For this reason we investigate for the case V=ξ.
A simple computation ofℒξg+2S gives
(3.21)(Lξg)(X,Y)=0.
From (1.1), we have h(X,Y)=-2λg(X,Y) and then putting X=Y=ξ, we have
(3.22)h(ξ,ξ)=-2λ,
where
(3.23)h(ξ,ξ)=(Lξg)(ξ,ξ)+2S(ξ,ξ),
by using (2.9) and (3.21) in the above equation, we have
(3.24)h(ξ,ξ)=2α2(n-1).
Equating (3.22) and (3.24), we have
(3.25)λ=-(n-1)α2.
Since α is some nonzero function, we have λ≠0, that is Ricci soliton in an n-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold cannot be steady but is shrinking because λ<0.Corollary 3.83.8.
If ann-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold is η-Einstein then the Ricci solitons in α-Sasakian manifold that is (g,ξ,λ), where λ=-(n-1)α2 with varying scalar curvature cannot be steady but it is shrinking.Proof.
The proof consists of three parts.(i)
We proveα-Sasakian manifold is η-Einstein.(ii)
We prove the Ricci soliton inα-Sasakian manifold is consisting of varying scalar curvature.(iii)
We find that the Ricci soliton inα-Sasakian manifold is shrinking.
First we prove that theα-Sasakian manifold is η-Einstein: the metric g is called η-Einstein if there exists two real functions a and b such that the Ricci tensor of g is given by the general equation
(3.26)S(X,Y)=ag(X,Y)+bη(X)η(Y).
Now by simple calculations we find the values of a and b. Let ei,  {i=1,2,…n} be an orthonormal basis of the tangent space at any point of the manifold. Then putting X=Y=ei in (3.26) and taking summation over i, we get
(3.27)r=na+b.
Again putting X=Y=ξ in (3.26) then by using (2.9), we have
(3.28)a+b=(n-1)α2.
Then from (3.27) and (3.28), we have
(3.29)a=[r(n-1)-α2],b=[nα2-r(n-1)].
Substituting the values of a and b in (3.26), we have
(3.30)S(X,Y)=[r(n-1)-α2]g(X,Y)+[nα2-r(n-1)]η(X)η(Y),
the above equation is an η-Einstein α-Sasakian manifold.
Now, we have to show that the scalar curvaturer is not a constant and it is varying. For an n-dimensional α-Sasakian manifolds the symmetric parallel covariant tensor h(X,Y) of type (0,2) is given by
(3.31)h(X,Y)=(Lξg)(X,Y)+2S(X,Y).
By using (3.21) and (3.30) in (3.31), we have
(3.32)h(X,Y)=[2r(n-1)-2α2]g(X,Y)+[2nα2-2r(n-1)]η(X)η(Y).
Differentiating (3.32) covariantly with respect to Z, we have
(3.33)(∇Zh)(X,Y)=[2(∇Zr)(n-1)-4α(Zα)]g(X,Y)+[4nα(Zα)-2(∇Zr)(n-1)]η(X)η(Y)+[2nα2-2r(n-1)][g(X,∇Zξ)η(Y)+g(Y,∇Zξ)η(X)].
By substituting Z=ξ and X=Y∈(Spanξ)⊥ in (3.33) and by using ∇h=0, we have
(3.34)∇ξr=2(n-1)α(ξα)⟹∇ξr=(n-1)∇ξα2.
On integrating (3.34), we have
(3.35)r=(n-1)α2+c,
where c is some integral constant. Thus from (3.35), we have r is a varying scalar curvature.
Finally, we have to check the nature of the soliton that is Ricci soliton inα-Sasakian manifold:
From (1.1), we have h(X,Y)=-2λg(X,Y) then putting X=Y=ξ, we have
(3.36)h(ξ,ξ)=-2λ.
If we put X=Y=ξ in (3.32), that is
(3.37)h(ξ,ξ)=[2r(n-1)-2α2]g(ξ,ξ)+[2nα2-2r(n-1)]η(ξ)η(ξ),
Above equation reduced as,
(3.38)h(ξ,ξ)=2(n-1)α2.
Equating (3.36) and (3.38), we have
(3.39)λ=-(n-1)α2.
Since, λ≠0 because α is some smooth function and λ<0, that is the Ricci soliton in an α-Sasakian manifold is shrinking.


## 4. Ricci Solitons in 3-Dimensionalα-Sasakian Manifold

In this section we restrict our study to3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold, that is Ricci solitons in 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold.Corollary 4.1.
If a Ricci soliton(g,ξ,λ) where λ=-2α2 of 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold with varying scalar curvature cannot be steady but it is shrinking.Proof.
The proof consists of three parts.(i)
We prove that the Riemannian curvature tensor of 3-dimensionalα-Sasakian manifold is η-Einstein.(ii)
We prove that the Ricci soliton in 3-dimensionalα-Sasakian manifold is consisting of varying scalar curvature.(iii)
We find that the Ricci soliton in a 3-dimensionalα-Sasakian manifold is shrinking.
First we consider: the Riemannian curvature tensor of 3-dimensionalα-Sasakian manifold and it is given by
(4.1)R(X,Y)Z=g(Y,Z)QX-g(X,Z)QY+S(Y,Z)X-S(X,Z)Y-r2[g(Y,Z)X-g(X,Z)Y].
Put Z=ξ in (4.1) and by using (2.5) and (2.8), we have
(4.2)[(Yα)ϕX-(Xα)ϕY]+α2[η(Y)X-η(X)Y]=η(Y)QX-η(X)QY+2α2[η(Y)X-η(X)Y]-((ϕY)α)X+((ϕX)α)-r2[η(Y)X-η(X)Y].
Again put Y=ξ in (4.2) and by using (2.1) and (2.10), on simplification we get
(4.3)QX=[r2-α2]X+[3α2-r2]η(X)ξ+(ξα)ϕX+η(X)(ϕ(gradα))+((ϕX)α)ξ.
By taking an inner product Y in (4.3), we have
(4.4)S(X,Y)=[r2-α2]g(X,Y)+[3α2-r2]η(X)η(Y)+(ξα)g(ϕX,Y)-η(X)((ϕY)α)+η(Y)((ϕX)α).
Interchanging X and Y in (4.4), we have
(4.5)S(Y,X)=[r2-α2](Y,X)+[3α2-r2]η(X)η(Y)+(ξα)g(ϕY,X)-η(Y)((ϕX)α)+η(X)((ϕY)α).
Adding (4.4) and (4.5), we have
(4.6)S(X,Y)=[r2-α2]g(X,Y)+[3α2-r2]η(X)η(Y).
Equation (4.6) shows that a 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold is η-Einstein.
Now, we have to show that the scalar curvaturer is not a constant that is r is varying. Now,
(4.7)h(X,Y)=(Lξg)(X,Y)+2S(X,Y).
By using (3.21) and (4.6) in (4.7), we have
(4.8)h(X,Y)=[r-2α2]g(X,Y)+[6α2-r]η(X)η(Y).
Differentiating the above equation covariantly with respect to Z, we have
(4.9)(∇Zh)(X,Y)=[∇Zr-4α(Zα)]g(X,Y)+[12α(Zα)-∇Zr]η(X)η(Y)+[6α2-r][g(X,∇Zξ)η(Y)+g(Y,∇Zξ)η(X)].
Substituting Z=ξ,  X=Y∈(Spanξ)⊥ in (4.9) and by virtue of ∇h=0, we have
(4.10)∇ξr=4α(ξα)⟹∇ξr=∇ξ(2α2).
On integrating (4.10), we have
(4.11)r=2α2+c,
where c is some integral constant. Thus from (4.11), we have r a varying scalar curvature.
Finally, we have to check the nature of the soliton that is Ricci soliton(g,ξ,λ) in 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold.
From (1.1), we have h(X,Y)=-2λg(X,Y) and then putting X=Y=ξ, we have
(4.12)h(ξ,ξ)=-2λ.
If X=Y=ξ in (4.8), that is
(4.13)h(ξ,ξ)=[r-2α2]g(ξ,ξ)+[6α2-r]η(ξ)η(ξ).
Above equation reduced as
(4.14)h(ξ,ξ)=4α2.
Equating (4.12) and (4.14), we have
(4.15)λ=-2α2.
Since from (4.15), we have λ≠0. Therefore Ricci soliton (g,ξ,λ) in 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold is shrinking.Example 4.2.
LetM={(x,y,z)∈R3}. Let (E1,E2,E3) be linearly independent vector fields given by
(4.16)E1=ex∂∂y,E2=ex[∂∂x+2y∂∂z],E3=∂∂z.
Let g be the Riemannian metric defined by g(E1,E2)=g(E2,E3)=g(E1,E3)=0, g(E1,E1)=g(E2,E2)=g(E3,E3)=1, where g is given by
(4.17)g=1e2x[(1-4e2xy2)dx⊗dx+dy⊗dy+e2xdz⊗dz].
Let η be the 1-form defined by η(U)=g(U,E3) for any U∈𝔛(M). Let ϕ be the (1,1) tensor field defined by ϕE1=E2,ϕE2=-E1,ϕE3=0. Then using the linearity of ϕ and g yields that η(E3)=1,ϕ2U=-U+η(U)E3 and g(ϕU,ϕW)=g(U,W)-η(U)η(W) for any vector fields U,W∈𝔛(M). Thus for E3=ξ, (ϕ,ξ,η,g) defines a Sasakian structure on M. By definition of Lie bracket, we have
(4.18)[E1,E2]=-exE1+2e2xE3,[E1,E3]=[E2,E3]=0.
Let ∇ be the Levi-Civita connection with respect to above metric g Koszula formula is given by
(4.19)2g(∇XY,Z)=X(g(Y,Z))+Y(g(Z,X))-Z(g(X,Y))-g(X,[Y,Z])-g(Y,[X,Z])+g(Z,[X,Y]).
Then
(4.20)∇E1E1=exE2,∇E2E2=0,∇E3E3=0,∇E1E2=-exE1+e2xE3,∇E2E1=-e2xE3,∇E2E3=e2xE1,∇E1E3=-e2xE2,∇E3E1=-e2xE2,∇E3E2=e2xE1.
Clearly (ϕ,ξ,η,g) structure is an α-Sasakian structure and satisfy,
(4.21)(∇Xϕ)Y=α(g(X,Y)ξ-η(Y)X),∇Xξ=-αϕX,
where α=e2x≠0. Hence (ϕ,ξ,η,g) structure defines α-Sasakian structure. Thus M equipped with α-Sasakian structure is a α-Sasakian manifold. The tangent vectors X and Y to M are expressed as linear combination of E1,E2,E3, that is X=∑i=13‍aiEi and Y=∑i=13‍biEi, where ai and bi(i=1,2,3) are scalars.
Usingα=e2x in (4.11), we have
(4.22)r=2e4x+c≠0,
and it shows that the scalar curvature is not constant.
Usingα=e2x in (4.15), we have
(4.23)λ=-2e4x≠0.
In this example α=e2x≠0, this implies that λ<0, that is the Ricci soliton in 3-dimensional α-Sasakian manifold is shrinking.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper we have shown that the Ricci soliton in anα-Sasakian manifold cannot be steady but it is shrinking accordingly because λ is negative.



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