# Avian Communities of Alatish National Park, Ethiopia

Authors: Takele Tesfahun; Dessalegn Ejigu
Journal: International Journal of Zoology
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Alatish National Park, which is located in the Amhara National Regional State at the border with the Republic of Sudan, is rich in its avian resources. To study the park’s avian communities, the study area was classified based on its vegetation structures into riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 using line transect and point count methods. As a result, 132 species of birds belonging to 18 orders and 55 families were identified. The highest species diversities during the wet (H’ = 3.53) and dry (H’ = 3.55) seasons were recorded in the riverine woodland habitat. Species evenness was also the highest during the wet (E = 0.79) and dry (E = 0.77) seasons in the riverine woodland habitat. The bamboo woodland habitat harboured the lowest species diversity during the wet (H’ = 2.81) and dry (H’ = 2.45) seasons. More species similarity (SI = 0.90) was recorded between wooded grassland and bamboo woodland habitats during the dry season. Relative abundance of birds among the different species showed significant differences (F131, 1452 = 2.94, P<0.05), and most birds in the area were identified as uncommon species. Forest fire, logging, and overgrazing by cattle have significantly contributed to habitat destruction in the park which might act as the cause for reduction in avian diversity. Therefore, appropriate conservation strategies should be designed and implemented to minimize avian habitat destruction due to various anthropogenic activities within the park.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In Ethiopia, there are 881 avian species with 19 endemics, as well as 31 globally threatened and one introduced species [1]. Although most avian species occur in Important Bird Areas (IBAs), these areas represent only 5% of the country’s total area [2]. Amhara National Regional State has been designated as one of the IBAs of the country and comprises 75% of the Central Ethiopian Highland endemic bird areas [3]. The region has different agroclimatic zones with scenic and biologically fascinating places. Some of the avian species that occur in this region are threatened with extinction, while others such as Abyssinian longclaw (Macronyx flavicollis Rüppell, 1840), Harwood’s Francolin (Francolinus harwoodi Blundell and Lovat, 1899), and Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata Rüppell, 1840) are in the IUCN Red Data Book [4].Species composition in a given area is usually explained by a number of variables that have been found to stress species within a given landscape. These include the area of habitat patch in which the species nests, the amount of habitat within the landscape, degree of disintegration, and vegetation characteristics of the habitat [5]. Environmental heterogeneity in the form of spatial variation in the habitat and local climate can influence the distributions of species [6].Because they are relatively easy to identify, birds have received considerable attention of humans [7]. They are important for healthy functioning of the ecosystem. Insectivorous birds, for example, control agricultural insect pests [8]. Birds can also act as bioindicators and serve in monitoring the environmental changes [9].Birds can adapt to every environment that fits their requirements for reproduction and survival [10]. Humans intervene in the natural habitats and greatly decrease the area of naturally functioning ecosystems [11]. Diversity and extent of natural habitats will continue to decline as human population increases and modify the landscape for development [12, 13]. Forest loss, invasive species, poorly planned infrastructure development, environmental pollution, overexploitation, human induced climate change, and poverty are some of the causes of the decline of birds in the area [5].Effective management of human activities in wildlife protected areas is an important conservation issue as the footprint of human influence continues to expand, and incidental impacts of human activities spread into more areas [14, 15]. Birds have been mostly useful to assess effects of habitat change because they are easy to observe, and their populations decrease or increase when the landscape is modified by different factors [16]. Birds are indicators and useful models for studying variety of environmental changes [10, 17]. The objective of this study is, therefore, to study avian community composition in Alatish National Park, Ethiopia, to conserve the park’s avifauna in particular and the whole biodiversity resources in general.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Description of the Study Area

Alatish National Park is located in the West Gondar Administrative Zone, about 1048 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 311 km southwest of Gondar town. The Park is bordered in the west and northwest by the Republic of Sudan, in the east and northeast by Quara Woreda, and in the south, southwest, and southeast by Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State. The vegetation of the park is known to act as a “green guard” against the desert expansion from Sudan and Sahel region [18]. The geographic position of the park is within 11°48′ – 12°26′N latitude, and 35°16′ – 35°46′E longitude (Figure 1). Its topography is relatively flat with an altitude ranging from 354 to 835 m.a.s.l. There are two major rivers, Alatish River and Hyma River, which are sources of water to the park’s wildlife and the local people. Moreover, seasonal streams are also available throughout the park during the wet season.Figure 1
Location map of the study area.The climate of the park is characterized by two extremes of wet and dry seasons. Effective rain starts in May and peaks in August. The mean monthly temperatures are between 8.9 to 21.6°C minimum and 25.8 to 35.2°C maximum. The rainfall distribution is unimodal with heavy rainfall from June to September. The highest intensity of rainfall occurs in August which was recorded as 281.2 mm and the lowest was in February with a record of 0.57 mm [19].The vegetation in Alatish National Park is similar to the Sudanian and it is mostly undifferentiated Sudanian and Ethiopian woodland type. The major tree species in the park consists of deciduous trees includingAnogeissus leiocarpus, Combretum spp., Boswellia papyrifera, Gardenia ternifolia, Lannea fruticosa, Pterocarpus lucens, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, Piliostigma thonningii, Terminalia laxiflora, Acacia spp., Stereospermum kunthianum, Sterculia setigera, and Balanites aegyptiaca [20]. The vegetation of the park is classified into riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland [20, 21].


### 2.2. Methods

A preliminary survey to study avian community in the park was carried out for five days from 20 to 25 June 2017. In this survey, topographical features and vegetation cover of the study area were assessed. Additional information about the study area was gathered from scouts of the park and the local people living around the park. Based on the available information, actual field work was carried out from July 2017 to April 2018 comprising the wet and dry seasons.The study area was classified based on vegetation structure and composition. As a result, four habitat types riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland were identified [20]. Data were collected using both line transect and point count methods [22]. Point sampling was used for habitats where bird detectability is limited [23]. Data were recorded by distributing points in the given habitat on a random basis. Transect lines and point count stations were laid on randomly selected blocks.Data were collected following [23, 24]. Sampling blocks were established in each of the four vegetation types. The number of blocks was determined according to the size of the area and type of vegetation structure within the park. Based on topographic map and preliminary survey, 19 blocks were identified. The blocks were 6 × 6 km area covering of 36 km2. Twenty-six transect lines and eighteen point count stations were sampled at random. The length of each transect line was determined by openness of the habitat [22]. The distance between the consecutive line transects was a minimum of 0.6 km. Birds observed within 100 m on either side of the transect line were recorded [23].Point count method was undertaken from a fixed location within the sample unit of radius of 25 m and with a fixed time interval of 10 minutes [25]. The survey was conducted along a series of point counting stations by counting the number of birds detected [26, 27]. To avoid double counting, routes were spaced as adopted from [28]. In each block, nine-point count stations were identified, and in each point count station, a minimum distance of 150–200 m was maintained using Global Positioning System to avoid double counting [22]. The point counting stations and the width of the transects were set based on the birds’ detectability [29].Along the randomly selected line transects and point count stations, data on avian species diversity, relative abundance, and habitat association were collected for five days per week, and thus a total of 30 days during the wet season and 30 days during the dry season were used. The wet season data were collected during July-August 2017, and data for the dry season were obtained during March-April 2018. Data collections were conducted from 06 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 30 a.m. and from 03 : 00 p.m. to 06 : 00 p.m. when birds were more active. The speed of walking on the routes depends on the number of birds present and rate of difficulties in recording them. As a result, speeds of 2 km h−1 in open habitats and 1 km h−1 in dense habitats were used [23]. For identification of bird species, morphological features such as plumage pattern, size, shape, and colour of birds were used as important parameters [30]. Birds were identified using binoculars as well as naked eyes. Photographs of birds were also taken to confirm the identification of some species and birds were identified to the species level based on the field guides [31, 32].


### 2.3. Data Analysis

One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of season and habitat on diversity and relative abundance of birds. Data for the community structure of avian species were analyzed using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H′) and Simpson′s Index of Diversity. Relative abundance of avian species was determined using encounter rates that give scales of abundance as rare, uncommon, frequent, common, and abundant. The abundance category was <0.1(rare), 0.1–2.0 (uncommon), 2.1–10.0 (frequent), 10.1–40.0 (common), and 40+ (abundant) [21]. Data analysis was carried out using SAS (version 9.4) software, and Tukey’s HSD test at p = 0.05 was used to test significant differences.


## 2.1. Description of the Study Area

Alatish National Park is located in the West Gondar Administrative Zone, about 1048 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 311 km southwest of Gondar town. The Park is bordered in the west and northwest by the Republic of Sudan, in the east and northeast by Quara Woreda, and in the south, southwest, and southeast by Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State. The vegetation of the park is known to act as a “green guard” against the desert expansion from Sudan and Sahel region [18]. The geographic position of the park is within 11°48′ – 12°26′N latitude, and 35°16′ – 35°46′E longitude (Figure 1). Its topography is relatively flat with an altitude ranging from 354 to 835 m.a.s.l. There are two major rivers, Alatish River and Hyma River, which are sources of water to the park’s wildlife and the local people. Moreover, seasonal streams are also available throughout the park during the wet season.Figure 1
Location map of the study area.The climate of the park is characterized by two extremes of wet and dry seasons. Effective rain starts in May and peaks in August. The mean monthly temperatures are between 8.9 to 21.6°C minimum and 25.8 to 35.2°C maximum. The rainfall distribution is unimodal with heavy rainfall from June to September. The highest intensity of rainfall occurs in August which was recorded as 281.2 mm and the lowest was in February with a record of 0.57 mm [19].The vegetation in Alatish National Park is similar to the Sudanian and it is mostly undifferentiated Sudanian and Ethiopian woodland type. The major tree species in the park consists of deciduous trees includingAnogeissus leiocarpus, Combretum spp., Boswellia papyrifera, Gardenia ternifolia, Lannea fruticosa, Pterocarpus lucens, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, Piliostigma thonningii, Terminalia laxiflora, Acacia spp., Stereospermum kunthianum, Sterculia setigera, and Balanites aegyptiaca [20]. The vegetation of the park is classified into riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland [20, 21].


## 2.2. Methods

A preliminary survey to study avian community in the park was carried out for five days from 20 to 25 June 2017. In this survey, topographical features and vegetation cover of the study area were assessed. Additional information about the study area was gathered from scouts of the park and the local people living around the park. Based on the available information, actual field work was carried out from July 2017 to April 2018 comprising the wet and dry seasons.The study area was classified based on vegetation structure and composition. As a result, four habitat types riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland were identified [20]. Data were collected using both line transect and point count methods [22]. Point sampling was used for habitats where bird detectability is limited [23]. Data were recorded by distributing points in the given habitat on a random basis. Transect lines and point count stations were laid on randomly selected blocks.Data were collected following [23, 24]. Sampling blocks were established in each of the four vegetation types. The number of blocks was determined according to the size of the area and type of vegetation structure within the park. Based on topographic map and preliminary survey, 19 blocks were identified. The blocks were 6 × 6 km area covering of 36 km2. Twenty-six transect lines and eighteen point count stations were sampled at random. The length of each transect line was determined by openness of the habitat [22]. The distance between the consecutive line transects was a minimum of 0.6 km. Birds observed within 100 m on either side of the transect line were recorded [23].Point count method was undertaken from a fixed location within the sample unit of radius of 25 m and with a fixed time interval of 10 minutes [25]. The survey was conducted along a series of point counting stations by counting the number of birds detected [26, 27]. To avoid double counting, routes were spaced as adopted from [28]. In each block, nine-point count stations were identified, and in each point count station, a minimum distance of 150–200 m was maintained using Global Positioning System to avoid double counting [22]. The point counting stations and the width of the transects were set based on the birds’ detectability [29].Along the randomly selected line transects and point count stations, data on avian species diversity, relative abundance, and habitat association were collected for five days per week, and thus a total of 30 days during the wet season and 30 days during the dry season were used. The wet season data were collected during July-August 2017, and data for the dry season were obtained during March-April 2018. Data collections were conducted from 06 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 30 a.m. and from 03 : 00 p.m. to 06 : 00 p.m. when birds were more active. The speed of walking on the routes depends on the number of birds present and rate of difficulties in recording them. As a result, speeds of 2 km h−1 in open habitats and 1 km h−1 in dense habitats were used [23]. For identification of bird species, morphological features such as plumage pattern, size, shape, and colour of birds were used as important parameters [30]. Birds were identified using binoculars as well as naked eyes. Photographs of birds were also taken to confirm the identification of some species and birds were identified to the species level based on the field guides [31, 32].


## 2.3. Data Analysis

One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of season and habitat on diversity and relative abundance of birds. Data for the community structure of avian species were analyzed using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H′) and Simpson′s Index of Diversity. Relative abundance of avian species was determined using encounter rates that give scales of abundance as rare, uncommon, frequent, common, and abundant. The abundance category was <0.1(rare), 0.1–2.0 (uncommon), 2.1–10.0 (frequent), 10.1–40.0 (common), and 40+ (abundant) [21]. Data analysis was carried out using SAS (version 9.4) software, and Tukey’s HSD test at p = 0.05 was used to test significant differences.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Species Composition

A total of 132 avian species belonging to 18 orders and 55 families were identified during the study period, and among these only 56 species were identified as resident birds. A total of 105 species of birds were recorded during the wet season and 86 during the dry season. However, 59 species of birds were recorded during both the wet and dry seasons, 46 species only during the wet season, and 27 species only during the dry season.African citril (Crithagra citrinelloides Rüppell, 1840) is found only in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and western Kenya, and white-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques Rüppell, 1837) is endemic to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. Black kite (Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766), Levaillant’s cuckoo (Clamator levaillantii Swainson, 1829), great white egret (Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758), and sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus Latham, 1790) are African migrants. Grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771), tree pipit (Anthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758), African hoopoe (Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758), and Caspian plover (Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773) are Palearctic migrants. Globally vulnerable species such as black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina Linnaeus, 1758) were also recorded in the Alatish National Park (Table 1).Table 1
List of avian species recorded during the wet and dry seasons and their distribution in different habitats within the park.
OrderFamilyCommon nameScientific nameHabitat typeSeasonsRiverine woodlandWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandWetDryBothColumbiformesColumbidaeAfrican collared doveStreptopelia roseogrisea Sundevall, 1857✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeAfrican mourning doveStreptopelia decipiens Hartlaub and Finsch, 1870✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBlack-billed wood doveTurtur abyssinicus Sharpe, 1902✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBlue-spotted wood doveTurtur afer Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBruce’s green pigeonTreron waalia Meyer, 1793✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeLaughing doveStreptopelia senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeNamaqua doveOena capensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeRed-eyed doveStreptopelia semitorquata Rüppell, 1837✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeRing-necked doveStreptopelia capicola Sundevall, 1857✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeSpeckled pigeonColumba guinea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeWhite-collared pigeonColumba albitorques Rüppell, 1837✓✓CoraciiformesCoraciidaeAbyssinian rollerCoracias abyssinicus Hermann, 1783✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeBlue-breasted bee-eaterMerops variegatus Vieillot, 1817✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeRed-throated bee-eaterMerops bulocki Vieillot,1817✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeWhite-throated bee-eaterMerops bullockoides Smith, 1834✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeLittle bee-eaterMerops pusillus Statius Müller, 1776✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeGiant kingfisherMegaceryle maxima Pallas, 1769✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeMalachite kingfisherAlcedo cristata Pallas, 1764✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeWoodland kingfisherHalcyon senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaePied kingfisherCeryle rudis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeHalf-collared kingfisherAlcedo semitorquata Swainson, 1823✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeGrey-headed kingfisherHalcyon leucocephala Müller, 1776✓✓PasseriformesZosteropidaeAbyssinian white eyeZosterops abyssinicus Guérin-Méneville, 1843✓✓PasseriformesFringillidaeAfrican citrilCrithagra citrinelloides Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesAlaudidaeAfrican singing bushlarkMirafra cantillans Blyth,1845✓✓PasseriformesTurdidaeAfrican thrushTurdus pelios Bonaparte, 1850✓✓PasseriformesTurdidaeMountain thrushTurdus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesMuscicapidaeFamiliar chatOenanthe familiaris Wilkes, 1817✓✓PasseriformesMuscicapidaeBrown-tailed chatOenanthe scotocerca Heuglin, 1869✓✓PasseriformesViduidaeParadise whydahVidua paradisaea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesViduidaePin-tailed whydahVidua macroura Pallas, 1764✓✓PasseriformesViduidaeVillage indigo birdVidua chalybeate Müller, 1776✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeAfrican firefinchLagonosticta rubricata Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeCut-throat finchAmadina fasciata Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeRed-cheeked cordon bleuUraeginthus bengalus Linnaeus, 1766✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeBar breasted firefinchLagonosticta rufopicta Fraster, 1843✓✓PasseriformesNectariniidaeBeautiful sunbirdCinnyris pulchellus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMalaconotidaeBlack-headed gonolekLaniarius erythrogaster Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓PasseriformesMalaconotidaeBlack-headed gonolekLaniarius erythrogaster Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓PasseriformesLeiothricidaeWhite-headed babblerTurdoides leucocephala Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesPasseridaeBush petroniaPetronia dentata Sundevall, 1850✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeVillage weaverPloceus cucullatus Müller, 1776PasseriformesPloceidaeJuba weaverPloceus dichrocephalus Salvadori, 1896✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeBlack-headed weaverPloceus melanocephalus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeChestnut weaverPloceus rubiginosus Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeYellow-crowned bishopEuplectes afer Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeSpeke’s weaverPloceus spekei Heuglin, 1861✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeNorthern red bishopEuplectes franciscanus Isert, 1789✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeRüppell’s weaverPloceus galbula Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeLittle weaverPloceus luteolus Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeBlack-winged red bishopEuplectes hordeaceus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesPasseridaeNorthern grey-headed sparrowPasser griseus Vieillot, 1817✓✓PasseriformesCisticolidaeBuff-belled warblerPhyllolais pulchella Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesPycnonotidaeCommon bulbulPycnonotus barbatus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓PasseriformesCorvidaeFan-tailed ravenCorvus rhipidurus Hartert, 1918✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeGolden pipitTimetothylacus tenellus Cabanis, 1878✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeMountain wagtailMotacilla clara Sharpe, 1908✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeTree pipitAnthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaePied wagtailMotacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeLong-billed pipitAnthus similis Jerdon, 1840✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaePlain-backed pipitAnthus leucophrys Vieillot, 1818✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeGrey wagtailMotacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771✓✓PasseriformesLocustellidaeLittle rush warblerBradypterus baboecala Vieillot, 1817✓✓PasseriformesLaniidaeNubian shrikeLanius nubicus Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesAcrocephalidaeEastern olivaceous warblerIduna pallida Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833✓✓PasseriformesCisticolidaeRed-pate cisticolaCisticola ruficeps Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesSturnidaeRüppel’s starlingLamprotornis purpuroptera Rüppell, 1845✓✓PasseriformesDicruridaeSquare-tailed drongoDicrurus ludwigii Smith, 1834✓✓PasseriformesDicruridaeFork-tailed drongoDicrurus adsimilis Bechstein, 1794✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAfrican hawk-eagleAquila spilogaster Bonaparte, 1850✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAfrican fish-eagleHaliaeetus vocifer Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBlack kiteMilvus migrans Boddaert, 1783✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeTawny eagleAquila rapax Temminck, 1828✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBlack-winged kiteElanus caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBrown snake eagleCircaetus cinereus Vieillot, 1817✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeGrasshopper buzzardButastur rufipennis Sundevall, 1851✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeHooded vultureNecrosyrtes monachus Temminck, 1828✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLappet-faced vultureTorgos tracheliotos Foster, 1791✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLong-crested eagleLophaetus occipitalis Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeMartial eaglePolemaetus bellicosus Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeShikraAccipiter badius Gmelin, 1788✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeShort-toed snake eagleCircaetus gallicus Gmelin, 1788✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeWhite-headed vultureAegypius occipitalis Burchell, 1824✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLizard buzzardKaupifalco monogrammicus Temminck, 1824✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLong-legged buzzardButeo rufinus Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓AccipitriformesSagittariidaeSecretary birdSagittarius serpentarius Miller, 1779✓✓GruiformesHeliornithidaeAfrican finfootPodica senegalensis Vieillot, 1817✓✓GruiformesGruidaeBlack-crowned craneBalearica pavonina Linnaeus, 1758✓✓SuliformesPhalacrocoracidaeLong-tailed cormorantMicrocarbo africanus Gmelin, 1789✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeCattle egretBubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeYellow-billed egretEgretta intermedia Wagler, 1827✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeBlack-headed heronArdea melanocephala Vigors, 1826✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGreat white egretArdea alba Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeCommon squacco heronArdeola ralloides Scopoli, 1769✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGrey heronArdea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGoliath heronArdea goliath Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeGlossy ibisPlegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeAfrican sacred ibisThreskiornis aethiopicus Latham, 1790✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeHadada ibisBostrychia hagedash Latham, 1790✓✓PelecaniformesScopidaeHammer kopScopus umbretta Gmelin, 1789✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeWhite storkCiconia ciconia Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeWoolly necked storkCiconia episcopus Boddaert, 1783✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeBlack storkCiconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesRecurvirostridaeBlack-winged stiltHimantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeCaspian ploverCharadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeThree-banded ploverCharadrius tricollaris Vieillot, 1818✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeKentish ploverCharadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeSpur-winged lapwingVanellus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesTurnicidaeCommon buttonquailTurnix sylvaticus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓CharadriiformesPluvianidaeEgyptian ploverPluvianus aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeSenegal thick-kneeBurhinus senegalensis Swainson, 1837✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeEurasian stone curlewBurhinus oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeWater thick-kneeBurhinus vermiculatus Cabanis, 1868✓✓PiciformesLybiidaeBlack-billed barbetLybius guifsobalito Hermann, 1783✓✓PiciformesIndicatoridaeLesser honeyguideIndicator minor Stephens, 1815✓✓PiciformesPicidaeNubian woodpeckerCampethera nubica Boddaert, 1783✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeClapperton’s FrancolinPternistis clappertoni Vigors, 1826✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeSand partridgeAmmoperdix heyi Temminck, 1825✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeScaly FrancolinPternistis squamatus Cassin, 1857✓✓GalliformesNumididaeHelmeted guineafowlNumida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758✓✓StrigiformesStrigidaeCommon scops owlOtus senegalensis Swainson, 1837✓✓AnseriformesAnatidaeEgyptian gooseAlopochen aegyptiaca Linnaeus, 1766✓✓BucerotiformesUpupidaeAfrican hoopoeUpupa africana Bechstein,1811✓✓BucerotiformesPhoeniculidaeGreen wood hoopoePhoeniculus purpureus Miller, 1784✓✓BucerotiformesPhoeniculidaeViolet wood hoopoePhoeniculus damarensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1901✓✓BucerotiformesBucerotidaeNorthern red-billed hornbillTockus erythrorhynchus Temminck, 1823✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeLevaillant’s cuckooClamator levaillantii Swainson, 1829✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeSenegal coucalCentropus senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeBlue-headed coucalCentropus monachus Rüppell, 1837✓✓MusophagiformesMusophagidaeWhite-belled go-away-birdCrinifer leucogaster Rüppell, 1842✓✓PsittaciformesPsittaculidaeRose-ringed parakeetPsittacula krameri Scopoli, 1769✓✓ColiformesColiidaeSpeckled mousebirdColius striatus Gmelin, 1789✓✓Order Passeriformes had the highest number of species (47), followed by order Accipitriformes (17 species) and orders Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, and Pelecaniformes with 11 species each. Order Passeriformes had also the highest number of families (23) followed by order Charadriiformes (5), and orders Pelecaniformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, and Bucerotiformes had three families each (Figure2).Figure 2
Avian species composition in Alatish National Park.


### 3.2. Species Diversity

The riverine woodland and the bamboo woodland habitats harboured the highest (H’ = 3.53) and the lowest (H’ = 2.81) avian species diversity, respectively, during the wet season. The species richness and abundance were the highest in the riverine woodland habitat, and the lowest was in the bamboo woodland habitat during the wet season. Species evenness was also the highest in the riverine woodland habitat during the wet season (Table2).Table 2
Avian diversity during the wet season.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland8955743.534.490.790.99Wooded grassland8046003.304.380.750.96Woodland5530113.034.000.750.95Bamboo woodland4125662.813.710.760.93During the dry season, the highest avian species diversity was recorded in the riverine woodland habitat (H’ = 3.55), while the lowest was in the woodland habitat (H’ = 2.45). A riverine woodland habitat harboured the highest avian species richness and abundance, while the lowest was in the woodland habitat during the dry season. During the same dry season, species evenness was also the highest in the riverine woodland habitat (Table3).Table 3
Avian diversity during the dry season.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland11068953.554.700.770.97Wooded grassland5619592.704.020.670.93Woodland3914842.453.660.670.91Bamboo woodland4020252.743.690.740.93During the whole study period, the highest species diversity and evenness were recorded in the riverine woodland habitat, and the lowest were in wooded grassland habitat (Table4).Table 4
Avian diversity during both the wet and dry seasons.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland12985163.144.850.640.96Wooded grassland5729362.344.040.580.96Woodland5923982.434.070.590.87Bamboo woodland5330392.393.970.600.90


### 3.3. Species Similarity

Wet season avian species similarity result indicated that relatively the highest species similarity was recorded between the riverine woodland and wooded grassland habitats, while the lowest was between woodland and bamboo woodland habitats (Table5).Table 5
Avian species similarity among the four habitat types during the wet season.
Habitat typesWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandRiverine woodland0.570.540.47Wooded grassland0.500.46Woodland0.45Bamboo woodlandDuring the dry season, relatively the highest avian species similarity occurred between wooded grassland and bamboo woodland habitats, and the lowest was between riverine woodland and wooded grassland habitats and between riverine woodland and woodland habitats (Table6).Table 6
Avian species similarity among the four habitat types during the dry season.
Habitat typesWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandRiverine woodland0.670.670.70Wooded grassland0.890.90Woodland0.75


### 3.4. Relative Abundance

There was an association between relative abundance of birds and seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, individuals of 1,571 and 1,263 birds, respectively, were recorded in the park. There was a significant difference in abundance of birds among the difference species (F131, 1452 = 2.94, P<0.05). The most abundant bird species in the study area was Rüppell’s weaver (P. galbula), while the least abundance was for yellow-billed egret (A. brachyrhyncha).During the wet season, the riverine woodland habitat had relatively the highest number of birds and the lowest was found in bamboo woodland habitat. During the dry season, the riverine woodland habitat had also relatively the highest number of birds, while the lowest was found from woodland habitat. According to Tukey’s HSD test atP=0.05, means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Table 7).Table 7
Average number of birds counted at different habitats versus seasons.
Habitat typesSeasonsWetDryBoth wet and dryRiverine woodland43.3 a39.8 AB43.2 aWooded grassland38.0 AB14.2 DE38.3 ABWoodland22.2 CDE10.1 E13.3 DEBamboo woodland14.5 DE31.1 ABC25.4 BCDRelative abundance of birds in Alatish National Park during the wet season showed that 125 (47.2%) of the species were uncommon, 69 (26%) frequent, 32 (12%) common, and 39 (14.7%) abundant. During the dry season, 108 (44.0%) of bird species were uncommon, 72 (29.4%) frequent, 43 (17.5%) common, and 22 (9.0%) abundant (Table8).Table 8
Relative abundance of bird species during the wet and dry seasons.
Habitat typesAbundance rankSeasonsUncommonFrequentCommonAbundantRiverine woodlandWet3724919dry40362113Wooded grasslandWet31211711dry222176WoodlandWet341146dry205113Bamboo woodlandWet231323dry26104-


### 3.5. Habitat Association

The highest habitat association of birds during the wet season was recorded in the riverine woodland habitat followed by wooded grassland habitat, while the lowest was in the bamboo woodland habitat. During the dry season, the highest habitat association of birds was also recorded in the riverine woodland habitat, while the lowest was in the woodland habitat (Figure3).Figure 3
Avian species habitat association among the four habitat types.


## 3.1. Species Composition

A total of 132 avian species belonging to 18 orders and 55 families were identified during the study period, and among these only 56 species were identified as resident birds. A total of 105 species of birds were recorded during the wet season and 86 during the dry season. However, 59 species of birds were recorded during both the wet and dry seasons, 46 species only during the wet season, and 27 species only during the dry season.African citril (Crithagra citrinelloides Rüppell, 1840) is found only in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and western Kenya, and white-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques Rüppell, 1837) is endemic to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. Black kite (Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766), Levaillant’s cuckoo (Clamator levaillantii Swainson, 1829), great white egret (Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758), and sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus Latham, 1790) are African migrants. Grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771), tree pipit (Anthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758), African hoopoe (Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758), and Caspian plover (Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773) are Palearctic migrants. Globally vulnerable species such as black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina Linnaeus, 1758) were also recorded in the Alatish National Park (Table 1).Table 1
List of avian species recorded during the wet and dry seasons and their distribution in different habitats within the park.
OrderFamilyCommon nameScientific nameHabitat typeSeasonsRiverine woodlandWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandWetDryBothColumbiformesColumbidaeAfrican collared doveStreptopelia roseogrisea Sundevall, 1857✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeAfrican mourning doveStreptopelia decipiens Hartlaub and Finsch, 1870✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBlack-billed wood doveTurtur abyssinicus Sharpe, 1902✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBlue-spotted wood doveTurtur afer Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeBruce’s green pigeonTreron waalia Meyer, 1793✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeLaughing doveStreptopelia senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeNamaqua doveOena capensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeRed-eyed doveStreptopelia semitorquata Rüppell, 1837✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeRing-necked doveStreptopelia capicola Sundevall, 1857✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeSpeckled pigeonColumba guinea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓ColumbiformesColumbidaeWhite-collared pigeonColumba albitorques Rüppell, 1837✓✓CoraciiformesCoraciidaeAbyssinian rollerCoracias abyssinicus Hermann, 1783✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeBlue-breasted bee-eaterMerops variegatus Vieillot, 1817✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeRed-throated bee-eaterMerops bulocki Vieillot,1817✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeWhite-throated bee-eaterMerops bullockoides Smith, 1834✓✓CoraciiformesMeropidaeLittle bee-eaterMerops pusillus Statius Müller, 1776✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeGiant kingfisherMegaceryle maxima Pallas, 1769✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeMalachite kingfisherAlcedo cristata Pallas, 1764✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeWoodland kingfisherHalcyon senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaePied kingfisherCeryle rudis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeHalf-collared kingfisherAlcedo semitorquata Swainson, 1823✓✓CoraciiformesAlcedinidaeGrey-headed kingfisherHalcyon leucocephala Müller, 1776✓✓PasseriformesZosteropidaeAbyssinian white eyeZosterops abyssinicus Guérin-Méneville, 1843✓✓PasseriformesFringillidaeAfrican citrilCrithagra citrinelloides Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesAlaudidaeAfrican singing bushlarkMirafra cantillans Blyth,1845✓✓PasseriformesTurdidaeAfrican thrushTurdus pelios Bonaparte, 1850✓✓PasseriformesTurdidaeMountain thrushTurdus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesMuscicapidaeFamiliar chatOenanthe familiaris Wilkes, 1817✓✓PasseriformesMuscicapidaeBrown-tailed chatOenanthe scotocerca Heuglin, 1869✓✓PasseriformesViduidaeParadise whydahVidua paradisaea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesViduidaePin-tailed whydahVidua macroura Pallas, 1764✓✓PasseriformesViduidaeVillage indigo birdVidua chalybeate Müller, 1776✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeAfrican firefinchLagonosticta rubricata Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeCut-throat finchAmadina fasciata Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeRed-cheeked cordon bleuUraeginthus bengalus Linnaeus, 1766✓✓PasseriformesEstrildidaeBar breasted firefinchLagonosticta rufopicta Fraster, 1843✓✓PasseriformesNectariniidaeBeautiful sunbirdCinnyris pulchellus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMalaconotidaeBlack-headed gonolekLaniarius erythrogaster Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓PasseriformesMalaconotidaeBlack-headed gonolekLaniarius erythrogaster Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓PasseriformesLeiothricidaeWhite-headed babblerTurdoides leucocephala Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesPasseridaeBush petroniaPetronia dentata Sundevall, 1850✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeVillage weaverPloceus cucullatus Müller, 1776PasseriformesPloceidaeJuba weaverPloceus dichrocephalus Salvadori, 1896✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeBlack-headed weaverPloceus melanocephalus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeChestnut weaverPloceus rubiginosus Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeYellow-crowned bishopEuplectes afer Gmelin, 1789✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeSpeke’s weaverPloceus spekei Heuglin, 1861✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeNorthern red bishopEuplectes franciscanus Isert, 1789✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeRüppell’s weaverPloceus galbula Rüppell, 1840✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeLittle weaverPloceus luteolus Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesPloceidaeBlack-winged red bishopEuplectes hordeaceus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesPasseridaeNorthern grey-headed sparrowPasser griseus Vieillot, 1817✓✓PasseriformesCisticolidaeBuff-belled warblerPhyllolais pulchella Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesPycnonotidaeCommon bulbulPycnonotus barbatus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓PasseriformesCorvidaeFan-tailed ravenCorvus rhipidurus Hartert, 1918✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeGolden pipitTimetothylacus tenellus Cabanis, 1878✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeMountain wagtailMotacilla clara Sharpe, 1908✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeTree pipitAnthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaePied wagtailMotacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeLong-billed pipitAnthus similis Jerdon, 1840✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaePlain-backed pipitAnthus leucophrys Vieillot, 1818✓✓PasseriformesMotacillidaeGrey wagtailMotacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771✓✓PasseriformesLocustellidaeLittle rush warblerBradypterus baboecala Vieillot, 1817✓✓PasseriformesLaniidaeNubian shrikeLanius nubicus Lichtenstein, 1823✓✓PasseriformesAcrocephalidaeEastern olivaceous warblerIduna pallida Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833✓✓PasseriformesCisticolidaeRed-pate cisticolaCisticola ruficeps Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PasseriformesSturnidaeRüppel’s starlingLamprotornis purpuroptera Rüppell, 1845✓✓PasseriformesDicruridaeSquare-tailed drongoDicrurus ludwigii Smith, 1834✓✓PasseriformesDicruridaeFork-tailed drongoDicrurus adsimilis Bechstein, 1794✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAfrican hawk-eagleAquila spilogaster Bonaparte, 1850✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAfrican fish-eagleHaliaeetus vocifer Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBlack kiteMilvus migrans Boddaert, 1783✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeTawny eagleAquila rapax Temminck, 1828✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBlack-winged kiteElanus caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeBrown snake eagleCircaetus cinereus Vieillot, 1817✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeGrasshopper buzzardButastur rufipennis Sundevall, 1851✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeHooded vultureNecrosyrtes monachus Temminck, 1828✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLappet-faced vultureTorgos tracheliotos Foster, 1791✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLong-crested eagleLophaetus occipitalis Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeMartial eaglePolemaetus bellicosus Daudin, 1800✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeShikraAccipiter badius Gmelin, 1788✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeShort-toed snake eagleCircaetus gallicus Gmelin, 1788✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeWhite-headed vultureAegypius occipitalis Burchell, 1824✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLizard buzzardKaupifalco monogrammicus Temminck, 1824✓✓AccipitriformesAccipitridaeLong-legged buzzardButeo rufinus Cretzschmar, 1829✓✓AccipitriformesSagittariidaeSecretary birdSagittarius serpentarius Miller, 1779✓✓GruiformesHeliornithidaeAfrican finfootPodica senegalensis Vieillot, 1817✓✓GruiformesGruidaeBlack-crowned craneBalearica pavonina Linnaeus, 1758✓✓SuliformesPhalacrocoracidaeLong-tailed cormorantMicrocarbo africanus Gmelin, 1789✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeCattle egretBubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeYellow-billed egretEgretta intermedia Wagler, 1827✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeBlack-headed heronArdea melanocephala Vigors, 1826✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGreat white egretArdea alba Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeCommon squacco heronArdeola ralloides Scopoli, 1769✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGrey heronArdea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758✓✓PelecaniformesArdeidaeGoliath heronArdea goliath Cretzschmar, 1827✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeGlossy ibisPlegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeAfrican sacred ibisThreskiornis aethiopicus Latham, 1790✓✓PelecaniformesThreskiornithidaeHadada ibisBostrychia hagedash Latham, 1790✓✓PelecaniformesScopidaeHammer kopScopus umbretta Gmelin, 1789✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeWhite storkCiconia ciconia Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeWoolly necked storkCiconia episcopus Boddaert, 1783✓✓CiconiiformesCiconiidaeBlack storkCiconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesRecurvirostridaeBlack-winged stiltHimantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeCaspian ploverCharadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeThree-banded ploverCharadrius tricollaris Vieillot, 1818✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeKentish ploverCharadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesCharadriidaeSpur-winged lapwingVanellus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesTurnicidaeCommon buttonquailTurnix sylvaticus Desfontaines, 1789✓✓CharadriiformesPluvianidaeEgyptian ploverPluvianus aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeSenegal thick-kneeBurhinus senegalensis Swainson, 1837✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeEurasian stone curlewBurhinus oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758✓✓CharadriiformesBurhinidaeWater thick-kneeBurhinus vermiculatus Cabanis, 1868✓✓PiciformesLybiidaeBlack-billed barbetLybius guifsobalito Hermann, 1783✓✓PiciformesIndicatoridaeLesser honeyguideIndicator minor Stephens, 1815✓✓PiciformesPicidaeNubian woodpeckerCampethera nubica Boddaert, 1783✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeClapperton’s FrancolinPternistis clappertoni Vigors, 1826✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeSand partridgeAmmoperdix heyi Temminck, 1825✓✓GalliformesPhasianidaeScaly FrancolinPternistis squamatus Cassin, 1857✓✓GalliformesNumididaeHelmeted guineafowlNumida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758✓✓StrigiformesStrigidaeCommon scops owlOtus senegalensis Swainson, 1837✓✓AnseriformesAnatidaeEgyptian gooseAlopochen aegyptiaca Linnaeus, 1766✓✓BucerotiformesUpupidaeAfrican hoopoeUpupa africana Bechstein,1811✓✓BucerotiformesPhoeniculidaeGreen wood hoopoePhoeniculus purpureus Miller, 1784✓✓BucerotiformesPhoeniculidaeViolet wood hoopoePhoeniculus damarensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1901✓✓BucerotiformesBucerotidaeNorthern red-billed hornbillTockus erythrorhynchus Temminck, 1823✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeLevaillant’s cuckooClamator levaillantii Swainson, 1829✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeSenegal coucalCentropus senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766✓✓CuculiformesCuculidaeBlue-headed coucalCentropus monachus Rüppell, 1837✓✓MusophagiformesMusophagidaeWhite-belled go-away-birdCrinifer leucogaster Rüppell, 1842✓✓PsittaciformesPsittaculidaeRose-ringed parakeetPsittacula krameri Scopoli, 1769✓✓ColiformesColiidaeSpeckled mousebirdColius striatus Gmelin, 1789✓✓Order Passeriformes had the highest number of species (47), followed by order Accipitriformes (17 species) and orders Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, and Pelecaniformes with 11 species each. Order Passeriformes had also the highest number of families (23) followed by order Charadriiformes (5), and orders Pelecaniformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, and Bucerotiformes had three families each (Figure2).Figure 2
Avian species composition in Alatish National Park.


## 3.2. Species Diversity

The riverine woodland and the bamboo woodland habitats harboured the highest (H’ = 3.53) and the lowest (H’ = 2.81) avian species diversity, respectively, during the wet season. The species richness and abundance were the highest in the riverine woodland habitat, and the lowest was in the bamboo woodland habitat during the wet season. Species evenness was also the highest in the riverine woodland habitat during the wet season (Table2).Table 2
Avian diversity during the wet season.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland8955743.534.490.790.99Wooded grassland8046003.304.380.750.96Woodland5530113.034.000.750.95Bamboo woodland4125662.813.710.760.93During the dry season, the highest avian species diversity was recorded in the riverine woodland habitat (H’ = 3.55), while the lowest was in the woodland habitat (H’ = 2.45). A riverine woodland habitat harboured the highest avian species richness and abundance, while the lowest was in the woodland habitat during the dry season. During the same dry season, species evenness was also the highest in the riverine woodland habitat (Table3).Table 3
Avian diversity during the dry season.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland11068953.554.700.770.97Wooded grassland5619592.704.020.670.93Woodland3914842.453.660.670.91Bamboo woodland4020252.743.690.740.93During the whole study period, the highest species diversity and evenness were recorded in the riverine woodland habitat, and the lowest were in wooded grassland habitat (Table4).Table 4
Avian diversity during both the wet and dry seasons.
Habitat typesSpecies richnessAbundanceH′H′ maxH’/HaxDRiverine woodland12985163.144.850.640.96Wooded grassland5729362.344.040.580.96Woodland5923982.434.070.590.87Bamboo woodland5330392.393.970.600.90


## 3.3. Species Similarity

Wet season avian species similarity result indicated that relatively the highest species similarity was recorded between the riverine woodland and wooded grassland habitats, while the lowest was between woodland and bamboo woodland habitats (Table5).Table 5
Avian species similarity among the four habitat types during the wet season.
Habitat typesWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandRiverine woodland0.570.540.47Wooded grassland0.500.46Woodland0.45Bamboo woodlandDuring the dry season, relatively the highest avian species similarity occurred between wooded grassland and bamboo woodland habitats, and the lowest was between riverine woodland and wooded grassland habitats and between riverine woodland and woodland habitats (Table6).Table 6
Avian species similarity among the four habitat types during the dry season.
Habitat typesWooded grasslandWoodlandBamboo woodlandRiverine woodland0.670.670.70Wooded grassland0.890.90Woodland0.75


## 3.4. Relative Abundance

There was an association between relative abundance of birds and seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, individuals of 1,571 and 1,263 birds, respectively, were recorded in the park. There was a significant difference in abundance of birds among the difference species (F131, 1452 = 2.94, P<0.05). The most abundant bird species in the study area was Rüppell’s weaver (P. galbula), while the least abundance was for yellow-billed egret (A. brachyrhyncha).During the wet season, the riverine woodland habitat had relatively the highest number of birds and the lowest was found in bamboo woodland habitat. During the dry season, the riverine woodland habitat had also relatively the highest number of birds, while the lowest was found from woodland habitat. According to Tukey’s HSD test atP=0.05, means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Table 7).Table 7
Average number of birds counted at different habitats versus seasons.
Habitat typesSeasonsWetDryBoth wet and dryRiverine woodland43.3 a39.8 AB43.2 aWooded grassland38.0 AB14.2 DE38.3 ABWoodland22.2 CDE10.1 E13.3 DEBamboo woodland14.5 DE31.1 ABC25.4 BCDRelative abundance of birds in Alatish National Park during the wet season showed that 125 (47.2%) of the species were uncommon, 69 (26%) frequent, 32 (12%) common, and 39 (14.7%) abundant. During the dry season, 108 (44.0%) of bird species were uncommon, 72 (29.4%) frequent, 43 (17.5%) common, and 22 (9.0%) abundant (Table8).Table 8
Relative abundance of bird species during the wet and dry seasons.
Habitat typesAbundance rankSeasonsUncommonFrequentCommonAbundantRiverine woodlandWet3724919dry40362113Wooded grasslandWet31211711dry222176WoodlandWet341146dry205113Bamboo woodlandWet231323dry26104-


## 3.5. Habitat Association

The highest habitat association of birds during the wet season was recorded in the riverine woodland habitat followed by wooded grassland habitat, while the lowest was in the bamboo woodland habitat. During the dry season, the highest habitat association of birds was also recorded in the riverine woodland habitat, while the lowest was in the woodland habitat (Figure3).Figure 3
Avian species habitat association among the four habitat types.


## 4. Discussion

Most of the birds in Alatish National Park are uncommon species. This result is similar to [33, 34] indicating that the park is home to different groups of birds. Species diversity is an indication of habitat heterogeneity, and the numbers of species and individuals in an area imply the importance of the area in conservation [35]. During the wet season, most of the birds are distributed throughout the park since anthropogenic disturbance such as fire is not the problem in the park. However, during the dry season, burning of the natural vegetation affects avian breeding sites and food; as a result, they leave the area and move to remote habitats where human disturbance is relatively less common. Scarcity of water and food is also an important factor for birds to change their previous habitat ranges during the dry season. As a result, less species of birds were recorded during the dry season than during the wet season.Some species occurring in the Alatish River during the wet season were found in the Hyma River during the dry season. This is attributed to the availability of adequate food and water in Hyma River habitats as the Alatish River dried up during the dry season. As a result, birds locally migrate from Alatish River to Hyma River within the park. There are also some species of birds that are observed in Alatish National Park only during the dry season. This might be associated with migration of birds where species from other continents such as Europe can travel to Africa to escape the bad weather during winter.Higher plant composition in riverine woodland habitat of the park supports the maximum avian species. This is because species richness and abundance are influenced by local resource availability and vegetation composition in the given habitat. As a result, species have a nonuniform distribution in space, and this is also in line with the findings of other researchers [36]. Since the occurrence of different tree species provides different opportunities for foraging and nesting, the riverine woodland habitat is suitable for different avian species. Moreover, the occurrence of different microhabitats in the riverine woodland habitat favours birds to use for nesting and sheltering which are safe to prevent themselves from predators.The riverine woodland habitat has the highest bird species diversity, richness, and evenness during the dry season, and this result is also in line with [26, 33]. This is due to the occurrence of rich habitat diversity with both structure and species composition of plants in this habitat. Different tree species provide different opportunities for foraging and providing microhabitats. Similarly, the availability of water and cover during the dry season in the riverine woodland habitat contributes to the occurrence of maximum avian species diversity. Thus, availability of water and food is the main ecological requirement to determine diversity and relative abundance of avian species in Alatish National Park. As the number of vegetation layer increases, the number of available niches for species also increases, and so does the diversity of the species [13, 37].Small-sized birds, which belong to the order Passeriformes, are dominantly observed feeding, resting, and roosting on the grasses and bushy habitats of the park. Birds’ response to wooded grassland habitats of different heights differed by species diversity due to the different patterns of habitat use. The availability of seed-bearing plants within the grasslands and the occurrence of different invertebrate species in grassland and bushy habitats can attract small-sized birds. In bamboo woodland habitat, the diversity and richness of birds during the wet season are relatively low. This might be because bamboo woodland habitats are sparsely distributed in the landscape, with limited available resources. Every habitat has a specific set of microenvironments which are suitable for species [15, 38]. Therefore, habitat requirement of each species could determine its distribution in the park.As anthropogenic disturbance such as forest fire in the park is not a common problem during the wet season, most of avian species are distributed in different habitat types within the park. However, during the dry season, frequent incidence of forest fire by the nomads and the local people in the park’s natural habitat could affect the breeding ground, food, and cover of birds. Moreover, scarcity of water and food during the dry season could also lead birds to change their previous habitat ranges and become restricted to habitats where their ecological requirements are easily available. Avian species such as Fork-tailed drongo (D. adsimilis), Green wood hoopoe (P. purpureus), little bee-eater (M. pusillus), and red-cheeked cordon bleu (U. bengalus) are more common avian species along the Hyma River during the dry season. During the wet season, flowering plants are flourishing within the park and, as a result, food is plentiful for birds in almost all of the habitats. However, during the dry season, the deciduous trees have defoliated and, in the absence of food, many species of birds were restricted to riverine woodland habitat.The differences in species composition and abundance among the four habitat types could be described as a function of the role that vegetation structure and composition in a given habitat can play in shaping the structure and organization of avian communities, and this is also in line with the findings of other researchers [39, 40]. The availability of different substrates for breeding, hiding, and foraging and different food items might attract different niche requiring bird species which result into higher species richness.The wet season avian diversity result indicates relatively more species similarity between the riverine woodland and wooded grassland habitats because these habitats are similar in vegetation structure and composition. Aa a result, bird habitat association in these two habitats is nearly the same. In contrast, the low avian species similarity is recorded between woodland and bamboo woodland habitats. This is probably due to the difference in feeding adaptation of avian species in these slightly different habitats. Canopy closure supports more of habitat specialist avian species, while areas under anthropogenic influence harbour more of opportunistic species [41]. Moreover, similarity of avian species composition between habitats indicates a tendency for similar habitats to have similar species composition [13, 26, 42].The relative abundance of birds in the study area is correlated to the availability of food, habitat condition, and breeding season of the species. The distinct seasonality of the rainfall and seasonal variation in the abundance of food resource result in seasonal changes in abundance of birds. The number of uncommon species recorded in the bamboo woodland habitat is relatively high. These species which have low number of individuals relative to the effort made during the survey compared to others had grouped them in the uncommon category. This result can be associated with the degradation of bamboo woodland habitat which is important for feeding, resting, and breeding. In the present study area, habitat degradation is due to vegetation clearing, burning, and habitat modification. Such type of habitat disturbance and degradation would reduce the individual population of the species in many ways. The presence of a large number of uncommon species in a certain area could be related to the breeding nature, large home range, and niche of the species [43]. Moreover, the number of individual birds varied independently within the area. A few species abandon the specific area, decreasing in the numbers of both species and individuals, while others may have a smaller number of avian species that may present as a few spread individuals throughout the year.In Alatish National Park, association of birds with a certain type of plant species, flower bearing trees, bushes, and grasses has been observed during the study period. The distribution and abundance of many avian species are determined by the composition of the vegetation that comprises a major element of their habitats [44]. Some bird species were more assembled with a particular plant species including fruiting trees, flowering trees, and bushes [45].On the shore of the rivers whereDiospyros mespiliformis, Anogeissus leiocarpus, and Ficus glumosa tress are dominant, African fish-eagle (H. vocifer) is assembled to these tree species and such trees are used as its resting sites. As this avian species depends on fish, it needs such trees for resting and watching to dive in the water and capture its prey. Avian species diversity of Alatish National Park relates to the occurrence of different types of niches that exist within the park. Some of the habitats contain diverse niches, which increases the diversity and abundance of avian species, since some groups of birds feed on different invertebrates, some on flowers, some on seeds, and some on parts of the plants like leaves. The distribution, richness, and abundance of many avian species are determined by the pattern and composition of the habitat components comprising a major element of their habitat [46].


## 5. Conclusion

A total of 132 species of birds were recorded in Alatish National Park indicating that the park is rich in its avian diversity. The majority of avian species belong to the order Passeriformes followed by order Falconiformes. Order Passeriformes had also the highest number of families. Families Columbidae, Phasianidae Cuculidae, Accipitridae, Meropidae, Muscicapidae, Numididae, Phoeniculidae, and Dicruridae are found to be the most widely distributed families in the park.Two near-endemic species were shared by Ethiopia and Eritrea, and six species which are African migrants, four Palearctic migrants, and one globally threatened species have been recorded in the park. The distribution of birds in different habitats is mainly determined due to the availability of food and water [13, 47]. Accordingly, the riverine woodland habitat has the highest avian species diversity, evenness, and richness, and it is followed by wooded grassland habitat. The highest species diversity, evenness, and richness in the riverine woodland habitat revealed the importance of this habitat for biodiversity conservation.Most of the avian species in Alatish National Park are locally uncommon and frequent, and the occurrence of threatened, endemic, uncommon, and vulnerable avian species makes the park an area of conservation importance. This revealed the need to give priority for conservation of birds in particular and the whole biological diversity in general. As a result, different anthropogenic activities including deliberate forest fire, logging, and overgrazing by nomadic cattle should be controlled or at least minimized.



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*Source: 4108081-2022-02-01.xml*