# Development Model of China’s Regional Economic Cooperation Based on Network Analysis and Multimedia Data Visualization

Authors: Feng Du
Journal: Advances in Multimedia
 (2021)

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## Abstract

As for the problem of large amount and complex structure of network forum data, we analyze the means of data visualization and association analysis, explain the specific interpretation of association rules, explain the feelings and objectives of multimedia data visualization, and explain the corresponding technical application. This paper uses the relevant theories of new economic geography to analyze and compare China’s unique economic development. In particular, it studies the development and changes of the World Trade Organization. Through the results, it can be seen that, after China’s accession to the WTO, the industrial location coefficient shows a downward trend, and the change of economic differences is slow.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the rapid development of networks such as the World Wide Web and social relations network in recent years, more and more network resources are obtained, which makes it impossible for us to sort out these resources according to previous means and technologies [1, 2]. The forum has become an important part of the network, with the characteristics of low threshold and strong convergence [3, 4]. In the twenty-first century, people have more needs for relationships in data. In the past, simple visualization functions can no longer meet people’s needs. Visualization has slowly developed from singleness to interactive fields such as relational data mining, human-machine interaction, and computer graphics [5, 6]. The data mining function can enable people to find useful resources in a large number of resources. Therefore, the combination of data mining function and visualization can obtain effective and fast methods in massive data. The combination of these two technologies can better mine and manage large databases [7, 8].Using the new economic geography method and the analysis model frame of mainstream economics can better explain the previous concept of production space location and give a corresponding way to the new trade concept and the new added concept. After analyzing and evaluating the basic concepts and technologies of new economic geography, this paper makes a special study on the situation of regional development in China and obtains the differences of regional development in new economic geography through analysis, which plays a role in promoting regional balanced development.


## 2. Multimedia Data Visualization

### 2.1. Related Definitions of Association Rules and Multimedia Data Visualization

#### 2.1.1. Web Forum Data

Internet bulletin boards are also called BBS (bulletin board system) forum which is a place for the public to express their opinions and exchange ideas. Compared with the visualization requirements’ dataset in other fields [9, 10], it has the following characteristics:(1)
Large amount of data: the number of forums is increasing. The forum is divided into several sections. There are thousands of posts under the section, and there are many replies to the more popular posts. Because the general forum has more than one million users, the overall amount of data is very large.(2)
In the data hierarchy general forum, the information is hierarchically configured, and the hierarchical model is shown in Figure1.(3)
High dialogue: at the forum, express opinions through contributions. Anyone can read the published content at any time. An invitation often leads to thousands of replies. There is a flexible communication mechanism between communicators and recipients. Network groups with different interests can also share information, discuss, and get mutual recognition in different network forum spaces [4, 11].Figure 1
Hierarchical model of network forum data.


#### 2.1.2. Data Visualization Definition

Data visualization can clearly and effectively transmit communication information through graphical means based on data attribute characteristics and can more easily understand the content represented by data. Different datasets have different characteristics. By selecting appropriate display methods and technologies, the purpose of better showing the structural characteristics of the data itself can be achieved [12].


#### 2.1.3. Related Definitions of Association Rules

The form of relevant rules is simple, which is helpful for people to find the relationship between data and many other interesting models and use relevant rules to mine the relationship in network forum data. The definition of relevant rules must be given first.Definition 1.
LetI=I1,I2,…,Im be the attribute set of the post, called item. Given a database d that stores a large amount of network forum data, where each post t is the corresponding dataset of items, which meets T⊆I, and each post has an identifier, called TID. X is a subset of I. If X⊆T, t contains X; if the number of elements of X is k, X can be called a k-itemset.Definition 2.
When settingX⊆I, Y⊆I, and X∩Y=∅, such as X⟹Y, the comprehensive form of Y is called an association rule, where X is the predecessor set of the rule and Y is the postevent set of the rule, including the set of X items. Thread T is also likely to contain Y itemsets. If c% the posts containing X also contain Y, then the confidence of the rule X⟹Y is c%; if there are s% posts in D that contains X⋃Y, then the support of the rule X⟹Y is s%, where the calculation expressions are as follows: (1) support (X⟹Y) = P(X∪V) and (2) confidence (X ⟹ Y) = P(X | Y).


### 2.2. The Goal of Data Visualization in Web Forums

For the traditional visualization model, the data visualization of network forum based on correlation analysis needs to achieve the following objectives:


#### 2.2.1. Web Forum Data Visualization

Due to the large amount of data in the forum, if all information is displayed at one time, the interface will be confused and repeated, and the desired visualization effect cannot be achieved. The amount of data to be calculated is relatively large, and the execution time of the system may become longer [13].


#### 2.2.2. Appropriate Interaction

Design relevant rules and interaction with data. When users are interested in a rule, they can find the corresponding dataset in the drill bit below to understand the details of the data. You can also roll up and return to the relevant rule interface.


#### 2.2.3. Quickly Master and Understand the Theme of Data under Association Rules

Topic mining can quickly find the main ideas and topics in the dataset so that analysts can quickly and reasonably screen and filter relevant rules and select meaningful rules that people need.


### 2.3. Implementation Framework of Multimedia Data Visualization Technology Based on Correlation Analysis

The multimedia data visualization technology of correlation analysis implements the framework shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Multimedia data visualization technology framework of correlation analysis.


## 2.1. Related Definitions of Association Rules and Multimedia Data Visualization

### 2.1.1. Web Forum Data

Internet bulletin boards are also called BBS (bulletin board system) forum which is a place for the public to express their opinions and exchange ideas. Compared with the visualization requirements’ dataset in other fields [9, 10], it has the following characteristics:(1)
Large amount of data: the number of forums is increasing. The forum is divided into several sections. There are thousands of posts under the section, and there are many replies to the more popular posts. Because the general forum has more than one million users, the overall amount of data is very large.(2)
In the data hierarchy general forum, the information is hierarchically configured, and the hierarchical model is shown in Figure1.(3)
High dialogue: at the forum, express opinions through contributions. Anyone can read the published content at any time. An invitation often leads to thousands of replies. There is a flexible communication mechanism between communicators and recipients. Network groups with different interests can also share information, discuss, and get mutual recognition in different network forum spaces [4, 11].Figure 1
Hierarchical model of network forum data.


### 2.1.2. Data Visualization Definition

Data visualization can clearly and effectively transmit communication information through graphical means based on data attribute characteristics and can more easily understand the content represented by data. Different datasets have different characteristics. By selecting appropriate display methods and technologies, the purpose of better showing the structural characteristics of the data itself can be achieved [12].


### 2.1.3. Related Definitions of Association Rules

The form of relevant rules is simple, which is helpful for people to find the relationship between data and many other interesting models and use relevant rules to mine the relationship in network forum data. The definition of relevant rules must be given first.Definition 1.
LetI=I1,I2,…,Im be the attribute set of the post, called item. Given a database d that stores a large amount of network forum data, where each post t is the corresponding dataset of items, which meets T⊆I, and each post has an identifier, called TID. X is a subset of I. If X⊆T, t contains X; if the number of elements of X is k, X can be called a k-itemset.Definition 2.
When settingX⊆I, Y⊆I, and X∩Y=∅, such as X⟹Y, the comprehensive form of Y is called an association rule, where X is the predecessor set of the rule and Y is the postevent set of the rule, including the set of X items. Thread T is also likely to contain Y itemsets. If c% the posts containing X also contain Y, then the confidence of the rule X⟹Y is c%; if there are s% posts in D that contains X⋃Y, then the support of the rule X⟹Y is s%, where the calculation expressions are as follows: (1) support (X⟹Y) = P(X∪V) and (2) confidence (X ⟹ Y) = P(X | Y).


## 2.1.1. Web Forum Data

Internet bulletin boards are also called BBS (bulletin board system) forum which is a place for the public to express their opinions and exchange ideas. Compared with the visualization requirements’ dataset in other fields [9, 10], it has the following characteristics:(1)
Large amount of data: the number of forums is increasing. The forum is divided into several sections. There are thousands of posts under the section, and there are many replies to the more popular posts. Because the general forum has more than one million users, the overall amount of data is very large.(2)
In the data hierarchy general forum, the information is hierarchically configured, and the hierarchical model is shown in Figure1.(3)
High dialogue: at the forum, express opinions through contributions. Anyone can read the published content at any time. An invitation often leads to thousands of replies. There is a flexible communication mechanism between communicators and recipients. Network groups with different interests can also share information, discuss, and get mutual recognition in different network forum spaces [4, 11].Figure 1
Hierarchical model of network forum data.


## 2.1.2. Data Visualization Definition

Data visualization can clearly and effectively transmit communication information through graphical means based on data attribute characteristics and can more easily understand the content represented by data. Different datasets have different characteristics. By selecting appropriate display methods and technologies, the purpose of better showing the structural characteristics of the data itself can be achieved [12].


## 2.1.3. Related Definitions of Association Rules

The form of relevant rules is simple, which is helpful for people to find the relationship between data and many other interesting models and use relevant rules to mine the relationship in network forum data. The definition of relevant rules must be given first.Definition 1.
LetI=I1,I2,…,Im be the attribute set of the post, called item. Given a database d that stores a large amount of network forum data, where each post t is the corresponding dataset of items, which meets T⊆I, and each post has an identifier, called TID. X is a subset of I. If X⊆T, t contains X; if the number of elements of X is k, X can be called a k-itemset.Definition 2.
When settingX⊆I, Y⊆I, and X∩Y=∅, such as X⟹Y, the comprehensive form of Y is called an association rule, where X is the predecessor set of the rule and Y is the postevent set of the rule, including the set of X items. Thread T is also likely to contain Y itemsets. If c% the posts containing X also contain Y, then the confidence of the rule X⟹Y is c%; if there are s% posts in D that contains X⋃Y, then the support of the rule X⟹Y is s%, where the calculation expressions are as follows: (1) support (X⟹Y) = P(X∪V) and (2) confidence (X ⟹ Y) = P(X | Y).


## 2.2. The Goal of Data Visualization in Web Forums

For the traditional visualization model, the data visualization of network forum based on correlation analysis needs to achieve the following objectives:


### 2.2.1. Web Forum Data Visualization

Due to the large amount of data in the forum, if all information is displayed at one time, the interface will be confused and repeated, and the desired visualization effect cannot be achieved. The amount of data to be calculated is relatively large, and the execution time of the system may become longer [13].


### 2.2.2. Appropriate Interaction

Design relevant rules and interaction with data. When users are interested in a rule, they can find the corresponding dataset in the drill bit below to understand the details of the data. You can also roll up and return to the relevant rule interface.


### 2.2.3. Quickly Master and Understand the Theme of Data under Association Rules

Topic mining can quickly find the main ideas and topics in the dataset so that analysts can quickly and reasonably screen and filter relevant rules and select meaningful rules that people need.


## 2.2.1. Web Forum Data Visualization

Due to the large amount of data in the forum, if all information is displayed at one time, the interface will be confused and repeated, and the desired visualization effect cannot be achieved. The amount of data to be calculated is relatively large, and the execution time of the system may become longer [13].


## 2.2.2. Appropriate Interaction

Design relevant rules and interaction with data. When users are interested in a rule, they can find the corresponding dataset in the drill bit below to understand the details of the data. You can also roll up and return to the relevant rule interface.


## 2.2.3. Quickly Master and Understand the Theme of Data under Association Rules

Topic mining can quickly find the main ideas and topics in the dataset so that analysts can quickly and reasonably screen and filter relevant rules and select meaningful rules that people need.


## 2.3. Implementation Framework of Multimedia Data Visualization Technology Based on Correlation Analysis

The multimedia data visualization technology of correlation analysis implements the framework shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Multimedia data visualization technology framework of correlation analysis.


## 3. New Economic Geography and Industrial Agglomeration

### 3.1. New Economic Geography

New economic geography has four most important characteristics. (1) This theory is a general equilibrium model of spatial economics, which is the most important feature of the difference between traditional geographical theory and economic geography. (2) The increase of remuneration at the level of a single manufacturer leads to incomplete competition in the market structure. (3) Transportation cost is an important reason for the problem. (4) Regional mobility of consumers and other factors are a prerequisite for intensification [14].New economic geography mainly has three dynamic models. This paper analyzes the regional economic differences by establishing the center-periphery model of China’s two regions.


### 3.2. Center-Periphery Model

#### 3.2.1. Model Assumptions

(1)
There are only two regions in an economy, region 1 (eastern region) and region 2 (the central and western region); only two products are produced: agricultural products and manufactured products; there is only one factor of production: labor.(2)
Agricultural products are homogeneous, and agricultural production has constant returns to scale and perfect competition; manufactured goods include many differentiated products, and there is a market structure with increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition. Farmers specialize in the production of agricultural products, and workers specialize in the production of manufactured goods.(3)
There is no transportation cost for agricultural products, and there is transportation cost for manufactured products. This transportation cost adopts Samuelson’s “Iceberg Cost” model.(4)
Everyone has the same hobby in the economy. The function is in the form of glass. There are many potential differences in manufacturing. Each product can only be produced in one place. The production function adopts the CES type.(5)
Farmers are equally distributed in the two regions. Workers can flow freely in the two areas, and the direction of workers’ flow flows from low-wage areas to high-wage areas.


#### 3.2.2. Model Function

The instantaneous equilibrium of the center-periphery model can be described by the following 8 equations:(1)y1=μλω1+1−μ2,y2=μ1−λω2+1−μ2,G1=λω11−σ+1−λω2τ1−σ1/1−σ,G2=λω1τ1−σ+1−λω21−σ1/1−σ,ω1=y1G1σ−1+yG2σ−1τ1−σ1/σ,ω2=y1G1σ−1τ1−σ+yG2σ−11/σ,ω˜1=ω1G1−μ,ω˜2=ω2G2−μ,where y1 is the income of area 1; y2 is the income of area 2; the share of workers in λ area 1; μ is the share of workers in the total labor force; σ is the elasticity of demand for differential products; ω1 is the nominal wage of area 1; and ω2 is the nominal wage of area 2. The actual wage in area 1; the actual salary in X2 area 2; the price index of G1 area 1; the price index of G2 area 2; each unit of τ reaches the destination only.Next, we will analyze how the symmetric equilibrium collapses, that is, when regions 1 and 2 reach an equilibrium state (the actual wages of regions 1 and 2 are equal), if a small number of workers in region 1 or region 2 migrate to another region, whether such activities will eventually form a center-periphery model. We need to differentiateω1−ω2 in the vicinity of the symmetrical equilibrium, that is, the equilibrium differential D(ω1−ω2)/dλ.In the equilibrium state, we know the values of all endogenous variables in the model.λ=1/2; y1=y2=1/2; ω1=ω2=1; G11−σ=G21−σ=1+τ1−σ/2.After transformation, we can get(2)dωdλ=2ZG−μ1−ρρμ1+ρ−Zμ2+ρ1−μZ1−ρ−ρZ2.However,(3)Z=1−τ1−ω1+τ1+σ=1−τ1−σ2G1−σ.In the case of negativedω/dλ, the symmetric equilibrium is stable; otherwise, it is unstable. The acquisition value of Z is between 0 (free trade) and 1 (self-sufficiency), and ρ and μ are less than 1. So, the denominator is positive. When Z approaches zero, the molecule is positive. Therefore, the sign of the expression dω/dλ is positive. I got the first conclusion.Conclusion 1.
When the generalized transmission cost is close to zero, the symmetric equilibrium is unstable, and the system perturbation finally forms the center-periphery model. In other words, with the reduction of transportation costs, it is conducive to the formation of industrial integration. As a result of industrial agglomeration, the economic development of each region is different.
WhenZ = 1 (that is, the transportation cost is infinite), the ρ < μ molecule is positive, and vice versa. Appropriate ρ < μ symmetrical equilibrium is unstable.Conclusion 2.
When the transportation cost in the broad sense is large enough, the manufacturing industry is evenly distributed in the two regions and cannot form an integration phenomenon.
The expression of the mutation pointτ can be obtained from the following equation:(4)ρτ1−ρ=ρ+μ1+μρ−μ1−μ.
The variation point can be seen from the above formula.τ value is μ. The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products, the more favorable the increase of returns to scale and the greater the income of enterprises. This is the source of industrial agglomeration. The result is as follows.Conclusion 3.
The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products in a region, the more conducive to the formation of industrial integration. The result of concentration will inevitably bring about the gap of regional economic development.
From the above formula, we can also see that theτ value of the mutation point decreases with the increase of ρ. If the degree of product differentiation is higher, and the price of the product rises more, then ρ will be correspondingly lower, and a strong forward and backward connection will be produced.Conclusion 4.
The greater the degree of product differentiation is, the easier it is to form forward and backward links and the easier it is to form centers. At the same time, regional differences are inevitable.


## 3.1. New Economic Geography

New economic geography has four most important characteristics. (1) This theory is a general equilibrium model of spatial economics, which is the most important feature of the difference between traditional geographical theory and economic geography. (2) The increase of remuneration at the level of a single manufacturer leads to incomplete competition in the market structure. (3) Transportation cost is an important reason for the problem. (4) Regional mobility of consumers and other factors are a prerequisite for intensification [14].New economic geography mainly has three dynamic models. This paper analyzes the regional economic differences by establishing the center-periphery model of China’s two regions.


## 3.2. Center-Periphery Model

### 3.2.1. Model Assumptions

(1)
There are only two regions in an economy, region 1 (eastern region) and region 2 (the central and western region); only two products are produced: agricultural products and manufactured products; there is only one factor of production: labor.(2)
Agricultural products are homogeneous, and agricultural production has constant returns to scale and perfect competition; manufactured goods include many differentiated products, and there is a market structure with increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition. Farmers specialize in the production of agricultural products, and workers specialize in the production of manufactured goods.(3)
There is no transportation cost for agricultural products, and there is transportation cost for manufactured products. This transportation cost adopts Samuelson’s “Iceberg Cost” model.(4)
Everyone has the same hobby in the economy. The function is in the form of glass. There are many potential differences in manufacturing. Each product can only be produced in one place. The production function adopts the CES type.(5)
Farmers are equally distributed in the two regions. Workers can flow freely in the two areas, and the direction of workers’ flow flows from low-wage areas to high-wage areas.


### 3.2.2. Model Function

The instantaneous equilibrium of the center-periphery model can be described by the following 8 equations:(1)y1=μλω1+1−μ2,y2=μ1−λω2+1−μ2,G1=λω11−σ+1−λω2τ1−σ1/1−σ,G2=λω1τ1−σ+1−λω21−σ1/1−σ,ω1=y1G1σ−1+yG2σ−1τ1−σ1/σ,ω2=y1G1σ−1τ1−σ+yG2σ−11/σ,ω˜1=ω1G1−μ,ω˜2=ω2G2−μ,where y1 is the income of area 1; y2 is the income of area 2; the share of workers in λ area 1; μ is the share of workers in the total labor force; σ is the elasticity of demand for differential products; ω1 is the nominal wage of area 1; and ω2 is the nominal wage of area 2. The actual wage in area 1; the actual salary in X2 area 2; the price index of G1 area 1; the price index of G2 area 2; each unit of τ reaches the destination only.Next, we will analyze how the symmetric equilibrium collapses, that is, when regions 1 and 2 reach an equilibrium state (the actual wages of regions 1 and 2 are equal), if a small number of workers in region 1 or region 2 migrate to another region, whether such activities will eventually form a center-periphery model. We need to differentiateω1−ω2 in the vicinity of the symmetrical equilibrium, that is, the equilibrium differential D(ω1−ω2)/dλ.In the equilibrium state, we know the values of all endogenous variables in the model.λ=1/2; y1=y2=1/2; ω1=ω2=1; G11−σ=G21−σ=1+τ1−σ/2.After transformation, we can get(2)dωdλ=2ZG−μ1−ρρμ1+ρ−Zμ2+ρ1−μZ1−ρ−ρZ2.However,(3)Z=1−τ1−ω1+τ1+σ=1−τ1−σ2G1−σ.In the case of negativedω/dλ, the symmetric equilibrium is stable; otherwise, it is unstable. The acquisition value of Z is between 0 (free trade) and 1 (self-sufficiency), and ρ and μ are less than 1. So, the denominator is positive. When Z approaches zero, the molecule is positive. Therefore, the sign of the expression dω/dλ is positive. I got the first conclusion.Conclusion 1.
When the generalized transmission cost is close to zero, the symmetric equilibrium is unstable, and the system perturbation finally forms the center-periphery model. In other words, with the reduction of transportation costs, it is conducive to the formation of industrial integration. As a result of industrial agglomeration, the economic development of each region is different.
WhenZ = 1 (that is, the transportation cost is infinite), the ρ < μ molecule is positive, and vice versa. Appropriate ρ < μ symmetrical equilibrium is unstable.Conclusion 2.
When the transportation cost in the broad sense is large enough, the manufacturing industry is evenly distributed in the two regions and cannot form an integration phenomenon.
The expression of the mutation pointτ can be obtained from the following equation:(4)ρτ1−ρ=ρ+μ1+μρ−μ1−μ.
The variation point can be seen from the above formula.τ value is μ. The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products, the more favorable the increase of returns to scale and the greater the income of enterprises. This is the source of industrial agglomeration. The result is as follows.Conclusion 3.
The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products in a region, the more conducive to the formation of industrial integration. The result of concentration will inevitably bring about the gap of regional economic development.
From the above formula, we can also see that theτ value of the mutation point decreases with the increase of ρ. If the degree of product differentiation is higher, and the price of the product rises more, then ρ will be correspondingly lower, and a strong forward and backward connection will be produced.Conclusion 4.
The greater the degree of product differentiation is, the easier it is to form forward and backward links and the easier it is to form centers. At the same time, regional differences are inevitable.


## 3.2.1. Model Assumptions

(1)
There are only two regions in an economy, region 1 (eastern region) and region 2 (the central and western region); only two products are produced: agricultural products and manufactured products; there is only one factor of production: labor.(2)
Agricultural products are homogeneous, and agricultural production has constant returns to scale and perfect competition; manufactured goods include many differentiated products, and there is a market structure with increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition. Farmers specialize in the production of agricultural products, and workers specialize in the production of manufactured goods.(3)
There is no transportation cost for agricultural products, and there is transportation cost for manufactured products. This transportation cost adopts Samuelson’s “Iceberg Cost” model.(4)
Everyone has the same hobby in the economy. The function is in the form of glass. There are many potential differences in manufacturing. Each product can only be produced in one place. The production function adopts the CES type.(5)
Farmers are equally distributed in the two regions. Workers can flow freely in the two areas, and the direction of workers’ flow flows from low-wage areas to high-wage areas.


## 3.2.2. Model Function

The instantaneous equilibrium of the center-periphery model can be described by the following 8 equations:(1)y1=μλω1+1−μ2,y2=μ1−λω2+1−μ2,G1=λω11−σ+1−λω2τ1−σ1/1−σ,G2=λω1τ1−σ+1−λω21−σ1/1−σ,ω1=y1G1σ−1+yG2σ−1τ1−σ1/σ,ω2=y1G1σ−1τ1−σ+yG2σ−11/σ,ω˜1=ω1G1−μ,ω˜2=ω2G2−μ,where y1 is the income of area 1; y2 is the income of area 2; the share of workers in λ area 1; μ is the share of workers in the total labor force; σ is the elasticity of demand for differential products; ω1 is the nominal wage of area 1; and ω2 is the nominal wage of area 2. The actual wage in area 1; the actual salary in X2 area 2; the price index of G1 area 1; the price index of G2 area 2; each unit of τ reaches the destination only.Next, we will analyze how the symmetric equilibrium collapses, that is, when regions 1 and 2 reach an equilibrium state (the actual wages of regions 1 and 2 are equal), if a small number of workers in region 1 or region 2 migrate to another region, whether such activities will eventually form a center-periphery model. We need to differentiateω1−ω2 in the vicinity of the symmetrical equilibrium, that is, the equilibrium differential D(ω1−ω2)/dλ.In the equilibrium state, we know the values of all endogenous variables in the model.λ=1/2; y1=y2=1/2; ω1=ω2=1; G11−σ=G21−σ=1+τ1−σ/2.After transformation, we can get(2)dωdλ=2ZG−μ1−ρρμ1+ρ−Zμ2+ρ1−μZ1−ρ−ρZ2.However,(3)Z=1−τ1−ω1+τ1+σ=1−τ1−σ2G1−σ.In the case of negativedω/dλ, the symmetric equilibrium is stable; otherwise, it is unstable. The acquisition value of Z is between 0 (free trade) and 1 (self-sufficiency), and ρ and μ are less than 1. So, the denominator is positive. When Z approaches zero, the molecule is positive. Therefore, the sign of the expression dω/dλ is positive. I got the first conclusion.Conclusion 1.
When the generalized transmission cost is close to zero, the symmetric equilibrium is unstable, and the system perturbation finally forms the center-periphery model. In other words, with the reduction of transportation costs, it is conducive to the formation of industrial integration. As a result of industrial agglomeration, the economic development of each region is different.
WhenZ = 1 (that is, the transportation cost is infinite), the ρ < μ molecule is positive, and vice versa. Appropriate ρ < μ symmetrical equilibrium is unstable.Conclusion 2.
When the transportation cost in the broad sense is large enough, the manufacturing industry is evenly distributed in the two regions and cannot form an integration phenomenon.
The expression of the mutation pointτ can be obtained from the following equation:(4)ρτ1−ρ=ρ+μ1+μρ−μ1−μ.
The variation point can be seen from the above formula.τ value is μ. The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products, the more favorable the increase of returns to scale and the greater the income of enterprises. This is the source of industrial agglomeration. The result is as follows.Conclusion 3.
The greater the income elasticity of manufacturing products in a region, the more conducive to the formation of industrial integration. The result of concentration will inevitably bring about the gap of regional economic development.
From the above formula, we can also see that theτ value of the mutation point decreases with the increase of ρ. If the degree of product differentiation is higher, and the price of the product rises more, then ρ will be correspondingly lower, and a strong forward and backward connection will be produced.Conclusion 4.
The greater the degree of product differentiation is, the easier it is to form forward and backward links and the easier it is to form centers. At the same time, regional differences are inevitable.


## 4. Empirical and Result Analysis

This paper uses industrial Gini coefficient to measure industrial integration. The following calculations are carried out in this paper:(1)
Calculate the nearly three years of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in turn. The location Gini coefficients of 19 industries in the three years before joining the World Trade Organization and the three years after joining the World Trade Organization are calculated, respectively. It includes 29 administrative divisions. The results are shown in Tables1 and 2.(2)
The top four provinces and their proportions are calculated, respectively, for the industrial production whose Gini coefficient exceeds the average value of the industrial Gini coefficient in the three years before China’s accession to the World Trade Organization. We can see the degree of spatial integration of these industries and the changes in the main concentrated provinces, cities, and regions. Please refer to Tables3 and 4 for the results.Table 1
Gini coefficient and change rate of industry ranking in representative years before China’s accession to the World Trade Organization.
Industry200920142017Change rate (%)Food manufacturing0.2190.2520.23916.1Beverage manufacturing0.260.2340.2553.1Tobacco processing industry0.440.6420.62125.1Textile industry0.2310.2850.27225.1Paper and printing industry0.1830.2070.17619.1Petroleum coke industry0.4240.4270.394−3.8Chemical raw materials and chemical products’ manufacturing0.1650.1550.1636.6Pharmaceutical industry0.1750.1870.18312.7Chemical fiber0.3670.3670.346−2Rubber products0.1830.260.28670.4Plastics0.2480.2920.27216Building materials and other nonmetallic products0.1660.2090.22439.1Ferrous metals0.3540.3930.39516.3Metalware0.1320.1480.15631.4Machinery industry0.1280.1780.21187.2Transportation equipment manufacturing0.3180.310.31731.3Electrical machinery manufacturing0.2020.230.24329.1Electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry0.3330.4640.49154.7Instruments, meters, and cultural office supplies machinery manufacturing products0.2790.2970.39349Mean value0.2570.2910.29622Table 2
Gini coefficient and its change rate of zoning in representative years after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization.
Industry0.4930.49135.20.358326.1110.9Food processing0.3930.3481.3890.2270.351−4.7Food manufacturing0.4070.3991.4750.2770.3698Beverage manufacturing0.560.5951.6890.4820.725−20.5Tobacco processing industry0.436317.1234.23170.449−5.3Textile industry0.2890.291.3610.1630.355−32.3Papermaking and paper products industry31.130.459327.20.3250.492−13.8Petroleum coke industry0.2110.471.6030.160.32−71.9Chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing0.2860.2721.3640.1570.341−30.9Pharmaceutical manufacturing0.6110.5741.6520.4620.49421.4Chemical fiber manufacturing0.3230.3121.3960.1930.312−3.35Nonmetallic mineral manufacturing0.5710.6051.6670.4640.50917.3Ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry0.4230.4191.5330.3080.504−216.9Nonferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry0.3590.361.3880.2190.362−11.9Metal products industry0.2640.3521.4420.2030.385−25.1General machinery manufacturing13.130.2441.3910.1480.402−48.2Proprietary equipment manufacturing0.3410.3541.4490.2310.429−26.5Transportation equipment manufacturing0.4040.3791.4660.2660.3770.73Electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing0.6340.5841.6720.480.5773.88Electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing0.5650.5351.640.430.528288.1Instruments, meters, and cultural office supplies machinery manufacturing products0.4160.4081.4890.28730.433−9.9Average Gini coefficient of industry location0.4930.49135.20.358326.1110.9Table 3
Industry ranking distribution of Gini coefficient of zoning exceeding the average value of Gini coefficient of the whole industry (%).
Industry201620182020Transportation equipment manufacturingJilin8.79Jilin9.67Jilin9.49Shanghai834.2Hubei10.56Hubei9.69Liaoning10.33Jiangsu11.72Jiangsu11.38Hubei13Shanghai13.07Shanghai15.8Total38.1Total41.44Total42.78Electronic and communication equipment manufacturing (Sichuan 6.36, Beijing 5.92, and Tianjin 7.77)1.21.21.2Shanghai834.2Shanghai110.2Shanghai9.67Guangdong14.1Jiangsu124.2Jiangsu12.9Jiangsu20.6Guangdong304.2Guangdong33.8Total48.2Total60.6Total61.8Instrument and culture office supplies machinery manufacturing industryZhejiang9.93Zhejiang9.26Zhejiang74.2Sichuan10.35Shanghai1405.2Jiangsu13.7Jiangsu13.4Guangdong18.4Shanghai15.4Shanghai15.9Jiangsu20.9Guangdong29.9Total45.9Total60.2Total63.9Chemical fiberShandong7.97Zhejiang10.08Zhejiang12.01Shanghai8.11Guangdong11.2Guangdong1236.2Liaoning8.34Shanghai1940.2Shanghai17.42Jiangsu14.38Jiangsu27.36Jiangsu24.06Total35.2Total65.6Total63.45Table 4
Industry ranking distribution of Gini coefficient greater than the average Gini coefficient of the whole industry after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (%).
Industry20112015Food processingShandong219.2Shandong29.1Jiangsu10.9Henan9.6Guangdong9.6Guangdong8.2Henan8.8Jiangsu8.1Total48.8Total51.2Textile industryJiangsu25.2Jiangsu239.2Zhejiang18.1Zhejiang232.2Shandong13.6Shandong18.7Guangdong11.5Guangdong9.96Total65Total74.5Chemical fiberJiangsu24.5Zhejiang38.1Shanghai189.2Jiangsu302.2Zhejiang14.9Shandong6.84Shandong10.4Fujian6.22Total66.3Total779.2Electronic machinery and equipment manufacturingGuangdong33.2Guangdong37.6Jiangsu13.7Jiangsu20.7Beijing112.2Shanghai13.9Shanghai11.5Beijing7.77Total67.2Total76.4Instrumentation and cultural officeGuangdong36.6Guangdong34.6Jiangsu16.5Jiangsu17.6Shanghai115.2Zhejiang12Zhejiang11.2Shanghai11.2Total73.4Total709.2From Table1, we can analyze the following:(1)
Since China’s reform and opening up, the Gini coefficient of many domestic industries is basically increasing.(2)
The first three industries in which the Gini coefficient exceeds the average value of the Gini coefficient of each industry in the same period are resource industries. Therefore, regional integration can basically be explained by the theory of resource quality advantages. The analysis of the regional distribution of the following four industries is shown in Table3.From Table3, we can get the following:(1)
The integration of the electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry and instrument and office supplies manufacturing industry began to improve. The gathering areas have a certain industrial foundation and turn to large local markets and low trade cost areas.(2)
As a capital-intensive industry with high income elasticity, the concentration of the chemical fiber industry has increased significantly after the reform and opening up. The concentration area has expanded from the area close to the origin of raw materials (Shengli Oilfield in Shandong Province and Daqing Oilfield in Liaoning Province) to the area of product demand.(3)
The above three industries tend to regions with significant local market demand, which fully proves Krugman’s local market theory.Next, it analyzes the changes of industrial accumulation after China’s entry into the World Trade Organization.From Table3, we can get the following:(1)
After joining the World Trade Organization, the Gini coefficient among industries has decreased(2)
After joining the World Trade Organization, the Gini coefficient of the industry decreases, and the regional economic imbalance slows down(3)
After joining the World Trade Organization, the industries whose Gini coefficient exceeds the average value of Gini coefficient of all industries include the food processing industry, tobacco processing industry, textile industry, petroleum coke industry, chemical fiber manufacturing industry, ferrous metal smelting and steel rolling processing industry, electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, and machinery manufacturing industry with instruments and cultural affairs suppliesSecondly, it analyzes the geographical distribution of industries other than resource industries whose Gini coefficient exceeds the average Gini coefficient of the industry.From Table4, the highly integrated industries are almost located in eastern cities such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.After the reform and opening up and before joining the World Trade Organization, due to the breaking of the existing rigid planned economic system, the transaction cost decreased significantly, and the integration of various industries increased significantly. The eastern coastal areas have a good foundation for economic development, dense population, and large local market demand. In addition, due to the special economic policies of the state for some cities in the eastern coastal areas, the cost of participating in international trade in these areas is lower than that in the central and western regions. These factors regard the eastern coastal area as the destination of industrial agglomeration. The eastern coastal area took the lead in developing into a “city.” This area of the center will also be continuously strengthened through forward and backward contacts. Wages and income levels in the eastern region have been rising, and the economic gap between regions has been increasing.


## 5. Conclusions

For the rapid development of the market, the industry is still in a state of rapid progress when it is gathered in special regions. Therefore, in a certain period of time in the future, it is possible for the regional economy to be in an unbalanced state. In fact, the unbalanced economic development in a special period is also a law of economy. It is necessary to analyze whether the regional natural conditions are different and the geographical location is different, the objective situation of population distribution, the development period, and the change of natural environment. The differences of economic development in each region are analyzed, and their misunderstanding of regional economic development is removed.



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*Source: 4266363-2021-12-16.xml*