# Experimental Study on the Influence of Specimen Shape on Rockburst Proneness of Red Sandstone

Authors: Jiajun Yang; Fengqiang Gong; Dongqiao Liu; Zhixiang Liu
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2020)

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## Abstract

To investigate the specimen shape effect on rockburst proneness of rock materials, a string of conventional and single-cycle loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests was performed with cylindrical and cuboid red sandstone specimens. Despite similar development paths on stress-strain curves for the specimens with two shapes, the cuboid specimens generally show a higher uniaxial compressive strength than the cylindrical specimens. The energy evolution laws inside the two shaped specimens were explored. The results show that the input energy density (IED), elastic energy density (EED), and dissipated energy density (DED) of the two shaped specimens increased in a quadratic relationship with the increment of unloading level. Moreover, the linear relationships between the EED, DED, and IED were further confirmed for two shaped specimens, which were defined as the linear energy storage and dissipation laws, respectively. The energy storage coefficients and energy dissipation coefficients (the slopes of the linear relationships between the EED, DED, and IED, respectively) are almost independent of the specimen shape. According to the linear energy storage and dissipation laws, the peak EED and peak DED of every specimen can be calculated accurately. Finally, combining the failure process of rock specimens recorded by a high-speed camera, the elastic energy index (WET), the residual elastic energy index (AEF), and the far-field ejection mass ratio (MF) of each specimen were adopted to assess the rockburst proneness of the red sandstone sampled in cylindrical and cuboid. The results show that cuboid specimens exhibited stronger rockburst proneness than cylindrical ones, which favorably agreed with the actual failure phenomena.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the underground engineering developing to the deeper crustal areas, rockburst phenomena appear with a growing trend which pose a vast risk to mining operations and result in production losses [1–7]. Hence, scholars in mounting number begin to focus on rockburst problems [8–13], and the rockburst proneness turned into one of the vital research sites [14–16]. Moreover, because the deformation and failure of rock are accompanied by energy conversion, rockburst is often caused by energy release [17]. Some scholars analyzed the rockburst proneness of rock materials from an energy perspective, and many rockburst proneness criteria were proposed and developed. For example, Kidybiński [18] introduced the strain energy storage index WET with the single-cycle loading-unloading uniaxial compression (SCLUC) test, which has been widely used to assess the rockburst proneness of rock materials [19–23]; Wang and Park [20] investigated and predicted the intensity of the rockburst proneness of Linglong gold mine in China adopting the elastic strain energy PES; Based on the linear energy storage law, Gong et al. [16, 24] presented the peak-strength strain energy storage index WpET and the residual elastic energy index AEF. Among the above references, all of these rockburst proneness criteria were obtained with cylindrical specimens. However, in many cases, cuboid specimens were often used when investigating rock behavior under complex stress states such as biaxial and true triaxial compression tests [25, 26]. Although several researchers have revealed the shape effect on the mechanical properties of rock specimens under the conventional uniaxial compression (UC) tests [27, 28], the studies on rockburst proneness of cuboid specimens were relatively rare.In this paper, to investigate the effect of specimen shape on rockburst proneness, the SCLUC tests were implemented with the specimens of two shapes (cylinder and cuboid), and the input energy density (IED), elastic energy density (EED), and dissipated energy density (DED) were calculated by the graphical integration according to the stress-strain curves at different unloading points. According to the test results, the energy evolution laws inside the two shaped specimens were attained. Meanwhile, combined with the bursting processes of specimens accorded by a high-speed camera, the rockburst proneness of the cylindrical and cuboid specimens was compared by the elastic energy index (WET), the residual elastic energy index (AEF), and the far-field ejection mass ratio (MF).


## 2. Specimens and Methods

### 2.1. Specimen Preparation

The red sandstone block collected from the Shandong Province of China was used for testing. To compare the effect of specimen shape on the determination of rockburst proneness, the cylindrical and cuboid specimens with sizes of Φ50 × 100 mm and of 50 × 50 × 100 mm were prepared according to the guidelines of International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). The cylindrical specimens were named as RS-CL, such as RS-CL-1; the cuboid specimens were named as RS-CB, such as RS-CB-1. The basic parameters of specimens were measured and are presented in Table1.Table 1
Basic parameters of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDDiameter or width (mm)Height (mm)Weight (g)Density (g·cm−3)Longitudinal wave velocity (m·s−1)CylinderRS-CL-148.73100.804572.433360.00RS-CL-248.7299.654552.453349.58RS-CL-348.7099.734552.453329.88RS-CL-448.72100.334562.443305.77RS-CL-548.70100.334582.453424.23RS-CL-648.70100.034562.453419.83CuboidRS-CB-150.23100.106222.463309.09RS-CB-250.27100.196292.483295.72RS-CB-350.30100.206292.483206.40RS-CB-450.53100.576362.483357.60RS-CB-550.07100.316222.473378.41RS-CB-650.18100.326252.473429.74RS-CB-750.25100.126212.463354.10


### 2.2. Test Methods and Procedures

To acquire the IED, EED, and DED inside specimens at different unloading points (see Figure1), a series of SCLUC tests were conducted on an Instron1346 testing machine. The test procedures, using the stress-strain curve of specimen RS-CB-4 as an example, were as follows:(1)
To attain the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of specimens and further to determine the unloading points for SCLUC tests, the UC test was first carried out, and the loading rate was 150 kN/min (1.00 MPa/s) under the force control.(2)
According to the UCS attained from the first test, five stress unloading pointsiσcCB (i represented the setting unloading level, i = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9; σcCB represented the UCS of the cuboid specimen in the UC test) were generally set for five specimens, respectively. Then, the SCLUC tests were conducted. As Figure 1 shows, the stress was initially loaded to the unloading point and then unloaded to a minor value of “0.02 iσcCB” (due to the restriction of equipment characteristics, the achievable stress minimum for unloading operation was unable to be “0”). After that, the stress was loaded once again from the minor value, until the specimen failed. Therein, the loading rate and unloading rate were both controlled at 150 kN/min.(3)
The UCS of the cuboid specimen in the SCLUC tests was denoted byσciCB, then the actual unloading level (iaCB) can be calculated as follows:(1)iaCB=iσcCBσciCB.Figure 1
Stress-strain path of the SCLUC test.In terms of the cylindrical specimens, a similar test procedure was employed referring to that of the cuboid specimens, except for the loading rate as well as the unloading rate at 120 kN/min (1.02 MPa/s), were adopted. Besides, for the distinction,σcCL and σciCL were used to represent the UCS of the cylindrical specimens in the UC and SCLUC tests, respectively.


### 2.3. Calculation Method of Energy inside Rock Specimens

Considering the specimen volume in test results, the energy density was used as an investigation value in this study. During testing, the energy densities including IED, EED, and DED were commonly utilized to describe failure process of rock specimens. According to the law of thermodynamics which states there is no energy conversion between the rock specimens and the environment during the loading and unloading process [29], the relationship existing among energy densities is described as follows:(2)uo=ue+ud,where uo is the IED, ue is the EED, and ud is the DED.In this study, different stress unloading points were preset for the SCLUC tests. The initial loading curve and the unloading curve can be precisely determined according to the experimental data at each unloading point, and the energy densities were calculated by the graphical integration according to these curves. As Figure2(a) shows, at the unloading point, the IED was described as the area enclosed by the loading curve and horizontal axis, and the EED as the area within the unloading curve and horizontal axis. The DED can be determined by subtracting the EED from IED further. Moreover, the calculation methods of IED at the peak point (peak IED) and failure energy density (FED) are shown in Figure 2(b), wherein the FED represented the additional energy provided by further compression of the rock specimen after the peak point. The peak IED was described as the area enclosed by the envelope curve of the two loading curves and horizontal axis, and the FED as the area enveloped by the post-peak curve and horizontal axis.(3)uoi=∫0ε2f1εdε,(4)uei=∫ε1ε2f2εdε,(5)udi=uoi−uei,(6)Uo=∫0ε1f3εdε,(7)Ua=∫ε1ε2f4εdε,where uoi, uei, udi denoted the IED, EED, and DED at the unloading point, respectively; Uo denoted the peak IED, Ua denoted the FED; f1(ε), f2(ε) denoted the functions of loading and unloading curves, respectively; f3(ε) denoted the function of the envelope before peak point; and f4(ε) denoted the function of the post-peak curve.Figure 2
Calculation method of energy density. (a) Calculation of energy density at unloading point. (b) Calculation of energy density at peak point.
(a)(b)


## 2.1. Specimen Preparation

The red sandstone block collected from the Shandong Province of China was used for testing. To compare the effect of specimen shape on the determination of rockburst proneness, the cylindrical and cuboid specimens with sizes of Φ50 × 100 mm and of 50 × 50 × 100 mm were prepared according to the guidelines of International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). The cylindrical specimens were named as RS-CL, such as RS-CL-1; the cuboid specimens were named as RS-CB, such as RS-CB-1. The basic parameters of specimens were measured and are presented in Table1.Table 1
Basic parameters of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDDiameter or width (mm)Height (mm)Weight (g)Density (g·cm−3)Longitudinal wave velocity (m·s−1)CylinderRS-CL-148.73100.804572.433360.00RS-CL-248.7299.654552.453349.58RS-CL-348.7099.734552.453329.88RS-CL-448.72100.334562.443305.77RS-CL-548.70100.334582.453424.23RS-CL-648.70100.034562.453419.83CuboidRS-CB-150.23100.106222.463309.09RS-CB-250.27100.196292.483295.72RS-CB-350.30100.206292.483206.40RS-CB-450.53100.576362.483357.60RS-CB-550.07100.316222.473378.41RS-CB-650.18100.326252.473429.74RS-CB-750.25100.126212.463354.10


## 2.2. Test Methods and Procedures

To acquire the IED, EED, and DED inside specimens at different unloading points (see Figure1), a series of SCLUC tests were conducted on an Instron1346 testing machine. The test procedures, using the stress-strain curve of specimen RS-CB-4 as an example, were as follows:(1)
To attain the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of specimens and further to determine the unloading points for SCLUC tests, the UC test was first carried out, and the loading rate was 150 kN/min (1.00 MPa/s) under the force control.(2)
According to the UCS attained from the first test, five stress unloading pointsiσcCB (i represented the setting unloading level, i = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9; σcCB represented the UCS of the cuboid specimen in the UC test) were generally set for five specimens, respectively. Then, the SCLUC tests were conducted. As Figure 1 shows, the stress was initially loaded to the unloading point and then unloaded to a minor value of “0.02 iσcCB” (due to the restriction of equipment characteristics, the achievable stress minimum for unloading operation was unable to be “0”). After that, the stress was loaded once again from the minor value, until the specimen failed. Therein, the loading rate and unloading rate were both controlled at 150 kN/min.(3)
The UCS of the cuboid specimen in the SCLUC tests was denoted byσciCB, then the actual unloading level (iaCB) can be calculated as follows:(1)iaCB=iσcCBσciCB.Figure 1
Stress-strain path of the SCLUC test.In terms of the cylindrical specimens, a similar test procedure was employed referring to that of the cuboid specimens, except for the loading rate as well as the unloading rate at 120 kN/min (1.02 MPa/s), were adopted. Besides, for the distinction,σcCL and σciCL were used to represent the UCS of the cylindrical specimens in the UC and SCLUC tests, respectively.


## 2.3. Calculation Method of Energy inside Rock Specimens

Considering the specimen volume in test results, the energy density was used as an investigation value in this study. During testing, the energy densities including IED, EED, and DED were commonly utilized to describe failure process of rock specimens. According to the law of thermodynamics which states there is no energy conversion between the rock specimens and the environment during the loading and unloading process [29], the relationship existing among energy densities is described as follows:(2)uo=ue+ud,where uo is the IED, ue is the EED, and ud is the DED.In this study, different stress unloading points were preset for the SCLUC tests. The initial loading curve and the unloading curve can be precisely determined according to the experimental data at each unloading point, and the energy densities were calculated by the graphical integration according to these curves. As Figure2(a) shows, at the unloading point, the IED was described as the area enclosed by the loading curve and horizontal axis, and the EED as the area within the unloading curve and horizontal axis. The DED can be determined by subtracting the EED from IED further. Moreover, the calculation methods of IED at the peak point (peak IED) and failure energy density (FED) are shown in Figure 2(b), wherein the FED represented the additional energy provided by further compression of the rock specimen after the peak point. The peak IED was described as the area enclosed by the envelope curve of the two loading curves and horizontal axis, and the FED as the area enveloped by the post-peak curve and horizontal axis.(3)uoi=∫0ε2f1εdε,(4)uei=∫ε1ε2f2εdε,(5)udi=uoi−uei,(6)Uo=∫0ε1f3εdε,(7)Ua=∫ε1ε2f4εdε,where uoi, uei, udi denoted the IED, EED, and DED at the unloading point, respectively; Uo denoted the peak IED, Ua denoted the FED; f1(ε), f2(ε) denoted the functions of loading and unloading curves, respectively; f3(ε) denoted the function of the envelope before peak point; and f4(ε) denoted the function of the post-peak curve.Figure 2
Calculation method of energy density. (a) Calculation of energy density at unloading point. (b) Calculation of energy density at peak point.
(a)(b)


## 3. Test Results

### 3.1. Stress-Strain Curves and UCS

To ensure that the measured strain only comes from the specimen, we have subtracted the strain of the stiff pad when drawing the stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curves of cylindrical and cuboid specimens at each unloading level are illustrated in Figure3. All the curves were in favourable consistency and generally consisted of a crack closure phase, linear elastic deformation and stable fracture propagation phase, unstable fracture propagation phase, and postfracture phase [30]. Meanwhile, as the stress-strain curves show, the initial loading curves did not coincide with the unloading curves, which was caused by the irreversible permanent deformation occurred in the loading-unloading process [31, 32]. Furthermore, the cuboid specimen possesses a more obvious nonlinear phase near the peak point of the stress-strain curve than the cylindrical specimen.Figure 3
Stress-strain curves of cylindrical and cuboid specimens. (a) UC test. (b)i = 0.1. (c) i = 0.3. (d) i = 0.5. (e) i = 0.7. (f) i = 0.9.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)The UCS of the cylindrical and cuboid specimens in UC and SCLUC tests is shown in Table2 and Figure 4. The UCS of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens in general and approximately 12 MPa higher on average. Some scholars reported similar results, i.e., the cuboid specimen had a slightly higher strength than the cylindrical specimen by the laboratory test and numerical study [27, 28].Table 2
UCS of cylindrical and cuboid specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDCompressive strength (MPa)Average (MPa)CylinderRS-CL-1100.6695.76RS-CL-291.91RS-CL-393.89RS-CL-495.51RS-CL-591.13RS-CL-6101.47CuboidRS-CB-1108.77107.68RS-CB-2110.52RS-CB-3111.55RS-CB-494.97RS-CB-5106.42RS-CB-6112.40RS-CB-7109.13Figure 4
UCS of cylindrical and cuboid specimens.Zhao et al. [27] carried out the UC tests with cuboid specimens (at a size of 50 × 50 × 100 mm, the cross-sectional area was 2500 mm2) and cylindrical specimens (at a size of Φ50 × 100 mm, the cross-sectional area was 1963 mm2), and the result showed the UCS of the cuboid specimens was approximately 4 MPa higher than that of the cylindrical ones. Based on the basic parameters and sizes of the rock specimen adopted from the laboratory test of Zhao et al., Xu and Cai conducted a numerical simulation with cuboid and cylindrical specimens [28]. The simulation result was consistent with the laboratory test result, namely, the UCS of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens. In such a case, if the cross-section of the cuboid specimen was equivalent to a circle, the equivalent diameter of this circle was 56.4 mm, which was significantly larger than the diameter of the cross-section of the cylindrical specimen. Therefore, a further numerical simulation, where the side length of the cuboid specimen was 44 mm (the cross-sectional area was 1936 mm2), was conducted, and the result showed a close UCS for the specimens with two shapes. Hence, it can be understood that the cross-sectional areas may exert an influence on the UCS of the two shaped specimens, and the difference in UCS for the two shaped specimens can be narrowed via equalizing the cross-sectional areas. Xu and Cai confirmed that the end effect controlled the strength of the specimen according to the simulation model [28].


### 3.2. Energy Evolution Laws inside Specimens

In the rock test, the deformation and failure of the specimen under the action of external force are continuously transformed with the external energy, and the energy distribution and transformation run through the whole process. In recent years, the study of rock failure from an energy viewpoint has become a new research trend, and a host of advances have been obtained [16, 24, 33–36]. Rockburst hazard is one of the dynamic failure phenomena. To more effectively evaluate the rockburst proneness degree of the cylindrical and cuboid specimens further, the energy evolution characteristics inside specimens were explored. According to the energy calculation method in Figure 2(a), the energy densities at different unloading points are calculated in Table 3.Table 3
Calculation results of energy density.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDUnloading point (MPa)Actual unloading levelAt unloading pointIED (mJ·mm−3)EED (mJ·mm−3)DED (mJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-1—————RS-CL-211.030.120.00850.00480.0037RS-CL-330.980.330.03960.03010.0095RS-CL-447.760.500.08120.06080.0204RS-CL-566.520.730.13530.10200.0333RS-CL-686.250.850.21360.16170.0519CuboidRS-CB-1—————RS-CB-213.260.120.01090.00650.0044RS-CB-331.230.280.03950.02810.0114RS-CB-452.020.550.09400.06960.0244RS-CB-576.620.720.16820.12680.0414RS-CB-694.420.840.26110.19790.0632RS-CB-7103.670.950.30540.22470.0807Figure5 shows the mutual relationship among the IED (uoCL and uoCB), EED (ueCL and ueCB), DED (udCL and udCB), and the actual unloading level for cylindrical and cuboid specimens. Figure 5(a) displays the distinctly quadratic relationships between the three types of energy densities and the actual unloading level. For each of the shaped specimens, as the actual unloading level increases, the EED shows a quicker growing rate than the DED, which implies that the energy stored in the specimens was higher than the dissipated energy before the specimens failed. In addition, the fitting functions are displayed in Table 4, and all the fitting correlation coefficients were in excess of 0.9840.Figure 5
Comparison of energy characteristics inside cylindrical and cuboid specimens.
(a)(b)(c)Table 4
Fitting functions among three types of energy densities and the actual unloading level.
RelationshipCylindrical specimenCuboid specimenuo and iauoCL=0.2582ia2+0.0178ia+0.0022R2=0.9846uoCB=0.3574ia2−0.0166ia+0.0048R2=0.9924ue and iaueCL=0.1970ia2+0.0128ia+0.0012R2=0.9844ueCB=0.2621ia2−0.0072ia+0.0023R2=0.9905ud and iaudCL=0.0612ia2+0.0051ia+0.0011R2=0.9841udCB=0.0952ia2−0.0094ia+0.0025R2=0.9926Figures5(b) and 5(c) display the linear relationships between the three types of energy densities. The largest correlation coefficient was up to 0.9999, which suggested the prominent linearity between the EED, DED, and IED. In addition, no matter what the fitting lines described the relationship between the IED and EED or between the IED and DED, these fitting lines of the two shaped specimens almost coincided. The uniform fitting functions of the linear relationships between the EED, DED, and the IED are as follows:(8)ue=Auo+c,ud=Buo−c,A+B=1,where the A, B, and c are the fitting parameters. According to the fitting functions between the EED (or DED) and IED, we observed that the intercept (c) was 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding slope (A or B), so the effect of intercept on the linear relationships can be ignored, and the result of the fitting function was chiefly determined by the fitting slope. Of these, the linear relationships were defined as linear energy storage and dissipation laws; the slopes (A and B) of the linear energy storage and dissipation laws were defined as energy storage coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient, respectively, which were indicated the energy storage and dissipation capacities of rocks, respectively [16, 24]. In this study, the energy storage coefficients were 0.7596 and 0.7486, and the energy dissipation coefficients were 0.2404 and 0.2514 for cylindrical and cuboid specimens, respectively, which had little change. Namely, the change of specimen shape had a rare effect on the energy storage and dissipation capacities of the red sandstone. In other words, the linear energy storage and dissipation laws had no concern with the specimen shape and were the intrinsic nature of rock materials. Hence, according to the linear energy storage and dissipation laws, the EED and DED at each point can be calculated by using the IED at any corresponding point of the stress-strain curve. Especially, when the uoi denoted the peak IED, the EED and DED at the peak point (peak EED and peak DED) of each specimen can be calculated easily and accurately, namely,(9)Ue=AUo+c,(10)Ud=BUo−c,where Uo, Ue, Ud are the peak IED, peak EED, and peak DED, respectively. These results of the peak EED and peak DED of cylindrical and cuboid specimens are shown in Table 5, as well as the results of the FED. For specimens with the same shape, the energy densities at the peak points were diverse. However, for the same kind of energy density at the specimen peak point, the energy density minimum of the cuboid specimens was higher than the maximum of the cylindrical specimens. For example, the minimum EED for the cuboid specimens was 0.2344 mJ·mm−3, which was higher than the maximum of the cylindrical specimens that was 0.2221 mJ·mm−3.Table 5
Calculations of the energy density.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDAt peak pointFED (mJ·mm−3)IED (mJ·mm−3)EED (mJ·mm−3)DED (mJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-10.29320.22210.07110.0755RS-CL-20.25560.19360.06200.0942RS-CL-30.26050.19730.06320.0795RS-CL-40.28290.21430.06860.0697RS-CL-50.25060.18980.06080.0615RS-CL-60.29040.22000.07040.0536CuboidRS-CB-10.35620.26610.09010.0696RS-CB-20.36800.27490.09310.0753RS-CB-30.39130.29230.09900.0657RS-CB-40.31390.23440.07950.0379RS-CB-50.33310.24880.08430.0969RS-CB-60.37070.27690.09380.0817RS-CB-70.39510.29520.09990.0549The reason why the quadratic fitting curves of cuboid specimens are above to those of the cylindrical specimens (in Figure5(a)) can be explained using the linear energy storage and dissipation laws. Because of the higher strength of the cuboid specimens than that of the cylindrical ones, whilst at the same unloading level, the unloading point of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens,. Therefore, according to the energy calculation method, the IED can be calculated in a larger area for cuboid specimens than cylindrical specimens, and the IED of cuboid specimens was larger than that of cylindrical specimens, so the IED curve of cuboid specimens was fitted higher than that of cylindrical specimens further. Meanwhile, due to the energy storage or dissipation coefficients of the two shaped specimens were almost equal, the EED or the DED of the cuboid specimens was larger than that of the cylindrical ones at the same unloading level, and the EED or the DED curve of the cuboid specimens was higher than the curves of cylindrical specimens further.


### 3.3. Failure Characteristics of Rock Specimens

Using a high-speed camera, the bursting moments of the specimens were recorded. The processes with the same unloading level are contrastively illustrated in Figure6. The time interval between every two images was annotated as 8 ms for every specimen. Taking the results of the UC tests as examples to show the burst process (as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b)). For specimen RS-CL-1, before bursting, a microfracture occurred and a handful of rock fragments slid down near the specimen. Afterward, the specimen burst with a slight voice, and in the meantime, the microfracture expanded and the fragments as well as grains ejected to the ramp below at a slow velocity. For specimen RS-CB-1, the rock block had loosened from the specimen matrix before bursting. Soon, considerable amounts of rock blocks and fragments as well as grains quickly ejected in an approximately horizontal direction.Figure 6
Failure process of specimens with uniaxial compression tests. (a) RS-CL-1. (b) RS-CB-1. (c) RS-CL-2. (d) RS-CB-2. (e) RS-CL-3. (f) RS-CB-3. (g) RS-CL-4. (h) RS-CB-4. (i) RS-CL-5. (j) RS-CB-5. (k) RS-CL-6. (l) RS-CB-6.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)Given the limited space available, the bursting processes of other specimens were not reported in detail here. In addition, the failure mode and burst characteristics of each rock specimen are shown in Figure7 and Table 6. For failure mode, the cylindrical specimens showed a mainly tensile failure, while most cuboid specimens showed a shear failure. In the simulation conducted by Xu and Cai [28], the granite cylindrical and cuboid specimens both showed the shear failure, which were inconsistent with our test results of red sandstone specimens. The differences may be caused by the different composition, arrangement, and cementation of rock particles inside different lithological rocks. Besides, the specimens with the same shape showed the different failure modes in our study, for example, the specimen RS-CB-1 showed a shear failure, but the specimen RS-CB-4 showed a tensile failure, which was influenced by the anisotropy of specimens.Figure 7
Failure characteristics of cylindrical and cuboid specimens. (a) RS-CL-1. (b) RS-CL-2. (c) RS-CL-3. (d) RS-CL-4. (e) RS-CL-5. (f) RS-CL-6. (g) RS-CB-4. (h) RS-CB-5. (i) RS-CB-6. (j) RS-CB-1. (k) RS-CB-2. (l) RS-CB-3. (m) RS-CB-7.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)Table 6
Ejection characteristic information of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDFailure modeBurst soundFragments ejection velocityFragments ejection quantityCylinderRS-CL-1TensileSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-2TensileSlight——RS-CL-3Tensile and shearSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-4Tensile and shearSlightSlowModestRS-CL-5TensileSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-6Tensile and shearSlightSlowModestCuboidRS-CB-1ShearLoudFastGreatRS-CB-2ShearLoudMediumModestRS-CB-3ShearLoudFastGreatRS-CB-4TensileModerateSlowModestRS-CB-5Shear and tensileModerateMediumModestRS-CB-6TensileModerateMediumModestRS-CB-7ShearLoudFastGreatIn fact, for the shear failure of specimens, the microcracks inside the rocks continued to grow and nucleate under the external loads and formed the macroscopic shear plane as approaching the peak strength, which eventually led to the rock failure; for the tensile failure, the axial compression was accompanied by lateral expansion, which was conducive to the development of longitudinal microcracks; after these microcracks reached a certain length, the microcrack propagation became unstable, resulting in axial splitting [37].Moreover, for the tests with same specimen shape but at different unloading levels, or the tests at a constant unloading level but with different specimen shapes, the burst characteristics of specimens performed some differences. For example, specimen RS-CB-3 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.3) exhibited the rock block flying out and a mass of fragments ejected at a fast velocity, while only a handful of fragments ejected at a relatively slow velocity for specimen RS-CB-6 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.9); specimen RS-CL-2 (the cylindrical-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.1) just burst with fragments falling, while specimen RS-CB-2 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.1) burst with fast fragments ejection. But on the whole, the cylindrical specimens emitted a slight sound at burst moment, and the minor quantity of fragments was ejected at a slow velocity, while the cuboid specimens emitted a louder sound, and a greater quantity of fragments was ejected with a faster velocity.


## 3.1. Stress-Strain Curves and UCS

To ensure that the measured strain only comes from the specimen, we have subtracted the strain of the stiff pad when drawing the stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curves of cylindrical and cuboid specimens at each unloading level are illustrated in Figure3. All the curves were in favourable consistency and generally consisted of a crack closure phase, linear elastic deformation and stable fracture propagation phase, unstable fracture propagation phase, and postfracture phase [30]. Meanwhile, as the stress-strain curves show, the initial loading curves did not coincide with the unloading curves, which was caused by the irreversible permanent deformation occurred in the loading-unloading process [31, 32]. Furthermore, the cuboid specimen possesses a more obvious nonlinear phase near the peak point of the stress-strain curve than the cylindrical specimen.Figure 3
Stress-strain curves of cylindrical and cuboid specimens. (a) UC test. (b)i = 0.1. (c) i = 0.3. (d) i = 0.5. (e) i = 0.7. (f) i = 0.9.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)The UCS of the cylindrical and cuboid specimens in UC and SCLUC tests is shown in Table2 and Figure 4. The UCS of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens in general and approximately 12 MPa higher on average. Some scholars reported similar results, i.e., the cuboid specimen had a slightly higher strength than the cylindrical specimen by the laboratory test and numerical study [27, 28].Table 2
UCS of cylindrical and cuboid specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDCompressive strength (MPa)Average (MPa)CylinderRS-CL-1100.6695.76RS-CL-291.91RS-CL-393.89RS-CL-495.51RS-CL-591.13RS-CL-6101.47CuboidRS-CB-1108.77107.68RS-CB-2110.52RS-CB-3111.55RS-CB-494.97RS-CB-5106.42RS-CB-6112.40RS-CB-7109.13Figure 4
UCS of cylindrical and cuboid specimens.Zhao et al. [27] carried out the UC tests with cuboid specimens (at a size of 50 × 50 × 100 mm, the cross-sectional area was 2500 mm2) and cylindrical specimens (at a size of Φ50 × 100 mm, the cross-sectional area was 1963 mm2), and the result showed the UCS of the cuboid specimens was approximately 4 MPa higher than that of the cylindrical ones. Based on the basic parameters and sizes of the rock specimen adopted from the laboratory test of Zhao et al., Xu and Cai conducted a numerical simulation with cuboid and cylindrical specimens [28]. The simulation result was consistent with the laboratory test result, namely, the UCS of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens. In such a case, if the cross-section of the cuboid specimen was equivalent to a circle, the equivalent diameter of this circle was 56.4 mm, which was significantly larger than the diameter of the cross-section of the cylindrical specimen. Therefore, a further numerical simulation, where the side length of the cuboid specimen was 44 mm (the cross-sectional area was 1936 mm2), was conducted, and the result showed a close UCS for the specimens with two shapes. Hence, it can be understood that the cross-sectional areas may exert an influence on the UCS of the two shaped specimens, and the difference in UCS for the two shaped specimens can be narrowed via equalizing the cross-sectional areas. Xu and Cai confirmed that the end effect controlled the strength of the specimen according to the simulation model [28].


## 3.2. Energy Evolution Laws inside Specimens

In the rock test, the deformation and failure of the specimen under the action of external force are continuously transformed with the external energy, and the energy distribution and transformation run through the whole process. In recent years, the study of rock failure from an energy viewpoint has become a new research trend, and a host of advances have been obtained [16, 24, 33–36]. Rockburst hazard is one of the dynamic failure phenomena. To more effectively evaluate the rockburst proneness degree of the cylindrical and cuboid specimens further, the energy evolution characteristics inside specimens were explored. According to the energy calculation method in Figure 2(a), the energy densities at different unloading points are calculated in Table 3.Table 3
Calculation results of energy density.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDUnloading point (MPa)Actual unloading levelAt unloading pointIED (mJ·mm−3)EED (mJ·mm−3)DED (mJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-1—————RS-CL-211.030.120.00850.00480.0037RS-CL-330.980.330.03960.03010.0095RS-CL-447.760.500.08120.06080.0204RS-CL-566.520.730.13530.10200.0333RS-CL-686.250.850.21360.16170.0519CuboidRS-CB-1—————RS-CB-213.260.120.01090.00650.0044RS-CB-331.230.280.03950.02810.0114RS-CB-452.020.550.09400.06960.0244RS-CB-576.620.720.16820.12680.0414RS-CB-694.420.840.26110.19790.0632RS-CB-7103.670.950.30540.22470.0807Figure5 shows the mutual relationship among the IED (uoCL and uoCB), EED (ueCL and ueCB), DED (udCL and udCB), and the actual unloading level for cylindrical and cuboid specimens. Figure 5(a) displays the distinctly quadratic relationships between the three types of energy densities and the actual unloading level. For each of the shaped specimens, as the actual unloading level increases, the EED shows a quicker growing rate than the DED, which implies that the energy stored in the specimens was higher than the dissipated energy before the specimens failed. In addition, the fitting functions are displayed in Table 4, and all the fitting correlation coefficients were in excess of 0.9840.Figure 5
Comparison of energy characteristics inside cylindrical and cuboid specimens.
(a)(b)(c)Table 4
Fitting functions among three types of energy densities and the actual unloading level.
RelationshipCylindrical specimenCuboid specimenuo and iauoCL=0.2582ia2+0.0178ia+0.0022R2=0.9846uoCB=0.3574ia2−0.0166ia+0.0048R2=0.9924ue and iaueCL=0.1970ia2+0.0128ia+0.0012R2=0.9844ueCB=0.2621ia2−0.0072ia+0.0023R2=0.9905ud and iaudCL=0.0612ia2+0.0051ia+0.0011R2=0.9841udCB=0.0952ia2−0.0094ia+0.0025R2=0.9926Figures5(b) and 5(c) display the linear relationships between the three types of energy densities. The largest correlation coefficient was up to 0.9999, which suggested the prominent linearity between the EED, DED, and IED. In addition, no matter what the fitting lines described the relationship between the IED and EED or between the IED and DED, these fitting lines of the two shaped specimens almost coincided. The uniform fitting functions of the linear relationships between the EED, DED, and the IED are as follows:(8)ue=Auo+c,ud=Buo−c,A+B=1,where the A, B, and c are the fitting parameters. According to the fitting functions between the EED (or DED) and IED, we observed that the intercept (c) was 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding slope (A or B), so the effect of intercept on the linear relationships can be ignored, and the result of the fitting function was chiefly determined by the fitting slope. Of these, the linear relationships were defined as linear energy storage and dissipation laws; the slopes (A and B) of the linear energy storage and dissipation laws were defined as energy storage coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient, respectively, which were indicated the energy storage and dissipation capacities of rocks, respectively [16, 24]. In this study, the energy storage coefficients were 0.7596 and 0.7486, and the energy dissipation coefficients were 0.2404 and 0.2514 for cylindrical and cuboid specimens, respectively, which had little change. Namely, the change of specimen shape had a rare effect on the energy storage and dissipation capacities of the red sandstone. In other words, the linear energy storage and dissipation laws had no concern with the specimen shape and were the intrinsic nature of rock materials. Hence, according to the linear energy storage and dissipation laws, the EED and DED at each point can be calculated by using the IED at any corresponding point of the stress-strain curve. Especially, when the uoi denoted the peak IED, the EED and DED at the peak point (peak EED and peak DED) of each specimen can be calculated easily and accurately, namely,(9)Ue=AUo+c,(10)Ud=BUo−c,where Uo, Ue, Ud are the peak IED, peak EED, and peak DED, respectively. These results of the peak EED and peak DED of cylindrical and cuboid specimens are shown in Table 5, as well as the results of the FED. For specimens with the same shape, the energy densities at the peak points were diverse. However, for the same kind of energy density at the specimen peak point, the energy density minimum of the cuboid specimens was higher than the maximum of the cylindrical specimens. For example, the minimum EED for the cuboid specimens was 0.2344 mJ·mm−3, which was higher than the maximum of the cylindrical specimens that was 0.2221 mJ·mm−3.Table 5
Calculations of the energy density.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDAt peak pointFED (mJ·mm−3)IED (mJ·mm−3)EED (mJ·mm−3)DED (mJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-10.29320.22210.07110.0755RS-CL-20.25560.19360.06200.0942RS-CL-30.26050.19730.06320.0795RS-CL-40.28290.21430.06860.0697RS-CL-50.25060.18980.06080.0615RS-CL-60.29040.22000.07040.0536CuboidRS-CB-10.35620.26610.09010.0696RS-CB-20.36800.27490.09310.0753RS-CB-30.39130.29230.09900.0657RS-CB-40.31390.23440.07950.0379RS-CB-50.33310.24880.08430.0969RS-CB-60.37070.27690.09380.0817RS-CB-70.39510.29520.09990.0549The reason why the quadratic fitting curves of cuboid specimens are above to those of the cylindrical specimens (in Figure5(a)) can be explained using the linear energy storage and dissipation laws. Because of the higher strength of the cuboid specimens than that of the cylindrical ones, whilst at the same unloading level, the unloading point of the cuboid specimens was higher than that of the cylindrical specimens,. Therefore, according to the energy calculation method, the IED can be calculated in a larger area for cuboid specimens than cylindrical specimens, and the IED of cuboid specimens was larger than that of cylindrical specimens, so the IED curve of cuboid specimens was fitted higher than that of cylindrical specimens further. Meanwhile, due to the energy storage or dissipation coefficients of the two shaped specimens were almost equal, the EED or the DED of the cuboid specimens was larger than that of the cylindrical ones at the same unloading level, and the EED or the DED curve of the cuboid specimens was higher than the curves of cylindrical specimens further.


## 3.3. Failure Characteristics of Rock Specimens

Using a high-speed camera, the bursting moments of the specimens were recorded. The processes with the same unloading level are contrastively illustrated in Figure6. The time interval between every two images was annotated as 8 ms for every specimen. Taking the results of the UC tests as examples to show the burst process (as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b)). For specimen RS-CL-1, before bursting, a microfracture occurred and a handful of rock fragments slid down near the specimen. Afterward, the specimen burst with a slight voice, and in the meantime, the microfracture expanded and the fragments as well as grains ejected to the ramp below at a slow velocity. For specimen RS-CB-1, the rock block had loosened from the specimen matrix before bursting. Soon, considerable amounts of rock blocks and fragments as well as grains quickly ejected in an approximately horizontal direction.Figure 6
Failure process of specimens with uniaxial compression tests. (a) RS-CL-1. (b) RS-CB-1. (c) RS-CL-2. (d) RS-CB-2. (e) RS-CL-3. (f) RS-CB-3. (g) RS-CL-4. (h) RS-CB-4. (i) RS-CL-5. (j) RS-CB-5. (k) RS-CL-6. (l) RS-CB-6.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)Given the limited space available, the bursting processes of other specimens were not reported in detail here. In addition, the failure mode and burst characteristics of each rock specimen are shown in Figure7 and Table 6. For failure mode, the cylindrical specimens showed a mainly tensile failure, while most cuboid specimens showed a shear failure. In the simulation conducted by Xu and Cai [28], the granite cylindrical and cuboid specimens both showed the shear failure, which were inconsistent with our test results of red sandstone specimens. The differences may be caused by the different composition, arrangement, and cementation of rock particles inside different lithological rocks. Besides, the specimens with the same shape showed the different failure modes in our study, for example, the specimen RS-CB-1 showed a shear failure, but the specimen RS-CB-4 showed a tensile failure, which was influenced by the anisotropy of specimens.Figure 7
Failure characteristics of cylindrical and cuboid specimens. (a) RS-CL-1. (b) RS-CL-2. (c) RS-CL-3. (d) RS-CL-4. (e) RS-CL-5. (f) RS-CL-6. (g) RS-CB-4. (h) RS-CB-5. (i) RS-CB-6. (j) RS-CB-1. (k) RS-CB-2. (l) RS-CB-3. (m) RS-CB-7.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)Table 6
Ejection characteristic information of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDFailure modeBurst soundFragments ejection velocityFragments ejection quantityCylinderRS-CL-1TensileSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-2TensileSlight——RS-CL-3Tensile and shearSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-4Tensile and shearSlightSlowModestRS-CL-5TensileSlightSlowMinorRS-CL-6Tensile and shearSlightSlowModestCuboidRS-CB-1ShearLoudFastGreatRS-CB-2ShearLoudMediumModestRS-CB-3ShearLoudFastGreatRS-CB-4TensileModerateSlowModestRS-CB-5Shear and tensileModerateMediumModestRS-CB-6TensileModerateMediumModestRS-CB-7ShearLoudFastGreatIn fact, for the shear failure of specimens, the microcracks inside the rocks continued to grow and nucleate under the external loads and formed the macroscopic shear plane as approaching the peak strength, which eventually led to the rock failure; for the tensile failure, the axial compression was accompanied by lateral expansion, which was conducive to the development of longitudinal microcracks; after these microcracks reached a certain length, the microcrack propagation became unstable, resulting in axial splitting [37].Moreover, for the tests with same specimen shape but at different unloading levels, or the tests at a constant unloading level but with different specimen shapes, the burst characteristics of specimens performed some differences. For example, specimen RS-CB-3 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.3) exhibited the rock block flying out and a mass of fragments ejected at a fast velocity, while only a handful of fragments ejected at a relatively slow velocity for specimen RS-CB-6 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.9); specimen RS-CL-2 (the cylindrical-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.1) just burst with fragments falling, while specimen RS-CB-2 (the cuboid-shaped specimen at the unloading point of 0.1) burst with fast fragments ejection. But on the whole, the cylindrical specimens emitted a slight sound at burst moment, and the minor quantity of fragments was ejected at a slow velocity, while the cuboid specimens emitted a louder sound, and a greater quantity of fragments was ejected with a faster velocity.


## 4. Rockburst Proneness Analysis

### 4.1. The Elastic Energy Index

The elastic energy index (WET) proposed by Kidybiński was extensively used in the rock mechanics field. The index is determined by the ratio of elastic energy to dissipated energy being at 80%∼90% of peak strength. Accordingly, the values of WET for specimens RS-CL-6 and RS-CB-6 are 3.16 and 3.13, respectively. From the classification criteria as follows, the red sandstone specimens shaped as cylinder and cuboid performed the same burst proneness, i.e., the low rockburst proneness.(11)WET<2,no rockburst proneness,=2∼5,low rockburst proneness,>5,high rockburst proneness.


### 4.2. The Residual Elastic Energy Index

According to the obtained linear energy storage law of rock under uniaxial compression [16, 24, 35], Gong et al. [16] proposed the residual elastic energy index (AEF), which was a novel method to estimate rockburst proneness. The calculation method of AEF is as follows:(12)AEF=Ue−Ua,where Ua can be calculated by equation (7), and Ue can be calculated by equation (9). Additionally, the classification criteria of AEF are as follows:(13)AEF<50kJm3,no rockburst proneness,=50∼150kJm3,light rockburst proneness,=150∼200kJm3,moderate rockburst proneness,>200kJm3,strong rockburst proneness.TheAEF values of different shaped specimens are given in Table 7, and the comparative results are shown in Figure 8. According to the classification criteria, most of the cylindrical specimens showed light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens were moderate and strong in rockburst proneness. Meanwhile, on average for AEF, the cylindrical specimens belonged to light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens reached to strong rockburst proneness, which indicated the rockburst proneness of cylindrical specimens was lighter than cuboid ones in general.Table 7
Calculations of the residual elastic energy index of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDAEF (kJ·mm−3)Rockburst pronenessAverage ofAEF (kJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-1146.6Light133.83RS-CL-299.4LightRS-CL-3117.8LightRS-CL-4144.6LightRS-CL-5128.3LightRS-CL-6166.4ModerateCuboidRS-CB-1196.5Moderate200.94RS-CB-2199.6ModerateRS-CB-3226.6StrongRS-CB-4196.5ModerateRS-CB-5151.9ModerateRS-CB-6195.2ModerateRS-CB-7240.3StrongFigure 8
Comparative results of cylindrical and cuboid specimens withAEF.


### 4.3. The Far-Field Ejection Mass Ratio

Rockburst in deep engineering is a dynamic failure phenomenon. Studying the kinetic energy of the rock fragments after the rock failure in a laboratory test was effective to analyze the rockburst proneness. If the accurate kinetic energy of the ejected rock fragment was required, the ideal was to obtain the mass and velocity of all rock fragments. However, in the UC test, the rock fragments will be ejected into various directions and angles. We cannot accurately track the path of all rock fragments to measure their speed and mass.Even so, the faster the speed of the rock fragments was, the farther the ejection distance will be, and the more the mass of the rock fragment ejected into a farther distance will be, the stronger rockburst proneness the specimen showed. Therefore, Gong et al. divided the inner and outer regions according to the boundary of the equipment indenter, and the fragment mass in the two regions was counted, respectively (shown as in Figure9), and then the rockburst proneness index named far-field ejection mass ratio (MF) was proposed [16]. The calculation method of MF is as follows:(14)MF=m1m1+m2,where m1 denotes the fragment mass falling in the area that is outside the indenter and within the test platform; m2 denotes the fragment mass on the indenter; and the sum of m1 and m2 is the fragment mass separated from the specimen matrix. Significantly, because the velocity and distance of the ejected rock fragments were considered, the MF can manifest the kinetic energy of the fragments to some extent.Figure 9
Calculation schematic ofMF.The classification criteria ofMF are as follows:(15)MF==0,no rockburst proneness,=0∼0.4,light rockburst proneness,=0.4∼0.6,moderate rockburst proneness,>0.6,strong rockburst proneness.According to the definition and classification criteria ofMF, two extreme phenomena may exist: (1) when m1 = 0, no fragment mass flies beyond the indenter, under this circumstance, MF = 0, which corresponds to no rockburst proneness; (2) when m2 = 0, all the fragments fly beyond the indenter; in this case, MF = 1, which corresponds that the rock specimen tested is subject to strongest rockburst proneness. When 0<MF < 1, the rockburst proneness degree was in the range from light rockburst proneness to strong rockburst proneness. Table 8 lists the calculations of MF in this work.Table 8
Calculations of the far-field ejection mass ratio of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDMFRockburst pronenessAverage ofMFCylinderRS-CL-10.47Moderate0.30RS-CL-20.04LightRS-CL-30.15LightRS-CL-40.43ModerateRS-CL-50.14LightRS-CL-60.59ModerateCuboidRS-CB-10.76Strong0.64RS-CB-20.48ModerateRS-CB-30.71StrongRS-CB-40.58ModerateRS-CB-50.55ModerateRS-CB-60.54ModerateRS-CB-70.86StrongAccording to the results, the cylindrical specimens performed mainly light and moderate rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens performed moderate and strong proneness on the whole. On average forMF, the cylindrical specimens were light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens were strong rockburst proneness.


## 4.1. The Elastic Energy Index

The elastic energy index (WET) proposed by Kidybiński was extensively used in the rock mechanics field. The index is determined by the ratio of elastic energy to dissipated energy being at 80%∼90% of peak strength. Accordingly, the values of WET for specimens RS-CL-6 and RS-CB-6 are 3.16 and 3.13, respectively. From the classification criteria as follows, the red sandstone specimens shaped as cylinder and cuboid performed the same burst proneness, i.e., the low rockburst proneness.(11)WET<2,no rockburst proneness,=2∼5,low rockburst proneness,>5,high rockburst proneness.


## 4.2. The Residual Elastic Energy Index

According to the obtained linear energy storage law of rock under uniaxial compression [16, 24, 35], Gong et al. [16] proposed the residual elastic energy index (AEF), which was a novel method to estimate rockburst proneness. The calculation method of AEF is as follows:(12)AEF=Ue−Ua,where Ua can be calculated by equation (7), and Ue can be calculated by equation (9). Additionally, the classification criteria of AEF are as follows:(13)AEF<50kJm3,no rockburst proneness,=50∼150kJm3,light rockburst proneness,=150∼200kJm3,moderate rockburst proneness,>200kJm3,strong rockburst proneness.TheAEF values of different shaped specimens are given in Table 7, and the comparative results are shown in Figure 8. According to the classification criteria, most of the cylindrical specimens showed light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens were moderate and strong in rockburst proneness. Meanwhile, on average for AEF, the cylindrical specimens belonged to light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens reached to strong rockburst proneness, which indicated the rockburst proneness of cylindrical specimens was lighter than cuboid ones in general.Table 7
Calculations of the residual elastic energy index of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDAEF (kJ·mm−3)Rockburst pronenessAverage ofAEF (kJ·mm−3)CylinderRS-CL-1146.6Light133.83RS-CL-299.4LightRS-CL-3117.8LightRS-CL-4144.6LightRS-CL-5128.3LightRS-CL-6166.4ModerateCuboidRS-CB-1196.5Moderate200.94RS-CB-2199.6ModerateRS-CB-3226.6StrongRS-CB-4196.5ModerateRS-CB-5151.9ModerateRS-CB-6195.2ModerateRS-CB-7240.3StrongFigure 8
Comparative results of cylindrical and cuboid specimens withAEF.


## 4.3. The Far-Field Ejection Mass Ratio

Rockburst in deep engineering is a dynamic failure phenomenon. Studying the kinetic energy of the rock fragments after the rock failure in a laboratory test was effective to analyze the rockburst proneness. If the accurate kinetic energy of the ejected rock fragment was required, the ideal was to obtain the mass and velocity of all rock fragments. However, in the UC test, the rock fragments will be ejected into various directions and angles. We cannot accurately track the path of all rock fragments to measure their speed and mass.Even so, the faster the speed of the rock fragments was, the farther the ejection distance will be, and the more the mass of the rock fragment ejected into a farther distance will be, the stronger rockburst proneness the specimen showed. Therefore, Gong et al. divided the inner and outer regions according to the boundary of the equipment indenter, and the fragment mass in the two regions was counted, respectively (shown as in Figure9), and then the rockburst proneness index named far-field ejection mass ratio (MF) was proposed [16]. The calculation method of MF is as follows:(14)MF=m1m1+m2,where m1 denotes the fragment mass falling in the area that is outside the indenter and within the test platform; m2 denotes the fragment mass on the indenter; and the sum of m1 and m2 is the fragment mass separated from the specimen matrix. Significantly, because the velocity and distance of the ejected rock fragments were considered, the MF can manifest the kinetic energy of the fragments to some extent.Figure 9
Calculation schematic ofMF.The classification criteria ofMF are as follows:(15)MF==0,no rockburst proneness,=0∼0.4,light rockburst proneness,=0.4∼0.6,moderate rockburst proneness,>0.6,strong rockburst proneness.According to the definition and classification criteria ofMF, two extreme phenomena may exist: (1) when m1 = 0, no fragment mass flies beyond the indenter, under this circumstance, MF = 0, which corresponds to no rockburst proneness; (2) when m2 = 0, all the fragments fly beyond the indenter; in this case, MF = 1, which corresponds that the rock specimen tested is subject to strongest rockburst proneness. When 0<MF < 1, the rockburst proneness degree was in the range from light rockburst proneness to strong rockburst proneness. Table 8 lists the calculations of MF in this work.Table 8
Calculations of the far-field ejection mass ratio of specimens.
Specimen shapeSpecimen IDMFRockburst pronenessAverage ofMFCylinderRS-CL-10.47Moderate0.30RS-CL-20.04LightRS-CL-30.15LightRS-CL-40.43ModerateRS-CL-50.14LightRS-CL-60.59ModerateCuboidRS-CB-10.76Strong0.64RS-CB-20.48ModerateRS-CB-30.71StrongRS-CB-40.58ModerateRS-CB-50.55ModerateRS-CB-60.54ModerateRS-CB-70.86StrongAccording to the results, the cylindrical specimens performed mainly light and moderate rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens performed moderate and strong proneness on the whole. On average forMF, the cylindrical specimens were light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens were strong rockburst proneness.


## 5. Discussions

In this paper, three indexes (theWET, AEF, and MF) were adopted to access the rockburst proneness of red sandstone specimens with two shapes, respectively. However, the discriminations of three indexes had some discrepancies: WET indicated that the cylindrical and cuboid specimens showed the same low rockburst proneness; AEF and MF indicated the cylindrical specimens showed the light rockburst proneness, yet the cuboid specimens showed the moderate and strong rockburst proneness in general.To compare the accuracy of the discriminant results of two shaped specimens by the three rockburst proneness indexes, we analyzed the discriminant mechanism of them. At first, we took the maximal peak IED of two shaped specimens (in Table5) as the maximal value (for example, the maximal peak IED of the cylindrical specimen was 0.2932 mJ·mm−3). By bringing the IED from 0 to 0.2932 mJ·mm−3 into the linear energy storage and dissipation laws of the cylindrical specimen, the EED and DED corresponding to the IED at each point in the pre-peak phase of the stress-strain curve can be calculated, and the ratio of EED to DED corresponding to the IED at each point can be calculated further. Hence, the variations of the ratio of EED to DED versus IED can be shown in Figure 10. Besides, the ratio results attained from the actual tests are also demonstrated as the discrete points in Figure 10 as well.Figure 10
Relationship between IED and the ratio of EED to DED.In Figure10, the discrete points were well distributed near the variations of energy density ratio for specimens of each shape, and the discreteness of discrete points of the cuboid specimens was apparently smaller than that of the cylindrical specimens. Besides, as the IED increased, the energy density ratio tended to rise up sharply at first and then quickly became nearly steady. The ratio increased extremely slowly when the IED exceeded 0.20 mJ·mm−3. With the IEDs reaching to their maximums (i.e., at the peak strength), the energy density ratios for cylindrical and cuboid specimens are 3.12 and 2.95, respectively, which show the rockburst proneness of the two shaped specimens being the low proneness and are consistent with the assessments by WET. From this viewpoint, WET had certain validity. Unexpectedly, according to the failure phenomena of the specimens accorded by a high-speed camera, the rockburst proneness of the cylindrical specimen was significantly lighter than that of the cuboid specimen.In fact, the evaluation results of theWET (or the method which used the ratio of EED to DED at the peak strength in this paper) did not consider the post-peak phase, and it cannot reflect the energy dissipation required for the failure of the rock after the peak strength and the energy release after the rock failure. Moreover, the laboratory rockburst phenomenon of the rock specimen only occurred when the applied stress reaches the peak strength, which also indicated that the assessment of the rockburst proneness of the specimen via the WET had certain limitations.Since the UCS of the cuboid specimen was greater than that of the cylindrical specimen in general, more energy needed to be input into the cuboid specimen to reach its peak point, so the peak IED of the cuboid specimen will be greater than that of the cylindrical specimen. Moreover, due to the energy storage coefficients for the cuboid and cylindrical specimens were roughly constant, the peak EED of the cuboid specimen was larger than that of the cylindrical specimen. Besides, Gong et al. [16] have found that no connection existed between the peak EED and FED. The residual EED was mainly determined by the peak EED. According to the calculations of the energy densities at the peak point (in Table 5), the peak EED of the cylindrical specimen was always smaller than that of the cuboid specimen, so the residual EED of the cylindrical specimen will be smaller than that of the cuboid specimen in general. Thus, the cylindrical specimen showed a lighter rockburst proneness than the cuboid specimen, which was in close accordance with the failure phenomena of both cylindrical and cuboid specimens. Namely, the AEF was more suitable than the WET to assess the rockburst proneness of specimens.Moreover, the rockburst proneness of the two shaped specimens was evaluated from the kinetic energy of ejected rock fragments through theMF in this work, and the results also conform to the actual burst phenomena, namely, the cylindrical specimen showed the light rockburst proneness, and the cuboid specimen showed the moderate and strong rockburst proneness. Figure 11 illustrates the matching area of corresponding rockburst proneness degree between the AEF and MF. It shows that the rockburst proneness estimated results from cylindrical and cuboid specimens were at or near the same matching areas. In other words, the rockburst proneness estimated results calculated by the AEF and MF were in good accordance, and these two methods can accurately assess the rockburst proneness of specimens.Figure 11
Matching relationship between the residual elastic energy index and far-field ejection mass ratio.In fact, theAEF assessed the rockburst proneness of rock materials via a qualitative method from the energy conversion perspective, and the MF was a semiquantitative method that considered the failure characteristics. If AEF and MF are combined to evaluate the rockburst proneness, the evaluation results may be more accurate.


## 6. Conclusions

Based on the results attained from the UC and SCLUC tests with cylindrical and cuboid specimens, a comparison study of the specimen shape effect on rockburst proneness of the red sandstone was carried out. The following conclusions were drawn:(1)
The development paths of the stress-strain curves change little with the changing specimen shapes. Meanwhile, the UCS of the cuboid specimens was approximately 12 MPa higher than that of the cylindrical specimens. Equalizing the stressed areas of the two shaped specimens would narrow the difference in UCS.(2)
For either cylindrical or cuboid specimens, significant energy laws occur during the loading and unloading process. On the one hand, any of the IED, EED, or DED presents distinctly quadratic functional relationships with the increment of the actual unloading level. On the other hand, the prominent linear law occurs between the EED, DED, and IED. Moreover, the energy storage coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient are barely affected by the change in specimen shape.(3)
For the failure mode, the cylindrical specimens show a principally tensile failure, and the cuboid specimens show a shear failure. Moreover, for the tests with same specimen shapes but at different unloading levels, or the tests at a constant unloading level but with different specimen shapes, the specimens show the different burst characteristics that are slight or strong. But on the whole, the cylindrical specimen emitted a slight sound, and its ejected fragments are slow and minor, while the cuboid specimen mostly performed a louder sound, and a greater quantity of fragments was ejected at a faster velocity.(4)
The rockburst proneness of every specimen is evaluated by the elastic energy index (WET), the residual elastic energy index (AEF), and the far-field ejection mass ratio (MF). Of these, the calculation results of the WET are different from the actual burst phenomena, yet the results of AEF and MF are in favourable agreement and in accordance with the burst phenomena that the cylindrical specimens show a light rockburst proneness, while the cuboid specimens show a moderate or strong rockburst proneness on the whole.



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*Source: 4182861-2020-08-17.xml*