# Reflection and Refraction of Shear Horizontal Waves in Peridynamic Medium

Authors: Xiaolong Zhang; Yaru Lu; Liyu Chen; Zhenying Xu
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2020)

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## Abstract

This work uses peridynamic theory to obtain the internal force density of a shear horizontal (SH) wave, which is only connected with shear modulus. We then established the reflection equation of a SH wave in peridynamic medium based on the force boundary condition of the SH wave at the virtual boundary layer. The SH wave reflection characteristic in peridynamic medium is similar to the results of traditional theory, which was verified by simulations and experiments in steel plates. The refraction characteristics of a SH wave in peridynamic medium were obtained based on the continuity of the force and the displacement at the refraction point. These features established the relationship between bonds and wave angle. The refraction and reflection characteristics of a SH wave in a peridynamic medium were also verified by numerical simulations and experiments in a welded structure.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Large steel structures are widely used in daily life, and the safety of steel structures is very important [1]. Ultrasonic testing is widely used to inspect large steel structures because it is nondestructive and fast [2, 3]. In order to detect defects in steel structures by using ultrasound, we need to study the propagation characteristics of ultrasound in steel structures. Ordinary steel structures are usually in the form of plates and welds [4, 5]. Therefore, this work studies ultrasound reflection at the boundary and refraction at the interface of different components. In recent years, multiple studies on the wave propagation and their reflection and refraction behaviour have been inferred by Singh et al. [6, 7] and Guha et al. [8, 9].In general, the finite element method [10–12] is used to solve the problem of ultrasonic propagation in plate and welded structures. In 2015, Kamas et al. [13] discussed the theoretical and experimental analysis of weld-guided waves as well as guided wave propagation. In 2016, Pau et al. [14] used the reciprocity method to study the interaction of SH0 mode with discontinuities in plate waveguides. In the same year, scattering of plane SH waves by a rectangular cavity embedded at shallow depth in an elastic half-space was investigated by Liu et al. [15]. In 2017, Achillopoulou and Pau [16] used a finite element model to investigate the interaction of shear and Lamb waves with different kinds of defects in plates. In 2019, Fan et al. [17] investigated the wave transmission and reflection of an elastic P-wave at a single joint for normal incidence. However, the structures usually have defects, but the finite element method is a numerical solution of differential equations based on partial derivatives. The partial derivatives do not exist at the defects. Thus, the peridynamics method was used to solve this problem.Peridynamics is an integral equation that does not require derivatives. In this paper, the peridynamic method was used to study the reflection of the ultrasonic wave at the boundary and the refraction between different structures. The theory of peridynamic wave was first proposed by Silling [18] in 2000, and the propagation of linear stress waves and the wave dispersion was investigated. In 2003, Silling et al. [19] discussed the wave propagation in the discontinuities bar. Zimmermann [20] later explored many characteristics of peridynamic theory, including wave motion, stability of peridynamic solution, and numerical solution techniques. The relationship between stress, displacement, and location under small deformation conditions of microelastic peridynamic equation was described by Silling et al. [21] in 2007. In 2010, Silling [22] proposed the linearization theory of peridynamics, and this theory makes the peridynamic wave equation easier to solve. In 2016, Bazant et al. [23] systematically studied the peridynamic stress wave and analyzed the bond-based peridynamic stress wave and dispersion. In the same year, Silling [24] studied the solitary waves in the peridynamic medium and found that the velocity of the solitary wave is greater than the elastic wave. In 2017, Butt et al. [25] associated the peridynamic nonlocality expressed by the horizon with a characteristic length scale related to the material microstructure. They compared the dispersion curves obtained from peridynamics with experimental data. In 2019, Zhang et al. [26] studied wave propagation and dispersion in the peridynamic medium and found that the SH wave also dispersed in an unbounded steel medium.In this paper, because of the simple form of SH, there is no waveform conversion when SH interacts with the boundary. We choose SH waves as the research object. By studying peridynamic properties, the relationship between the micromodulus and shear modulus in the SH wave was obtained by decomposing the force between the material points. The reflection and refraction characteristics of SH waves at the boundary were analyzed. We used simulation and experiments of the plate and welded structures to conclude that the reflection at the boundary of the weld seam is the main factor that forms an SH-guided wave. The material difference between the weld seam and steel plate aggravates the formation of SH-guided waves in the weld seam.


## 2. SH Waves on Linear Peridynamics

The linearized version of the peridynamic theory has been investigated previously [19, 22, 27–29]. The equation of motion in the linearized theory is given as follows:(1)ρxu¨x,t=∫NxCx,quq,t−ux,tdVq+bx,t,where ρ is the density; u is the displacement; b is the body force density; the integral term is the internal force density; and x is the position in the reference configuration; and t is time. Term Nx is a neighborhood of x as discussed in [22]; the radius of Nx is, in general, 2δ, where δ is the horizon. Terms x and q are material points in Nx; C is a tensor-valued function called the micromodulus. When the material is a linear isotropic solid, the micromodulus C is defined as follows [22, 28]:(2)Cx,q=15μm2−9κm2∫Hpϖp−xϖp−qp−x⊗p−qdVp+2γq−x,rξ=15μmϖξM⊗M,where κ is the bulk modulus, μ is the shear modulus, M=ξ/ξ, m=∫Hωξξ2dVξ, ϖ is the weight function, ⊗ is expressed as the Kronecker product, and ξ=q−x is the bond between material points. Term p is the material point in the horizon of x.The micromodulusC of inviscid fluid is defined as follows [22]:(3)Cx,q=−9κm2∫Hpϖp−xϖp−qp−x⊗p−qdVp.The liquid is not viscous, and thus it can only form longitudinal waves. When combined with (3), we can obtain the micromodulus, that is, only related to SH wave internal force density, in linear elastic solids:(4)Cx,q=15μm2∫Hpϖp−xϖp−qp−x⊗p−qdVp+2γq−x.When the SH wave propagates on the surfacex1ox2, the direction of force is along x3. At this time, the internal force density along the x3 is as follows:(5)τ3=∫Nxc31u1q,t−u1x,t+c32u2q,t−u2x,t+c33u3q,t−u3x,tdVq.Here,cij are components of Cx,q. Since the SH wave only has a displacement along x3, formula (5) is reduced to the following:(6)τ3=∫Nxc33u3q,t−u3x,tdVq.Therefore, the internal force density of SH wave is only affected by the micromodulusc33, and as SH wave is a plane wave, the material points q and x in formula (4) are in the same plane x1ox2; thus, γ33=0, which is the component of γ in (4). Therefore, the elastic micromodulus matrix can be simplified to the following:(7)cijx,q=15μm2∫Hpϖp−xϖp−qpi−xi⊗pj−qjdVp.Since the weighted volumem and the bonds in (7) are only related to the geometric subdivision, the propagation of SH waves in different materials is only related to the shear modulus μ.


## 3. The SH Waves Reflection in Peridynamic Medium

### 3.1. The Reflection Theory of SH Waves

In Figure1, x2=0 is the interface of a homogeneous solid material and air. The lower part is a homogeneous solid material, and the upper part is air. The SH wave cannot propagate in the air, and no wave transforms at the interface. Thus, there are only reflected SH waves at the interface. Given a beam of incident waves p0, the angle between the incident wave and the normal line x1=0 is θ0. The reflected wave p2 is obtained through the reflection interface x2=0, and the angle between the reflected wave and the normal line is θ2. Terms δ1 and δ2 are the radius of any horizon in peridynamics.Figure 1
SH wave reflection.Given the incident wave with the amplitudeA0, wavenumber k0, and velocity cT, we can obtain the incident wave function as(8)u30=A0expik0x1sinθ0+x2cosθ0−cTt.Similarly, assuming that the amplitude isA2, the wavenumber is k2, and the velocity is cT, the wave function of the reflected wave is(9)u32=A2expik2x1sinθ2−x2cosθ2−cTt.In classical mechanics, SH wave reflection problems are usually divided into two kinds: fixed boundary and free boundary. A fixed boundary requires the sum of displacement vectors to be zero. Under the theory of peridynamics, the analytical method of SH waves is the same as in classical theory. This paper does not do further analysis. For a free boundary, the force density should be zero at the boundary. The peridynamic method is quite different from traditional mechanics because the internal force in the classical method is different from peridynamics.In this section, the reflection of SH waves based on peridynamics is introduced in detail. The SH wave produces two internal force densities when reflecting at the free boundary. One is generated by the incident wave, and the other is generated by the reflecting wave. In the peridynamic method, the boundary conditions are applied to the virtual boundary layer [30], as shown in Figure 1. Term q shows material points on the virtual layer adjacent to the reflection point. Terms q0 and q2 are the material points on the incident region and the reflected region, respectively (Figure 1). From the peridynamic method, we can obtain two internal force density values:(10)τ30=∫N0Cq,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0,τ32=∫N2Cq,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2.Here,Cq,q0 and Cq,q2 are the micromodulus of materials on the incident and reflected regions, respectively. Terms N0 and N2 correspond to the horizon, and the radius of the horizon is equal. τ30 and τ32 correspond to the internal force density of the incident and reflected waves near the boundary of the virtual layer. Based on peridynamic theory, the internal force density at the virtual layer is τ30+τ32=0 [30]. Thus, from (5), we can obtain the following:(11)∫N0c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0+∫N2c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2=0.Under the numerical discretization, (11) can be written as(12)∑c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tΔVq0+∑c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tΔVq2=0.The stress equilibrium conditions (11) and (12) are valid when the radius of the peridynamic horizon is arbitrary. If the horizon only contains two material points, i.e., an incident material point q01 and a reflective material point q21, then we can obtain(13)c33q,q01u30q01,t−u30q,tΔVq01+c33q,q21u32q21,t−u32q,tΔVq21=0.The weight function in (7) is only related to the length of the bond, and the material points q01 and q21 are symmetric about x1=0. Thus, micromodulus can be determined by (7) to be(14)c33q,q01=c33q,q21.The subdivision of the incident and reflected waves is the same:(15)ΔVq01=ΔVq21.From (13) to (15), we conclude that(16)u30q01,t−u30q,t+u32q21,t−u32q,t=0.Similarly, when there are four material points in a horizon, by combining (12) with (14)–(16), we derive the following:(17)u30q02,t−u30q,t+u32q22,t−u32q,t=0.By analogy, we can get material points that are symmetric aboutx1=0 in the horizon domain:(18)u30q0,t−u30q,t+u32q2,t−u32q,t=0.For the same bond length,(19)ξ=q0−q=q2−q.Substituting (8) and (9) into (18), we obtain(20)A0expik0x1q0sinθ0+x2q0cosθ0−cTt−A0expik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2expik2x1q2sinθ2−x2q2cosθ2−cTt−A2expik2x1qsinθ2−x1qcosθ2−cTt=0.From (19), we can conclude that(21)x1q0−x1q=−ξsinθ0,x2q0−x2q=−ξcosθ0,(22)x1q2−x1q=ξsinθ2,x2q2−x2q=−ξcosθ2.Substituting (21) and (22) into (20), we obtain(23)A0exp−ik0ξ−1expik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2expik2ξ−1expik2x1qsinθ2−x2qcosθ2−cTt=0.When the radius of the horizon is given asδ⟶0, then under the Taylor expansion, (23) can be written as(24)A0−ik0ξexpik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2ik2ξexpik2x1qsinθ2−x2qcosθ2−cTt=0.The interface isx2=0. When substituted into (24), the equation can be recast as(25)A0k0expik0x1qsinθ0−cTt=A2k2expik2x1qsinθ2−cTt.From (25), we conclude the following:(26)A0=A2,k0=k2,θ0=θ2.This result is the same as that obtained by classical theory [31].


### 3.2. SH Wave Propagate in Steel Plate

The reflection characteristics of the SH wave were studied with a steel plate. The size of the steel plate is1610×600×6mm3, which is the same as the welded model presented in Section 3.3. The selected steel plate material density is 7932 kg/m3, the modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio is 0.3, and the SH wave velocity is 3191 m/s. In order to examine the propagation characteristics of the SH-guided wave in the steel plate, sensors are set in the steel plate. The distribution of sensors and load is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Sensor and load distribution on the steel plate.Of these, B and C are the midpoint in the length direction of the steel plate and are on the edge of the steel plate. The surface force load in directionx3 is applied to point D. This will generate an SH wave that propagates along the line BC with the vibration in direction x3. Sensor E is located in the middle of the steel plate and on the BC line 30 mm from point B; Sensor F is 15 mm from the BC line and 30 mm from the vertical edge of the steel plate. Sensor G is 25 mm horizontal from the BC line and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate. Sensor H is 35 mm horizontal from the BC line and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate.A 5-period Hans window-modulated sinusoidal wave function was applied to point D in Figure2, and the wave function of the load is as follows:(27)σ=A1−cos2πftn⋅sin2πft,where the amplitude is A=10kPa, the frequency is n=5, and the number of periods is n=5.In order to study the propagation of the SH wave in the steel plate, the SH-guided wave in the steel plate is numerically simulated. The iteration step is10−7s, and the simulation time is 1 ms; the peridynamic subdivision is h=2mm [32], the weight function is δ=3.1h, and the horizon radius is δ=3.1h. The signal in the sensor is obtained, as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Sensor signal on the steel plate by numerical simulation.Figure3 shows that signal 1 on sensor E was generated by an initial signal. The amplitude is larger because sensor E is located on the midline BC and is close to the source. Sensors F, G, and H are far from the midline BC, and the amplitude of signal 1 decreases gradually. This phenomenon shows that the SH-guided waves produced by shear load at point D are mainly propagating along the BC direction, which agrees with the results of traditional dynamic. Signal 2 is the initial signal propagated to the B end and is then reflected. Signal 2 appears later than signal 1 and becomes dispersed. Signal 1 is reflected by C and ends the generated signal 3. Similarly, the reflected signal 3 also decreases as the sensor moves away from the midline. Signal 4 is generated by signal 2 and is reflected by the C end. Signal 1 is the initial signal close to the source, and thus it might disturb the signal source. Thus, signals 2 and 4 were obviously dispersed. Here, signal 3 was analyzed further. Specific data from signal 3 are shown in Table 1.Table 1
The data of signal 3 in the steel plate.
Sensor ESensor FSensor GSensor HTime (ms)0.39000.39000.39010.3902Amplitude (N/m3)240.0248.0237.0222.2Table1 shows that the peak time of signal 3 is gradually delayed because the positions of sensors F, G, and H are far from the center line. Compared with the peak data, the amplitude of signal 3 on sensor E is not obvious because the SH-guided wave radiates more energy to the outside during propagation. The amplitudes of sensors F, G, and H far from the midline gradually decrease, and the peak time of signal 3 is delayed. The radiation rate of the guided wave is defined to study the radiation energy of the guided wave. Selecting the maximum amplitude of signal 3 in sensors E and F to define the guided wave emissivity at point F, we obtain the following:(28)η=AFAE+AF.Here,η is the radiation rate of SH-guided waves from the weld seam to the steel plate, AE is a peak of signal 3 in sensor E, and AF is a peak of signal 3 in sensor F. Therefore, the radiation rate can be obtained by (28) to be 50.8%.


### 3.3. Steel Plate Experiment

The steel plate has the same size and material parameters as the simulation. The load excited by the SH wave piezoelectric (PZT) sensor at point D is shown in Figure2. The SH wave PZT sensor is applied at position E (Figure 2) to receive the SH wave, and the electrical signals are measured by an oscilloscope [33]. The SH-guided wave among the plate structure mainly propagates in the direction perpendicular to vibration. There is clutter interference in the experiment. The signals of sensors F, G, and H are not obvious, and detailed analysis has not been carried out in this paper. Only sensor E has an obvious signal (Figure 4).Figure 4
Oscilloscope signal of sensor E on the steel plate.Figure4 shows that the signal on the oscilloscope is basically the same as the signal of the sensor in Figure 3. However, due to the randomness of the signal collected by the oscilloscope, the signal on the oscilloscope has a delay of 0.4 ms. The scattering of the SH wave by grains results in a 0.016 V clutter, which intensifies the dispersion of the SH wave. The amplitude of signal 3 is 0.04 V at 0.819 ms. The time increases compared with simulation. Through the comparison of peridynamic numerical simulation and experiment signal, we see that the peridynamic theory can well reflect the reflection characteristics of the SH wave in the steel plate.


## 3.1. The Reflection Theory of SH Waves

In Figure1, x2=0 is the interface of a homogeneous solid material and air. The lower part is a homogeneous solid material, and the upper part is air. The SH wave cannot propagate in the air, and no wave transforms at the interface. Thus, there are only reflected SH waves at the interface. Given a beam of incident waves p0, the angle between the incident wave and the normal line x1=0 is θ0. The reflected wave p2 is obtained through the reflection interface x2=0, and the angle between the reflected wave and the normal line is θ2. Terms δ1 and δ2 are the radius of any horizon in peridynamics.Figure 1
SH wave reflection.Given the incident wave with the amplitudeA0, wavenumber k0, and velocity cT, we can obtain the incident wave function as(8)u30=A0expik0x1sinθ0+x2cosθ0−cTt.Similarly, assuming that the amplitude isA2, the wavenumber is k2, and the velocity is cT, the wave function of the reflected wave is(9)u32=A2expik2x1sinθ2−x2cosθ2−cTt.In classical mechanics, SH wave reflection problems are usually divided into two kinds: fixed boundary and free boundary. A fixed boundary requires the sum of displacement vectors to be zero. Under the theory of peridynamics, the analytical method of SH waves is the same as in classical theory. This paper does not do further analysis. For a free boundary, the force density should be zero at the boundary. The peridynamic method is quite different from traditional mechanics because the internal force in the classical method is different from peridynamics.In this section, the reflection of SH waves based on peridynamics is introduced in detail. The SH wave produces two internal force densities when reflecting at the free boundary. One is generated by the incident wave, and the other is generated by the reflecting wave. In the peridynamic method, the boundary conditions are applied to the virtual boundary layer [30], as shown in Figure 1. Term q shows material points on the virtual layer adjacent to the reflection point. Terms q0 and q2 are the material points on the incident region and the reflected region, respectively (Figure 1). From the peridynamic method, we can obtain two internal force density values:(10)τ30=∫N0Cq,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0,τ32=∫N2Cq,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2.Here,Cq,q0 and Cq,q2 are the micromodulus of materials on the incident and reflected regions, respectively. Terms N0 and N2 correspond to the horizon, and the radius of the horizon is equal. τ30 and τ32 correspond to the internal force density of the incident and reflected waves near the boundary of the virtual layer. Based on peridynamic theory, the internal force density at the virtual layer is τ30+τ32=0 [30]. Thus, from (5), we can obtain the following:(11)∫N0c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0+∫N2c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2=0.Under the numerical discretization, (11) can be written as(12)∑c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tΔVq0+∑c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tΔVq2=0.The stress equilibrium conditions (11) and (12) are valid when the radius of the peridynamic horizon is arbitrary. If the horizon only contains two material points, i.e., an incident material point q01 and a reflective material point q21, then we can obtain(13)c33q,q01u30q01,t−u30q,tΔVq01+c33q,q21u32q21,t−u32q,tΔVq21=0.The weight function in (7) is only related to the length of the bond, and the material points q01 and q21 are symmetric about x1=0. Thus, micromodulus can be determined by (7) to be(14)c33q,q01=c33q,q21.The subdivision of the incident and reflected waves is the same:(15)ΔVq01=ΔVq21.From (13) to (15), we conclude that(16)u30q01,t−u30q,t+u32q21,t−u32q,t=0.Similarly, when there are four material points in a horizon, by combining (12) with (14)–(16), we derive the following:(17)u30q02,t−u30q,t+u32q22,t−u32q,t=0.By analogy, we can get material points that are symmetric aboutx1=0 in the horizon domain:(18)u30q0,t−u30q,t+u32q2,t−u32q,t=0.For the same bond length,(19)ξ=q0−q=q2−q.Substituting (8) and (9) into (18), we obtain(20)A0expik0x1q0sinθ0+x2q0cosθ0−cTt−A0expik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2expik2x1q2sinθ2−x2q2cosθ2−cTt−A2expik2x1qsinθ2−x1qcosθ2−cTt=0.From (19), we can conclude that(21)x1q0−x1q=−ξsinθ0,x2q0−x2q=−ξcosθ0,(22)x1q2−x1q=ξsinθ2,x2q2−x2q=−ξcosθ2.Substituting (21) and (22) into (20), we obtain(23)A0exp−ik0ξ−1expik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2expik2ξ−1expik2x1qsinθ2−x2qcosθ2−cTt=0.When the radius of the horizon is given asδ⟶0, then under the Taylor expansion, (23) can be written as(24)A0−ik0ξexpik0x1qsinθ0+x2qcosθ0−cTt+A2ik2ξexpik2x1qsinθ2−x2qcosθ2−cTt=0.The interface isx2=0. When substituted into (24), the equation can be recast as(25)A0k0expik0x1qsinθ0−cTt=A2k2expik2x1qsinθ2−cTt.From (25), we conclude the following:(26)A0=A2,k0=k2,θ0=θ2.This result is the same as that obtained by classical theory [31].


## 3.2. SH Wave Propagate in Steel Plate

The reflection characteristics of the SH wave were studied with a steel plate. The size of the steel plate is1610×600×6mm3, which is the same as the welded model presented in Section 3.3. The selected steel plate material density is 7932 kg/m3, the modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio is 0.3, and the SH wave velocity is 3191 m/s. In order to examine the propagation characteristics of the SH-guided wave in the steel plate, sensors are set in the steel plate. The distribution of sensors and load is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Sensor and load distribution on the steel plate.Of these, B and C are the midpoint in the length direction of the steel plate and are on the edge of the steel plate. The surface force load in directionx3 is applied to point D. This will generate an SH wave that propagates along the line BC with the vibration in direction x3. Sensor E is located in the middle of the steel plate and on the BC line 30 mm from point B; Sensor F is 15 mm from the BC line and 30 mm from the vertical edge of the steel plate. Sensor G is 25 mm horizontal from the BC line and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate. Sensor H is 35 mm horizontal from the BC line and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate.A 5-period Hans window-modulated sinusoidal wave function was applied to point D in Figure2, and the wave function of the load is as follows:(27)σ=A1−cos2πftn⋅sin2πft,where the amplitude is A=10kPa, the frequency is n=5, and the number of periods is n=5.In order to study the propagation of the SH wave in the steel plate, the SH-guided wave in the steel plate is numerically simulated. The iteration step is10−7s, and the simulation time is 1 ms; the peridynamic subdivision is h=2mm [32], the weight function is δ=3.1h, and the horizon radius is δ=3.1h. The signal in the sensor is obtained, as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Sensor signal on the steel plate by numerical simulation.Figure3 shows that signal 1 on sensor E was generated by an initial signal. The amplitude is larger because sensor E is located on the midline BC and is close to the source. Sensors F, G, and H are far from the midline BC, and the amplitude of signal 1 decreases gradually. This phenomenon shows that the SH-guided waves produced by shear load at point D are mainly propagating along the BC direction, which agrees with the results of traditional dynamic. Signal 2 is the initial signal propagated to the B end and is then reflected. Signal 2 appears later than signal 1 and becomes dispersed. Signal 1 is reflected by C and ends the generated signal 3. Similarly, the reflected signal 3 also decreases as the sensor moves away from the midline. Signal 4 is generated by signal 2 and is reflected by the C end. Signal 1 is the initial signal close to the source, and thus it might disturb the signal source. Thus, signals 2 and 4 were obviously dispersed. Here, signal 3 was analyzed further. Specific data from signal 3 are shown in Table 1.Table 1
The data of signal 3 in the steel plate.
Sensor ESensor FSensor GSensor HTime (ms)0.39000.39000.39010.3902Amplitude (N/m3)240.0248.0237.0222.2Table1 shows that the peak time of signal 3 is gradually delayed because the positions of sensors F, G, and H are far from the center line. Compared with the peak data, the amplitude of signal 3 on sensor E is not obvious because the SH-guided wave radiates more energy to the outside during propagation. The amplitudes of sensors F, G, and H far from the midline gradually decrease, and the peak time of signal 3 is delayed. The radiation rate of the guided wave is defined to study the radiation energy of the guided wave. Selecting the maximum amplitude of signal 3 in sensors E and F to define the guided wave emissivity at point F, we obtain the following:(28)η=AFAE+AF.Here,η is the radiation rate of SH-guided waves from the weld seam to the steel plate, AE is a peak of signal 3 in sensor E, and AF is a peak of signal 3 in sensor F. Therefore, the radiation rate can be obtained by (28) to be 50.8%.


## 3.3. Steel Plate Experiment

The steel plate has the same size and material parameters as the simulation. The load excited by the SH wave piezoelectric (PZT) sensor at point D is shown in Figure2. The SH wave PZT sensor is applied at position E (Figure 2) to receive the SH wave, and the electrical signals are measured by an oscilloscope [33]. The SH-guided wave among the plate structure mainly propagates in the direction perpendicular to vibration. There is clutter interference in the experiment. The signals of sensors F, G, and H are not obvious, and detailed analysis has not been carried out in this paper. Only sensor E has an obvious signal (Figure 4).Figure 4
Oscilloscope signal of sensor E on the steel plate.Figure4 shows that the signal on the oscilloscope is basically the same as the signal of the sensor in Figure 3. However, due to the randomness of the signal collected by the oscilloscope, the signal on the oscilloscope has a delay of 0.4 ms. The scattering of the SH wave by grains results in a 0.016 V clutter, which intensifies the dispersion of the SH wave. The amplitude of signal 3 is 0.04 V at 0.819 ms. The time increases compared with simulation. Through the comparison of peridynamic numerical simulation and experiment signal, we see that the peridynamic theory can well reflect the reflection characteristics of the SH wave in the steel plate.


## 4. The SH Waves Refraction in Peridynamic Medium

### 4.1. The Theory of SH Waves by Refraction

In Figure5, x2=0 is the interface of two different materials. The shear modulus of the lower part is μ0 and the upper part is μ4. Given an incident wave along p0, the angle between the incident wave and the normal line is θ0. The reflected wave p2 is obtained through the reflection interface, and the angle between the reflected wave and the normal line is θ2. The refraction wave produced by the interface is p4, and the refraction angle is θ4.Figure 5
Refraction diagram of the SH wave.Assuming that the amplitude isA4, the wave number is k4, and velocity is cT4, the wave function of the refracted wave is as follows:(29)u34=A4expik4x1sinθ4+x2cosθ4−cT4t.The wave function of incident and reflected waves can be calculated using (8) and (9).From the continuity of displacement and stress of the SH wave of refraction pointq in Figure 5, we obtain(30)u30+u32=u34,(31)τ0+τ2=τ4.Substituting (8), (9), and (29) into (30) results in(32)A0expik0x1sinθ0−cTt+A2expik2x1sinθ2−cTt=A4expik4x1sinθ4−cT4t.Since (32) contains exponents, the exponents should have the same size u3′, and the equations to be established are as follows:(33)u30=A0u3′,u32=A2u3′,u34=A4u3′,(34)A0+A2=A4,(35)k0sinθ0=k2sinθ2=k4sinθ4,(36)k0cT=k2cT=k4cT4.From (34) to (36), we can derive(37)k0=k2,θ0=θ2,k0cTcT4=k4,sinθ0=cTcT4sinθ4.From stress equilibrium condition (31) and single direction stress in the SH wave, (31) is recast as(38)τ30+τ32=τ34.Expansion of (38) results in(39)∫N0c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0+∫N2c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2=∫N4c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,tdVq4.Here,N4 is the horizon of refraction wave, and the refraction wave horizon is the same as that of the incident wave and reflected wave horizon. In this horizon, c33q,q4 is the micromodulus, and q4 is the material points (Figure 5). The subdivision of the material points is consistent with the region of the incident and reflected waves. With numerical discretization, (39) becomes(40)∑c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tΔVq0+∑c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tΔVq2=∑c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,tΔVq4.Similarly, (40) can yield(41)c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,t+c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,t=c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,t.Based on (7), the relationship between the material parameters in the reflected and incident region can be obtained as follows:(42)c33q,q0=c33q,q2.Substituting (42) into (41) results in(43)c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,t+c33q,q0u32q2,t−u32q,t=c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,t.Then, substituting (33) into (43) results in(44)c33q,q0A0exp−ik0ξ−1u3′q,t+c33q,q0A2expik2ξ−1u3′q,t=c33q,q4A4expik4ξ−1u3′q,t.Simplification of (44) yields(45)c33q,q0A0exp−ik0ξ−1+c33q,q0A2expik2ξ−1=c33q,q4A4expik4ξ−1.When the radius of a given horizon tends to zero, the Taylor expansion yields(46)c33q,q0A0−ik0ξ+c33q,q0A2ik2ξ=c33q,q4A4ik4ξ.With a combination of (34)–(36), (46) can be written as(47)c33q,q0A0−c33q,q0A2=−c33q,q4A4cTcT4.This equation is similar to (48) in classical theory [31]:(48)μ0cosθ0A0−μ0cosθ0A2=μ4cosθ4A4cTcT4.Combined with the traditional elastic theory, the relationship between bonds and wave angle is as follows:(49)c33q,q0μ0cosθ0=−c33q,q4μ4cosθ4.The amplitude ratios of reflected and refracted waves to incident waves can be obtained from (34) and (47):(50)A2A0=cT4c33q,q0+cTc33q,q4cT4c33q,q0−cTc33q,q4,(51)A4A0=2cT4c33q,q0cT4c33q,q0−cTc33q,q4.The results of (50) and (51) in peridynamic medium agree with those obtained by traditional theory [31].


### 4.2. SH Wave Propagation in Weld

We chose the welded model to study the refractive characteristics of the SH wave. First, two steel plates800×600×6mm3 are given. Welding along the width direction was carried out to obtain a 600 mm long weld with a width of 10 mm. In order to match the weld model with the steel plate model in the upper section, we grind the weld to get zero weld height. Material parameters [34, 35] of steel plates and weld seams are given in Table 2.Table 2
Material parameters of the steel plate and weld seam.
Elastic modulus (GPa)Poisson ratioDensity (kg/m3)SH velocity (m/s)Steel plate2100.3079323191.04Weld seam1920.3379003022.71Table2 shows the different material parameters of the welded structure and steel plate. The SH wave refracts at the interface of the welded structure and steel plate. At the interface, the micromodulus of the material needs to be recalculated, which increases the calculation of the welded structure and makes the SH wave propagation more complicated. The same load is applied to the same position as the steel plate in Section 3.2, and the sensors are arranged in the same manner, as shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Sensor and load of the welded structure.In Figure6, sensor E is located in the middle of the steel plate and on the BC line 30 mm from point B; sensor F is 10 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate; sensor G is 20 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate; sensor H is 30 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm from the vertical edge of the steel plate.The SH-guided wave is numerically simulated by the peridynamic method to study the propagation of the SH wave in the weld seam. The force load (29) in direction x3 is applied on the surface, where point D is located. This will then generate SH that propagates along the weld seam with the vibration in direction x3. The iteration step is 10−7s, and the simulation time is 1 ms. The peridynamic subdivision is h=2mm, the weight function is δ=3.1h, and the horizon radius is δ=3.1h. The signal in the sensor is obtained, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Sensor signal on the welded structure of numerical simulation.Figure7 shows that the SH-guided waves propagated in the welded structure and steel plate are basically the same under the same conditions. In Figure 7, the signal in sensor E is stronger than that in Figure 3 (E). This proves that the SH reflects between the weld seam and steel plate due to the slight difference of material parameters. This leads to more SH energy trapping in the weld seam [36, 37]. The peak value of signal 3 in the sensor is selected to further study the propagation of the SH wave. Its data are presented in Table 3.Table 3
The data of signal 3 in the weld seam.
Sensor ESensor FSensor GSensor HTime (ms)0.40160.40160.40170.4017Amplitude (N/m3)970.7487.9234.5129.0Table3 shows that the peak time of signal 3 is gradually delayed with the sensor away from the weld seam, and there is an obvious decrease in the peak value of the signal. Compared with the peak value of signal 3 on sensor E in Table 1, we see that the peak of the welded seam is larger than that of the steel plate structure, which is due to the reflection between the weld seam and steel plate, resulting in a large amount of energy trapped in the weld seam. By comparing the peak time of signal 3, we see that signal 3 in the welded structure appears later than the steel structure. This is because the SH wave velocity of the weld seam is smaller than that of the steel plate. Compared with the data in Table 1, we see that the peak of signal 3 on sensors F and G is larger, and that on sensor H is smaller; this proves that the energy of the SH waves is concentrated around the weld seam. Formula (37) shows that the radiation rate of the SH-guided wave is 33.4%, which is much lower than that on the steel plate structure (50.8%). This further proves that most of the SH energy is trapped in the weld seam [4, 37, 38].


### 4.3. Weld Experiments

In order to study the refraction and reflection characteristics of SH wave in the weld seam, the material parameters, the size of the steel plate and the welded mode, and the positions of the ultrasonic sensor in the experiment are the same as those in the simulation (Figure6). The load is excited by the SH wave PZT sensor at point D. Electrical signals are collected by the PZT sensor at the signal-receiving point E and imaged by an oscilloscope. The resulting oscilloscope signal is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Oscilloscope signal on weld.The waveform signal is essentially the same in Figure8 compared with Figures 4 and 7. Analysis of Figure 8 shows that there is 0.016 V clutter in the oscilloscope signal. However, due to the randomness of the signal collected by the oscilloscope, the signal on the oscilloscope has a delay of 0.15 ms. The peak value of signal 3 is 0.056 V at 0.581 ms. The signal in Figures 3, 4 and 7 suggest that the formation of the weld-guided wave is mainly reflected by the upper and lower boundaries. The differences in material parameters between the steel plate and weld seam that generated the SH wave reflection between the interface aggravate the formation of the weld-guided wave [38].


## 4.1. The Theory of SH Waves by Refraction

In Figure5, x2=0 is the interface of two different materials. The shear modulus of the lower part is μ0 and the upper part is μ4. Given an incident wave along p0, the angle between the incident wave and the normal line is θ0. The reflected wave p2 is obtained through the reflection interface, and the angle between the reflected wave and the normal line is θ2. The refraction wave produced by the interface is p4, and the refraction angle is θ4.Figure 5
Refraction diagram of the SH wave.Assuming that the amplitude isA4, the wave number is k4, and velocity is cT4, the wave function of the refracted wave is as follows:(29)u34=A4expik4x1sinθ4+x2cosθ4−cT4t.The wave function of incident and reflected waves can be calculated using (8) and (9).From the continuity of displacement and stress of the SH wave of refraction pointq in Figure 5, we obtain(30)u30+u32=u34,(31)τ0+τ2=τ4.Substituting (8), (9), and (29) into (30) results in(32)A0expik0x1sinθ0−cTt+A2expik2x1sinθ2−cTt=A4expik4x1sinθ4−cT4t.Since (32) contains exponents, the exponents should have the same size u3′, and the equations to be established are as follows:(33)u30=A0u3′,u32=A2u3′,u34=A4u3′,(34)A0+A2=A4,(35)k0sinθ0=k2sinθ2=k4sinθ4,(36)k0cT=k2cT=k4cT4.From (34) to (36), we can derive(37)k0=k2,θ0=θ2,k0cTcT4=k4,sinθ0=cTcT4sinθ4.From stress equilibrium condition (31) and single direction stress in the SH wave, (31) is recast as(38)τ30+τ32=τ34.Expansion of (38) results in(39)∫N0c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tdVq0+∫N2c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tdVq2=∫N4c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,tdVq4.Here,N4 is the horizon of refraction wave, and the refraction wave horizon is the same as that of the incident wave and reflected wave horizon. In this horizon, c33q,q4 is the micromodulus, and q4 is the material points (Figure 5). The subdivision of the material points is consistent with the region of the incident and reflected waves. With numerical discretization, (39) becomes(40)∑c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,tΔVq0+∑c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,tΔVq2=∑c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,tΔVq4.Similarly, (40) can yield(41)c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,t+c33q,q2u32q2,t−u32q,t=c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,t.Based on (7), the relationship between the material parameters in the reflected and incident region can be obtained as follows:(42)c33q,q0=c33q,q2.Substituting (42) into (41) results in(43)c33q,q0u30q0,t−u30q,t+c33q,q0u32q2,t−u32q,t=c33q,q4u34q4,t−u34q,t.Then, substituting (33) into (43) results in(44)c33q,q0A0exp−ik0ξ−1u3′q,t+c33q,q0A2expik2ξ−1u3′q,t=c33q,q4A4expik4ξ−1u3′q,t.Simplification of (44) yields(45)c33q,q0A0exp−ik0ξ−1+c33q,q0A2expik2ξ−1=c33q,q4A4expik4ξ−1.When the radius of a given horizon tends to zero, the Taylor expansion yields(46)c33q,q0A0−ik0ξ+c33q,q0A2ik2ξ=c33q,q4A4ik4ξ.With a combination of (34)–(36), (46) can be written as(47)c33q,q0A0−c33q,q0A2=−c33q,q4A4cTcT4.This equation is similar to (48) in classical theory [31]:(48)μ0cosθ0A0−μ0cosθ0A2=μ4cosθ4A4cTcT4.Combined with the traditional elastic theory, the relationship between bonds and wave angle is as follows:(49)c33q,q0μ0cosθ0=−c33q,q4μ4cosθ4.The amplitude ratios of reflected and refracted waves to incident waves can be obtained from (34) and (47):(50)A2A0=cT4c33q,q0+cTc33q,q4cT4c33q,q0−cTc33q,q4,(51)A4A0=2cT4c33q,q0cT4c33q,q0−cTc33q,q4.The results of (50) and (51) in peridynamic medium agree with those obtained by traditional theory [31].


## 4.2. SH Wave Propagation in Weld

We chose the welded model to study the refractive characteristics of the SH wave. First, two steel plates800×600×6mm3 are given. Welding along the width direction was carried out to obtain a 600 mm long weld with a width of 10 mm. In order to match the weld model with the steel plate model in the upper section, we grind the weld to get zero weld height. Material parameters [34, 35] of steel plates and weld seams are given in Table 2.Table 2
Material parameters of the steel plate and weld seam.
Elastic modulus (GPa)Poisson ratioDensity (kg/m3)SH velocity (m/s)Steel plate2100.3079323191.04Weld seam1920.3379003022.71Table2 shows the different material parameters of the welded structure and steel plate. The SH wave refracts at the interface of the welded structure and steel plate. At the interface, the micromodulus of the material needs to be recalculated, which increases the calculation of the welded structure and makes the SH wave propagation more complicated. The same load is applied to the same position as the steel plate in Section 3.2, and the sensors are arranged in the same manner, as shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Sensor and load of the welded structure.In Figure6, sensor E is located in the middle of the steel plate and on the BC line 30 mm from point B; sensor F is 10 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate; sensor G is 20 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm vertical from the edge of the steel plate; sensor H is 30 mm horizontal from the weld and 30 mm from the vertical edge of the steel plate.The SH-guided wave is numerically simulated by the peridynamic method to study the propagation of the SH wave in the weld seam. The force load (29) in direction x3 is applied on the surface, where point D is located. This will then generate SH that propagates along the weld seam with the vibration in direction x3. The iteration step is 10−7s, and the simulation time is 1 ms. The peridynamic subdivision is h=2mm, the weight function is δ=3.1h, and the horizon radius is δ=3.1h. The signal in the sensor is obtained, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Sensor signal on the welded structure of numerical simulation.Figure7 shows that the SH-guided waves propagated in the welded structure and steel plate are basically the same under the same conditions. In Figure 7, the signal in sensor E is stronger than that in Figure 3 (E). This proves that the SH reflects between the weld seam and steel plate due to the slight difference of material parameters. This leads to more SH energy trapping in the weld seam [36, 37]. The peak value of signal 3 in the sensor is selected to further study the propagation of the SH wave. Its data are presented in Table 3.Table 3
The data of signal 3 in the weld seam.
Sensor ESensor FSensor GSensor HTime (ms)0.40160.40160.40170.4017Amplitude (N/m3)970.7487.9234.5129.0Table3 shows that the peak time of signal 3 is gradually delayed with the sensor away from the weld seam, and there is an obvious decrease in the peak value of the signal. Compared with the peak value of signal 3 on sensor E in Table 1, we see that the peak of the welded seam is larger than that of the steel plate structure, which is due to the reflection between the weld seam and steel plate, resulting in a large amount of energy trapped in the weld seam. By comparing the peak time of signal 3, we see that signal 3 in the welded structure appears later than the steel structure. This is because the SH wave velocity of the weld seam is smaller than that of the steel plate. Compared with the data in Table 1, we see that the peak of signal 3 on sensors F and G is larger, and that on sensor H is smaller; this proves that the energy of the SH waves is concentrated around the weld seam. Formula (37) shows that the radiation rate of the SH-guided wave is 33.4%, which is much lower than that on the steel plate structure (50.8%). This further proves that most of the SH energy is trapped in the weld seam [4, 37, 38].


## 4.3. Weld Experiments

In order to study the refraction and reflection characteristics of SH wave in the weld seam, the material parameters, the size of the steel plate and the welded mode, and the positions of the ultrasonic sensor in the experiment are the same as those in the simulation (Figure6). The load is excited by the SH wave PZT sensor at point D. Electrical signals are collected by the PZT sensor at the signal-receiving point E and imaged by an oscilloscope. The resulting oscilloscope signal is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Oscilloscope signal on weld.The waveform signal is essentially the same in Figure8 compared with Figures 4 and 7. Analysis of Figure 8 shows that there is 0.016 V clutter in the oscilloscope signal. However, due to the randomness of the signal collected by the oscilloscope, the signal on the oscilloscope has a delay of 0.15 ms. The peak value of signal 3 is 0.056 V at 0.581 ms. The signal in Figures 3, 4 and 7 suggest that the formation of the weld-guided wave is mainly reflected by the upper and lower boundaries. The differences in material parameters between the steel plate and weld seam that generated the SH wave reflection between the interface aggravate the formation of the weld-guided wave [38].


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, the internal force density of SH waves in peridynamic medium was analyzed based on the theory of peridynamics. The internal force density of the SH wave in peridynamic medium is only related to the shear modulus. The reflection characteristics of the SH wave are studied by the analysis of the material points near the reflection point in the virtual layer. The reflection characteristics of the SH wave in the steel plate are verified by the simulation and experiment, which are consistent with the traditional theory. The refraction characteristics of SH waves in the peridynamic medium are established by analyzing the material points at the refraction point, and the relationship between bonds and wave angle is established. We then compared simulation and experimental results of the steel plate with the welded structure and concluded that the SH-guided wave in the weld seam is mainly formed by the reflection from the upper and lower surfaces, and the reflection between the weld seam and the steel plate only aggravates the formation of SH-guided waves in the weld seam.



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*Source: 4139547-2020-09-10.xml*