# Mobile Performance Intelligent Evaluation of IoT Networks Based on DNN

Authors: Zhen Tang; Xiaobin Fu; Pingping Xiao
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The rapid development of the sensor equipment has promoted the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT has been widely employed in the multidimensional signal processing and gradually formed the IoT networks. Mobile communication promotes the wide application of the IoT networks. In this study, the transmit antenna selection (TAS) scheme is employed to investigate the average symbol error probability (ASEP) performance of mobile IoT networks over the 2-Rayleigh channels. We first employ moment-generating function (MGF) approach to derive the exact ASEP expressions. We also investigate the outage probability (OP) performance and derive OP expressions. Employing the deep neural network (DNN), an OP intelligent prediction algorithm is proposed. Then, the numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the ASEP and OP performance analysis. The effect of different channel parameters is also analyzed. Compared with Nakagami and Rayleigh channel models, the 2-Rayleigh model has 83.6% and 59.1% increase in ASEP values, respectively. Compared with ELM and RBF models, the DNN model has 31.7% and 22.5% increase in OP prediction accuracy, respectively.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, the information society is facing the transformation from information age to intelligent age. Sensor industry is developing towards the direction of intelligence, low power consumption, and high precision. The intelligent sensor industry plays an important supporting role in the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and gradually forms the IoT networks [1–3]. With the extensive application of mobile communication, the IoT networks are widely used in transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing [4, 5]. The perspectives and challenges of physical Internet employed in the IoT networks were investigated in [6]. Due to IoT device mobility, the IoT networks are facing many challenges. A new secure user authenticated scheme was employed in the IoT environment to establish a secure transmission process [7]. In the transmission of the biomedical information, smartphone was employed to power the electrochemical biosensing dongle in the IoT networks [8].Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is an important method to obtain the high data-rate in mobile IoT networks [9]. To improve the system throughput, a Kalman filtering combining scheme was employed in the MIMO system [10]. To improve the power efficiency, the robust beamforming was designed in magnetic MIMO systems [11]. In [12], a deep neural network-based linear precoding method was proposed for multiuser MIMO systems, which can achieve a higher downlink rate. With sparse channels, a low complexity parameter estimation method was proposed for MIMO big data communication system [13]. In [14], the authors considered covert MIMO communications and investigated the covert capacity with variational distance constraint. The sparse Bayesian learning method was used to realize the channel estimation in industrial IoT networks [15].Transmit antenna selection (TAS) has been widely used in the MIMO system to reduce complexity [16, 17]. With deep neural network, the data-driven prediction method was employed to achieve the TAS in the MIMO system [18]. In [19], the exact average symbol error probability (ASEP) and outage probability (OP) expressions for underwater MIMO system with TAS were derived. The TAS was employed to improve the ASEP performance of underlay spectrum-sharing MIMO system in [20]. In [21], using the moment-generating function (MGF) method, the TAS scheme was employed to derive the error rate expressions for space-time line code system.However, the TAS performance of the IoT networks over the 2-Rayleigh channels is very difficult. Motivated by the above discussion, employing TAS and SC schemes, the ASEP and OP performance of the mobile IoT networks is investigated. The main contributions are as follows:(1)
The MGF approach was employed to derive the exact ASEP expressions with TAS, which are used to investigate the ASEP performance of different modulation methods.(2)
Employing the CDF-based approach, the OP expressions are also derived. The derived OP results of the 2-Rayleigh model are more complicated than those of Nakagami and Rayleigh channel models. However, they have a high computational complexity.(3)
Employing the deep neural network (DNN), an OP intelligent prediction algorithm is proposed in this study. The prediction algorithm can achieve rapid analysis of OP performance.(4)
Through different conditions, the effect of different channel parameters is analyzed. Compared with Nakagami and Rayleigh channel models, the 2-Rayleigh model has 83.6% and 59.1% increase in ASEP values. Compared with ELM and RBF models, the DNN model has 31.7% and 22.5% increase in OP prediction accuracy, respectively.Table1 shows the notations.Table 1
Notations.
NotationsDesignationPDFProbability density functionMSEMean square errorSCSelection combiningCDFCumulative density functionsSNRSignal-to-noise ratio


## 2. The Mobile IoT Networks

In the mobile IoT networks, it has a mobile source (S) and mobile destination (D). There are K antennas at S and L antennas at D. Es is the transmit power. Figure 1 shows the system model.Figure 1
The TAS/SC model.Firstly, Si transmits the signal. The received SNR of Dj is given as(1)γij=hij2EsN0,i=1,…,K,j=1,…,L,where hij is the channel gain, which follows the 2-Rayleigh model and N0 is the noise power.The average SNR is given as(2)γij¯=Ehij2EsN0=Ehi12e−j−1WEsN0,where W is the power attenuation factor.Karagiannidis et al. [22] give the CDF and PDF of γij as(3)Fγijr=G1,32,1rγij¯|1,1,01,fγijr=1rG0,22,0rγij¯|1,1−.D employs the SC combiner, which can select the bestγij. The output SNR γi is(4)γi=maxγi1,γi2,…,γiL.To derive the ASEP and OP results, it needs to obtain the CDF and PDF ofγi. The CDF of γi=maxγi1,γi2,…,γiL is(5)FSCr=Prγi≤r=Prmaxγi1,γi2,…,γiL≤r=∏j=1LPrγij≤r=∏j=1LFγijr=∏j=1LG1,32,1rγij¯|1,1,01.With the derivative of (5), it can obtain the PDF of γi(6)fSCr=∑j=1L1rG0,22,0rγij¯|1,1−×∏p=1p≠jLG1,32,1rγip¯|1,1,01.S employs the TAS scheme. ForK antennas at S, the g is selected as(7)g=argmaxγi,1≤i≤K.Redha [23] gives the PDF of γg(8)fγgr=KFSCrK−1fSCr.So, it can obtain the MGF ofγg [21]:(9)Mγgs=∫0∞e−srfγgrdr=K∫0∞e−sr×∏j=1LG1,32,1rγij¯|1,1,01K−1×∑j=1L1rG0,22,0rγij¯|1,1−×∏p=1p≠jLG1,32,1rγp¯|1,1,01dr.


## 3. The ASEP and OP Performance

Yilmaz and Kucur [24] give the ASEP of q-ary PSK:(10)PASEP=1π∫0q−1π/qMγgsin2π/qsin2θdθ.Yilmaz and Kucur [24] give the ASEP of q-ary QAM:(11)PPASEP=4q−1πq∫0π/2Mγg32q−1sin2θdθ−4q−12πq∫0π/4Mγg32q−1sin2θdθ.The OP is(12)Pout=Prγg≤rth=Prargmax1≤i≤K,1≤j≤Lγij≤rth=∏i=1K∏j=1LPrγij≤rth=∏i=1K∏j=1L∫0rthfγijrdr,where rth is a given threshold.Employing (3) and (4), it can obtain the OP as(13)Pout=∏i=1K∏j=1LG1,32,1rthγij¯|1,1,01.


## 4. OP Prediction Algorithm

However, (14) has a high computational complexity. In order to realize real-time analysis of OP performance, we propose an OP prediction method based on DNN.From (13), K, L, rth, and W constitute the DNN input X. The DNN output y is Pout.The DNN structure is shown in Figure2. It has six layers, which are input layer, two hidden layers, ReLU layer, sigmoid layer, and output layer, respectively.Figure 2
The DNN structure.For the input layer, it has four characteristics. Then, it uses full connection to connect with two hidden layers. The hidden layers have 512 and 1024 neurons, respectively. Meanwhile, we use ReLU and Sigmoid functions after hidden layer 1 and hidden layer 2, respectively. To make regression prediction, Sigmoid function is employed to finally predict the output.MSE is widely used as an evaluation criterion in deep learning. So, we also employ the MSE to evaluate the OP prediction effect. MSE is given as [16, 17](14)MSE=∑i=1Sti−yi2S,where ti is the predicted output and S is the number of the testing date.


## 5. Simulation Analysis

Figures3 and 4 present the impact of W on the ASEP and OP performance, respectively. The parameters are in Table 2. We can obtain that the ASEP and OP performance is degraded as W increases. For example, when SNR = 16 dB, the W values are 0.5, 2, and 4, respectively, the ASEP values are 9 × 10−4, 3.9 × 10−3, and 8.2 × 10−3, respectively. With W increases, the fading severity is more serious.Figure 3
The ASEP performance with differentW.Figure 4
The OP performance with differentW.Table 2
Simulation parameters for Figures3–6.
ParametersValueE1W0.5, 2, 4K2L2γth5 dBFigure 5
The ASEP performance comparison with different channel models.Figure 6
The OP performance comparison with different channel models.Figure5 presents the ASEP performance comparison. We can obtain that the ASEP performance of the 2-Rayleigh model is worse than that of Rayleigh and Nakagami models. When SNR = 10 dB, the ASEP values are 0.0450, 0.0184, and 0.0074, respectively. Compared with Rayleigh and Nakagami channel models, the 2-Rayleigh model has a 59.1% and 83.6% increase in ASEP values, respectively. This shows that the communications environment of the 2-Rayleigh model is more complex than that of Rayleigh and Nakagami models.Figure6 presents the OP performance comparison. When SNR = 6 dB, the OP values are 0.3214, 0.1902, and 0.0968, respectively. Compared with Nakagami and Rayleigh channel models, the 2-Rayleigh model has a 69.9% and 49.1% increase in OP values, respectively.For the DNN, ELM, and RBF algorithms, Figures7–9 show the prediction results, and Table 3 shows the simulation parameters. The prediction results of the DNN algorithm are better than ELM and RBF methods. Table 4 shows the MSE comparison. The MSE with the DNN algorithm is only 0.0557, which is lower than ELM and RBF methods. Compared with ELM and RBF models, the DNN model has 31.7% and 22.5% increase in OP prediction accuracy, respectively.Figure 7
DNN prediction.Figure 8
ELM prediction.Figure 9
RBF prediction.Table 3
Simulation parameters for Figures7–9.
ParametersDNNELMRBFTraining set: 1120; testing set: 50X:4X:4X:4y:1y:1y:1q: [512, 1024]q:[100]q:[120]lr: 0.00024Table 4
MSE comparison for the three algorithms.
AlgorithmsMSEDNN0.0557ELM0.0815RBF0.0719


## 6. Conclusions

We investigated the ASEP and OP performance of the 2-Rayleigh model, respectively. Through different conditions, the effect ofK, L, and W on the ASEP and OP performance was analyzed. K or L values increased, and the system performance was improved. The ASEP and OP performance degraded as W increased. Compared with Nakagami and Rayleigh channel models, the 2-Rayleigh model had 83.6% and 59.1% increase in ASEP values, respectively. The DNN model had a better OP prediction accuracy than the ELM and RBF algorithms.



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*Source: 4038830-2022-03-16.xml*