# Current Research Trends in Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula: A Bibliometric Review from 2000 to 2016

Authors: Yi-Bing Chen; Xiao-Fang Tong; Junge Ren; Chun-Quan Yu; Yuan-Lu Cui
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2019)

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## Abstract

Background. Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula (TCMF) study has been recognized widely by medical scientists around the world. However, few researchers have analyzed and summarized the rapid growth of academic articles of TCMF published in English. The primary aim of this work was to assess the outcome of these research outputs in the TCMF field from 2000 to 2016 and to evaluate the situation and tendency.Methods. Research datasets were acquired from the Web of Science database, which includes all academic articles published from 2000 to 2016; articles were tracked by the keywords “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula”, and “Chinese herb formula”. Moreover, visualization software CiteSpace V was used to analyze and generate visualization knowledge maps.Results. In total, 26,917 articles appeared in the Web of Science database, and only 2,621 publications met requirement based on reading the abstract or full text. The annual publications total, list of journals, research interests, list of medicine names, disease types, and the top 20 cited articles were given in this research paper. In addition, we compared the research of Japan and Korea TCMF, in the appendix.Conclusion. This review demonstrates that increasingly more researchers have interest in the TCMF and TCMF has great significant advantages over other areas of focus. However, these publications were published rarely in top academic journals and most best-quality papers have bias toward medical analysis rather than pharmacology. To make a breakthrough in TCMF field, further investigation is required to place emphasis on the deepening study of the mechanism of related TCMF.


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## Body

## 1. Background

Advances in modern science and technology have contributed greatly to the development of the pharmaceutical industry and clinical medicine. However, East Asian countries are still generally using Traditional Chinese Medicine due to the impact on culture and history. The WHO has asserted that the Traditional Medicine is one of the primary sources of healthcare [1]. Furthermore, because of Prof. Youyou Tu’s extraordinary achievement in using artemisinin treatment, she has been horned with the Physiology or Medicine Award from the Nobel Prize Organization in 2015. Hence, Traditional Chinese Medicine has attracted increasingly more attention in the global medical community [2]. In general, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula (TCMF) has two or more kinds of herbs as components, is designed for relatively certain symptoms, and is an important measure of the Chinese medicine treatment of diseases [3]. Knowledge regarding TCMF was not accepted in the Western Society in earlier years [4]; hence it was very hard to find the articles in peer-reviewed journals. Fortunately, the Chinese government constantly has supported the TCMF field, for example, the approval of the State Council, National Science & Technology Major Project of China “Key New Drug Creation and Manufacturing Program” launched in 2008. Thus, at a turning point, the year of 2010, the status of the Traditional Chinese Medicine has improved greatly, and the TCMF eventually has gained its deserved reputation.Bibliometrics is a statistical analysis of written publications [5], and it is also a useful tool and method to evaluate or summarize research results in the particular field [6]. The vital indicator of estimating the quality of one article is citation rate [7]; citation analysis is necessary to provide a multidimensional summary for articles in a specific field. In addition, the TCMF research field is rich in intrinsic connection and external divergence because of its own characteristics. CiteSpace, an appropriate piece of software and a useful tool that focuses on visualizing and analyzing trends and patterns in scientific literature, was applied to conduct bibliometric analysis [8]. The results of the analysis are important for the future research of TCMF. Therefore, this paper considers bibliometrics from the perspective of article and citation analysis, which will help guide researchers or research funding agencies toward areas where there is lack of focus on research activity and provide the reader with insight and valuable information.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Search Strategy

Papers published from 2000 to 2016 were tracked by the keywords “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula”, and “Chinese Herb Formula” for inclusion in analysis and summarization, based on their presence in the Web of Science database. Web of Science is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. It is the largest comprehensive academic information resource with the largest number of disciplines. It contains more than 12,000 core academic journals with the most influential research fields in natural sciences, engineering technology, and biomedicine [9].During the article-collecting process, we encountered some difficulties such as “inaccurate screening result”—some formulae abbreviations or herb-pairs appear in the articles but without a detailed-explaining—and “undesired document type”—original and review articles are the only document types in this study, and meeting, editorial, and other document types are nontarget samples. Hence, these “biased articles” were not included in our finalized dataset. Therefore, the statistical analysis would be more trustworthy and accurate. The citations were gathered within one day on December 31, 2017, to avoid the possibility of unfairness due to the daily database update. The papers in this TCMF analysis were published in English in many international journals, all the authors are from China (including Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan), and the first author’s region was determined by his/her organization regardless of citizenship and residence status.


### 2.2. Data Analysis

The papers search from the Web of Science were transferred to EndNote X7 (Thomson Reuters, San Francisco, CA) for classification and statistical analysis. Basic information such as year of publications, journals, region, and citations was recorded directly for analysis. The following information, research interest, medicine name, and disease type, was reviewed by reading the abstract or full text for statistics. Finally, the result sorting process was generated by Microsoft Office Excel® 2007. The categorical data are presented as integer and percentages. CiteSpace V was used to visualize and verify the high-frequency keywords, categories, and authors in a graphical way [10]. The parameters of CiteSpace V were as follows: time slicing (2000–2016), years per slice (1), term source (all selection), node type (choose one at a time), selection criteria (top 50), and pruning (pathfinder).With the purpose of conducting deeper research and evaluating the international recognition of TCMF, we also screened TCMF-related articles from Japanese and South Korean publications by using the same methodology and then alphabetized the TCMF in a descending order (Z-A) according to Chinese Pinyin, Japanese Romaji, and South Korean Romaji. Please refer to the Supplementary Materials for details.


## 2.1. Search Strategy

Papers published from 2000 to 2016 were tracked by the keywords “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula”, and “Chinese Herb Formula” for inclusion in analysis and summarization, based on their presence in the Web of Science database. Web of Science is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. It is the largest comprehensive academic information resource with the largest number of disciplines. It contains more than 12,000 core academic journals with the most influential research fields in natural sciences, engineering technology, and biomedicine [9].During the article-collecting process, we encountered some difficulties such as “inaccurate screening result”—some formulae abbreviations or herb-pairs appear in the articles but without a detailed-explaining—and “undesired document type”—original and review articles are the only document types in this study, and meeting, editorial, and other document types are nontarget samples. Hence, these “biased articles” were not included in our finalized dataset. Therefore, the statistical analysis would be more trustworthy and accurate. The citations were gathered within one day on December 31, 2017, to avoid the possibility of unfairness due to the daily database update. The papers in this TCMF analysis were published in English in many international journals, all the authors are from China (including Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan), and the first author’s region was determined by his/her organization regardless of citizenship and residence status.


## 2.2. Data Analysis

The papers search from the Web of Science were transferred to EndNote X7 (Thomson Reuters, San Francisco, CA) for classification and statistical analysis. Basic information such as year of publications, journals, region, and citations was recorded directly for analysis. The following information, research interest, medicine name, and disease type, was reviewed by reading the abstract or full text for statistics. Finally, the result sorting process was generated by Microsoft Office Excel® 2007. The categorical data are presented as integer and percentages. CiteSpace V was used to visualize and verify the high-frequency keywords, categories, and authors in a graphical way [10]. The parameters of CiteSpace V were as follows: time slicing (2000–2016), years per slice (1), term source (all selection), node type (choose one at a time), selection criteria (top 50), and pruning (pathfinder).With the purpose of conducting deeper research and evaluating the international recognition of TCMF, we also screened TCMF-related articles from Japanese and South Korean publications by using the same methodology and then alphabetized the TCMF in a descending order (Z-A) according to Chinese Pinyin, Japanese Romaji, and South Korean Romaji. Please refer to the Supplementary Materials for details.


## 3. Results

A total of 26,917 TCMF-related articles were published in the period from 2000 to 2016. Refining conditions and reading the abstract or the full text aim to reduce statistical bias. As a result, a total of 2,621 articles were used from the search strategy reported above. Among these articles, 2,451 were original articles and 170 were review articles. Figure1 showed the search methodology and the corresponding results. Moreover, 2,233 articles were published in Mainland China, 273 were published in Taiwan, 107 were published in Hong Kong, and 8 were published in Macao.Figure 1
Flow chart of publications search and study selection.To begin with the statistical analysis, 1,345 articles used animals as the research objects, 406 articles used cells as the research objects, and 383 used patients as the research objects. Certainly, many pharmacological studies are not only on animals but also on cells.


### 3.1. Tendency of Article Publication

The number of annual publications in 2000 to 2016 was given in Table1. It indicated that almost 63% of articles were published during the recent four years (2013-2016). Regarding such limitations, considering that there is a language barrier and less knowledge about the Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCMF-related articles were rarely published in international journals from 2000 to 2004. Due to the Chinese government support and the research’s efforts and exploration, notably, the annual publication amount has gradually increased. Table 2 showed that there was an obvious two-sided preference between the journals and TCMF researchers; among all these TCMF publications, approximately 25% were from theJournal of Ethnopharmacology andEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The articles published in these top 20 journals account for 56.1% of the total.Table 1
The number of annual publications of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula related articles from 2000 to 2016.
Year Number Percentage( /2621)  2016 478 18.23% 2015 450 17.17% 2014 380 14.50% 2013 344 13.12% 2012 212 8.09% 2011 180 6.87% 2010 128 4.88% 2009 104 3.97% 2008 92 3.51% 2007 67 2.56% 2006 63 2.40% 2005 42 1.60% 2004 24 0.92% 2003 23 0.88% 2002 12 0.46% 2001 9 0.34% 2000 13 0.50%Table 2
List of top 20 journals in which articles were published and the newest impact factor (IF)∗.
Rating Journal Number IF  1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 379 3.115 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and 247 2.064 Alternative Medicine 3 Journal of Pharmaceutical and 99 2.831 Biomedical Analysis 4 BMC Complementary and Alternative 78 2.109 Medicine 5 PLOS One 66 2.766 6 Journal of Separation Science 56 2.415 7 Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 55 1.346 8 Biomedical Chromatography 53 1.688 9 American Journal of Chinese Medicine 50 3.120 10 Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 50 0.857 11 Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical 45 2.441 Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 12 Neural Regeneration Research 42 2.234 13 Scientific Reports 40 4.122 14 Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 35 1.410 15 Molecules 37 3.098 16 Chinese Medical Journal 32 1.596 17 Molecular Medicine Reports 30 1.922 18 Trials 27 2.067 19 Analytical Methods 26 2.073 20 Chromatographia 25 1.401 ∗The impact factor was reported according to Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citation reports (JCR) 2018.


### 3.2. Research Content

Moreover, Table3 showed the research interests of research production and Table 4 listed the top 20 popular disease types. Pharmacology was the trendiest research interest in the TCMF field of study; among these 2,621 papers, approximately 1,515 (57.80%) papers were pharmacology related, followed by pharmaceutical analysis (691, 26.36 %) and clinical research (381, 14.54 %). More than 300 disease types were mentioned in the datasets, and Table 4 showed that cardiovascular disease and cancer were mostly discussed. The subcategories of cardiovascular disease and cancer types are also listed in detail in Table 5.Table 3
Research interests of articles by reading abstracts or full-texts.
Research interests Number (%)∗  Pharmacology 1515 (57.80%) Pharmaceutical analysis 691 (26.36%) Clinical research 381 (14.54%) Mathematical Analysis and System Biology 64 (2.44) Toxicology 32 (1.22%) Pharmaceutical preparations 27 (1.03%) Pathology 4 (0.02%) ∗Total percentage exceeds 100% due to multidiscipline interaction.Table 4
List of the top 20 types of disease appearing in articles
Rating Disease types Number  1 Cardiovascular disease 335 2 Cancer 156 3 Diabetes 105 4 Depression 108 5 Alzheimer’s disease 48 6 Asthma 40 7 Liver fibrosis (hepatic fibrosis) 40 8 Rheumatoid arthritis 33 9 Osteoporosis 32 10 Liver injury 26 11 Dementia 26 12 Diabetic nephropathy 24 13 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 23 14 Osteoarthritis 22 15 Insomnia 22 16 Ulcerative colitis 20 17 Fatigue 19 18 Parkinson’s disease 18 19 Headache 18 20 Dysmenorrhoea 17Table 5
The top types of cardiovascular diseases and cancers.
Cardiovascular disease Number Cancer Number  Ischemic stroke 37 Anti-tumor 33 Hypertension 33 Breast cancer 25 Myocardial infarction 29 Colorectal cancer 21 Heart failure 29 Hepatocellular carcinoma 14 Stroke 29 Lung cancer 13 Atherosclerosis 24 Gastric cancer 12 Chronic heart failure 14 Liver cancer 10 Sepsis 14 Bone cancer 6 Coronary heart disease 13 Leukemia 4 Cardiac arrest 12 Colon cancer 4 Angina 10Table6 is a list of top 20 TCMF names, traditional herb formulae, and modern proprietary Chinese medicines, including more than 800 summarized formulae. Specifically, Huang Lian Jie Du had been studied in 62 publications, followed by Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (49) and Shen Fu injection (44). Table 7 shows the top 20 highly cited TCMF-related articles.Table 6
The top 20 popular Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas involved in articles.
Rating Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Number  1 Huang Lian Jie Du tang 62 2 Bu Yang Huan Wu tang 49 3 Shen Fu injection 44 4 Sheng Mai san 44 5 Liu Wei Di Huang wan 44 6 Si Wu tang 42 7 Da Cheng Qi tang 41 8 Dang Gui Bu Xue tang 37 9 Tong Xin Luo capsule 32 10 Si Ni san 30 11 Xue Fu Zhu Yu tang 29 12 Kai Xin san 29 13 Xiao Chai Hu tang 27 14 Xiao Yao san 25 15 Xie Xin tang 25 16 Pien Tze Huang 24 17 Ge Gen Qin Lian tang 22 18 Jia Wei Xiao Yao San 20 19 Bu Zhong Yi Qi tang 20 20 Dan Hong injection 19Table 7
The top 20 highly cited Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula-related articles.
Rating Title Journal Author &Year CitedTime  1 Multiple chromatographic fingerprinting and its application to the quality control of herbal medicines Analytica Chimica Acta Fan, X. H.2006 128 2 Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin after oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae extract and Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang to rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology Lu, T.2007 119 3 Analysis of the constituents in the rat plasma after oral administration of Yin Chen Hao Tang by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Wang, X. J.2008 113 4 Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jian, J2004 114 5 Herb network construction and co-module analysis for uncovering the combination rule of traditional Chinese herbal formulae BMC Bioinformatic Li, S.2010 105 6 An approach to develop two-dimensional fingerprint for the quality control of Qingkailing injection by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection Journal of Chromatography A Yan, S. K2005 98 7 Chemical and biological assessment of a Chinese herbal decoction containing radix astragali and radix angelicae sinensis: Determination of drug ratio in having optimized properties Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry Dong, T. T. X.2006 96 8 Chemical and biological assessment of a traditional Chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis: Orthogonal array design to optimize the extraction of chemical constituents Planta Medica Song, Z. H.2004 82 9 Efficacy and tolerability of a Chinese herbal medicine concoction for treatment of atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study British Journal of Dermatology Hon, K. L. E.2007 82 10 Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science Hypertension Research Xiong, X. J.2013 77 11 Pharmacokinetics screening for multi-components absorbed in the rat plasma after oral administration traditional Chinese medicine formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with pattern recognition methods Analyst Wang. X.2011 76 12 Metabonomic Study of Chinese Medicine Shuanglong Formula as an Effective Treatment for Myocardial Infarction in Rats Journal of Proteome Research Liang, X. P.2011 75 13 Simultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Lu, T.2006 72 14 Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula Journal of Ethnopharmacology Luo, L2000 71 15 Identification and determination of the major constituents in traditional Chinese medicine Si-Wu-Tang by HPLC coupled with DAD and ESI-MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Zhang, H. J.2004 68 16 A System-Level Investigation into the Mechanisms of Chinese Traditional Medicine: Compound Danshen Formula for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment PLOS ONE Liu, X. X.2012 68 17 Behavioral and biochemical studies on chronic mild stress models in rats treated with a Chinese traditional prescription Banxia-houpu decoction Life Science Li, J. M.2003 68 18 Identification and determination of the major constituents in Traditional Chinese Medicinal formula Danggui-Shaoyao-San by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Chen, L. L.2009 67 19 Anti-inflammatory effects of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction, its two fractions and four typical compounds Journal of Ethnopharmacology Lu, J.2011 67 20 Rapid and sensitive screening and characterization of phenolic acids, phthalides, saponins and isoflavonoids in Danggui Buxue Tang by rapid resolution liquid chromatography/diode-array detection coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Qi, L. W.2008 67


### 3.3. CiteSpace Visualization Analysis

CiteSpace V was used to generate a keyword map, category map, and coauthor map. The top 25 keywords and categories with the strongest citation burst were also drawn.Combining Figures2 and 3, an analysis in terms of keyword counts, “HPLC” and “quality control”, indicated that the researchers may have greater research interests in drug chemical analysis and drug composition identification during 2004-2011; flavonoids, such as baicalin and berberine, and glycosides, such as paeoniflorin, were prominent from 2004 to 2011. These Traditional Chinese Medicine monomers above as natural medicine were highly recognized; their excellent antioxidation effects are also the main mechanism of many pharmacological studies [11–14].Figure 2
Keyword map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 308 nodes and 1521 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the keyword, respectively. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.Figure 3
Top 25 keywords with the strongest citation burst. The red bars and blue bars demonstrate that some keywords are cited frequently and infrequently in a certain period.Category could help researchers understand the focus of TCMF research, combining Figures4 and 5, immunology, pharmacology, and drug analysis were featured in the early stage, but research on the cardiovascular system was in-depth from 2009 to 2014, and the focus of research from 2014 to 2016 shifted to biophysics, science and technology, and other multidisciplinary sciences.Figure 4
Category map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 66 nodes and 194 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the category, respectively. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.Figure 5
Top 25 categories with the strongest citation burst. The red bars and blue bars mean some keywords are cited frequently and infrequently in a certain period.Figure6 shows the coauthor map; this analysis result revealed the cooperative relationship between the authors. Coauthor analysis can be used as an important tool in the evaluation of bibliometrics to identify research groups in “unknown” universities or organizations [15].Figure 6
Coauthor map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 536 nodes and 1621 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the author, respectively. The distance and connection of nodes represent the author's cooperation. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.


## 3.1. Tendency of Article Publication

The number of annual publications in 2000 to 2016 was given in Table1. It indicated that almost 63% of articles were published during the recent four years (2013-2016). Regarding such limitations, considering that there is a language barrier and less knowledge about the Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCMF-related articles were rarely published in international journals from 2000 to 2004. Due to the Chinese government support and the research’s efforts and exploration, notably, the annual publication amount has gradually increased. Table 2 showed that there was an obvious two-sided preference between the journals and TCMF researchers; among all these TCMF publications, approximately 25% were from theJournal of Ethnopharmacology andEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The articles published in these top 20 journals account for 56.1% of the total.Table 1
The number of annual publications of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula related articles from 2000 to 2016.
Year Number Percentage( /2621)  2016 478 18.23% 2015 450 17.17% 2014 380 14.50% 2013 344 13.12% 2012 212 8.09% 2011 180 6.87% 2010 128 4.88% 2009 104 3.97% 2008 92 3.51% 2007 67 2.56% 2006 63 2.40% 2005 42 1.60% 2004 24 0.92% 2003 23 0.88% 2002 12 0.46% 2001 9 0.34% 2000 13 0.50%Table 2
List of top 20 journals in which articles were published and the newest impact factor (IF)∗.
Rating Journal Number IF  1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 379 3.115 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and 247 2.064 Alternative Medicine 3 Journal of Pharmaceutical and 99 2.831 Biomedical Analysis 4 BMC Complementary and Alternative 78 2.109 Medicine 5 PLOS One 66 2.766 6 Journal of Separation Science 56 2.415 7 Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 55 1.346 8 Biomedical Chromatography 53 1.688 9 American Journal of Chinese Medicine 50 3.120 10 Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 50 0.857 11 Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical 45 2.441 Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 12 Neural Regeneration Research 42 2.234 13 Scientific Reports 40 4.122 14 Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 35 1.410 15 Molecules 37 3.098 16 Chinese Medical Journal 32 1.596 17 Molecular Medicine Reports 30 1.922 18 Trials 27 2.067 19 Analytical Methods 26 2.073 20 Chromatographia 25 1.401 ∗The impact factor was reported according to Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citation reports (JCR) 2018.


## 3.2. Research Content

Moreover, Table3 showed the research interests of research production and Table 4 listed the top 20 popular disease types. Pharmacology was the trendiest research interest in the TCMF field of study; among these 2,621 papers, approximately 1,515 (57.80%) papers were pharmacology related, followed by pharmaceutical analysis (691, 26.36 %) and clinical research (381, 14.54 %). More than 300 disease types were mentioned in the datasets, and Table 4 showed that cardiovascular disease and cancer were mostly discussed. The subcategories of cardiovascular disease and cancer types are also listed in detail in Table 5.Table 3
Research interests of articles by reading abstracts or full-texts.
Research interests Number (%)∗  Pharmacology 1515 (57.80%) Pharmaceutical analysis 691 (26.36%) Clinical research 381 (14.54%) Mathematical Analysis and System Biology 64 (2.44) Toxicology 32 (1.22%) Pharmaceutical preparations 27 (1.03%) Pathology 4 (0.02%) ∗Total percentage exceeds 100% due to multidiscipline interaction.Table 4
List of the top 20 types of disease appearing in articles
Rating Disease types Number  1 Cardiovascular disease 335 2 Cancer 156 3 Diabetes 105 4 Depression 108 5 Alzheimer’s disease 48 6 Asthma 40 7 Liver fibrosis (hepatic fibrosis) 40 8 Rheumatoid arthritis 33 9 Osteoporosis 32 10 Liver injury 26 11 Dementia 26 12 Diabetic nephropathy 24 13 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 23 14 Osteoarthritis 22 15 Insomnia 22 16 Ulcerative colitis 20 17 Fatigue 19 18 Parkinson’s disease 18 19 Headache 18 20 Dysmenorrhoea 17Table 5
The top types of cardiovascular diseases and cancers.
Cardiovascular disease Number Cancer Number  Ischemic stroke 37 Anti-tumor 33 Hypertension 33 Breast cancer 25 Myocardial infarction 29 Colorectal cancer 21 Heart failure 29 Hepatocellular carcinoma 14 Stroke 29 Lung cancer 13 Atherosclerosis 24 Gastric cancer 12 Chronic heart failure 14 Liver cancer 10 Sepsis 14 Bone cancer 6 Coronary heart disease 13 Leukemia 4 Cardiac arrest 12 Colon cancer 4 Angina 10Table6 is a list of top 20 TCMF names, traditional herb formulae, and modern proprietary Chinese medicines, including more than 800 summarized formulae. Specifically, Huang Lian Jie Du had been studied in 62 publications, followed by Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (49) and Shen Fu injection (44). Table 7 shows the top 20 highly cited TCMF-related articles.Table 6
The top 20 popular Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas involved in articles.
Rating Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Number  1 Huang Lian Jie Du tang 62 2 Bu Yang Huan Wu tang 49 3 Shen Fu injection 44 4 Sheng Mai san 44 5 Liu Wei Di Huang wan 44 6 Si Wu tang 42 7 Da Cheng Qi tang 41 8 Dang Gui Bu Xue tang 37 9 Tong Xin Luo capsule 32 10 Si Ni san 30 11 Xue Fu Zhu Yu tang 29 12 Kai Xin san 29 13 Xiao Chai Hu tang 27 14 Xiao Yao san 25 15 Xie Xin tang 25 16 Pien Tze Huang 24 17 Ge Gen Qin Lian tang 22 18 Jia Wei Xiao Yao San 20 19 Bu Zhong Yi Qi tang 20 20 Dan Hong injection 19Table 7
The top 20 highly cited Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula-related articles.
Rating Title Journal Author &Year CitedTime  1 Multiple chromatographic fingerprinting and its application to the quality control of herbal medicines Analytica Chimica Acta Fan, X. H.2006 128 2 Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin after oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae extract and Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang to rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology Lu, T.2007 119 3 Analysis of the constituents in the rat plasma after oral administration of Yin Chen Hao Tang by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Wang, X. J.2008 113 4 Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jian, J2004 114 5 Herb network construction and co-module analysis for uncovering the combination rule of traditional Chinese herbal formulae BMC Bioinformatic Li, S.2010 105 6 An approach to develop two-dimensional fingerprint for the quality control of Qingkailing injection by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection Journal of Chromatography A Yan, S. K2005 98 7 Chemical and biological assessment of a Chinese herbal decoction containing radix astragali and radix angelicae sinensis: Determination of drug ratio in having optimized properties Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry Dong, T. T. X.2006 96 8 Chemical and biological assessment of a traditional Chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis: Orthogonal array design to optimize the extraction of chemical constituents Planta Medica Song, Z. H.2004 82 9 Efficacy and tolerability of a Chinese herbal medicine concoction for treatment of atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study British Journal of Dermatology Hon, K. L. E.2007 82 10 Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science Hypertension Research Xiong, X. J.2013 77 11 Pharmacokinetics screening for multi-components absorbed in the rat plasma after oral administration traditional Chinese medicine formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with pattern recognition methods Analyst Wang. X.2011 76 12 Metabonomic Study of Chinese Medicine Shuanglong Formula as an Effective Treatment for Myocardial Infarction in Rats Journal of Proteome Research Liang, X. P.2011 75 13 Simultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Lu, T.2006 72 14 Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula Journal of Ethnopharmacology Luo, L2000 71 15 Identification and determination of the major constituents in traditional Chinese medicine Si-Wu-Tang by HPLC coupled with DAD and ESI-MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Zhang, H. J.2004 68 16 A System-Level Investigation into the Mechanisms of Chinese Traditional Medicine: Compound Danshen Formula for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment PLOS ONE Liu, X. X.2012 68 17 Behavioral and biochemical studies on chronic mild stress models in rats treated with a Chinese traditional prescription Banxia-houpu decoction Life Science Li, J. M.2003 68 18 Identification and determination of the major constituents in Traditional Chinese Medicinal formula Danggui-Shaoyao-San by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Chen, L. L.2009 67 19 Anti-inflammatory effects of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction, its two fractions and four typical compounds Journal of Ethnopharmacology Lu, J.2011 67 20 Rapid and sensitive screening and characterization of phenolic acids, phthalides, saponins and isoflavonoids in Danggui Buxue Tang by rapid resolution liquid chromatography/diode-array detection coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Qi, L. W.2008 67


## 3.3. CiteSpace Visualization Analysis

CiteSpace V was used to generate a keyword map, category map, and coauthor map. The top 25 keywords and categories with the strongest citation burst were also drawn.Combining Figures2 and 3, an analysis in terms of keyword counts, “HPLC” and “quality control”, indicated that the researchers may have greater research interests in drug chemical analysis and drug composition identification during 2004-2011; flavonoids, such as baicalin and berberine, and glycosides, such as paeoniflorin, were prominent from 2004 to 2011. These Traditional Chinese Medicine monomers above as natural medicine were highly recognized; their excellent antioxidation effects are also the main mechanism of many pharmacological studies [11–14].Figure 2
Keyword map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 308 nodes and 1521 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the keyword, respectively. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.Figure 3
Top 25 keywords with the strongest citation burst. The red bars and blue bars demonstrate that some keywords are cited frequently and infrequently in a certain period.Category could help researchers understand the focus of TCMF research, combining Figures4 and 5, immunology, pharmacology, and drug analysis were featured in the early stage, but research on the cardiovascular system was in-depth from 2009 to 2014, and the focus of research from 2014 to 2016 shifted to biophysics, science and technology, and other multidisciplinary sciences.Figure 4
Category map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 66 nodes and 194 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the category, respectively. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.Figure 5
Top 25 categories with the strongest citation burst. The red bars and blue bars mean some keywords are cited frequently and infrequently in a certain period.Figure6 shows the coauthor map; this analysis result revealed the cooperative relationship between the authors. Coauthor analysis can be used as an important tool in the evaluation of bibliometrics to identify research groups in “unknown” universities or organizations [15].Figure 6
Coauthor map related to TCMF research from 2000 to 2016. A total of 536 nodes and 1621 connection lines were obtained. The size and position of nodes represent research frequency and the level of core of the author, respectively. The distance and connection of nodes represent the author's cooperation. The darkness of blue line represents the different years.


## 4. Discussion

This report analyzed TCMF-related articles published in international journals from 2000 to 2016. To our knowledge, this is the first report that analyzed the quality and quantity of TCMF-related studies in China. More than 26,000 articles were obtained when using “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula”, and “Chinese herb formula” as the keywords in a search of the Web of Science database. A total of 2,621 articles were screened out by reading the abstract or full text. Each database has its own advantages and characteristics. A possible explanation for choosing the Web of Science as the only database is that it offered several advantages: First of all, Web of Science, with high recognition and article quality for many years, offers a powerful analysis of data from various aspects and the selected articles. Second, Web of Science has a function of EndNote online. During the items collecting process, the documents that meet the requirements could be added to the EndNote online at any time and there was logo displayed on the web pages. This unique feature could easily transfer the articles to the EndNote software in order to conduct the future analysis. Third, every database has its own standard on calculating the citation rate of article and evaluating the importance and influence of specific publications. Hence, choosing Web of Science could guarantee a powerful uniform citation rate and impact of journals.Chinese medicine culture has existed in China for thousands of years, since the era of ancient China; countless research studies have been written by Chinese medicine scholars. However, due to the limited ability of research and the language barrier, TCMF publications were not favored in the international journals. Fortunately, the amount of TCMF publications has increased remarkably over time, especially after 2010. With support from Chinese government and the development of science and technology, we do observe increasingly more scientific research outputs from the medicine community. A significant contribution to the TCMF development occurred when Prof. Youyou Tu won the Physiology or Medicine Noble Prize [2], which encourages Traditional Chinese Medicine professionals to explore more about the TCMF research contents. Thus, a breakthrough in the TCMF field of research is the key to a brighter future for the medicine community.According to the preparatory work, TCMF-related articles have been published in more than 300 journals. Most of the TCFM articles were published in theJournal of EthnopharmacologyandEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which matches the result from Sa’ed H. Zyoud’s bibliometric analysis of the Integrative and Complementary Medicine field [16]. This means that theJournal of EthnopharmacologyandEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicineare more likely to accept Traditional Medicine articles, when compared with the other publications.Furthermore, pharmacology study has been recorded as the most popular research filed; 1,515 out of 2,621 articles discussed pharmacology. Pharmaceutical analysis is the second favorable topic with 691 out of 2.621 articles; 381 out of 2,621 articles had a clinical research focus. In pharmaceutical analysis study, the top three trendy topics are metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and quality control. As reported in our database, there are 173, 167 and 82 articles conducted on these three areas, respectively. Fifty-one pharmacological analysis articles were included for the clinical study. The secondary major research concentration on clinical study was meta-analysis; 54 related articles were included. We have listed all the TCMF research topics that were being discussed widely. We hope this information will be helpful for future study.Many of diseases could be cured through the TCMF treatment. For instance, approximately, 300 diseases that use TCMF methodology for treatments were mentioned in screening publications. Furthermore, studies on cardiovascular disease and cancer are mostly being analyzed, followed by diabetes and depression. A possible reason for this would be that cardiovascular disease and cancer are the most fatal diseases [17–19]. With the increasing pressure of modern life and the irregular lifestyles, diabetes and depression have become increasingly threatening to human health [20–23].Countless Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese patent medicines are in the historical records; meanwhile, these medicines are also being used widely in the market. As noted, more than 800 types of Traditional Chinese Medicine were included in the database. The reason that Huang Lian Jie Du Tang was mentioned broadly is that the major three components of this medicine,Coptis chinensis Franch, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,andPhellodendron chinense Schneid, all contain flavonoid and alkaloid. Flavonoid and alkaloid work well for an anti-inflammatory effect [24, 25]. Huang Lian Jie Du Tang is an effective treatment for inflammation [26], and inflammatory actions lead to many disorders [27–29]. Tonic formulae, such as Sheng Mai san, Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, and Si Wu Tang, and blood-regulating formulae, such as Bu Yang Huan Wu tang and Xue Fu Zhu Yu tang, were listed in Table 6 as the top 20 most popular TCMF, and most of these formulae could be used in cardiovascular and cancer treatments [30–34]. Moreover, other formulae such as Kai Xin San and Xiao Yao San are commonly used for mental illness treatment [35, 36], and Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang and Huang Lian Jie Du Tang could also be adopted for diabetes treatment [37, 38]. Thus, from these findings we can establish a clear mutual relationship between the tendency of TCMF studies and common diseases.From Table7, we can see that pharmaceutical analysis was the most frequently cited term in TCMF articles; this article previously mentioned that pharmacology is the most favorable research topic in TCMF study. Indeed, some respected journals such asAnalytica Chimica Acta, Chromatography A, andAnalystare subject to the Chemistry section in the Science Citation Index. This evidence illuminates a strong argument that pharmaceutical analysis subject can be highly transferable and widely adopted in other fields. At the same time, some formulae were discussed frequently by TCMF scholars such as Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, Si Wu Tang, Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang, and Liu Wei Di Huang Wan; these are all included in the highly cited papers, as we previously mentioned. It should be mentioned that the Yin Chen Hao Tang was not included in Table 6, but there were still two highly cited articles that gave a detailed analysis of the formula. There are five pharmacological articles listed in Table 7; among them, one article is using Compound Dan Shen Formula in cardiovascular disease, and two articles are the application of Ban Xia Hou Po Tang in depression treatments. These were also diseases garnering a high level of attention. The above analysis demonstrated that research content and research interest, compound name, and disease type of TCMF were inseparable, which can provide a comprehensive understanding of the current development of TCMF.Knowledge domain visualization, and visualization of scientific literature can strengthen the scientific and objective nature of bibliometrics and meet more practical needs, such as helping researchers analyze potential knowledge contained in scientific analysis [39, 40]. In this paper, the bibliometric research of TCMF placed a particular emphasis on the statistics of research content and quantity. The subjective analysis in the work could be supplemented with the CiteSpace V software, and the literature bibliometric research of TCMF could offer more in-depth and comprehensive information.There are many articles on the research of the TCMF, whether in Asian countries or Western countries, but our work mainly analyzes the published trend of the articles on TCMF in China and concerned part of other Asian countries in recent years, which does not involve Western countries, because China is in the majority in leading this research so far. Moreover, most of the research on TCMF has been published in Chinese, and Chinese papers were not included in this study. However, according to the scientific research management orientation in recent years in China, excellent research results have been published in English journals. Therefore, this study has included the most important research which is representative of TCMF. Nevertheless, we still hope to see that more and more domestic and foreign scholars can pay attention to the study of TCMF.From 2013 to 2016, TCMF study was being improved greatly by the Traditional Chinese Medicine researchers. For instance, the TCMF articles published in this period account for 63% of the total article amount. This scenario indicates that increasingly more scholars have interest in TCMF study. Further investigation is required to focus on the treatment of certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancers. A deeper understanding and knowledge of each Traditional Chinese Medicine’s component is essential because of the complexity and particularity of TCMF. Moreover, cooperating and communicating with scholars from other countries would boost the development of TCMF study.


## 5. Conclusion

In summary, for future TCMF studies, we hope future scholars could diversify the research contents, extend the horizon of the cognitive perspectives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and deepen the professional knowledge of TCMF research. For Traditional Chinese Medicine scholars, it is inappropriate to use the outcomes of treatment as the only standard to evaluate the effectiveness of TCMF. To make the breakthrough, the priority is to study the treatment mechanism of the disease on the selected formula and to clarify the effective components of the formula. This would enhance the authority and accuracy of TCMF study and help remove the stereotypes of Traditional Chinese Medicine as being “unscientific” and “empiricist”. We also hope that with the improvement of the research level of TCMF, more best-quality papers will be published in important academic journals such asNatureandScience.



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