# Power Consumption, Mixing Time, and Oxygen Mass Transfer in a Gas-Liquid Contactor Stirred with a Dual Impeller for Different Spacing

Authors: Hayder Mohammed Issa
Journal: Journal of Engineering
 (2016)

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## Abstract

Multiple or dual impellers are widely implemented in stirred contactors used in various biological processes like fermentation, water treatment, and pharmaceutical production. The spacing between impellers is considered as a crucial factor in designing of these types of contactors resulting in variation of oxygen mass transfer, mixing time, or power consumption for such biological system. A study of three parts was conducted to characterize the effect of the spacing between impellers on the most important parameters that related to biological contactor performance: oxygen mass transfer coefficientk
l
a from the gas phase (air) to the liquid phase (water), mixing time, and power consumption for different operating rotational speeds (1.67–3.33 rps) and for three different spacing positions. The used impellers system in the study is a dual impeller system which consists of an inverted and bladed rotated cone (IBRC) and a pitched-blade up-flow propeller (PBPU). The experimental results showed that the shorter spacing (the lower PBPU in a higher position) is more convenient, as the achieved oxygen mass transfer coefficient has showed an improvement in its values with lower mixing time and with a slight alteration in power consumption.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Gas-liquid contacting is considered as one of the most important operations in chemical process industries, with or without solid existence [1]. The gas-liquid dispersion and homogenization in stirred tanks are involved within many industrial processes like fine chemicals manufacturing and biochemical fermentation, whereas the gas-liquid phases in stirred or agitated vessels are widely implemented in various processes of the chemical, mining, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries [2, 3]. Agitation or mixing might be a crucial factor in the chemical, biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food processing; hence the mixing in stirred tanks is used to increase heat and mass transfer rates, to prevent particle settling, to obtain emulsions, and to even out all physical property gradients [4]. Gas-liquid processes, in particular, like fermentation and a variety of oxygenation (aeration) and hydrogenation processes, need a large gas handling capacity and effective gas dispersion for generating as large interfacial area as possible [5].Multiple impeller systems are used in various industrial applications, namely, fermentation, gas-liquid reactions such as hydrogenation, dissolution, and crystallization, polymerization reactors, wastewater treatment, and so forth [6]. Multiple or dual impellers are preferred over a single impeller as multiple impellers provide better gas utilization in gas-liquid system due to the higher gas phase residence time, narrower spread in the residence time distribution in the flow systems, and higher surface area per unit liquid volume for heat transfer [6]. Different multiple impellers are used for aeration. For gas dispersion, usually combinations of DT (Rushton) radial impellers were used. The poor top-to-bottom liquid mixing condition with reduced mass transfer potential created by this system drew attention toward multiple impellers with down- or up-pumping impellers to improve liquid blending and gas dispersion together and to increase mass transfer potential [7]. The flow pattern in multiple impellers stirred tank is remarkably altered compared to when that one impeller was used due to the interactions in circulation loops generated by impellers; this interaction in turn is affected greatly by impeller spacing [8]. For wastewater treatment, many other impeller combinations are used like turbine and propeller system [9] instead of using a single rotating cone as illustrated by Adachi [10] for the same purpose.Hudcova et al. [11] have found that, for aerated conditions, the equations that were used for power consumption for a single Rushton turbine impeller could be extended relatively and easily to dual impellers. The power draw for each radial or axial impeller relies on its geometry and/or the tank geometry (for radial impellers) as found by Chapple et al. [12]. Usually in the aerated condition the power consumption is relatively decreased compared with the nonaerated condition. This reduction varies depending on the type of impeller and impellers combination [13, 14]. The influence of spacing between two impellers on power consumption might possibly be limited with the existence of tank baffles [15]. The mutual interaction between two radial impellers’ (Rushton turbines) performances was noticed through the great power dependence on the spacing between them as higher power number was recorded with longer spacing [15]. This phenomenon was remarked also for non-Newtonian fluids by Broniarz-Press et al. [16].The mixing time in the aerated condition is slightly changed from the unaerated condition for both up- and down-pumping impellers combination [17]. Mahmoudi and Yianneskis [18] have observed three different flow patterns and mixing times with different impeller spacing. They found that, for long spacing between the impellers, the mixing times were nearly the longest and about 40% higher than for small spacing. This influence exists for all types of impeller configurations as the spacing affects significantly the produced flow field inside tanks [19, 20]. For unaerated condition, the same dependence of mixing time on the impeller, spacing has been noticed by Magelli et al. [21]. The type of impeller is the key parameter to determine the quality of this dependence. There is a variation in the relation with the spacing according to impeller type from Rushton turbine to hydrofoil type [22].Even though many studies have found that multiple impeller configurations are more efficient at achieving higher oxygen mass transfer in aerated systems due to the reduction in mixing time [23, 24] no one has investigated the effect of spacing between these impellers on the oxygen transfer. Impellers combinations at the same conditions of power draw and gas flow rate have little impact on volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient according to Gabelle et al. [25]. While Xie et al. [26] have reached the same results but for a specific range (higher flow rate) for gas flow rate and equal power input, Moucha et al. [27] have reached the opinion that impeller configurations with higher power number can reach the desired k
l
a at lower impeller speed.The aim of this study is to characterize and interpret the spacing impact between the used up-pumping impellers (inverted bladed rotating cone (IBRC) + 4-pitched-blade up-flow propeller (PBPU)) in a surface aerated stirred tank experimentally. Three experimental sets were conducted for power consumption, mixing time, and oxygen transfer coefficient in relation to impellers spacing and the obtained experimental results are essentially discussed.


## 2. Experimental and Calculations

The experimental runs were carried out in a cylindrical flat bottom gas-liquid contactor vessel with inside diameter of 0.8 m. The vessel was made of transparent fibreglass. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Figure1. Three baffles of width, b (0.1
T), were used with the experimentation to prevent or lessen the tangential circulatory flow that was created by the system (the baffles have the same height of the vessel seen in Figure 1).Figure 1
The schematic diagram of the experimental setup with presenting the picture of used impellers.In this work an impeller combination (IBRC + PBPU) is employed: an inverted and bladed rotated cone (IBRC) and a pitched-blade up-flow propeller (PBPU). Impellers (IBRC + PBPU) are used for mixing and gas-liquid contact purposes (aeration in this study) with the up-pumping operation. The IBRC was placed at the water surface. In all the cases an acceptable mixing has been provided to obtain a good contact interfacial area between the contents. The function of the lower four blades (PBPU) is redirecting the liquid flow toward the upper rotating cone (IBRC) for ensuring continuous feeding intake of the rotating cone. The other important function of the propeller is the contribution to achieve the well-mixing and distribution of the vessel. The geometrical ratio for the propeller(
d
/
T
)
=
0.15, which is lower than the general applied ratio (
d
/
T
) for axial flow impellers (0.2–0.7). Propeller blades have a width of 0.018 m and were placed on the propeller hub ring with a pitched angle of 45°. In this study, the role of the mixing is supporting the surface aeration process. The surface aeration is achieved by water droplets impingement and eddies generation at the water surface renewal due to the rotation of the inverted cone. The number of blades of the rotating cone is 12 (blades width and height are 0.24 m and 0.3 m, resp.), with diameter ratio D
/
T
=
0.24. Water height was kept constant at (0.38
T).


### 2.1. Power Consumption Measurement

The consumed power by the system was calculated by the torque measurement; the actual consumed power was calculated by applying the following equation:(1)
P
=
2
π
N
T
o
-
T
o
e
,where T
o and T
o
e are the measured torques in filled and empty vessel, respectively, in N·m. A torque meter was used with torque capture transducer. The dimensionless power number was determined by the following:(2)
N
p
=
P
ρ
N
3
D
5
.


### 2.2. Mixing Time(
t
95
)

Mixing time (t
95) is the time required to achieve the desired or specified degree of homogeneity. The desired degree of mixing used is normally fixed at 95%, which means that the mixing time is the time when tracer concentration reaches or remains constant within 5% range of the final concentration [28]. Mixing time experiments were performed for the aerated tank for the tested spacing configurations in order to determine the mixing performance of each spacing configuration and interpret its influence on the mixing time. The injection position was kept for the same position at the water surface for all tests to eliminate the effect of injection variation on the results obtained.The mixing time was determined by applying the colorization-decolorization method. It consists of coloring the water with iodine solution and then in decolorizing it with sodium thiosulfate solution. The decolorization reaction occurs progressively from yellowish brown color to clear water.


### 2.3. Mass Transfer Experimental Setup and Calculations

For the used experimental materials water and air, a probe was employed to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration. The measurements were achieved in depending on the oxygen partial pressure with correction for the affecting factors such as the temperature. The concentration units are expressed in milligrams of oxygen per liter of water (mg/dm3). The average percentage error of probes readings was calculated by least squares best fit between experimental and theoretical readings. Average percentages error was ±3.49%.The mass transfer during the aeration process occurred mostly from the water surface to inside the liquid body. The theory of oxygen mass transfer coefficient calculation depends on the two-film theory, where all resistances to the oxygen mass transfer occur only in the liquid film and phase, while this resistance is ignored in the gas film. So the oxygen mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase is neglected. It was assumed that no other mass transfer occurs during the operation for the other constituents from the air toward the water and also for the used nitrogen gas during the deoxygenating process.The calculation of the oxygen mass transfer,k
l
a, was based on several general assumptions: the fluid in the vessel is evenly mixed; subsequently the k
l
a values throughout the vessel can be represented as one value. Also, the saturated dissolved oxygen could be represented as one value. The other mass transfer that is related to other constituents from the air toward the water as well as the nitrogen gas during the deoxygenating process is neglected. A weak heat gradient occurs during the aeration; in that manner the accompanied heat transfer was ignored.The response time for the used probe was determined by depending upon both the experimental and theoretical results of dissolved oxygen. The theoretical values of the dissolved oxygen were determined by [29, 30](3)
C
t
=
C
s
-
C
s
-
C
o
e
-
t
/
τ
.
τ, response time, was determined for the DO probe which was 8.8 sec.The relationship between the DO and time with taking into account the effect of probe response time could be represented as the following equation [31–33]:(4)
d
C
l
d
t
=
k
l
a
C
s
-
C
l
.By rearranging,(5)
ln
⁡
C
s
-
C
t
C
s
-
C
o
=
k
l
a
·
t
.The effect of probe response time on the DO concentration measurement for aeration processes was determined by the following equation [34]:(6)
C
t
=
C
s
+
C
s
-
C
t
C
s
-
C
o
k
l
a
·
τ
e
-
t
/
τ
-
e
-
k
l
a
t
.The oxygen mass transfer relation with time for different spacing with considering the probe response time was implied in the applied mass transfer equation that represents the experimental runs to take into account the experimental errors. It is needed to correct the measured oxygen transfer coefficient in the liquid to the standard conditions, where the following equation is applied [35]:(7)
k
l
a
20
°
C
=
1.024
20
-
θ
k
l
a
θ
.


## 2.1. Power Consumption Measurement

The consumed power by the system was calculated by the torque measurement; the actual consumed power was calculated by applying the following equation:(1)
P
=
2
π
N
T
o
-
T
o
e
,where T
o and T
o
e are the measured torques in filled and empty vessel, respectively, in N·m. A torque meter was used with torque capture transducer. The dimensionless power number was determined by the following:(2)
N
p
=
P
ρ
N
3
D
5
.


## 2.2. Mixing Time(
t
95
)

Mixing time (t
95) is the time required to achieve the desired or specified degree of homogeneity. The desired degree of mixing used is normally fixed at 95%, which means that the mixing time is the time when tracer concentration reaches or remains constant within 5% range of the final concentration [28]. Mixing time experiments were performed for the aerated tank for the tested spacing configurations in order to determine the mixing performance of each spacing configuration and interpret its influence on the mixing time. The injection position was kept for the same position at the water surface for all tests to eliminate the effect of injection variation on the results obtained.The mixing time was determined by applying the colorization-decolorization method. It consists of coloring the water with iodine solution and then in decolorizing it with sodium thiosulfate solution. The decolorization reaction occurs progressively from yellowish brown color to clear water.


## 2.3. Mass Transfer Experimental Setup and Calculations

For the used experimental materials water and air, a probe was employed to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration. The measurements were achieved in depending on the oxygen partial pressure with correction for the affecting factors such as the temperature. The concentration units are expressed in milligrams of oxygen per liter of water (mg/dm3). The average percentage error of probes readings was calculated by least squares best fit between experimental and theoretical readings. Average percentages error was ±3.49%.The mass transfer during the aeration process occurred mostly from the water surface to inside the liquid body. The theory of oxygen mass transfer coefficient calculation depends on the two-film theory, where all resistances to the oxygen mass transfer occur only in the liquid film and phase, while this resistance is ignored in the gas film. So the oxygen mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase is neglected. It was assumed that no other mass transfer occurs during the operation for the other constituents from the air toward the water and also for the used nitrogen gas during the deoxygenating process.The calculation of the oxygen mass transfer,k
l
a, was based on several general assumptions: the fluid in the vessel is evenly mixed; subsequently the k
l
a values throughout the vessel can be represented as one value. Also, the saturated dissolved oxygen could be represented as one value. The other mass transfer that is related to other constituents from the air toward the water as well as the nitrogen gas during the deoxygenating process is neglected. A weak heat gradient occurs during the aeration; in that manner the accompanied heat transfer was ignored.The response time for the used probe was determined by depending upon both the experimental and theoretical results of dissolved oxygen. The theoretical values of the dissolved oxygen were determined by [29, 30](3)
C
t
=
C
s
-
C
s
-
C
o
e
-
t
/
τ
.
τ, response time, was determined for the DO probe which was 8.8 sec.The relationship between the DO and time with taking into account the effect of probe response time could be represented as the following equation [31–33]:(4)
d
C
l
d
t
=
k
l
a
C
s
-
C
l
.By rearranging,(5)
ln
⁡
C
s
-
C
t
C
s
-
C
o
=
k
l
a
·
t
.The effect of probe response time on the DO concentration measurement for aeration processes was determined by the following equation [34]:(6)
C
t
=
C
s
+
C
s
-
C
t
C
s
-
C
o
k
l
a
·
τ
e
-
t
/
τ
-
e
-
k
l
a
t
.The oxygen mass transfer relation with time for different spacing with considering the probe response time was implied in the applied mass transfer equation that represents the experimental runs to take into account the experimental errors. It is needed to correct the measured oxygen transfer coefficient in the liquid to the standard conditions, where the following equation is applied [35]:(7)
k
l
a
20
°
C
=
1.024
20
-
θ
k
l
a
θ
.


## 3. Results and Discussion

The implemented calculation for the oxygen mass transfer,k
l
a, in the experimentation was based on water deoxygenated by bubbling the nitrogen gas through the water inside the vessel till the lowest level could be achieved (≤0.5 mg/L). The operating fluid during all experimental runs was water.The measurement of the dissolved oxygen deficit was carried out by an optical probe, which was placed inside the tank, as the liquid is well mixed, and the variation ink
l
a measured values was very limited. Seven different positions for the oxygen probe were tested and they gave close readings for the dissolved oxygen concentration with very little difference. This difference is caused by the simple accumulation of oxygen fine bubbles on the probes despite the effective circulation that occurs in the vessel.


### 3.1. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Oxygen Mass Transfer

The lower PBPU in up-flow operation was added to assist the upper turbine (rotated cone) IBRC aeration performance by redirecting the flow toward the upper impeller intake in order to eliminate any feed shortage and to achieve the homogenous distribution of dissolved oxygen in the entire tank. This aim was reached by ensuring the flow circulation through all tank parts especially the deep levels. The presence of short circulations that might occur in the upper half of the tank was eliminated by forcing the flow to continue its circulation down to the tank deep bottom.From Figure2, the relationship between oxygen mass transfer coefficient k
l
a and impellers speed for three spacing levels between (S
/
d
=
0.5, 0.75, 1) is presented. Where at lower speed 1.67 rps the lowest k
l
a was achieved, it is about 1.3 × 10−3 s−1 for the three tested spacing ratios. At the speed of 2.5 rps, higher k
l
a was accomplished of (5.42–5.8) × 10−3 s−1 for spacing ratios S
/
d 0.75 and 1, respectively. When impeller speed reaches its higher level of 3.33 rps, k
l
a is increased to 7.1 × 10−3 s−1 and 7.89 × 10−3 s−1 for spacing ratios S
/
d 0.75 and 1, respectively.Figure 2
Spacing effect on the oxygen mass transfer coefficient.From these results, it is obvious that at low impellers speed (up to 2.5 rps) the obtainedk
l
a is close for all the tested spacing rations. For high impellers speed (higher than 2.5 rps), k
l
a is lower for the spacing ratio S
/
d of 1 than that of 0.75 and 0.5, and the difference becomes wider with increasing of rotation speed (see Figure 2) and the speed of 2.5 rps could be considered as a critical speed with respect to spacing impact.k
l
a was slightly lower at the spacing ratio (S
/
d
=
1) when it is compared with the other positions (S
/
d
=
0.75 and 0.5) for higher rotation speeds N
>
2.5 rps. This decreasing refers to the fact that with the lower position the interaction between the two impellers is weakened, since no other meaningful reasons can be developed with this replacement; in that way the spacing has an effect on the oxygen transferred.


### 3.2. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Power Consumption

Figure3 shows the power consumption in water bulk at the turbulent condition as a relation of the power number N
p with Reynolds number Re for three investigated spacing ratios S
/
d (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). A higher power was consumed with higher impellers rotation speed (lower power number). From Figure 3 it can be found that a relatively higher power was consumed (lower power number) for high impellers rotation speeds (higher Reynolds number) for the tested spacing ratios S
/
d, and this power consumption was almost similar for the different spacing ratios at high Reynolds numbers. The power consumption, in this case, is less relevant to the spacing between the two impellers at high Reynolds numbers (high rotation speeds). The power consumption showed the same behavior for elevating the rotation speed for all tested spacing rations, wherein higher rotation speed requires more power to be dissipated into water bulk to accomplish the objectives from impellers rotation.Figure 3
Spacing effect on the power consumption.


### 3.3. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Mixing Time

The tests of the spacing effect on the mixing time were carried out in a gas-liquid (aerated) condition for three spacing ratiosS
/
d (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). The two impellers (IRSC and PBPU) were working together always with up-pumping condition. The mixing time was tested within the rotational speeds N range of 1.67–3.33 rps.The obtained spacing experimental results in Figure4 illustrate that, with increasing spacing ratio, the mixing time increases for all tested impeller speeds (1.67–3.33 rps). For the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
0.5 (the lower impeller PBPU is positioned more inside in the tank), the mixing time shows a relative improvement compared with higher spacing ratios of S
/
d
=
0.75 and 1.0. This improvement begins slightly with the impellers speed equal to 2.5 rps and becomes clearer at higher speeds. For the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
1.0, except for lower speed of 1.67 rps, the mixing time is slightly higher than that of the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
0.75 (see Figure 4). These results agree with Hsu and Huang [36]. These results demonstrate that mixing time increases with increasing spacing ratio and this comes from the fact that longer spacing causes weaker interactions for the axial flow between the impellers.Figure 4
Relation between mixing time and spacing between impellers.


## 3.1. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Oxygen Mass Transfer

The lower PBPU in up-flow operation was added to assist the upper turbine (rotated cone) IBRC aeration performance by redirecting the flow toward the upper impeller intake in order to eliminate any feed shortage and to achieve the homogenous distribution of dissolved oxygen in the entire tank. This aim was reached by ensuring the flow circulation through all tank parts especially the deep levels. The presence of short circulations that might occur in the upper half of the tank was eliminated by forcing the flow to continue its circulation down to the tank deep bottom.From Figure2, the relationship between oxygen mass transfer coefficient k
l
a and impellers speed for three spacing levels between (S
/
d
=
0.5, 0.75, 1) is presented. Where at lower speed 1.67 rps the lowest k
l
a was achieved, it is about 1.3 × 10−3 s−1 for the three tested spacing ratios. At the speed of 2.5 rps, higher k
l
a was accomplished of (5.42–5.8) × 10−3 s−1 for spacing ratios S
/
d 0.75 and 1, respectively. When impeller speed reaches its higher level of 3.33 rps, k
l
a is increased to 7.1 × 10−3 s−1 and 7.89 × 10−3 s−1 for spacing ratios S
/
d 0.75 and 1, respectively.Figure 2
Spacing effect on the oxygen mass transfer coefficient.From these results, it is obvious that at low impellers speed (up to 2.5 rps) the obtainedk
l
a is close for all the tested spacing rations. For high impellers speed (higher than 2.5 rps), k
l
a is lower for the spacing ratio S
/
d of 1 than that of 0.75 and 0.5, and the difference becomes wider with increasing of rotation speed (see Figure 2) and the speed of 2.5 rps could be considered as a critical speed with respect to spacing impact.k
l
a was slightly lower at the spacing ratio (S
/
d
=
1) when it is compared with the other positions (S
/
d
=
0.75 and 0.5) for higher rotation speeds N
>
2.5 rps. This decreasing refers to the fact that with the lower position the interaction between the two impellers is weakened, since no other meaningful reasons can be developed with this replacement; in that way the spacing has an effect on the oxygen transferred.


## 3.2. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Power Consumption

Figure3 shows the power consumption in water bulk at the turbulent condition as a relation of the power number N
p with Reynolds number Re for three investigated spacing ratios S
/
d (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). A higher power was consumed with higher impellers rotation speed (lower power number). From Figure 3 it can be found that a relatively higher power was consumed (lower power number) for high impellers rotation speeds (higher Reynolds number) for the tested spacing ratios S
/
d, and this power consumption was almost similar for the different spacing ratios at high Reynolds numbers. The power consumption, in this case, is less relevant to the spacing between the two impellers at high Reynolds numbers (high rotation speeds). The power consumption showed the same behavior for elevating the rotation speed for all tested spacing rations, wherein higher rotation speed requires more power to be dissipated into water bulk to accomplish the objectives from impellers rotation.Figure 3
Spacing effect on the power consumption.


## 3.3. Effect of Spacing between Impellers on Mixing Time

The tests of the spacing effect on the mixing time were carried out in a gas-liquid (aerated) condition for three spacing ratiosS
/
d (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). The two impellers (IRSC and PBPU) were working together always with up-pumping condition. The mixing time was tested within the rotational speeds N range of 1.67–3.33 rps.The obtained spacing experimental results in Figure4 illustrate that, with increasing spacing ratio, the mixing time increases for all tested impeller speeds (1.67–3.33 rps). For the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
0.5 (the lower impeller PBPU is positioned more inside in the tank), the mixing time shows a relative improvement compared with higher spacing ratios of S
/
d
=
0.75 and 1.0. This improvement begins slightly with the impellers speed equal to 2.5 rps and becomes clearer at higher speeds. For the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
1.0, except for lower speed of 1.67 rps, the mixing time is slightly higher than that of the spacing ratio S
/
d
=
0.75 (see Figure 4). These results agree with Hsu and Huang [36]. These results demonstrate that mixing time increases with increasing spacing ratio and this comes from the fact that longer spacing causes weaker interactions for the axial flow between the impellers.Figure 4
Relation between mixing time and spacing between impellers.


## 4. Conclusions

At the given water height, it was observed thatk
l
a is relevant to the spacing ratios for all tested impellers rotation speed. The spacing between the impellers affects the oxygen mass transfer coefficient k
l
a in a way that the reliance of k
l
a on the spacing is conjugated with the interaction between the propeller and the upper impeller.From the experimental runs for power consumption, it was found that the consumed power is related effectively with spacing variation, especially at lower rotation speeds. The power consumption is varied in agreement with mixing time for the different applied spacing positions. Mixing time shows an obvious dependence upon the spacing between the two impellers along the variation of rotation speed in the aeration conditions with different influence intensity.From the experimental results, the rotation speed of 2.5 rps is regarded as a critical rotational speed to show the effect of spacing ration on the oxygen mass transfer, power consumption, and mixing time. The impact of spacing ration starts to become clearer at this speed. The results show that, among the three tested spacing ratiosS
/
d (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0), the smaller one of 0.5 gave better values for the oxygen mass transfer, power consumption, and mixing time. Due to shorter spacing between the impellers a better axial flow interaction can be obtained.



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*Source: 3954305-2016-02-22.xml*