# Rate of Convergence of Hermite-Fejér Interpolation on the Unit Circle

Authors: E. Berriochoa; A. Cachafeiro; J. Díaz; E. Martínez-Brey
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2013)

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## Abstract

The paper deals with the order of convergence of the Laurent polynomials of Hermite-Fejér interpolation on the unit circle with nodal system, then roots of a complex number with modulus one. The supremum norm of the error of interpolation is obtained for analytic functions as well as the corresponding asymptotic constants.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The paper is devoted to study the Hermite-Fejér interpolation problem on the unit circle𝕋. This topic has attracted the interest of many researchers in recent years, and it has been the subject of several studies. In [1] Fejér's classical result is extended to the unit circle. It is well known that it ensures uniform convergence of Hermite-Fejér interpolants to continuous functions on [-1,1] taking as nodal system the Chebyshev points (see [2–4]). Specifically, in [1] the authors consider the nodal system of the n roots of a complex number with modulus one. Then it is proved that the Laurent polynomials of Hermite-Fejér interpolation for a given continuous function f on the unit circle uniformly converge to f.In [5] second Fejér's theorem concerning the Hermite interpolation with nonvanishing derivatives is extended, to the unit circle. New conditions for the derivatives are obtained in order that the Hermite interpolants uniformly converge to continuous functions on the unit circle.An algorithm for efficient computing of the coefficients of the Laurent polynomials of Hermite-Fejér and Hermite interpolation with equally spaced nodes on the unit circle was given in [6]. These results were extended to the bounded interval, and the corresponding expressions can be evaluated using the techniques given in [7]. Some results concerning the convergence were obtained in [8]. The convergence of the Laurent polynomials of Hermite-Fejér interpolation has been studied in [8] for analytic functions defined on open sets containing the unit disk. The results describe the behavior outside and inside the unit disk and are extended to the case of Hermite interpolation, that is, with nonvanishing derivatives.In the case of bounded interval, the supremum norm of the error of interpolation was studied in several papers (see [9]). In particular a lower bound for the order of convergence of Hermite-Fejér interpolation was obtained in [10] for general nodal systems. Now, in the present paper, we study the same problem for the error of interpolation on the unit circle by taking into account the results obtained in [8].The organization of the paper is as follows. Section2 is dedicated to obtain the results for the order of convergence for Laurent polynomials, in other words to the polynomial case. Section 3 contains the extension of the preceding results for analytic functions. The order of convergence and the asymptotic constants are deduced in our main result for analytic functions on an open disk containing the unit circle. As a consequence, the result is generalized to analytic functions outside an open disk with radius less than one,and it is also generalized, in Section 4, to analytic functions on an open annulus containing the unit circle. Finally, the last section is devoted to some numerical experiments to reveal the contributions of our results.


## 2. The Polynomial Case

Let{αj}j=0n-1 be the n roots of a complex number λ with modulus 1. We recall that the Hermite interpolation problem on the unit circle 𝕋 with nodal system {αj}j=0n-1 consists in obtaining a Laurent polynomial H-(n-1),n(z) of Λ-(n-1),n[z]=span{zk:-(n-1)≤k≤n} that satisfies the following interpolation conditions:
(1)H-(n-1),n(αj)=uj,H-(n-1),n′(αj)=vj,j=0,…,n-1,
where {uj}j=0n-1 and {vj}j=0n-1 are sets of fixed complex numbers.The particular case whenvj=0 for all j is called the Hermite-Fejér interpolation problem, and the corresponding interpolation polynomial is denoted by HF-(n-1),n(z). When uj=f(αj), (0≤j≤n-1), for a given function f(z) defined on 𝕋, we denote the Hermite-Fejér interpolation polynomial by HF-(n-1),n(f(z),z). To estimate the interpolation error between f(z) and HF-(n-1),n(f(z),z) we consider their difference that we denote by
(2)Δn(f(z),z)=f(z)-HF-(n-1),n(f(z),z).It is well known thatHF-(n-1),n(f(z),z) can be computed in terms of the fundamental polynomial of Hermite interpolation, Aj(z), as follows:
(3)HF-(n-1),n(f(z),z)=∑j=0n-1‍f(αj)Aj(z),
where Aj(z) is given by Aj(z)=αjn+1(zn-λ)2/zn-1n2λ2(z-αj)2 and it holds that
(4)|Aj(z)|=1n2|(zn-λ)2||(z-αj)2|≤1on𝕋.
Representation (3) can be seen in [1], and (4) can be seen in [5].We recall that for a continuous functionf(z) defined on 𝕋, HF-(n-1),n(f(z),z) converges to f(z) uniformly on 𝕋, as it can be seen in [1].These results can be improved in case of polynomial functions. Indeed we can obtain nice explicit expressions forHF-(n-1),n(f(z),z) and Δn(f(z),z) for the polynomial case; that is, in this section we are going to use an algebraic polynomial or a Laurent polynomial in the role of f(z).Theorem 1.
Letk be a fixed positive integer number. For n>k the following conditions hold that(i)
HF-(n-1),n(zk,z)=(1-k/n)zk+(kλ/n)zk-n;(ii)
Δn(zk,z)=(k/n)zk(1-λ/zn);(iii)
HF-(n-1),n(zk,z) converges to zk uniformly on compact subsets K of 0<|z|≥1 with order of convergence O(n-1);(iv)
HF-(n-1),n(z-k,z)=(1-k/n)z-k+(k/nλ)z-k+n;(v)
Δn(z-k,z)=(-k/n)z-k(zn/λ-1);(vi)
HF-(n-1),n(z-k,z) converges to z-k uniformly on compact subsets K of0<|z|≤1 with order of convergence O(n-1).Proof.
In order to obtain (i), take into account that when we evaluate the proposed Laurent polynomial(1-k/n)zk+(kλ/n)zk-n at αj we have
(5)(n-kn)αjk+kλnαjk-n=(n-kn)αjk+kλnλαjk=αjk,
that is, the interpolation conditions for the function are fulfilled. In the same way, when we evaluate the corresponding derivative at αj we obtain
(6)(n-kn)kαjk-1+kλn(k-n)αjk-n-1=(n-kn)kαjk-1+kλnλ(k-n)αjk-1=0.
Thus the existence and uniqueness of the Hermite interpolation polynomial ensures (i).(ii)
It is an immediate consequence of (i) and the definition ofΔn(zk,z).(iii)
Take into account that(7)|nΔn(zk,z)|=k|zk(1-λzn)|,where the last expression is uniformly bounded if z∈K and n is large enough.
(iv), (v), and (vi) can be proved proceeding in the same way.Remark 2.
The resulting expressions forΔn(zk,z) and Δn(z-k,z), given in the preceding theorem, can be rewritten as follows:
(8)Δn(zk,z)=1nz(zn-λzn)(zk)′,Δn(z-k,z)=1nz(zn-λλ)(z-k)′.Corollary 3.
The following hold.(i)
Ifp1(z) is a Laurent polynomial with nonnegative powers of z, that is, p1(z) is an algebraic polynomial, then
(a)
Δn(p1(z),z)=1nz((zn-λ)/zn)p1′(z).(b)
IfK is a compact subset of0<|z|<1, then
(9)limn→∞∥nΔn(p1(z),z)∥∞,K=maxz∈K|zp1′(z)|,where∥∥∞,K is the supremum norm on K.(c)
IfK is a compact subset of |z|=1 with no isolated points, then
(10)limn→∞∥nΔn(p1(z),z)∥∞,K=2maxz∈K|p1′(z)|.(ii)
Ifp2(z) is a Laurent polynomial with only negative powers of z, then
(a)
Δn(p2(z),z)=1/nz((zn-λ)/λ)p2′(z).(b)
IfK is a compact subset of |z|<1, then
(11)limn→∞∥nΔn(p2(z),z)∥∞,K=maxz∈K|zp2′(z)|.(c)
IfK is a compact subset of |z|=1 with no isolated points, then
(12)limn→∞∥nΔn(p2(z),z)∥∞,K=2maxz∈K|p2′(z)|.Proof.
(i) (a) It is a straightforward consequence of the previous remark.
(i) (b) First of all take into account that for eachz∈K it holds that
(13)limn→∞|nΔn(p1(z),z)|=|zp1′(z)|.
Therefore, if maxz∈K|zp1′(z)| is attained at z0∈K, then for each z∈K the following relation holds:
(14)limn→∞|Δn(p1(z),z)|=|zp1′(z)|≤|z0p1′(z0)|.
On the other hand, since forz0 we have limn→∞|nΔn(p1(z),z0)|=|z0p1′(z0)|, then we obtain the result.
(i) (c) Ifz0 is the point where maxz∈K|p1′(z)| is attained, then for each z∈K⊂𝕋 it holds that
(15)|nΔn(p1(z),z)|=|(zn-λ)p1′(z)|≤2maxz∈K|p1′(z)|=2|p1′(z0)|,
which implies that
(16)limn→∞∥nΔn(p1(z),z)∥∞,K≤2maxz∈K|p1′(z)|.
Due to the continuity ofp1′(z), for each ϵ>0 there exists a neighborhood of z0, Nz0, such that for z∈Nz0 it is |p1′(z)|>|p1′(z0)|-ϵ. On the other hand, for n large enough any arc of 𝕋 contains points z with zn=-λ, and therefore for some z∈Nz0, with zn=-λ, we have
(17)|nΔn(p1(z),z)|≥2(|p1′(z0)|-ϵ).
Then we obtain
(18)limn→∞∥nΔn(p1(z),z)∥∞,K=2maxz∈K|p1′(z)|.
To obtain (ii) (a), (b), and (c) proceed in the same way.Theorem 4.
Letp(z)=p1(z)+p2(z) be a Laurent polynomial with positive and negative powers of z, p1(z) and p2(z), respectively. It holds that(i)
Δn(p(z),z)=1/nz(zn-λ)(p1′(z)/zn+p2′(z)/λ);(ii)
ifK is a compact subset of 𝕋 with no isolated points, then
(19)limn→∞∥nΔn(p(z),z)∥∞,K=maxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z))|.Proof.
It is clear thatmaxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z))| exists, it is positive, and it is attained at a point (z0,β0). We denote this maximum by m. Besides, since (zn/λ-1)(p1′(z)+(zn/λ)p2′(z)) can be represented as (β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z)) with β∈𝕋, then
(20)limsupn→∞∥nΔn(p(z),z)∥∞,K≤maxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z))|.
Due to the continuity of(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z)), for each ϵ>0 there exists a neighborhood of (z0,β0), N(z0,β0), such that for (z,β)∈N(z0,β0) it is
(21)|(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z))|>m-ϵ,
which implies, in particular, m-|(β0-1)(p1′(z)+β0p2′(z))|<ϵ. Moreover, taking into account that for n large enough any arc A⊂𝕋, with z0∈A, contains points z with zn/λ=β0, then we have
(22)∥nΔn(p(z),z)∥∞,K≥m-ϵ.Remark 5.
The previous result can be rewritten as follows:(23)∥Δn(p(z),z)∥∞,K≍maxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(p1′(z)+βp2′(z))|n,
where ≍ means that the sequences are equivalent.


## 3. Rate of Convergence for Analytic Functions on a Disk

In this section we extend the previous results to analytic functions. Indeed we study the supremum norm ofΔn(F(z),z),∥Δn(F(z),z)∥∞,Cρ for analytic functions F on an open disk containing 𝕋 along a circumference Cρ of radius ρ≥1.Theorem 6.
LetF(z) be a nonconstant analytic function defined on an open disk D(0,R), with R>1, and let HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z) be its Hermite-Fejér interpolation polynomial corresponding to the n roots of λ. If Cρ is the circumference with radius ρ, (1≤ρ<R), and ∥∥∞,Cρ is the supremum norm on Cρ, then there exist C1,C2>0 satisfying
(24)C1n≤∥F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)∥∞,Cρ≤C2n.Proof.
We exclude the constant case because we haveF(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)=0 in this situation. So let F(z)=∑k=0∞akzk be a nonconstant analytic function. Taking into account that the evaluation of zk+ln at αj is αjk+ln=αjkαjln=αjkλl, we have HF-(n-1),n(zk+ln,z)=λlHF-(n-1),n(zk,z). Then by using Theorem 1 we can write
(25)F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)=∑k=n∞‍akzk︸(1)+∑k=0n-1‍(knakzk)︸(2)+∑k=0n-1‍(-kλnakz-(n-k))︸(3)+∑k=0n-1‍(∑l=1∞‍ak+lnλl)k-nnzk︸(4)+∑k=0n-1‍(∑l=1∞‍ak+lnλl)-knz-(n-k)︸(5).
Letz be a point belonging to Cρ={z:|z|=ρ} with ρ≥1 and R1, such that ρ<R1<R. Then there exists a positive constant K1, such that for n large enough we have
(26)|(1)|=|∑k=n∞‍akzk|≤(ρ/R1)n1-ρ/R1≤K1(1R1)n,|(4)|=|∑k=0n-1‍(∑l=1∞‍ak+lnλl)k-nnzk|≤(1/R1)n1-1/R1∑k=0n-1‍(ρR1)k=R1R1-11R1n1-(ρ/R1)n1-ρ/R1≤K1(1R1)n,|(5)|≤K1(1R1)n.
Now we consider (2) and (3) as follows:
(27)|(2)+(3)|=|∑k=0n-1‍knakzk+∑k=0n-1‍-kλnakz-(n-k)|=|zn(1-λzn)∑k=0n-1‍kakzk-1|=|zn(1-λzn)(F′(z)-∑k=n∞‍kakzk-1)|≤ρn|1-λzn|(∥F′∥∞,Cρ+∑k=n∞‍k1R1kρk-1)≤2ρn(∥F′∥∞,Cρ+1ρ∑k=n∞‍k(ρR1)k)=2ρn(∥F′∥∞,Cρ+1ρn(ρ/R1)n1-ρ/R1+(ρR1)n+11(1-ρ/R1)2).
So we obtain that there exists a positive constantC2, such that for n large enough
(28)∥F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)∥∞,Cρ≤C2n.
In order to obtain the lower bound we use the following inequality:(29)|(2)+(3)|-|(1)|-|(4)|-|(5)|≤|F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)|.
For an arbitraryz∈Cρ and n large enough we have
(30)-3K1(1R1)n≤-|(1)|-|(4)|-|(5)|.
On the other hand, as the zeros ofF′(z) cannot have accumulation points on D(0,R), then for ϵ>0 there exist an arc A(Cρ)⊂Cρ and a positive constant m1=∥F′∥∞,Cρ, such that
(31)0<m1-ϵ≤|F′(z)|∀z∈A(Cρ).
Next we study two different cases ρ>1 and ρ=1.
(i) Ifρ>1 it holds that
(32)ρn|1-λzn|(m1-ϵ-|∑k=n∞‍kakzk-1|)≤|(2)+(3)|forz∈A(Cρ)
and, as before, for n large enough there exist positive constants D and E, such that for z∈Cρ we have
(33)|∑k=n∞‍kakzk-1|≤ρnR1nnD≤En.
Thus for n large enough and z∈A(Cρ) we have
(34)0<ρn|1-λzn|(m1-En)<|(2)+(3)|.
Then there exists M>0 satisfying
(35)Mn<ρn|1-λzn|(m1-En)<|(2)+(3)|.(ii)
Ifρ=1, we consider an arc 𝒜(Cρ)⊂A(Cρ) with |zn-λ|>m2>0 for z∈𝒜(Cρ) and a positive constant m2>0. Then
(36)|zn(1-λzn)|=1n|zn-λzn|=1n|zn-λ|>m2n.
Proceeding in the same way as in the previous case we have(m2/n)(m1-E/n)<|(2)+(3)|. Thus there exists M>0, such that
(37)Mn<|(2)+(3)|.
Taking into account (35) and (37) we have for n large enough, ρ≥1 and z∈𝒜(Cρ)(38)Mn-3K1(1R1)n≤|F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)|≤∥F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)∥∞,Cρ.
Then it is straightforward that there existsC1, such that
(39)C1n<∥F(z)-HF-(n-1),n(F(z),z)∥∞,Cρ
for n large enough.Remark 7.
Notice that(i)
the constantsC1 and C2 are closely related to the supremum norm ∥F′∥∞,Cρ;(ii)
clearly we can obtain an analogous result for nonconstant analytic function defined on|z|>r with r<1.


## 4. Rate of Convergence for Analytic Functions on an Annulus

Next we deal with the case of analytic functions on an open annulus containing𝕋. We obtain explicit expressions for nΔn(F(z),z) and the asymptotic behavior of its supremum norm; that is, we obtain the order of convergence and the asymptotic constant.Throughout this section we consider a functionF with Laurent expansion at z=0 given by F(z)=∑k=-∞∞akzk which converges on an annulus containing 𝕋. Then there exist C>0 and r, 0<r<1, such that |a-k|,|ak|<Crk for every k≥0.For eachn≥2 we denote by Pn-2(z)=∑k=0n-2akzk and by P~n-2(z)=∑k=n-1∞akzk. In the same way we denote by Qn-2(z)=∑k=-(n-2)-1akzk and by Q~n-2(z)=∑k=-∞-(n-1)akzk(ifn=2,Qn-2(z)=0).Furthermore we denote byP(z)=Pn-2(z)+P~n-2(z) and by Q(z)=Qn-2(z)+Q~n-2(z).Then we have the following decompositions ofF(z) for each n≥2:
(40)F(z)=P(z)+Q(z)=Pn-2(z)+P~n-2(z)+Qn-2(z)+Q~n-2(z).
By using this notation for the decompositions of F(z) we obtain the following results.Lemma 8.
In our conditions it holds that(41)nΔn(P~n-2(z)+Q~n-2(z),z)=o(r1n)foreachr1withr<r1<1,z∈𝕋.Proof.
If|z|=1 we have |P~n-2(z)|≤C(rn-1/(1-r)) and |Q~n-2(z)|≤C(rn-1/(1-r)). On the other hand, by using (3) and (4) we have for z∈𝕋(42)|HF-(n-1),n(P~n-2(z),z)|=|∑j=0n-1‍P~n-2(αj)Aj(z)|≤nCrn-11-r,|HF-(n-1),n(Q~n-2(z),z)|=|∑j=0n-1‍Q~n-2(αj)Aj(z)|≤nCrn-11-r.
Then we can write
(43)|Δn(P~n-2(z)+Q~n-2(z),z)|≤|P~n-2(z)|+|Q~n-2(z)|+|HF-(n-1),n(P~n-2(z),z)|+|HF-(n-1),n(Q~n-2(z),z)|≤C(rn-11-r+rn-11-r+nrn-11-r+nrn-11-r)
and the result is proved.Lemma 9.
In our conditions the following holds.(i)
Forz∈𝕋 and r1, such that r<r1<1(44)nΔn(Pn-2(z),z)=z(zn-λzn)Pn-2′(z)=z(zn-λzn)P′(z)+o(r1n).(ii)
Forz∈𝕋 and r1, such that r<r1<1(45)nΔn(Qn-2(z),z)=z(zn-λλ)Qn-2′(z)=z(zn-λλ)Q(z)′+o(r1n).Proof.
(i) Take into account (i) (a) in Corollary3 in order to prove the first equality. To obtain the second equality take into account that for |z|=1, Pn-2′P′(z)=o(r1)n, and z((zn-λ)/zn) is bounded.
(ii) Proceed in the same way.Theorem 10.
In our conditions the following holds.(i)
Forz∈𝕋 and r1 such that r<r1<1(46)nΔn(F(z),z)=z(zn-λzn)P′(z)+z(zn-λλ)Q′(z)+o(r1n).(ii)
IfK is a compact subset of  𝕋 with no isolated points, then
(47)limn→∞∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,K=maxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(P′(z)+βQ′(z))|.Proof.
(i) It is a straightforward from previous lemmas.
To prove (ii) use the same technique as in Theorem4.


## 5. Numerical Tests

In this section we present some numerical experiments concerning the main results in Sections3 and 4.Theorem10 ensures that under appropriate assumptions,
(48)∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,Kmaxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(P′(z)+βQ′(z))|⟶1.
Moreover from the proofs of Lemmas 8 and 9 we can predict where this limit can be observed. In fact near z0, when (z0,β0) is the point where the maximum of maxz∈K,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(P′(z)+βQ′(z))| is attained, we would observe the convergence.A second interesting point is that when the maximummaxz∈𝕋,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(P′(z)+βQ′(z))| is attained at a unique point, then for a compact set K with z0∉K:
(49)∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,Kmaxz∈𝕋,β∈𝕋|(β-1)(P′(z)+βQ′(z))|⟶l<1.
We have developed some numerical examples to see these phenomena about Theorem 10.Example 11.
LetF(z) be F(z)=P(z)+Q(z)=ez+1/(z-a) with a∈(0,1). It is easy to see that the corresponding maximum with K=𝕋 is attained at (z0,β0)=(1,-1). Furthermore the maximum value is 2|P′(1)-Q′(1)|, and it is unique. For n=2p, p=4,6,8,10,12,14 we obtain the corresponding Hermite- Fejér approximants (based on the n roots of 1) the corresponding Δn(F(z),z), and we evaluate the quotient
(50)|nΔn(F(z),z)||P′(1)-Q′(1)|
in 5000 random points of the arc K1=[e(π/6)ı,e(π/2)ı]⊂𝕋. As we have said the maximum of the quotients must converge to a value less than 2. As a second part of the example we evaluate the quotients in 1000 random points of the arc K2=[e0ı,e(2π/n)ı]⊂𝕋. This second sequence must converge to 2; notice that the great number of evaluations gives an estimate of the supremum norm.
Table1 shows the results observed for a=0.5.
Figure1 shows the graphic of|Δn(F(z),eıx)| for a=.5, n=16, and x∈[0,2π]. In this graphic we can see given in thw following we can see that the maximum of the error is attained near to x1=0 or near x1=2π and its corresponding points in 𝕋 are near to z=1.Table 1
p
n
Max detected inK1 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|P′(1)-Q′(1)|
Max detected inK2 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|P′(1)-Q′(1)|
4
16
0.713835
1.68672
6
64
0.939856
1.9788
8
256
0.997746
1.99866
10
1024
0.995921
1.99992
12
4096
0.998066
1.99999
14
16384
1.00795
2.Figure 1Table2 shows the results observed for a=0.01.Table 2
p
n
Max detected inK1 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|P′(1)-Q′(1)|
Max detected inK2 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|P′(1)-Q′(1)|
4
16
1.40634
1.90275
6
64
1.53754
1.99369
8
256
1.56734
1.99959
10
1024
1.57482
1.99957
12
4096
1.57653
2.
14
16384
1.57144
2.Next we are going to apply Theorem6. This result and the details of its proof claim that for an analytic function F(z), a compact arc K of radius ρ>1 and under the corresponding assumptions,
(51)∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,Kmaxz∈K|zF′(z)|⟶1
and the convergence can be increasing or decreasing; really it depends on the sign of |1-1/zn|-1.We must point out that outside the unit disc the algorithms for Hermite-Fejér interpolation can be unstable, so we deal with a compact set near𝕋.Example 12.
LetF(z) be F(z)=ez, and let K, K1, and K2 be the arcs [1.005,1.005eı(π/4)], [1.005eı(π/16),1.005eı(π/4)], and [1.005,1.005eı(π/32)], respectively. It is easy to see that maxz∈K|zF′(z)| is attained at 1.005. So we can observe ∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,K2/maxz∈K|zF′(z)| tending to 1 and ∥nΔn(F(z),z)∥∞,K1/maxz∈K|zF′(z)| tending to a number l<1. For n=2p, p=4,6,8,10,12,14 we obtain the corresponding Hermite-Fejér approximants, and the corresponding Δn(F(z),z), and we obtain 5000 evaluations for the quotient
(52)|nΔn(F(z),z)|1.005F1′(1.005)
in random points of the arc K1. As we have said the maximum of quotients must converge to a value less than 1. As a second part of the example we obtain 1000 evaluations for the quotients in random points of the arc K2, and this second sequence must converge to 1. Notice that the great number of evaluations gives an estimation of the supremum norm. Table 3 shows the observed results.Table 3
p
n
Max detected inK1 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|1.005F′(1.005)|
Max detected inK2 of |nΔn(F(z),z)|/|1.005F′(1.005)|
4
16
1.88649
1.35356
6
64
1.67554
1.72464
8
256
1.25126
1.27855
10
1024
0.9862
1.0064
12
4096
0.980863
1.
14
16384
0.980855
1.



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*Source: 407128-2013-04-18.xml*