# Numerical Solutions of Two-Way Propagation of Nonlinear Dispersive Waves Using Radial Basis Functions

Authors: Pablo U. Suárez; J. Héctor Morales
Journal: International Journal of Partial Differential Equations
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

We obtain the numerical solution of a Boussinesq system for
two-way propagation of nonlinear dispersive waves by using the meshless
method, based on collocation with radial basis functions. The system of
nonlinear partial differential equation is discretized in space by approximating
the solution using radial basis functions. The discretization leads to a
system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The equations
are then solved by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. A stability
analysis is provided and then the accuracy of method is tested by comparing
it with the exact solitary solutions of the Boussinesq system. In addition, the
conserved quantities are calculated numerically and compared to an exact
solution. The numerical results show excellent agreement with the analytical
solution and the calculated conserved quantities.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Consider the initial and boundary value problem(1)
v
t
+
u
x
+
(
u
v
)
x
+
a
u
x
x
x
-
b
v
x
x
t
=
0
,
(2)
u
t
+
v
x
+
u
u
x
+
c
v
x
x
x
-
d
u
x
x
t
=
0
,
(3)
lim
⁡
x
→
±
∞
v
(
x
,
t
)
=
lim
⁡
x
→
∞
v
x
(
x
,
t
)
=
0
,
(4)
lim
⁡
x
→
±
∞
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
lim
⁡
x
→
∞
u
x
(
x
,
t
)
=
0
,
(5)
v
(
x
,
0
)
=
v
0
(
x
)
,
u
(
x
,
0
)
=
u
0
(
x
)
,
where a
,
b
,
c, and d are real constants and subscripts x and t denote space and time derivatives, respectively. In fluid mechanics, the functions v and u represent flow velocities. Solutions of this type of systems have attracted much research in the past two decades [1–9]. In these studies the most popular system of Boussinesq type is the one proposed by Bona and Chen in [1], to describe approximately the two-dimensional propagation of surface waves in a uniform horizontal channel of a fixed length filled with an irrotational, incompressible, and inviscid flow. The system is derived formally from Euler’s equations in 2D and using small amplitude and long wave length assumptions. Further, solitary wave solutions of this system have been reported in numerous works; see for instance [1, 2, 6, 10].This work studies the numerical solution of this system by means of radial basis functions (RBFs). The use of these types of basis functions has become very popular in recent times; see for instance the work of Buhmann [11], Franke and Schaback [12], Driscoll and Heryudono [13], and the references therein. The main inspiration for this work is the very successful application of RBFs to solve the Kawahara equation [14] and the modified regularized long wave equation (MRLW) [15].We will examine the two cases for the Boussinesq type system. The first one we examine is the Bona and Chen system, which is important in the theory of dispersive waves,(6)
v
t
+
u
x
+
(
u
v
)
x
-
1
6
v
x
x
t
=
0
,
u
t
+
v
x
+
u
u
x
-
1
6
u
x
x
t
=
0
.
This corresponds to the case a
=
c
=
0 with b
=
d
=
1
/
6. The second case we examine is the full system with a
=
-
7
/
30, b
=
7
/
15, c
=
-
2
/
5, and d
=
1
/
2:
(7)
v
t
+
u
x
+
(
v
u
)
x
-
7
30
u
x
x
x
-
7
15
v
x
x
t
=
0
,
u
t
+
v
x
+
u
u
x
-
2
5
v
x
x
x
-
1
2
u
x
x
t
=
0
.
The paper is organized in three sections. In Section 2, we use RBFs to reduce the PDE system to a system of differential equations. In Section 3, we use a linear multistep method to solve these ODEs and then proceed to compute several conserved quantities of the PDE system. We provide comparative tables in order to show the accuracy of the RBFs approach. Finally, in Section 4, we discuss some conclusions.


## 2. The Method of Lines for Radial Basis Functions

The RBFs approach is one of the most effective meshless methods to solve numerically PDEs. The key feature of the RBFs is that its implementation does not require a mesh at all. The method employs approximants whose values depend only on the distance between some center point and a domain point, in an appropriate norm. Due to the use of the distance functions, we can control the convergence up to an order proportional to the spacing of two points where we evaluate such functions [16].The functionsv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
) in (1) and (2) are approximated using n-terms RBFs:
(8)
v
(
x
,
t
)
≈
v
n
(
x
,
t
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
ϕ
j
(
x
)
λ
j
(
t
)
,
(9)
u
(
x
,
t
)
≈
u
n
(
x
,
t
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
μ
j
(
t
)
,
where λ
j
(
t
) and μ
j
(
t
) are time-dependent functions to be determined and ϕ
j
(
x
)
:
=
ϕ
(
∥
x
-
x
j
∥
) is a radial basis functions to be specified. We adopt the Euclidean L
2-norm ∥
·
∥
2 in this work to denote distance between the point x
j, referred as center of the RBFs, and x, the free spatial variable, at which we can evaluate the approximant. Some examples of the RBFs are [11, 15]
(10)
Multi-quadratic
(
MQ
)
ϕ
j
(
x
)
=
(
(
x
-
x
j
)
2
+
φ
2
)
1
/
2
,
Gaussian
(
G
)
ϕ
j
(
x
)
=
e
-
φ
2
(
x
-
x
j
)
2
,
Inverse-quadratic
(
IQ
)
ϕ
j
(
x
)
=
(
(
x
-
x
j
)
2
+
φ
2
)
-
1
,
Inverse
Multi-quadratic
(
IMQ
)
ϕ
j
(
x
)
=
(
(
x
-
x
j
)
2
+
φ
2
)
-
1
/
2
,
where the parameter φ is proportional to the amplitude of the RBF at x
=
x
j, and it is under our control [11]. These RBFs have shown to be successful in solving nonlinear PDEs with mixed partial derivatives [15, 17].In terms of the RBFs, we can find the derivatives of the approximate solution ofn terms as follows:
(11)
∂
k
∂
x
k
v
n
(
x
,
t
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
k
)
(
x
)
λ
j
(
t
)
,
∂
∂
t
v
n
(
x
,
t
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
λ
˙
j
(
t
)
,
as well as for u
n.If we substitute (8)–(11) into (1)-(2), we obtain a system of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations for λ
j
(
t
) and μ
j
(
t
):
(12)
∑
j
=
0
n
[
(
ϕ
j
(
x
)
-
b
ϕ
j
(
2
)
(
x
)
)
λ
˙
j
(
t
)
+
(
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
)
+
a
ϕ
j
(
2
)
(
x
)
)
μ
j
(
t
)
]
=
-
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
)
μ
j
(
t
)
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
λ
j
(
t
)
-
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
μ
j
(
t
)
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
)
λ
j
(
t
)
,
(13)
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
[
ϕ
j
(
x
)
λ
˙
j
(
t
)
+
(
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
)
+
c
ϕ
j
(
3
)
(
x
)
)
λ
j
(
t
)
iiiii
-
d
ϕ
j
(
2
)
(
x
)
μ
˙
j
(
t
)
]
=
-
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
μ
j
(
t
)
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
)
μ
j
(
t
)
,
where ϕ
j
(
x
)
=
ϕ
(
∥
x
-
x
j
∥
).We solve the system over the real line-
∞
≤
x
≤
∞ and on a finite time 0
≤
t
≤
τ. We first truncate the spatial interval to a finite computational domain -
L
≤
x
≤
L and specify m
+
1 collocation points x
0
,
x
1
,
…
,
x
m. We then employ these equally-spaced collocation points x
i
=
-
L
+
i
Δ
x, i
=
0
,
…
,
m; Δ
x
=
2
L
/
m and introduce the matrix notation
(14)
(
Φ
)
i
j
≡
ϕ
j
(
x
)
|
x
=
x
i
∈
R
(
m
-
1
)
×
R
(
n
-
1
)
,
(15)
(
D
k
Φ
)
i
j
≡
(
∂
k
Φ
∂
x
k
)
|
x
=
x
i
∈
R
(
m
-
1
)
×
R
(
n
-
1
)
,
(16)
λ
(
t
)
≡
(
λ
1
(
t
)
,
λ
2
(
t
)
,
…
,
λ
n
(
t
)
)
T
∈
R
(
n
-
1
)
,
(17)
μ
(
t
)
≡
(
μ
1
(
t
)
,
μ
2
(
t
)
,
…
,
μ
n
(
t
)
)
T
∈
R
(
n
-
1
)
;
the vector superscript T denotes the transpose. We then obtain a 2
(
m
-
1
)
×
2
(
n
-
1
) ODE system that can be compactly written in the form
(18)
M
y
˙
(
t
)
+
Γ
y
(
t
)
=
F
(
t
,
y
(
t
)
)
,
where M is called a mass matrix, Γ is called the drift matrix, and F is in general a nonlinear term dependent on t and y
(
t
). The vector y
(
t
) is defined by y
(
t
)
=
[
λ
(
t
)
,
μ
(
t
)
]
T. Explicitly, we have
(19)
M
=
[
(
1
-
b
D
x
x
)
Φ
0
Φ
-
d
D
x
x
Φ
]
2
(
m
-
1
)
×
2
(
n
-
1
)
,
Γ
=
[
0
-
(
D
x
+
a
D
x
x
)
Φ
(
D
x
+
c
D
x
x
x
)
Φ
0
]
2
(
m
-
1
)
×
2
(
n
-
1
)
,
F
=
[
-
D
x
(
Φ
μ
Φ
λ
)
-
Φ
μ
(
D
x
Φ
)
μ
]
2
(
m
-
1
)
×
1
.
The elements of F must be explained. The spatial derivative (15), D
k, with k
=
x
,
x
x or x
x
x, is acting element by element on a matrix and does not modify its size. The products Φ
μ and Φ
λ are vectors of size (
m
-
1
)
×
1 each; however, its product is element by element according to the right-hand side of (12), after the expression is evaluated in a particular collocation point x
i. Therefore, -
D
x
(
Φ
μ
Φ
λ
) and -
Φ
μ
(
D
x
Φ
)
μ are vectors of size (
m
-
1
)
×
1.Additionally, the discretization of the boundary conditions, equations (3) and (4), provide four algebraic equations:
(20)
v
n
(
t
,
x
0
)
=
v
n
(
t
,
x
m
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
m
)
λ
j
(
t
)
=
0
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
at
x
=
-
L
,
L
,
u
n
(
t
,
x
0
)
=
u
n
(
t
,
x
m
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
m
)
μ
j
(
t
)
=
0
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
at
x
=
-
L
,
L
,
v
n
(
1
)
(
t
,
x
m
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
m
)
λ
j
(
t
)
=
0
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
at
x
=
L
,
u
n
(
1
)
(
t
,
x
m
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
1
)
(
x
m
)
μ
j
(
t
)
=
0
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
at
x
=
L
,
and the initial conditions (5) provide us with two algebraic equations:
(21)
v
n
(
0
,
x
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
λ
j
(
0
)
=
v
0
(
x
)
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
(
-
L
≤
x
≤
L
)
,
u
n
(
0
,
x
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
‍
ϕ
j
(
x
)
μ
j
(
0
)
=
u
0
(
x
)
,
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
(
-
L
≤
x
≤
L
)
.To solve the system (18), we use the fourth-order Runge-Kutta Method (RK4) and let m
=
n. We can rewrite (18) as
(22)
y
˙
=
f
(
y
,
t
)
,
where f
(
y
,
t
)
=
M
-
1
(
-
Γ
y
(
t
)
+
F
(
t
,
y
(
t
)
)
).The classical RK4 algorithm for a system of ODEs is given by(23)
y
(
n
+
1
)
=
y
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
6
(
k
1
+
2
k
2
+
2
k
3
+
k
4
)
,
where
(24)
k
1
=
f
(
y
(
n
)
,
t
(
n
)
)
,
k
2
=
f
(
y
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
2
k
1
,
t
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
2
)
,
k
3
=
f
(
y
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
2
k
2
,
t
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
2
)
,
k
4
=
f
(
y
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
k
3
,
t
(
n
)
+
Δ
t
)
.The RK4 scheme does not have stability issues as long as the time stepΔ
t is chosen sufficiently small. The selection of the time step is done by the following [18].Rule of Thumbs. The method of lines is stable if the eigenvalues of the linearized spatial discretization operator, scaled by Δ
t, lie in the stability region of the time-discretization operator.For the stability analysis nonlinearity in (22), F
(
t
,
y
(
t
)
) is set to zero and we compute the eigenvalues of M
-
1
Γ. So the method is stable as long as the eigenvalues are in the stability region (-
2.76
<
Δ
t
λ
j
<
0). In order to have a stable scheme, we adjust the parameter φ so that the matrices remain in the region of stability. This was carried out in the numerical experiments.


## 3. Numerical Approximations of Boussinesq System

In this section, we use the proposed algorithm to calculate the numerical solution of the Boussinesq type system and its conserved quantities. These quantities were performed by means of the trapezoidal quadrature. The accuracy of the method is tested by computing theL
2 and L
∞ (error norms) defined as
(25)
L
2
=
Δ
x
∑
j
=
0
N
‍
|
w
j
e
-
w
j
n
|
2
,
L
∞
=
max
⁡
j
|
w
j
e
-
w
j
n
|
,
where w
j
e and w
j
n stand for numerical evaluation of the exact solution and numerical approximation of the solution, respectively. The test cases in this section are solved over the domain -
50
≤
x
≤
50 in the time period 0
<
t
≤
20. The domain and time period are discretized with values Δ
x
=
0.25 and Δ
t
=
0.2, respectively. The initial conditions are taken from the exact solution at the value t
=
0.The integrals involving the conserved quantities were calculated by using the Trapezoidal rule.


### 3.1. Numerical Benchmark

The first test problem was studied extensively by Chen in [2]. This case is important in the theory dispersive waves. A solitary wave solutions is known and is given by Chen in [2]:
(26)
v
(
x
,
t
)
=
3
k
sech
2
(
3
10
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
,
k
=
±
5
2
,
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
15
4
[
-
2
+
cosh
⁡
(
3
2
5
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
]
×
sech
4
(
3
10
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
.
This case has four conserved quantities derived in [4]:
(27)
I
1
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
v
d
x
,
I
2
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
u
d
x
,
I
3
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
[
v
2
+
(
1
+
v
)
u
2
]
d
x
,
I
4
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
[
v
u
+
1
6
v
x
u
x
]
d
x
.
In Tables 1 and 2 we have the error norms at time t
=
15 for v
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
), respectively. We also measure the amplitude for v
(
x
,
t
) and the peak-to-peak (P-P) amplitude for u
(
x
,
t
). Table 3 shows the analytical and numerical value of the conserved quantities. The tables show excellent agreement with the exact solution. We can see that using multiquadratic and Gaussian quadratic RBFs is more accurate in approximating the solution which is in agreement with the work of Dereli [15] for MRLW equation. In addition to these tables, we see in Figure 1 how the approximate solution is “lying” closely to the analytical one. Figure 2 shows that as we increase the number of collocation points the error reduces.Table 1
Error norms ofv
(
x
,
15
).
Method
φ
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
Amplitudev
x
Analytic
—
—
—
7.462309
37.43
MQ
1.23
3.074
E
-
05
2.721
E
-
05
7.462316
37.43
G
2.66
5.395
E
-
05
4.783
E
-
05
7.462310
37.43
IQ
1.00
2.244
E
-
03
2.129
E
-
03
7.462390
37.43
IMQ
2.05
2.450
E
-
03
1.224
E
-
03
7.462565
37.43Table 2
Error norms ofu
(
x
,
15
).
Method
φ
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
Amplitude (P-P)u
x
min
⁡
x
max
⁡
Analytic
—
—
—
4.91342
36.23
37.43
MQ
1.23
3.381
E
-
05
2.606
E
-
05
4.91343
36.23
37.43
G
2.66
5.747
E
-
05
5.358
E
-
05
4.91339
36.23
37.43
IQ
1.00
2.313
E
-
03
2.204
E
-
03
4.91575
36.23
37.43
IMQ
2.05
2.804
E
-
03
1.950
E
-
03
4.91481
36.23
37.43Table 3
Conserved quantities.
Method
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
Analytic
15.81139
0.0000
158.113
−22.5876975726
MQ
15.81134
-
2.07
E
-
05
158.113
−22.58776106781
G
15.81139
-
1.31
E
-
09
158.113
−22.58776062211
IQ
15.81144
-
2.87
E
-
04
158.168
−22.58432200892
IMQ
15.81156
6.92
E
-
04
158.152
−22.58512792633Figure 1
Comparison ofv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
) with exact solution using MQ RBFs.Soliton interaction of Boussinesq type system.
(a)
Evolution ofv
(
x
,
t
)
(b)
Evolution ofu
(
x
,
t
)


### 3.2. Problem

In this example we test our algorithm with a solution against the “full system” equations (7). A solitary wave solution to the “full system” is presented in [7]. The solution is as follows:
(28)
v
(
x
,
t
)
=
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
[
x
+
5
2
6
t
]
)
,
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
[
x
+
5
2
6
t
]
)
.
The boundary conditions are the same as the BBM and the conserved quantities are
(29)
I
1
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
v
d
x
,
I
2
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
u
d
x
.
Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 show the L
2 and L
∞ error for various times of v
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
) along with the conserved quantities of the equations. Once again the numerical solution and the analytical solution are in good agreement.Table 4
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
MQ
0.5
3.467
E
-
08
4.122
E
-
08
4.437
E
-
08
5.202
E
-
08
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
1.544
E
-
07
1.766
E
-
07
1.892
E
-
07
2.231
E
-
07
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
3.061
E
-
07
3.130
E
-
07
3.372
E
-
07
3.550
E
-
07
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
3.960
E
-
07
3.480
E
-
07
4.206
E
-
07
3.796
E
-
07
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
4.585
E
-
07
3.600
E
-
07
4.762
E
-
07
3.825
E
-
07
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
4.501
E
-
07
3.490
E
-
07
4.604
E
-
07
3.689
E
-
07
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
4.758
E
-
07
2.765
E
-
07
4.881
E
-
07
2.864
E
-
07
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
5.607
E
-
07
2.351
E
-
07
5.715
E
-
07
2.400
E
-
07
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
7.205
E
-
07
2.102
E
-
07
7.300
E
-
07
2.138
E
-
07
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
1.116
E
-
06
3.704
E
-
07
1.143
E
-
07
3880
E
-
07
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
4.239
E
-
06
6.321
E
-
06
4.954
E
-
06
5.960
E
-
06
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 5
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
G
0.5
2.268
E
-
10
1.442
E
-
10
2.188
E
-
10
1.425
E
-
10
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
4.548
E
-
10
2.948
E
-
10
4.351
E
-
10
2.877
E
-
10
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
9.045
E
-
10
5.976
E
-
10
8.672
E
-
10
5.848
E
-
10
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
1.343
E
-
09
9.038
E
-
10
1.295
E
-
09
8.901
E
-
10
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
1.775
E
-
09
1.195
E
-
09
1.710
E
-
09
1.172
E
-
09
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
2.194
E
-
09
1.476
E
-
09
2.113
E
-
09
1.445
E
-
09
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
4.065
E
-
09
2.570
E
-
09
3.909
E
-
09
2.490
E
-
09
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
5.600
E
-
09
3.353
E
-
09
5.371
E
-
09
3.232
E
-
09
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
6.900
E
-
09
3.976
E
-
09
6.601
E
-
09
2.821
E
-
09
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.992
E
-
08
4.345
E
-
08
2.668
E
-
08
4.097
E
-
08
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
4.193
E
-
06
6.322
E
-
06
3.718
E
-
06
5.960
E
-
06
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 6
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
IQ
0.5
3.598
E
-
07
4.300
E
-
07
4.310
E
-
07
5.425
E
-
07
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
2.492
E
-
06
2.925
E
-
06
3.060
E
-
06
3.647
E
-
06
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
1.299
E
-
05
1.268
E
-
05
1.510
E
-
05
1.495
E
-
05
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
2.101
E
-
05
1.786
E
-
05
2.285
E
-
05
1.978
E
-
05
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
2.366
E
-
05
1.894
E
-
05
2.456
E
-
05
2.006
E
-
05
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
3.522
E
-
05
2.862
E
-
05
4.034
E
-
05
3.483
E
-
05
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
6.753
E
-
05
4.177
E
-
05
7.152
E
-
05
4.450
E
-
05
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
1.342
E
-
04
7.717
E
-
05
1.386
E
-
04
8.006
E
-
05
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
1.559
E
-
04
7.227
E
-
05
1.600
E
-
04
7.515
E
-
05
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.088
E
-
04
8.579
E
-
05
2.150
E
-
04
8.807
E
-
05
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
2.743
E
-
04
9.665
E
-
05
2.793
E
-
04
9.855
E
-
05
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 7
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
IMQ
0.5
2.081
E
-
05
2.670
E
-
05
2.595
E
-
05
3.369
E
-
05
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
9.158
E
-
05
1.056
E
-
04
1.114
E
-
04
1.310
E
-
04
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
2.616
E
-
04
2.468
E
-
04
2.967
E
-
04
2.830
E
-
04
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
3.887
E
-
04
3.171
E
-
04
4.191
E
-
04
3.437
E
-
04
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
4.852
E
-
04
3.515
E
-
04
5.094
E
-
04
3.711
E
-
04
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
5.616
E
-
04
3.659
E
-
04
5.816
E
-
04
3.815
E
-
04
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
8.109
E
-
04
3.712
E
-
04
8.225
E
-
04
3.799
E
-
04
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
1.221
E
-
03
5.494
E
-
04
1.253
E
-
03
5.849
E
-
04
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
1.783
E
-
03
6.396
E
-
04
1.808
E
-
03
6.490
E
-
04
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.274
E
-
03
6.435
E
-
04
2.298
E
-
03
6.496
E
-
04
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
2.803
E
-
03
7.035
E
-
04
2.835
E
-
03
7.170
E
-
04
1.7748236
1.6733103


### 3.3. Problem

In this last example, we present the interaction between two solitons. The initial conditions are taken to be(30)
v
(
x
,
0
)
=
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
-
10
)
)
+
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
+
10
)
)
,
u
(
x
,
0
)
=
-
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
-
10
)
)
-
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
+
10
)
)
.
The simulation explored in this section cannot be benchmarked via an exact analytical solution; to the authors knowledge no exact interacting soliton solution is known. However, the results are consistent with known properties of solitary waves [19]: (1)
Solitons are permanent in form.
(2)
Solitons are localized within a region.
(3)
Solitons can interact with other solitons and emerge from the collision unchanged, except for a phase shift.The simulation is done by using only multiquadratic radial basis functions with 200 node points in x
∈
[
-
50,50
]. The numerical results are shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). We can see in both figures that the solitons remain permanent in form except at the time interval of collision. In Figure 3(a) we observe constructive interference of the solitons v
(
x
,
t
) at t
=
8.5. On the other hand, in Figure 3(b) we can see the colliding solitons u
(
x
,
t
) form destructive interference at t
=
8.5. Finally, the figures show that after the collision the solitons emerged unchanged.Convergence of mesh error.
(a)
v
(
x
,
t
)
(b)
u
(
x
,
t
)


## 3.1. Numerical Benchmark

The first test problem was studied extensively by Chen in [2]. This case is important in the theory dispersive waves. A solitary wave solutions is known and is given by Chen in [2]:
(26)
v
(
x
,
t
)
=
3
k
sech
2
(
3
10
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
,
k
=
±
5
2
,
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
15
4
[
-
2
+
cosh
⁡
(
3
2
5
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
]
×
sech
4
(
3
10
(
x
-
k
t
)
)
.
This case has four conserved quantities derived in [4]:
(27)
I
1
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
v
d
x
,
I
2
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
u
d
x
,
I
3
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
[
v
2
+
(
1
+
v
)
u
2
]
d
x
,
I
4
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
[
v
u
+
1
6
v
x
u
x
]
d
x
.
In Tables 1 and 2 we have the error norms at time t
=
15 for v
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
), respectively. We also measure the amplitude for v
(
x
,
t
) and the peak-to-peak (P-P) amplitude for u
(
x
,
t
). Table 3 shows the analytical and numerical value of the conserved quantities. The tables show excellent agreement with the exact solution. We can see that using multiquadratic and Gaussian quadratic RBFs is more accurate in approximating the solution which is in agreement with the work of Dereli [15] for MRLW equation. In addition to these tables, we see in Figure 1 how the approximate solution is “lying” closely to the analytical one. Figure 2 shows that as we increase the number of collocation points the error reduces.Table 1
Error norms ofv
(
x
,
15
).
Method
φ
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
Amplitudev
x
Analytic
—
—
—
7.462309
37.43
MQ
1.23
3.074
E
-
05
2.721
E
-
05
7.462316
37.43
G
2.66
5.395
E
-
05
4.783
E
-
05
7.462310
37.43
IQ
1.00
2.244
E
-
03
2.129
E
-
03
7.462390
37.43
IMQ
2.05
2.450
E
-
03
1.224
E
-
03
7.462565
37.43Table 2
Error norms ofu
(
x
,
15
).
Method
φ
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
Amplitude (P-P)u
x
min
⁡
x
max
⁡
Analytic
—
—
—
4.91342
36.23
37.43
MQ
1.23
3.381
E
-
05
2.606
E
-
05
4.91343
36.23
37.43
G
2.66
5.747
E
-
05
5.358
E
-
05
4.91339
36.23
37.43
IQ
1.00
2.313
E
-
03
2.204
E
-
03
4.91575
36.23
37.43
IMQ
2.05
2.804
E
-
03
1.950
E
-
03
4.91481
36.23
37.43Table 3
Conserved quantities.
Method
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
Analytic
15.81139
0.0000
158.113
−22.5876975726
MQ
15.81134
-
2.07
E
-
05
158.113
−22.58776106781
G
15.81139
-
1.31
E
-
09
158.113
−22.58776062211
IQ
15.81144
-
2.87
E
-
04
158.168
−22.58432200892
IMQ
15.81156
6.92
E
-
04
158.152
−22.58512792633Figure 1
Comparison ofv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
) with exact solution using MQ RBFs.Soliton interaction of Boussinesq type system.
(a)
Evolution ofv
(
x
,
t
)
(b)
Evolution ofu
(
x
,
t
)


## 3.2. Problem

In this example we test our algorithm with a solution against the “full system” equations (7). A solitary wave solution to the “full system” is presented in [7]. The solution is as follows:
(28)
v
(
x
,
t
)
=
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
[
x
+
5
2
6
t
]
)
,
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
[
x
+
5
2
6
t
]
)
.
The boundary conditions are the same as the BBM and the conserved quantities are
(29)
I
1
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
v
d
x
,
I
2
=
∫
-
∞
∞
‍
u
d
x
.
Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 show the L
2 and L
∞ error for various times of v
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
) along with the conserved quantities of the equations. Once again the numerical solution and the analytical solution are in good agreement.Table 4
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
MQ
0.5
3.467
E
-
08
4.122
E
-
08
4.437
E
-
08
5.202
E
-
08
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
1.544
E
-
07
1.766
E
-
07
1.892
E
-
07
2.231
E
-
07
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
3.061
E
-
07
3.130
E
-
07
3.372
E
-
07
3.550
E
-
07
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
3.960
E
-
07
3.480
E
-
07
4.206
E
-
07
3.796
E
-
07
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
4.585
E
-
07
3.600
E
-
07
4.762
E
-
07
3.825
E
-
07
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
4.501
E
-
07
3.490
E
-
07
4.604
E
-
07
3.689
E
-
07
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
4.758
E
-
07
2.765
E
-
07
4.881
E
-
07
2.864
E
-
07
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
5.607
E
-
07
2.351
E
-
07
5.715
E
-
07
2.400
E
-
07
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
7.205
E
-
07
2.102
E
-
07
7.300
E
-
07
2.138
E
-
07
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
1.116
E
-
06
3.704
E
-
07
1.143
E
-
07
3880
E
-
07
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
4.239
E
-
06
6.321
E
-
06
4.954
E
-
06
5.960
E
-
06
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 5
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
G
0.5
2.268
E
-
10
1.442
E
-
10
2.188
E
-
10
1.425
E
-
10
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
4.548
E
-
10
2.948
E
-
10
4.351
E
-
10
2.877
E
-
10
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
9.045
E
-
10
5.976
E
-
10
8.672
E
-
10
5.848
E
-
10
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
1.343
E
-
09
9.038
E
-
10
1.295
E
-
09
8.901
E
-
10
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
1.775
E
-
09
1.195
E
-
09
1.710
E
-
09
1.172
E
-
09
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
2.194
E
-
09
1.476
E
-
09
2.113
E
-
09
1.445
E
-
09
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
4.065
E
-
09
2.570
E
-
09
3.909
E
-
09
2.490
E
-
09
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
5.600
E
-
09
3.353
E
-
09
5.371
E
-
09
3.232
E
-
09
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
6.900
E
-
09
3.976
E
-
09
6.601
E
-
09
2.821
E
-
09
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.992
E
-
08
4.345
E
-
08
2.668
E
-
08
4.097
E
-
08
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
4.193
E
-
06
6.322
E
-
06
3.718
E
-
06
5.960
E
-
06
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 6
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
IQ
0.5
3.598
E
-
07
4.300
E
-
07
4.310
E
-
07
5.425
E
-
07
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
2.492
E
-
06
2.925
E
-
06
3.060
E
-
06
3.647
E
-
06
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
1.299
E
-
05
1.268
E
-
05
1.510
E
-
05
1.495
E
-
05
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
2.101
E
-
05
1.786
E
-
05
2.285
E
-
05
1.978
E
-
05
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
2.366
E
-
05
1.894
E
-
05
2.456
E
-
05
2.006
E
-
05
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
3.522
E
-
05
2.862
E
-
05
4.034
E
-
05
3.483
E
-
05
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
6.753
E
-
05
4.177
E
-
05
7.152
E
-
05
4.450
E
-
05
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
1.342
E
-
04
7.717
E
-
05
1.386
E
-
04
8.006
E
-
05
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
1.559
E
-
04
7.227
E
-
05
1.600
E
-
04
7.515
E
-
05
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.088
E
-
04
8.579
E
-
05
2.150
E
-
04
8.807
E
-
05
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
2.743
E
-
04
9.665
E
-
05
2.793
E
-
04
9.855
E
-
05
1.7748236
1.6733103Table 7
Error norms and conserved quantities forv
(
x
,
t
) and u
(
x
,
t
).
Time
L
2 error of v
L
∞ error of v
L
2 error of u
L
∞ error of u
I
1
I
2
IMQ
0.5
2.081
E
-
05
2.670
E
-
05
2.595
E
-
05
3.369
E
-
05
1.7748239
1.6733200
1.0
9.158
E
-
05
1.056
E
-
04
1.114
E
-
04
1.310
E
-
04
1.7748238
1.6733198
2.0
2.616
E
-
04
2.468
E
-
04
2.967
E
-
04
2.830
E
-
04
1.7748235
1.6733196
3.0
3.887
E
-
04
3.171
E
-
04
4.191
E
-
04
3.437
E
-
04
1.7748233
1.6733193
4.0
4.852
E
-
04
3.515
E
-
04
5.094
E
-
04
3.711
E
-
04
1.7748231
1.6733195
5.0
5.616
E
-
04
3.659
E
-
04
5.816
E
-
04
3.815
E
-
04
1.7748232
1.6733192
10.0
8.109
E
-
04
3.712
E
-
04
8.225
E
-
04
3.799
E
-
04
1.7748237
1.6733193
15.0
1.221
E
-
03
5.494
E
-
04
1.253
E
-
03
5.849
E
-
04
1.7748246
1.6733198
20.0
1.783
E
-
03
6.396
E
-
04
1.808
E
-
03
6.490
E
-
04
1.7748260
1.6733205
25.0
2.274
E
-
03
6.435
E
-
04
2.298
E
-
03
6.496
E
-
04
1.7748285
1.6733212
30.0
2.803
E
-
03
7.035
E
-
04
2.835
E
-
03
7.170
E
-
04
1.7748236
1.6733103


## 3.3. Problem

In this last example, we present the interaction between two solitons. The initial conditions are taken to be(30)
v
(
x
,
0
)
=
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
-
10
)
)
+
3
8
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
+
10
)
)
,
u
(
x
,
0
)
=
-
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
-
10
)
)
-
1
2
2
sech
2
(
1
2
5
7
(
x
+
10
)
)
.
The simulation explored in this section cannot be benchmarked via an exact analytical solution; to the authors knowledge no exact interacting soliton solution is known. However, the results are consistent with known properties of solitary waves [19]: (1)
Solitons are permanent in form.
(2)
Solitons are localized within a region.
(3)
Solitons can interact with other solitons and emerge from the collision unchanged, except for a phase shift.The simulation is done by using only multiquadratic radial basis functions with 200 node points in x
∈
[
-
50,50
]. The numerical results are shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). We can see in both figures that the solitons remain permanent in form except at the time interval of collision. In Figure 3(a) we observe constructive interference of the solitons v
(
x
,
t
) at t
=
8.5. On the other hand, in Figure 3(b) we can see the colliding solitons u
(
x
,
t
) form destructive interference at t
=
8.5. Finally, the figures show that after the collision the solitons emerged unchanged.Convergence of mesh error.
(a)
v
(
x
,
t
)
(b)
u
(
x
,
t
)


## 4. Conclusions

We have solved numerically the Boussinesq type system of nonlinear PDE by means of RBFs. In general this algorithm solves the system accurately. In particular, this method has optimal results for multiquadric and Gaussian radial basis functions. The conserved quantities were calculated and show good agreement with the analytical results. In the final section we ran a simulation for interacting solitons that is in agreement with the known properties of solitons. In conclusion the meshless method is shown to give good results for a system of PDEs having high order derivatives and mixed-partial derivatives.



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*Source: 407387-2014-08-03.xml*