# Modeling Friction Performance of Drill String Torsional Oscillation Using Dynamic Friction Model

Authors: Xingming Wang; Ping Chen; Zhenhua Rui; Fanyao Jin
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2017)

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## Abstract

Drill string torsional and longitudinal oscillation can significantly reduce axial drag in horizontal drilling. An improved theoretical model for the analysis of the frictional force was proposed based on microscopic contact deformation theory and a bristle model. The established model, an improved dynamic friction model established for drill strings in a wellbore, was used to determine the relationship of friction force changes and the drill string torsional vibration. The model results were in good agreement with the experimental data, verifying the accuracy of the established model. The analysis of the influence of drilling mud properties indicated that there is an approximately linear relationship between the axial friction force and dynamic shear and viscosity. The influence of drill string torsional oscillation on the axial friction force is discussed. The results indicated that the drill string transverse velocity is a prerequisite for reducing axial friction. In addition, low amplitude of torsional vibration speed can significantly reduce axial friction. Then, increasing the amplitude of transverse vibration speed, the effect of axial reduction is not significant. In addition, by involving general field drilling parameters, this model can accurately describe the friction behavior and quantitatively predict the frictional resistance in horizontal drilling.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Directional drilling is a widely used method in the drilling engineering for oil and gas industry. The sliding drilling mode is a critical process that drilling string maintains only axial sliding movement to keep tool face of downhole assembly (BHA) from rotating (the orientation of tool face of BHA can control the direction of wellbore). Excessive axial drag has become a serious problem, especially in extended-reach horizontal wells with a motor/MWD system. Some techniques are available to reduce drill string drag. Rotary steering systems (RSSs) are configured so that the entire drill rotates continuously with steering capabilities. High costs hinder the promotion of RSS technology. Technology called “torque rocking” or pipe torsional oscillation systems [1–4] procedure consists of turning the pipes to the right and then to the left by an amount that avoids interference with the tool face; this is depicted in Figure 1. The phenomenon of friction reduction under the influence of drill string rotation has been understood and utilized by drilling engineer for years. However, the drag reduction mechanism of drill strings’ torsional oscillation is not fully understood.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of “torque rocking”.Friction performance is very complex [5]. Pohlman and Lehfeldt [6] found that longitudinal tangential vibrations exert a significantly greater influence on the friction force than the normal ones. Papers argued that [7–10] changes of the friction force vector under the influence of vibrations cyclic are the cause of the reduction of friction resistance. A variable vector of the relative sliding velocity resulted in the force being two components, one of which is parallel and the other of which is perpendicular to the direction of motion. Therefore, only a portion of friction acted in the axial direction of the motion. Consequently, the occurrence friction of transverse tangential vibration was reduced when the driving force was perpendicular to the vibration direction.Experimental investigations [7–9] attempted to analytically describe this phenomenon. Consistency between analytical and experimental results led to a qualitative fit rather than quantitative agreement [11]. Gutowski and Leus [12] indicated that one of the reasons for the lack of agreement was that these authors utilized only a simple static Coulomb model. The computational model established by other papers [12–14] based on the Dahl model was in good agreement with experimental results. However, the transverse tangential vibration and sliding motion were separated in the plane, and the material properties of the friction pair were the same. The model was not suitable for drill string dynamics analysis because the drill string rotary and sliding on the circular surface and material hardness of the drill pipes and rock wellbore were different. The model [12] also needed a coefficient of vibration transfer to match the experimental results, and the coefficient was difficult to determine for drill engineering. The model neglected the damp of contact zone and the viscosity of motion. It also did not describe the static friction of drill string kinetics; however, it is important for the analysis of drill kinematics [1, 2].In this work, we presented a dynamic model on the dynamics of the motion of sliding and rotary drill strings for perfectly elastic contact in a viscous fluid environment. Unlike Tsai and Tseng [10], Storck et al. [8], or Gutowski and Leus [12], the discretized LuGre model was utilized for the friction model between the drill string and wellbore rock in a well-hole surface. The computational model establishing process took into account difference in the hardness of the friction pair material in the downhole. This method was more comprehensive for describing the friction between the drill string and wellbore surface.


## 2. Computational Model

### 2.1. Surface and Contacts Forms

The axial friction force (or called drag) in axial direction is a focus problem in drilling engineering. Low axial friction can be benefit for drilling. During rotary drilling or “torque rocking,” the motion of the drill string is a result of superposition of two motions. The first of these is drill string’s tangential rotary motion, whereas the second one is sliding motion in the wellbore’s axial direction.On the macroscopic level, the apparent area of wellbore surfaces observed by the naked eye is “rough” [15]. The drill string surface, apparently a smooth surface, is still “rough” on a microscopic level. The microcontact models [16, 17] assumed that surfaces are composed of hemispherically tipped asperities. The elastic contact of spheres and half spaces are governed Hertz equations to compute the load, contact area, and contact pressure acting on a deformed asperity.Considering the real contact between the drill string and the borehole rock, we made the same assumption for the contact surface. This implies that the drill string surface is a slightly rough surface and the wellbore is a severe rough surface composed of a large number of elastic bristles, which is an abstraction of asperities. Due to the roughness and hardness difference between the drill string and wellbore rock by surface contact, the general elastic bristle in the dynamic friction model should be the bristles on the wellbore, which, unlike these models, was assumed on the motion body plane contact. The simplified model is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Modeling of contact’s elastic deformation.


### 2.2. Basic Assumptions

To analyze the real working conditions of a drill string in a downhole, the following assumptions are made:(1) the bristles on the drill string are rigid, (2) the bristles on the wellbore rock are elastic, and (3) drill string rolling friction will not occur.


### 2.3. Torque and Drag Computational Model

Based on the above assumptions, the drill string actual working conditions can be simplified into the interaction model as shown in Figure3. The end point of the general bristle connects with the moving drill string; the connecting point will rupture and rebuild at a different point on the moving body surface with the motion of the drill string. In the LuGre friction model [18], the force was determined from the following equation:(1)Ff→t=σ1z→t+σ2dz→tdt+Ff→Vr→.Figure 3
Distribution of forces acting on the sliding and torsional oscillation of the drill string.


#### 2.3.1. Friction Caused by Bristle Deformation

It assumed in the LuGre model that the ratez˙ of the elastic strain of a general bristle in the contact zone depended on both the tangential rigidity σ1 of the contact zone as well as the relative velocity vr of the sliding and rotary drill string [18, 19]. A generalized form of this expression was represented by the following equation:(2a)z˙=vr-vrzgvr(2b)gvr=Fc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr/vs2σ1.In the model for further analysis, the deformation in the contact zone formed by the contact of general bristles sliding and the rotary drill string was modeled by a generalized elastic-damping artificial elementON, which described the average behavior of the general bristles (Figure 4).Figure 4
Changes in a general bristles deformation at consecutive phases of sliding and torsional oscillation of the drill string.An elastic-damping deformationz of the contact artificial element at an optional instant t can be presented in the model as the distance of end points O and N of the element. The scale of artificial elements was the micron level; the curvature of the wellbore surface can be ignored. It was determined by the coordinates of points O and M [10], where M is the projection of point N on the wellbore surface and can be expressed as follows:(3)zt=OM→Ot=0,0,M=x0,y0.The position ofM at any instant of wellbore is the result of the superposition of motion caused by the drill string sliding and tangential motion. At consecutive instants, the point M changes its relative position and the elastic deformation z also underwent a magnitude and directional change. The deformation of the elastic bristle was separated into two phases at any interval Δt [10, 12].In the first phase, during the previousΔt time step, the instantaneous rotating velocity of the drill string led to the motion of points M in the tangential direction. In the second phase, the motion of point M was the result of the sliding motion of the drill string in the axial direction within Δt time step.At a consecutive time intervalΔt, in the first phase of motion, point M moved to the position M1′t determined by the following coordinate:(4)M1′t=x1,y1=x0,y0+Δx.At the same time, elastic deformation of the bristle projection vector moved along the path ofOM(t)→ to the path OM1′(t)→. The general bristle elastic deformation, on the wellbore surface, relied on the contact tangential rigidity σ1 and damping coefficient of the bristle σ2. The deformation changed in its magnitude by an increment of Δz, which can be evaluated using (4). In Figure 4, z′(t+Δt/2) was the actual magnitude of elastic deformation of a bristle in the first phase of motion and can be described by the following relationship:(5)z′t+Δt2=zt+Δz=zt+vr1-vr1zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr1/vs2/σ1Δt.The velocityvr1 of the relative motion of the general bristle in the first phase can be determined from the following expression:(6)vr1=OM1′t→-OMt→Δt.Knowing the magnitude of elastic deflectionz′(t+Δt), we can be determine the end point M2′ position because the direction of z′(t+Δt) was along vector OM2′(t+Δt)→. The coordinates were described as follows:(7)M2′t+Δt=x2,y2=OM2′t+Δt→z′t+ΔtOM1′t→=x2,y2z′t+ΔtOM1′t→.The angle between the elastic deformationz′(t+Δt)→ and wellbore axial direction can be determined according to the imposed equation:(8)α=acrcosOM2′t+Δt→·e1→OM2′t+Δt→.In the second phase, during the followingΔt time step, drill string sliding led to the motion of points M2′(t+Δt) in the longitudinal direction. After the expiry of Δt, the drill string sliding displacement is Δx. This displacement related to the distance of M2′M3′(t). The value of z′(t+Δt)→ corresponded to the magnitude of elastic deflection of the bristle after the time interval Δt. This can be described as follows:(9)zt+Δt=z′t+Δt+Δz′=z′t+Δt+vr2-vr2zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr2/vs2/σ1Δt.Velocityvr2 approximately was equal to the average velocity of point M2′(t+Δt) along the straight line OM3′(t). The value can be determined from the following equation:(10)vr1=OM3′t→-OM2′t+Δt→Δt/2,where OM3′(t)→=OM2′(t+Δt/2)→+Δxe1→. The magnitude of z(t+Δt)→ was proportional to |OM3′(t)→|. M3′(t), that was M(t+Δt), was determined from the following equation:(11)M3′t=Mt+Δt=x3,y3=OM3′→zt+ΔtOM3′t→=x3,y3zt+ΔtOM3′t→.Angleβ between OM3′(t)→ and the axial direction can be determined by the following expression:(12)β=acrcosOM3′t→·e1→OM3′t→.Knowing the magnitude and direction of elastic deformationzat any time interval Δt, the instantaneous values of friction force fd and md were determined at this instant by utilizing the LuGre model.(13)fd=σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtcos⁡β.The torque caused by bristle deformation was determined by the following expression:(14)md=R0fy=R0σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtsin⁡β.


#### 2.3.2. Friction Caused by Viscous Fluid

F
f
→
(
V
r
→
) was the motion viscous force of the drill string in the drilling mud and Vr→ was the drill-string motion macroscope velocity vector, not the elastic deformation of the bristle on the wellbore [20]. Hence, the damping coefficient was described in Li (2008), as the following equation:(15)fv=-2πvR0τv2+R0ω2+μln⁡Dw/2R0dxmv=-2πR03ωτv2+R0ω2+2μDw-2R0dx.


#### 2.3.3. Average Magnitude of Torque and Drag

The average magnitude forceFf~ in the axial direction of the wellbore and during a period of time relates to the magnitude of the friction force in this direction and was essential for initiating and sustaining the drill string motion. It was determined from the following relationship, respectively,(16)Ff~=1n∑fdtn+fvtn.The average magnitude torqueMf~ during a period of motion of drill string can be described as follows:(17)Mf~=1n∑mdtn+mvtn.Therefore, the average friction drag due to bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be noted, respectively:(18)fd~=1n∑fdtn.(19)fv~=1n∑fvtnThe average friction torque caused by bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be determined from the following relationship, respectively:(20)md~=1n∑mdtn(21)mv~=1n∑mvtn.


## 2.1. Surface and Contacts Forms

The axial friction force (or called drag) in axial direction is a focus problem in drilling engineering. Low axial friction can be benefit for drilling. During rotary drilling or “torque rocking,” the motion of the drill string is a result of superposition of two motions. The first of these is drill string’s tangential rotary motion, whereas the second one is sliding motion in the wellbore’s axial direction.On the macroscopic level, the apparent area of wellbore surfaces observed by the naked eye is “rough” [15]. The drill string surface, apparently a smooth surface, is still “rough” on a microscopic level. The microcontact models [16, 17] assumed that surfaces are composed of hemispherically tipped asperities. The elastic contact of spheres and half spaces are governed Hertz equations to compute the load, contact area, and contact pressure acting on a deformed asperity.Considering the real contact between the drill string and the borehole rock, we made the same assumption for the contact surface. This implies that the drill string surface is a slightly rough surface and the wellbore is a severe rough surface composed of a large number of elastic bristles, which is an abstraction of asperities. Due to the roughness and hardness difference between the drill string and wellbore rock by surface contact, the general elastic bristle in the dynamic friction model should be the bristles on the wellbore, which, unlike these models, was assumed on the motion body plane contact. The simplified model is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Modeling of contact’s elastic deformation.


## 2.2. Basic Assumptions

To analyze the real working conditions of a drill string in a downhole, the following assumptions are made:(1) the bristles on the drill string are rigid, (2) the bristles on the wellbore rock are elastic, and (3) drill string rolling friction will not occur.


## 2.3. Torque and Drag Computational Model

Based on the above assumptions, the drill string actual working conditions can be simplified into the interaction model as shown in Figure3. The end point of the general bristle connects with the moving drill string; the connecting point will rupture and rebuild at a different point on the moving body surface with the motion of the drill string. In the LuGre friction model [18], the force was determined from the following equation:(1)Ff→t=σ1z→t+σ2dz→tdt+Ff→Vr→.Figure 3
Distribution of forces acting on the sliding and torsional oscillation of the drill string.


### 2.3.1. Friction Caused by Bristle Deformation

It assumed in the LuGre model that the ratez˙ of the elastic strain of a general bristle in the contact zone depended on both the tangential rigidity σ1 of the contact zone as well as the relative velocity vr of the sliding and rotary drill string [18, 19]. A generalized form of this expression was represented by the following equation:(2a)z˙=vr-vrzgvr(2b)gvr=Fc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr/vs2σ1.In the model for further analysis, the deformation in the contact zone formed by the contact of general bristles sliding and the rotary drill string was modeled by a generalized elastic-damping artificial elementON, which described the average behavior of the general bristles (Figure 4).Figure 4
Changes in a general bristles deformation at consecutive phases of sliding and torsional oscillation of the drill string.An elastic-damping deformationz of the contact artificial element at an optional instant t can be presented in the model as the distance of end points O and N of the element. The scale of artificial elements was the micron level; the curvature of the wellbore surface can be ignored. It was determined by the coordinates of points O and M [10], where M is the projection of point N on the wellbore surface and can be expressed as follows:(3)zt=OM→Ot=0,0,M=x0,y0.The position ofM at any instant of wellbore is the result of the superposition of motion caused by the drill string sliding and tangential motion. At consecutive instants, the point M changes its relative position and the elastic deformation z also underwent a magnitude and directional change. The deformation of the elastic bristle was separated into two phases at any interval Δt [10, 12].In the first phase, during the previousΔt time step, the instantaneous rotating velocity of the drill string led to the motion of points M in the tangential direction. In the second phase, the motion of point M was the result of the sliding motion of the drill string in the axial direction within Δt time step.At a consecutive time intervalΔt, in the first phase of motion, point M moved to the position M1′t determined by the following coordinate:(4)M1′t=x1,y1=x0,y0+Δx.At the same time, elastic deformation of the bristle projection vector moved along the path ofOM(t)→ to the path OM1′(t)→. The general bristle elastic deformation, on the wellbore surface, relied on the contact tangential rigidity σ1 and damping coefficient of the bristle σ2. The deformation changed in its magnitude by an increment of Δz, which can be evaluated using (4). In Figure 4, z′(t+Δt/2) was the actual magnitude of elastic deformation of a bristle in the first phase of motion and can be described by the following relationship:(5)z′t+Δt2=zt+Δz=zt+vr1-vr1zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr1/vs2/σ1Δt.The velocityvr1 of the relative motion of the general bristle in the first phase can be determined from the following expression:(6)vr1=OM1′t→-OMt→Δt.Knowing the magnitude of elastic deflectionz′(t+Δt), we can be determine the end point M2′ position because the direction of z′(t+Δt) was along vector OM2′(t+Δt)→. The coordinates were described as follows:(7)M2′t+Δt=x2,y2=OM2′t+Δt→z′t+ΔtOM1′t→=x2,y2z′t+ΔtOM1′t→.The angle between the elastic deformationz′(t+Δt)→ and wellbore axial direction can be determined according to the imposed equation:(8)α=acrcosOM2′t+Δt→·e1→OM2′t+Δt→.In the second phase, during the followingΔt time step, drill string sliding led to the motion of points M2′(t+Δt) in the longitudinal direction. After the expiry of Δt, the drill string sliding displacement is Δx. This displacement related to the distance of M2′M3′(t). The value of z′(t+Δt)→ corresponded to the magnitude of elastic deflection of the bristle after the time interval Δt. This can be described as follows:(9)zt+Δt=z′t+Δt+Δz′=z′t+Δt+vr2-vr2zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr2/vs2/σ1Δt.Velocityvr2 approximately was equal to the average velocity of point M2′(t+Δt) along the straight line OM3′(t). The value can be determined from the following equation:(10)vr1=OM3′t→-OM2′t+Δt→Δt/2,where OM3′(t)→=OM2′(t+Δt/2)→+Δxe1→. The magnitude of z(t+Δt)→ was proportional to |OM3′(t)→|. M3′(t), that was M(t+Δt), was determined from the following equation:(11)M3′t=Mt+Δt=x3,y3=OM3′→zt+ΔtOM3′t→=x3,y3zt+ΔtOM3′t→.Angleβ between OM3′(t)→ and the axial direction can be determined by the following expression:(12)β=acrcosOM3′t→·e1→OM3′t→.Knowing the magnitude and direction of elastic deformationzat any time interval Δt, the instantaneous values of friction force fd and md were determined at this instant by utilizing the LuGre model.(13)fd=σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtcos⁡β.The torque caused by bristle deformation was determined by the following expression:(14)md=R0fy=R0σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtsin⁡β.


### 2.3.2. Friction Caused by Viscous Fluid

F
f
→
(
V
r
→
) was the motion viscous force of the drill string in the drilling mud and Vr→ was the drill-string motion macroscope velocity vector, not the elastic deformation of the bristle on the wellbore [20]. Hence, the damping coefficient was described in Li (2008), as the following equation:(15)fv=-2πvR0τv2+R0ω2+μln⁡Dw/2R0dxmv=-2πR03ωτv2+R0ω2+2μDw-2R0dx.


### 2.3.3. Average Magnitude of Torque and Drag

The average magnitude forceFf~ in the axial direction of the wellbore and during a period of time relates to the magnitude of the friction force in this direction and was essential for initiating and sustaining the drill string motion. It was determined from the following relationship, respectively,(16)Ff~=1n∑fdtn+fvtn.The average magnitude torqueMf~ during a period of motion of drill string can be described as follows:(17)Mf~=1n∑mdtn+mvtn.Therefore, the average friction drag due to bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be noted, respectively:(18)fd~=1n∑fdtn.(19)fv~=1n∑fvtnThe average friction torque caused by bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be determined from the following relationship, respectively:(20)md~=1n∑mdtn(21)mv~=1n∑mvtn.


## 2.3.1. Friction Caused by Bristle Deformation

It assumed in the LuGre model that the ratez˙ of the elastic strain of a general bristle in the contact zone depended on both the tangential rigidity σ1 of the contact zone as well as the relative velocity vr of the sliding and rotary drill string [18, 19]. A generalized form of this expression was represented by the following equation:(2a)z˙=vr-vrzgvr(2b)gvr=Fc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr/vs2σ1.In the model for further analysis, the deformation in the contact zone formed by the contact of general bristles sliding and the rotary drill string was modeled by a generalized elastic-damping artificial elementON, which described the average behavior of the general bristles (Figure 4).Figure 4
Changes in a general bristles deformation at consecutive phases of sliding and torsional oscillation of the drill string.An elastic-damping deformationz of the contact artificial element at an optional instant t can be presented in the model as the distance of end points O and N of the element. The scale of artificial elements was the micron level; the curvature of the wellbore surface can be ignored. It was determined by the coordinates of points O and M [10], where M is the projection of point N on the wellbore surface and can be expressed as follows:(3)zt=OM→Ot=0,0,M=x0,y0.The position ofM at any instant of wellbore is the result of the superposition of motion caused by the drill string sliding and tangential motion. At consecutive instants, the point M changes its relative position and the elastic deformation z also underwent a magnitude and directional change. The deformation of the elastic bristle was separated into two phases at any interval Δt [10, 12].In the first phase, during the previousΔt time step, the instantaneous rotating velocity of the drill string led to the motion of points M in the tangential direction. In the second phase, the motion of point M was the result of the sliding motion of the drill string in the axial direction within Δt time step.At a consecutive time intervalΔt, in the first phase of motion, point M moved to the position M1′t determined by the following coordinate:(4)M1′t=x1,y1=x0,y0+Δx.At the same time, elastic deformation of the bristle projection vector moved along the path ofOM(t)→ to the path OM1′(t)→. The general bristle elastic deformation, on the wellbore surface, relied on the contact tangential rigidity σ1 and damping coefficient of the bristle σ2. The deformation changed in its magnitude by an increment of Δz, which can be evaluated using (4). In Figure 4, z′(t+Δt/2) was the actual magnitude of elastic deformation of a bristle in the first phase of motion and can be described by the following relationship:(5)z′t+Δt2=zt+Δz=zt+vr1-vr1zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr1/vs2/σ1Δt.The velocityvr1 of the relative motion of the general bristle in the first phase can be determined from the following expression:(6)vr1=OM1′t→-OMt→Δt.Knowing the magnitude of elastic deflectionz′(t+Δt), we can be determine the end point M2′ position because the direction of z′(t+Δt) was along vector OM2′(t+Δt)→. The coordinates were described as follows:(7)M2′t+Δt=x2,y2=OM2′t+Δt→z′t+ΔtOM1′t→=x2,y2z′t+ΔtOM1′t→.The angle between the elastic deformationz′(t+Δt)→ and wellbore axial direction can be determined according to the imposed equation:(8)α=acrcosOM2′t+Δt→·e1→OM2′t+Δt→.In the second phase, during the followingΔt time step, drill string sliding led to the motion of points M2′(t+Δt) in the longitudinal direction. After the expiry of Δt, the drill string sliding displacement is Δx. This displacement related to the distance of M2′M3′(t). The value of z′(t+Δt)→ corresponded to the magnitude of elastic deflection of the bristle after the time interval Δt. This can be described as follows:(9)zt+Δt=z′t+Δt+Δz′=z′t+Δt+vr2-vr2zFc+Fs-Fcexp⁡-vr2/vs2/σ1Δt.Velocityvr2 approximately was equal to the average velocity of point M2′(t+Δt) along the straight line OM3′(t). The value can be determined from the following equation:(10)vr1=OM3′t→-OM2′t+Δt→Δt/2,where OM3′(t)→=OM2′(t+Δt/2)→+Δxe1→. The magnitude of z(t+Δt)→ was proportional to |OM3′(t)→|. M3′(t), that was M(t+Δt), was determined from the following equation:(11)M3′t=Mt+Δt=x3,y3=OM3′→zt+ΔtOM3′t→=x3,y3zt+ΔtOM3′t→.Angleβ between OM3′(t)→ and the axial direction can be determined by the following expression:(12)β=acrcosOM3′t→·e1→OM3′t→.Knowing the magnitude and direction of elastic deformationzat any time interval Δt, the instantaneous values of friction force fd and md were determined at this instant by utilizing the LuGre model.(13)fd=σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtcos⁡β.The torque caused by bristle deformation was determined by the following expression:(14)md=R0fy=R0σ1zt+Δt+σ2z˙t+Δtsin⁡β.


## 2.3.2. Friction Caused by Viscous Fluid

F
f
→
(
V
r
→
) was the motion viscous force of the drill string in the drilling mud and Vr→ was the drill-string motion macroscope velocity vector, not the elastic deformation of the bristle on the wellbore [20]. Hence, the damping coefficient was described in Li (2008), as the following equation:(15)fv=-2πvR0τv2+R0ω2+μln⁡Dw/2R0dxmv=-2πR03ωτv2+R0ω2+2μDw-2R0dx.


## 2.3.3. Average Magnitude of Torque and Drag

The average magnitude forceFf~ in the axial direction of the wellbore and during a period of time relates to the magnitude of the friction force in this direction and was essential for initiating and sustaining the drill string motion. It was determined from the following relationship, respectively,(16)Ff~=1n∑fdtn+fvtn.The average magnitude torqueMf~ during a period of motion of drill string can be described as follows:(17)Mf~=1n∑mdtn+mvtn.Therefore, the average friction drag due to bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be noted, respectively:(18)fd~=1n∑fdtn.(19)fv~=1n∑fvtnThe average friction torque caused by bristle deformation and viscose fluid can be determined from the following relationship, respectively:(20)md~=1n∑mdtn(21)mv~=1n∑mvtn.


## 3. Model Solution and Model Verification

### 3.1. Model Calculation Program

Based on the aforementioned calculation model, the solving procedure step of novel dynamic friction model was presented in Figure5. The procedure included two parts (I and II). Part I presented the bristle elasticity and damping force calculation process on the microlevel including two half-time steps. Part II presented a drilling fluid viscous force at the macrolevel. The macrovelocity vector was the combined longitudinal direction and tangential direction velocity.Figure 5
Present model solution flow chart.


### 3.2. Model Verification

To assess the validity of the established model, experimental data and parameter mentioned in paper [12] were adopted to verify established model. The parameters [12] included a frequency of f=3000 Hz, a normal pressure of pn=0.022 N/mm2, an area of A=1200 mm2, a coefficient of contact rigidity in tangential direction of σ1=67.29 N/μm, a coefficient of contact damping in tangential direction of σ2=1×10-3 N/(μm/s), a coefficient of static friction of μC=0.106, and a coefficient of static friction of μS=0.193. There were no fluid effects on the moving body, and the coefficient of viscosity damping was σ3=0 N/(μm/s).The experiment presented in the paper was investigated in terms of the influence of tangential contact vibration on the friction force. The aforementioned model was adopted to calculate the change in the friction force with the dimensionless velocity and to compare it with the experimental results (Figure6). The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The largest error is 30.17% and the average error is 9.21%.Figure 6
Comparison between the numerical simulation and experimental results.The model described in the paper by Gutowski and Leus [12] is also in good agreement with the experimental results. However, the influence of a coefficient of vibration transfer in the model [12] is greater than body relative velocity in some conditions. It is also extremely difficult to determine in drill engineering adopting the model described by Gutowski and Leus [12].


## 3.1. Model Calculation Program

Based on the aforementioned calculation model, the solving procedure step of novel dynamic friction model was presented in Figure5. The procedure included two parts (I and II). Part I presented the bristle elasticity and damping force calculation process on the microlevel including two half-time steps. Part II presented a drilling fluid viscous force at the macrolevel. The macrovelocity vector was the combined longitudinal direction and tangential direction velocity.Figure 5
Present model solution flow chart.


## 3.2. Model Verification

To assess the validity of the established model, experimental data and parameter mentioned in paper [12] were adopted to verify established model. The parameters [12] included a frequency of f=3000 Hz, a normal pressure of pn=0.022 N/mm2, an area of A=1200 mm2, a coefficient of contact rigidity in tangential direction of σ1=67.29 N/μm, a coefficient of contact damping in tangential direction of σ2=1×10-3 N/(μm/s), a coefficient of static friction of μC=0.106, and a coefficient of static friction of μS=0.193. There were no fluid effects on the moving body, and the coefficient of viscosity damping was σ3=0 N/(μm/s).The experiment presented in the paper was investigated in terms of the influence of tangential contact vibration on the friction force. The aforementioned model was adopted to calculate the change in the friction force with the dimensionless velocity and to compare it with the experimental results (Figure6). The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The largest error is 30.17% and the average error is 9.21%.Figure 6
Comparison between the numerical simulation and experimental results.The model described in the paper by Gutowski and Leus [12] is also in good agreement with the experimental results. However, the influence of a coefficient of vibration transfer in the model [12] is greater than body relative velocity in some conditions. It is also extremely difficult to determine in drill engineering adopting the model described by Gutowski and Leus [12].


## 4. Discussion and Analysis

### 4.1. Simulation Parameters

According to the experimental results, the established model can accurately predict the friction from tangential vibration coupled with the sliding motion. Therefore, this model can also describe drill string torsional vibration with sliding in a downhole from a theoretical perspective. Drill pipes in a horizontal wellbore were adopted to analyze axial friction reduction mechanism caused by drill pipe torsional oscillation using general field drilling parameters.Static and kinetic friction coefficients are fundamental parameters for friction force simulation of drilling string. In the paper [21], static friction coefficient is equal to 0.25 and kinetic friction coefficient is equal to 0.21. Simulation results [21] are in good agreement with the field measured data.Wang et al. [22] obtained friction stiffness coefficient between steel and rock at different frequencies in the experimental environment. The friction stiffness coefficient is equal to 50 N/mm. This parameter has good consistence with experimental data [22].However, there are rare reports about friction damping coefficient between steel and rock obtained through experiment research. The parameter can be 0.316 N·s/mm [18], 0.214 N·s/mm [14], and 0.5 N·s/mm [23]. Mehmood et al. (2012) and Yu et al. [24] obtained sensitivity analysis results of parameters in the LuGre friction model. The results showed that coefficient σ2 is less sensitive as compared to Fc and Fs. In this paper, damping coefficient σ2 was equal to 0.316 N·s/mm [18].Stribeck velocity is also less sensitive thanFc and Fs according to Mehmood et al. (2012) and Yu et al. [24]. The rock is multiscale porous medium [25]. Giorgio and Scerrato [26] give values of the Stribeck velocity for a multiporous rock medium. Wang et al. [27] provided parameters used in calculating mud damping effects.Basic simulation parameters were assumed to analyze the drill string axial friction performance affected by rotation and torsional vibration, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Simulation parameters [12, 26–28].
Number
Parameter/unit
Value
1
Coulomb friction coefficient
0.21
2
Static friction coefficient
0.25
3
Friction Stiffness coefficient/(N/mm)
50
4
Friction Damping coefficient/(N/(mm/s))
0.316
5
Stribeck velocity/(μm/s)
190
6
Length of drill pipe/m
10
7
Outer diameter of drill pipe/m
0.127
8
Inner diameter of drill pipe/m
0.1086
9
Wellbore diameter/m
0.2156
10
Dynamic shear/Pa
15
11
Viscosity/Pa⋅s
0.03
12
Density of drill pipe/(kg/m3)
7850
13
Density of drill mud/(kg/m3)
2200
14
Volume rate/(L/s)
30


### 4.2. Parameter Sensitivity Study

Tsai and Tseng [10] and Gutowski and Leus [12] described a discrete bristle deformation process based on the Dahl model. This section numerically exploited the influence of two parameters in the LuGre model that the Dahl model does not adopt. Piatkowski [29] analyzed the properties between the Dahl and LuGre dynamic friction models in depth. This section mainly studies the following contents: (1) the importance of taking the Stribeck velocity of the LuGre model into account and (2) the relevance of damping coefficient σ1 in the longitudinal friction force.


#### 4.2.1. Stribeck Velocityvs Study

Maidla et al. [1, 2] described a force that was applied to a stationary drill string in a downhole and slowly increased until the drill string slides. The sliding resistance experienced two stages, static friction and dynamic friction. The static friction was approximately 25% greater than the dynamic friction. Meanwhile, the LuGre model continues at any instant and can describe dynamic and static characteristics without a velocity piecewise function. This model can also analyze the transition process from static and dynamic friction, which the Dahl model cannot.The effect of the amplitude of the Stribeck velocity is depicted in Figure7, which varied from 100 μm/s to 300 μm/s. The axial slide velocity was 277.78 μm/s. The rate of penetration (ROP) was equivalent to 1 m/h. It was a common operation parameter in the horizontal well drilling field.Figure 7
Influence of the Stribeck velocity on the change in friction.The simulation result of friction ratio was extremely low using drilling field operation parameters. However, the axial friction ratio held steady with varied Stribeck velocity at the same vibration amplitude. It indicated that the axial friction ratio was low sensitive to the Stribeck velocity using the drilling operation parameter. The result of Yu et al. was also confirmed [24].


#### 4.2.2. Damping Coefficientσ2 Study

The damping coefficientσ2 is a microdamping coefficient in the generalized bristle model. Hence, the LuGre model is applied prior to the Dahl model to describe and predict the general bristle deflection process. According to the description of the LuGre model (De Wit and Carlos Canudas, 1995), the damping coefficient of the average behavior of bristle deflection is relative to a parameterization of g(vr), which has been proposed to describe the Stribeck effect in (2a) and (2b). This section discusses how varied σ2 affects the longitudinal friction force.The numerical results are shown in Figure8. The longitudinal direction velocity was equal to 1 m/h of ROP. As increasing of vibration amplitude, the axial friction ratio rapidly decreased. However, the greater friction damp coefficient was related to higher axial friction ratio at the same velocity amplitude of torsional vibration. The growth of friction ratio was relatedly low with increasing of damp coefficient. It suggested that damp coefficient of bristle deformation was more sensitive than Stribeck velocity. However, it was little effect of damp coefficient on axial friction as well.Figure 8
Influence of the damp coefficient of general bristles on the change in friction.


### 4.3. Viscous Friction of Drilling Mud

#### 4.3.1. Effect of Mud Dynamic Shear

Parametric studies were run to explore the relationship between dynamic shear and axial friction resistance for drill pipes, as shown in Figure9. ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The axial force slowly rises with increasing of the value of dynamic shear. The relationship between the axial force and dynamic shear was approximately linear within the drill string torsional oscillation amplitudes of 10 rpm and 30 rpm. When the dynamic shear is small, it was little distinction of average axial viscous force that affected different torsional vibration amplitude. Value of average axial viscous force increased with dynamics shear. The greater average axial viscous force was with lower torsional vibration amplitude.Figure 9
Influence of dynamic shear of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


#### 4.3.2. Effect of Frequency

This section discussed influence of torsional vibration amplitude of average axial viscous force. The ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The range of torsional oscillation amplitude was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm, while there were common parameters in the drilling fluid. Average axial viscous force decreased with torsional oscillation amplitude increasing (Figure10). Curve of 1 Hz was slightly higher than curve of 1 Hz. However, curve of 10 Hz was remarkably greater than curve of 1 Hz.Figure 10
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial viscous force.


#### 4.3.3. Effect of Viscosity

Axial viscous force was also affected by viscosity of drilling mud. As shown in Figure11, the viscous force was increasing with the value of viscosity of drilling fluid. However, the whole descending of axial force was remarkable at first and tiny at last with viscosity increasing. In the same as above, the lower torsional vibration amplitude led to greater axial viscous force. It was linear relationship between average axial viscous force and viscosity of fluid. Therefore, it can be effectively reducing axial viscous friction force by enhancing velocity amplitude of torsional vibration.Figure 11
Influence of viscosity of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


#### 4.3.4. Axial Viscous Friction Force Reduction

To analyze viscous friction force reduction, axial viscous friction force and viscous friction torque were compared in time domain. As shown in Figure12, the viscous friction torque was symmetric distribution about zeros. When absolute value of viscous friction torque was increasing, absolute value of axial viscous friction force would be decreasing. When the torque was approaching zero, the axial viscous friction became the greatest. Therefore, axial viscous friction force reduction was due to torsional motion of drill string decomposed of some axial viscous friction force. This axial force reduction mechanism was benefit for drilling engineering.Figure 12
Viscous force and torque of drilling pipes in time domain.


### 4.4. Friction of Bristle Deformation

#### 4.4.1. Effect of Torsional Vibration Frequency

The effect of the frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial drag force was discussed in this section. According to the common frequency and amplitude range of torque rocking drilling, 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were selected to analyze the friction reduction in the longitudinal direction. The drill string slide velocity was equal to 0.0025 m/s, corresponding to an ROP of 9 m/h. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table1.As shown in Figure12, the force ratio curves of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were decreased with torsional vibration amplitude increased. The axial sliding friction force overall decreased, as the frequency of torsional vibration increased from 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz. When the frequency of torsional vibration changed from 1 Hz to 10 Hz, the axial friction overall increased. Thus, these were an optimum frequency that the axial friction was the lowest.


#### 4.4.2. Effect of ROP and Torsional Vibration Amplitude

In addition to studying the interesting drag reduction of torsional oscillation drilling, an analysis was run to explore the relationship between ROP and the longitudinal friction force, as shown in Figure14. The frequency of torsional vibration was 5 Hz. ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step. The amplitude of torsional oscillation was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm with 2 rpm step. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table 1.The ratio of the axial and Coulomb friction decreased as the torsional oscillation amplitude increased. The reduction rate was remarkable in the region that the amplitude was below 20 rpm, and the downward rate of curves decreased out of that region. The increasing ROP led to a larger axial friction component ratio. The higher axial velocity component of the drill string contributed to a longer length of the bristle projected in the axial direction according the established model (Figure13).Figure 13
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial friction due to bristle deformation.Figure 14
Influence of amplitude of drill string torsional oscillation on the change in axial friction.The curve for the transverse friction force and transverse vibration velocity formed a loop that described hysteresis friction. The relationship between the axial friction force and relatively motion velocity had hysteretic properties, as depicted in Figure15. There is less difference of loops with 1 m/h, 3 m/h, 5 m/h, 7 m/h, and 9 m/h. The major difference was between 0.1 m/s and 0.15 m/s. This was at the balance position. The deformation directions of bristle were reversed in the y direction. The greater drag velocity led to a larger hysteresis loop. The distinction of loops was tiny to the drilling engineering.Figure 15
Influence of different amplitudes of torsional oscillation on transverse friction.The relationship of axial direction friction and velocity was shown in Figure16. The curve of each drag velocity also formed a loop. The amplitude of the loop and maximum axial friction resistance increased as the amplitude of torsional oscillation velocity increased. At the maximum velocity, the tangential force rapidly increased and formed peak. Out of range of the maximum velocity, the axial force rapidly decreased and became steady. There were greater peak amplitude and greater steady value with greater drag velocity. Tiny distinction of tangential force led to larger difference of axial friction in the range of drilling engineering parameters.Figure 16
Loop of the axial force of the drill string and relative motion velocity.


#### 4.4.3. Trajectory of the Bristle Deformation Projection

The trajectory of the bristle projection point was depicted in Figure17. The bristle deformation directly influences the force exerted on the moving drill string. As Figure 17 shows, ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step, and the general bristle end point project motion trajectory was influenced by different velocity amplitudes of torsional oscillation.Figure 17
Trajectory of general bristle end point projection.Shape of trajectory liked a symbol of infinite. However, the trajectory loops of different drag velocities were symmetric with respect tox=0.There were intersection of trajectory near the range of x=0. The number of intersections of trajectory was less with low drag velocity. When drag velocity was above 5 m/h, there were three times of intersection.The trajectory loop was flat and narrow when the drag velocity was low. However, the loop became wider and curved with increase of drag velocity. The up and down ends of loop were toward the back. It was because stiffness coefficient of bristle deformation was greater than value of Gutowski and Leus [12]. When drag velocity was low, bristle can easily deform in the small area. As drag velocity became great, the bristle cannot deform in the larger range. Therefore, loop with greater ROP was bended to back. Meanwhile the loops became wider.Projection position of bristle iny direction with time was presented in Figure 18. The trajectories were symmetry with respect tox axial. The curves of different drag velocity were almost superposition. However, the time and position of reversing point with low drag velocity was earlier higher than ones of greater drag velocity. Therefore, the drag velocity mainly influenced peak position of the trajectory in y direction.Figure 18
Trajectory of bristle projection and drilling pipe torsional oscillation in time domain.The amplitude of trajectory was lower than amplitude of torsional vibration. It was because the connection point between bristle and drilling pipe was ruptured and rebuilt. Meanwhile, there was obvious hysteresis between trajectory of projection point and trajectory of torsional oscillation. In the area that trajectory of torsional vibration intersected with trajectory of projection point, there was obvious difference of trajectory with different drag velocity.


### 4.5. Relationship of Torque and Drag

Figure19 presented friction force in axial direction caused by bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain. The viscous friction was followed with torsional velocity. The viscous friction decrease with value of torsional velocity became greater. However, friction force due to bristle deformation fell behind by varied torsional velocity. The pattern of two friction forces was mutually consistent. The levels of two friction forces were close to each other.Figure 19
Friction force of bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain.Figure20 presented friction torque in axial direction caused by bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain. There was also hysteresis between the varied torque caused by bristle deformation and drilling pipe torsional velocity. The value of torque due to bristle deformation increased with the value of friction decrease. There was similar pattern between axial friction force and friction torque caused by bristle deformation. The torque of viscous fluid was obviously lower than ones of bristle deformation.Figure 20
Friction torque of bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain.


## 4.1. Simulation Parameters

According to the experimental results, the established model can accurately predict the friction from tangential vibration coupled with the sliding motion. Therefore, this model can also describe drill string torsional vibration with sliding in a downhole from a theoretical perspective. Drill pipes in a horizontal wellbore were adopted to analyze axial friction reduction mechanism caused by drill pipe torsional oscillation using general field drilling parameters.Static and kinetic friction coefficients are fundamental parameters for friction force simulation of drilling string. In the paper [21], static friction coefficient is equal to 0.25 and kinetic friction coefficient is equal to 0.21. Simulation results [21] are in good agreement with the field measured data.Wang et al. [22] obtained friction stiffness coefficient between steel and rock at different frequencies in the experimental environment. The friction stiffness coefficient is equal to 50 N/mm. This parameter has good consistence with experimental data [22].However, there are rare reports about friction damping coefficient between steel and rock obtained through experiment research. The parameter can be 0.316 N·s/mm [18], 0.214 N·s/mm [14], and 0.5 N·s/mm [23]. Mehmood et al. (2012) and Yu et al. [24] obtained sensitivity analysis results of parameters in the LuGre friction model. The results showed that coefficient σ2 is less sensitive as compared to Fc and Fs. In this paper, damping coefficient σ2 was equal to 0.316 N·s/mm [18].Stribeck velocity is also less sensitive thanFc and Fs according to Mehmood et al. (2012) and Yu et al. [24]. The rock is multiscale porous medium [25]. Giorgio and Scerrato [26] give values of the Stribeck velocity for a multiporous rock medium. Wang et al. [27] provided parameters used in calculating mud damping effects.Basic simulation parameters were assumed to analyze the drill string axial friction performance affected by rotation and torsional vibration, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Simulation parameters [12, 26–28].
Number
Parameter/unit
Value
1
Coulomb friction coefficient
0.21
2
Static friction coefficient
0.25
3
Friction Stiffness coefficient/(N/mm)
50
4
Friction Damping coefficient/(N/(mm/s))
0.316
5
Stribeck velocity/(μm/s)
190
6
Length of drill pipe/m
10
7
Outer diameter of drill pipe/m
0.127
8
Inner diameter of drill pipe/m
0.1086
9
Wellbore diameter/m
0.2156
10
Dynamic shear/Pa
15
11
Viscosity/Pa⋅s
0.03
12
Density of drill pipe/(kg/m3)
7850
13
Density of drill mud/(kg/m3)
2200
14
Volume rate/(L/s)
30


## 4.2. Parameter Sensitivity Study

Tsai and Tseng [10] and Gutowski and Leus [12] described a discrete bristle deformation process based on the Dahl model. This section numerically exploited the influence of two parameters in the LuGre model that the Dahl model does not adopt. Piatkowski [29] analyzed the properties between the Dahl and LuGre dynamic friction models in depth. This section mainly studies the following contents: (1) the importance of taking the Stribeck velocity of the LuGre model into account and (2) the relevance of damping coefficient σ1 in the longitudinal friction force.


### 4.2.1. Stribeck Velocityvs Study

Maidla et al. [1, 2] described a force that was applied to a stationary drill string in a downhole and slowly increased until the drill string slides. The sliding resistance experienced two stages, static friction and dynamic friction. The static friction was approximately 25% greater than the dynamic friction. Meanwhile, the LuGre model continues at any instant and can describe dynamic and static characteristics without a velocity piecewise function. This model can also analyze the transition process from static and dynamic friction, which the Dahl model cannot.The effect of the amplitude of the Stribeck velocity is depicted in Figure7, which varied from 100 μm/s to 300 μm/s. The axial slide velocity was 277.78 μm/s. The rate of penetration (ROP) was equivalent to 1 m/h. It was a common operation parameter in the horizontal well drilling field.Figure 7
Influence of the Stribeck velocity on the change in friction.The simulation result of friction ratio was extremely low using drilling field operation parameters. However, the axial friction ratio held steady with varied Stribeck velocity at the same vibration amplitude. It indicated that the axial friction ratio was low sensitive to the Stribeck velocity using the drilling operation parameter. The result of Yu et al. was also confirmed [24].


### 4.2.2. Damping Coefficientσ2 Study

The damping coefficientσ2 is a microdamping coefficient in the generalized bristle model. Hence, the LuGre model is applied prior to the Dahl model to describe and predict the general bristle deflection process. According to the description of the LuGre model (De Wit and Carlos Canudas, 1995), the damping coefficient of the average behavior of bristle deflection is relative to a parameterization of g(vr), which has been proposed to describe the Stribeck effect in (2a) and (2b). This section discusses how varied σ2 affects the longitudinal friction force.The numerical results are shown in Figure8. The longitudinal direction velocity was equal to 1 m/h of ROP. As increasing of vibration amplitude, the axial friction ratio rapidly decreased. However, the greater friction damp coefficient was related to higher axial friction ratio at the same velocity amplitude of torsional vibration. The growth of friction ratio was relatedly low with increasing of damp coefficient. It suggested that damp coefficient of bristle deformation was more sensitive than Stribeck velocity. However, it was little effect of damp coefficient on axial friction as well.Figure 8
Influence of the damp coefficient of general bristles on the change in friction.


## 4.2.1. Stribeck Velocityvs Study

Maidla et al. [1, 2] described a force that was applied to a stationary drill string in a downhole and slowly increased until the drill string slides. The sliding resistance experienced two stages, static friction and dynamic friction. The static friction was approximately 25% greater than the dynamic friction. Meanwhile, the LuGre model continues at any instant and can describe dynamic and static characteristics without a velocity piecewise function. This model can also analyze the transition process from static and dynamic friction, which the Dahl model cannot.The effect of the amplitude of the Stribeck velocity is depicted in Figure7, which varied from 100 μm/s to 300 μm/s. The axial slide velocity was 277.78 μm/s. The rate of penetration (ROP) was equivalent to 1 m/h. It was a common operation parameter in the horizontal well drilling field.Figure 7
Influence of the Stribeck velocity on the change in friction.The simulation result of friction ratio was extremely low using drilling field operation parameters. However, the axial friction ratio held steady with varied Stribeck velocity at the same vibration amplitude. It indicated that the axial friction ratio was low sensitive to the Stribeck velocity using the drilling operation parameter. The result of Yu et al. was also confirmed [24].


## 4.2.2. Damping Coefficientσ2 Study

The damping coefficientσ2 is a microdamping coefficient in the generalized bristle model. Hence, the LuGre model is applied prior to the Dahl model to describe and predict the general bristle deflection process. According to the description of the LuGre model (De Wit and Carlos Canudas, 1995), the damping coefficient of the average behavior of bristle deflection is relative to a parameterization of g(vr), which has been proposed to describe the Stribeck effect in (2a) and (2b). This section discusses how varied σ2 affects the longitudinal friction force.The numerical results are shown in Figure8. The longitudinal direction velocity was equal to 1 m/h of ROP. As increasing of vibration amplitude, the axial friction ratio rapidly decreased. However, the greater friction damp coefficient was related to higher axial friction ratio at the same velocity amplitude of torsional vibration. The growth of friction ratio was relatedly low with increasing of damp coefficient. It suggested that damp coefficient of bristle deformation was more sensitive than Stribeck velocity. However, it was little effect of damp coefficient on axial friction as well.Figure 8
Influence of the damp coefficient of general bristles on the change in friction.


## 4.3. Viscous Friction of Drilling Mud

### 4.3.1. Effect of Mud Dynamic Shear

Parametric studies were run to explore the relationship between dynamic shear and axial friction resistance for drill pipes, as shown in Figure9. ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The axial force slowly rises with increasing of the value of dynamic shear. The relationship between the axial force and dynamic shear was approximately linear within the drill string torsional oscillation amplitudes of 10 rpm and 30 rpm. When the dynamic shear is small, it was little distinction of average axial viscous force that affected different torsional vibration amplitude. Value of average axial viscous force increased with dynamics shear. The greater average axial viscous force was with lower torsional vibration amplitude.Figure 9
Influence of dynamic shear of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


### 4.3.2. Effect of Frequency

This section discussed influence of torsional vibration amplitude of average axial viscous force. The ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The range of torsional oscillation amplitude was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm, while there were common parameters in the drilling fluid. Average axial viscous force decreased with torsional oscillation amplitude increasing (Figure10). Curve of 1 Hz was slightly higher than curve of 1 Hz. However, curve of 10 Hz was remarkably greater than curve of 1 Hz.Figure 10
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial viscous force.


### 4.3.3. Effect of Viscosity

Axial viscous force was also affected by viscosity of drilling mud. As shown in Figure11, the viscous force was increasing with the value of viscosity of drilling fluid. However, the whole descending of axial force was remarkable at first and tiny at last with viscosity increasing. In the same as above, the lower torsional vibration amplitude led to greater axial viscous force. It was linear relationship between average axial viscous force and viscosity of fluid. Therefore, it can be effectively reducing axial viscous friction force by enhancing velocity amplitude of torsional vibration.Figure 11
Influence of viscosity of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


### 4.3.4. Axial Viscous Friction Force Reduction

To analyze viscous friction force reduction, axial viscous friction force and viscous friction torque were compared in time domain. As shown in Figure12, the viscous friction torque was symmetric distribution about zeros. When absolute value of viscous friction torque was increasing, absolute value of axial viscous friction force would be decreasing. When the torque was approaching zero, the axial viscous friction became the greatest. Therefore, axial viscous friction force reduction was due to torsional motion of drill string decomposed of some axial viscous friction force. This axial force reduction mechanism was benefit for drilling engineering.Figure 12
Viscous force and torque of drilling pipes in time domain.


## 4.3.1. Effect of Mud Dynamic Shear

Parametric studies were run to explore the relationship between dynamic shear and axial friction resistance for drill pipes, as shown in Figure9. ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The axial force slowly rises with increasing of the value of dynamic shear. The relationship between the axial force and dynamic shear was approximately linear within the drill string torsional oscillation amplitudes of 10 rpm and 30 rpm. When the dynamic shear is small, it was little distinction of average axial viscous force that affected different torsional vibration amplitude. Value of average axial viscous force increased with dynamics shear. The greater average axial viscous force was with lower torsional vibration amplitude.Figure 9
Influence of dynamic shear of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


## 4.3.2. Effect of Frequency

This section discussed influence of torsional vibration amplitude of average axial viscous force. The ROP was equal to 7 m/h. The range of torsional oscillation amplitude was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm, while there were common parameters in the drilling fluid. Average axial viscous force decreased with torsional oscillation amplitude increasing (Figure10). Curve of 1 Hz was slightly higher than curve of 1 Hz. However, curve of 10 Hz was remarkably greater than curve of 1 Hz.Figure 10
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial viscous force.


## 4.3.3. Effect of Viscosity

Axial viscous force was also affected by viscosity of drilling mud. As shown in Figure11, the viscous force was increasing with the value of viscosity of drilling fluid. However, the whole descending of axial force was remarkable at first and tiny at last with viscosity increasing. In the same as above, the lower torsional vibration amplitude led to greater axial viscous force. It was linear relationship between average axial viscous force and viscosity of fluid. Therefore, it can be effectively reducing axial viscous friction force by enhancing velocity amplitude of torsional vibration.Figure 11
Influence of viscosity of drilling mud on the change in axial viscous force.


## 4.3.4. Axial Viscous Friction Force Reduction

To analyze viscous friction force reduction, axial viscous friction force and viscous friction torque were compared in time domain. As shown in Figure12, the viscous friction torque was symmetric distribution about zeros. When absolute value of viscous friction torque was increasing, absolute value of axial viscous friction force would be decreasing. When the torque was approaching zero, the axial viscous friction became the greatest. Therefore, axial viscous friction force reduction was due to torsional motion of drill string decomposed of some axial viscous friction force. This axial force reduction mechanism was benefit for drilling engineering.Figure 12
Viscous force and torque of drilling pipes in time domain.


## 4.4. Friction of Bristle Deformation

### 4.4.1. Effect of Torsional Vibration Frequency

The effect of the frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial drag force was discussed in this section. According to the common frequency and amplitude range of torque rocking drilling, 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were selected to analyze the friction reduction in the longitudinal direction. The drill string slide velocity was equal to 0.0025 m/s, corresponding to an ROP of 9 m/h. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table1.As shown in Figure12, the force ratio curves of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were decreased with torsional vibration amplitude increased. The axial sliding friction force overall decreased, as the frequency of torsional vibration increased from 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz. When the frequency of torsional vibration changed from 1 Hz to 10 Hz, the axial friction overall increased. Thus, these were an optimum frequency that the axial friction was the lowest.


### 4.4.2. Effect of ROP and Torsional Vibration Amplitude

In addition to studying the interesting drag reduction of torsional oscillation drilling, an analysis was run to explore the relationship between ROP and the longitudinal friction force, as shown in Figure14. The frequency of torsional vibration was 5 Hz. ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step. The amplitude of torsional oscillation was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm with 2 rpm step. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table 1.The ratio of the axial and Coulomb friction decreased as the torsional oscillation amplitude increased. The reduction rate was remarkable in the region that the amplitude was below 20 rpm, and the downward rate of curves decreased out of that region. The increasing ROP led to a larger axial friction component ratio. The higher axial velocity component of the drill string contributed to a longer length of the bristle projected in the axial direction according the established model (Figure13).Figure 13
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial friction due to bristle deformation.Figure 14
Influence of amplitude of drill string torsional oscillation on the change in axial friction.The curve for the transverse friction force and transverse vibration velocity formed a loop that described hysteresis friction. The relationship between the axial friction force and relatively motion velocity had hysteretic properties, as depicted in Figure15. There is less difference of loops with 1 m/h, 3 m/h, 5 m/h, 7 m/h, and 9 m/h. The major difference was between 0.1 m/s and 0.15 m/s. This was at the balance position. The deformation directions of bristle were reversed in the y direction. The greater drag velocity led to a larger hysteresis loop. The distinction of loops was tiny to the drilling engineering.Figure 15
Influence of different amplitudes of torsional oscillation on transverse friction.The relationship of axial direction friction and velocity was shown in Figure16. The curve of each drag velocity also formed a loop. The amplitude of the loop and maximum axial friction resistance increased as the amplitude of torsional oscillation velocity increased. At the maximum velocity, the tangential force rapidly increased and formed peak. Out of range of the maximum velocity, the axial force rapidly decreased and became steady. There were greater peak amplitude and greater steady value with greater drag velocity. Tiny distinction of tangential force led to larger difference of axial friction in the range of drilling engineering parameters.Figure 16
Loop of the axial force of the drill string and relative motion velocity.


### 4.4.3. Trajectory of the Bristle Deformation Projection

The trajectory of the bristle projection point was depicted in Figure17. The bristle deformation directly influences the force exerted on the moving drill string. As Figure 17 shows, ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step, and the general bristle end point project motion trajectory was influenced by different velocity amplitudes of torsional oscillation.Figure 17
Trajectory of general bristle end point projection.Shape of trajectory liked a symbol of infinite. However, the trajectory loops of different drag velocities were symmetric with respect tox=0.There were intersection of trajectory near the range of x=0. The number of intersections of trajectory was less with low drag velocity. When drag velocity was above 5 m/h, there were three times of intersection.The trajectory loop was flat and narrow when the drag velocity was low. However, the loop became wider and curved with increase of drag velocity. The up and down ends of loop were toward the back. It was because stiffness coefficient of bristle deformation was greater than value of Gutowski and Leus [12]. When drag velocity was low, bristle can easily deform in the small area. As drag velocity became great, the bristle cannot deform in the larger range. Therefore, loop with greater ROP was bended to back. Meanwhile the loops became wider.Projection position of bristle iny direction with time was presented in Figure 18. The trajectories were symmetry with respect tox axial. The curves of different drag velocity were almost superposition. However, the time and position of reversing point with low drag velocity was earlier higher than ones of greater drag velocity. Therefore, the drag velocity mainly influenced peak position of the trajectory in y direction.Figure 18
Trajectory of bristle projection and drilling pipe torsional oscillation in time domain.The amplitude of trajectory was lower than amplitude of torsional vibration. It was because the connection point between bristle and drilling pipe was ruptured and rebuilt. Meanwhile, there was obvious hysteresis between trajectory of projection point and trajectory of torsional oscillation. In the area that trajectory of torsional vibration intersected with trajectory of projection point, there was obvious difference of trajectory with different drag velocity.


## 4.4.1. Effect of Torsional Vibration Frequency

The effect of the frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial drag force was discussed in this section. According to the common frequency and amplitude range of torque rocking drilling, 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were selected to analyze the friction reduction in the longitudinal direction. The drill string slide velocity was equal to 0.0025 m/s, corresponding to an ROP of 9 m/h. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table1.As shown in Figure12, the force ratio curves of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz were decreased with torsional vibration amplitude increased. The axial sliding friction force overall decreased, as the frequency of torsional vibration increased from 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz. When the frequency of torsional vibration changed from 1 Hz to 10 Hz, the axial friction overall increased. Thus, these were an optimum frequency that the axial friction was the lowest.


## 4.4.2. Effect of ROP and Torsional Vibration Amplitude

In addition to studying the interesting drag reduction of torsional oscillation drilling, an analysis was run to explore the relationship between ROP and the longitudinal friction force, as shown in Figure14. The frequency of torsional vibration was 5 Hz. ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step. The amplitude of torsional oscillation was between 10 rpm and 30 rpm with 2 rpm step. Other simulation parameters were listed in Table 1.The ratio of the axial and Coulomb friction decreased as the torsional oscillation amplitude increased. The reduction rate was remarkable in the region that the amplitude was below 20 rpm, and the downward rate of curves decreased out of that region. The increasing ROP led to a larger axial friction component ratio. The higher axial velocity component of the drill string contributed to a longer length of the bristle projected in the axial direction according the established model (Figure13).Figure 13
Influence of frequency of torsional oscillation on the axial friction due to bristle deformation.Figure 14
Influence of amplitude of drill string torsional oscillation on the change in axial friction.The curve for the transverse friction force and transverse vibration velocity formed a loop that described hysteresis friction. The relationship between the axial friction force and relatively motion velocity had hysteretic properties, as depicted in Figure15. There is less difference of loops with 1 m/h, 3 m/h, 5 m/h, 7 m/h, and 9 m/h. The major difference was between 0.1 m/s and 0.15 m/s. This was at the balance position. The deformation directions of bristle were reversed in the y direction. The greater drag velocity led to a larger hysteresis loop. The distinction of loops was tiny to the drilling engineering.Figure 15
Influence of different amplitudes of torsional oscillation on transverse friction.The relationship of axial direction friction and velocity was shown in Figure16. The curve of each drag velocity also formed a loop. The amplitude of the loop and maximum axial friction resistance increased as the amplitude of torsional oscillation velocity increased. At the maximum velocity, the tangential force rapidly increased and formed peak. Out of range of the maximum velocity, the axial force rapidly decreased and became steady. There were greater peak amplitude and greater steady value with greater drag velocity. Tiny distinction of tangential force led to larger difference of axial friction in the range of drilling engineering parameters.Figure 16
Loop of the axial force of the drill string and relative motion velocity.


## 4.4.3. Trajectory of the Bristle Deformation Projection

The trajectory of the bristle projection point was depicted in Figure17. The bristle deformation directly influences the force exerted on the moving drill string. As Figure 17 shows, ROP was between 1 m/h and 9 m/h with 2 m/h step, and the general bristle end point project motion trajectory was influenced by different velocity amplitudes of torsional oscillation.Figure 17
Trajectory of general bristle end point projection.Shape of trajectory liked a symbol of infinite. However, the trajectory loops of different drag velocities were symmetric with respect tox=0.There were intersection of trajectory near the range of x=0. The number of intersections of trajectory was less with low drag velocity. When drag velocity was above 5 m/h, there were three times of intersection.The trajectory loop was flat and narrow when the drag velocity was low. However, the loop became wider and curved with increase of drag velocity. The up and down ends of loop were toward the back. It was because stiffness coefficient of bristle deformation was greater than value of Gutowski and Leus [12]. When drag velocity was low, bristle can easily deform in the small area. As drag velocity became great, the bristle cannot deform in the larger range. Therefore, loop with greater ROP was bended to back. Meanwhile the loops became wider.Projection position of bristle iny direction with time was presented in Figure 18. The trajectories were symmetry with respect tox axial. The curves of different drag velocity were almost superposition. However, the time and position of reversing point with low drag velocity was earlier higher than ones of greater drag velocity. Therefore, the drag velocity mainly influenced peak position of the trajectory in y direction.Figure 18
Trajectory of bristle projection and drilling pipe torsional oscillation in time domain.The amplitude of trajectory was lower than amplitude of torsional vibration. It was because the connection point between bristle and drilling pipe was ruptured and rebuilt. Meanwhile, there was obvious hysteresis between trajectory of projection point and trajectory of torsional oscillation. In the area that trajectory of torsional vibration intersected with trajectory of projection point, there was obvious difference of trajectory with different drag velocity.


## 4.5. Relationship of Torque and Drag

Figure19 presented friction force in axial direction caused by bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain. The viscous friction was followed with torsional velocity. The viscous friction decrease with value of torsional velocity became greater. However, friction force due to bristle deformation fell behind by varied torsional velocity. The pattern of two friction forces was mutually consistent. The levels of two friction forces were close to each other.Figure 19
Friction force of bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain.Figure20 presented friction torque in axial direction caused by bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain. There was also hysteresis between the varied torque caused by bristle deformation and drilling pipe torsional velocity. The value of torque due to bristle deformation increased with the value of friction decrease. There was similar pattern between axial friction force and friction torque caused by bristle deformation. The torque of viscous fluid was obviously lower than ones of bristle deformation.Figure 20
Friction torque of bristle deformation and viscous fluid in time domain.


## 5. Conclusions

Given the microscope, complex, and field-oriented nature of the current rotation and torsional oscillation drill string axial friction resistance, the goal of this paper was to present a simple dynamic friction model based on the discrete LuGre model for the analysis of tribological effects in horizontal well drilling. This model was established on the basis of the average deflection of the general bristle model and considers the viscosity effect of mud. It is superior for describing the tribological behavior between the drill string and the rock of the wellbore. A computational program was developed to solve the present model, which was utilized to predict instantaneous general bristle deformation and frictional resistance at the contact surface.The established model was verified using experimental data without adopting a coefficient of vibration transfer. The computational results were consistent with the experimental results. The model can be applied to analyze the frictional resistance of the drill string and wellbore. The parameter sensitivity studies were used to evaluate the effect of the magnitude of the Stribeck velocity and general bristle deformation damp. The results indicated that Stribeck velocity and damp of bristle deformation were not sensitive to friction using the drilling operation parameter.Drilling parameters of general field were adopted to analyze drill string axial and circumferential friction torque using the present model. The amplitude of dynamic shear and viscosity of drilling mud was positively correlated with the drill string axial friction resistance.The drag of drilling pipe also decreased with increase of torsional vibration amplitude. There was an optimal frequency that minimizes axial friction in the range of drilling parameters of general field. The axial friction would increase with increase of ROP. There was the order of magnitudes that the value of axial friction caused by bristle deformation and viscous fluid. The torque caused by bristle deformation was greater than ones of viscous fluid in range of drilling parameters of general field.We introduce this concept into drilling engineering to capture the reality of drill string torque and drag. We can combine the model of conventional drill string mechanics with the discrete LuGre model to forecast proper technology in drilling horizontal wells.



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*Source: 4051541-2017-08-14.xml*