# Feasibility Study of a Hybrid PV/Hydro System for Remote Area Electrification in Rwanda

Authors: Emile Niringiyimana; Sun WanQuan; Giovanni Dushimimana
Journal: Journal of Renewable Energy
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Rwanda is among the least developed countries on the globe with total access to electricity not exceeding 63%, where the rest of the population lives in areas with no access to electricity. One such a place, which is the focus of this research, is Musanze district (1.4919 S, 29.5572 E), where 60% of the population in this area are located in remote areas, which makes the task of their electrification via grid system very difficult. Micro hydropower has been developed so far to reduce the deficit of energy access in this area. However, the power generated is not enough to cover the area, and the major problem is the decrease in river water level in the dry season, which affects the power generation. In this work, the feasibility of a hybrid PV/hydroelectric supply system is studied and optimized to increase the number of homes accessing electricity in this area. A 200 kW Mutobo micro hydro system in Musanze district under operation is considered a case study where a 100 kW PV array tied to the micro hydropower system is designed. The optimized PV-hydro hybrid system was proposed using a modifiedP and O MPPT algorithm to enhance the PV-generated power. The model was designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and data recorded from Mutobo micro hydropower station, Rwanda Energy Group, and National Meteorological Agency were used to estimate solar energy potentials. The results showed that the hybrid PV/hydro system is feasible and effectively contributes to the power shortage mitigation in remote areas during the dry season.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Renewable energy source integration into grid systems (such as solar PV, hydro, and wind energy) is given higher significance with a higher depletion rate of fossil fuel resources. With the variation of solar and wind energy potential due to season, it is tough to increase the renewable energy portion of the grid. At the end of 2017, 26.5% of the power generated worldwide was electricity from renewable energy resources (RES), which has increased by 2% and jumped to 28.5% in 2020 according to the global energy reviews [1]. However, 17% of the population worldwide does not have access to electricity. More than 85% are living in rural areas, with sub-Sahara countries which occupy the largest percentage. Micro hybrid systems may be used as alternatives to the load supplied by nonrenewable energy sources such as diesel generators and coal with high efficiency, reliability, and high cost-effectiveness.The combination of hybrid RES and conventional energy resources is more effective and cost-effective compared to single-source power systems. Presently, the total renewable power generation, including hydropower in Rwanda, is noticeably smaller than that of developed countries such as China, the United States, and Germany, which were 647 GW, 241 GW, and 112 GW, respectively, as of 2017 statistics. These countries invest a great amount of money in renewable energy as by 2019, it was $ 282.2 billion. This was a mere 1% higher than the total for the previous year, and it was 10% below the record figure of $ 315.1 billion set in 2017 [2].Energy crisis is the main problem that Rwanda is facing and puts an obstacle to its development. Private sectors seem to pay attention to energy sector development and increasing the power generation from renewable energy sources. Rwanda has the potential to integrate RES for continuous power supply, and they became a key for the national energy sector to increase energy access in the remote areas, but the power generation capacity of some plants is not enough in the dry season. Therefore, the complementary use of renewable energy such as solar PV power generation, wind power generation, and small hydropower generation as hybrid systems is the best technique to enhance the power generation and improve the local power supply without any conflict, available to everyone, environmentally friendly, reliable, and available at a cheap cost compared to other energy sources [3, 4].


## 2. Research Background

Many researches were conducted on the feasibility of hydro/solar/wind-based hybrid system. In paper [5], the authors proposed a yearly scheduling model of the hydro-PV-wind hybrid system, maximizing its generation power and considering the total firm power limits. In [6], integration and power control of a micro hydro-PV-wind-based hybrid microgrid was discussed, considering a hybridized generation according to the time-varying load. These systems improve the load factors, and the maintenance and replacement costs are reduced as the renewable resource devices complement each other.For an optimal mixture of different renewable energy sources, researchers use various hybrid system optimization methods and some types of software, including linear programming, artificial intelligence, MATLAB/Simulink, and HOMER [7]. The authors in [8] discussed the feasibility of the hydro/PV/wind/diesel system using HOMER simulation software, and others in [8, 9] discussed the feasibility study and comparative analysis of hybrid renewable power system for off-grid. In [10], Yibo et al. designed a hydro/PV hybrid power system in an isolated microgrid. In paper [11], the authors discussed a novel topology for a standalone hybrid system with a combination of hydro and photovoltaic (PV). In [12], the authors designed a hydro-PV-wind-battery-diesel-based standalone hybrid power system using the HOMER software. The hybrid floating PV/hydropower plant was proposed by Niaki and Davoodi in [13], and simulations were performed using HOMER software. The authors in [14] used HOMER as the optimization tool and used the optimality ranking technique as a second method while determining the best optimal hybrid distributed generation system. A minihybrid power generation scheme consisting of a PV with a storage unit combined with a micro hydro generation unit and a diesel generator was proposed in southern Bangladesh [15]. The author discussed the economic viability with the technical aspects to set up such a system via HOMER analysis.The traditional perturb and observe (P and O) MPPT is unsuitable for fast varying climate conditions because of its slow irradiance tracking ability with a fixed small perturbation value [16]. Plenty of studies about the use of hybrid systems were conducted in Rwanda. However, due to the lack of proper data collection, optimization methods, and use of old technology and devices in hydropower generation, the outcome of researches is still not enough to implement hybrid energy generation systems in Rwanda.In this research, the optimized PV-hydro hybrid system is proposed using a new modifiedP and O MPPT algorithm to increase the PV-generated power with a reliable power control supplied to loads in remote area of Musanze small economic zone as declared by the government of Rwanda in 2016. The contribution of this research is as follows:(a)
The potential PV-hydro hybrid energy generation system application was investigated with an actual situation in the Musanze district as a case study.(b)
Standalone hybrid PV/micro hydro systems were developed to optimize the power generated and stabilize the energy supply to load demands.(c)
A new modified P and O MPPT algorithm was used, and the simulation was done in MATLAB.(d)
Analysis of results proved that the energy crisis in the remote areas could be mitigated by implementing standalone hybrid systems.


## 3. Materials and Methods

### 3.1. Data Collection

Every single component in PV-hydropower hybrid system needs to be designed. Some parameters were recorded from the Mutobo hydropower station, and the 240 SunPower SP-414E-WHT-D PV solar panel was selected from the PV module library in Simulink. The data in Tables1 and 2 show the technical parameters and monthly weather data obtained from Musanze meteorological data observatory (1.4919 S, 29.5572 E), including hourly wind speed, hourly atmospheric temperature, hourly solar radiation, and hourly natural inflow over a year.Table 1
Technical information for Mutobo hydropower station.
ParametersValues at Mutobo power stationPenstock length (m)223Hydraulic head H (m)123.30Designed flow rate 90% (m3s−1)0.932Installed power capacity (kW)200Annual energy generation (MWh)1749.8Actual power potential (ηo = 80%) (kW)196Turbine typeFrancisTurbine efficiency (%)65Table 2
Monthly meteorological data observatory for the selected village Mutobo [17].
MonthClearness indexDaily radiation (kWh/m2/day)Wind speed (m/s)Air temperature (°C)Atmospheric pressure (kPa)Relative humidity (%)January0.5325.513.72689.843.30February0.5315.603.9125.689.944.50March0.5405.603.9224.389.862.60April0.5015.083.822.989.675.00May0.5214.993.722.489.975.50June0.5985.443.622.389.968.70July0.6405.883.622.59162.20August0.5795.733.6239269.70September0.5565.693.721.989.875.20October0.5285.543.821.889.978.10November0.4814.983.72389.972.70December0.65.093.723.69054.80


### 3.2. Load Profile Details

The proposed PV-hydro hybrid system considered 24 h load demand of a total of 500 households available in Mutobo village, 2 healthcare centers, 3 schools, and load forecasting for Musanze industrial zone. The load analysis for each household and healthcare facility usually consisted of refrigerators, fluorescent lamps, electric fans, TVs, and other small electric appliances.


### 3.3. System Design

The array system is composed of 66 parallel module strings and 5 series-connected 305.2 W solar panels that deliver a total maximum power of 100 kW at STC (800 W/m2, 25°C), and the solar PV array output is connected to the system via a DC-DC boost converter, a three-phase three-level voltage source converter (VSC), and a transformer that adjust the AC power from VSC. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is implemented in the boost converter using a modified perturb and observe technique (P and O). The hydropower system in operation generates 200 kW power with plant parameters as described in Table 1.


#### 3.3.1. Solar PV Array

The solar PV array is the combination of more than one PV module in parallel or series-connected systems.Figures1(a) and 1(b) show the basic equivalent circuit of the solar cell and PV module with the basic equation (1) used to calculate the generated current from the solar cell.(1)I=IL−I0ExpqV+RsakT−1−V+RsRsh,where I is the cell o/p current, Ip is the photocurrent, Id is the saturation current, q is the charge of an electron (1.6 e19 C), V is the PV cell output voltage, Rs is the series resistance, K is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 e23 J/K), T is the temperature (K), n is the ideality factor (1∼2), and Rsh is the parallel resistance. The photocurrent is calculated in equation (2) [18] depending on solar irradiance and cell temperature.(2)Ip=−Isc+KtTc−Tr×Hr1000.Figure 1
Solar PV basic circuits: (a) solar cell and (b) PV module.
(a)(b)As panels are of flat type with a lifetime of 2 years, the output of the PV array is calculated from the equation(3)PPV=YPVfPVGTGT,STC1+αpTC−TC,STC,where ISC is the short-circuit current, Ki is the to coefficient, TC is the cell temperature at STC, Tr is the cell ref to at STC, Hr is the solar Irr in W/m2, Ypv is the PV output power under STC, αP is the temperature coefficient of power (%/°C), ƒPV is the PV derating factor (%), GT, STC is the incident radiation under STC, and GT is the solar irradiation striking the PV panel (kW/m2).From equations (1) and (2), the PV model is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and the total array output power can be calculated from equation (3). The PV parameters behavior (current and power) are shown by the IV and PV characteristics curves in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) extracted at a different level of solar irradiances.Figure 2
PV parameters behavior: (a) IV and (b) PV characteristics.
(a)(b)Table3 shows the specifications of the PV module selected from the MATLAB library and used during the simulations.Table 3
PV array specifications for one module.
ParametersValuesNumber of series-connected cells96Open-circuit voltage (Voc)64.2 VShort-circuit current (Isc)5.96 AVoltage (Vmp)54.7 VCurrent at maximum power (Imp)5.58 ADerating factor75%The PV array system has two inputs in MATLAB/Simulink block that allows varying sun irradiance and temperature parameters in W/m2 and in °C, respectively. The solar irradiance and temperature profiles are well-defined by a Signal Builder block which is connected to the PV array input terminals.


#### 3.3.2. DC-DC Boost Converter

The boost converter is responsible for regulating PV outputs of interest and assuring convergence to the desired equilibrium point [19]. The boost converter in Figure 3 increases the system voltage from the PV natural voltage of 272 Vdc to 500 Vdc. The input-output voltage relationship of the booster converter can be denoted as a function of the duty cycle in equation (4) [20]. The duty cycle is adjusted by the perturb and observe-based MPPT controller, which automatically changes the duty cycle value to extract the required maximum power.Figure 3
DC-DC boost converter.The duty cycle and the DC-DC boost converter are obtained by solving equation (4) [21]:(4)D=1−Vinmin×ηVo,1−D=Vinmin×ηV0,V0=Vinmin×η1−D,where Vin is the input voltage to the DC-DC boost converter, Vo is the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, η is the converter efficiency, and c is the 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter (VSC).A 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter converts the direct voltage to alternative voltage AC loads. The VSC converts 500 Vdc to alternative power that is transformed into the line voltage and keeps the unity power factor [4]. The VSC regulating system functions based on constant voltage and frequency control mode that controls voltage input to the load system. The VSC control system functions based on constant AC voltage and frequency control mode that regulates the output system voltage.


#### 3.3.3. Perturb and Observe Algorithm

TheP and O algorithm is also called the hill-climbing method. In this method, the MPPT method is based on the calculation of output power where the perturbation modifies the output power of the PV system. The voltage is increased when the perturbation increases towards the maximum power point, and when the perturbation decreases, the voltage also must be decreased. The duty cycle also changes, and the procedure lasts as long as the maximum power point is not reached [22]. The perturb and observe MPPT algorithm is implemented in the MPPT Control MATLAB Function block to maximize the solar irradiance.Figure4 shows the flowchart of P and O algorithm. Firstly, the values of V(n) and I(n) are determined. Then, the derivative of generated power (dP/dV) is checked at three different conditions referring to the position of MPP [23] as follows:(a)
The derivative dP/dV = 0 is at the same point with the MPP.(b)
The derivative dP/dV > 0 is at the left of MPP, which means that the derivative of PV characteristic is greater than zero and located to the left of the MPP and less than zero and located to the right of the MPP.(c)
The derivative dP/dV < 0 of the PV characteristic is at the right side of the MPP.Figure 4
Perturb and observe algorithm.


#### 3.3.4. Hydropower System

The run-of-river hydro turbine was considered for the research, and the power calculation is shown in equation (4). In nominal conditions, the available head (h), the penstock length, and the design flow rate (Qdesign) are 123.3 m, 223 m, and 0.932 m3/s, respectively, which results in the nominal hydropower of 200 kW. The nominal hydropower (Phyd, nom) is calculated in equation (5) as follows:(5)Phyd,nom=ηhyd.ρhyd.g.h.Qdesign1000,where ƞhyd is the hydro turbine efficiency considered to be 65%, ρ is the water density (1000 kg/m3), and g is the gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2). The HPP variable parameter for sensitivity study is the available head, which is equal to 123.3 m, 122 m, and 120 m, considering its changes in different seasons of the year.


## 3.1. Data Collection

Every single component in PV-hydropower hybrid system needs to be designed. Some parameters were recorded from the Mutobo hydropower station, and the 240 SunPower SP-414E-WHT-D PV solar panel was selected from the PV module library in Simulink. The data in Tables1 and 2 show the technical parameters and monthly weather data obtained from Musanze meteorological data observatory (1.4919 S, 29.5572 E), including hourly wind speed, hourly atmospheric temperature, hourly solar radiation, and hourly natural inflow over a year.Table 1
Technical information for Mutobo hydropower station.
ParametersValues at Mutobo power stationPenstock length (m)223Hydraulic head H (m)123.30Designed flow rate 90% (m3s−1)0.932Installed power capacity (kW)200Annual energy generation (MWh)1749.8Actual power potential (ηo = 80%) (kW)196Turbine typeFrancisTurbine efficiency (%)65Table 2
Monthly meteorological data observatory for the selected village Mutobo [17].
MonthClearness indexDaily radiation (kWh/m2/day)Wind speed (m/s)Air temperature (°C)Atmospheric pressure (kPa)Relative humidity (%)January0.5325.513.72689.843.30February0.5315.603.9125.689.944.50March0.5405.603.9224.389.862.60April0.5015.083.822.989.675.00May0.5214.993.722.489.975.50June0.5985.443.622.389.968.70July0.6405.883.622.59162.20August0.5795.733.6239269.70September0.5565.693.721.989.875.20October0.5285.543.821.889.978.10November0.4814.983.72389.972.70December0.65.093.723.69054.80


## 3.2. Load Profile Details

The proposed PV-hydro hybrid system considered 24 h load demand of a total of 500 households available in Mutobo village, 2 healthcare centers, 3 schools, and load forecasting for Musanze industrial zone. The load analysis for each household and healthcare facility usually consisted of refrigerators, fluorescent lamps, electric fans, TVs, and other small electric appliances.


## 3.3. System Design

The array system is composed of 66 parallel module strings and 5 series-connected 305.2 W solar panels that deliver a total maximum power of 100 kW at STC (800 W/m2, 25°C), and the solar PV array output is connected to the system via a DC-DC boost converter, a three-phase three-level voltage source converter (VSC), and a transformer that adjust the AC power from VSC. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is implemented in the boost converter using a modified perturb and observe technique (P and O). The hydropower system in operation generates 200 kW power with plant parameters as described in Table 1.


### 3.3.1. Solar PV Array

The solar PV array is the combination of more than one PV module in parallel or series-connected systems.Figures1(a) and 1(b) show the basic equivalent circuit of the solar cell and PV module with the basic equation (1) used to calculate the generated current from the solar cell.(1)I=IL−I0ExpqV+RsakT−1−V+RsRsh,where I is the cell o/p current, Ip is the photocurrent, Id is the saturation current, q is the charge of an electron (1.6 e19 C), V is the PV cell output voltage, Rs is the series resistance, K is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 e23 J/K), T is the temperature (K), n is the ideality factor (1∼2), and Rsh is the parallel resistance. The photocurrent is calculated in equation (2) [18] depending on solar irradiance and cell temperature.(2)Ip=−Isc+KtTc−Tr×Hr1000.Figure 1
Solar PV basic circuits: (a) solar cell and (b) PV module.
(a)(b)As panels are of flat type with a lifetime of 2 years, the output of the PV array is calculated from the equation(3)PPV=YPVfPVGTGT,STC1+αpTC−TC,STC,where ISC is the short-circuit current, Ki is the to coefficient, TC is the cell temperature at STC, Tr is the cell ref to at STC, Hr is the solar Irr in W/m2, Ypv is the PV output power under STC, αP is the temperature coefficient of power (%/°C), ƒPV is the PV derating factor (%), GT, STC is the incident radiation under STC, and GT is the solar irradiation striking the PV panel (kW/m2).From equations (1) and (2), the PV model is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and the total array output power can be calculated from equation (3). The PV parameters behavior (current and power) are shown by the IV and PV characteristics curves in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) extracted at a different level of solar irradiances.Figure 2
PV parameters behavior: (a) IV and (b) PV characteristics.
(a)(b)Table3 shows the specifications of the PV module selected from the MATLAB library and used during the simulations.Table 3
PV array specifications for one module.
ParametersValuesNumber of series-connected cells96Open-circuit voltage (Voc)64.2 VShort-circuit current (Isc)5.96 AVoltage (Vmp)54.7 VCurrent at maximum power (Imp)5.58 ADerating factor75%The PV array system has two inputs in MATLAB/Simulink block that allows varying sun irradiance and temperature parameters in W/m2 and in °C, respectively. The solar irradiance and temperature profiles are well-defined by a Signal Builder block which is connected to the PV array input terminals.


### 3.3.2. DC-DC Boost Converter

The boost converter is responsible for regulating PV outputs of interest and assuring convergence to the desired equilibrium point [19]. The boost converter in Figure 3 increases the system voltage from the PV natural voltage of 272 Vdc to 500 Vdc. The input-output voltage relationship of the booster converter can be denoted as a function of the duty cycle in equation (4) [20]. The duty cycle is adjusted by the perturb and observe-based MPPT controller, which automatically changes the duty cycle value to extract the required maximum power.Figure 3
DC-DC boost converter.The duty cycle and the DC-DC boost converter are obtained by solving equation (4) [21]:(4)D=1−Vinmin×ηVo,1−D=Vinmin×ηV0,V0=Vinmin×η1−D,where Vin is the input voltage to the DC-DC boost converter, Vo is the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, η is the converter efficiency, and c is the 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter (VSC).A 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter converts the direct voltage to alternative voltage AC loads. The VSC converts 500 Vdc to alternative power that is transformed into the line voltage and keeps the unity power factor [4]. The VSC regulating system functions based on constant voltage and frequency control mode that controls voltage input to the load system. The VSC control system functions based on constant AC voltage and frequency control mode that regulates the output system voltage.


### 3.3.3. Perturb and Observe Algorithm

TheP and O algorithm is also called the hill-climbing method. In this method, the MPPT method is based on the calculation of output power where the perturbation modifies the output power of the PV system. The voltage is increased when the perturbation increases towards the maximum power point, and when the perturbation decreases, the voltage also must be decreased. The duty cycle also changes, and the procedure lasts as long as the maximum power point is not reached [22]. The perturb and observe MPPT algorithm is implemented in the MPPT Control MATLAB Function block to maximize the solar irradiance.Figure4 shows the flowchart of P and O algorithm. Firstly, the values of V(n) and I(n) are determined. Then, the derivative of generated power (dP/dV) is checked at three different conditions referring to the position of MPP [23] as follows:(a)
The derivative dP/dV = 0 is at the same point with the MPP.(b)
The derivative dP/dV > 0 is at the left of MPP, which means that the derivative of PV characteristic is greater than zero and located to the left of the MPP and less than zero and located to the right of the MPP.(c)
The derivative dP/dV < 0 of the PV characteristic is at the right side of the MPP.Figure 4
Perturb and observe algorithm.


### 3.3.4. Hydropower System

The run-of-river hydro turbine was considered for the research, and the power calculation is shown in equation (4). In nominal conditions, the available head (h), the penstock length, and the design flow rate (Qdesign) are 123.3 m, 223 m, and 0.932 m3/s, respectively, which results in the nominal hydropower of 200 kW. The nominal hydropower (Phyd, nom) is calculated in equation (5) as follows:(5)Phyd,nom=ηhyd.ρhyd.g.h.Qdesign1000,where ƞhyd is the hydro turbine efficiency considered to be 65%, ρ is the water density (1000 kg/m3), and g is the gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2). The HPP variable parameter for sensitivity study is the available head, which is equal to 123.3 m, 122 m, and 120 m, considering its changes in different seasons of the year.


## 3.3.1. Solar PV Array

The solar PV array is the combination of more than one PV module in parallel or series-connected systems.Figures1(a) and 1(b) show the basic equivalent circuit of the solar cell and PV module with the basic equation (1) used to calculate the generated current from the solar cell.(1)I=IL−I0ExpqV+RsakT−1−V+RsRsh,where I is the cell o/p current, Ip is the photocurrent, Id is the saturation current, q is the charge of an electron (1.6 e19 C), V is the PV cell output voltage, Rs is the series resistance, K is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 e23 J/K), T is the temperature (K), n is the ideality factor (1∼2), and Rsh is the parallel resistance. The photocurrent is calculated in equation (2) [18] depending on solar irradiance and cell temperature.(2)Ip=−Isc+KtTc−Tr×Hr1000.Figure 1
Solar PV basic circuits: (a) solar cell and (b) PV module.
(a)(b)As panels are of flat type with a lifetime of 2 years, the output of the PV array is calculated from the equation(3)PPV=YPVfPVGTGT,STC1+αpTC−TC,STC,where ISC is the short-circuit current, Ki is the to coefficient, TC is the cell temperature at STC, Tr is the cell ref to at STC, Hr is the solar Irr in W/m2, Ypv is the PV output power under STC, αP is the temperature coefficient of power (%/°C), ƒPV is the PV derating factor (%), GT, STC is the incident radiation under STC, and GT is the solar irradiation striking the PV panel (kW/m2).From equations (1) and (2), the PV model is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and the total array output power can be calculated from equation (3). The PV parameters behavior (current and power) are shown by the IV and PV characteristics curves in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) extracted at a different level of solar irradiances.Figure 2
PV parameters behavior: (a) IV and (b) PV characteristics.
(a)(b)Table3 shows the specifications of the PV module selected from the MATLAB library and used during the simulations.Table 3
PV array specifications for one module.
ParametersValuesNumber of series-connected cells96Open-circuit voltage (Voc)64.2 VShort-circuit current (Isc)5.96 AVoltage (Vmp)54.7 VCurrent at maximum power (Imp)5.58 ADerating factor75%The PV array system has two inputs in MATLAB/Simulink block that allows varying sun irradiance and temperature parameters in W/m2 and in °C, respectively. The solar irradiance and temperature profiles are well-defined by a Signal Builder block which is connected to the PV array input terminals.


## 3.3.2. DC-DC Boost Converter

The boost converter is responsible for regulating PV outputs of interest and assuring convergence to the desired equilibrium point [19]. The boost converter in Figure 3 increases the system voltage from the PV natural voltage of 272 Vdc to 500 Vdc. The input-output voltage relationship of the booster converter can be denoted as a function of the duty cycle in equation (4) [20]. The duty cycle is adjusted by the perturb and observe-based MPPT controller, which automatically changes the duty cycle value to extract the required maximum power.Figure 3
DC-DC boost converter.The duty cycle and the DC-DC boost converter are obtained by solving equation (4) [21]:(4)D=1−Vinmin×ηVo,1−D=Vinmin×ηV0,V0=Vinmin×η1−D,where Vin is the input voltage to the DC-DC boost converter, Vo is the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, η is the converter efficiency, and c is the 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter (VSC).A 3-level 3-phase voltage source converter converts the direct voltage to alternative voltage AC loads. The VSC converts 500 Vdc to alternative power that is transformed into the line voltage and keeps the unity power factor [4]. The VSC regulating system functions based on constant voltage and frequency control mode that controls voltage input to the load system. The VSC control system functions based on constant AC voltage and frequency control mode that regulates the output system voltage.


## 3.3.3. Perturb and Observe Algorithm

TheP and O algorithm is also called the hill-climbing method. In this method, the MPPT method is based on the calculation of output power where the perturbation modifies the output power of the PV system. The voltage is increased when the perturbation increases towards the maximum power point, and when the perturbation decreases, the voltage also must be decreased. The duty cycle also changes, and the procedure lasts as long as the maximum power point is not reached [22]. The perturb and observe MPPT algorithm is implemented in the MPPT Control MATLAB Function block to maximize the solar irradiance.Figure4 shows the flowchart of P and O algorithm. Firstly, the values of V(n) and I(n) are determined. Then, the derivative of generated power (dP/dV) is checked at three different conditions referring to the position of MPP [23] as follows:(a)
The derivative dP/dV = 0 is at the same point with the MPP.(b)
The derivative dP/dV > 0 is at the left of MPP, which means that the derivative of PV characteristic is greater than zero and located to the left of the MPP and less than zero and located to the right of the MPP.(c)
The derivative dP/dV < 0 of the PV characteristic is at the right side of the MPP.Figure 4
Perturb and observe algorithm.


## 3.3.4. Hydropower System

The run-of-river hydro turbine was considered for the research, and the power calculation is shown in equation (4). In nominal conditions, the available head (h), the penstock length, and the design flow rate (Qdesign) are 123.3 m, 223 m, and 0.932 m3/s, respectively, which results in the nominal hydropower of 200 kW. The nominal hydropower (Phyd, nom) is calculated in equation (5) as follows:(5)Phyd,nom=ηhyd.ρhyd.g.h.Qdesign1000,where ƞhyd is the hydro turbine efficiency considered to be 65%, ρ is the water density (1000 kg/m3), and g is the gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2). The HPP variable parameter for sensitivity study is the available head, which is equal to 123.3 m, 122 m, and 120 m, considering its changes in different seasons of the year.


## 4. Proposed System

### 4.1. System Description

The PV modules, DC-DC boost converter, the MPPT, and the VSC in Figure5 are all modeled in Simulink. The block diagram of the proposed 3-level 3-phase VSC converts the generated voltage to AC. In this system, a three-level, neutral point connection inverter is used as the power electronic interface between the PV system and the hydro grid system. The boost converter and VSC converters are represented by equivalent voltage sources in this model generating the AC voltage averaged over one cycle of the switching frequency. In such a model, harmonics are not represented, but the dynamics resulting from control system and power system interaction are preserved. From this model, a much larger time step is used than the detailed model (50 microseconds versus 1 microsecond), resulting in a much faster simulation.Figure 5
Modified perturb and observe algorithm.


### 4.2. Methodology

#### 4.2.1. Framework

The operation of hybrid system under different size of solar and hydropower plants is simulated, and results are analyzed based on which the optimal size of a PV plant integrated into a micro hydropower plant could be determined. Figure6(a) is the schematic framework of the study. The PV and micro hydropower are developed based on their unique features to simulate the operation of hybrid systems under various sizes. The designed model aims to optimize the daily power generated from the hybrid system using a solar PV embedded MPPT with a modified P and O optimization algorithm.Figure 6
Proposed 100 kW PV system connected to Mutobo hydropower: (a) block diagram and (b) Simulink model.
(a)(b)The complementarity of power generated from PV modules and hydropower is done when the energy from hydro is decreased; otherwise, the energy generated from PV modules is stored. The solar panels generate the maximum power even when the sun irradiance decreases, especially on cloudy days.


#### 4.2.2. ModifiedP and O Algorithm

The parameters used in the modified perturb and observe algorithm (P and O) are shown in Table 4. Those parameters were used to modify the algorithm.Table 4
Parameter used for modified perturb and observe.
VPVPV voltageIPVPV currentPPVPV power∆VChange of voltage∆PChange of powerVStep sizeaConstantVmppVoltage at mppP and O in Figure 4 show how the global MPP is tracked under irradiance decrease. The system measures the solar module VPV and current IPV. Then, the MPP tracking process starts with calling the P and O algorithm routine.The modifiedP and O algorithm is proposed in Figure 5. When the perturbation is towards the MPP, the step size is increased by multiplying the step size V with a constant “a” when ΔP>0. Otherwise, the step size V is divided with a constant “a” to have a smaller step size as the sign of perturbation becomes negative ΔP>0. The constant “a” must be greater than 1 to increase the track speed as well as having a more accurate value of MPP.


### 4.3. Block Diagram of the Proposed System and MATLAB/Simulink Model

Figures6(a) and 6(b) show the detailed block and Simulink diagrams, respectively, of the proposed PV-hydro hybrid system.


## 4.1. System Description

The PV modules, DC-DC boost converter, the MPPT, and the VSC in Figure5 are all modeled in Simulink. The block diagram of the proposed 3-level 3-phase VSC converts the generated voltage to AC. In this system, a three-level, neutral point connection inverter is used as the power electronic interface between the PV system and the hydro grid system. The boost converter and VSC converters are represented by equivalent voltage sources in this model generating the AC voltage averaged over one cycle of the switching frequency. In such a model, harmonics are not represented, but the dynamics resulting from control system and power system interaction are preserved. From this model, a much larger time step is used than the detailed model (50 microseconds versus 1 microsecond), resulting in a much faster simulation.Figure 5
Modified perturb and observe algorithm.


## 4.2. Methodology

### 4.2.1. Framework

The operation of hybrid system under different size of solar and hydropower plants is simulated, and results are analyzed based on which the optimal size of a PV plant integrated into a micro hydropower plant could be determined. Figure6(a) is the schematic framework of the study. The PV and micro hydropower are developed based on their unique features to simulate the operation of hybrid systems under various sizes. The designed model aims to optimize the daily power generated from the hybrid system using a solar PV embedded MPPT with a modified P and O optimization algorithm.Figure 6
Proposed 100 kW PV system connected to Mutobo hydropower: (a) block diagram and (b) Simulink model.
(a)(b)The complementarity of power generated from PV modules and hydropower is done when the energy from hydro is decreased; otherwise, the energy generated from PV modules is stored. The solar panels generate the maximum power even when the sun irradiance decreases, especially on cloudy days.


### 4.2.2. ModifiedP and O Algorithm

The parameters used in the modified perturb and observe algorithm (P and O) are shown in Table 4. Those parameters were used to modify the algorithm.Table 4
Parameter used for modified perturb and observe.
VPVPV voltageIPVPV currentPPVPV power∆VChange of voltage∆PChange of powerVStep sizeaConstantVmppVoltage at mppP and O in Figure 4 show how the global MPP is tracked under irradiance decrease. The system measures the solar module VPV and current IPV. Then, the MPP tracking process starts with calling the P and O algorithm routine.The modifiedP and O algorithm is proposed in Figure 5. When the perturbation is towards the MPP, the step size is increased by multiplying the step size V with a constant “a” when ΔP>0. Otherwise, the step size V is divided with a constant “a” to have a smaller step size as the sign of perturbation becomes negative ΔP>0. The constant “a” must be greater than 1 to increase the track speed as well as having a more accurate value of MPP.


## 4.2.1. Framework

The operation of hybrid system under different size of solar and hydropower plants is simulated, and results are analyzed based on which the optimal size of a PV plant integrated into a micro hydropower plant could be determined. Figure6(a) is the schematic framework of the study. The PV and micro hydropower are developed based on their unique features to simulate the operation of hybrid systems under various sizes. The designed model aims to optimize the daily power generated from the hybrid system using a solar PV embedded MPPT with a modified P and O optimization algorithm.Figure 6
Proposed 100 kW PV system connected to Mutobo hydropower: (a) block diagram and (b) Simulink model.
(a)(b)The complementarity of power generated from PV modules and hydropower is done when the energy from hydro is decreased; otherwise, the energy generated from PV modules is stored. The solar panels generate the maximum power even when the sun irradiance decreases, especially on cloudy days.


## 4.2.2. ModifiedP and O Algorithm

The parameters used in the modified perturb and observe algorithm (P and O) are shown in Table 4. Those parameters were used to modify the algorithm.Table 4
Parameter used for modified perturb and observe.
VPVPV voltageIPVPV currentPPVPV power∆VChange of voltage∆PChange of powerVStep sizeaConstantVmppVoltage at mppP and O in Figure 4 show how the global MPP is tracked under irradiance decrease. The system measures the solar module VPV and current IPV. Then, the MPP tracking process starts with calling the P and O algorithm routine.The modifiedP and O algorithm is proposed in Figure 5. When the perturbation is towards the MPP, the step size is increased by multiplying the step size V with a constant “a” when ΔP>0. Otherwise, the step size V is divided with a constant “a” to have a smaller step size as the sign of perturbation becomes negative ΔP>0. The constant “a” must be greater than 1 to increase the track speed as well as having a more accurate value of MPP.


## 4.3. Block Diagram of the Proposed System and MATLAB/Simulink Model

Figures6(a) and 6(b) show the detailed block and Simulink diagrams, respectively, of the proposed PV-hydro hybrid system.


## 5. Simulation and Results

### 5.1. MATLAB Simulation

#### 5.1.1. PV Array Output

Figure7 shows the environment conditions, and the system runs at the standard test conditions (STC: 25°C and 1000 W/m2, temperature and irradiance, resp.). The duty cycle is constant from time t = 0 sec to time t = 0.3 sec (D = 0.5). The output voltage is calculated V = (1 − D) ∗Vdc. The mean PV output power is 96 kW, whereas the specified maximum power at STC is 100.7 kW. From Figure 8, the voltage and current are in phase. The MPPT is enabled at time t = 0.3 sec; therefore, the MPPT regulator starts regulating the PV voltage by varying the duty cycle in order to extract the maximum power generated from the PV. The maximum power is obtained at the duty cycle D = 0.453.Figure 7
Environment conditions: (a) solar PV array input irradiance and (b) module temperature.
(a)(b)Figure 8
System outputs with modifiedP and O method: system voltage and current.From timet = 0.3 sec to time t = 0.5 sec, the array operates at STC, and the duty cycle D value varies between 0.450 and 0.459. The PV array generated the outputs (voltage and power), which are calculated in formula (6) and 75 voltage, respectively.(6)VPV=Nser×Vmp.VPV=5×54.7=273.5V. The generated 273.5 V PV voltage, as shown in Figure 9(b), is later regulated to 500 V by varying the duty cycle by the DC-DC converter, and the obtained results are shown in Figure 10(b).Figure 9
PV array outputs: (a) array generated power output and (b) array voltage output.
(a)(b)Figure 10
DC-DC boost converter: (a) duty cycle and (b) output voltage.
(a)(b)The VSC in Figure11 converts the output of the DC-DC converter, the alternating current, and voltage to AC; the power generated is calculated in equation (5).(7)PPVout=VPV×IPV.Figure 11
VSC outputs: (a) modulation index and (b)Vref-Vmean.
(a)(b)IPV is the total string current.(8)PPVmean=273.5×66×5.58.PPV (out) = 100.7 Kw, as expected from the PV array simulation in Figure 9(a).As the irradiance is ramped down at 0.5th sec to 1st sec, from 1000 W/m2 to 250 W/m2 as shown in Figure 7(a), the PPT controller tracks maximum power only, while irradiance stays constant. When the irradiance stays at 250 W/m2 and the duty cycle value increases from 0.466 to 0.473, the PV voltage and power also decrease to 265 V and 24.4 kW, respectively, as in Figures 9(a) and 9(b). Figures 10(a) and 10(b) show the output duty cycle and the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, respectively.Fromt = 1.5 sec to t = 6.0 sec, sun irradiance is restored back to 1000 W/m2, and then the temperature is varied between 20 and 5°C. This shows the impact of temperature on the output of the PV module when environment condition changes, especially temperature and irradiance. The desired maximum PV output power (107.5 kW) is obtained from the 2 sec to 10 sec when the irradiance is at maximum and when the temperature is decreased to 5°C, as shown in Figure 7(a).The basic principle of theP and O algorithm used in previous studies is the use of an extra checking condition ΔI in the traditional P and O algorithm to avoid the drift. From simulations results, as shown in Figure 7(a), the modified P and O algorithm-based MPPT tracks the maximum solar irradiance under varying module temperature, as shown in Figure 7(b), regardless of how fast the climatic conditions are changing with a great perturbation value compared to the traditional P and O.From the simulation results, Figure8 describes the system output voltage and current injected into the grid line to supply the local load. It is demonstrated that the new algorithm is much faster and more accurate than the traditional P and O method compared to Figure 12 of the traditional P and O algorithm. The voltage output of the modified P and O algorithm in Figure 8 converges more rapidly to MPP between 0.5 sec to 1.5 sec intervals of time when irradiance decreases compared to the traditional P and O algorithm. The output power, voltage, and current performance of the proposed method and P and O method when the irradiation changes are illustrated in Figure 9. Compared to other hybrid systems such as micro hydro/diesel, PV/micro hydro battery/diesel, and PV/hydro/wind hybrid systems, the proposed hybrid system is more environmentally friendly, easy to operate, and competitive in terms of energy cost-effectiveness and maintenance cost.Figure 12
PV array output with traditionalP and O method.


## 5.1. MATLAB Simulation

### 5.1.1. PV Array Output

Figure7 shows the environment conditions, and the system runs at the standard test conditions (STC: 25°C and 1000 W/m2, temperature and irradiance, resp.). The duty cycle is constant from time t = 0 sec to time t = 0.3 sec (D = 0.5). The output voltage is calculated V = (1 − D) ∗Vdc. The mean PV output power is 96 kW, whereas the specified maximum power at STC is 100.7 kW. From Figure 8, the voltage and current are in phase. The MPPT is enabled at time t = 0.3 sec; therefore, the MPPT regulator starts regulating the PV voltage by varying the duty cycle in order to extract the maximum power generated from the PV. The maximum power is obtained at the duty cycle D = 0.453.Figure 7
Environment conditions: (a) solar PV array input irradiance and (b) module temperature.
(a)(b)Figure 8
System outputs with modifiedP and O method: system voltage and current.From timet = 0.3 sec to time t = 0.5 sec, the array operates at STC, and the duty cycle D value varies between 0.450 and 0.459. The PV array generated the outputs (voltage and power), which are calculated in formula (6) and 75 voltage, respectively.(6)VPV=Nser×Vmp.VPV=5×54.7=273.5V. The generated 273.5 V PV voltage, as shown in Figure 9(b), is later regulated to 500 V by varying the duty cycle by the DC-DC converter, and the obtained results are shown in Figure 10(b).Figure 9
PV array outputs: (a) array generated power output and (b) array voltage output.
(a)(b)Figure 10
DC-DC boost converter: (a) duty cycle and (b) output voltage.
(a)(b)The VSC in Figure11 converts the output of the DC-DC converter, the alternating current, and voltage to AC; the power generated is calculated in equation (5).(7)PPVout=VPV×IPV.Figure 11
VSC outputs: (a) modulation index and (b)Vref-Vmean.
(a)(b)IPV is the total string current.(8)PPVmean=273.5×66×5.58.PPV (out) = 100.7 Kw, as expected from the PV array simulation in Figure 9(a).As the irradiance is ramped down at 0.5th sec to 1st sec, from 1000 W/m2 to 250 W/m2 as shown in Figure 7(a), the PPT controller tracks maximum power only, while irradiance stays constant. When the irradiance stays at 250 W/m2 and the duty cycle value increases from 0.466 to 0.473, the PV voltage and power also decrease to 265 V and 24.4 kW, respectively, as in Figures 9(a) and 9(b). Figures 10(a) and 10(b) show the output duty cycle and the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, respectively.Fromt = 1.5 sec to t = 6.0 sec, sun irradiance is restored back to 1000 W/m2, and then the temperature is varied between 20 and 5°C. This shows the impact of temperature on the output of the PV module when environment condition changes, especially temperature and irradiance. The desired maximum PV output power (107.5 kW) is obtained from the 2 sec to 10 sec when the irradiance is at maximum and when the temperature is decreased to 5°C, as shown in Figure 7(a).The basic principle of theP and O algorithm used in previous studies is the use of an extra checking condition ΔI in the traditional P and O algorithm to avoid the drift. From simulations results, as shown in Figure 7(a), the modified P and O algorithm-based MPPT tracks the maximum solar irradiance under varying module temperature, as shown in Figure 7(b), regardless of how fast the climatic conditions are changing with a great perturbation value compared to the traditional P and O.From the simulation results, Figure8 describes the system output voltage and current injected into the grid line to supply the local load. It is demonstrated that the new algorithm is much faster and more accurate than the traditional P and O method compared to Figure 12 of the traditional P and O algorithm. The voltage output of the modified P and O algorithm in Figure 8 converges more rapidly to MPP between 0.5 sec to 1.5 sec intervals of time when irradiance decreases compared to the traditional P and O algorithm. The output power, voltage, and current performance of the proposed method and P and O method when the irradiation changes are illustrated in Figure 9. Compared to other hybrid systems such as micro hydro/diesel, PV/micro hydro battery/diesel, and PV/hydro/wind hybrid systems, the proposed hybrid system is more environmentally friendly, easy to operate, and competitive in terms of energy cost-effectiveness and maintenance cost.Figure 12
PV array output with traditionalP and O method.


## 5.1.1. PV Array Output

Figure7 shows the environment conditions, and the system runs at the standard test conditions (STC: 25°C and 1000 W/m2, temperature and irradiance, resp.). The duty cycle is constant from time t = 0 sec to time t = 0.3 sec (D = 0.5). The output voltage is calculated V = (1 − D) ∗Vdc. The mean PV output power is 96 kW, whereas the specified maximum power at STC is 100.7 kW. From Figure 8, the voltage and current are in phase. The MPPT is enabled at time t = 0.3 sec; therefore, the MPPT regulator starts regulating the PV voltage by varying the duty cycle in order to extract the maximum power generated from the PV. The maximum power is obtained at the duty cycle D = 0.453.Figure 7
Environment conditions: (a) solar PV array input irradiance and (b) module temperature.
(a)(b)Figure 8
System outputs with modifiedP and O method: system voltage and current.From timet = 0.3 sec to time t = 0.5 sec, the array operates at STC, and the duty cycle D value varies between 0.450 and 0.459. The PV array generated the outputs (voltage and power), which are calculated in formula (6) and 75 voltage, respectively.(6)VPV=Nser×Vmp.VPV=5×54.7=273.5V. The generated 273.5 V PV voltage, as shown in Figure 9(b), is later regulated to 500 V by varying the duty cycle by the DC-DC converter, and the obtained results are shown in Figure 10(b).Figure 9
PV array outputs: (a) array generated power output and (b) array voltage output.
(a)(b)Figure 10
DC-DC boost converter: (a) duty cycle and (b) output voltage.
(a)(b)The VSC in Figure11 converts the output of the DC-DC converter, the alternating current, and voltage to AC; the power generated is calculated in equation (5).(7)PPVout=VPV×IPV.Figure 11
VSC outputs: (a) modulation index and (b)Vref-Vmean.
(a)(b)IPV is the total string current.(8)PPVmean=273.5×66×5.58.PPV (out) = 100.7 Kw, as expected from the PV array simulation in Figure 9(a).As the irradiance is ramped down at 0.5th sec to 1st sec, from 1000 W/m2 to 250 W/m2 as shown in Figure 7(a), the PPT controller tracks maximum power only, while irradiance stays constant. When the irradiance stays at 250 W/m2 and the duty cycle value increases from 0.466 to 0.473, the PV voltage and power also decrease to 265 V and 24.4 kW, respectively, as in Figures 9(a) and 9(b). Figures 10(a) and 10(b) show the output duty cycle and the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter, respectively.Fromt = 1.5 sec to t = 6.0 sec, sun irradiance is restored back to 1000 W/m2, and then the temperature is varied between 20 and 5°C. This shows the impact of temperature on the output of the PV module when environment condition changes, especially temperature and irradiance. The desired maximum PV output power (107.5 kW) is obtained from the 2 sec to 10 sec when the irradiance is at maximum and when the temperature is decreased to 5°C, as shown in Figure 7(a).The basic principle of theP and O algorithm used in previous studies is the use of an extra checking condition ΔI in the traditional P and O algorithm to avoid the drift. From simulations results, as shown in Figure 7(a), the modified P and O algorithm-based MPPT tracks the maximum solar irradiance under varying module temperature, as shown in Figure 7(b), regardless of how fast the climatic conditions are changing with a great perturbation value compared to the traditional P and O.From the simulation results, Figure8 describes the system output voltage and current injected into the grid line to supply the local load. It is demonstrated that the new algorithm is much faster and more accurate than the traditional P and O method compared to Figure 12 of the traditional P and O algorithm. The voltage output of the modified P and O algorithm in Figure 8 converges more rapidly to MPP between 0.5 sec to 1.5 sec intervals of time when irradiance decreases compared to the traditional P and O algorithm. The output power, voltage, and current performance of the proposed method and P and O method when the irradiation changes are illustrated in Figure 9. Compared to other hybrid systems such as micro hydro/diesel, PV/micro hydro battery/diesel, and PV/hydro/wind hybrid systems, the proposed hybrid system is more environmentally friendly, easy to operate, and competitive in terms of energy cost-effectiveness and maintenance cost.Figure 12
PV array output with traditionalP and O method.


## 6. Conclusion

In this paper, the hybrid system introduced above is based on available renewable energy sources in northern Rwanda. The system combines the run-of-river hydropower station together with a PV power generation working in parallel mode through the parallel control strategies of inverter. The basic principle of theP and O algorithm is to use an extra checking condition ΔI in the traditional P and O algorithm to avoid the drift.The PV-generated power is free from drift and is accurately tracking the maximum power from the PV panel. The system consists of the PV array as a source of power to be tied to a 200 kW Mutobo micro hydropower to supply the local load nearby. The proposed model uses a modifiedP and O algorithm-based MPPT, which is suitable for the fast varying of climate conditions due to its fast solar irradiance tracking ability with a great perturbation value compared to the traditional (P and O). The peak power (107 kW) is captured at a maximum solar irradiance. Results showed that the proposed system can be integrated into the grid and satisfies the load supply, especially during the dry season when the river water level decreases and the solar irradiance is at maximum. The proposed modified algorithm improves the generation of the PV system by gaining the extra power during drift, and this makes it more efficient compared to the traditional P and O algorithm. Compared to other energy sources combinations such as micro hydro/diesel, PV/micro hydro battery/diesel, and PV/hydro/wind hybrid system, this work demonstrated that the PV-hydro hybrid system using modified P and O MPPT technique is feasible, reliable, more environmentally friendly, and competitive in terms of cost-effectiveness, maintenance, and energy cost.



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*Source: 4030369-2022-06-24.xml*