# A Continuous Model for the Dynamical Analysis of Mistuned Bladed Rotors

Authors: Paolo Bisegna; Giovanni Caruso
Journal: International Journal of Rotating Machinery
 (2012)

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## Abstract

Ideal bladed rotors are rotationally symmetric, as a consequence they exhibit couples of degenerate eigenmodes at coinciding frequencies. When even small imperfections are present destroying the periodicity of the structure (disorder or mistuning), each couple of degenerate eigenfrequencies splits into two distinct values (frequency split) and the corresponding modal shapes exhibit vibration amplitude peaks concentrated around few blades (localization phenomenon). In this paper a continuous model describing the in-plane vibrations of a mistuned bladed rotor is derived via the homogenization theory. Imperfections are accounted for as deviations of the mass and/or stiffness of some blades from the design value; a perturbation approach is adopted in order to investigate the frequency split and localization phenomena arising in the imperfect structure. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed model, requiring much lower computational effort than classical finite element schemes.


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## Body

## 1.  Introduction

Bladed rotors used in turbomachinery possess rotational symmetry provided that no imperfections are present, that is, if all the blades and associated disk sectors are identical to each other. Under this ideal condition, their dynamical behavior is characterized by the presence of couples of degenerate eigenmodes at coinciding frequencies, as shown in [1, 2]. That behavior can be studied in detail by using the finite element technique [1, 3, 4], and the computational cost may be significatively reduced by exploiting the periodicity properties characterizing these structures. In fact, for a given structural eigenmode, all the blades exhibit the same vibration amplitude with a constant phase shift between adjacent ones; thus only a single sector of the structure may be considered in the analysis, by enforcing suitable constraints depending on the admissible phase shifts [1].As a matter of fact, in practice the symmetry is destroyed by the presence of unavoidable manufacturing defects, material tolerances, or damage arising during service. The loss of symmetry, called disorder or mistuning, may significantly alter the system dynamics even at small disorder level. In particular, the eigenmode degeneracy is removed, and the coinciding modal frequencies of a degenerate eigenmode are split into two distinct values (frequency split phenomenon). Moreover, the vibration localization effect may appear [5–7], consisting of a vibrational-energy confinement in small regions of the rotor, rapidly decaying far away. As a consequence, some blades may vibrate with small amplitude whereas some others with significantly larger amplitude, causing a local stress increase, possibly leading to fatigue failure.This phenomenon has been extensively studied in the literature: recent works studied the vibration localization arising in bladed rotors by employing the Galerkin method [8, 9], the finite element method [10], or by considering simplified lumped-parameter models [11–15]. Both lumped-parameter models and finite element analysis were employed in [16] to investigate the dependence of the localization phenomenon from the internal damping and interblade coupling in bladed disks. Finite element analysis applied to the study of disordered bladed rotors with a large number of blades is quite accurate but may require a significant amount of computational effort. On the other hand, simplified lumped-parameter models supply satisfying qualitative results, being also computationally more effective than finite element schemes, but may not be able to capture all the peculiarities of the dynamical behavior of a complex structure such as a bladed rotor.Less effort has been devoted to the derivation of continuous models, which can realistically describe the dynamics of imperfect bladed rotors with low computational effort. For this reason they are particularly useful for performing parametric analyses or designing innovative vibration control schemes. Moreover, continuous models can easily yield analytical results, thus providing a general and comprehensive understanding of the phenomena involved. A continuous model of a bladed rotor without imperfections was considered in [17]. The rotor was composed of grouped blades mounted on a flexible disk. The coupling between adjacent groups of blades due to the disk was accounted for by using lumped springs, whereas distributed springs were used to model the blade stiffness. In [18] the homogenization technique was applied to a simple lumped-parameter model, composed of pendula acted upon by rotational and linear springs, widely employed in the literature to qualitatively study the localization phenomenon in bladed rotors. A continuous model was obtained, yielding analytical closed-form expressions for the eigenfrequencies and the eigenmodes, as well as for the resonance peaks of the forced response, depending on the mistuning level. In [19] a homogenized continuous model of a bladed rotor without imperfections was developed, taking into account the flexibility of both the support disk and the blades by means of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. That continuous model was used for the design and optimization of a passive vibration control scheme.In this paper the model proposed in [19] is suitably generalized to account for the presence of mistuning. In particular, the in-plane vibrations of a mistuned bladed rotor are considered. In Section 2.1 a classical model of a bladed rotor is recalled, employing the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory for the description of both the blades and the support ring. The equations governing that model are solved using the finite element technique, and the obtained numerical results are used as a benchmark for the validation of the homogenized model proposed here. In Section 2.2 the homogenization technique is applied to the Euler-Bernoulli model in order to obtain a continuous homogenized model of the bladed rotor without imperfections. In Section 2.3 the homogenized model previously derived is generalized in order to account for the presence of imperfections, consisting of deviations of the mass and/or stiffness of some blades from the design value. In Section 3.1 analytical expressions of the natural frequencies and vibration modes of a rotor without imperfections are computed using the homogenized model. In order to derive analytical expressions of the same quantities relevant to a rotor with imperfections, a linearization of the proposed homogenized model is performed in Section 3.2, by employing a perturbation technique. As a result, a linear variational formulation of the homogenized model is obtained, supplying analytical expressions for the natural frequencies and vibration mode of a mistuned bladed rotor (Section 3.3). Finally, some simulation results are presented in Section 4, showing the ability of the proposed homogenized model to describe the dynamical behavior of the mistuned bladed rotor introduced in Section 4.1. In particular the results supplied by the homogenized model, obtained by using a numerical approach, and the analytical results supplied by the linearized version of the homogenized model are compared with results supplied by the classical Euler-Bernoulli model, obtained using the finite element technique as described in Section 4.2. The comparison shows good agreement between the finite-element and the homogenized model outcomes, relevant to both the frequency split and the localized vibration modes of the mistuned rotor (Sections 4.4 and 4.5).


## 2.  Homogenized Model

In this section a homogenized model for the analysis of the in-plane vibrations of a mistuned bladed rotor is derived. The rotor is schematically represented in Figure1; it is made of a linearly elastic material and is composed of Nb blades, of length lb, clamped on a ring of radius R, representing the turbine shaft. The angular spacing δθo between any two adjacent blades is constant and equal to 2π/Nb.Figure 1
Schematic representation of a bladed rotor.


### 2.1.  Euler-Bernoulli Model

In order to develop the homogenized model, a classical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli theory is briefly recalled here, denoted in the foregoing with the acronym EB. It will be also used as a benchmark, after discretization by means of the finite-element method, in order to assess the accuracy of the homogenized model in performing a dynamical analysis of a mistuned rotor. A polar coordinate system(O,ρ,θ) is introduced. Let u(θ) and w(θ) be the tangential and radial displacement of the ring, respectively; let Ui(ρ) and Wi(ρ) be the transversal and axial displacement of the ith blade, placed at an angle θi, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Both the ring and the blades are assumed to be inextensible, and their flexural behavior is governed by the Euler-Bernoulli theory. The axial strain ε, the rotation φ, and the variation of curvature Δχ of the cross section of the ring are respectively given by(1)ε=1R(∂u∂θ+w),φ=1R(u-∂w∂θ),Δχ=1R2(∂u∂θ-∂2w∂θ2),
where R is the ring radius.Assuming first that no imperfections are present, and denoting withσr and Kr, respectively, the linear mass density and in-plane bending stiffness of the ring, and with σob and Kob, respectively, the linear mass density and bending stiffness of each blade, possibly depending on the radial coordinate ρ, the following Hamiltonian functional describing the dynamical behavior of the structure can be written as follows:(2)H=12∫02πσr[(∂u∂t)2+(∂w∂t)2]Rdθ+12∑i=1Nb∫RR+lbσob(ρ)[(∂Ui∂t)2+(∂Wi∂t)2]dρ-12∫02πKrR4(∂u∂θ-∂2w∂θ2)2Rdθ-12∑i=1Nb∫RR+lbKob(ρ)(∂2Ui∂ρ2)2dρ,
subjected to the following constraints:(3)1R(∂u∂θ+w)=0,θ∈(0,2π);∂Wi∂ρ=0,ρ∈(R,R+lb),i=1⋅⋅⋅Nb;Wi=w,Ui=u,∂Ui∂ρ=1R(u-∂w∂θ),ρ=R,θ=θi,i=1⋅⋅⋅Nb,
where t denotes the time.Many typologies of imperfections can be accounted for by varying the linear mass density and/or bending stiffness of some blades with respect to the design value; for example, in [15] a crack in a single blade was modeled by reducing the bending stiffness of the damaged blade. Accordingly, if the jth blade of the rotor is imperfect, the linear mass density σbj(ρ) and bending stiffness Kbj(ρ) of that blade can be modified as follows:(4)σbj(ρ)=σob(ρ)+δσbj(ρ),Kbj(ρ)=Kob(ρ)+δKbj(ρ),
where δσbj and δKbj are the variations with respect to the corresponding nominal values.


### 2.2.  Homogenized Model for a Perfect Rotor

The homogenized model developed in [19], valid for a rotor without imperfections, is briefly recalled here in order to illustrate the homogenization procedure. The variational formulation (2) is rewritten for a family of rotors with increasing number N of blades, starting from N=Nb, which is the number of blades exhibited by the reference rotor, in order to approach the homogenization limit N→∞. It is assumed that, for each chosen N, the blade mass density σobN and bending stiffness KobN rescale as σob(ρ)(Nb/N) and Kob(ρ)(Nb/N), respectively, such that the overlined quantities,(5)σ¯ob(ρ)=σobNδθ,K¯ob(ρ)=KobNδθ,
where δθ=2π/N is the angular spacing between adjacent blades, remain constant during the homogenization limit. The quantities defined in (5) represent, respectively, the homogenized linear mass density and bending stiffness. These assumptions are substituted into the functional (2) and the homogenization limit N→∞ is then performed; by extending the functions Ui(ρ) and Wi(ρ), i=1···N to the annular region (R,R+lb)×(0,2π) and assuming that they converge, together with their derivatives, to functions U(ρ,θ) and W(ρ,θ), the functional (2) converges, for N→∞, to [19](6)Hhom=12∫02πσr[(∂U∂t)2+(-∂2U∂θ∂t)2]ρ=RRdθ+12∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)(∂U∂t)2dρdθ+12∫02π(∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)dρ)[-∂2U∂θ∂t]ρ=R2dθ-12∫02πKrR4[∂U∂θ+∂3U∂θ3]ρ=R2Rdθ-12∫02π∫RR+lbK¯ob(ρ)(∂2U∂ρ2)2dρdθ,
subjected to the following constraints:(7)∂U∂ρ=1R(U+∂2U∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π).
In order to analyze the rotor dynamics, a sinusoidal time dependence of the unknown U is assumed, that is,(8)U(ρ,θ,t)=V(ρ,θ)eiωt,
where i=-1 is the imaginary unit. Enforcing this position and recasting the functional (6) into a variational form, the following is obtained:(9)-ω2{∫02πσr[Vψ+∂V∂θ∂ψ∂θ]ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)Vψdρdθ+∫02π(∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)dρ)[∂V∂θ∂ψ∂θ]ρ=Rdθ}+∫02πKrR4[(∂V∂θ+∂3V∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)]ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbK¯ob(ρ)∂2V∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ=0,
subjected to the following constraints:(10)∂V∂ρ=1R(V+∂2V∂θ2),∂ψ∂ρ=1R(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π),
where ψ(ρ,θ) indicates a test function. The homogenized model described here is denoted with the acronym HOM in the foregoing.


### 2.3.  Homogenized Model for an Imperfect Rotor

The presence of imperfections can be accounted for in the homogenized model by letting the homogenized linear mass density and bending stiffness depend also on the angular variableθ. Accordingly, it is assumed that (11)σ¯b(ρ,θ)=σ¯ob(ρ)+δσ¯b(ρ,θ),K¯b(ρ,θ)=K¯ob(ρ)+δK¯b(ρ,θ),
where δσ¯b and δK¯b are suitable perturbations superimposed to the homogenized design values of linear mass density σ¯ob and bending stiffness K¯ob, respectively. In order to choose δσ¯b and δK¯b, it is necessary to specify how the imperfect blades behave during the homogenization limit. For the sake of example, it is assumed that the jth blade of the rotor is imperfect, with increased linear mass density equal to σob+δσbj as indicated in Figure 2. When the number of blades is increased to approach the homogenization limit, the number of imperfect blades increases as depicted in Figure 2, and their mass density and bending stiffness are rescaled according to the conditions given in Section 2.2. In particular, at the kth homogenization-process step, the total number of blades becomes N=2kNb, and the blade linear mass density and bending stiffness are rescaled by a factor 1/2k with respect to their nominal value; on the other hand, the number of imperfect blades becomes 2k, with rescaled linear mass density variation equal to δσbj/2k.Homogenization limit for an imperfect rotor; imperfection due to an increase of linear mass density of a blade. (a) Reference rotor withNb blades and imperfection on the jth blade, in black color. (b)  Homogenization step process k=1;  rotor with N=2Nb  blades, with rescaled bending stiffness and linear mass density.
(a)(b)Under these assumptions, in the homogenization limitN→∞, the homogenized linear mass density perturbation δσ¯b and the homogenized bending stiffness perturbation δK¯b are piecewise constant functions having the following expressions:(12)δσ¯b(ρ,θ)=δσbj(ρ)δθoχj(θ),δK¯b(ρ,θ)=δKbj(ρ)δθoχj(θ),
where(13)χj(θ)=1,θ∈(θj-δθo2,θj+δθo2),χj=0,elsewhere.
The expression (12) can be straightforwardly generalized to the case of multiple imperfect blades.


## 2.1.  Euler-Bernoulli Model

In order to develop the homogenized model, a classical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli theory is briefly recalled here, denoted in the foregoing with the acronym EB. It will be also used as a benchmark, after discretization by means of the finite-element method, in order to assess the accuracy of the homogenized model in performing a dynamical analysis of a mistuned rotor. A polar coordinate system(O,ρ,θ) is introduced. Let u(θ) and w(θ) be the tangential and radial displacement of the ring, respectively; let Ui(ρ) and Wi(ρ) be the transversal and axial displacement of the ith blade, placed at an angle θi, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Both the ring and the blades are assumed to be inextensible, and their flexural behavior is governed by the Euler-Bernoulli theory. The axial strain ε, the rotation φ, and the variation of curvature Δχ of the cross section of the ring are respectively given by(1)ε=1R(∂u∂θ+w),φ=1R(u-∂w∂θ),Δχ=1R2(∂u∂θ-∂2w∂θ2),
where R is the ring radius.Assuming first that no imperfections are present, and denoting withσr and Kr, respectively, the linear mass density and in-plane bending stiffness of the ring, and with σob and Kob, respectively, the linear mass density and bending stiffness of each blade, possibly depending on the radial coordinate ρ, the following Hamiltonian functional describing the dynamical behavior of the structure can be written as follows:(2)H=12∫02πσr[(∂u∂t)2+(∂w∂t)2]Rdθ+12∑i=1Nb∫RR+lbσob(ρ)[(∂Ui∂t)2+(∂Wi∂t)2]dρ-12∫02πKrR4(∂u∂θ-∂2w∂θ2)2Rdθ-12∑i=1Nb∫RR+lbKob(ρ)(∂2Ui∂ρ2)2dρ,
subjected to the following constraints:(3)1R(∂u∂θ+w)=0,θ∈(0,2π);∂Wi∂ρ=0,ρ∈(R,R+lb),i=1⋅⋅⋅Nb;Wi=w,Ui=u,∂Ui∂ρ=1R(u-∂w∂θ),ρ=R,θ=θi,i=1⋅⋅⋅Nb,
where t denotes the time.Many typologies of imperfections can be accounted for by varying the linear mass density and/or bending stiffness of some blades with respect to the design value; for example, in [15] a crack in a single blade was modeled by reducing the bending stiffness of the damaged blade. Accordingly, if the jth blade of the rotor is imperfect, the linear mass density σbj(ρ) and bending stiffness Kbj(ρ) of that blade can be modified as follows:(4)σbj(ρ)=σob(ρ)+δσbj(ρ),Kbj(ρ)=Kob(ρ)+δKbj(ρ),
where δσbj and δKbj are the variations with respect to the corresponding nominal values.


## 2.2.  Homogenized Model for a Perfect Rotor

The homogenized model developed in [19], valid for a rotor without imperfections, is briefly recalled here in order to illustrate the homogenization procedure. The variational formulation (2) is rewritten for a family of rotors with increasing number N of blades, starting from N=Nb, which is the number of blades exhibited by the reference rotor, in order to approach the homogenization limit N→∞. It is assumed that, for each chosen N, the blade mass density σobN and bending stiffness KobN rescale as σob(ρ)(Nb/N) and Kob(ρ)(Nb/N), respectively, such that the overlined quantities,(5)σ¯ob(ρ)=σobNδθ,K¯ob(ρ)=KobNδθ,
where δθ=2π/N is the angular spacing between adjacent blades, remain constant during the homogenization limit. The quantities defined in (5) represent, respectively, the homogenized linear mass density and bending stiffness. These assumptions are substituted into the functional (2) and the homogenization limit N→∞ is then performed; by extending the functions Ui(ρ) and Wi(ρ), i=1···N to the annular region (R,R+lb)×(0,2π) and assuming that they converge, together with their derivatives, to functions U(ρ,θ) and W(ρ,θ), the functional (2) converges, for N→∞, to [19](6)Hhom=12∫02πσr[(∂U∂t)2+(-∂2U∂θ∂t)2]ρ=RRdθ+12∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)(∂U∂t)2dρdθ+12∫02π(∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)dρ)[-∂2U∂θ∂t]ρ=R2dθ-12∫02πKrR4[∂U∂θ+∂3U∂θ3]ρ=R2Rdθ-12∫02π∫RR+lbK¯ob(ρ)(∂2U∂ρ2)2dρdθ,
subjected to the following constraints:(7)∂U∂ρ=1R(U+∂2U∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π).
In order to analyze the rotor dynamics, a sinusoidal time dependence of the unknown U is assumed, that is,(8)U(ρ,θ,t)=V(ρ,θ)eiωt,
where i=-1 is the imaginary unit. Enforcing this position and recasting the functional (6) into a variational form, the following is obtained:(9)-ω2{∫02πσr[Vψ+∂V∂θ∂ψ∂θ]ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)Vψdρdθ+∫02π(∫RR+lbσ¯ob(ρ)dρ)[∂V∂θ∂ψ∂θ]ρ=Rdθ}+∫02πKrR4[(∂V∂θ+∂3V∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)]ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbK¯ob(ρ)∂2V∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ=0,
subjected to the following constraints:(10)∂V∂ρ=1R(V+∂2V∂θ2),∂ψ∂ρ=1R(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π),
where ψ(ρ,θ) indicates a test function. The homogenized model described here is denoted with the acronym HOM in the foregoing.


## 2.3.  Homogenized Model for an Imperfect Rotor

The presence of imperfections can be accounted for in the homogenized model by letting the homogenized linear mass density and bending stiffness depend also on the angular variableθ. Accordingly, it is assumed that (11)σ¯b(ρ,θ)=σ¯ob(ρ)+δσ¯b(ρ,θ),K¯b(ρ,θ)=K¯ob(ρ)+δK¯b(ρ,θ),
where δσ¯b and δK¯b are suitable perturbations superimposed to the homogenized design values of linear mass density σ¯ob and bending stiffness K¯ob, respectively. In order to choose δσ¯b and δK¯b, it is necessary to specify how the imperfect blades behave during the homogenization limit. For the sake of example, it is assumed that the jth blade of the rotor is imperfect, with increased linear mass density equal to σob+δσbj as indicated in Figure 2. When the number of blades is increased to approach the homogenization limit, the number of imperfect blades increases as depicted in Figure 2, and their mass density and bending stiffness are rescaled according to the conditions given in Section 2.2. In particular, at the kth homogenization-process step, the total number of blades becomes N=2kNb, and the blade linear mass density and bending stiffness are rescaled by a factor 1/2k with respect to their nominal value; on the other hand, the number of imperfect blades becomes 2k, with rescaled linear mass density variation equal to δσbj/2k.Homogenization limit for an imperfect rotor; imperfection due to an increase of linear mass density of a blade. (a) Reference rotor withNb blades and imperfection on the jth blade, in black color. (b)  Homogenization step process k=1;  rotor with N=2Nb  blades, with rescaled bending stiffness and linear mass density.
(a)(b)Under these assumptions, in the homogenization limitN→∞, the homogenized linear mass density perturbation δσ¯b and the homogenized bending stiffness perturbation δK¯b are piecewise constant functions having the following expressions:(12)δσ¯b(ρ,θ)=δσbj(ρ)δθoχj(θ),δK¯b(ρ,θ)=δKbj(ρ)δθoχj(θ),
where(13)χj(θ)=1,θ∈(θj-δθo2,θj+δθo2),χj=0,elsewhere.
The expression (12) can be straightforwardly generalized to the case of multiple imperfect blades.


## 3.  Analytical Solutions for Eigenfrequencies and Eigenmodes

In this section explicit formulas for the eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of a bladed rotor, with or without imperfections, are reported. They are obtained by using the homogenized model developed in Sections2.2 and 2.3.


### 3.1.  Perfect Rotor

In order to evaluate the eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of a perfect rotor by using the homogenized model proposed here, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity thatσ¯ob and K¯ob do not depend on the radial variable ρ; under this simplifying assumption, using the localization lemma, (9) and (10) yields the field equilibrium equation:(14)-ω2σ¯obV+K¯ob∂4V∂ρ4=0,(ρ,θ)∈(R,R+lb)×(0,2π),
and the boundary conditions:(15)-ω2σrR(V-∂2V∂θ2)+ω2σ¯oblb∂2V∂θ2-KrR3(∂∂θ+∂3∂θ3)2V-K¯obR(1+∂2∂θ2)∂2V∂ρ2-K¯ob∂3V∂ρ3=0,ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π);∂V∂ρ=1R(V+∂2V∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π);K¯ob∂2V∂ρ2=0,ρ=R+lb,θ∈(0,2π);-K¯ob∂3V∂ρ3=0,ρ=R+lb,θ∈(0,2π).
Due to the rotational symmetry of the problem, the eigenmodes V depend harmonically on the angular variable θ. For each fixed nodal diameter, denoted by the modal number n≥0, a countable set of eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes, denoted by the modal number l=1,2,3…, can be computed as follows. Fixed n, a solution of the field equation (14), is given by(16)Von,l(ρ,θ)=2An,l(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))cos⁡(nθ+φn,l),
where An,l is an arbitrary constant,(17)f1(ρ)=cos⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f2(ρ)=sin⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f3(ρ)=cosh⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f4(ρ)=sinh⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)]
and the modal eigenfrequency ωon,l is related to λn,l by the relation(18)ωon,l=K¯obσ¯obλn,l2.
In (16) the quantities Ci, i=1···4, are scalar unknowns; by substituting (16) into the four boundary conditions (15), an eigenvalue problem is obtained, exhibiting a countable set of eigenvalues λn,l and corresponding eigenvectors Ci, i=1···4. The phase orientation φn,l is left undetermined after solving (14) and (15); as a consequence, for each fixed n>0 and l two independent eigenmodes exist, at the same modal frequency ωon,l. These are known in the literature as degenerate eigenmodes [1, 2]. All the eigenmodes relevant to n=0 are nondegenerate.


### 3.2.  Linearized Homogenized Model for an Imperfect Rotor

In order to derive analytical expressions for the modal eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of the rotor in the presence of imperfections, the homogenized model proposed in Section2.3 is linearized by employing a perturbation technique. Accordingly, the eigenmodes of the imperfect rotor are computed by perturbing the eigenmodes relevant to the perfect rotor, that is, for each fixed couple of modal indices (n,l), the eigenmodes Vn,l of the imperfect rotor are given by(19)Vn,l(ρ,θ)=Von,l(ρ,θ)+δVn,l(ρ,θ),
where Von,l is the eigenmode of the perfect rotor given in (16) and δVn,l is an unknown perturbation. Moreover the relevant eigenfrequency ωn,l is given by(20)ωn,l=ωon,l+δωn,l,
where δωn,l is the frequency shift due to the presence of imperfections. By substituting the expansions (11), (19), and (20) into the weak formulation (9) and retaining only the first order terms, the following linearized weak formulation is obtained:(21)-ωon,l2{∫02πσr(δVn,lψ+∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯bδVn,lψdρdθ+∫02πσ¯blb∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ|ρ=Rdθ}+∫02πKrR4(∂δVn,l∂θ+∂3δVn,l∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbK¯b∂2δVn,l∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ=2ωon,lδωn,l{∫02πσr(Von,lψ+∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯bVon,lψdρdθ+∫02πσ¯blb∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ|ρ=Rdθ}+ωon,l2{∫02π∫RR+lbδσ¯bVon,lψdρdθ+∫02πlbδσ¯b∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ}-∫02π∫RR+lbδK¯b∂2Von,l∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ,
under the following constraints:(22)∂δVn,l∂ρ=1R(δVn,l+∂2δVn,l∂θ2),∂ψ∂ρ=1R(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π),
where it is assumed, for simplicity, that σ¯ob and K¯ob do not depend on the radial variable ρ. The unknowns appearing in (21) are the scalar quantities δωn,l and  φn,l and the function δVn,l. Due to the presence of the imperfections, the indeterminacy on the phase angle φn,l is removed and, for each couple of modal indexes (n,l), two set of solutions (δωn,l,φn,l,δVn,l) are expected, corresponding to the two split eigenmodes belonging to the same degenerate eigenmode Von,l relevant to the perfect structure. This linearized homogenized model is denoted in the foregoing with the acronym L-HOM.


### 3.3.  Eigenfrequencies and Eigenmodes Evaluation for an Imperfect Rotor

By considering the linearized variational formulation (21), it is observed that, for each fixed modal number n,(23)g1(ρ,θ)=(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))cos⁡(nθ),g2(ρ,θ)=(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))sin⁡(nθ),
with Ci, i=1···4, and λn,l solutions of (14) and (15), are two independent functions belonging to the kernel of the self-adjoint operator at the left hand side of (21). Accordingly, by substituting first ψ=g1 and then ψ=g2 in (21), together with the expression of Von,l and ωon,l given by (16) and (18), respectively, two independent equations in the unknowns δωn,l and φn,l are obtained, whose solutions supply the two couples of frequency split and phase orientation (δωn,l,φn,l) relevant to the perturbed mode (n,l). Once the values of δωn,l and φn,l have been computed, the corresponding modal shapes can be obtained by making use of the linear weak formulation (21). To this end (21) is integrated by parts with respect to the variable ρ and, making use of (22)2, it yields(24)∫02π∫RR+lb(-ωon,l2σ¯bδVn,l+K¯b∂4δVn,l∂ρ4-2ωon,lδωn,lσ¯bVon,l-ωon,l2δσ¯bVon,l+δK¯b∂4Vn,l∂ρ4)ψdρdθ+∫02π{-ωon,l2σrR(δVn,lψ+∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)-ωon,l2σ¯blb∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ+KrR3(∂δVn,l∂θ+∂3δVn,l∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)-K¯bR∂δVn,l∂ρ2(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2)+K¯b∂3δVn,l∂ρ3ψ-2ωon,lδωn,l[σrR(Von,lψ+∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)+σ¯blb∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ]-ωon,l2lbδσ¯b∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ-δK¯bR∂2Von,l∂ρ2(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2)+δK¯b∂3Von,l∂ρ3ψ}|ρ=Rdθ+∫02π[(K¯b∂2δVn,l∂ρ2+δK¯b∂2Von,l∂ρ2)∂ψ∂ρ]ρ=R+lbdθ+∫02π[(-K¯b∂3δVn,l∂ρ3-δK¯b∂3Von,l∂ρ3)ψ]ρ=R+lbdθ=0.
Another weak-form equation is obtained by multiplying (22)1 by ψ and integrating over (0,2π), yielding(25)∫02π[∂δVn,l∂ρ-1R(δVn,l+∂2δVn,l∂θ2)]ψdθ=0.
In order to find out the unknown modal perturbation δVn,l, a spectral representation is used by setting(26)δVn,l(ρ,θ)=∑i=14{Ci02+ρGi02+∑k>0[(Cik+ρGik)cos⁡(kθ)+(Dik+ρHik)sin⁡(kθ)]Ci02}fi(ρ).The representation (26) of δVn,l is then substituted in (24), and the test function ψ is chosen according to the following expressions(27)ψ(ρ,θ)=cos⁡(kθ)β(ρ),ψ(ρ,θ)=sin⁡(kθ)β(ρ),
where k is any positive fixed integer and β is an arbitrary function of ρ. Using the localization lemma in the first integral of (24), an explicit expression for Gik and Hik, i=1···4, is obtained. The expression (26) for δVn,l, where now Gik and Hik are known scalar quantities, is then substituted into (24) and (25). Linear equations in the unknown coefficients Cik and Dik are obtained, for each fixed positive integer k, by choosing the test function ψ and ∂ψ/∂ρ, at ρ=R and ρ=R+lb, as cos(kθ) and sin(kθ) and using again localization lemma. Their solution provides the Fourier coefficients of the unknown modal perturbation δVn,l.


## 3.1.  Perfect Rotor

In order to evaluate the eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of a perfect rotor by using the homogenized model proposed here, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity thatσ¯ob and K¯ob do not depend on the radial variable ρ; under this simplifying assumption, using the localization lemma, (9) and (10) yields the field equilibrium equation:(14)-ω2σ¯obV+K¯ob∂4V∂ρ4=0,(ρ,θ)∈(R,R+lb)×(0,2π),
and the boundary conditions:(15)-ω2σrR(V-∂2V∂θ2)+ω2σ¯oblb∂2V∂θ2-KrR3(∂∂θ+∂3∂θ3)2V-K¯obR(1+∂2∂θ2)∂2V∂ρ2-K¯ob∂3V∂ρ3=0,ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π);∂V∂ρ=1R(V+∂2V∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π);K¯ob∂2V∂ρ2=0,ρ=R+lb,θ∈(0,2π);-K¯ob∂3V∂ρ3=0,ρ=R+lb,θ∈(0,2π).
Due to the rotational symmetry of the problem, the eigenmodes V depend harmonically on the angular variable θ. For each fixed nodal diameter, denoted by the modal number n≥0, a countable set of eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes, denoted by the modal number l=1,2,3…, can be computed as follows. Fixed n, a solution of the field equation (14), is given by(16)Von,l(ρ,θ)=2An,l(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))cos⁡(nθ+φn,l),
where An,l is an arbitrary constant,(17)f1(ρ)=cos⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f2(ρ)=sin⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f3(ρ)=cosh⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)],f4(ρ)=sinh⁡[λn,l(ρ-R)]
and the modal eigenfrequency ωon,l is related to λn,l by the relation(18)ωon,l=K¯obσ¯obλn,l2.
In (16) the quantities Ci, i=1···4, are scalar unknowns; by substituting (16) into the four boundary conditions (15), an eigenvalue problem is obtained, exhibiting a countable set of eigenvalues λn,l and corresponding eigenvectors Ci, i=1···4. The phase orientation φn,l is left undetermined after solving (14) and (15); as a consequence, for each fixed n>0 and l two independent eigenmodes exist, at the same modal frequency ωon,l. These are known in the literature as degenerate eigenmodes [1, 2]. All the eigenmodes relevant to n=0 are nondegenerate.


## 3.2.  Linearized Homogenized Model for an Imperfect Rotor

In order to derive analytical expressions for the modal eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of the rotor in the presence of imperfections, the homogenized model proposed in Section2.3 is linearized by employing a perturbation technique. Accordingly, the eigenmodes of the imperfect rotor are computed by perturbing the eigenmodes relevant to the perfect rotor, that is, for each fixed couple of modal indices (n,l), the eigenmodes Vn,l of the imperfect rotor are given by(19)Vn,l(ρ,θ)=Von,l(ρ,θ)+δVn,l(ρ,θ),
where Von,l is the eigenmode of the perfect rotor given in (16) and δVn,l is an unknown perturbation. Moreover the relevant eigenfrequency ωn,l is given by(20)ωn,l=ωon,l+δωn,l,
where δωn,l is the frequency shift due to the presence of imperfections. By substituting the expansions (11), (19), and (20) into the weak formulation (9) and retaining only the first order terms, the following linearized weak formulation is obtained:(21)-ωon,l2{∫02πσr(δVn,lψ+∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯bδVn,lψdρdθ+∫02πσ¯blb∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ|ρ=Rdθ}+∫02πKrR4(∂δVn,l∂θ+∂3δVn,l∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbK¯b∂2δVn,l∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ=2ωon,lδωn,l{∫02πσr(Von,lψ+∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)|ρ=RRdθ+∫02π∫RR+lbσ¯bVon,lψdρdθ+∫02πσ¯blb∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ|ρ=Rdθ}+ωon,l2{∫02π∫RR+lbδσ¯bVon,lψdρdθ+∫02πlbδσ¯b∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ}-∫02π∫RR+lbδK¯b∂2Von,l∂ρ2∂2ψ∂ρ2dρdθ,
under the following constraints:(22)∂δVn,l∂ρ=1R(δVn,l+∂2δVn,l∂θ2),∂ψ∂ρ=1R(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2),ρ=R,θ∈(0,2π),
where it is assumed, for simplicity, that σ¯ob and K¯ob do not depend on the radial variable ρ. The unknowns appearing in (21) are the scalar quantities δωn,l and  φn,l and the function δVn,l. Due to the presence of the imperfections, the indeterminacy on the phase angle φn,l is removed and, for each couple of modal indexes (n,l), two set of solutions (δωn,l,φn,l,δVn,l) are expected, corresponding to the two split eigenmodes belonging to the same degenerate eigenmode Von,l relevant to the perfect structure. This linearized homogenized model is denoted in the foregoing with the acronym L-HOM.


## 3.3.  Eigenfrequencies and Eigenmodes Evaluation for an Imperfect Rotor

By considering the linearized variational formulation (21), it is observed that, for each fixed modal number n,(23)g1(ρ,θ)=(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))cos⁡(nθ),g2(ρ,θ)=(∑i=14Cifi(ρ))sin⁡(nθ),
with Ci, i=1···4, and λn,l solutions of (14) and (15), are two independent functions belonging to the kernel of the self-adjoint operator at the left hand side of (21). Accordingly, by substituting first ψ=g1 and then ψ=g2 in (21), together with the expression of Von,l and ωon,l given by (16) and (18), respectively, two independent equations in the unknowns δωn,l and φn,l are obtained, whose solutions supply the two couples of frequency split and phase orientation (δωn,l,φn,l) relevant to the perturbed mode (n,l). Once the values of δωn,l and φn,l have been computed, the corresponding modal shapes can be obtained by making use of the linear weak formulation (21). To this end (21) is integrated by parts with respect to the variable ρ and, making use of (22)2, it yields(24)∫02π∫RR+lb(-ωon,l2σ¯bδVn,l+K¯b∂4δVn,l∂ρ4-2ωon,lδωn,lσ¯bVon,l-ωon,l2δσ¯bVon,l+δK¯b∂4Vn,l∂ρ4)ψdρdθ+∫02π{-ωon,l2σrR(δVn,lψ+∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)-ωon,l2σ¯blb∂δVn,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ+KrR3(∂δVn,l∂θ+∂3δVn,l∂θ3)(∂ψ∂θ+∂3ψ∂θ3)-K¯bR∂δVn,l∂ρ2(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2)+K¯b∂3δVn,l∂ρ3ψ-2ωon,lδωn,l[σrR(Von,lψ+∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ)+σ¯blb∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ]-ωon,l2lbδσ¯b∂Von,l∂θ∂ψ∂θ-δK¯bR∂2Von,l∂ρ2(ψ+∂2ψ∂θ2)+δK¯b∂3Von,l∂ρ3ψ}|ρ=Rdθ+∫02π[(K¯b∂2δVn,l∂ρ2+δK¯b∂2Von,l∂ρ2)∂ψ∂ρ]ρ=R+lbdθ+∫02π[(-K¯b∂3δVn,l∂ρ3-δK¯b∂3Von,l∂ρ3)ψ]ρ=R+lbdθ=0.
Another weak-form equation is obtained by multiplying (22)1 by ψ and integrating over (0,2π), yielding(25)∫02π[∂δVn,l∂ρ-1R(δVn,l+∂2δVn,l∂θ2)]ψdθ=0.
In order to find out the unknown modal perturbation δVn,l, a spectral representation is used by setting(26)δVn,l(ρ,θ)=∑i=14{Ci02+ρGi02+∑k>0[(Cik+ρGik)cos⁡(kθ)+(Dik+ρHik)sin⁡(kθ)]Ci02}fi(ρ).The representation (26) of δVn,l is then substituted in (24), and the test function ψ is chosen according to the following expressions(27)ψ(ρ,θ)=cos⁡(kθ)β(ρ),ψ(ρ,θ)=sin⁡(kθ)β(ρ),
where k is any positive fixed integer and β is an arbitrary function of ρ. Using the localization lemma in the first integral of (24), an explicit expression for Gik and Hik, i=1···4, is obtained. The expression (26) for δVn,l, where now Gik and Hik are known scalar quantities, is then substituted into (24) and (25). Linear equations in the unknown coefficients Cik and Dik are obtained, for each fixed positive integer k, by choosing the test function ψ and ∂ψ/∂ρ, at ρ=R and ρ=R+lb, as cos(kθ) and sin(kθ) and using again localization lemma. Their solution provides the Fourier coefficients of the unknown modal perturbation δVn,l.


## 4.  Numerical Simulations

In this section, some numerical simulation results are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed homogenized model in the investigation of the frequency split and localization phenomenon in imperfect rotors.


### 4.1.  Case Study Bladed Rotor

A case study problem is introduced here; a bladed rotor, similar to the one schematically represented in Figure1, is considered. It is composed of 32 elastic blades of cross-section 2×50mm and length 600mm; the blades are clamped to a support ring of radius 200mm and cross section 4×50mm. The ring and the blades are composed of steel, with Young modulus 210GPa and mass density 7850Kg/m3. The degenerate modal frequencies of this bladed rotor are reported in Table 1, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1, and evaluated according to the EB model. The eigenmodes relevant to n=0,1 are not considered since they do not involve any deformation in the support ring, in fact for that modes Δχ=0 [19].Table 1
Modal frequenciesωon,l in rad/s, relevant to the perfect rotor and evaluated according to the EB model. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=527.074627.074627.971827.971828.424228.424228.659628.6596


### 4.2.  Numerical Algorithms

In order to find a stationary solution for the Hamiltonian functional (2), describing the dynamical behavior of the case study bladed rotor according to the EB model, a finite-element scheme is adopted here. Accordingly, (2) is discretized by using two-node beam elements and Hermite polynomials as interpolation scheme, both for the ring and the blades. The axial inextensibility constraint is enforced by using a penalization method. A discrete formulation for the dynamical problem is finally obtained by assuming as unknowns the nodal displacements and rotations. The results provided by the latter discretized model are used in the foregoing as benchmark to assess the accuracy of the homogenized model.The homogenized weak formulation in (9), defined in the annular region (R,R+lb)×(0,2π), is also discretized in the angular direction with the Ritz-Rayleigh method assuming, as shape functions,(28)1,2cos⁡(kθ),-2sin⁡(kθ),k=1⋅⋅⋅nf,
whereas a finite element discretization is assumed in the radial direction, employing two-node beam elements with Hermite polynomials as interpolation scheme. Accordingly, the nodal unknowns are the real and imaginary part of the complex Fourier coefficients of the tangential displacement V and its radial derivative.


### 4.3.  Validation of the Homogenization Limit

In this section, the homogenization limit is numerically studied, and a convergence analysis is presented. The modal eigenfrequencies of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 are computed increasing the number N of blades, starting from the reference configuration with 32 blades and rescaling at the same time the linear mass density and the bending stiffness of the blades as described in Section 2, in order to approach the homogenization limit N→∞ relevant to the HOM model. In particular, N=32, N=64, N=128, and N=256 have been considered in the computations. In Figure 3 the relative error between degenerate eigenfrequencies evaluated according to the reference EB model and the HOM model is reported, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1. The figure shows that a quadratic convergence, indicated by the triangle, is achieved. The relative error slightly increases with the increase of n. The homogenized model turns out to be quite accurate in describing the rotor dynamics, as the relative error is very small even in the reference case of 32 blades.Figure 3
Convergence analysis for the homogenization limit: relative error between modal frequencies evaluated according to the EB model and the HOM model, as a function of the numberN of blades. Rotor without imperfections. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers l=1 and — □  n=2;  – ·∘n=3; – – *  n=4;  ··∆n=5. The triangle in the figure indicates the quadratic convergence slope.


### 4.4.  Modal Frequency Analysis

In this section the modal frequencies relevant to an imperfect bladed rotor are analyzed. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the linear mass density of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by a factor γ. The modal frequencies ωn,l, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1, are evaluated according to the reference EB model and the HOM model, considering different values of γ. In Table 2 the modal frequencies evaluated according to the EB model are reported.Table 2
Modal frequenciesωn,l in rad/s, relevant to the imperfect rotor and evaluated according to the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section 4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%27.074227.074627.971327.971828.423728.424228.659128.6596γ=0.1%27.073827.074627.970927.971828.423328.424228.658728.6596γ=0.5%27.070327.074627.967127.971828.419328.424228.654428.6596γ=1%27.065627.074627.961927.971828.413428.424228.647628.6596From Table2 it can be seen that, due to the presence of imperfections, a frequency split occurs between frequencies belonging to the same modal number (n,l), which were coinciding in the perfect case as shown in Table 1. The difference between eigenfrequencies relevant to the imperfect rotor in Table 2 and the corresponding ones relevant to the perfect rotor in Table 1 is the frequency shift δωn,l, which occurs due to the presence of imperfections. It can be noticed that, for each couple of modal numbers (n,l), one of the two frequency shifts δωn,l is vanishing; in fact, for each fixed (n,l), one of the two eigenfrequencies of the imperfect rotor in Table 2 coincides with the corresponding frequency of the perfect rotor in Table 1. In particular, this eigenfrequency corresponds to a modal shape antisymmetric with respect to the location of the imperfect blade [18]. Table 3 contains the relative error between the frequency shifts δωn,l evaluated according to the EB model and to the HOM model. For each couple of modal numbers (n,l), only the value relevant to the nonvanishing frequency shift is reported. The errors are almost independent from the imperfection level γ, and they slightly increase with the increase of n, ranging from 1% when n=2 to 9% when n=5. Finally, in Table 4 the relative errors between frequency shifts δωn,l evaluated according to the HOM model and the L-HOM model are reported. It is remarked here that while the results supplied by the HOM model are computed by using the numerical procedure described in Section 4.2, the results relevant to the L-HOM model are readily obtained using the analytical expressions developed in Section 3.3. For each couple of modal numbers (n,l), only one value is reported, relevant to the nonvanishing frequency shift. Results in Table 4 show that the linearized model is suitable for accurately evaluating frequency shifts of an imperfect rotor when imperfections are sufficiently small; for γ≤0.1% the relative errors range from 0.3% to 2.5%, increasing with mode number n. The relative difference between frequency shifts becomes larger for larger values of γ together with higher values of mode number n; for an increased accuracy a refined theory may be used, which can be derived by retaining also the higher-order terms in the perturbation expansion performed in Section 3.2. Accordingly, a nonlinear theory would be obtained, whose solution would require a numerical iterative procedure.Table 3
Relative error between frequency shifts relevant to the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model and the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and  l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%0.01140.02810.05130.0824γ=0.1%0.01160.02830.05190.0834γ=0.5%0.01250.02990.05560.0906γ=1%0.01030.02610.05000.0828Table 4
Relative error between frequency shifts relevant to the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model and the L-HOM model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5  and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%0.00320.00540.00870.0125γ=0.1%0.00640.01080.01730.0250γ=0.5%0.03190.05390.08600.1233γ=1%0.06650.11220.17770.2507


### 4.5.  Eigenmode Analysis

In this section the eigenmodes of the rotor described in Section4.1, made imperfect by increasing the linear mass density of its 4th blade by γ=1%, are evaluated. For the sake of comparison, both the HOM model and the L-HOM model are employed in the analysis, and their results are compared with the eigenmodes computed by using the finite-element formulation of the EB model, used as a benchmark. In Figure 4 the eigenmodes relevant to mode numbers n=2···5 and l=1 are reported; in particular, for each couple of modal number (n,l) only the eigenmode corresponding to a nonvanishing frequency shift δωn,l exhibits a vibration localization and is reported in the figure. All the modal shapes have been normalized using the same procedure: in particular, the modulus of the complex Fourier coefficient relevant to the dominant mode (i.e., the nth + 1 Fourier coefficient for a eigenmode of mode number n) has been set to 1. Finally, the eigenmodes have been all rescaled by a factor of 0.2 to be clearly shown in the figure.Eigenmodes of the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model, the L-HOM model, and the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=1%, with respect to its nominal value. – – green: perfect rotor, — red: imperfect rotor using HOM model, ···  blue: imperfect rotor using L-HOM model, – · –  black: imperfect rotor using the EB model.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The homogenized model turns out to be suitable for studying the localization phenomenon in imperfect rotors: in fact, as shown in Figure4, the localization effect due to the imperfection placed on the fourth blade clearly appears, increasing with the increase of the modal number n. It turns out that the HOM model and the L-HOM model are both in good agreement with the reference EB model, with the L-HOM model slightly underestimating the modal amplitude around the imperfect blade with respect to the HOM model.


## 4.1.  Case Study Bladed Rotor

A case study problem is introduced here; a bladed rotor, similar to the one schematically represented in Figure1, is considered. It is composed of 32 elastic blades of cross-section 2×50mm and length 600mm; the blades are clamped to a support ring of radius 200mm and cross section 4×50mm. The ring and the blades are composed of steel, with Young modulus 210GPa and mass density 7850Kg/m3. The degenerate modal frequencies of this bladed rotor are reported in Table 1, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1, and evaluated according to the EB model. The eigenmodes relevant to n=0,1 are not considered since they do not involve any deformation in the support ring, in fact for that modes Δχ=0 [19].Table 1
Modal frequenciesωon,l in rad/s, relevant to the perfect rotor and evaluated according to the EB model. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=527.074627.074627.971827.971828.424228.424228.659628.6596


## 4.2.  Numerical Algorithms

In order to find a stationary solution for the Hamiltonian functional (2), describing the dynamical behavior of the case study bladed rotor according to the EB model, a finite-element scheme is adopted here. Accordingly, (2) is discretized by using two-node beam elements and Hermite polynomials as interpolation scheme, both for the ring and the blades. The axial inextensibility constraint is enforced by using a penalization method. A discrete formulation for the dynamical problem is finally obtained by assuming as unknowns the nodal displacements and rotations. The results provided by the latter discretized model are used in the foregoing as benchmark to assess the accuracy of the homogenized model.The homogenized weak formulation in (9), defined in the annular region (R,R+lb)×(0,2π), is also discretized in the angular direction with the Ritz-Rayleigh method assuming, as shape functions,(28)1,2cos⁡(kθ),-2sin⁡(kθ),k=1⋅⋅⋅nf,
whereas a finite element discretization is assumed in the radial direction, employing two-node beam elements with Hermite polynomials as interpolation scheme. Accordingly, the nodal unknowns are the real and imaginary part of the complex Fourier coefficients of the tangential displacement V and its radial derivative.


## 4.3.  Validation of the Homogenization Limit

In this section, the homogenization limit is numerically studied, and a convergence analysis is presented. The modal eigenfrequencies of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 are computed increasing the number N of blades, starting from the reference configuration with 32 blades and rescaling at the same time the linear mass density and the bending stiffness of the blades as described in Section 2, in order to approach the homogenization limit N→∞ relevant to the HOM model. In particular, N=32, N=64, N=128, and N=256 have been considered in the computations. In Figure 3 the relative error between degenerate eigenfrequencies evaluated according to the reference EB model and the HOM model is reported, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1. The figure shows that a quadratic convergence, indicated by the triangle, is achieved. The relative error slightly increases with the increase of n. The homogenized model turns out to be quite accurate in describing the rotor dynamics, as the relative error is very small even in the reference case of 32 blades.Figure 3
Convergence analysis for the homogenization limit: relative error between modal frequencies evaluated according to the EB model and the HOM model, as a function of the numberN of blades. Rotor without imperfections. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers l=1 and — □  n=2;  – ·∘n=3; – – *  n=4;  ··∆n=5. The triangle in the figure indicates the quadratic convergence slope.


## 4.4.  Modal Frequency Analysis

In this section the modal frequencies relevant to an imperfect bladed rotor are analyzed. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the linear mass density of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by a factor γ. The modal frequencies ωn,l, relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1, are evaluated according to the reference EB model and the HOM model, considering different values of γ. In Table 2 the modal frequencies evaluated according to the EB model are reported.Table 2
Modal frequenciesωn,l in rad/s, relevant to the imperfect rotor and evaluated according to the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section 4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%27.074227.074627.971327.971828.423728.424228.659128.6596γ=0.1%27.073827.074627.970927.971828.423328.424228.658728.6596γ=0.5%27.070327.074627.967127.971828.419328.424228.654428.6596γ=1%27.065627.074627.961927.971828.413428.424228.647628.6596From Table2 it can be seen that, due to the presence of imperfections, a frequency split occurs between frequencies belonging to the same modal number (n,l), which were coinciding in the perfect case as shown in Table 1. The difference between eigenfrequencies relevant to the imperfect rotor in Table 2 and the corresponding ones relevant to the perfect rotor in Table 1 is the frequency shift δωn,l, which occurs due to the presence of imperfections. It can be noticed that, for each couple of modal numbers (n,l), one of the two frequency shifts δωn,l is vanishing; in fact, for each fixed (n,l), one of the two eigenfrequencies of the imperfect rotor in Table 2 coincides with the corresponding frequency of the perfect rotor in Table 1. In particular, this eigenfrequency corresponds to a modal shape antisymmetric with respect to the location of the imperfect blade [18]. Table 3 contains the relative error between the frequency shifts δωn,l evaluated according to the EB model and to the HOM model. For each couple of modal numbers (n,l), only the value relevant to the nonvanishing frequency shift is reported. The errors are almost independent from the imperfection level γ, and they slightly increase with the increase of n, ranging from 1% when n=2 to 9% when n=5. Finally, in Table 4 the relative errors between frequency shifts δωn,l evaluated according to the HOM model and the L-HOM model are reported. It is remarked here that while the results supplied by the HOM model are computed by using the numerical procedure described in Section 4.2, the results relevant to the L-HOM model are readily obtained using the analytical expressions developed in Section 3.3. For each couple of modal numbers (n,l), only one value is reported, relevant to the nonvanishing frequency shift. Results in Table 4 show that the linearized model is suitable for accurately evaluating frequency shifts of an imperfect rotor when imperfections are sufficiently small; for γ≤0.1% the relative errors range from 0.3% to 2.5%, increasing with mode number n. The relative difference between frequency shifts becomes larger for larger values of γ together with higher values of mode number n; for an increased accuracy a refined theory may be used, which can be derived by retaining also the higher-order terms in the perturbation expansion performed in Section 3.2. Accordingly, a nonlinear theory would be obtained, whose solution would require a numerical iterative procedure.Table 3
Relative error between frequency shifts relevant to the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model and the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5 and  l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%0.01140.02810.05130.0824γ=0.1%0.01160.02830.05190.0834γ=0.5%0.01250.02990.05560.0906γ=1%0.01030.02610.05000.0828Table 4
Relative error between frequency shifts relevant to the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model and the L-HOM model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, with respect to its nominal value. Modal frequencies relevant to modal numbers n=2···5  and l=1.
n=2n=3n=4n=5γ=0.05%0.00320.00540.00870.0125γ=0.1%0.00640.01080.01730.0250γ=0.5%0.03190.05390.08600.1233γ=1%0.06650.11220.17770.2507


## 4.5.  Eigenmode Analysis

In this section the eigenmodes of the rotor described in Section4.1, made imperfect by increasing the linear mass density of its 4th blade by γ=1%, are evaluated. For the sake of comparison, both the HOM model and the L-HOM model are employed in the analysis, and their results are compared with the eigenmodes computed by using the finite-element formulation of the EB model, used as a benchmark. In Figure 4 the eigenmodes relevant to mode numbers n=2···5 and l=1 are reported; in particular, for each couple of modal number (n,l) only the eigenmode corresponding to a nonvanishing frequency shift δωn,l exhibits a vibration localization and is reported in the figure. All the modal shapes have been normalized using the same procedure: in particular, the modulus of the complex Fourier coefficient relevant to the dominant mode (i.e., the nth + 1 Fourier coefficient for a eigenmode of mode number n) has been set to 1. Finally, the eigenmodes have been all rescaled by a factor of 0.2 to be clearly shown in the figure.Eigenmodes of the imperfect rotor, evaluated according to the HOM model, the L-HOM model, and the EB model. The imperfection is introduced by increasing the mass of the fourth blade of the perfect rotor described in Section4.1 by γ=1%, with respect to its nominal value. – – green: perfect rotor, — red: imperfect rotor using HOM model, ···  blue: imperfect rotor using L-HOM model, – · –  black: imperfect rotor using the EB model.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The homogenized model turns out to be suitable for studying the localization phenomenon in imperfect rotors: in fact, as shown in Figure4, the localization effect due to the imperfection placed on the fourth blade clearly appears, increasing with the increase of the modal number n. It turns out that the HOM model and the L-HOM model are both in good agreement with the reference EB model, with the L-HOM model slightly underestimating the modal amplitude around the imperfect blade with respect to the HOM model.


## 5.  Conclusions

In this paper a homogenized model has been proposed, suitable for the dynamical analysis of mistuned bladed rotors. The model seems to be a good compromise between accuracy and simplicity; indeed, it considers the distributed elasticity of the blades and the coupling between a single blade and the other ones, due to the presence of a flexible support disk. On the other end, it is a continuous model, and thus it is computationally more effective than classical finite element models. Numerical simulations have been reported, showing the capability of the model in evaluating the frequency split and vibration localization phenomenon arising in the presence of mistuning. The proposed model may be an effective tool for the design and the parametric analysis of bladed rotors.



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*Source: 378565-2012-04-24.xml*