# A Study on the Durability of Dispersive Soils Improved by Alum in Western Jilin Province of China

Authors: Xiaoqing Yuan; Xi Wang; Hui’e Chen; Zhiyong Shi; Bin Shi; Cencen Niu
Journal: Geofluids
 (2021)

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## Abstract

Dispersive soil, which has the characteristics of low erosion resistance and high dispersibility in water, is the main reason for the channel slope failure that happened in the planning area of the Western Alkaline Treatment project in Jilin Province. Therefore, the study focused on the improvement of dispersive soil. In this research, pinhole test and crumb test were conducted on the soil under varying percentages of alum (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%). Results indicated that alum can reduce the dispersivity of soil distinctly, and the optimal content of alum was 2.5%. This research also investigated the durability of 2.5%-alum-improved dispersive soil for dispersibility under the condition of freeze-thaw cycle. The soil samples with 2.5% alum content were subjected to pinhole test, crumb test, double hydrometer test, and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test under the different number of freeze-thaw cycles. The results showed that the 2.5%-alum-improved soil was unaffected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles, which illustrated that alum can be used to improve soil dispersivity in engineering practice.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Dispersive soil is a kind of cohesive soil prone to loss, in which soil particles will disperse under a very low hydraulic gradient when the repulsion force between soil particles exceeds the attraction force in low salinity or pure water [1]. Dispersive soil is extremely vulnerable to water erosion and dispersion loss, so it is likely to cause piping on structures such as drains and embankments [2], seriously endangering engineering safety. Obvious erosion phenomena can be seen in Qian’an area of Jilin Province. The water in the puddle on the roadside was turbid for a long time, and cracks occurred after it dried up (see Figure 1). Tests have proved that the soil samples have dispersive characteristics, which are related to the destruction of the channel slope and adversely affect the durability of the soil in this area.Figure 1
Erosion on the surface of the soil layer: (a) soil crack and (b–d) slope destruction.
(a)(b)(c)(d)To enhance the safety of projects while reducing engineering loss, the most direct and effective method is to improve the dispersive soil. Dispersibility is mainly influenced by the chemical properties and mineral species of the pore water [3]; the content of Na+ and the pH of the soil have especially the greatest influence. Therefore, modifiers are usually used to replace sodium ions on the surface of soil particles to reduce dispersivity. Gao et al. [4], Gidday and Mittal [5], and Consoli et al. [6] used lime; Mohanty et al. [7], Sihag et al. [8], and Yang [9] used cement; and Savaş et al. [10], Premkumar et al. [11], and Yan et al. [12] used fly ash to improve dispersive soils, which all yielded good improvement results. Studies commonly use the above materials to improve dispersive soils, but alum-soil interactions are less studied. Alum has a higher solubility in water than lime and is environmentally friendly and has a better improvement in dispersivity. Ouhadi and Goodarzi [13] improved dispersive soils with alum, which resulted in a significant reduction in dispersivity and increased the plasticity index and compressibility of the soil. Although these solutions reduce the dispersivity of the soil, there are few applications of improved soil in engineering effects. The soil samples were part of seasonal frozen soil which has undergone freeze-thaw cycles repeatedly in Qian’an. However, it is not clear whether the dispersibility will be affected by the freeze-thaw cycle. Consequently, it is necessary to investigate the durability of the soil under freeze-thaw cycles, which has guiding significance for engineering practice.Based on these, the soil samples were taken from Qian’an, the seasonal frozen area of Jilin Province. The study explored the optimal amount of alum by setting different blending amounts, respectively, and analyzed the relationship between durability and the number of freeze-thaw cycles.


## 2. Test Materials

### 2.1. Engineering Properties of Soil Samples

The soil samples were taken from Qian’an area, Songyuan, northwestern Jilin Province, which is the planning area of the Western Alkaline Treatment project and has a high degree of soil salinization. The basic properties of the soil samples are shown in Table1. The mineral composition of the soil samples is mainly primary minerals, with the highest content of quartz, followed by sodium feldspar, and the clay minerals are mainly kaolinite and montmorillonite. The relative mineral contents are shown in Table 2. The results of the soluble salt content and mineral analysis suggest that the soil samples have intrinsic factors to disperse.Table 1
Basic properties of soil samples.
Particle composition (%)Liquid limitWL (%)Plastic limitWP (%)Plasticity indexIPPercussive parameterspHSoluble salt content (%)>0.075 mm0.005~0.075 mm<0.005 mmMaximum dry density (g/cm3)Optimum moisture content (%)Na+Ca2+, Mg2+, K+SO42-, CO32-5.344.7749.9219.6411.528.121.6917.27.580.01160.01010.0449Table 2
Relative mineral content.
Content of various minerals in whole soil (%)Relative content of clay minerals (%)Clay mineral contentNonclay mineral contentKaoliniteMontmorilloniteQuartzCalciteSodium feldsparHematiteCalcium sulfateKaoliniteMontmorillonite76439257353.8546.15


### 2.2. Dispersibility Identification of Soil Samples

The dispersibility of the soil samples was identified by double hydrometer test [14], pinhole test [15], crumb test [16], and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test [17]. The soil was dispersive soil, and the results are shown in Table 3.Table 3
The results of soil sample dispersibility determination.
Double hydrometer testPinhole testCrumb testPercentage of exchangeable sodium ion testDispersion (%)Water head (mm)Duration (min)End pinhole (mm)ESP (%)77.525051.9Disintegrated in 2 min; an easily visible cloud of suspended colloids29.8In the pinhole test, the soil sample was made intoφ37mm×38.1mm through hydrostatic method and pierced with a 1 mm diameter pinhole. The 50 mm water head was adopted, and water flowed through the small hole for 5 min. Finally, the erosion of a small hole by the water flow was observed, so was the water flow and turbidity. The results (see Figure 2) showed that the soil was dispersive soil.Figure 2
Results of pinhole test: (a, b) water turbidity situation and (c) end pinhole.
(a)(b)(c)In the crumb test, the 1 cm3 cubic in situ soil sample was taken and submerged in a beaker with 200 ml distilled water for 5-10 min. Then, the disintegration of the soil sample was observed. The soil disintegrated quickly in 2 min, and turbidity could be seen near the soil (see Figure 3). The test proved that the soil was dispersive soil.Figure 3
Disintegration of soil samples in crumb test: (a) 0 min, (b) 2 min, (c) 1 h, and (d) 6 h.
(a)(b)(c)(d)In the double hydrometer test, the soil sample was carried out twice to measure the percent finer (0.005 mm) aperture size. The first time the soil sample was boiled with a dispersing agent added; the second time, the soil sample was neither boiled nor dispersing agent added. The dispersion of the soil sample was calculated according to(1)Dispersion=passing5μmundervacuumconditionpassing5μmundernormalcondition×100%.Previous studies on dispersion discrimination standards are as follows: for nondispersive soil, the dispersion was <30%; for transitional soil, the dispersion reached 30–50%; and for dispersive soil, the dispersion was >50%. The dispersion in the soil sample (see Table4) was 77.52%, >50%, which proved that the soil was classified as dispersive soil.Table 4
Results of the double hydrometer test.
Percent finer (0.005 mm) aperture sizeDispersion (%)Without a dispersing agentWith a dispersing agent52.40767.60577.52The percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test is a measure of the ratio of the exchangeable Na+ content to the total exchangeable cations (CEC) ESP, as shown in
(2)ESP=CNa+CEC×100%.For nondispersive soil,ESP<7; for transitional soil, ESP reached 7-10; and for dispersive soil, ESP>10. ESP in the soil sample (see Table 5) was 29.8%, >10%, so the soil was classified as dispersive soil.Table 5
Results of the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test.
Exchangeable sodium ion contentTotal cation exchangeESP (%)0.5251.75629.8Based on the results of the above four tests, they all proved that the soil samples had dispersive characteristics.


## 2.1. Engineering Properties of Soil Samples

The soil samples were taken from Qian’an area, Songyuan, northwestern Jilin Province, which is the planning area of the Western Alkaline Treatment project and has a high degree of soil salinization. The basic properties of the soil samples are shown in Table1. The mineral composition of the soil samples is mainly primary minerals, with the highest content of quartz, followed by sodium feldspar, and the clay minerals are mainly kaolinite and montmorillonite. The relative mineral contents are shown in Table 2. The results of the soluble salt content and mineral analysis suggest that the soil samples have intrinsic factors to disperse.Table 1
Basic properties of soil samples.
Particle composition (%)Liquid limitWL (%)Plastic limitWP (%)Plasticity indexIPPercussive parameterspHSoluble salt content (%)>0.075 mm0.005~0.075 mm<0.005 mmMaximum dry density (g/cm3)Optimum moisture content (%)Na+Ca2+, Mg2+, K+SO42-, CO32-5.344.7749.9219.6411.528.121.6917.27.580.01160.01010.0449Table 2
Relative mineral content.
Content of various minerals in whole soil (%)Relative content of clay minerals (%)Clay mineral contentNonclay mineral contentKaoliniteMontmorilloniteQuartzCalciteSodium feldsparHematiteCalcium sulfateKaoliniteMontmorillonite76439257353.8546.15


## 2.2. Dispersibility Identification of Soil Samples

The dispersibility of the soil samples was identified by double hydrometer test [14], pinhole test [15], crumb test [16], and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test [17]. The soil was dispersive soil, and the results are shown in Table 3.Table 3
The results of soil sample dispersibility determination.
Double hydrometer testPinhole testCrumb testPercentage of exchangeable sodium ion testDispersion (%)Water head (mm)Duration (min)End pinhole (mm)ESP (%)77.525051.9Disintegrated in 2 min; an easily visible cloud of suspended colloids29.8In the pinhole test, the soil sample was made intoφ37mm×38.1mm through hydrostatic method and pierced with a 1 mm diameter pinhole. The 50 mm water head was adopted, and water flowed through the small hole for 5 min. Finally, the erosion of a small hole by the water flow was observed, so was the water flow and turbidity. The results (see Figure 2) showed that the soil was dispersive soil.Figure 2
Results of pinhole test: (a, b) water turbidity situation and (c) end pinhole.
(a)(b)(c)In the crumb test, the 1 cm3 cubic in situ soil sample was taken and submerged in a beaker with 200 ml distilled water for 5-10 min. Then, the disintegration of the soil sample was observed. The soil disintegrated quickly in 2 min, and turbidity could be seen near the soil (see Figure 3). The test proved that the soil was dispersive soil.Figure 3
Disintegration of soil samples in crumb test: (a) 0 min, (b) 2 min, (c) 1 h, and (d) 6 h.
(a)(b)(c)(d)In the double hydrometer test, the soil sample was carried out twice to measure the percent finer (0.005 mm) aperture size. The first time the soil sample was boiled with a dispersing agent added; the second time, the soil sample was neither boiled nor dispersing agent added. The dispersion of the soil sample was calculated according to(1)Dispersion=passing5μmundervacuumconditionpassing5μmundernormalcondition×100%.Previous studies on dispersion discrimination standards are as follows: for nondispersive soil, the dispersion was <30%; for transitional soil, the dispersion reached 30–50%; and for dispersive soil, the dispersion was >50%. The dispersion in the soil sample (see Table4) was 77.52%, >50%, which proved that the soil was classified as dispersive soil.Table 4
Results of the double hydrometer test.
Percent finer (0.005 mm) aperture sizeDispersion (%)Without a dispersing agentWith a dispersing agent52.40767.60577.52The percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test is a measure of the ratio of the exchangeable Na+ content to the total exchangeable cations (CEC) ESP, as shown in
(2)ESP=CNa+CEC×100%.For nondispersive soil,ESP<7; for transitional soil, ESP reached 7-10; and for dispersive soil, ESP>10. ESP in the soil sample (see Table 5) was 29.8%, >10%, so the soil was classified as dispersive soil.Table 5
Results of the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test.
Exchangeable sodium ion contentTotal cation exchangeESP (%)0.5251.75629.8Based on the results of the above four tests, they all proved that the soil samples had dispersive characteristics.


## 3. Test Methods

### 3.1. Specimen Preparation

The soil samples were obtained from Qian’an area through a series of disposal processes, dried, crushed, and then sieved through a 2 mm sieve. To investigate the effect of alum on the durability of the soil samples, variations in the dispersibility of the laboratory soil samples due to the addition of alum were examined. Tests were done for percentages of alum mixed with soil. The soil samples were divided into two groups; one was mixed with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% alum by mass fraction, respectively, while the other was mixed with the same mass of untreated soil samples. The step to treat the samples was to identify different influences through the same supplement and to eliminate the effects of differences in mass. Afterwards, the soil samples were mixed with distilled water in a spray bottle to the optimum moisture content of 17.2% and then sealed in a cling film and left for 24 h to ensure adequate moisture redistribution. Then, the soil samples were made intoφ39.1×80mm size with 95% compaction to make them reach the maximum dry density, and the specimens were sealed and wrapped with cling film after preparation to prevent water evaporation.


### 3.2. Durability Test

To simulate the freeze-thaw condition of soil under natural conditions, freeze-thaw cycle test was conducted in the “comprehensive simulation platform for freeze-thaw test of soil in super cold environment” made by Jilin University (see Figure4). The temperature was monitored by temperature sensors in the upper and lower temperature control chambers to adjust the temperature inside the chamber so that the temperature inside the chamber was continuously maintained at the set temperature. The sealed soil samples were placed in the apparatus. The freezing temperature was set at -20°C and the thawing temperature was 25°C, and the number of freeze-thaw cycles was set at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 15, and 20 times, respectively.Figure 4
Freeze-thaw cycle test apparatus.


### 3.3. Dispersibility Test

Pinhole test [15] simulates water flow through soil cracks, in which process is intuitive, and its results are generally considered highly reliable [1]. Crumb test [16] is based on the colloidal chemistry point of view [18], which is second in credibility to the pinhole test [19]. Therefore, these two tests were chosen to identify the dispersibility of the improved soil sample and explore the optimal alum mixture quantity. Double hydrometer test [14] and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test [17] were chosen to verify the optimal mixture quantity. Finally, the four tests were to determine the dispersibility of the soil improved by the optimal alum content under the condition of freeze-thaw cycle.


## 3.1. Specimen Preparation

The soil samples were obtained from Qian’an area through a series of disposal processes, dried, crushed, and then sieved through a 2 mm sieve. To investigate the effect of alum on the durability of the soil samples, variations in the dispersibility of the laboratory soil samples due to the addition of alum were examined. Tests were done for percentages of alum mixed with soil. The soil samples were divided into two groups; one was mixed with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% alum by mass fraction, respectively, while the other was mixed with the same mass of untreated soil samples. The step to treat the samples was to identify different influences through the same supplement and to eliminate the effects of differences in mass. Afterwards, the soil samples were mixed with distilled water in a spray bottle to the optimum moisture content of 17.2% and then sealed in a cling film and left for 24 h to ensure adequate moisture redistribution. Then, the soil samples were made intoφ39.1×80mm size with 95% compaction to make them reach the maximum dry density, and the specimens were sealed and wrapped with cling film after preparation to prevent water evaporation.


## 3.2. Durability Test

To simulate the freeze-thaw condition of soil under natural conditions, freeze-thaw cycle test was conducted in the “comprehensive simulation platform for freeze-thaw test of soil in super cold environment” made by Jilin University (see Figure4). The temperature was monitored by temperature sensors in the upper and lower temperature control chambers to adjust the temperature inside the chamber so that the temperature inside the chamber was continuously maintained at the set temperature. The sealed soil samples were placed in the apparatus. The freezing temperature was set at -20°C and the thawing temperature was 25°C, and the number of freeze-thaw cycles was set at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 15, and 20 times, respectively.Figure 4
Freeze-thaw cycle test apparatus.


## 3.3. Dispersibility Test

Pinhole test [15] simulates water flow through soil cracks, in which process is intuitive, and its results are generally considered highly reliable [1]. Crumb test [16] is based on the colloidal chemistry point of view [18], which is second in credibility to the pinhole test [19]. Therefore, these two tests were chosen to identify the dispersibility of the improved soil sample and explore the optimal alum mixture quantity. Double hydrometer test [14] and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test [17] were chosen to verify the optimal mixture quantity. Finally, the four tests were to determine the dispersibility of the soil improved by the optimal alum content under the condition of freeze-thaw cycle.


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Variation of Soil Dispersibility with the Amount of Alum Admixture

The incorporation of alum has an obvious effect on the improvement of dispersive soil. The results of the crumb test are shown in Figure5. It can be seen that the colloidal clouding decreases with the increase of alum admixture. Without alum addition, the reaction is severe, and a cloud of suspended colloids can be seen easily. At 1%, 1.5%, and 2% addition, the disintegration is not obvious, and the water is slightly cloudy, which shows the soil is classified as transitional soil. At 2.5% and 3% addition, there is no reaction in water, so it can be proved as nondispersive soil.Figure 5
Observation of the crumb test: (a) 0% alum, (b) 1% alum, (c) 1.5% alum, (d) 2% alum, (e) 2.5% alum, and (f) 3% alum.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure6 shows the results of the pinhole test. When no alum is added, the hole size after the test is 2 (mm), and the water collected is pretty invisible. When the soil is mixed with alum, the pinholes are not eroded, and none of the pinholes’ diameters have changed, all being 1 mm. By observing the turbidity of water flow, it is found that the more alum doping, the clearer the water is. When the admixture amount is 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, the water collected is turbid, so the soil is identified as transitional soil; when the admixture amount reaches 2.5% and 3%, the water is clear, identified as nondispersive soil.Figure 6
Observation of the pinhole test: (a) 0% alum, (b) 1% alum, (c) 1.5% alum, (d) 2% alum, (e) 2.5% alum, (f) 3% alum, and (g, h) turbidity of water flow (from left to right are mixed with 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1% alum, and 0 alum).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)No matter for pinhole test or crumb test, the incorporation of alum can improve the soil sample into transitional soil or nondispersive soil, and the improvement effect is more obvious with the increase of the incorporation of alum. It can be improved in nondispersive soil when the incorporation amount reaches 2.5% and 3%. Therefore, the optimal mixture amount is at least 2.5%. Therefore, the double hydrometer test and the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test (see Table6) are used to confirm the optimal quantity. Both of them show that 2.5% alum mixture can turn dispersive soil to nondispersive soil. Hassanlourad et al. [20] proved that the addition of alum resulted in an increase in shear strength up to 50% and that further increase in alum content led to a reduction in strength and brittleness. Furthermore, considering the cost issue, 2.5% is identified as the optimal mixture quantity.Table 6
Results of the double hydrometer test and the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test for the soil samples treated with 2.5% alum.
Mixture amount (%)Double hydrometer testPercentage of exchangeable sodium ion testPercent finer (0.005 mm) aperture sizeDispersion (%)Exchangeable sodium ion contentTotal cation exchangeESP (%)Without a dispersing agentWith a dispersing agent2.53.3518.2418.370.2915.61.86The dispersion mechanism of dispersive soil is mainly influenced by the sodium ions and acidity on the surface of the soil. Sodium ions, as cations, have a small number of atomic nuclei and have a small attraction to electrons outside the nucleus. When more sodium ions exist on the surface of soil particles, it will cause a significant decrease in the gravitational force of the weakly bound water layer. Because of the large number, more water molecules are attracted, so the thickness of the diffusion layer becomes larger. The cations commonly present in soils are calcium, magnesium, and potassium ions. Potassium ions have more nuclear numbers than sodium ions, and calcium and magnesium ions get higher valence than sodium ions, so all of their thickness of diffusion layers is smaller than that of sodium ions. Therefore, when the surface charge of the soil is constant, the thickness of the diffusion layer is inversely proportional to the ion valence and directly proportional to the ion concentration. Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) contains Al3+, and the thickness of the double electric layer for Na+ is three times that for it. When alum is mixed into soil, Na+ can be replaced by Al3+ on the surface of soil particles, causing the reduction in the thickness of the diffusion layer and the double electric layer. Besides, the bound water film becomes thinner and the gravitational force between particles increases, which leads to the dispersion of soil decreasing. Al3+ hydration reaction generates Al2O3 colloids, which can cement the soil particles, fill the void, and play the role of reducing the dispersivity. It can also generate H+, Al3++3H2O⟶AlOH3+3H+, reducing the pH value. The charge number on the surface of soil particles decreases, so the diffusion layer becomes thinner, which leads to the interparticle gravitational force increasing and the dispersibility weakened.


### 4.2. Variation of ESP with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure7 shows the relationship between ESP and the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum. It can be seen that when the soil is not mixed with alum, ESP ranges from 26.28% to 33.33% and gradually decreases with the increasing cycle and finally smoothes out. When alum is added to the soil, ESP decreases greatly, generally between 1.89% and 3.89%, and changes little with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, increasing slowly and eventually getting gentle. The addition of 2.5% alum to the soil reduces ESP by about 27% compared to that without alum, indicating that alum has a great improvement effect on the soil dispersivity, and the soil dispersivity does not change much after experiencing freeze-thaw cycle.Figure 7
Variation of ESP with the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum.


### 4.3. Variation of Dispersion with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure8 shows the relationship between dispersion and the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum. It can be seen that when alum is not added, the overall dispersion ranges from 64.37% to 81.04%, with the extreme difference of 16.67%, and the dispersion increases gradually with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. When 2.5% alum is added, the overall dispersion ranges from 18.37% to 30.2%, with the extreme difference of 11.83%, and the dispersion increases slowly with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The dispersion is decreased by about 50% before and after the addition of alum, and the extreme difference is reduced by 4.84%, indicating that the dispersivity is greatly reduced and more stable after the addition of alum.Figure 8
Variation of dispersion with the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum.


### 4.4. Variation of Pinhole Test with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure9 shows the results of the pinhole test with different freeze-thaw cycles. It can be concluded that there is an increase in the diameter of hole with the increase of freeze-thaw cycle. However, with 2.5% alum treated, the end hole diameter remains 1.0 mm.Figure 9
Results of the pinhole test with different freeze-thaw cycles: (a) untreated 0 times, (b) untreated 20 times, and (c) alum-treated 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)Table7 shows the data of the pinhole test for 10 min under 50 mm water head. In the first five freeze-thaw cycles, the end pinhole diameter is less than 2.0 mm and the water is turbid, identified as dispersive soil. After seven times, the end pinhole diameter becomes 2.0 mm, which is identified as highly dispersive soil. When treated with alum, the end pinhole diameter remains 1.0 mm unchanged and the water is clear, indicating that the results are almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles.Table 7
Pinhole test results.
The number of freeze-thaw cyclesWithout alumDispersion identificationWith alumDispersion identificationWater turbidityEnd pinhole diameter (mm)Water turbidityEnd pinhole diameter (mm)0Turbid1.8DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive1Turbid1.6DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive3Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive5Turbid1.7DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive7Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive9Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive10Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive15Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive20Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive


### 4.5. Variation of Crumb Test with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figures10 and 11 show the variation of colloidal clouding with the number of freeze-thaw cycles in the crumb test before and after improvement. From the figure, it shows that the colloidal clouding of untreated soil increases with the number of freeze-thaw cycles growing, and the water is practically invisible, which shows the reaction is severe. Thus, untreated soils are classified as dispersive soil. When soil samples are improved by 2.5% alum, the water remains clear, and the colloidal clouding is nearly completely eliminated, which determines that the soil samples are defined as nondispersive soil. No matter how many times of freeze-thaw cycles, there is no reaction of cloudy water, indicating the improvement effect is almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles.Figure 10
Results of the crumb test of different freeze-thaw cycles without alum: (a) 0, (b) 1 time, (c) 3 times, (d) 5 times, (e) 7 times, (f) 9 times, (g) 10 times, (h) 15 times, and (i) 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Figure 11
Results of the crumb test of different freeze-thaw cycles with 2.5% alum: (a) 0, (b) 1 time, (c) 3 times, (d) 5 times, (e) 7 times, (f) 9 times, (g) 10 times, (h) 15 times, and (i) 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)It can be observed that the dispersibility of untreated soil is affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles from the above figures. The influence degree increases with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles. One of the reasons is that the pore water of the soil expands in volume during the process of freezing into ice, and the volume will expand by 9%. The pore water freezing process destroys the original soil structure and the connection of soil particles, which cannot be restored in the subsequent thawing process, so the dispersivity of soil will increase [21–25]. What's more, from Figure 7, as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, exchangeable sodium ions grow, which will increase the thickness of the diffusion layer and decrease the interparticle attraction, consequently increasing dispersivity.The dispersibility of alum-treated soil is almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The dispersion mechanism of dispersive soil is mainly influenced by the sodium ions and acidity of the soil. For one thing, sodium ions are replaced by aluminum ions, resulting in the decrease of the thickness of the double electric layer. During the freezing process, the bound water freezes after the free water in the soil [26]. The pore water volume expansion is not obvious due to the thinning of the weakly bound water film, which means the connection of soil particles is hardly broken, so there is no change in dispersivity. For another, the aluminum ion hydration reaction generates H+, which can reduce the pH values, destroying the alkaline environment required for dispersive soils. The acidity does not change with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, so the dispersivity remains unchanged.


## 4.1. Variation of Soil Dispersibility with the Amount of Alum Admixture

The incorporation of alum has an obvious effect on the improvement of dispersive soil. The results of the crumb test are shown in Figure5. It can be seen that the colloidal clouding decreases with the increase of alum admixture. Without alum addition, the reaction is severe, and a cloud of suspended colloids can be seen easily. At 1%, 1.5%, and 2% addition, the disintegration is not obvious, and the water is slightly cloudy, which shows the soil is classified as transitional soil. At 2.5% and 3% addition, there is no reaction in water, so it can be proved as nondispersive soil.Figure 5
Observation of the crumb test: (a) 0% alum, (b) 1% alum, (c) 1.5% alum, (d) 2% alum, (e) 2.5% alum, and (f) 3% alum.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure6 shows the results of the pinhole test. When no alum is added, the hole size after the test is 2 (mm), and the water collected is pretty invisible. When the soil is mixed with alum, the pinholes are not eroded, and none of the pinholes’ diameters have changed, all being 1 mm. By observing the turbidity of water flow, it is found that the more alum doping, the clearer the water is. When the admixture amount is 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, the water collected is turbid, so the soil is identified as transitional soil; when the admixture amount reaches 2.5% and 3%, the water is clear, identified as nondispersive soil.Figure 6
Observation of the pinhole test: (a) 0% alum, (b) 1% alum, (c) 1.5% alum, (d) 2% alum, (e) 2.5% alum, (f) 3% alum, and (g, h) turbidity of water flow (from left to right are mixed with 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1% alum, and 0 alum).
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)No matter for pinhole test or crumb test, the incorporation of alum can improve the soil sample into transitional soil or nondispersive soil, and the improvement effect is more obvious with the increase of the incorporation of alum. It can be improved in nondispersive soil when the incorporation amount reaches 2.5% and 3%. Therefore, the optimal mixture amount is at least 2.5%. Therefore, the double hydrometer test and the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test (see Table6) are used to confirm the optimal quantity. Both of them show that 2.5% alum mixture can turn dispersive soil to nondispersive soil. Hassanlourad et al. [20] proved that the addition of alum resulted in an increase in shear strength up to 50% and that further increase in alum content led to a reduction in strength and brittleness. Furthermore, considering the cost issue, 2.5% is identified as the optimal mixture quantity.Table 6
Results of the double hydrometer test and the percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test for the soil samples treated with 2.5% alum.
Mixture amount (%)Double hydrometer testPercentage of exchangeable sodium ion testPercent finer (0.005 mm) aperture sizeDispersion (%)Exchangeable sodium ion contentTotal cation exchangeESP (%)Without a dispersing agentWith a dispersing agent2.53.3518.2418.370.2915.61.86The dispersion mechanism of dispersive soil is mainly influenced by the sodium ions and acidity on the surface of the soil. Sodium ions, as cations, have a small number of atomic nuclei and have a small attraction to electrons outside the nucleus. When more sodium ions exist on the surface of soil particles, it will cause a significant decrease in the gravitational force of the weakly bound water layer. Because of the large number, more water molecules are attracted, so the thickness of the diffusion layer becomes larger. The cations commonly present in soils are calcium, magnesium, and potassium ions. Potassium ions have more nuclear numbers than sodium ions, and calcium and magnesium ions get higher valence than sodium ions, so all of their thickness of diffusion layers is smaller than that of sodium ions. Therefore, when the surface charge of the soil is constant, the thickness of the diffusion layer is inversely proportional to the ion valence and directly proportional to the ion concentration. Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) contains Al3+, and the thickness of the double electric layer for Na+ is three times that for it. When alum is mixed into soil, Na+ can be replaced by Al3+ on the surface of soil particles, causing the reduction in the thickness of the diffusion layer and the double electric layer. Besides, the bound water film becomes thinner and the gravitational force between particles increases, which leads to the dispersion of soil decreasing. Al3+ hydration reaction generates Al2O3 colloids, which can cement the soil particles, fill the void, and play the role of reducing the dispersivity. It can also generate H+, Al3++3H2O⟶AlOH3+3H+, reducing the pH value. The charge number on the surface of soil particles decreases, so the diffusion layer becomes thinner, which leads to the interparticle gravitational force increasing and the dispersibility weakened.


## 4.2. Variation of ESP with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure7 shows the relationship between ESP and the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum. It can be seen that when the soil is not mixed with alum, ESP ranges from 26.28% to 33.33% and gradually decreases with the increasing cycle and finally smoothes out. When alum is added to the soil, ESP decreases greatly, generally between 1.89% and 3.89%, and changes little with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, increasing slowly and eventually getting gentle. The addition of 2.5% alum to the soil reduces ESP by about 27% compared to that without alum, indicating that alum has a great improvement effect on the soil dispersivity, and the soil dispersivity does not change much after experiencing freeze-thaw cycle.Figure 7
Variation of ESP with the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum.


## 4.3. Variation of Dispersion with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure8 shows the relationship between dispersion and the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum. It can be seen that when alum is not added, the overall dispersion ranges from 64.37% to 81.04%, with the extreme difference of 16.67%, and the dispersion increases gradually with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. When 2.5% alum is added, the overall dispersion ranges from 18.37% to 30.2%, with the extreme difference of 11.83%, and the dispersion increases slowly with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The dispersion is decreased by about 50% before and after the addition of alum, and the extreme difference is reduced by 4.84%, indicating that the dispersivity is greatly reduced and more stable after the addition of alum.Figure 8
Variation of dispersion with the number of freeze-thaw cycles under soil treated with 2.5% alum.


## 4.4. Variation of Pinhole Test with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figure9 shows the results of the pinhole test with different freeze-thaw cycles. It can be concluded that there is an increase in the diameter of hole with the increase of freeze-thaw cycle. However, with 2.5% alum treated, the end hole diameter remains 1.0 mm.Figure 9
Results of the pinhole test with different freeze-thaw cycles: (a) untreated 0 times, (b) untreated 20 times, and (c) alum-treated 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)Table7 shows the data of the pinhole test for 10 min under 50 mm water head. In the first five freeze-thaw cycles, the end pinhole diameter is less than 2.0 mm and the water is turbid, identified as dispersive soil. After seven times, the end pinhole diameter becomes 2.0 mm, which is identified as highly dispersive soil. When treated with alum, the end pinhole diameter remains 1.0 mm unchanged and the water is clear, indicating that the results are almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles.Table 7
Pinhole test results.
The number of freeze-thaw cyclesWithout alumDispersion identificationWith alumDispersion identificationWater turbidityEnd pinhole diameter (mm)Water turbidityEnd pinhole diameter (mm)0Turbid1.8DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive1Turbid1.6DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive3Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive5Turbid1.7DispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive7Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive9Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive10Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive15Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive20Very cloudy2.0Highly dispersiveClear1.0Nondispersive


## 4.5. Variation of Crumb Test with the Number of Freeze-Thaw Cycles before and after Improvement

Figures10 and 11 show the variation of colloidal clouding with the number of freeze-thaw cycles in the crumb test before and after improvement. From the figure, it shows that the colloidal clouding of untreated soil increases with the number of freeze-thaw cycles growing, and the water is practically invisible, which shows the reaction is severe. Thus, untreated soils are classified as dispersive soil. When soil samples are improved by 2.5% alum, the water remains clear, and the colloidal clouding is nearly completely eliminated, which determines that the soil samples are defined as nondispersive soil. No matter how many times of freeze-thaw cycles, there is no reaction of cloudy water, indicating the improvement effect is almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles.Figure 10
Results of the crumb test of different freeze-thaw cycles without alum: (a) 0, (b) 1 time, (c) 3 times, (d) 5 times, (e) 7 times, (f) 9 times, (g) 10 times, (h) 15 times, and (i) 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)Figure 11
Results of the crumb test of different freeze-thaw cycles with 2.5% alum: (a) 0, (b) 1 time, (c) 3 times, (d) 5 times, (e) 7 times, (f) 9 times, (g) 10 times, (h) 15 times, and (i) 20 times.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)It can be observed that the dispersibility of untreated soil is affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles from the above figures. The influence degree increases with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles. One of the reasons is that the pore water of the soil expands in volume during the process of freezing into ice, and the volume will expand by 9%. The pore water freezing process destroys the original soil structure and the connection of soil particles, which cannot be restored in the subsequent thawing process, so the dispersivity of soil will increase [21–25]. What's more, from Figure 7, as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, exchangeable sodium ions grow, which will increase the thickness of the diffusion layer and decrease the interparticle attraction, consequently increasing dispersivity.The dispersibility of alum-treated soil is almost not affected by the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The dispersion mechanism of dispersive soil is mainly influenced by the sodium ions and acidity of the soil. For one thing, sodium ions are replaced by aluminum ions, resulting in the decrease of the thickness of the double electric layer. During the freezing process, the bound water freezes after the free water in the soil [26]. The pore water volume expansion is not obvious due to the thinning of the weakly bound water film, which means the connection of soil particles is hardly broken, so there is no change in dispersivity. For another, the aluminum ion hydration reaction generates H+, which can reduce the pH values, destroying the alkaline environment required for dispersive soils. The acidity does not change with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, so the dispersivity remains unchanged.


## 5. Conclusions

The soil in Qian’an area of Jilin Province is a soda saline soil with high salt content and extreme dispersion, and its durability can be analyzed through improved tests, and the following conclusions can be drawn.(1)
Dispersive soil is improved by alum, and the mixture amount is 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. Pinhole test and crumb test initially determined that 2.5% and 3% are the optimum mixture quantities. Double hydrometer test and percentage of exchangeable sodium ion test proved that 2.5%-alum-treated soil can turn to nondispersive soil. Based on the cost issue, 2.5% is the optimal mixture content(2)
The presence of sodium ions on the surface of soil particles is the main reason for dispersion. Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) changes the thickness of the double electric layer mainly by exchanging Al3+ for Na+ on the surface of soil particles, thus reducing the distance between particles, increasing the attraction and decreasing the dispersivity(3)
The dispersibility of soil is affected by freeze-thaw cycle, and the influence degree increases with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. When the soil is treated with 2.5% alum, the dispersibility is practically not affected by the freeze-thaw cycle(4)
During the freeze-thaw cycle, the pore water freezing process destroys the original soil structure and the connection of soil particles and exchangeable sodium ions grow. When the soil is treated with 2.5% alum, sodium ions are replaced by aluminum ions, resulting in a decrease in the thickness of the weakly bound layer film, and the aluminum ion hydration reaction reduces the pH values



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*Source: 3795958-2021-08-31.xml*