# Application of Fuzzy Control in a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter

Authors: Zhaohong Zheng; Tianxia Zhang; Jiaxiang Xue
Journal: Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 (2018)

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## Abstract

To realize the maximum power output of a grid-connected inverter, the MPPT (maximum power point tracking) control method is needed. The perturbation and observation (P&O) method can cause the inverter operating point to oscillate near the maximum power. In this paper, the fuzzy control P&O method is proposed, and the fuzzy control algorithm is applied to the disturbance observation method. The simulation results of the P&O method with fuzzy control and the traditional P&O method prove that not only can the new method reduce the power loss caused by inverter oscillation during maximum power point tracking, but also it has the advantage of speed. Inductive loads in the post-grid-connected stage cause grid-connected current distortion. A fuzzy control algorithm is added to the traditional deadbeat grid-connected control method to improve the quality of the system’s grid-connected operation. The fuzzy deadbeat control method is verified by experiments, and the harmonic current of the grid-connected current is less than 3%.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In view of the traditional photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system, light intensity can affect the output power of a photovoltaic solar array to a large extent. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is performed to improve the utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic array and ensure that it maintains maximum power output.In the first stage of a grid-connected inverter, an MPPT control algorithm mainly includes the constant voltage method, the perturbation and observation (P&O) method, and the conductance increment method. The advantages of simplicity, easy implementation, and rapid MPPT have helped the P&O method to be widely used in an MPPT algorithm. However, the P&O method can easily produce continuous oscillation around the maximum power point; therefore, a nonlinear control method, named fuzzy control, is added based on the traditional P&O method. Fuzzy control can simplify the system design and is particularly useful for a nonlinear, hysteretic, time-varying, and model-incomplete system owing to its excellent robust performance [1, 2]. Bououden et al. added an ant-colony intelligent optimization algorithm to fuzzy control, which can not only deal with nonlinearity but also reduce the parameter randomization of the algorithm [3].The control methods in the post-grid-connected stage of full bridge inversion include current instantaneous value control (PI control) algorithm, repetitive control algorithm, deadbeat algorithm, and proportion resonance algorithm. The PI control algorithm is widely used owing to its simplicity and easy implementation. However, these control algorithms can only address parts of the problem. For example, the deadbeat algorithm is widely used owing to its high-speed system response time. The system works steadily when its inverter output is combined with resistive loads, yet when the inductive or capacitive loads are connected to the inverter output of system, as well as when the system is suffering from outside interference, the current and voltage at the load end fail to maintain synchronization and the system lacks stability. Besides, the harmonic rates of current and voltage at both ends of the load increase simultaneously.Based on analysis of the MPPT fuzzy control of the P&O method in the first stage of a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, this paper proposes a fuzzy control-based deadbeat control strategy that can be used in the poststage of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, which can not only adapt to the nonlinear load but also reduce the harmonic waves of the inverter output.


## 2. Design of MPPT Fuzzy Control Algorithm in the First Stage of the Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter

The MPPT of a photovoltaic array needs to be conducted to make the best use of the photovoltaic solar array. TheP-V andI-V curves of a photovoltaic solar cell are shown in Figure 1. where Uopen indicates the open-circuit voltage of the photovoltaic solar panel and is also its maximum output voltage; Ishort indicates the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic solar panel and is also its maximum output current; Pmax indicates the maximum output power of the photovoltaic solar panel in the present case; Im is the current at the maximum power point; and Um is the voltage at the maximum power point [4, 5].Figure 1
Output curve of photovoltaic solar array.
(a)
PhotovoltaicP-V curve (b)
PhotovoltaicI-V curve


### 2.1. MPPT Control Strategy of P&O Method in the First Grid-Connected Stage

The first-stage MPPT control is conducted using the first-stage interleaving Boost circuit. The output voltage of the photovoltaic solar array used in this study is 200–350 V, and a bus voltage of approximately 400 V can be obtained using the booster circuit. The P&O method is used as the MPPT control method in this study. The disturbance voltages are continuously provided to the output end of the photovoltaic solar array, to calculate the output powers of the two photovoltaic arrays. The output powers are input to PI regulation to produce a pulse width modulation (PWM) control pulse. After passing through the drive circuit, the PWM signal can directly drive the switching element in the boost circuit in order to realize MPPT.As the name suggests, the P&O method is used to continuously provide the disturbance voltage and calculate the output powers of the two photovoltaic arrays until they are operating around the maximum power point. The operating method is described as follows: “δ(n)” is used as the disturbed value of the photovoltaic arrays’ output voltage. δn=+ΔV occurs when the perturbation direction is voltage-increasing, while δn=-ΔV occurs when the perturbation direction is voltage-decreasing. The output power P(n) is calculated in accordance with the current and voltage values measured at the output end. In addition, a comparison is made between P(n) and P(n-1). The perturbation direction is correct in the case where P(n) is greater than P(n-1); thus, the perturbation should be continually applied to the photovoltaic array according to the original direction of perturbation voltage, which is δn=δn-1. The perturbation direction is wrong if the output power decreases; thus, δ(n)=-δ(n-1) in the next perturbation. The adjustments should be performed unceasingly according to the perturbation method until the photovoltaic solar array is operating around the maximum power point [6, 7]. The perturbation curve is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
P&O curve of solar array.The software flow diagram of the P&O method described in this paper is shown in Figure3. The current output power P(n) of the solar panel is calculated according to the output voltage V(n) and output current I(n) of the solar photovoltaic array sampled by the system. Then, the output power P(n) is subtracted from the last output power P(n-1). If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to the set value δ, the output power is equal to the last output power and the system will produce no action output and return to the interrupt subprogram. The purpose here is to prevent the system misjudgments caused by the sampled signal fluctuation of the digital signal processor. If the absolute value of the difference is greater than δ, a comparison between P(n) and P(n-1) is conducted. When P(n)>P(n-1), V(n)>V(n-1), which proves that the perturbation direction is correct and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the reference value of voltage Vref(n) can be further increased. When P(n)>P(n-1), V(n)<V(n-1), which proves that the perturbation direction is correct and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the reference value of voltage Vref(n) can be further decreased. When P(n)<P(n-1), V(n)>V(n-1), which implies that the perturbation direction is incorrect and the current operating point is located on the right side of the maximum power point. Thus, the direction should be changed and the reference value of voltage Vref(n) should be decreased as well. Yet when P(n)<P(n-1), V(n)<V(n-1), which indicates that the perturbation direction is incorrect and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the direction should be changed and the reference value of voltage Vref(n) should be increased [8].Figure 3
Control flow diagram of P&O method.


### 2.2. Design of MPPT Fuzzy Control Based on P&O Method

The step size of the traditional P&O method remains unchanged during the process of MPPT, while the fuzzy-controlled P&O method actually improves the traditional P&O method with a fixed step. The control method can adjust the perturbation step according to the real-time output power of the photovoltaic solar cell to ensure that the operating point can be closer to the maximum power point. According to the principle of the P&O method, the output power of the solar cell is used as the objective function, while the duty ratio is used as the control variable. The current step size is adjusted and confirmed based on the variation in the power value and the duty ratio at the last moment. The input of the fuzzy controller at momentn is the variation in the power value in the photovoltaic system at moment n and the step size of the duty ratio [9, 10] at moment n-1, while the output at moment n is the step size of the duty ratio at moment n. Thus, the fuzzy controller designing this study is as shown in Figure 4, where ke and ka are the quantization factors.Figure 4
Fuzzy controller.Input. e(n) refers to the actual value of the difference between the output powers at moments n and n-1, while E(n) is the corresponding value of the difference in the universe of fuzzy sets. a(n-1) refers to the actual value of the step size at moment n-1, while A(n–1) is the corresponding value of the step size in the universe of fuzzy sets.Output. a(n) is the actual value of the step size at moment n, while A(n) refers to the corresponding value of the step size in the universe of fuzzy sets.The Mamdani controller is selected in the Matlab fuzzy box and the centroid method is used to solve fuzzification. The fuzzy linguistic variablesE and A are defined as five and three subsets, respectively, which are E={NB,NS,ZE,PS,PB} and A={N,Z,P}. Here, NB, NS, Z, PS, and PB represent negative large, negative small, positive zero, positive small, and positive large, while N, P, and Z represent negative, positive, and zero fuzzy, respectively. The rule table of MPPT fuzzy control is shown in Table 1.Table 1
Rules of MPPT fuzzy control.
E ( n ) / A ( n - 1 ) NB NS ZE PS PB N PB PM NS PM NB Z NM NS ZE PS PM P NB NM PS PM PB


## 2.1. MPPT Control Strategy of P&O Method in the First Grid-Connected Stage

The first-stage MPPT control is conducted using the first-stage interleaving Boost circuit. The output voltage of the photovoltaic solar array used in this study is 200–350 V, and a bus voltage of approximately 400 V can be obtained using the booster circuit. The P&O method is used as the MPPT control method in this study. The disturbance voltages are continuously provided to the output end of the photovoltaic solar array, to calculate the output powers of the two photovoltaic arrays. The output powers are input to PI regulation to produce a pulse width modulation (PWM) control pulse. After passing through the drive circuit, the PWM signal can directly drive the switching element in the boost circuit in order to realize MPPT.As the name suggests, the P&O method is used to continuously provide the disturbance voltage and calculate the output powers of the two photovoltaic arrays until they are operating around the maximum power point. The operating method is described as follows: “δ(n)” is used as the disturbed value of the photovoltaic arrays’ output voltage. δn=+ΔV occurs when the perturbation direction is voltage-increasing, while δn=-ΔV occurs when the perturbation direction is voltage-decreasing. The output power P(n) is calculated in accordance with the current and voltage values measured at the output end. In addition, a comparison is made between P(n) and P(n-1). The perturbation direction is correct in the case where P(n) is greater than P(n-1); thus, the perturbation should be continually applied to the photovoltaic array according to the original direction of perturbation voltage, which is δn=δn-1. The perturbation direction is wrong if the output power decreases; thus, δ(n)=-δ(n-1) in the next perturbation. The adjustments should be performed unceasingly according to the perturbation method until the photovoltaic solar array is operating around the maximum power point [6, 7]. The perturbation curve is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
P&O curve of solar array.The software flow diagram of the P&O method described in this paper is shown in Figure3. The current output power P(n) of the solar panel is calculated according to the output voltage V(n) and output current I(n) of the solar photovoltaic array sampled by the system. Then, the output power P(n) is subtracted from the last output power P(n-1). If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to the set value δ, the output power is equal to the last output power and the system will produce no action output and return to the interrupt subprogram. The purpose here is to prevent the system misjudgments caused by the sampled signal fluctuation of the digital signal processor. If the absolute value of the difference is greater than δ, a comparison between P(n) and P(n-1) is conducted. When P(n)>P(n-1), V(n)>V(n-1), which proves that the perturbation direction is correct and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the reference value of voltage Vref(n) can be further increased. When P(n)>P(n-1), V(n)<V(n-1), which proves that the perturbation direction is correct and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the reference value of voltage Vref(n) can be further decreased. When P(n)<P(n-1), V(n)>V(n-1), which implies that the perturbation direction is incorrect and the current operating point is located on the right side of the maximum power point. Thus, the direction should be changed and the reference value of voltage Vref(n) should be decreased as well. Yet when P(n)<P(n-1), V(n)<V(n-1), which indicates that the perturbation direction is incorrect and the current operating point is adjustable. Thus, the direction should be changed and the reference value of voltage Vref(n) should be increased [8].Figure 3
Control flow diagram of P&O method.


## 2.2. Design of MPPT Fuzzy Control Based on P&O Method

The step size of the traditional P&O method remains unchanged during the process of MPPT, while the fuzzy-controlled P&O method actually improves the traditional P&O method with a fixed step. The control method can adjust the perturbation step according to the real-time output power of the photovoltaic solar cell to ensure that the operating point can be closer to the maximum power point. According to the principle of the P&O method, the output power of the solar cell is used as the objective function, while the duty ratio is used as the control variable. The current step size is adjusted and confirmed based on the variation in the power value and the duty ratio at the last moment. The input of the fuzzy controller at momentn is the variation in the power value in the photovoltaic system at moment n and the step size of the duty ratio [9, 10] at moment n-1, while the output at moment n is the step size of the duty ratio at moment n. Thus, the fuzzy controller designing this study is as shown in Figure 4, where ke and ka are the quantization factors.Figure 4
Fuzzy controller.Input. e(n) refers to the actual value of the difference between the output powers at moments n and n-1, while E(n) is the corresponding value of the difference in the universe of fuzzy sets. a(n-1) refers to the actual value of the step size at moment n-1, while A(n–1) is the corresponding value of the step size in the universe of fuzzy sets.Output. a(n) is the actual value of the step size at moment n, while A(n) refers to the corresponding value of the step size in the universe of fuzzy sets.The Mamdani controller is selected in the Matlab fuzzy box and the centroid method is used to solve fuzzification. The fuzzy linguistic variablesE and A are defined as five and three subsets, respectively, which are E={NB,NS,ZE,PS,PB} and A={N,Z,P}. Here, NB, NS, Z, PS, and PB represent negative large, negative small, positive zero, positive small, and positive large, while N, P, and Z represent negative, positive, and zero fuzzy, respectively. The rule table of MPPT fuzzy control is shown in Table 1.Table 1
Rules of MPPT fuzzy control.
E ( n ) / A ( n - 1 ) NB NS ZE PS PB N PB PM NS PM NB Z NM NS ZE PS PM P NB NM PS PM PB


## 3. Fuzzy Control Algorithm in the Post-Grid-Connected Stage of Full-Bridge Inversion

Two control models of the poststage full-bridge inversion include controlling of output voltage and controlling of output current. The control strategy of the voltage control mode is to consider the entire system as a controlled voltage source and make the inverter output voltage a system control quantity; the control strategy of the current control mode is to consider the entire system as a controlled current source and make the inverter output current a system control quantity.The control mode of the output voltage is equivalent to a controlled voltage source; therefore, it is easily affected by the power grid voltage. The quality of the inverter output voltage is significantly impacted if the power grid voltage suffers from any abnormality. However, for the control mode of the output current, the controlled output quantity is the inverter output current and the current source is highly resistive to the voltage source; thus, the quality of the output current cannot suffer any impact from the power grid voltage. In short, the control mode of the output current should be used in the grid-connected operation mode, which can improve the quality of the output power as well.The grid-connected operation mode generally adopts the double closed-loop control algorithm with an outer loop of bus voltage and inner loop of current output. In this paper, a fuzzy control algorithm is added to the PI modulation of the bus-voltage outer ring and the parameters of bus voltage loop are adjusted constantly to make the closed-loop control more precise. Besides, the output quantity of the outer voltage loop is one-unit current. The inner loop of the double closed loop is a current loop, which adopts the deadbeat control algorithm to ensure the synchronization between the output current and power grid voltage.


### 3.1. Design of Deadbeat Algorithm in the Post-Grid-Connected Stage

The poststage inverter output of the grid-connected operation mode adopts the output current control. The deadbeat control method based on the output current control is used in the grid-connected inverter system described in this paper. The control system is realized using a digital signal processor, which exhibits highly precise AD sampling and rapid internal operation, which is suitable for the deadbeat control.When the inverter is operating in the grid-connected mode, the poststage inverter circuit is equivalent to the circuit diagram shown in Figure5. The current of the filtering capacitance at the output end and the losses in the circuit should be neglected. The complete bridge is composed of Q1–Q4, where Q1 and Q4 perform the turn-on operations alternatively, while Q2 and Q3 perform the turn-off operations alternatively to transfer power to the grid. L is the filter inductance at the output end, while Vbus is the DC bus voltage generated by the first-stage interleaving boost circuit and should be stabilized at about 420 V by the control strategy of a poststage full-bridge inverter. Iinvert is the inverter output current, Vinvert is the inverter output voltage, and Vgrid is the power grid voltage.Figure 5
Schematic of poststage grid-connected inverter circuit.The following equation can be obtained according to the output inductance characteristics:(1)LdIoutdt=Vinvert-Vgrid.The above equation can be transformed into the following equation within one control cycleT of the switch tube:(2)Vinver-aven=Vgrid-aven+LIoutn+1-IoutnT,where L is the filter inductance at the inverter output end; T is the control cycle of the switch tube; the average value of the voltage at the inverter output end sampled during n sampling period is Vinver-ave(n); the average value of the power grid voltage during n sampling period is Vgrid-aven; the inverter output current sampled during n sampling period is Iout(n); the inverter output current sampled during (n+1) sampling period is Iout(n+1);Iref(n+1) is used to replace Iout(n+1) in (2) so as to ensure that the current passing through the filter inductance can track the reference current of the inverter output Iref(n+1). Then,(3)Vinver-aven=Vgrid-aven+LIrefn+1-IoutnT.The average value of the power grid voltageVgrid-aven can be replaced with(4)Vgrid-aven=Vgridn+1+Vgridn2Vgridn+1-Vgridn=Vgridn-Vgridn-1.From (4),(5)Vgrid-aven=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1.From (3) and (5),(6)Vinver-aven=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1+LIrefn+1-IoutnT.The poststage inverter output voltage of the grid-connected inverter is directly proportional to the first-stage DC bus voltage; thus, the duty ratio of the high-frequency tube during the control cycle is(7)Dn=Vinvert-aveVbus=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1+LIrefn+1-Ioutn/TVbus,where Irefn+1 is a given reference signal of current at the (n+1) cycle obtained by the combined effect of both PI voltage modulation and poststage phase-locked loop control during the process of full bridge inversion.V b u s is the DC bus voltage, while Vgridn and Iout(n), respectively, are the effective values of power grid voltage and inverter output current sampled during the current cycle. The effective values of power grid voltage and inverter output current sampled during the last cycle can be expressed as Vgridn-1. Therefore, the duty ratio of switch tube D can be obtained through (7) to realize the deadbeat control over the entire circuit. According to (7), the control of the duty ratio of the switch tube can be used to regulate the reference current Irefn+1. However, the reference signal of the current should maintain its pace with the power grid voltage signal.


### 3.2. Design of Grid-Connected Fuzzy Control Algorithm Based on Deadbeat Algorithm

The system works steadily when its inverter output is combined with resistive loads, yet when the inductive or capacitive loads are connected to the inverter output of the system, as well as when the system is suffering from outside interference, the current and voltage at the load end fail to maintain synchronization and the system lacks stability. Besides, the harmonic rate of current and voltage at both ends of the load increases simultaneously. Similar problems exist in the mutual switchover of grid-off and grid-connected operating modes. Owing to the characteristics of fuzzy control, the fuzzy control method can be added to the original unipolar deadbeat control method to improve the stability of the inverter system when the nonlinear load is connected to the output end of the load. Fuzzy control is mainly introduced into the photovoltaic control system to properly modify the PI control parameters,Kp and Ki, which can eventually improve the system stability. The fuzzy controller should be added to the full bridge inverter control to effectively fortify the power factor [11, 12] during the grid-connected process of the inverter.e ( k ) and Δe(k) are the two inputs of a fuzzy controller, where e(k) refers to the error in the fuzzy controller and Δe(k) is the error rate. Their relation can be expressed as(8)ek=ek-ek-1Δek=dekdt=ek-ek-1tk-tk-1.The double inputs designed in the paper are the current errorie and the change rate of current error die/dt, generated by the combined effect of the actual current at the sampling output end and the predictive current in the next cycle, while the double outputs are ΔKp and ΔKi [13], which are the manipulating variables of Kp and Ki in PI modulation. The fuzzy controller designed for the closed-loop PI modulation of the first-stage bus voltage in the grid-connected system is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Fuzzy controller.The following seven fuzzy variables are added to the fuzzy set: positive large, positive relatively large, positive relatively small, zero, negative relatively small, negative relatively large, and negative large, which are represented as PB, PE, PS, ZO, NS, NE, and NB, respectively.The program preparation is conducted based on the rule table of fuzzy control, as shown in Tables2 and 3.Table 2
Rule table ofKi parameter fuzzy control.
Δ E / E NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB NB PB PB PB PB PE PS ZO NE PB PB PB PE PS ZO NS NS PB PB PE PS ZO NS NE ZO PB PE PS ZO NS NE NB PS PE PS ZO NS NE NB NB PE PS ZO NS NE NB NB NB PB ZO NS NE NB NB NB NBTable 3
Rule table ofKp parameter fuzzy control.
Δ E / E NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB NB NB NB NB NB NE NS ZO NE NB NB NB NE NS ZO PS NS NB NB NE NS ZO PS PE ZO NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB PS NE NS ZO PS PE PB PB PE NS ZO PS PE PB PB PB PB ZO PS PE PB PB PB PBThe control strategy chart for the poststage full-bridge inversion of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is shown in Figure7. A comparison between the sampled DC bus voltage Vbus and the reference value Vbus-ref set in the system is performed via PI modulation. The fuzzy control algorithm is continuously used to adjust Kp and Ki in PI modulation, and the given amplitude of the grid-connected current can be obtained after the controlling operation of PI. The power grid voltage is captured at this moment. If the rising edge of the square wave is detected, the capture accessing the digital signal processor is interrupted to generate a unit sinusoidal current signal that is in sync with the power grid voltage. The predicted value of current Irefn+1 in the next cycle can be obtained by multiplying the amplitudes of current signal I∗ and the sinusoidal signal. Finally, the predicted value of current Irefn+1 in the next cycle, the effective value of current Iout(n) at the inverting output end, the effective value of power grid voltage Vgrid(n) sampled in the current cycle, the effective value of power grid voltage Vgrid(n-1) sampled in the last cycle, and the effective value of DC bus voltage Vbus are inputted into the deadbeat controller to output the PWM signal. After passing through the amplifying and isolating circuits, the square signal can drive the switch tube to produce a current with the same frequency and phase as those of the grid voltage.Figure 7
Control strategy chart for poststage inversion of grid-connected operating mode.


## 3.1. Design of Deadbeat Algorithm in the Post-Grid-Connected Stage

The poststage inverter output of the grid-connected operation mode adopts the output current control. The deadbeat control method based on the output current control is used in the grid-connected inverter system described in this paper. The control system is realized using a digital signal processor, which exhibits highly precise AD sampling and rapid internal operation, which is suitable for the deadbeat control.When the inverter is operating in the grid-connected mode, the poststage inverter circuit is equivalent to the circuit diagram shown in Figure5. The current of the filtering capacitance at the output end and the losses in the circuit should be neglected. The complete bridge is composed of Q1–Q4, where Q1 and Q4 perform the turn-on operations alternatively, while Q2 and Q3 perform the turn-off operations alternatively to transfer power to the grid. L is the filter inductance at the output end, while Vbus is the DC bus voltage generated by the first-stage interleaving boost circuit and should be stabilized at about 420 V by the control strategy of a poststage full-bridge inverter. Iinvert is the inverter output current, Vinvert is the inverter output voltage, and Vgrid is the power grid voltage.Figure 5
Schematic of poststage grid-connected inverter circuit.The following equation can be obtained according to the output inductance characteristics:(1)LdIoutdt=Vinvert-Vgrid.The above equation can be transformed into the following equation within one control cycleT of the switch tube:(2)Vinver-aven=Vgrid-aven+LIoutn+1-IoutnT,where L is the filter inductance at the inverter output end; T is the control cycle of the switch tube; the average value of the voltage at the inverter output end sampled during n sampling period is Vinver-ave(n); the average value of the power grid voltage during n sampling period is Vgrid-aven; the inverter output current sampled during n sampling period is Iout(n); the inverter output current sampled during (n+1) sampling period is Iout(n+1);Iref(n+1) is used to replace Iout(n+1) in (2) so as to ensure that the current passing through the filter inductance can track the reference current of the inverter output Iref(n+1). Then,(3)Vinver-aven=Vgrid-aven+LIrefn+1-IoutnT.The average value of the power grid voltageVgrid-aven can be replaced with(4)Vgrid-aven=Vgridn+1+Vgridn2Vgridn+1-Vgridn=Vgridn-Vgridn-1.From (4),(5)Vgrid-aven=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1.From (3) and (5),(6)Vinver-aven=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1+LIrefn+1-IoutnT.The poststage inverter output voltage of the grid-connected inverter is directly proportional to the first-stage DC bus voltage; thus, the duty ratio of the high-frequency tube during the control cycle is(7)Dn=Vinvert-aveVbus=1.5Vgridn-Vgridn-1+LIrefn+1-Ioutn/TVbus,where Irefn+1 is a given reference signal of current at the (n+1) cycle obtained by the combined effect of both PI voltage modulation and poststage phase-locked loop control during the process of full bridge inversion.V b u s is the DC bus voltage, while Vgridn and Iout(n), respectively, are the effective values of power grid voltage and inverter output current sampled during the current cycle. The effective values of power grid voltage and inverter output current sampled during the last cycle can be expressed as Vgridn-1. Therefore, the duty ratio of switch tube D can be obtained through (7) to realize the deadbeat control over the entire circuit. According to (7), the control of the duty ratio of the switch tube can be used to regulate the reference current Irefn+1. However, the reference signal of the current should maintain its pace with the power grid voltage signal.


## 3.2. Design of Grid-Connected Fuzzy Control Algorithm Based on Deadbeat Algorithm

The system works steadily when its inverter output is combined with resistive loads, yet when the inductive or capacitive loads are connected to the inverter output of the system, as well as when the system is suffering from outside interference, the current and voltage at the load end fail to maintain synchronization and the system lacks stability. Besides, the harmonic rate of current and voltage at both ends of the load increases simultaneously. Similar problems exist in the mutual switchover of grid-off and grid-connected operating modes. Owing to the characteristics of fuzzy control, the fuzzy control method can be added to the original unipolar deadbeat control method to improve the stability of the inverter system when the nonlinear load is connected to the output end of the load. Fuzzy control is mainly introduced into the photovoltaic control system to properly modify the PI control parameters,Kp and Ki, which can eventually improve the system stability. The fuzzy controller should be added to the full bridge inverter control to effectively fortify the power factor [11, 12] during the grid-connected process of the inverter.e ( k ) and Δe(k) are the two inputs of a fuzzy controller, where e(k) refers to the error in the fuzzy controller and Δe(k) is the error rate. Their relation can be expressed as(8)ek=ek-ek-1Δek=dekdt=ek-ek-1tk-tk-1.The double inputs designed in the paper are the current errorie and the change rate of current error die/dt, generated by the combined effect of the actual current at the sampling output end and the predictive current in the next cycle, while the double outputs are ΔKp and ΔKi [13], which are the manipulating variables of Kp and Ki in PI modulation. The fuzzy controller designed for the closed-loop PI modulation of the first-stage bus voltage in the grid-connected system is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Fuzzy controller.The following seven fuzzy variables are added to the fuzzy set: positive large, positive relatively large, positive relatively small, zero, negative relatively small, negative relatively large, and negative large, which are represented as PB, PE, PS, ZO, NS, NE, and NB, respectively.The program preparation is conducted based on the rule table of fuzzy control, as shown in Tables2 and 3.Table 2
Rule table ofKi parameter fuzzy control.
Δ E / E NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB NB PB PB PB PB PE PS ZO NE PB PB PB PE PS ZO NS NS PB PB PE PS ZO NS NE ZO PB PE PS ZO NS NE NB PS PE PS ZO NS NE NB NB PE PS ZO NS NE NB NB NB PB ZO NS NE NB NB NB NBTable 3
Rule table ofKp parameter fuzzy control.
Δ E / E NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB NB NB NB NB NB NE NS ZO NE NB NB NB NE NS ZO PS NS NB NB NE NS ZO PS PE ZO NB NE NS ZO PS PE PB PS NE NS ZO PS PE PB PB PE NS ZO PS PE PB PB PB PB ZO PS PE PB PB PB PBThe control strategy chart for the poststage full-bridge inversion of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is shown in Figure7. A comparison between the sampled DC bus voltage Vbus and the reference value Vbus-ref set in the system is performed via PI modulation. The fuzzy control algorithm is continuously used to adjust Kp and Ki in PI modulation, and the given amplitude of the grid-connected current can be obtained after the controlling operation of PI. The power grid voltage is captured at this moment. If the rising edge of the square wave is detected, the capture accessing the digital signal processor is interrupted to generate a unit sinusoidal current signal that is in sync with the power grid voltage. The predicted value of current Irefn+1 in the next cycle can be obtained by multiplying the amplitudes of current signal I∗ and the sinusoidal signal. Finally, the predicted value of current Irefn+1 in the next cycle, the effective value of current Iout(n) at the inverting output end, the effective value of power grid voltage Vgrid(n) sampled in the current cycle, the effective value of power grid voltage Vgrid(n-1) sampled in the last cycle, and the effective value of DC bus voltage Vbus are inputted into the deadbeat controller to output the PWM signal. After passing through the amplifying and isolating circuits, the square signal can drive the switch tube to produce a current with the same frequency and phase as those of the grid voltage.Figure 7
Control strategy chart for poststage inversion of grid-connected operating mode.


## 4. Simulation and Analysis of Experimental Results

### 4.1. MPPT Simulation of First-Stage Fuzzy P&O Method

The light intensity of the photovoltaic array isG = 1000 W/m2, the ambient temperature is T = 25°C, the maximum power is P = 270 W, the voltage of the maximum power point is Vmpp = 70 V, the voltage of the open circuit is VOC = 100 V, the current of the short circuit is ISC = 5 A, and the current of the maximum power point is Impp = 3.8 A. The design power of the boost circuit is 1500 W, C1 = C2 = 1000 μF, L = 2.0 mH, R = 592 Ω, and the operating frequency is 20 kHz. The fuzzy MPPT model is formulated as shown in Figure 8, the power tracking diagram of the simulation output is shown in Figure 9, and the voltage tracking diagram is shown in Figure 10. Thus, the duration of MPPT is shortened to 0.04 s after adopting the fuzzy control, which is faster than the traditional perturbation method.Figure 8
Model of fuzzy MPPT control.Figure 9
Output power of photovoltaic array.Figure 10
Output voltage of photovoltaic array.


### 4.2. Experiment Design of Poststage Full-Bridge Inverting Fuzzy Deadbeat

When the output end is composed of loads with different characteristics, the load characteristics can be allocated via an electronic load device and the loads can be resistive, capacitive, inductive, or mixed. The introduction of a fuzzy control algorithm can significantly improve the quality of the grid-connected output current, especially if the output load is not a pure resistant one; the output waveform of the grid-connected output current appears much smoother than that of the current in the original unipolar algorithm, and there is lesser clutter. Meanwhile, the current at the load end is much smoother. The waveforms of the output current and voltage under the grid-connected operating mode are shown in Figure11, where the first channel is the current at the load end, the second channel is the grid-connected output current, and the third channel is the power grid voltage.Figure 11
Grid-connected output current and load current with different load characteristics.
(a)
Waveform of conventional deadbeat control with 500 W resistive load + 300 W capacitive load (b)
Waveform of fuzzy control method with 500 W resistive load + 300 W capacitive load (c)
Waveform of conventional deadbeat control with 100 W capacitive load + 150 W inductive load + 500 W resistive load (d)
Waveform of fuzzy control method with 100 W capacitive load + 150 W inductive load + 500 W resistive loadThe loads of (a) and (b) and those of (c) and (d) in Figure11 are the same. (a) and (c) adopt the conventional deadbeat method, while (b) and (d) show the waveform figures of deadbeat control method after the introduction of the fuzzy control algorithm. According to (b) and (d), the waveforms of the grid-connected output current and load current are somewhat smoother and the harmonic wave is shortened.


## 4.1. MPPT Simulation of First-Stage Fuzzy P&O Method

The light intensity of the photovoltaic array isG = 1000 W/m2, the ambient temperature is T = 25°C, the maximum power is P = 270 W, the voltage of the maximum power point is Vmpp = 70 V, the voltage of the open circuit is VOC = 100 V, the current of the short circuit is ISC = 5 A, and the current of the maximum power point is Impp = 3.8 A. The design power of the boost circuit is 1500 W, C1 = C2 = 1000 μF, L = 2.0 mH, R = 592 Ω, and the operating frequency is 20 kHz. The fuzzy MPPT model is formulated as shown in Figure 8, the power tracking diagram of the simulation output is shown in Figure 9, and the voltage tracking diagram is shown in Figure 10. Thus, the duration of MPPT is shortened to 0.04 s after adopting the fuzzy control, which is faster than the traditional perturbation method.Figure 8
Model of fuzzy MPPT control.Figure 9
Output power of photovoltaic array.Figure 10
Output voltage of photovoltaic array.


## 4.2. Experiment Design of Poststage Full-Bridge Inverting Fuzzy Deadbeat

When the output end is composed of loads with different characteristics, the load characteristics can be allocated via an electronic load device and the loads can be resistive, capacitive, inductive, or mixed. The introduction of a fuzzy control algorithm can significantly improve the quality of the grid-connected output current, especially if the output load is not a pure resistant one; the output waveform of the grid-connected output current appears much smoother than that of the current in the original unipolar algorithm, and there is lesser clutter. Meanwhile, the current at the load end is much smoother. The waveforms of the output current and voltage under the grid-connected operating mode are shown in Figure11, where the first channel is the current at the load end, the second channel is the grid-connected output current, and the third channel is the power grid voltage.Figure 11
Grid-connected output current and load current with different load characteristics.
(a)
Waveform of conventional deadbeat control with 500 W resistive load + 300 W capacitive load (b)
Waveform of fuzzy control method with 500 W resistive load + 300 W capacitive load (c)
Waveform of conventional deadbeat control with 100 W capacitive load + 150 W inductive load + 500 W resistive load (d)
Waveform of fuzzy control method with 100 W capacitive load + 150 W inductive load + 500 W resistive loadThe loads of (a) and (b) and those of (c) and (d) in Figure11 are the same. (a) and (c) adopt the conventional deadbeat method, while (b) and (d) show the waveform figures of deadbeat control method after the introduction of the fuzzy control algorithm. According to (b) and (d), the waveforms of the grid-connected output current and load current are somewhat smoother and the harmonic wave is shortened.


## 5. Conclusions

In this study, modeling analysis is conducted for the MPPT of fuzzy control-based P&O method in the first stage of photovoltaic grid connection in Matlab/Simulink. The MPPT of fuzzy control-based P&O method and that of traditional P&O method are analyzed thoroughly by the simulation comparison. According to the simulation results, the MPPT of fuzzy control-based P&O method exhibits rapid response and small steady-state oscillation, which can effectively make up for the shortcomings of the traditional P&O method, improve system efficiency, and reduce power losses to an extreme. In addition, the fuzzy control algorithm is added to the full bridge inversion of the post-grid-connected stage, and the experiment is performed in the formulated experimental platform. Loads with different characteristics are added to the output end of the post-grid-connected stage in order to compare the conventional deadbeat control method and the fuzzy control-based deadbeat control method. The results show that the fuzzy control-based deadbeat control method can enhance the robustness and reduce the harmonic wave when the system relates to nonlinear load.



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*Source: 3806372-2018-03-01.xml*