# Transverse Vibration of Axially Moving Functionally Graded Materials Based on Timoshenko Beam Theory

Authors: Suihan Sui; Ling Chen; Cheng Li; Xinpei Liu
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2015)

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## Abstract

The transverse free vibration of an axially moving beam made of functionally graded materials (FGM) is investigated using a Timoshenko beam theory. Natural frequencies, vibration modes, and critical speeds of such axially moving systems are determined and discussed in detail. The material properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the beam according to a power law distribution. Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive the governing equation and a complex mode approach is utilized to obtain the transverse dynamical behaviors including the vibration modes and natural frequencies. Effects of the axially moving speed and the power-law exponent on the dynamic responses are examined. Some numerical examples are presented to reveal the differences of natural frequencies for Timoshenko beam model and Euler beam model. Moreover, the critical speed is determined numerically to indicate its variation with respect to the power-law exponent, axial initial stress, and length to thickness ratio.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The axially moving systems are extensively applied in machinery, electronics, and some other related fields. Many engineering devices such as band-saw blade, power transmission belts, and crane hoist cables can be modeled as axially moving systems. Transverse vibration of axially moving systems may induce some disadvantageous effects. For example, the transverse vibration of power transmission belts causes noise and accelerated wear of the belt; the vibration of the blade in band saws leads to poor cutting quality. Therefore, research of the transverse vibration of axially moving beams is indispensable, which has important engineering significance in controlling and optimizing the transverse dynamics. At present, the axially moving beam structures have been widely studied, of which most literatures are based on Euler-Bernoulli beam model. Öz [1] computed natural frequencies of an axially moving beam in contact with a small stationary mass under pinned-pinned or clamped-clamped boundary conditions. Chen et al. [2] studied the dynamic stability of an axially accelerating viscoelastic beam and analyzed the effects of the dynamic viscosity, the mean axial speed, and the tension on the stability conditions. Chen and Yang [3] developed two nonlinear models for transverse vibration of an axially accelerating viscoelastic beam and applied the method of multiple scales to compare the corresponding steady-state responses and their stability. Chen and Yang [4] presented the first two mode frequencies of axially moving elastic and viscoelastic beams under simple supports with torsion springs. Lee and Jang [5] studied the effects of the continuously incoming and outgoing semi-infinite beam parts on the dynamic characteristics and stability of an axially moving beam by using the spectral element method. Lin and Qiao [6] determined some numerical results for natural frequency of an axially moving beam in fluid based on a differential quadrature method. Ghayesh et al. [7] developed an approximate analytical solution for nonlinear dynamic responses of a simply supported Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic beam with an attached heavy intraspan mass. Lv et al. [8] investigated natural frequency, bifurcation, and stability of transverse vibration of axially accelerating moving viscoelastic sandwich beams with time-dependent axial tension.All the cases aforementioned are in the framework of Euler-Bernoulli beam model. However, it does not contain the information about shear stress and moment of inertia in Euler-Bernoulli beam model. Consequently, the Timoshenko beam model has received more attention in modeling the axially moving structures in recent years. Lee et al. [9] formulated the spectral element model for the transverse vibration of an axially moving Timoshenko beam subjected to a constant axial tension and verify its high accuracy by comparing with the solutions by other methods. Tang et al. [10] analyzed the parametric resonance of axially moving Timoshenko beams with time-dependent speed. Ghayesh and Balar [11] presented nonlinear vibration and stability analysis of an axially moving Timoshenko beam for two dynamic models and employed the multiple scales method to obtain the mode shape equations, natural frequencies, and steady-state responses of the system. Li et al. [12] studied the nonlinear free transverse vibrations of the axially moving Timoshenko beam with constant speed. Ghayesh and Amabili [13] investigated the nonlinear forced vibrations and stability of an axially moving Timoshenko beam with an intraspan spring-support. All the literatures using axially moving Timoshenko beam model receive more accurate results and it is applicable to the stubby axially moving structures.In engineering practices, the axially moving beam may be made by FGM. The present study is concerned with the axially moving FGM Timoshenko beam. In the related literatures, most are focused on the mechanical properties of FGM without axial motion but the studies of axially moving FGM Timoshenko beam are very few. Ding et al. [14] derived a series of analytical solutions for anisotropic FGM beams with various end conditions using an Airy stress function in the generalized polynomial form. Kang and Li [15] investigated the mechanical behaviors of a nonlinear FGM cantilever beam subjected to an end force by using large and small deformation theories. Zhou et al. [16] studied the mechanical responses of a functionally graded cantilever beam by use of two kinds of particle with different properties based on discrete element method. Şimşek [17] investigated the forced vibration of a functionally graded beam under a moving mass by using Euler-Bernoulli, Timoshenko, and the third-order shear deformation beam theories. Alshorbagy et al. [18] studied the free vibration of a functionally graded beam by finite element method with material graduation axially or transversally through the thickness. Ke et al. [19] investigated nonlinear free vibration of size-dependent functionally graded microbeams based on the modified couple stress theory and von Kármán geometric nonlinearity. Şimşek et al. [20] analytically examined static bending of functionally graded microbeams based on the modified couple stress theory and Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories, respectively.Considering the wide application of axially moving structures and the excellent characteristics of FGM, the investigation of transverse vibration of axially moving beams made of FGM is of great significance both in theoretical study and engineering application. In this paper, the transverse vibration of an axially moving, initially tensioned beam made of FGM is investigated. The Timoshenko beam model is utilized and the complex mode approach is performed to obtain the natural frequencies and the modal functions. With the numerical example for boundary condition of simply supported on both ends, the effects of power-law exponent, axial speed, and initial stress to the natural frequencies are analyzed and discussed in detail. Finally, the critical speed is determined to show its variation with different power-law exponent, axial initial stress, and length to thickness ratio.


## 2. Physical Model

For an axially moving FGM beam as shown in Figure1, the beam travels at a speed v between two boundaries separated by distance L under an applied axial initial stress σ0. The cross section is a rectangle of thickness h and width b. The coordinate system (Oxz) is defined on the middle plane of the beam. Note that the x-axis is taken along the middle plane and the z-axis in the thickness direction.Figure 1
Schematics of an axially moving FGM beam.The elastic modulusE (N/m2) and density ρ (kg/m3) of the beam are assumed to vary through the thickness following a simple power-law distribution. They can be described by(1)Ez=Ec-Emzh+12k+Em,ρz=ρc-ρmzh+12k+ρm,-h2≤z≤h2,where k stands for the power-law exponent. As the FGM beam is assumed to be made of pure Alumina ceramics and pure steel metal, subscripts c and m refer to the ceramic (Ec=390 GPa, ρc=3960 kg/m3) and metal (Em=210 GPa, ρm=7800 kg/m3), respectively.


## 3. Governing Equation and Theoretical Formulation

Based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the total transverse deflection and the angle of rotation due to bending are denoted byw(x,t) and ψ(x,t), respectively. The kinetic energy T and potential energies V are given by(2)T=12∫0LρT0v2+∂w∂t+v∂w∂x2wwwwwi+ρT2∂ψ∂t+v∂ψ∂x2dx,V=12∫0LEIeq∂ψ∂x2+κGT∂w∂x-ψ2wwwwwi+σ0A∂w∂x2dx,where(3)ρT0=∫AρzdA,ρT2=∫Aρzz2dA,GT=∫AGzdA,EIeq=∫AEzz2dA,Gz=Ez21+μ,in which μ is the Poisson’s ratio and κ is the shear correction factor.Substitute (2) into the extended Hamilton’s principle(4)∫t1t2δT-δVdt=0.The detail is shown in Appendix A from which the equations of motion for the axially moving FGM Timoshenko beam can be derived as(5)κGT∂2w∂x2-∂ψ∂x-ρT0∂2w∂t2+2v∂2w∂t∂x+v2∂2w∂x2+σ0A∂2w∂x2=0,(6)EIeq∂2ψ∂x2-ρT2∂2ψ∂t2+2v∂2ψ∂t∂x+v2∂2ψ∂x2+κGT∂w∂x-ψ=0.Decoupling (5) and (6) yields the governing equation for the transverse vibration of such axially moving FGM Timoshenko beams(7)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2∂4w∂x4-2va1+a2+a2a4-2a1a2v2∂4w∂t∂x3+a3a1v2-a4∂2w∂x2-a1+a2+a2a4-6a1a2v2×∂4w∂t2∂x2+4a1a2v∂4w∂t3∂x+2a1a3v∂2w∂t∂x+a1a3∂2w∂t2+a1a2∂2w∂t4=0,where(8)a1=ρT0κGT,a2=ρT2EIeq,a3=κGTEIeq,a4=σ0AκGT.


## 4. Case Studies

### 4.1. Natural Frequencies and Mode Function

The boundary conditions for the simple supports at both ends are given by(9)w0,t=0;wL,t=0;∂2w0,t∂x2=0;∂2wL,t∂x2=0.The solution to (7) can be assumed as(10)wx,t=φnxeiωnt+φ-nxe-iωnt,where φn and ωn denote the nth mode function and natural frequency, respectively. φ-n represents the complex conjugate of φn. Substitution of (10) into (7) and (9) leads to(11)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2φn4-2iωnva1+a2+a2a4-2a1a2v2φn3+a3a1v2-a4+ωn2a1+a2+a2a4-6a1a2v2φn′′-2ia1vωn2a2ωn2-a3φn′-a1ωn2a3-a2ωn2φn=0,(12)φn0=0;φnL=0;φn′′0=0;φn′′L=0,where φn4,  φn3,  φn′′, and  φn′ denote the derivative with respect to coordinate x. The solution to ordinary differential equation (11) can be expressed by(13)φnx=C1neβ1nx+C2neβ2nx+C3neβ3nx+C4neβ4nx,where C1n~C4n are four unknown constants and β1n~β4n are four complex eigenvalues of (11). Substituting (13) into (12) yields(14a)C1n+C2n+C3n+C4n=0,(14b)C1neβ1n+C2neβ2n+C3neβ3n+C4neβ4n=0,(14c)C1nβ1n2+C2nβ2n2+C3nβ3n2+C4nβ4n2=0,(14d)C1nβ1n2eβ1n+C2nβ2n2eβ2n+C3nβ3n2eβ3n+C4nβ4n2eβ4n=0.Rewrite (14a), (14b), (14c), and (14d) in the form of a matrix as(15)1111eβ1neβ2neβ3neβ4nβ1n2β2n2β3n2β4n2β1n2eβ1nβ2n2eβ2nβ3n2eβ3nβ4n2eβ4nC1nC2nC3nC4n=0.For the nontrivial solution of (15), the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be zero.Consider(16)eβ1n+β2n+eβ3n+β4nβ1n2-β2n2β3n2-β4n2-eβ1n+β3n+eβ2n+β4nβ1n2-β3n2β2n2-β4n2+eβ2n+β3n+eβ1n+β4nβ2n2-β3n2β1n2-β4n2=0.Using (15) and (16), one can obtain the coefficients of (13); the expressions of C2n~C4n are listed in Appendix B.Thenth modal function of the axially moving FGM beam is determined as(17)φnx=eβ1nx-β4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2neβ2nxmmim-β4n2-β1n2eβ2n-eβ1nβ4n2-β3n2eβ2n-eβ3neβ3nxmmim+-1+β4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2nmmmimm+β4n2-β1n2eβ2n-eβ1nβ4n2-β3n2eβ2n-eβ3neβ4nxβ4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2nC1n.


### 4.2. Critical Speeds

The time-independent equilibrium form of the linear equation (7) can be written as(18)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2∂4w∂x4+a3a1v2-a4∂2w∂x2=0.The characteristic equation of (18) is(19)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2r4+a3a1v2-a4r2=0.Whenv is higher than 100 m/s, numerical results demonstrate that (1-a2v2)(1+a4-a1v2) and a3(a1v2-a4) are positive numbers. Consequently, the solution to (19) is determined as(20)r1=r2=0,r3=r4=±ia3a1v2-a41-a2v21+a4-a1v2.On the other hand, the solution to (18) can be expressed by(21)wx=C1+C2x+C3cosβx+C4sinβx,where(22)β=a3a1v2-a41-a2v21+a4-a1v2.Substituting (21) into the boundary condition of (9) yields(23)10101LcosβLsinβL00-β2000-β2cosβL-β2sinβLC1C2C3C4=0.For the nontrivial solution of (23), the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be zero, which results in(24)Lβ4sinLβ=0.Using (22) and (24), as well as the conditions βL=nπ and n=1, one can get the critical speeds of axially moving FGM beam as follows:(25)vc=M-N2π2a1a2or(26)vc=M+N2π2a1a2,where(27)M=π2a1+a2+a2a4+L2a1a3,N=a1π2+L2a3+π2a21+a42mmmm-4π2a1a2π2+π2a4+L2a3a4a1π2+L2a3+π2a21+a421/2.Combined with numerical results in Section4.3, it can be verified that the critical speed can be determined by equation (25) only.


### 4.3. Numerical Results and Discussions

In the following numerical computation, the beam is made of steel metal and Alumina ceramics; several parameters are chosen to be(28)L=1m,h=0.04m,b=0.04m,μ=0.3,κ=56.Natural frequencies are found by numerically solving (11) and (16), simultaneously, with different speeds, different power-law exponents, and different initial stresses. Figure 2 illustrates the effect of axial speed on the first four natural frequencies for different power-law exponents. As observed, with the increase of axially moving speed, natural frequencies decrease. Increasing the power-law exponent on the other hand causes a decrease in natural frequencies. Figure 3 illustrates the effect of power-law exponents on the first four natural frequencies under different axially moving speeds. As observed, with the increase of power-law exponent, natural frequencies decrease, and the decrease becomes more and more gentle.Figure 2
The natural frequencies versus axially moving speeds for different power-law exponents (σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure 3
The natural frequencies versus power-law exponent for different axially moving speeds (σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)In Figures2 and 3 the solid lines and dashed lines denote the Timoshenko model and the Euler beam model, respectively. The frequencies are lower with Timoshenko model comparing with the Euler model, as other parameters are fixed. Besides, the numerical results demonstrate that the difference of the natural frequencies with the two models becomes more significant as the order increases.The frequencies of a FGM beam always remain between the frequencies of its constituent material of the beam; that is, whenk is small, the content of ceramic in the beam is high; then the natural frequencies of FGM beams are close to the natural frequencies of the pure ceramic beam. When k is large, the content of metal in the beam is high, and the natural frequencies of FGM beams approach the natural frequencies of the pure metal beam.Table1 shows the first four natural frequencies with different σ0 and different k. It is seen that natural frequencies are increasing with increasing σ0 and decreasing with an increase in k. Moreover, with the increase of k, the increase rate of each order raises to some extent and the first frequencies raise the most.Table 1
Effect of initial stress on first four frequencies for FGM beam (v = 100 m/s).
k
σ
0 (MPa)
ω
1 (Hz)
ω
2 (Hz)
ω
3 (Hz)
ω
4 (Hz)
0.001
1
1075
4436
9900
17322
50
1129
4490
9955
17377
100
1182
4545
10010
17433
Increase rate
9.95%
2.46%
1.11%
0.64%
1
1
738
3170
7109
12455
50
790
3221
7160
12506
100
841
3272
7211
12559
Increase rate
13.96%
3.22%
1.43%
0.84%
100
1
496
2304
5209
9147
50
553
2357
5262
9200
100
605
2409
5315
9254
Increase rate
21.98%
4.56%
2.03%
1.17%After obtaining the natural frequencies of the system, the solutionβ1n~β4n of (11) can be obtained. Subsequently, using (17), one can get the modal function of the axially moving FGM beam. Figure 4 presents the first four modal functions, in which the solid lines and dashed lines denote the real and imaginary parts of the modal functions, respectively, where v=100 m/s and σ0=1 MPa are adopted.Figure 4
The first four modal functions (v=100 m/s, σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)With an increase of axially moving speed, each order of the frequency tends to vanish. The exact values at which the first natural frequency vanishes are called the critical speeds. If axially moving speed is higher than the critical speed, the system is unstable. Figure5 illustrates the effect of k on the critical speeds for different initial stress. The numerical results indicate that the critical speeds of the beam decrease with the increasing k and the decreasing σ0. For a specific initial stress, for example, σ0=1 MPa, with an increase of k, the critical speeds begin to decrease rapidly and then gently. The effects of the L/h ratio on the critical speeds for different k are shown in Figure 6. The larger L/h ratio leads to lower critical speeds for given k and the higher the critical speeds the smaller the k for given L/h ratio.Figure 5
The critical speeds versus power-law exponent for different initial stress.Figure 6
The critical speeds versusL/h ratio for different power-law exponents (σ0=1 MPa).


## 4.1. Natural Frequencies and Mode Function

The boundary conditions for the simple supports at both ends are given by(9)w0,t=0;wL,t=0;∂2w0,t∂x2=0;∂2wL,t∂x2=0.The solution to (7) can be assumed as(10)wx,t=φnxeiωnt+φ-nxe-iωnt,where φn and ωn denote the nth mode function and natural frequency, respectively. φ-n represents the complex conjugate of φn. Substitution of (10) into (7) and (9) leads to(11)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2φn4-2iωnva1+a2+a2a4-2a1a2v2φn3+a3a1v2-a4+ωn2a1+a2+a2a4-6a1a2v2φn′′-2ia1vωn2a2ωn2-a3φn′-a1ωn2a3-a2ωn2φn=0,(12)φn0=0;φnL=0;φn′′0=0;φn′′L=0,where φn4,  φn3,  φn′′, and  φn′ denote the derivative with respect to coordinate x. The solution to ordinary differential equation (11) can be expressed by(13)φnx=C1neβ1nx+C2neβ2nx+C3neβ3nx+C4neβ4nx,where C1n~C4n are four unknown constants and β1n~β4n are four complex eigenvalues of (11). Substituting (13) into (12) yields(14a)C1n+C2n+C3n+C4n=0,(14b)C1neβ1n+C2neβ2n+C3neβ3n+C4neβ4n=0,(14c)C1nβ1n2+C2nβ2n2+C3nβ3n2+C4nβ4n2=0,(14d)C1nβ1n2eβ1n+C2nβ2n2eβ2n+C3nβ3n2eβ3n+C4nβ4n2eβ4n=0.Rewrite (14a), (14b), (14c), and (14d) in the form of a matrix as(15)1111eβ1neβ2neβ3neβ4nβ1n2β2n2β3n2β4n2β1n2eβ1nβ2n2eβ2nβ3n2eβ3nβ4n2eβ4nC1nC2nC3nC4n=0.For the nontrivial solution of (15), the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be zero.Consider(16)eβ1n+β2n+eβ3n+β4nβ1n2-β2n2β3n2-β4n2-eβ1n+β3n+eβ2n+β4nβ1n2-β3n2β2n2-β4n2+eβ2n+β3n+eβ1n+β4nβ2n2-β3n2β1n2-β4n2=0.Using (15) and (16), one can obtain the coefficients of (13); the expressions of C2n~C4n are listed in Appendix B.Thenth modal function of the axially moving FGM beam is determined as(17)φnx=eβ1nx-β4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2neβ2nxmmim-β4n2-β1n2eβ2n-eβ1nβ4n2-β3n2eβ2n-eβ3neβ3nxmmim+-1+β4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2nmmmimm+β4n2-β1n2eβ2n-eβ1nβ4n2-β3n2eβ2n-eβ3neβ4nxβ4n2-β1n2eβ3n-eβ1nβ4n2-β2n2eβ3n-eβ2nC1n.


## 4.2. Critical Speeds

The time-independent equilibrium form of the linear equation (7) can be written as(18)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2∂4w∂x4+a3a1v2-a4∂2w∂x2=0.The characteristic equation of (18) is(19)1-a2v21+a4-a1v2r4+a3a1v2-a4r2=0.Whenv is higher than 100 m/s, numerical results demonstrate that (1-a2v2)(1+a4-a1v2) and a3(a1v2-a4) are positive numbers. Consequently, the solution to (19) is determined as(20)r1=r2=0,r3=r4=±ia3a1v2-a41-a2v21+a4-a1v2.On the other hand, the solution to (18) can be expressed by(21)wx=C1+C2x+C3cosβx+C4sinβx,where(22)β=a3a1v2-a41-a2v21+a4-a1v2.Substituting (21) into the boundary condition of (9) yields(23)10101LcosβLsinβL00-β2000-β2cosβL-β2sinβLC1C2C3C4=0.For the nontrivial solution of (23), the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be zero, which results in(24)Lβ4sinLβ=0.Using (22) and (24), as well as the conditions βL=nπ and n=1, one can get the critical speeds of axially moving FGM beam as follows:(25)vc=M-N2π2a1a2or(26)vc=M+N2π2a1a2,where(27)M=π2a1+a2+a2a4+L2a1a3,N=a1π2+L2a3+π2a21+a42mmmm-4π2a1a2π2+π2a4+L2a3a4a1π2+L2a3+π2a21+a421/2.Combined with numerical results in Section4.3, it can be verified that the critical speed can be determined by equation (25) only.


## 4.3. Numerical Results and Discussions

In the following numerical computation, the beam is made of steel metal and Alumina ceramics; several parameters are chosen to be(28)L=1m,h=0.04m,b=0.04m,μ=0.3,κ=56.Natural frequencies are found by numerically solving (11) and (16), simultaneously, with different speeds, different power-law exponents, and different initial stresses. Figure 2 illustrates the effect of axial speed on the first four natural frequencies for different power-law exponents. As observed, with the increase of axially moving speed, natural frequencies decrease. Increasing the power-law exponent on the other hand causes a decrease in natural frequencies. Figure 3 illustrates the effect of power-law exponents on the first four natural frequencies under different axially moving speeds. As observed, with the increase of power-law exponent, natural frequencies decrease, and the decrease becomes more and more gentle.Figure 2
The natural frequencies versus axially moving speeds for different power-law exponents (σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure 3
The natural frequencies versus power-law exponent for different axially moving speeds (σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)In Figures2 and 3 the solid lines and dashed lines denote the Timoshenko model and the Euler beam model, respectively. The frequencies are lower with Timoshenko model comparing with the Euler model, as other parameters are fixed. Besides, the numerical results demonstrate that the difference of the natural frequencies with the two models becomes more significant as the order increases.The frequencies of a FGM beam always remain between the frequencies of its constituent material of the beam; that is, whenk is small, the content of ceramic in the beam is high; then the natural frequencies of FGM beams are close to the natural frequencies of the pure ceramic beam. When k is large, the content of metal in the beam is high, and the natural frequencies of FGM beams approach the natural frequencies of the pure metal beam.Table1 shows the first four natural frequencies with different σ0 and different k. It is seen that natural frequencies are increasing with increasing σ0 and decreasing with an increase in k. Moreover, with the increase of k, the increase rate of each order raises to some extent and the first frequencies raise the most.Table 1
Effect of initial stress on first four frequencies for FGM beam (v = 100 m/s).
k
σ
0 (MPa)
ω
1 (Hz)
ω
2 (Hz)
ω
3 (Hz)
ω
4 (Hz)
0.001
1
1075
4436
9900
17322
50
1129
4490
9955
17377
100
1182
4545
10010
17433
Increase rate
9.95%
2.46%
1.11%
0.64%
1
1
738
3170
7109
12455
50
790
3221
7160
12506
100
841
3272
7211
12559
Increase rate
13.96%
3.22%
1.43%
0.84%
100
1
496
2304
5209
9147
50
553
2357
5262
9200
100
605
2409
5315
9254
Increase rate
21.98%
4.56%
2.03%
1.17%After obtaining the natural frequencies of the system, the solutionβ1n~β4n of (11) can be obtained. Subsequently, using (17), one can get the modal function of the axially moving FGM beam. Figure 4 presents the first four modal functions, in which the solid lines and dashed lines denote the real and imaginary parts of the modal functions, respectively, where v=100 m/s and σ0=1 MPa are adopted.Figure 4
The first four modal functions (v=100 m/s, σ0=1 MPa).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)With an increase of axially moving speed, each order of the frequency tends to vanish. The exact values at which the first natural frequency vanishes are called the critical speeds. If axially moving speed is higher than the critical speed, the system is unstable. Figure5 illustrates the effect of k on the critical speeds for different initial stress. The numerical results indicate that the critical speeds of the beam decrease with the increasing k and the decreasing σ0. For a specific initial stress, for example, σ0=1 MPa, with an increase of k, the critical speeds begin to decrease rapidly and then gently. The effects of the L/h ratio on the critical speeds for different k are shown in Figure 6. The larger L/h ratio leads to lower critical speeds for given k and the higher the critical speeds the smaller the k for given L/h ratio.Figure 5
The critical speeds versus power-law exponent for different initial stress.Figure 6
The critical speeds versusL/h ratio for different power-law exponents (σ0=1 MPa).


## 5. Conclusions

This work is devoted to the transverse dynamic responses of axially moving, initially tensioned Timoshenko beams made of FGM. The complex mode approach is performed to obtain the natural frequencies and modal functions, respectively. The effects of some parameters including axially moving speed and the power-law exponent on the natural frequencies are investigated. Some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the comparisons of natural frequencies for Timoshenko beam model and Euler beam model. The critical speeds are determined and numerically investigated. The results show that an increase of the power-law exponent or the axial speed results in a lower natural frequency, while the axial initial stress tends to increase the natural frequencies. With the increase of the power-law exponent or theL/h ratio, the critical speeds decrease, while the axial initial stress tends to increase the critical speeds. The results reported in this work could be useful for designing and optimizing the axially moving FGM Timoshenko beam-like structures.



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*Source: 391452-2015-06-25.xml*