# CPW-Fed Slot Antenna for Wideband Applications

Authors: T. Shanmuganantham; K. Balamanikandan; S. Raghavan
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2008)

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## Abstract

A new coplanar  waveguide (CPW)-fed wideband printed slot antenna is presented, and the impedance characteristics of this antenna with different sizes of tapers are discussed. The effect of tapering angle with the resonant frequency is also observed. The fundamental parameters of the antenna such as bandwidth, return loss, gain, radiation pattern, and polarization are obtained. All meets the acceptable antenna standards. The measured input impedance bandwidth (return loss < −10 dB) of the prototype antenna is 52% (4.27–7.58 GHz). The radiation patterns are bidirectional in both planes. This antenna can be part of various wireless communication systems.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Recently, the market for wireless local area network (WLAN)
products is booming rapidly with the roll out of IEEE 802.11b products into the
home, public, and office environments. With the increasing consumer demand for
wireless multimedia, even higher throughput will be required. Hence, the IEEE
802.11a and the HIPERLAN/2 standards are designed and finalized to accommodate
this demand by providing transmission data rates up to 54 Mbps in the 5-GHz ISM band [1, 2].
The IEEE 802.11a defines three frequency hands that can be used. The first band
extends from 5.15 to 5.25 GHz, the second from 5.25 to 5.35 GHz, and the third from 5.725 to 5.825 GHz [3]. On
the other hand, the HIPERLAN/2 specifies two bands: from 5.15 to 5.35 GHz and from 5.470 to
5.725 GHz [2, 4]. In addition, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems
have been widely used recently in supply chain management by retailers and
manufacturers to identify and track goods. Several frequency bands have been
assigned to the RFID applications, such as 125 KHz, 13.56, 869, 902–928 MHz,
2.45, and 5.8 GHz. Moreover, public safety application is allocated around 4.9 GHz. To cover plenty of applications, single antenna with wider bandwidth is
desirable.In applications where size, weight, cost,
performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile are constrains, low-profile
antennas like microstrip and printed slot antennas are required. Because microstrip
antennas inherently have narrow bandwidths and, in general, are half-wavelength
structures operating at the fundamental resonant mode [5], researchers have
made efforts to overcome the problem of narrow bandwidth, and various
configurations have been presented to extend the bandwidth [6–10] by
introducing slots in the microstrip patch. On the other hand, printed slot
antennas fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) have several advantages over microstrip
patch antennas. Slot antennas exhibit wider bandwidth, lower dispersion, and
lower radiation loss than microstrip antennas, and CPW also provides an easy
means of parallel and series connection with active and passive elements that
are required for matching and gain improvement, and with ease of integration
with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) [11]. A coplanar waveguide-fed
broadband printed slot antenna with linear taper is presented in [12] to
increase the impedance bandwidth. The bow tie slot antenna [13] has been
studied and has shown a wide bandwidth approaching 40%. In this present work,
the antenna is designed using a new type of tapering structure with CPW-fed to
achieve wide bandwidth. The analysis is performed numerically using method of
moments from the Zeland- IE3D.


## 2. Antenna Structure and Design

The geometry of the proposed coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed
slot antenna is shown in Figure1 with all dimensions in mm. This antenna has a
simple structure with only one layer of dielectric substrate (RT/duroid 5880 PTFE glass fiber substrate) and
metallization. There is no ground below the substrate, that is, ungrounded CPW.(a)
Front view(b)
Top viewSubstrate details: dielectric
constant εr=2.2,h=3.175mm.CPW dimensions:
a=0.3mm,b=3mm.The dimension of
the slot antenna is referred to the guide wavelength(λg) which
given by(1)λg=c/fεeff,
where εeff is an effective constant εeff≈(εr+1)/2.In this case,(2)εeff≈2.2+12≈1.6,λg=39.68mm(forf=6GHz).
Finally, the
dimensions of the antenna by simulation with the aid of IE3D electromagnetic
software were studied and then adjusted by experiment. To make the accepted
antenna parameters, the length and width of the structure are reduced to 25 mm
(W) and 20.5 mm (L) after many observations. The widths of the center strip and
slot of the 50 ohm CPW feed line are chosen to be 3 mm and 0.3 mm,
respectively. In general, the input return loss level and the resonant
frequency of the proposed design will vary with total length L and width W of
the structure. The better impedance matching can be obtained by varying the
angle of tapering and the distance from the center strip.A photograph of
this prototype antenna is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Photograph of the proposed antenna.


## 3. Results and Discussion

Simulated and measured input return losses are
shown and compared in Figure3. The measured input impedance bandwidth (return
loss<−10dB) of the prototype antenna is 3.31 GHz (4.27–7.58 GHz),
while the simulated bandwidth is 2.85 GHz (4.73–7.58 GHz). Though the simulated and measured results are in good agreement,
it can be made still better if fabrication precision is increased. Due to
limited testing facilities, only simulated radiation patterns are presented.
The E- and H-plane radiation patterns simulated at 6.06 GHz are shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b), respectively. The radiation patterns are bidirectional in the E-plane and H-plane. It should be noted that cross polarization levels are well
controlled in E-plane and H-plane. Moreover, antenna is linearly polarized.
The simulated peak antenna gain is 4.39 dBi at 8 GHz. The gain-versus-frequency
characteristics are given in Figure 5.Figure 3
Return loss versus frequency.(a)
E-plane pattern (dBi)(b)
H-plane pattern (dBi)Figure 5
Gain versus frequency.It is observed that increment in
tapering angle with constant distanceX (refer to Figure 6) results in shifting the resonating frequency
with slight reduction in return loss. Table 1 gives the effect of tapering
angle on frequency. If the distance X varies, then angle θ also varies. Changes in both the distance X and angle do not affect the
resonating frequency but the return loss. Table 2 shows the effects of tapering
angle with different distance X
on the return loss performance.Table 1
Effect of tapering angle withx = 0.3 mm.
S.NoAngleθ (deg)Resonating frequency (GHz)Return loss (dB)1775.9−44.72826.2−37.23866.26−32.494886.41−31.06Table 2
Effect of taper distance and angle.
S.NoDistanceX  (mm)Angleθ (deg)Return loss (dB) @ 5.9 GHz10.377−44.7720.582−33.4130.786−28.1040.988−19.89Figure 6
Tapering angle and distance illustration.


## 4. Conclusion

The antenna
shows no significant variations in radiation pattern characteristics over the
bandwidth of operation. The designed antenna is well suited for domestic
wireless networks because of its low profile and mass production possibility.
Moreover, the simple and uniplanar structure makes it ease of design and mass
production. By changing the tapering angle and size, the antenna can be made to
work for UWB band.  It can be predicted
that this taper technique, which will be studied further, will be useful for
other slot antennas.



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*Source: 379247-2008-05-18.xml*