# Time Decay for Nonlinear Dissipative Schrödinger Equations in Optical Fields

Authors: Nakao Hayashi; Chunhua Li; Pavel I. Naumkin
Journal: Advances in Mathematical Physics
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

We consider the initial value problem for the nonlinear dissipative Schrödinger equations with a gauge invariant nonlinearityλ
u
p
-
1
u of order p
n
<
p
≤
1
+
2
/
n for arbitrarily large initial data, where the lower bound p
n is a positive root of n
+
2
p
2
-
6
p
-
n
=
0 for n
≥
2 and p
1
=
1
+
2 for n
=
1
. Our purpose is to extend the previous results for higher space dimensions concerning L
2-time decay and to improve the lower bound of p under the same dissipative condition on λ
∈
C: Im
⁡
λ
<
0 and Im
⁡
λ
>
p
-
1
/
2
p
R
e
λ as in the previous works.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction and Main Results

We consider the initial value problem for the following nonlinear Schrödinger equations:(1)
i
∂
t
u
+
1
2
Δ
u
=
λ
u
p
-
1
u
,
t
,
x
∈
R
×
R
n
,
u
0
,
x
=
u
0
x
,
x
∈
R
n
,where λ
∈
C
,
Im
⁡
λ
<
0
,
Im
⁡
λ
>
p
-
1
/
2
p
R
e
λ and 1
<
p
≤
1
+
2
/
n
. From the physical point of view, (1) is applied to investigate the light traveling in optical fibers (see, e.g., [1, 2]). Some new nonlinear works concerning the related equations appear in [3, 4]. We note that Im
⁡
λ
<
0 implies the dissipation of u
t
,
x by nonlinear Ohm’s law (see, e.g., [5]). Therefore, the dissipative nonlinearity causes the transportation of the energy. The condition on the coefficient λ appeared in the previous papers [1, 2, 6, 7] and so forth. It yields a dissipative property of solutions in one space dimension for arbitrarily large initial data, which was shown in [2]. In this paper, we prove L
2-time decay estimate of solutions in any space dimension n
≥
1 under the condition of critical or subcritical power order nonlinearity such that (2)
p
n
<
p
≤
1
+
2
n
,where (3)
p
n
=
3
+
9
+
n
2
+
2
n
n
+
2
f
o
r
n
≥
2
,
p
1
=
1
+
2
f
o
r
n
=
1
.In [2], L
∞-time decay of solutions was studied in one space dimension under the condition on p such that 2.686
≈
5
+
33
/
4
<
p
≤
3. More precisely, in [2] it was shown that the estimates of solutions to (1), (4)
u
t
L
∞
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
log
⁡
t
-
1
/
2
f
o
r
p
=
3
,
u
t
L
∞
≤
C
t
-
1
/
p
-
1
f
o
r
5
+
33
4
<
p
<
3
,hold for any t
>
1 in the case of n
=
1. For small solutions, in [1] under the conditions such that Im
⁡
λ
<
0 and p is close to 1
+
2
/
n, the same L
∞-time decay as stated above was obtained for 1
≤
n
≤
3. Below we show that if we restrict our attention to the L
2-time decay of solutions to (1) for arbitrarily large initial data, then we can reduce the low bound of the power p and consider the problem in higher space dimensions. To investigate the effect of the dissipative nonlinearity, we consider the estimates about the L
2 norm of solutions to (1). In [2] the L
2-time decay of the solution u to (1) satisfying that l
i
m
t
→
∞
u
t
L
2
=
0 was obtained, when n
=
1 and (
21
+
177
)
/
12
<
p
≤
3. We develop our problem to the space dimension n
≥
1. Moreover the scope of p is extended, when we focus on one space dimension case. Another point in this paper is to prove results directly comparing to the contradiction argument in [2]. More precisely, our strategy of the proof is as follows. We first transform our target equation (1) into the following nonlinear ordinary equation with remainder terms R: (5)
∂
t
f
-
g
t
f
p
≤
C
R
,where (6)
g
t
=
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
,
f
=
F
U
-
t
u(see (48) and (69)). Next by using the positive solution of the separate equation ∂
t
F
-
g
t
F
p
=
0 with F
0
=
u
0
^, we translate it into the separate equation such that (7)
∂
t
F
-
p
f
≤
p
-
1
p
p
g
t
+
C
F
-
p
R
,by using the condition Im
⁡
λ
<
0 and the Young inequality (see (56)). The desired estimate of f is obtained by integration in time through the estimate of F.ByL
p we denote the usual Lebesgue space with the norm (8)
ϕ
L
p
=
∫
R
n
ϕ
x
p
d
x
1
/
pif 1
≤
p
<
∞ and(9)
ϕ
L
∞
=
ess
.
sup
x
∈
R
n
⁡
ϕ
x
.For m
,
s
∈
R, weighted Sobolev space H
m
,
s is defined by (10)
H
m
,
s
=
ϕ
∈
L
2
;
ϕ
H
m
,
s
<
∞
,where (11)
ϕ
H
m
,
s
=
1
-
Δ
m
/
2
1
+
x
2
s
/
2
ϕ
L
2
.We write ϕ
L
2
=
ϕ and H
m
,
0
=
H
m for simplicity.Let us introduce some notations. We define the dilation operator by(12)
D
t
ϕ
x
=
1
i
t
n
/
2
ϕ
x
tand define M
=
e
i
/
2
t
x
2 for t
≠
0
. Free evolution group U
t is written as (13)
U
t
=
M
D
t
F
M
,where the Fourier transform of ϕ is (14)
F
ϕ
ξ
=
1
2
π
n
/
2
∫
R
n
e
-
i
x
·
ξ
ϕ
x
d
x
.We also have (15)
U
-
t
=
M
¯
F
-
1
D
t
-
1
M
¯
,where the inverse Fourier transform (16)
F
-
1
ϕ
x
=
1
2
π
n
/
2
∫
R
n
e
i
x
·
ξ
ϕ
ξ
d
ξ
.These formulas were used in [8] first to study the asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear Schrödinger equations. We denote by the same letter C various positive constants.The standard generator of Galilei transformation is given by(17)
J
t
=
U
t
x
U
-
t
=
x
+
i
t
∇
.We have commutation relations with J and L
=
i
∂
t
+
1
/
2
Δ such that (18)
L
,
J
=
0
.To prove Theorem 1, we introduce the function space (19)
X
1
,
T
=
u
;
U
-
t
u
∈
C
0
,
T
;
H
0,1
∩
H
1
,
u
X
1
,
T
<
∞
,where(20)
u
X
1
,
T
=
sup
0
≤
t
<
T
⁡
U
-
t
u
t
H
0,1
∩
H
1
.In Theorems1 and 2, we consider the subcritical and critical cases, respectively. Define (21)
p
n
=
3
+
9
+
n
2
+
2
n
n
+
2
f
o
r
n
≥
2
,
p
1
=
1
+
2
f
o
r
n
=
1
.Theorem 1.
Assume thatλ
∈
C
,
Im
⁡
λ
<
0
,
Im
⁡
λ
>
p
-
1
/
2
p
R
e
λ, and 1
<
p
<
∞, if n
=
1,2, and 1
<
p
<
n
+
2
/
n
-
2, if n
≥
3
,
u
0
∈
H
0,1
∩
H
1
. Then (1) has a unique global solution u
∈
X
1
,
∞
. Moreover if we assume that (22)
p
n
<
p
<
1
+
2
n
f
o
r
n
≥
1then we have (23)
u
t
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
p
-
1
-
n
/
2
qfor t
≥
0, where 0
≤
q
≤
2
n
/
n
+
2 and the identity (24)
Im
⁡
λ
∫
0
∞
∫
R
n
u
p
+
1
d
x
d
τ
=
1
2
u
0
L
2
2holds.The lower boundp
n in Theorem 1 is approximated as (25)
p
1
=
1
+
2
≈
2.414
,
p
2
=
1
4
3
+
17
≈
1.7808
,
p
3
=
1
5
3
+
24
≈
1.5798
.Since p
1
<
21
+
177
/
12 holds, where 21
+
177
/
12 was introduced in [2] to study the L
2-estimates of the solution u
(
t
,
x
) for (1), the lower bound of p is improved.We next consider the critical casep
=
1
+
2
/
n.Theorem 2.
Letu be the solution of (1) with p
=
1
+
2
/
n stated in Theorem 1. Then we have (26)
u
t
L
2
≤
C
log
⁡
t
-
n
/
2
qfor t
>
2, where 0
≤
q
≤
2
n
/
n
+
2 and the identity (24) holds.


## 2. Proof of Theorem1

Under the assumptions(27)
Im
⁡
λ
<
0
,
Im
⁡
λ
>
p
-
1
2
p
R
e
λ
,we have a dissipative property of solutions. Indeed we have by the usual energy method (28)
1
2
∂
t
∇
u
2
=
Im
⁡
λ
∫
R
n
∇
u
p
-
1
u
·
∇
u
¯
d
x
,
1
2
∂
t
J
u
2
=
Im
⁡
λ
∫
R
n
J
u
p
-
1
u
·
J
u
¯
d
x
.Nonlinear terms are represented as (29)
Im
⁡
λ
∫
R
n
∇
u
p
-
1
u
·
∇
u
¯
d
x
=
Im
⁡
λ
p
+
1
2
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
∇
u
2
d
x
+
Im
⁡
λ
p
-
1
2
∫
R
n
u
p
-
3
u
2
∇
u
¯
2
d
x
≤
p
+
1
2
Im
⁡
λ
+
p
-
1
2
λ
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
∇
u
2
d
x
≤
0if Im
⁡
λ
<
0 and (30)
p
-
1
2
λ
≤
p
+
1
2
Im
⁡
λ
,which is equivalent to (31)
Im
⁡
λ
≥
p
-
1
2
p
R
e
λ
.Therefore we have (32)
1
2
∇
u
2
-
C
λ
∫
0
t
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
∇
u
2
d
x
d
τ
≤
1
2
∇
u
0
2for t
≥
0, where (33)
C
λ
=
p
+
1
2
Im
⁡
λ
+
p
-
1
2
λ
.In the same way as in the proof of (29), we have (34)
Im
⁡
λ
∫
R
n
J
u
p
-
1
u
·
J
u
¯
d
x
=
Im
⁡
λ
p
+
1
2
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
J
u
2
d
x
-
Im
⁡
λ
p
-
1
2
∫
R
n
u
p
-
3
u
2
J
u
¯
2
d
x
≤
C
λ
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
J
u
2
d
x
≤
0
,from which it follows that (35)
1
2
J
u
2
-
C
λ
∫
0
t
∫
R
n
u
p
-
1
J
u
2
d
x
d
τ
≤
1
2
x
u
0
2for t
≥
0. We also have (36)
1
2
u
t
L
2
2
+
Im
⁡
λ
∫
0
t
∫
R
n
u
p
+
1
d
x
d
τ
=
1
2
u
0
2
.Therefore by (32), (35), and (36), we have an a priori estimate of solutions (37)
u
2
+
∇
u
2
+
J
u
2
≤
u
0
2
+
∇
u
0
2
+
x
u
0
2
,which implies the global in time existence of solutions to (1) in the function space X
1
,
∞ for Im
⁡
λ
<
0 and Im
⁡
λ
>
p
-
1
/
2
p
R
e
λ
. This completes the first part of the proof of the theorem.Our concern is to estimate the time decay rate in the subcritical case since it is expected that the decay rate of solutions is different from that of solutions to linear problem. Denoteφ
=
F
U
-
t
u, and v
=
F
M
U
-
t
u
. Using the factorization formula U
t
=
M
D
t
F
M, we multiply both sides of (1) by F
U
-
t to get (38)
F
U
-
t
u
p
-
1
u
=
F
M
¯
F
-
1
D
t
-
1
M
¯
u
p
-
1
u
=
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
F
M
¯
F
-
1
D
t
-
1
M
¯
u
p
-
1
D
t
-
1
M
¯
u
=
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
F
M
¯
F
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
=
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
φ
p
-
1
φ
+
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
-
φ
p
-
1
φ
+
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
F
M
¯
-
1
F
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
=
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
φ
p
-
1
φ
+
R
,where (39)
R
=
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
-
φ
p
-
1
φ
+
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
F
M
¯
-
1
F
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
.For the remainder termR, we have by (37) the following.Lemma 3.
Letu be a solution of (1) in the function space X
1
,
∞
. Then the estimate (40)
R
t
L
2
≤
C
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
-
1
/
2
s
u
0
H
0,1
pfor t
≥
1 is true, where (41)
s
=
n
2
-
n
-
2
2
p
f
o
r
n
≥
3
,
0
<
s
<
1
f
o
r
n
=
2
,
s
=
1
f
o
r
n
=
1
.Proof.
By Hölder’s and Sobolev’s inequalities, we get(42)
F
M
¯
-
1
F
-
1
v
p
-
1
v
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
∇
s
v
p
-
1
v
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
v
p
-
1
L
n
/
1
-
s
x
s
U
-
t
u
L
q
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
v
L
n
/
1
-
s
p
-
1
p
-
1
x
U
-
t
u
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
u
p
-
1
+
J
u
p
-
1
J
u
,where s
=
1 for n
=
1
,
0
<
s
<
1 for n
=
2, and (43)
s
=
n
2
-
n
-
2
2
p
f
o
r
n
≥
3
,since we can apply the Sobolev embedding theorem with (44)
1
q
=
1
2
-
1
-
s
n
,
1
-
s
n
p
-
1
≥
1
2
-
1
n
.In the same manner with the same s as above, we obtain (45)
v
p
-
1
v
-
φ
p
-
1
φ
L
2
≤
C
v
p
-
1
+
φ
p
-
1
v
-
φ
L
2
=
C
v
p
-
1
+
φ
p
-
1
F
M
-
1
U
-
t
u
L
2
≤
C
v
p
-
1
L
n
/
1
-
s
+
φ
p
-
1
L
n
/
1
-
s
F
M
-
1
U
-
t
u
L
q
≤
C
v
L
n
/
1
-
s
p
-
1
p
-
1
+
φ
L
n
/
1
-
s
p
-
1
p
-
1
∇
1
-
s
F
M
-
1
U
-
t
u
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
v
L
n
/
1
-
s
p
-
1
p
-
1
x
U
-
t
u
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
s
u
p
-
1
+
J
u
p
-
1
J
u
.In view of (37) the result of the lemma follows. This completes the proof of the lemma.We continue to prove Theorem1. We let φ
=
F
U
-
t
u
. Then we have the ordinary differential equation (46)
i
∂
t
φ
=
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
φ
p
-
1
φ
+
λ
R
.Multiplying both sides of (46) by φ
¯ and taking the imaginary part of the resulting equation, we obtain (47)
1
2
∂
t
φ
2
=
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
φ
p
+
1
+
Im
⁡
λ
R
φ
¯from which it follows that (48)
∂
t
φ
-
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
φ
p
≤
C
R
.Let us consider the case R
=
0
. Namely, we consider the separate equation (49)
Im
⁡
λ
-
1
t
n
/
2
p
-
1
F
-
p
d
F
-
d
t
=
0
.It is well known that a solution of the separate equation (49) containing an arbitrary constant is obtained by integration. Then we have the solution (50)
F
t
,
ξ
=
u
0
^
ξ
K
u
0
^
ξ
p
-
1
t
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
+
K
p
-
1
1
/
p
-
1
,where (51)
K
=
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
I
m
λ
p
-
1
1
/
p
-
1
.Therefore we have the estimate for 0
≤
q
≤
1
(52)
F
t
,
ξ
≤
C
u
0
^
ξ
1
-
q
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
q
.Hence for the solution of (49) we have the estimate (53)
F
t
L
2
≤
C
u
0
^
L
2
1
-
q
1
-
q
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
q
≤
C
u
0
H
1,0
1
-
q
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
qif 2
/
n
+
2
≥
q
. It suggests to us that the solution of (47) has the same asymptotic profile, when R is considered as the remainder term. We now change (48) into a separate form by using the solution of (47). Multiplying both sides of (48) by F
-
p we obtain (54)
∂
t
F
-
p
φ
≤
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
p
F
-
1
φ
-
F
-
1
φ
p
+
C
F
-
p
R
.By the Young inequality a
b
≤
1
/
p
a
p
+
1
/
q
b
q with 1
/
p
+
1
/
q
=
1, we get (55)
p
F
-
1
φ
=
p
1
/
p
F
-
1
φ
p
1
-
1
/
p
≤
F
-
1
φ
p
+
p
-
1
p
p
. We apply this estimate to the first term of the right-hand side of (54) to have (56)
d
F
-
p
φ
≤
p
-
1
p
p
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
d
t
+
C
F
-
p
R
d
t
.This is the separable form of (48). Integrating in time and using (50), we arrive at (57)
F
-
p
t
,
ξ
φ
t
,
ξ
≤
F
-
p
1
,
ξ
φ
1
,
ξ
+
C
t
α
+
C
∫
1
t
s
α
/
p
-
1
p
R
s
,
ξ
d
s
,where α
=
1
-
n
/
2
(
p
-
1
), which implies (58)
φ
t
,
ξ
≤
C
F
p
t
,
ξ
t
α
+
∫
1
t
s
α
/
p
-
1
p
R
s
,
ξ
d
s
.Hence by (59)
F
p
t
,
ξ
≤
C
t
-
α
u
0
^
ξ
u
0
^
ξ
p
-
1
t
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
+
1
1
/
p
-
1
,we have for 0
≤
q
≤
1
(60)
φ
t
,
ξ
≤
C
u
0
^
ξ
1
-
q
t
-
1
/
p
-
1
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
q
+
C
t
-
1
/
p
-
1
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
q
t
-
α
∫
1
t
τ
α
/
p
-
1
p
R
τ
,
ξ
d
τ
.Taking L
2 norm and applying Lemma 3, we get for q
≤
2
/
n
+
2
(61)
φ
t
L
2
≤
C
u
0
H
1
1
-
q
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
+
C
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
t
-
α
∫
1
t
τ
α
/
p
-
1
p
R
τ
L
2
d
τ
≤
C
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
+
C
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
t
-
α
∫
2
t
τ
α
/
p
-
1
p
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
-
1
/
2
s
d
τ
≤
C
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
1
+
t
α
/
p
-
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
-
1
/
2
s
+
1
.We have(62)
t
α
/
p
-
1
-
n
/
2
p
-
1
-
1
/
2
s
+
1
⟶
0
a
s
t
⟶
∞if p satisfies(63)
p
>
p
n
=
3
+
9
+
n
2
+
2
n
n
+
2
f
o
r
n
≥
2
,
p
>
p
1
=
1
+
2
.Therefore we find that (64)
φ
t
L
2
≤
C
t
-
α
/
p
-
1
q
=
C
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
q
.This is the nonlinear version of estimate (53). We now prove the time decay of solutions. We have the formula (65)
u
t
=
U
t
U
-
t
u
=
M
D
t
F
M
U
-
t
u
=
M
D
t
φ
+
M
D
t
F
M
-
1
U
-
t
u
,where φ
=
F
U
(
-
t
)
u. By a direct computation (66)
M
D
t
φ
L
2
=
φ
L
2
.Hence by (64) and the estimate (67)
M
D
t
F
M
-
1
U
-
t
u
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
J
u
L
2
≤
C
t
-
1
/
2
x
u
0
L
2
,which follows from (35), we have (68)
u
t
L
2
≤
φ
t
L
2
+
C
t
-
1
/
2
J
u
L
2
≤
C
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
q
+
C
t
-
1
/
2
x
u
0
L
2
≤
C
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1
qsince p
>
1
+
2
/
1
+
n, and we find t
-
1
/
2
<
t
n
/
2
-
1
/
p
-
1 for t
≥
1
. Therefore, identity (24) follows from (68) and (36).


## 3. Proof of Theorem2

We start with(69)
∂
t
φ
-
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
1
φ
1
+
2
/
n
≤
C
R
.Note that the solution of the separable equation (70)
∂
t
F
-
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
1
F
1
+
2
/
n
=
0is represented as (71)
F
t
,
ξ
=
u
0
^
ξ
K
u
0
^
ξ
2
/
n
log
⁡
t
+
K
2
/
n
n
/
2
,
K
=
n
n
/
2
2
Im
⁡
λ
n
/
2
.Multiplying both sides of (69) by F
-
1
-
2
/
n, we obtain (72)
∂
t
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
φ
≤
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
1
n
+
2
n
F
-
1
φ
-
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
φ
1
+
2
/
n
+
C
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
R
.Applying the Young inequality to the first term of the left-hand side of the above inequality, we obtain (73)
n
+
2
n
F
-
1
φ
=
n
+
2
n
n
/
n
+
2
F
-
1
φ
n
+
2
n
2
/
n
+
2
≤
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
φ
1
+
2
/
n
+
2
n
. Hence we obtain the separate form of (69) such that (74)
d
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
φ
≤
2
n
Im
⁡
λ
t
-
1
d
t
+
C
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
R
d
t
.Integrating in time, we obtain (75)
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
t
φ
t
≤
F
-
1
-
2
/
n
2
φ
2
+
C
log
⁡
t
+
C
∫
2
t
log
⁡
τ
n
+
2
/
2
R
d
τfrom which it follows that (76)
φ
t
≤
C
F
1
+
2
/
n
t
log
⁡
t
+
∫
2
t
log
⁡
τ
n
+
2
/
2
R
d
τ
.Since (77)
F
1
+
2
/
n
t
≤
u
0
^
ξ
K
u
0
^
ξ
2
/
n
log
⁡
t
+
K
2
/
n
n
/
2
log
⁡
t
-
1we have(78)
φ
t
≤
C
u
0
^
ξ
1
-
q
log
⁡
t
-
n
/
2
q
+
C
log
⁡
t
-
1
-
n
/
2
∫
2
t
log
⁡
τ
n
+
2
/
2
R
d
τfor any 0
≤
q
≤
1
. We obtain by Lemma 3
(79)
φ
t
L
2
≤
C
u
0
H
1
1
-
q
log
⁡
t
-
n
/
2
q
+
C
log
⁡
t
-
1
-
n
/
2
∫
2
t
log
⁡
τ
n
+
2
/
2
τ
-
1
-
1
/
2
s
d
τ
≤
C
u
0
H
1
1
-
q
log
⁡
t
-
n
/
2
q
+
C
log
⁡
t
-
1
-
n
/
2
≤
C
log
⁡
t
-
n
/
2
qfor t
>
2. The rest of the proof is the same as that of Theorem 1. This completes the proof of Theorem 2.



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*Source: 3702738-2016-02-14.xml*