# Internet Rumor Audience Response Prediction Algorithm Based on Machine Learning in Big Data Environment

Authors: Suhong Yang; Shenghui Wang; Y. Yiwen
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2022)

---

## Abstract

Rumors are an important factor affecting social stability in some special times. Therefore, the dissemination and prevention and control mechanisms of rumors have always been issues of concern to the academic community and have long been highly valued and widely discussed by experts and scholars. However, in combination with the Internet as a new type of media, although people have begun to pay attention to online rumors, research on it is still relatively fragmented, especially in the cross-domain research specific to the social influence of online rumors, and there is no clear indication of online rumors. The specific definition also did not analyze in detail the internal connection between its influence and group behavior. Therefore, this article will combine actual cases to explore and analyze the spread and influence process of online rumors and show its social influence, hoping to enrich the research of online rumors. Nowadays, the Internet has become the most important carrier to reflect the public grievances. Internet users have expressed their opinions on hot issues such as enterprises, people’s livelihood, and government management, which has formed a powerful public opinion pressure, which has far exceeded the traditional media. The hidden dangers of security cannot be ignored. Therefore, how to monitor network public opinion from a large amount of network data is a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently. Firstly, this consists of four modules: information collection, web page preprocessing, public opinion analysis, and public information report. Secondly, text clustering, the core technology of network public opinion, is optimized, and single-pass algorithm based on double threshold is proposed. Then the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm is optimized based on the MapReduce parallel computing model, and finally a network public opinion collection technology is formed under the background of big data. Simulation results can greatly improve the performance of text clustering and can effectively optimize the design using the parallel computing model based on MapReduce. The average miss rate after optimization is 0.7569 times, the average false alarm rate is 0.5556 times, andCdet is 0.5714 times. It proves that the collection technology based on machine learning under the background of big data is effective and has good performance.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Internet has a positive impact on the economy, politics, culture and people’s lives. At the same time, it should be noted that bad and false information still exists on the Internet, which affects the healthy development of society. Rumors caused panic among the people, endangered public safety, and harmed public interests. Due to the convenience and development of the Internet, rumors spread quickly and spread widely, which will cause adverse effects. Rumors disturb people’s thinking, psychology, and behavior, destroying the social trust system. In particular, the spread of Internet rumors has become a major social nuisance, severely infringing on citizens’ rights and interests, harming public interests, and endangering. The rapid development of Internet technology, on the one hand, is reflected in the Internet technology and, on the other hand, in the development of software and hardware, such as a variety of APP, 3G network upgrade to 4G network. The rapid development of technology has not only facilitated people’s lifestyle and enriched people’s participation in society, but also profoundly influenced the behavior of each subject in society. By December 2013, the netizens reached 618 million. In 2013 alone, the netizens reached 53.58 million. The development of network society has expanded the channels for people to participate in society, express their feelings and opinions, and greatly stimulated the people’s willingness to express their opinions.Rumors have existed for a long time, and the limitations of traditional media have determined that traditional rumors are confined in a relatively narrow range, and their influence is far less than today’s online rumors. The most direct cause of the spread of rumors is the lack of real information in society. Why is it missing? Because the flow of information is hindered. At the level of public life, because information is relatively more open and transparent and circulates more quickly, people can compare information from all parties, and the space for rumors to survive is much narrower. Content control is the most difficult problem. Anyone can move anything to the Internet. This kind of thing often happens. The Internet poses some rare problems for anyone who wants to clear this trash on the information superhighway. Internet rumors are undoubtedly one of the important issues. When traditional rumors enter the Internet, rumors are like “winged on.” They are likely to appear first on the Internet as a “hotbed” and cause rumors to spread. They appear on the silver screen in a radial manner. Either personal curiosity, or hype by a certain person or organization, or simple unintentional action, or purposeful misleading, no matter what mentality, once rumors go through the Internet, it may cause the spread of rumors to increase exponentially. The development of self-media represented by mobile phones has greatly facilitated and speeded up the means by which people express their opinions. By December 2013, the number of mobile phone users has reached 500 million, and the number of users using mobile phones to log on to the Internet has accounted for 73.3% of the new Internet users in China, much more than the proportion using other terminals. This means that the rapid popularization of mobile terminals has promoted the increase of Internet users in China.The Internet from 2G network to 3G network and from 3G network to 4G network, the combination of massive mobile terminals, followed by the generation of massive data. China produced more than 0.8 ZB (800 million TB) of data in 2013, twice as much as in 2012, equivalent to the total global data in 2009.It is based on the Internet, with the expression of the people’s opinions and the behavior of the government as the manager as the basic content, with the government, netizens, and network media as the three main participants, around the development process of specific events in society, and the process of mutual game. Internet technology, the popularity of mobile terminals and the improvement of people’s awareness of participating in hot social events, the traditional channels of expression of public opinion, and the network has gradually become the most important position for people to express their emotions.In this process of development, due to the rapid spread of the Internet and the combination of online or wireless communication tools such as forums, blogs, Weibo, WeChat, and self-media, the traffic information data has become diversified, and it has become more and more difficult for the government to control and monitor public opinion. In the process of the beginning, fermentation and outbreak of social public opinion, the network plays a great role, as one of the management contents of the government.Under the background of the big data era, the frequent innovation and application of the emerging network media, especially the popular new media, has created a completely different network public opinion environment, and it has significant characteristics different from any previous period. In such a brand-new network public opinion environment, the era when the dominant power of discourse is in the hands of a certain party or organization has become a history. Every individual member can make his own voice anytime and anywhere by means of the emerging network media or receive and understand the outside world actively and passively. However, it is in such an “open and partially closed” environment that most individual members are at the bottom of the information chain, unable to identify the true and false information, or passively accept a certain point of view, and become “followers” of certain public opinion. It is precisely this reason that exacerbates the uncertainty and uncontrollability of network public opinion, and in reality, people tend to use the network to express all kinds of contradictions and emotions; once become the focus of network hot discussion, it will form a storm of public opinion. If handled improperly, it is likely to form a crisis of network public opinion, which is not only harmful to the stability of social order, but also has a profound impact on the government’s social governance and credibility.Machine learning (ML) is also the core research field of AI. Machine learning is a highly interdisciplinary research field. Machine learning algorithms can be used to solve computer vision, biology, robotics, data analysis, natural language processing, and other fields. Machine learning has been, is, and will bring great impetus to many disciplines. Linear regression is terrible at dealing with nonlinear relationships, inflexible in identifying complex patterns, and extremely tricky and time-consuming to add the correct interaction terms or polynomials.In short, machine learning is a science that studies, the acquisition of knowledge or skills, and the improvement of performance. ML science first appeared in the 1950s. It is a subject about computer, data construction, model, and simulation of human activities. Its application has covered all aspects of our lives, for example, robotic chess programs, speech recognition, unmanned driving, robots, and other fields. In addition, machine learning theory and methods have also played a huge role in this field. This paper mainly includes the introduction, related work, related methods, experiments discussion, and conclusions.


## 2. Related Work

It is generally believed that machine learning is a kind of knowledge that studies how computers acquire new knowledge and skills through experience and discover existing knowledge [1–3]. A common definition is to measure the performance of a computer program to accomplish learning in experience (E), which requires the program to improve the performance of a tasks (T), and whether the performance of this program can be measured by performance (P).Since its emergence, machine learning has been entered a bottleneck period. In recent years, there has not been much substantial progress in various branches of AI. It is in this context that machine learning is gradually revalued and has become one of the cores of artificial intelligence. The theory has been put into practice and successfully applied to such fields as pattern recognition, intelligent search, stock market analysis, DNA sequence research, and intelligent robots.At present, domestic and foreign institutions that use machine learning technology to analyze social networks have achieved more results and are at the forefront level: Stanford University in the United States, IBM (released professional social network analysis software), SAS company, and Microsoft. Researchers from Tsinghua University and other universities and institutions have done more in-depth research in this field in China, according to the learning form and the experience contained in the training data set. Among them, unsupervised learning is inexperienced learning, which can recognize the data without class labels directly and predict the new sample categories using the results of unsupervised algorithms such as clustering.Based on the advantages machine learning, which can effectively monitor network public opinion from data, the specific contributions of this article are as follows:(1)
This consists of four modules: information collection, web page preprocessing, public opinion analysis, and public information report(2)
The single-pass clustering algorithm in text clustering technology is optimized, and a single-pass algorithm based on double threshold is formed, which makes the public opinion system have more clustering performance. A single (global) threshold that applies to the entire image can be used when the grayscale distribution of object and background pixels is very pronounced. Global thresholding can then be used(3)
The dual-threshold single-pass algorithm is optimized based on the MapReduce parallel computing model so that the algorithm can carry out public opinion analysis in big data environmentHowever, none of the above studies on big data technology is comprehensive enough and practical enough.


## 3. Proposed Method

### 3.1. Framework Design of Public Opinion Analysis System

The public opinion analysis system designed in this paper is divided into four major functional modules, including information acquisition and web page preprocessing. Next, the design of each functional module is explained in detail.


#### 3.1.1. Information Acquisition

The information acquisition module consists of four submodules: crawler module, update module, filter module, black-and-white list management module, and many configuration files, such as entrance address and black-and-white list.The crawler module interacts directly with the Internet through the initial configuration of the entry address to scrape pages from the Python web crawler. However, because the content on the network is too large, if all pages are crawled, the capacity of the local machine will be a big challenge first, and the huge amount of information crawled is not necessarily the concern of users; at the same time, for the latter, data analysis will also cause a great burden. Therefore, in the design of the system information acquisition module, a filtering module is specially designed. The module filters the crawled web pages through the black-and-white list of URL and the black-and-white list of keywords to determine whether the web page is a page of user concern, thereby reducing the crawling of meaningless web pages.When the original web pages on the Internet are modified or deleted, if the web crawler does not track their changes and updates in time, there will be a large number of expired pages or invalid links in the local web library. The captured web page is actually a mirror and backup of the Internet content. The Internet changes dynamically, and some content on the Internet has changed. At this time, this part of the captured web page has expired. Updating module is to analyze the pages in the local web database to determine which pages need to be updated. If there is a need to update, it submits an update application to the crawler module, and the data is crawled again by the crawler module.The entrance address management module and the black-and-white list management module manage the entrance address and the black-and-white list, respectively.


#### 3.1.2. Web Page Preprocessing

Information preprocessing module is mainly to extract the content of the collected web page information, which needs to extract important information such as title, text, links, time, and clicks. In this system, web page information is extracted based on DOM tree.Web pages are made up of hypertext text markup language (HTML) [4], and document object model (DOM) [5] is a common way to represent and process an HTML or XML document. It can transform semistructured HTML pages into structured DOM tree structure, study the layout structure of web pages through tree structure, and extract the content of web pages. When the DOM parses, it treats the HTML document as a tree, the < HTML > tag as the root of the tree, and other components in the document as nodes in the tree. A node can be a parent node containing child nodes or a brotherhood of the same layer.In the information preprocessing module, the basic idea of web information extraction based on DOM is to store the web templates of each web site in the form of XML configuration files on the server, where the node content of XML files is the path of nodes in DOM. Then, the paths of each node are obtained by reading these configuration files, and the information is extracted from the DOM nodes according to each path and stored in the database.


#### 3.1.3. Public Opinion Analysis

It can respond to the massive data distributed by the preprocessing module in time. Secondly, it can accurately classify the massive text streams, and then cannot pollute the preprocessed text. Finally, the text orientation analysis aims to analyze the emotional color of each document from the mass of public opinion data collected so that the users can efficiently browse to the network of emergencies, to understand the direction of public opinion. The core steps of network public opinion analysis are sorted out. According to the characteristics of network public opinion information data, a hybrid word segmentation model based on manual adjustment is proposed to process Chinese texts. The feature extraction technology is integrated into the calculation of the weight of emotional words, and a classification algorithm based on machine learning is proposed. The text sentiment orientation classifier constructed by this algorithm can be used to judge the sentiment orientation of text data. In this paper, a semantic-based text orientation analysis method is used to analyze text orientation systematically, so as to discriminate the emotion of the input document and annotate the emotion category of the document.


#### 3.1.4. Public Opinion Report

The main function of the public opinion reporting module is to push public opinion hotspots. The public opinion hotspot push is mainly used to meet different user needs, automatically push popular public opinion for customers in the near future, provide search keywords for customers, and collect public opinion recently pushed. The public opinion early warning is aimed at the public opinion exceeding the threshold of public opinion early warning, the system through short messages and e-mail and other real-time communication, to achieve automatic alarm, to provide early warning information for customers, and to prevent dangers in the future.


### 3.2. Optimization Design of Single-Pass Algorithm

Text clustering unsupervised (the number of data classes to be analyzed is unknown) [6]. Its goal is to divide the data into several classes of data clusters so that the data of each class is as different as possible, and the differences within each data cluster are as small as possible. Unsupervised text clustering hopes to discover the laws and patterns of the data itself. Compared with supervised text clustering Q, unsupervised text clustering does not need to label the data. This can save a lot of manpower and material costs. Clustering analysis [7–9] refers to the mathematical method of studying and processing the classification of a given object. Clustering is an important human behavior. A person’s growth process is to learn to distinguish things by constantly improving the subconscious clustering pattern. Clustering can help us to discover the implicit association between data and identify the community structure which is closely related.Single-pass clustering algorithm [10–12] is a simple incremental clustering algorithm, very intuitive, and easy to understand; it is obvious that it uses a greedy strategy; whenever a new document comes in, it will be allocated to a cluster, the order of the document samples has a great impact on the results of this clustering algorithm, and this algorithm is also sensitive to thresholds. The single-pass algorithm is an incremental algorithm, suitable for mining streaming data, and the algorithm has high a time efficiency; the main disadvantage of this method is that the method has the characteristic of input order dependence, that is, for the same clustering object input in different orders, different clustering results will appear.Algorithm is sensitive to the determination of document order. A double-threshold-based single-pass algorithm is formed:Step 1: Receive datatiby processing the data features and constructing a space vector model ofti:Step 1: Receive datatiby processing the data features and constructing a space vector model ofti:
(1)M=1T∑i=1TFH,OFY,O,N∗=lnFβ/J,GM,N=∑x,yRM,NHX+u,Y+v+ϕ2.Step 2: Calculate the similarity between the datati and all existing topic documentsStep 3: Find the topic of the document with the greatest similarity to the datati:(2)H=∑M,NGM,N,GK1,M2=1He−M2+N22N2,T=1BTM,N.Step 4: Set the thresholdTc. If in the process of allocating the data ti, the data ti is assigned to the topic having the greatest similarity. If the similarity is less than the threshold Tc, indicating that the data ti does not belong to any existing topic, you can use ti as a document for the new topic and create a new topic categoryStep 5: Repeat Steps 2 through 4 until all samples have been assigned to a topicAiming at the disadvantage that single-pass algorithm is sensitive to the order of data, in order to improve the clustering effect of single-pass algorithm. The algorithm flow is as follows:Step 1: Receive datati by processing the data features and constructing a space vector model of tiStep 2: Determine if there is a topic cluster. If there is no topic cluster, create a topic clusterKi, and make ti∈Ki, and then go to the eighth step. If there is a topic cluster, go to the third step:Step 1: Receive data ti by processing the data features and constructing a space vector model of ti(3)TMIB=mx2+ny2,Kj=∑qt,(4)SD=STD=S/P+QStep 3: The datati is calculated by similarity with all previous topic documents, and the maximum similarity T is obtained:(5)ti=y/x+b(6)g1=nyu=oy/rm+p(7)t1=M1‐MStep 4: Unlike the classical single-pass algorithm, this paper uses two thresholds:Tc and Tmid (where Tc>Tmid>0). If T>Tc, the data ti is merged into the cluster Kj and jumps to the fifth step. If Tc>T>Tmid, the data ti is merged into the buffer stack of cluster Kj to wait and jump to the eighth step. If T<Tmid, the data ti is separately attributed to create a new cluster, to the eighth step. The global threshold image segmentation region segmentation region growth and split-merge methods are two typical serial region techniques. The processing of the subsequent steps of the segmentation process should be determined according to the results of the previous stepsStep 5: Put the datati in the topic cluster Kj, and update the vector model of topic cluster Kj, n++, and determine the relationship between n and N. If n>N, then go to the fourth step; if not, turn to the sixth stepStep 6: Update the vector model of topic clusterKj, and go to the eighth step:(8)ξtI,J=Pϕ(9)R1=Rm(10)φ=λStep 7: All the data in the buffer heap of topicKj are computed and compared with the new central vector after n updates of the central vector of Kj. Let the value of similarity be T. If T>Tc, go to cluster Kj, and go to the sixth step. If Tc>T>Tmid, the data remains unchanged in the buffer area and goes to the eighth step. If T<Tmid, the data ti is separately attributed to create a new cluster, to the eighth step(11)t2=glnYY+glnφ+xx,(12)fpx=λ∏m=1lϕpmλ(13)f1=vc−xStep 8: End, waiting for new data to arrive


### 3.3. Improvement of Dual Threshold Single-Pass Algorithm Based on MapReduce

MapReduce [13–15] parallel computing framework is a parallel computing model running on HDFS distributed storage system [16]. It can process large PB-level data in parallel in a high fault-tolerant way and realize the parallel task processing function of Hadoop platform [17, 18]. The core idea of this design is to divide and conquer the problem, not to push the data to the calculation, but to push the calculation to the data, which can greatly reduce the communication overhead.The MapReduce execution process mainly includes the following five steps [19–21]:
(1)
The input large data set slices are decomposed into hundreds of small data sets splits, which are handled by different machines(2)
Each (or several) small data set executes the Map task in parallel by an ordinary computer in the cluster, converting input into an intermediate set of key value pairs(3)
A large number of nodes are sorted and aggregated in the middle form of key value pairs according to the same principle of key value(4)
The value sets with different key values are allocated to different machines for processing, and Reduce computing tasks are performed(5)
Output Reduce calculation resultsDouble thresholds are improved on the MapReduce parallel framework, which can solve the problem of long iteration time for a large number of data. Based on MapReduce, it divides the improved single-pass clustering algorithm based on double thresholds into three stages: map stage, combine stage, and reduce stage.The specific implementation steps are as follows:(1)
In the cluster client system configuration, start a new task, specify the specific location of input and output content, and configure map and reduce functions to run the required classes, and then commit the new task to execution(2)
The Input Fonnat phase splits the vector value vector of the sample points in the input HDFS distributed file system into 64 MB or 128 MB blocks. Each block is parsed into a key value pair in the URL, and the value represents the vector value obtained from the calculation of the sample points(3)
Map process. The key value pairs in the standard format input at this stage can be expressed as <id, vector>, where id denotes the number of the sample points and vector denotes the vector values formed by the sample points. In this process, the map function is designed to be different from the traditional binary cyclic function. The inner function is mainly used for n updates of theKj center vector, and the outer function is mainly used for cyclic traversal of the text vector itself(4)
Partitioner process. A hash calculation is performed on the index value, i.e., the value represented by the key in the key pair. This procedure unifies the sample points with the same index value on the same system node for calculation(5)
Combiner process. The design of this stage is mainly used data output from each map program is normalized locally, and the sample points which are divided into the same category are calculated once their average value(6)
Reduce process. The input of the process is the normalized key value pair with <URL,” “> format. The average value obtained from the previous stage is used as the new condensation point or center of mass in the re-classified category(7)
Out format process. This process mainly implements the output of the reduce function. The key is the specific identifier of each class, and the value is the vector writer class used to write content after the final encapsulation of the system. At the same time, the class also stores information about other dimensions of the sample points


## 3.1. Framework Design of Public Opinion Analysis System

The public opinion analysis system designed in this paper is divided into four major functional modules, including information acquisition and web page preprocessing. Next, the design of each functional module is explained in detail.


### 3.1.1. Information Acquisition

The information acquisition module consists of four submodules: crawler module, update module, filter module, black-and-white list management module, and many configuration files, such as entrance address and black-and-white list.The crawler module interacts directly with the Internet through the initial configuration of the entry address to scrape pages from the Python web crawler. However, because the content on the network is too large, if all pages are crawled, the capacity of the local machine will be a big challenge first, and the huge amount of information crawled is not necessarily the concern of users; at the same time, for the latter, data analysis will also cause a great burden. Therefore, in the design of the system information acquisition module, a filtering module is specially designed. The module filters the crawled web pages through the black-and-white list of URL and the black-and-white list of keywords to determine whether the web page is a page of user concern, thereby reducing the crawling of meaningless web pages.When the original web pages on the Internet are modified or deleted, if the web crawler does not track their changes and updates in time, there will be a large number of expired pages or invalid links in the local web library. The captured web page is actually a mirror and backup of the Internet content. The Internet changes dynamically, and some content on the Internet has changed. At this time, this part of the captured web page has expired. Updating module is to analyze the pages in the local web database to determine which pages need to be updated. If there is a need to update, it submits an update application to the crawler module, and the data is crawled again by the crawler module.The entrance address management module and the black-and-white list management module manage the entrance address and the black-and-white list, respectively.


### 3.1.2. Web Page Preprocessing

Information preprocessing module is mainly to extract the content of the collected web page information, which needs to extract important information such as title, text, links, time, and clicks. In this system, web page information is extracted based on DOM tree.Web pages are made up of hypertext text markup language (HTML) [4], and document object model (DOM) [5] is a common way to represent and process an HTML or XML document. It can transform semistructured HTML pages into structured DOM tree structure, study the layout structure of web pages through tree structure, and extract the content of web pages. When the DOM parses, it treats the HTML document as a tree, the < HTML > tag as the root of the tree, and other components in the document as nodes in the tree. A node can be a parent node containing child nodes or a brotherhood of the same layer.In the information preprocessing module, the basic idea of web information extraction based on DOM is to store the web templates of each web site in the form of XML configuration files on the server, where the node content of XML files is the path of nodes in DOM. Then, the paths of each node are obtained by reading these configuration files, and the information is extracted from the DOM nodes according to each path and stored in the database.


### 3.1.3. Public Opinion Analysis

It can respond to the massive data distributed by the preprocessing module in time. Secondly, it can accurately classify the massive text streams, and then cannot pollute the preprocessed text. Finally, the text orientation analysis aims to analyze the emotional color of each document from the mass of public opinion data collected so that the users can efficiently browse to the network of emergencies, to understand the direction of public opinion. The core steps of network public opinion analysis are sorted out. According to the characteristics of network public opinion information data, a hybrid word segmentation model based on manual adjustment is proposed to process Chinese texts. The feature extraction technology is integrated into the calculation of the weight of emotional words, and a classification algorithm based on machine learning is proposed. The text sentiment orientation classifier constructed by this algorithm can be used to judge the sentiment orientation of text data. In this paper, a semantic-based text orientation analysis method is used to analyze text orientation systematically, so as to discriminate the emotion of the input document and annotate the emotion category of the document.


### 3.1.4. Public Opinion Report

The main function of the public opinion reporting module is to push public opinion hotspots. The public opinion hotspot push is mainly used to meet different user needs, automatically push popular public opinion for customers in the near future, provide search keywords for customers, and collect public opinion recently pushed. The public opinion early warning is aimed at the public opinion exceeding the threshold of public opinion early warning, the system through short messages and e-mail and other real-time communication, to achieve automatic alarm, to provide early warning information for customers, and to prevent dangers in the future.


## 3.1.1. Information Acquisition

The information acquisition module consists of four submodules: crawler module, update module, filter module, black-and-white list management module, and many configuration files, such as entrance address and black-and-white list.The crawler module interacts directly with the Internet through the initial configuration of the entry address to scrape pages from the Python web crawler. However, because the content on the network is too large, if all pages are crawled, the capacity of the local machine will be a big challenge first, and the huge amount of information crawled is not necessarily the concern of users; at the same time, for the latter, data analysis will also cause a great burden. Therefore, in the design of the system information acquisition module, a filtering module is specially designed. The module filters the crawled web pages through the black-and-white list of URL and the black-and-white list of keywords to determine whether the web page is a page of user concern, thereby reducing the crawling of meaningless web pages.When the original web pages on the Internet are modified or deleted, if the web crawler does not track their changes and updates in time, there will be a large number of expired pages or invalid links in the local web library. The captured web page is actually a mirror and backup of the Internet content. The Internet changes dynamically, and some content on the Internet has changed. At this time, this part of the captured web page has expired. Updating module is to analyze the pages in the local web database to determine which pages need to be updated. If there is a need to update, it submits an update application to the crawler module, and the data is crawled again by the crawler module.The entrance address management module and the black-and-white list management module manage the entrance address and the black-and-white list, respectively.


## 3.1.2. Web Page Preprocessing

Information preprocessing module is mainly to extract the content of the collected web page information, which needs to extract important information such as title, text, links, time, and clicks. In this system, web page information is extracted based on DOM tree.Web pages are made up of hypertext text markup language (HTML) [4], and document object model (DOM) [5] is a common way to represent and process an HTML or XML document. It can transform semistructured HTML pages into structured DOM tree structure, study the layout structure of web pages through tree structure, and extract the content of web pages. When the DOM parses, it treats the HTML document as a tree, the < HTML > tag as the root of the tree, and other components in the document as nodes in the tree. A node can be a parent node containing child nodes or a brotherhood of the same layer.In the information preprocessing module, the basic idea of web information extraction based on DOM is to store the web templates of each web site in the form of XML configuration files on the server, where the node content of XML files is the path of nodes in DOM. Then, the paths of each node are obtained by reading these configuration files, and the information is extracted from the DOM nodes according to each path and stored in the database.


## 3.1.3. Public Opinion Analysis

It can respond to the massive data distributed by the preprocessing module in time. Secondly, it can accurately classify the massive text streams, and then cannot pollute the preprocessed text. Finally, the text orientation analysis aims to analyze the emotional color of each document from the mass of public opinion data collected so that the users can efficiently browse to the network of emergencies, to understand the direction of public opinion. The core steps of network public opinion analysis are sorted out. According to the characteristics of network public opinion information data, a hybrid word segmentation model based on manual adjustment is proposed to process Chinese texts. The feature extraction technology is integrated into the calculation of the weight of emotional words, and a classification algorithm based on machine learning is proposed. The text sentiment orientation classifier constructed by this algorithm can be used to judge the sentiment orientation of text data. In this paper, a semantic-based text orientation analysis method is used to analyze text orientation systematically, so as to discriminate the emotion of the input document and annotate the emotion category of the document.


## 3.1.4. Public Opinion Report

The main function of the public opinion reporting module is to push public opinion hotspots. The public opinion hotspot push is mainly used to meet different user needs, automatically push popular public opinion for customers in the near future, provide search keywords for customers, and collect public opinion recently pushed. The public opinion early warning is aimed at the public opinion exceeding the threshold of public opinion early warning, the system through short messages and e-mail and other real-time communication, to achieve automatic alarm, to provide early warning information for customers, and to prevent dangers in the future.


## 3.2. Optimization Design of Single-Pass Algorithm

Text clustering unsupervised (the number of data classes to be analyzed is unknown) [6]. Its goal is to divide the data into several classes of data clusters so that the data of each class is as different as possible, and the differences within each data cluster are as small as possible. Unsupervised text clustering hopes to discover the laws and patterns of the data itself. Compared with supervised text clustering Q, unsupervised text clustering does not need to label the data. This can save a lot of manpower and material costs. Clustering analysis [7–9] refers to the mathematical method of studying and processing the classification of a given object. Clustering is an important human behavior. A person’s growth process is to learn to distinguish things by constantly improving the subconscious clustering pattern. Clustering can help us to discover the implicit association between data and identify the community structure which is closely related.Single-pass clustering algorithm [10–12] is a simple incremental clustering algorithm, very intuitive, and easy to understand; it is obvious that it uses a greedy strategy; whenever a new document comes in, it will be allocated to a cluster, the order of the document samples has a great impact on the results of this clustering algorithm, and this algorithm is also sensitive to thresholds. The single-pass algorithm is an incremental algorithm, suitable for mining streaming data, and the algorithm has high a time efficiency; the main disadvantage of this method is that the method has the characteristic of input order dependence, that is, for the same clustering object input in different orders, different clustering results will appear.Algorithm is sensitive to the determination of document order. A double-threshold-based single-pass algorithm is formed:Step 1: Receive datatiby processing the data features and constructing a space vector model ofti:Step 1: Receive datatiby processing the data features and constructing a space vector model ofti:
(1)M=1T∑i=1TFH,OFY,O,N∗=lnFβ/J,GM,N=∑x,yRM,NHX+u,Y+v+ϕ2.Step 2: Calculate the similarity between the datati and all existing topic documentsStep 3: Find the topic of the document with the greatest similarity to the datati:(2)H=∑M,NGM,N,GK1,M2=1He−M2+N22N2,T=1BTM,N.Step 4: Set the thresholdTc. If in the process of allocating the data ti, the data ti is assigned to the topic having the greatest similarity. If the similarity is less than the threshold Tc, indicating that the data ti does not belong to any existing topic, you can use ti as a document for the new topic and create a new topic categoryStep 5: Repeat Steps 2 through 4 until all samples have been assigned to a topicAiming at the disadvantage that single-pass algorithm is sensitive to the order of data, in order to improve the clustering effect of single-pass algorithm. The algorithm flow is as follows:Step 1: Receive datati by processing the data features and constructing a space vector model of tiStep 2: Determine if there is a topic cluster. If there is no topic cluster, create a topic clusterKi, and make ti∈Ki, and then go to the eighth step. If there is a topic cluster, go to the third step:Step 1: Receive data ti by processing the data features and constructing a space vector model of ti(3)TMIB=mx2+ny2,Kj=∑qt,(4)SD=STD=S/P+QStep 3: The datati is calculated by similarity with all previous topic documents, and the maximum similarity T is obtained:(5)ti=y/x+b(6)g1=nyu=oy/rm+p(7)t1=M1‐MStep 4: Unlike the classical single-pass algorithm, this paper uses two thresholds:Tc and Tmid (where Tc>Tmid>0). If T>Tc, the data ti is merged into the cluster Kj and jumps to the fifth step. If Tc>T>Tmid, the data ti is merged into the buffer stack of cluster Kj to wait and jump to the eighth step. If T<Tmid, the data ti is separately attributed to create a new cluster, to the eighth step. The global threshold image segmentation region segmentation region growth and split-merge methods are two typical serial region techniques. The processing of the subsequent steps of the segmentation process should be determined according to the results of the previous stepsStep 5: Put the datati in the topic cluster Kj, and update the vector model of topic cluster Kj, n++, and determine the relationship between n and N. If n>N, then go to the fourth step; if not, turn to the sixth stepStep 6: Update the vector model of topic clusterKj, and go to the eighth step:(8)ξtI,J=Pϕ(9)R1=Rm(10)φ=λStep 7: All the data in the buffer heap of topicKj are computed and compared with the new central vector after n updates of the central vector of Kj. Let the value of similarity be T. If T>Tc, go to cluster Kj, and go to the sixth step. If Tc>T>Tmid, the data remains unchanged in the buffer area and goes to the eighth step. If T<Tmid, the data ti is separately attributed to create a new cluster, to the eighth step(11)t2=glnYY+glnφ+xx,(12)fpx=λ∏m=1lϕpmλ(13)f1=vc−xStep 8: End, waiting for new data to arrive


## 3.3. Improvement of Dual Threshold Single-Pass Algorithm Based on MapReduce

MapReduce [13–15] parallel computing framework is a parallel computing model running on HDFS distributed storage system [16]. It can process large PB-level data in parallel in a high fault-tolerant way and realize the parallel task processing function of Hadoop platform [17, 18]. The core idea of this design is to divide and conquer the problem, not to push the data to the calculation, but to push the calculation to the data, which can greatly reduce the communication overhead.The MapReduce execution process mainly includes the following five steps [19–21]:
(1)
The input large data set slices are decomposed into hundreds of small data sets splits, which are handled by different machines(2)
Each (or several) small data set executes the Map task in parallel by an ordinary computer in the cluster, converting input into an intermediate set of key value pairs(3)
A large number of nodes are sorted and aggregated in the middle form of key value pairs according to the same principle of key value(4)
The value sets with different key values are allocated to different machines for processing, and Reduce computing tasks are performed(5)
Output Reduce calculation resultsDouble thresholds are improved on the MapReduce parallel framework, which can solve the problem of long iteration time for a large number of data. Based on MapReduce, it divides the improved single-pass clustering algorithm based on double thresholds into three stages: map stage, combine stage, and reduce stage.The specific implementation steps are as follows:(1)
In the cluster client system configuration, start a new task, specify the specific location of input and output content, and configure map and reduce functions to run the required classes, and then commit the new task to execution(2)
The Input Fonnat phase splits the vector value vector of the sample points in the input HDFS distributed file system into 64 MB or 128 MB blocks. Each block is parsed into a key value pair in the URL, and the value represents the vector value obtained from the calculation of the sample points(3)
Map process. The key value pairs in the standard format input at this stage can be expressed as <id, vector>, where id denotes the number of the sample points and vector denotes the vector values formed by the sample points. In this process, the map function is designed to be different from the traditional binary cyclic function. The inner function is mainly used for n updates of theKj center vector, and the outer function is mainly used for cyclic traversal of the text vector itself(4)
Partitioner process. A hash calculation is performed on the index value, i.e., the value represented by the key in the key pair. This procedure unifies the sample points with the same index value on the same system node for calculation(5)
Combiner process. The design of this stage is mainly used data output from each map program is normalized locally, and the sample points which are divided into the same category are calculated once their average value(6)
Reduce process. The input of the process is the normalized key value pair with <URL,” “> format. The average value obtained from the previous stage is used as the new condensation point or center of mass in the re-classified category(7)
Out format process. This process mainly implements the output of the reduce function. The key is the specific identifier of each class, and the value is the vector writer class used to write content after the final encapsulation of the system. At the same time, the class also stores information about other dimensions of the sample points


## 4. Experiments

Collection technology machine learning is proposed, in order to adapt to the explosive growth of network collection technology based on machine learning under the background of large data. Among them, the MapReduce parallel computing framework is a parallel computing model running on HDFS distributed storage system. It can process big data at PB level in a high fault-tolerant way and realize the parallel task processing function of Hadoop platform.The basic structure of Hadoop system is shown in Figure1. Logically, the basic structure of Hadoop system includes two parts: distributed storage and parallel computing. It uses NameNode as the master node of distributed storage to store and dominate metadata over the entire distributed file system and DataNode as the slave node of large-scale data storage. Each slave node stores real data on its own node based on the underlying Linux system. In parallel computing architecture, Hadoop uses JobTracker as the main control node of MapReduce parallel computing framework to schedule and manage the execution of jobs and TaskTracker.Figure 1
Basic structure of Hadoop.In order to implement the principle of localized computing in Hadoop system design, data storage node DataNode and computing node TaskTracker will be merged and set up so that each slave node runs simultaneously as DataNode and TaskTracker so that each TaskTracker can process the data stored on the local DataNode as much as possible.When the cluster is large or the two master nodes are overloaded, they will affect each other.In this paper, the experimental data is searched through the network search engine, and then the 800 topics are obtained by manually swiping the page. The specific data of the topic are shown in Table1.Table 1
Topic quantity table.
NameMichel’s visit to ChinaMalaysia airlines plane missingPoisoning in kindergartenBalance treasure incomeCoal mine accidentOtherIn totalNumber1781841358812392800In this paper, the simulation performance indicators are evaluated by TDT2004. The method is mainly through the missed detection rate, false alarm rate, and detection cost [22–25] to evaluate the algorithm designed in this paper.The missed detection rate is the ratio of the data belonging to a topic to the actual document of the topic in the topic database. The formula is as follows:(14)pmiss=BA+B.The false alarm rate is the ratio of the number of documents on a topic to the number of documents in the topic database that do not describe the topic. The formula is as follows:(15)pfalse=CC+D.A is a document that originally belongs to a topic and is correctly judged as a topic. B is a document that does not belong to a topic and is not correctly classified as a topic. C is a document that does not belong to a topic, but is considered to be a topic. D is a document that does not belong to a topic and is not mistaken for a topic.In addition, the TDT2004 criterion also provides a test cost. The formula is as follows:(16)Cdet=Cmiss⋅pmiss⋅p+Cfalse⋅pfalse⋅1−p.WhereCmiss is the price of missing report, Cfalse is the price of false positives, and p is the possibility of a document appearing in a topic.


## 5. Discussion

The results of the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm are shown in Table2, and the data of the single-pass algorithm are shown in Table 3. The relevant experimental parameters are set as follows: Tc=0.6, Tmid=0.35, k=20, Cmiss=0.1, Cfalse=1, and p=0.02.Table 2
Double-threshold single-pass algorithm for processing result data.
Statistical unit (unit)Michel’s visit to ChinaMalaysia airlines plane missingPoisoning in kindergartenBalance treasure incomeCoal mine accidentCorrect documentation in cluster14514812178109pmiss0.17130.21340.09160.10630.2339pfalse0.003200.00150.00140.0029Mean ofpmiss0.1633Mean ofpfalse0.0018Cdet0.0021Table 3
Single-pass algorithm processes result data.
Statistical unit (unit)Michel’s visit to ChinaMalaysia airlines plane missingPoisoning in kindergartenBalance treasure incomeCoal mine accidentCorrect documentation in cluster1301281075883pmiss0.31220.42070.29160.32110.4279pfalse0.00710.00690.00390.00440.0042Mean ofpmiss0.3547Mean ofpfalse0.0053Cdet0.0059In the proposed dual-threshold single-pass algorithm, the mean miss rate, the mean false alarm rate, andCdet of Table 2 and Table 3 are put into Table 4, and the three performance ratios of the two algorithms are calculated in Table 4. In addition, the column diagram of Table 4 is drawn as shown in Figure 2.Table 4
Experimental data before and after single-pass improvement.
Double-threshold single-passClassic single-passRatioMean ofpmiss0.16330.35470.4604Mean ofpfalse0.00180.00530.3396Cdet0.00210.00590.3559Figure 2
Histogram comparison of experimental data before and after single-pass improvement.Combining Table4 and Figure 2, we can see that the double-threshold single-pass algorithm has better performance than the single-pass algorithm in terms of the mean miss rate, the mean false alarm rate, and Cdet. The average false alarm rate of single-pass algorithm with double thresholds is 0.4604 times of that of the single-pass algorithm, the average false alarm rate is 0.3396 times of that of the single-pass algorithm, and Cdet is 0.3559 times of that of the single-pass algorithm. Compared with the classical single-pass algorithm, the performance of the proposed single-pass algorithm based on double threshold is better. In addition, Figure 3 shows the contrast histogram of the two clustering algorithms for correctly identifying documents. Similarly, it has better clustering performance than that designed in this paper.Figure 3
A comparison histogram of correctly identified documents in clusters before and after a single-pass improvement.In the big data era of network information explosion, using the big data technology MapReduce to optimize and improve the double-threshold single-pass clustering algorithm can solve the problem of long iteration time. Similarly, the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm optimized by MapReduce is used to simulate the process, and the data is shown in Table5.Table 5
The result data of double-threshold single-pass algorithm optimized by MapReduce.
Statistical unit (unit)Michel’s visit to ChinaMalaysia airlines plane missingPoisoning in kindergartenBalance treasure incomeCoal mine accidentCorrect documentation in cluster15616112983117pmiss0.10310.14790.08760.12650.1529pfalse0.003200.00150.00140.0029Mean ofpmiss0.1236Mean ofpfalse0.0010Cdet0.0012In the same way, the double-threshold single-pass algorithm is put into Table6 with the mean of miss alarm rate, false alarm rate, and Cdet before and after the optimization of big data MapReduce, and the three performance ratios of the two algorithms are obtained in Table 6. In addition, the three performance indicators of single-pass algorithm, double-threshold single-pass algorithm, and MapReduce optimized double-threshold single-pass algorithm are drawn as a histogram shown in Figure 4.Table 6
Simulation data of double-threshold single-pass before and after optimization.
Double-threshold single-pass optimized by MapReduceDouble-threshold single-passRatioMean ofpmiss0.12360.16330.7569Mean ofpfalse0.00100.00180.5556Cdet0.00120.00210.5714Figure 4
Three algorithms’ simulation data contrast histogram.Combining Table6 and Figure 4, it can be seen that the average miss detection rate, the average false alarm rate, and the performance index Cdet of the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm have been significantly improved after the large data technology MapReduce optimization. The average miss rate after optimization is 0.7569 times, the average false alarm rate is 0.5556 times, and Cdet is 0.5714 times. It can be seen that it is feasible to use the big data technology MapReduce to optimize the double-threshold single-pass algorithm. And since the MapReduce is a parallel computing framework, it can improve the iterative efficiency of the double-threshold single-pass algorithm. Therefore, in terms of clustering performance, the double-threshold single-pass algorithm optimized by MapReduce is the best, the algorithm is the second, and the single-pass algorithm is the worst.In addition, Figure5 shows the contrast histogram of the three algorithms. It can also be seen that the clustering results of the double-threshold single-pass algorithm optimized by MapReduce are the best, the double-threshold single-pass algorithm takes the second place, and the single-pass algorithm is the worst.Figure 5
Contrast histogram of correct document in three algorithms’ cluster.Nowadays, in the network public opinion, the network rumor is more and more harmful; this article divides the network rumor audience from the attitude and the action two dimensions and may subdivide into six kinds of reaction types, such as the rumor propagator, the disclaimer, and the silent supporter, as shown in Table7.Table 7
The analysis dimension and framework of audience response of Internet rumor.
Behavior attitudeBelieveNeutralUnconvincedSpreadDisseminatorWitnessRefuting rumorNot spreadSilent supportersSilent waitersSilent doubtersThis paper uses the current hot micro-blogging platform to test the age of the Internet rumor audience. After publishing the topic of Internet public opinion, it analyzes the age of 200 disseminators and gets the disseminator’s convincing age pie chart as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Age pie chart of persuasive communicator.From the Figure6, we can see that the disseminators of online public opinion are mainly concentrated in the 14-26 years old, it is just the adolescent stage of the formation of ideas, and it can be seen that they are easy to form a trend to follow the trend, which will have a very bad impact on their thinking. Therefore, effective extraction of network public opinion information can very well inhibit the spread of network public opinion, so as to correctly guide the network public opinion audience.Search for related posts in Baidu Tieba and Tianya forums with “earthquake” as the keyword, “in order of relevance.” Due to the large number of posts, only the first 20 pages of information are selected from each of the two target websites. The result of the search is shown in Figure7.Figure 7
The result of the search.The ways that netizens get information are as follows: Internet communication (QQ, forums, post bars, etc.), phone calls, mobile phone text messages, word of mouth, and behavioral influences (some are learned through multiple channels). The specific distribution is shown in Figure8.Figure 8
The specific distribution.


## 6. Conclusions

The reason why Internet rumors can influence people is not only related to external factors such as Internet technology, but also the “human” factor, because people choose to believe the content of the rumors. What a rumor is potentially saying is more important than the surface it provides. The stronger the factors that stimulate rumors, the more people will join in the spread of rumors. As mentioned above, in many cases, the truth of the incident also depends on whether the person himself is willing to believe it or not. Therefore, it is necessary to think of ways to refute rumors from the perspective of “people”: When online rumors appear, firstly, individuals should maintain rationality and self-discipline, not forward and spread the rumors at will, and secondly actively seek authoritative information and explanations. Nowadays, the network is already a network public opinion information. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a machine learning-based network public opinion collection technology in the context of big data, which can effectively extract the network public opinion information in the big data environment. This method is mainly based on the classical single-pass algorithm optimization design. Firstly, it is sensitive to the data processing sequence, based on double thresholds. Secondly, based on double thresholds to big data processing, this paper uses the big data technology MapReduce to optimize it. Simulations show that the proposed double thresholds can effectively reduce the sensitivity of single-pass algorithm to data processing sequence and improve the clustering performance of single-pass algorithm. Moreover, we optimize the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm by using the large data technology MapReduce, which also improves the clustering performance of the algorithm. In addition, because MapReduce is a parallel running framework, it can improve the efficiency of the dual-threshold single-pass algorithm. These simulations show that the network public opinion collection technology is suitable for public opinion information collection in big data environment. Although the single-pass algorithm has excellent performance for topic extraction of network information, the clustering algorithm has a strong dependence on the text input order. For the same data set, different input data may lead to differences in clustering results.



---

*Source: 3632679-2022-04-30.xml*