# A Computational Approach for the Calculation of Temperature Distribution in Casting-Mould Heterogeneous System with Fractional Order

Authors: Xiankang Luo; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Imran Asjad; Mohammed S. Abdo
Journal: Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the approximate solution of the casting-mould heterogeneous system with Caputo derivative under the homotopy idea. The symmetry design of the system contains the integer partial differential equations and the fractional-order partial differential equations. We apply Yang transform homotopy perturbation method (YT-HPM) to find the approximate solution of temperature distribution in the casting-mould heterogeneous system. The YT-HPM is a combined form of Yang transform (YT) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) using He’s polynomials. Some examples are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the suggested technique. The significant findings reveal that YT-HPM minimizes the enormous without imposing any assumptions. Due to its powerful and robust support for nonlinear problems, this approach presents a remarkable appearance in the functional studies of fractal calculus.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

A differential problem of symmetry is a modification that generates the differential equation continuously in such a way that these symmetries can help to achieve the solution of the differential equation. Solving these equations is sometimes easier than solving the original differential equations. In the past few decades, nonlinear fractional differential equations (FDEs) in mathematical physics have been contending for a prominent role in a variety of fields, including biological research, applied science, signal processing, control theory, finance, and fractal dynamics [1–3]. Debnath [4] presents some recent applications of fractional calculus and obtained the numerical computation of fractional derivatives and integrals. Heydari et al. [5] applied the Legendre polynomials to obtain the numerical solution of nonlinear fractal-fractional optimal control problems. Wang and Wang [6] employed a semi-inverse method to obtain the fractal variational principles for two different types of discontinuous plasma physics. FDEs are the generalized forms of the integer-order differential equations but some nonlinear mathematical models of integer-order derivatives do not implement well in most of the circumstances [7–9]. This is because integer-order derivatives are limited operators that are unsuitable for infinite variance, whereas the fractional-order derivatives are global to account for neighborhood dominance.Various types of differential equations with the fractional derivative can be used to precisely characterize many proceedings of physics and engineering. Khan et al. [10] constructed an operator using the Caputo fractional differentiation to validate the performance of this approach. The challenge of discovering approximate and exact solutions to FDEs is much critical. The homotopy perturbation technique (HPM) [11] is a well-known method for obtaining series solutions to a variety of linear and nonlinear differential equations of arbitrary order. Many powerful and efficient strategies have been proposed such as Laplace homotopy perturbation method [12], weighted least squares method [13], iterative method [14], homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method [15], Elzaki transform decomposition approach [16], Laplace decomposition method [17], and natural homotopy transform method [18] with a logic sensitivity function and small diffusivity. Grzymkowski et al. [19] employed HPM whereas Tripathi and Mishra [20] adopted HPM together with the Laplace transform to determine the temperature distribution in the casting-mould heterogeneous system as a continuous function, which is particularly useful for analyzing the mould. Vanani et al. [21] used a weighted approach based on HPM to solve the heat equation in the cast-mould heterogeneous domain. Later, this proposed approach has also been examined in more than one spatial dimension, indicating that this method has a broader application in nonlinear PDE systems [22, 23]. This study is particularly powerful for fractal theory and fractal calculus, and it can be seen as dependable in getting analytical solutions and suitable for other nonlinear issues [24–26].This study presents the idea ofYT-HPM to obtain the solution of casting-mould heterogeneous system with fractional order in Caputo sense. Yang transform coupled with the homotopy perturbation method presents the results in the form of series and this series approaches to the exact solution very rapidly. The quality of the current method is appropriate to provide the analytical results to the given examples. This study is summarized as follows: in Section 2, we start with some primary definitions in Caputo sense. In Sections 3 and 4, we formulate the problem for the implementation of YT-HPM. In Section 6, we apply this scheme to two numerical problems to show its capability and efficiency. Results and discussion with concluding remarks are given in Sections 7 and 8.


## 2. Preliminary Concepts

In this segment, we demonstrate some fundamental properties of fractional calculus along with Yang transform, which help to construct the idea ofYT-HPM.Definition 1.
The fractional-order derivative in Caputo sense is given as [27]
(1)DηαΨθ,η=1Γλ−α∫0ηη−ρλ−α−1Ψφ,ρdρ,λ−1<α≤λ,λ∈ℕ.Definition 2.
Recently, Yang [28] introduced the Yang-Laplace transform that if Ψη is a function, then YT can be written as
(2)YΨη=Mw=∫0∞e−η/wΨηdη,η,w>0.Definition 3.
The inverse transformY−1 is defined as
(3)Y−1Mw=Ψηred,where Y−1 is the inverse Yang operator.Definition 4.
The Yang transform fornth derivatives is defined a [28]
(4)YΨnη=Mwwn−∑λ=0n−1Ψλ0wn−λ−1,n=1,2,3,⋯.Definition 5.
The Yang transform for fractional-order derivatives is defined as [29]
(5)YΨαη=Mwwα−∑λ=0n−1Ψλ0wα−λ−1,0<α≤n.


## 3. Remarks

TheYT of some helpful expressions are as follows:
(6)Y1=w,Yη=w2,Yηλ=Γλ+1wλ+1.


## 4. The Description of the Problem

In this segment, we formulate the casting-mould system to analyze the temperature distribution. Let us consider, two regions,Ψθ,η indicating for casting and Φθ,η for mould on the boundary of the problem as shown in Figure 1, such that
(7)Ψ=θ,η:θ∈θ1,0,η∈0,η∗,Φ=θ,η:θ∈0,θ2,η∈0,η∗,with the boundaries on these domains δi,i=1,2,3,4,5 are distributed as
(8)δ1=θ,0:θ∈θ1,0,δ2=0,η:θ∈0,η∗,δ3=θ1,η:θ∈0,η∗,δ4=θ,0:θ∈0,θ2,δ5=θ2,η:θ∈0,η∗.Figure 1
Domain of the problem.These functions satisfy the heat conduction equation inside the domains such as:(9)∂αΨθ,η∂ηα=a∂2Ψθ,η∂θ2,θ,η∈Ψ,∂αΦθ,η∂ηα=b∂2Φθ,η∂θ2,θ,η∈Φ,where ∂α/∂ηα is the derivative of functions Φθ,η and Ψθ,η order α in Caputo sense, a and b are the thermal diffusivity, Ψ and Φ represent the temperature, and η and θ refer to the time and spatial, respectively [30]. These boundaries satisfy the following initial and boundary conditions:
(10)Ψθ,0=ϕ1θ,onδ1,Φθ,0=ϕ2θ,onδ4,Ψθ1,η=ψη,onδ3,∂Φθ2,η∂θ=qη,onδ5,Ψ0,η=Φ0,η,onδ2,ζ1∂Ψ0,η∂θ=ζ2Φ0,η∂θ,onδ2.The selection of these boundary conditions is an important task for the determination of the casting-mould problem.


## 5. Idea ofYT-HPM

In this part, we will demonstrate the concept of YHPTM. Let us assume fractional-order PDE such as(11)DηαΨθ,η+RΨθ,η+NΨθ,η=gθ,η,(12)Ψθ,0=hθ,where R and N are linear and nonlinear differential operators, respectively, and gθ,η is called the source function. Applying the YT to Equation (11),
(13)1wαYΨθ,η−wΨθ,0=−YRΨθ,η+NΨθ,η+Ygθ,η,YΨθ,η=whθ−wαYRΨθ,η+NΨθ,η+Ygθ,η.By using inverseY,
(14)Ψθ,η=Ψθ,0−Y−1wαYRΨθ,η+NΨθ,η+Ygθ,η.However, HPM is stated as(15)Ψθ,η=∑i=0∞piΨiθ,η,where p is the homotopy parameter and
(16)NΨθ,η=∑i=0∞piHiΨθ,η.The following strategy can be operated to acquire He’s polynomials:(17)HiΨ0+Ψ1+⋯+Ψi=1n!∂i∂piN∑i=0∞piΨip=0,n=0,1,2,⋯.With the help of Equations (15) and (16), we can get Equation (14) such as
(18)∑i=0∞piΨiθ,η=Ψθ,0−pY−1wαYR∑i=0∞piΨiθ,η+∑i=0∞piHnΨiθ,η.We can get the following terms by evaluating thep components
(19)p^0:Ψ0θ,η=Ψθ,0,p1:Ψ1θ,η=−Y−1wαYRΨ0θ,η+H0Ψ,p2:Ψ2θ,η=−Y−1wαYRΨ1θ,η+H1Ψ,p3:Ψ3θ,η=−Y−1wαYRΨ2θ,η+H2Ψ,⋮pi:Ψiθ,η=−Y−1wαYRΨiθ,η+HiΨ.Thus, we can summarize the set of Equation (19) in the series form such as
(20)Ψθ,η=Ψ0θ,η+Ψ1θ,η+Ψ2θ,η+⋯,Ψθ,η=limN⟶∞∑n=0NΨnθ,η.


## 6. Numerical Examples

Case I: let us consider(21)θ1=−1,θ2=1a=14,b=1,ζ1=1,ζ2=2,Ψ0θ,η=e2θ,Φ0θ,η=eθ.Thus, system of Equation (9) becomes
(22)∂αΨ∂ηα=14∂2Ψ∂θ2,∂αΦ∂ηα=∂2Φ∂θ2.Now, takingYT and using its property definition, we get
(23)YΨθ,η=wΨθ,0+wαY14∂2Ψ∂θ2,YΦθ,η=wΦθ,0+wαY∂2Φ∂θ2.Thus, inverseYT takes place as
(24)Ψθ,η=Ψθ,0+Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ∂θ2,Φθ,η=Φθ,0+Y−1wαY∂2Φ∂θ2.Using the initial condition Equation (21) into Equation (24), we get
(25)Ψθ,η=e2θ+Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ∂θ2,Φθ,η=eθ+Y−1wαY∂2Φ∂θ2.Applying HPM to get with He’s polynomials, we get(26)∑i=0∞piΨiθ,η=e2θ+Y−1wαY14∑i=0∞pi∂2Ψi∂θ2,∑i=0∞piΦiθ,η=eθ+Y−1wαY∑i=0∞pi∂2Φi∂θ2.Start with the initial condition to get the following iteration in the form of series(27)Ψ0θ,η=Ψθ,0=e2θ,Φ0θ,η=Φθ,0=eθ,Ψ1θ,η=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ0∂θ2=e2θηαΓ1+α,Φ1θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ0∂θ2=eθηαΓ1+α,Ψ2θ,η=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ1∂θ2=e2θη2αΓ1+2α,Φ2θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ1∂θ2=eθη2αΓ1+2α,Ψ3θ,η=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ2∂θ2=e2θη3αΓ1+3α,Φ3θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ2∂θ2=eθη3αΓ1+3α,⋮Consequently, the series may be demonstrated as:(28)Ψθ,η=Ψ0+Ψ1+Ψ2+Ψ3+⋯,Φθ,η=Φ0+Φ1+Φ2+Φ3+⋯,which can be written as follows
(29)Ψθ,η=e2θ1+ηαΓ1+α+η2αΓ1+2α+η3αΓ1+3α+⋯,Φθ,η=eθ1+ηαΓ1+α+η2αΓ1+2α+η3αΓ1+3α+⋯.Forα=1, the above equations may reduce to the classical casting system
(30)Ψθ,η=e2θ+η,Φθ,η=eθ+η.Case II: let us consider again(31)θ1=−1,θ2=1a=14,b=1,ζ1=1,ζ2=2,Ψ0θ,η=2+e2θ,Φ0θ,η=eθ.Thus, system of Equation (9) becomes
(32)∂αΨ∂ηα=14∂2Ψ∂θ2,∂αΦ∂ηα=∂2Φ∂θ2.According toYT-HPM, we get
(33)∑i=0∞piΨiθ,η=e2θ+Y−1wαY14∑i=0∞pi∂2Ψi∂θ2,∑i=0∞piΦiθ,η=eθ+Y−1wαY∑i=0∞pi∂2Φi∂θ2.Start with the initial condition to get the following iteration in the form of series(34)Ψ0θ,η=2+e2θ,Φ0θ,η=eθ,Ψ1θ,η=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ0∂θ2=e2θηαΓ1+α,Φ1θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ0∂θ2=eθηαΓ1+α,Ψ2θ,η=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ1∂θ2=e2θη2αΓ1+2α,Φ2θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ1∂θ2=eθη2αΓ1+2α,Ψ3θ,η∗=Y−1wαY14∂2Ψ2∂θ2=e2θη3αΓ1+3α,Φ3θ,η=Y−1wαY∂2Φ2∂θ2=eθη3αΓ1+3α,⋮Consequently, the series may be demonstrated as:(35)Ψθ,η=Ψ0+Ψ1+Ψ2+Ψ3+⋯,Φθ,η=Φ0+Φ1+Φ2+Φ3+⋯,which can be written as follows:
(36)Ψθ,η=2+e2θ1+ηαΓ1+α+η2αΓ1+2α+η3αΓ1+3α+⋯,Φθ,η=eθ1+ηαΓ1+α+η2αΓ1+2α+η3αΓ1+3α+⋯.Forα=1, the above equations may reduce to the classical casting system
(37)Ψθ,η=2+e2θ+η,Φθ,η=eθ+η.


## 7. Results and Discussion

In case I, Figures2(a)–2(d) indicate the surface solution of casting system, whereas Figures 3(a)–3(d) indicates the surface solution of mould system, respectively, with fractional order α=0.25, α=0.50, α=0.75, and α=1 at θ=5 and η=1. Figures 4 and 5 indicate the graphical results of Ψθ,η and Φθ,η, respectively, for different values of α at θ=1 and η=0.1. Table 1 represents the absolute error of the casting system, and Table 2 represents absolute error of the mould system.Figure 2
The surfaces solution ofΨθ,η for distinct values of α.
(a)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.25(b)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.50(c)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.75(d)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=1Figure 3
Plot ofΨθ,η for different values of α.
(a)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.25(b)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.50(c)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.75(d)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=1Figure 4
The surfaces solution ofΦθ,η for distinct values of α.Figure 5
Plot ofΦθ,η for different values of α.Table 1
Considerθ=0.001 at α=1 for casting system.
tExact solutionApproximate solutionAbsolute error.251.28661.28660.000.501.652021.652020.000.752.121242.121240.000.02.723722.72370.00002.253.497163.497330.00017.504.490664.48990.0007.755.766125.763420.0027.07.403857.395730.00812Table 2
Considerθ=0.005 at α=1 for mould system.
tExact solutionApproximate solutionAbsolute error.251.290461.290460.000.501.656991.656990.000.752.127612.127610.000.02.731912.731880.0003.253.507843.507670.00017.504.504154.503390.00076.755.783455.780740.00271.07.426097.417950.00814In case II, Figures6(a)–6(d) indicate the surface solution of casting system with fractional order α=0.25, α=0.50, α=0.75, and α=1 at θ=2 and η=2. Figure 7 indicates the graphical results of Ψθ,η for different values of α at θ=2 and η=0.1. However, the graphical results for the mould system remain same because only changing the initial condition in casting system is studied to show the performance of this approach in this case. Table 3 represents the absolute error of casting system.Figure 6
The surfaces solution ofΨθ,η for distinct values of α.
(a)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.25(b)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.50(c)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=0.75(d)
Surface solution ofΨθ,η when α=1Figure 7
Plot ofΨθ,η for different values of α.Table 3
Considerθ=0.005 at α=1 for casting system.
tExact solutionApproximate solutionAbsolute error.253.296933.296930.000.503.665293.665290.000.754.138284.138270.00001.04.74564.745570.00003.255.525425.525250.00017.506.526736.525960.00077.757.812447.809720.00272.09.463329.455130.00819These graphical results reveal that they are virtually similar and validate towards the exact solutions, which encourages us to interpret the physical behavior of the coupled system. The solutions results are demonstrated in both 2D and 3D to realize the physical description of the coupled system.


## 8. Conclusion

In this survey, we successfully utilizedYT-HPM to investigate the approximate solution of the casting-mould heterogeneous system with the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative. This approach does not involve any hypothesis and restriction of variables to ruin the nature of the problems in the recurrence relation. Two examples are tested to verify the excellent performance of this hybrid scheme. It is seen that YT-HPM has less computational effort which shows that the solution of the system of PDEs has a fast rate of convergence. We performed all the calculations with the help of Wolfram Mathematica software 11.0.1. The graphical representation of surface solution and plot distributing validate that YT-HPM results are very precise and effective which demonstrates that this approach is very simple and straightforward for other nonlinear evolution problems with fractal derivatives in the future demands.



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