# The AI-Based Channel Prediction Scheme for the 5G Wireless System in High-Speed V2I Scenarios

Authors: Zhengyu Zhang; Lei Xiong; Dongpin Yao; Yuanjie Wang
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Now, the fifth-generation (5G) system plays a more and more important role in the high-speed vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenario. In order to realize the high-reliability and high-efficiency transmission, it is essential to obtain accurate channel state information (CSI) for the 5G system. However, due to the fast time-varying and nonstationary characteristics of the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios, channel estimation is a challenging issue. In this paper, an artificial intelligence- (AI-) based channel prediction scheme, called AI-ChannelNet, is proposed to improve the CSI prediction performance in high-speed V2I scenarios. Specifically, AI-ChannelNet is trained in real time based on the historical channel estimation on the reference signal (RS) to realize accurate channel prediction and then recovers the received signal according to the predicted channel information. The integration of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) is designed to extract temporal features of the channel. And an online RS-based training algorithm is proposed, enabling AI-ChannelNet to track the channel variation. Evaluated by experiments, the proposed scheme outperforms conventional methods a lot, and more improvement could be achieved at a higher speed. Besides, the proposed scheme performs well without modification of the 5G radio frame and loss of transmission efficiency.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication has attracted great attention in industrial and academic fields [1]. In the 3GPP specification, V2X applications include the following four types: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) [2]. In order to realize vehicle safety applications, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) is developed to support V2X communication between onboard equipment (OBU) equipped on the vehicle and roadside equipment (RSU) placed on the road through short-range communication. However, DSRC technology limits the quality of service (QoS) requirements such as low data rate and short coverage [3].Cellular V2X has the ability to overcome the short-range transmission in DSRC and realize more reliable communication. Considering the technical deployment as well as practical value, the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) group discussed the services and developed the evolution of C-V2X standardization from the LTE-V2X to the 5G-V2X. Through the interconnection of infrastructure, vehicles, and passengers, 5G-V2X communication technologies are expected to meet not only the communication requirement of passengers but also vehicle control, safety, and information service [4], which require the wireless communication system to be able to support a massive number of sensors, low latency, ultrareliability, Gb/s transmission rate at high speed, etc. [5]. Besides, the 5G wireless communication technologies have been widely adapted to high-speed scenarios with the development of the millimeter wave [6], massive MIMO [7], nonorthogonal multiple access [8], and so on.In order to realize the high-reliability and high-efficiency transmission, it is important to make channel estimation, which has been proposed in the literature, i.e., least squares (LS) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) based on specific signal structures, such as reference signal (RS), primary synchronization signal (PSS), and cyclic prefix (CP) [9–11]. Through channel estimation, channel information on the position of RS was obtained. However, the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios does not satisfy the Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS) assumption due to high mobility; thus, the great changes in the channel state have taken place in the interval of RS [12]. Thus, it is essential to obtain accurate channel state information on payload symbols, i.e., non-RS via channel prediction.Generally speaking, the channel prediction was realized by interpolation methods, including the nearest interpolation, linear interpolation, Gaussian interpolation, and Sinc interpolation [13, 14]. Compared with other wireless communication technologies, there are nonnegligible challenges in channel prediction due to the higher frequency band and up to 500 km/h mobility in the 5G communication system, resulting in the higher Doppler shift and the shorter coherence time. The conventional prediction methods no longer perform well due to the fast time-varying and nonstationary characteristics. However, the prediction performance can be improved by additional RS [15], which not only reduces the transmission efficiency but also requires the modification of radio frames. However, an artificial intelligence- (AI-) based channel scheme has the ability to extract time-domain features and learn temporal channel regularity, in which the historical wireless data and scenario data on the same track can aid the channel prediction for high-speed scenarios and can be applied in the 5G system to enhance the accuracy and improve the limitation of conventional methods [16].Rapidly developing AI technology provides innovative solutions for the challenges of the communication system, such as channel estimation and detection [17], channel decoding [18], and channel recognition [19]. Specifically, the prediction on the fast time-varying and nonstationary channel based on AI has attracted a lot of attention [20]. [21] proposed a channel state information (CSI) prediction scheme, which achieves similar performance to traditional methods through the joint learning framework of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) but costs less computing time. [22] developed a prediction scheme of multipath link quality in the millimeter-wave system based on LSTM and verified the great prediction performance. [23] presented an adaptive channel prediction scheme based on RNN, which predicts the nonstationary and time-varying channel by learning historical data. However, in order to make the prediction about the fast time-varying and nonstationary channel, most of the proposed algorithms were developed based on the data-driven neural network, in which the prediction accuracy depends on a large number of known training data. Once there is a deviation between the actual channel and the training dataset, the prediction performance will greatly degrade [24], while the model-driven neural network is more suitable for channel prediction in high-speed scenarios due to the low demand for datasets, low risk of overfitting, and flexible application deployment [25].In this paper, we propose a novel AI-based channel prediction scheme, called AI-ChannelNet, for the 5G wireless system in high-speed V2I scenarios. The AI-ChannelNet is trained in real time based on the historical channel estimation on RS to realize accurate channel prediction and then recovers the received signal according to predicted channel information. The optimized model is experimented over the WINNER D2a channel model to validate the performance in high-speed scenarios. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:(1)
An AI-based channel prediction scheme for 5G wireless communications in high-speed V2I scenarios was proposed to reconstruct the CSI(2)
A learning framework based on CNN was developed to extract the temporal regularity to make channel prediction(3)
An online RS-based training strategy was developed to adjust the CNN predictor dynamically and track the time-varying and nonstationary channel(4)
A hybrid deep-layer network was developed to map the relationship between the channel information and the received signal to recover transmitted dataThe remainder of the paper is organized as follows. We first briefly introduce the channel characteristics, the system model, and the reference signal in the 5G system in Section2. Then, we describe the proposed channel prediction scheme in detail, including the workflow, the architecture and dataflow, and the training in Section 3. Afterward, the experiment results and analysis are provided in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 5.


## 2. Channel Prediction in High-Speed V2I Scenarios

### 2.1. Channel Characteristics

Due to the terrain and electromagnetic characteristics, the special high-speed V2I scenarios, such as expressway and high-speed railway (HSR), have a significant impact on radio propagation. For the diverse high-speed V2I scenarios, the characteristics of the channel, such as Doppler shift, multipath delay, and angle spread, change rapidly and significantly with time; i.e., the channel appears to be fast time-varying and nonstationary.Figure1 shows a typical high-speed V2I scenario. Due to the open space and the antennas of gNB being usually 20-30 m higher than roads, the line of sight (LOS) is the dominant propagation mechanism. In practice, the channel performs special characteristics in high-speed V2I scenarios. In [26], the region can be divided into two areas for modeling. (1) UE is in the vicinity of gNB, where the LOS path is affected by the angle of the antenna pattern. (2) UE is far away from gNB, where the LOS path is affected by the propagation distance. The regularity of the channel, which describes instantaneous state variation, is significantly different between these two regions.Figure 1
The typical high-speed V2I scenario.Furthermore, the dynamic variation patterns of channel characteristics, such as path loss (PL), RiceanK factor, Doppler frequency shift, and channel impulse response (CIR), were studied through the measurements in [27]. For instance, the Doppler shift of LOS sweeps a lot as the UE passes through the gNB and maintains the maximum value when UE is far away from gNB with stable speed, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The measured dynamic Doppler shift in V2I scenarios [26].As aforementioned, lots of measurements have illustrated that although the channel performs obvious fast time-varying and nonstationary characteristics in high-speed V2I scenarios, the channel characteristics have obvious variation patterns and predictable characteristics due to the linear arrangement of gNB along the track, the relatively stable speed of UE, etc., which are expected to provide more accurate channel prediction via AI technology and improve the communication performance.


### 2.2. The System Model

For the high-speed V2I scenarios, consider a 5G wireless system withN subcarriers, Nr receiver antennas, and Nt transmitter antennas. Let Xt=xt1,⋯,xtNtT be the transmitted signal, with xti=xt0i,⋯,xtN−1iT being the signal vector transmitted from the i-th antenna, i=1,⋯,Nt. We denote the received signal by Yt=yt1,⋯,ytNrT, where ytj is the received OFDM symbol on the j-th receiver antenna, j=1,⋯,Nr. The received signal is shown below:
(1)Yt=HtXt+Nt,where Nt represents the complex Gaussian noise vector at time t. Furthermore, the complex channel matrix Ht of size Nr,Nt is given by the following:
(2)Ht=h11t⋯h1Ntt⋮⋱⋮hNr1t⋯hNrNtt,where hjit represents the complex channel coefficient of the subchannel from the i-th transmitter antenna to the j-th receiver antenna.The RS that is already known to both the transmitter and the receiver is transmitted for channel estimation. The estimated channel coefficienth^jim on the m-th RS can be derived from the received RS as follows:
(3)h^jim=ymjpmi=hjim+h~jim,where ymj, pmi, and h~jim represent the received signal on the j-th receiver antenna, the known RS from the i-th transmitter antenna, and channel estimation errors, respectively, on the m-th RS position. In practice, the estimated channel coefficient h^jim is discrete due to the discrete RS. To obtain accurate channel information, interpolation methods are employed to predict the channel on payload symbols.


### 2.3. Reference Signal in the 5G System

The prediction performance of conventional methods is affected by the allocation of RS, which is related to the radio frame structure. Different from other communication systems, the number, position, and density of RS in the 5G system are configurable, as shown in Figure3. For the radio frame (normal CP) of 5G, there are ten subframes in each radio frame, two slots in each subframe, and fourteen OFDM symbols in each slot, which contains one RS and thirteen payload symbols, respectively. The RS distributes discretely in the time and frequency domains; thus, the accurate channel information needs to be predicted by interpolation.Figure 3
The allocation of RS in the 5G system (the spacing of the subcarriers is 30 kHz).The higher frequency band of 5G and higher speed in high-speed V2I scenarios result in the higher Doppler shift and the shorter coherence time. The coherence time can be calculated as follows:(4)Tcoh≈12πfd,max,where fd,max is the maximum Doppler shift.For the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which has become the premier option for commercial V2I scenario deployments [28], the coherence time Tcoh is 0.24 ms when v=120km/h. In this case, the coherence time is shorter than the duration of one slot and the channel in the interval of RS changes significantly.For the 5G wireless system in high-speed V2I scenarios, an additional RS is added to the slot, named 5G-addition in the 3GPP TS 38.211 [29], as shown in Figure 3. More RS help track the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios with the loss of the transmission efficiency slightly.


## 2.1. Channel Characteristics

Due to the terrain and electromagnetic characteristics, the special high-speed V2I scenarios, such as expressway and high-speed railway (HSR), have a significant impact on radio propagation. For the diverse high-speed V2I scenarios, the characteristics of the channel, such as Doppler shift, multipath delay, and angle spread, change rapidly and significantly with time; i.e., the channel appears to be fast time-varying and nonstationary.Figure1 shows a typical high-speed V2I scenario. Due to the open space and the antennas of gNB being usually 20-30 m higher than roads, the line of sight (LOS) is the dominant propagation mechanism. In practice, the channel performs special characteristics in high-speed V2I scenarios. In [26], the region can be divided into two areas for modeling. (1) UE is in the vicinity of gNB, where the LOS path is affected by the angle of the antenna pattern. (2) UE is far away from gNB, where the LOS path is affected by the propagation distance. The regularity of the channel, which describes instantaneous state variation, is significantly different between these two regions.Figure 1
The typical high-speed V2I scenario.Furthermore, the dynamic variation patterns of channel characteristics, such as path loss (PL), RiceanK factor, Doppler frequency shift, and channel impulse response (CIR), were studied through the measurements in [27]. For instance, the Doppler shift of LOS sweeps a lot as the UE passes through the gNB and maintains the maximum value when UE is far away from gNB with stable speed, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
The measured dynamic Doppler shift in V2I scenarios [26].As aforementioned, lots of measurements have illustrated that although the channel performs obvious fast time-varying and nonstationary characteristics in high-speed V2I scenarios, the channel characteristics have obvious variation patterns and predictable characteristics due to the linear arrangement of gNB along the track, the relatively stable speed of UE, etc., which are expected to provide more accurate channel prediction via AI technology and improve the communication performance.


## 2.2. The System Model

For the high-speed V2I scenarios, consider a 5G wireless system withN subcarriers, Nr receiver antennas, and Nt transmitter antennas. Let Xt=xt1,⋯,xtNtT be the transmitted signal, with xti=xt0i,⋯,xtN−1iT being the signal vector transmitted from the i-th antenna, i=1,⋯,Nt. We denote the received signal by Yt=yt1,⋯,ytNrT, where ytj is the received OFDM symbol on the j-th receiver antenna, j=1,⋯,Nr. The received signal is shown below:
(1)Yt=HtXt+Nt,where Nt represents the complex Gaussian noise vector at time t. Furthermore, the complex channel matrix Ht of size Nr,Nt is given by the following:
(2)Ht=h11t⋯h1Ntt⋮⋱⋮hNr1t⋯hNrNtt,where hjit represents the complex channel coefficient of the subchannel from the i-th transmitter antenna to the j-th receiver antenna.The RS that is already known to both the transmitter and the receiver is transmitted for channel estimation. The estimated channel coefficienth^jim on the m-th RS can be derived from the received RS as follows:
(3)h^jim=ymjpmi=hjim+h~jim,where ymj, pmi, and h~jim represent the received signal on the j-th receiver antenna, the known RS from the i-th transmitter antenna, and channel estimation errors, respectively, on the m-th RS position. In practice, the estimated channel coefficient h^jim is discrete due to the discrete RS. To obtain accurate channel information, interpolation methods are employed to predict the channel on payload symbols.


## 2.3. Reference Signal in the 5G System

The prediction performance of conventional methods is affected by the allocation of RS, which is related to the radio frame structure. Different from other communication systems, the number, position, and density of RS in the 5G system are configurable, as shown in Figure3. For the radio frame (normal CP) of 5G, there are ten subframes in each radio frame, two slots in each subframe, and fourteen OFDM symbols in each slot, which contains one RS and thirteen payload symbols, respectively. The RS distributes discretely in the time and frequency domains; thus, the accurate channel information needs to be predicted by interpolation.Figure 3
The allocation of RS in the 5G system (the spacing of the subcarriers is 30 kHz).The higher frequency band of 5G and higher speed in high-speed V2I scenarios result in the higher Doppler shift and the shorter coherence time. The coherence time can be calculated as follows:(4)Tcoh≈12πfd,max,where fd,max is the maximum Doppler shift.For the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which has become the premier option for commercial V2I scenario deployments [28], the coherence time Tcoh is 0.24 ms when v=120km/h. In this case, the coherence time is shorter than the duration of one slot and the channel in the interval of RS changes significantly.For the 5G wireless system in high-speed V2I scenarios, an additional RS is added to the slot, named 5G-addition in the 3GPP TS 38.211 [29], as shown in Figure 3. More RS help track the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios with the loss of the transmission efficiency slightly.


## 3. AI-ChannelNet

The AI-ChannelNet was introduced in this section from three aspects: the workflow, the architecture and dataflow, and the training methods.


### 3.1. Workflow

For the time domain, the channel between adjacent RS performs temporal regularity due to the fast time-varying channel and the linear gNB arrangement in high-speed V2I scenarios. For the frequency domain, the channel between adjacent subcarriers changes moderately. Therefore, the AI scheme was developed to make the time-domain prediction and the linear interpolation method was used in the frequency-domain prediction. The workflow of AI-ChannelNet is shown in Figure4 with four steps as follows:
(1)
The AI-ChannelNet predicts the channel information on the non-RS position based on the learned channel regularity in the time domain(2)
The linear interpolation is employed to predict the channel information on the non-RS position in the frequency domain. Note that the learned channel regularity of AI could not be generalized along the subcarriers and the negative impact caused by high mobility is mainly reflected in the time domain(3)
The predicted channel information and received signal are redefined as the CSI image and signal image, respectively, which have the real-part channel and imaginary-part channel. For these images, each pixel represents an OFDM symbol and corresponding channel information. The length and width of the image represent time and different subcarriers, respectively(4)
Through feeding the CSI image and signal image simultaneously, the AI-ChannelNet outputs the recovered transmitted signalFigure 4
The workflow of AI-ChannelNet.


### 3.2. Architecture and Dataflow

Figure5 shows the architecture of AI-ChannelNet, which contains the CNN and LSTM to predict channel information and recover received signals, respectively. The convolution layer, pooling layer, and fully connected layer are designed in CNN to simplify the architecture and adapt to the online training algorithm with the complexity as low as possible. The LSTM layer and convolution layer are designed in LSTM to learn the relationship between the received signal, the channel information, and the transmitted signal with the complexity as sufficient as possible.Figure 5
The architecture of AI-ChannelNet.In AI-ChannelNet, the dataflow is divided into two lines: the dataflow of RS and the dataflow of the received signal (including payload symbols).


#### 3.2.1. The Dataflow of RS

For the dataflow of RS, the latest RS is used to determine whether the weights of AI-Channel Net need to be updated. Then, it is stored in the historical buffer for a period of time, which is employed as the dataset for the online training algorithm. Before being fed into AI-ChannelNet, the RS needs to be preprocessed via the two-dimensional process and shift. The two-dimensional process is to process the complex-valued channel information into real and imaginary parts, respectively. The shift is to split the original data into multiple continuous time series by a historical window with constant length. The input and label of training and the input and output of prediction are shown as follows, respectively:For training, we have the following:(5)Input:hm−k,0,⋯,hm−1,0,hm,0,Label:hm+1,0.For prediction, we have the following:(6)Input:hm−k,q,⋯,hm−1,q,hm,q,Output:hm+1,q,q∈1,2,⋯,N−1,where hm,0 is the channel coefficient on the m-th RS; hm,q is the channel coefficient on the q-th payload symbol after the m-th RS; k is the constraint length, which represents how much historical information the single prediction depends on; q∈1,2,⋯,N−1 is the index of payload symbols; and N is the number of symbols in the interval of RS.After preprocessing, convolution operation occurs in the time dimension to extract the temporal features from the real component and imaginary component, which is equivalent to carrying out the one-dimensional convolution operation on two-dimensional data. The extracted features are reflected in the feature map, which is calculated as follows:(7)Zp=Wp⊗X+Bp=∑d=12Wp,d⊗Xd+Bp,where Zp is the p-th feature map, which is extracted by the p-th convolution kernel Wp, and X=h1,h2,⋯,hk is the input vector. Bp is the bias of the p-th convolution kernel, d is the dimension of vectors, and ⊗ is the convolution operation. With the convolution kernel size m, the calculation process of zi in the feature map Zp is shown as follows, where w, b, and h are the elements of Wp, Bp, and X:
(8)zi=∑u=1m∑d=12wu,d·hi+u−1,d+bi.For the time series prediction problem based on the neural network, the mean squared error (MSE) is often used to train the loss function of the process. But in channel prediction, the object of prediction is the complex coefficient, so this paper considers the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) as the loss function of the training process to measure the similarity between the target value and the output value so as to improve the learning effect. The EVM loss function is calculated as follows:(9)Levm=∑n=1Nh∧n−hn2∑n=1Nhn2,where hn and h^n, n=1,⋯,N, are the label values and predicted values, and N is the number of training samples.


#### 3.2.2. The Dataflow of the Received Signal

For the dataflow of the received signal, they are fed into AI-ChannelNet together with predicted channel information. The temporal relationship between the received signal and the channel information is extracted by LSTM, and then the recovery process is treated as the classification problem to output the transmitted signal. The architecture of the LSTM unit is shown in Figure6. LSTM neural network transmits cyclic information by introducing the internal state Ct and output data features to the external state st, calculated as follows:
(10)Ct=ft⊙Ct−1+it⊙C~t,(11)st=ot⊙tanhCt,where C~t is the candidate status, and ft, it, and ot are the forget gate, the input gate, and the output gate, respectively, defined as follows:
(12)c~t=tanhWcst−1,xt+bc,(13)ft=σWfst−1,xt+bf,(14)it=σWist−1,xt+bi,(15)ot=σWost−1,xt+bo,where Wc,f,i,o and bc,f,i,o are weight matrices and bias vectors, xt is the current input, st−1 is the hidden state at the previous moment. The standard sigmoid function σ· and the hyperbolic function tanh· are defined as follows:
(16)σx=11+e−x,(17)tanhx=ex−e−xex+e−x.Figure 6
Architecture of the LSTM unit.For the three gates, the forget gateft, the input gate it, and the output gate ot control the information that needs to be forgotten in the Ct−1, the information that needs to be saved in the C~t, and the data that needs to be output to the ht, respectively.Then, the temporal relationship extracted by LSTM is fed into the convolution layer to the recovery signal. The category label is1,2,3,⋯,2M, where M is the modulation order. The output layer is designed as the softmax layer, where the number of nodes K is equal to the number of categories. Assume that the output value of the i-th node is pi. Then, the probability that belongs to i in the output layer is as follows:
(18)Pi=epi∑j=1Kepj.Correspondingly, the loss function of training is the cross-entropy function as follows:(19)Lcross−entropy=−1N∑n=1N∑i=1KIi,nlogPi,n,where Ii,n is the indicator vector (1 represents the n-th sample that belongs to the category i, and 0 represents not), and N is the number of training samples.


### 3.3. Training

The training of AI-ChannelNet includes two strategies: online RS-based training and offline classification training, which are aimed at tracking the dynamic channel in real time and learning the certain mapping, respectively.


#### 3.3.1. Online RS-Based Training

AI-ChannelNet is trained via the online RS-based training algorithm to track the dynamic channel and realize the accurate channel prediction. The online RS-based training algorithm is shown as Algorithm1.Algorithm 1: Online RS-based training for AI-ChannelNet.
Input: The historical buffer length lThe update thresholdαThe loss thresholdβInitialize: The number of epochs nThe update sensitivityrThe update counterc=0The historical bufferΘ=hm−l,0,hm−l+1,0,⋯,hm,0The weights of CNN which are trained by the bufferOutput: The predicted values on payload symbolswhile the value on the latest RS position he is estimated doThe value on the latest RS positionhp is predicted by CNN based on the Θ.Update theΘ byfori=0:l−1dohm−1−i,0⟵hm−i,0end forhm,0⟵helevm⟵Evmhe,hpiflevm>αthenc⟵c+1ifc>rthenc⟵0CNN is trained based on theΘ:p=0ifp<nthenlevm⟵AdamLevm,Θiflevm>βthenBreakelsep⟵p+1end ifend ifend ifend ifPredict the values on payload symbolsend whileThe historical buffer lengthl represents the memory capacity of the buffer: too large will increase the convergence time of each iteration, and too small will result in poor tracking performance.The update thresholdα is introduced as the trigger of the online training algorithm, which is used to determine whether the network is updated or not.The update sensitivityr is set to reduce the update frequency, avoiding successive updates when the channel changes suddenly.The early-stop strategy based on the loss function is adapted in online training to speed up the convergence, in which the optimizer is terminated once the loss function value exceeds thresholdβ.


#### 3.3.2. Offline Classification Training

For the offline training, the massive volume of historical data, including the channel information, received signal, and transmitted signal, is conducted as the training samples to learn the mapping from the received signal to the transmitted signal. Then, the loss function is reduced by using the Adam optimizer based on the backpropagation. As a result, we obtain a well-trained neural network which can be implemented offline.The proposed scheme includes online deployment and offline deployment with differences in terms of the learning object, input and output information, function, network baseline, and training method, which are compared in Table1.Table 1
The difference of online and offline neural network deployment.
Online deploymentOffline deploymentLearning objectTemporal channel regularityMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalInput informationChannel value on the RS positionMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalOutput informationChannel prediction on the payload symbol positionEstimated transmitted signalFunctionTrack channelSignal recoveryNetwork baselineCNNLSTM+CNNTraining methodOnline RS-based training methodOffline classification training method


## 3.1. Workflow

For the time domain, the channel between adjacent RS performs temporal regularity due to the fast time-varying channel and the linear gNB arrangement in high-speed V2I scenarios. For the frequency domain, the channel between adjacent subcarriers changes moderately. Therefore, the AI scheme was developed to make the time-domain prediction and the linear interpolation method was used in the frequency-domain prediction. The workflow of AI-ChannelNet is shown in Figure4 with four steps as follows:
(1)
The AI-ChannelNet predicts the channel information on the non-RS position based on the learned channel regularity in the time domain(2)
The linear interpolation is employed to predict the channel information on the non-RS position in the frequency domain. Note that the learned channel regularity of AI could not be generalized along the subcarriers and the negative impact caused by high mobility is mainly reflected in the time domain(3)
The predicted channel information and received signal are redefined as the CSI image and signal image, respectively, which have the real-part channel and imaginary-part channel. For these images, each pixel represents an OFDM symbol and corresponding channel information. The length and width of the image represent time and different subcarriers, respectively(4)
Through feeding the CSI image and signal image simultaneously, the AI-ChannelNet outputs the recovered transmitted signalFigure 4
The workflow of AI-ChannelNet.


## 3.2. Architecture and Dataflow

Figure5 shows the architecture of AI-ChannelNet, which contains the CNN and LSTM to predict channel information and recover received signals, respectively. The convolution layer, pooling layer, and fully connected layer are designed in CNN to simplify the architecture and adapt to the online training algorithm with the complexity as low as possible. The LSTM layer and convolution layer are designed in LSTM to learn the relationship between the received signal, the channel information, and the transmitted signal with the complexity as sufficient as possible.Figure 5
The architecture of AI-ChannelNet.In AI-ChannelNet, the dataflow is divided into two lines: the dataflow of RS and the dataflow of the received signal (including payload symbols).


### 3.2.1. The Dataflow of RS

For the dataflow of RS, the latest RS is used to determine whether the weights of AI-Channel Net need to be updated. Then, it is stored in the historical buffer for a period of time, which is employed as the dataset for the online training algorithm. Before being fed into AI-ChannelNet, the RS needs to be preprocessed via the two-dimensional process and shift. The two-dimensional process is to process the complex-valued channel information into real and imaginary parts, respectively. The shift is to split the original data into multiple continuous time series by a historical window with constant length. The input and label of training and the input and output of prediction are shown as follows, respectively:For training, we have the following:(5)Input:hm−k,0,⋯,hm−1,0,hm,0,Label:hm+1,0.For prediction, we have the following:(6)Input:hm−k,q,⋯,hm−1,q,hm,q,Output:hm+1,q,q∈1,2,⋯,N−1,where hm,0 is the channel coefficient on the m-th RS; hm,q is the channel coefficient on the q-th payload symbol after the m-th RS; k is the constraint length, which represents how much historical information the single prediction depends on; q∈1,2,⋯,N−1 is the index of payload symbols; and N is the number of symbols in the interval of RS.After preprocessing, convolution operation occurs in the time dimension to extract the temporal features from the real component and imaginary component, which is equivalent to carrying out the one-dimensional convolution operation on two-dimensional data. The extracted features are reflected in the feature map, which is calculated as follows:(7)Zp=Wp⊗X+Bp=∑d=12Wp,d⊗Xd+Bp,where Zp is the p-th feature map, which is extracted by the p-th convolution kernel Wp, and X=h1,h2,⋯,hk is the input vector. Bp is the bias of the p-th convolution kernel, d is the dimension of vectors, and ⊗ is the convolution operation. With the convolution kernel size m, the calculation process of zi in the feature map Zp is shown as follows, where w, b, and h are the elements of Wp, Bp, and X:
(8)zi=∑u=1m∑d=12wu,d·hi+u−1,d+bi.For the time series prediction problem based on the neural network, the mean squared error (MSE) is often used to train the loss function of the process. But in channel prediction, the object of prediction is the complex coefficient, so this paper considers the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) as the loss function of the training process to measure the similarity between the target value and the output value so as to improve the learning effect. The EVM loss function is calculated as follows:(9)Levm=∑n=1Nh∧n−hn2∑n=1Nhn2,where hn and h^n, n=1,⋯,N, are the label values and predicted values, and N is the number of training samples.


### 3.2.2. The Dataflow of the Received Signal

For the dataflow of the received signal, they are fed into AI-ChannelNet together with predicted channel information. The temporal relationship between the received signal and the channel information is extracted by LSTM, and then the recovery process is treated as the classification problem to output the transmitted signal. The architecture of the LSTM unit is shown in Figure6. LSTM neural network transmits cyclic information by introducing the internal state Ct and output data features to the external state st, calculated as follows:
(10)Ct=ft⊙Ct−1+it⊙C~t,(11)st=ot⊙tanhCt,where C~t is the candidate status, and ft, it, and ot are the forget gate, the input gate, and the output gate, respectively, defined as follows:
(12)c~t=tanhWcst−1,xt+bc,(13)ft=σWfst−1,xt+bf,(14)it=σWist−1,xt+bi,(15)ot=σWost−1,xt+bo,where Wc,f,i,o and bc,f,i,o are weight matrices and bias vectors, xt is the current input, st−1 is the hidden state at the previous moment. The standard sigmoid function σ· and the hyperbolic function tanh· are defined as follows:
(16)σx=11+e−x,(17)tanhx=ex−e−xex+e−x.Figure 6
Architecture of the LSTM unit.For the three gates, the forget gateft, the input gate it, and the output gate ot control the information that needs to be forgotten in the Ct−1, the information that needs to be saved in the C~t, and the data that needs to be output to the ht, respectively.Then, the temporal relationship extracted by LSTM is fed into the convolution layer to the recovery signal. The category label is1,2,3,⋯,2M, where M is the modulation order. The output layer is designed as the softmax layer, where the number of nodes K is equal to the number of categories. Assume that the output value of the i-th node is pi. Then, the probability that belongs to i in the output layer is as follows:
(18)Pi=epi∑j=1Kepj.Correspondingly, the loss function of training is the cross-entropy function as follows:(19)Lcross−entropy=−1N∑n=1N∑i=1KIi,nlogPi,n,where Ii,n is the indicator vector (1 represents the n-th sample that belongs to the category i, and 0 represents not), and N is the number of training samples.


## 3.2.1. The Dataflow of RS

For the dataflow of RS, the latest RS is used to determine whether the weights of AI-Channel Net need to be updated. Then, it is stored in the historical buffer for a period of time, which is employed as the dataset for the online training algorithm. Before being fed into AI-ChannelNet, the RS needs to be preprocessed via the two-dimensional process and shift. The two-dimensional process is to process the complex-valued channel information into real and imaginary parts, respectively. The shift is to split the original data into multiple continuous time series by a historical window with constant length. The input and label of training and the input and output of prediction are shown as follows, respectively:For training, we have the following:(5)Input:hm−k,0,⋯,hm−1,0,hm,0,Label:hm+1,0.For prediction, we have the following:(6)Input:hm−k,q,⋯,hm−1,q,hm,q,Output:hm+1,q,q∈1,2,⋯,N−1,where hm,0 is the channel coefficient on the m-th RS; hm,q is the channel coefficient on the q-th payload symbol after the m-th RS; k is the constraint length, which represents how much historical information the single prediction depends on; q∈1,2,⋯,N−1 is the index of payload symbols; and N is the number of symbols in the interval of RS.After preprocessing, convolution operation occurs in the time dimension to extract the temporal features from the real component and imaginary component, which is equivalent to carrying out the one-dimensional convolution operation on two-dimensional data. The extracted features are reflected in the feature map, which is calculated as follows:(7)Zp=Wp⊗X+Bp=∑d=12Wp,d⊗Xd+Bp,where Zp is the p-th feature map, which is extracted by the p-th convolution kernel Wp, and X=h1,h2,⋯,hk is the input vector. Bp is the bias of the p-th convolution kernel, d is the dimension of vectors, and ⊗ is the convolution operation. With the convolution kernel size m, the calculation process of zi in the feature map Zp is shown as follows, where w, b, and h are the elements of Wp, Bp, and X:
(8)zi=∑u=1m∑d=12wu,d·hi+u−1,d+bi.For the time series prediction problem based on the neural network, the mean squared error (MSE) is often used to train the loss function of the process. But in channel prediction, the object of prediction is the complex coefficient, so this paper considers the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) as the loss function of the training process to measure the similarity between the target value and the output value so as to improve the learning effect. The EVM loss function is calculated as follows:(9)Levm=∑n=1Nh∧n−hn2∑n=1Nhn2,where hn and h^n, n=1,⋯,N, are the label values and predicted values, and N is the number of training samples.


## 3.2.2. The Dataflow of the Received Signal

For the dataflow of the received signal, they are fed into AI-ChannelNet together with predicted channel information. The temporal relationship between the received signal and the channel information is extracted by LSTM, and then the recovery process is treated as the classification problem to output the transmitted signal. The architecture of the LSTM unit is shown in Figure6. LSTM neural network transmits cyclic information by introducing the internal state Ct and output data features to the external state st, calculated as follows:
(10)Ct=ft⊙Ct−1+it⊙C~t,(11)st=ot⊙tanhCt,where C~t is the candidate status, and ft, it, and ot are the forget gate, the input gate, and the output gate, respectively, defined as follows:
(12)c~t=tanhWcst−1,xt+bc,(13)ft=σWfst−1,xt+bf,(14)it=σWist−1,xt+bi,(15)ot=σWost−1,xt+bo,where Wc,f,i,o and bc,f,i,o are weight matrices and bias vectors, xt is the current input, st−1 is the hidden state at the previous moment. The standard sigmoid function σ· and the hyperbolic function tanh· are defined as follows:
(16)σx=11+e−x,(17)tanhx=ex−e−xex+e−x.Figure 6
Architecture of the LSTM unit.For the three gates, the forget gateft, the input gate it, and the output gate ot control the information that needs to be forgotten in the Ct−1, the information that needs to be saved in the C~t, and the data that needs to be output to the ht, respectively.Then, the temporal relationship extracted by LSTM is fed into the convolution layer to the recovery signal. The category label is1,2,3,⋯,2M, where M is the modulation order. The output layer is designed as the softmax layer, where the number of nodes K is equal to the number of categories. Assume that the output value of the i-th node is pi. Then, the probability that belongs to i in the output layer is as follows:
(18)Pi=epi∑j=1Kepj.Correspondingly, the loss function of training is the cross-entropy function as follows:(19)Lcross−entropy=−1N∑n=1N∑i=1KIi,nlogPi,n,where Ii,n is the indicator vector (1 represents the n-th sample that belongs to the category i, and 0 represents not), and N is the number of training samples.


## 3.3. Training

The training of AI-ChannelNet includes two strategies: online RS-based training and offline classification training, which are aimed at tracking the dynamic channel in real time and learning the certain mapping, respectively.


### 3.3.1. Online RS-Based Training

AI-ChannelNet is trained via the online RS-based training algorithm to track the dynamic channel and realize the accurate channel prediction. The online RS-based training algorithm is shown as Algorithm1.Algorithm 1: Online RS-based training for AI-ChannelNet.
Input: The historical buffer length lThe update thresholdαThe loss thresholdβInitialize: The number of epochs nThe update sensitivityrThe update counterc=0The historical bufferΘ=hm−l,0,hm−l+1,0,⋯,hm,0The weights of CNN which are trained by the bufferOutput: The predicted values on payload symbolswhile the value on the latest RS position he is estimated doThe value on the latest RS positionhp is predicted by CNN based on the Θ.Update theΘ byfori=0:l−1dohm−1−i,0⟵hm−i,0end forhm,0⟵helevm⟵Evmhe,hpiflevm>αthenc⟵c+1ifc>rthenc⟵0CNN is trained based on theΘ:p=0ifp<nthenlevm⟵AdamLevm,Θiflevm>βthenBreakelsep⟵p+1end ifend ifend ifend ifPredict the values on payload symbolsend whileThe historical buffer lengthl represents the memory capacity of the buffer: too large will increase the convergence time of each iteration, and too small will result in poor tracking performance.The update thresholdα is introduced as the trigger of the online training algorithm, which is used to determine whether the network is updated or not.The update sensitivityr is set to reduce the update frequency, avoiding successive updates when the channel changes suddenly.The early-stop strategy based on the loss function is adapted in online training to speed up the convergence, in which the optimizer is terminated once the loss function value exceeds thresholdβ.


### 3.3.2. Offline Classification Training

For the offline training, the massive volume of historical data, including the channel information, received signal, and transmitted signal, is conducted as the training samples to learn the mapping from the received signal to the transmitted signal. Then, the loss function is reduced by using the Adam optimizer based on the backpropagation. As a result, we obtain a well-trained neural network which can be implemented offline.The proposed scheme includes online deployment and offline deployment with differences in terms of the learning object, input and output information, function, network baseline, and training method, which are compared in Table1.Table 1
The difference of online and offline neural network deployment.
Online deploymentOffline deploymentLearning objectTemporal channel regularityMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalInput informationChannel value on the RS positionMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalOutput informationChannel prediction on the payload symbol positionEstimated transmitted signalFunctionTrack channelSignal recoveryNetwork baselineCNNLSTM+CNNTraining methodOnline RS-based training methodOffline classification training method


## 3.3.1. Online RS-Based Training

AI-ChannelNet is trained via the online RS-based training algorithm to track the dynamic channel and realize the accurate channel prediction. The online RS-based training algorithm is shown as Algorithm1.Algorithm 1: Online RS-based training for AI-ChannelNet.
Input: The historical buffer length lThe update thresholdαThe loss thresholdβInitialize: The number of epochs nThe update sensitivityrThe update counterc=0The historical bufferΘ=hm−l,0,hm−l+1,0,⋯,hm,0The weights of CNN which are trained by the bufferOutput: The predicted values on payload symbolswhile the value on the latest RS position he is estimated doThe value on the latest RS positionhp is predicted by CNN based on the Θ.Update theΘ byfori=0:l−1dohm−1−i,0⟵hm−i,0end forhm,0⟵helevm⟵Evmhe,hpiflevm>αthenc⟵c+1ifc>rthenc⟵0CNN is trained based on theΘ:p=0ifp<nthenlevm⟵AdamLevm,Θiflevm>βthenBreakelsep⟵p+1end ifend ifend ifend ifPredict the values on payload symbolsend whileThe historical buffer lengthl represents the memory capacity of the buffer: too large will increase the convergence time of each iteration, and too small will result in poor tracking performance.The update thresholdα is introduced as the trigger of the online training algorithm, which is used to determine whether the network is updated or not.The update sensitivityr is set to reduce the update frequency, avoiding successive updates when the channel changes suddenly.The early-stop strategy based on the loss function is adapted in online training to speed up the convergence, in which the optimizer is terminated once the loss function value exceeds thresholdβ.


## 3.3.2. Offline Classification Training

For the offline training, the massive volume of historical data, including the channel information, received signal, and transmitted signal, is conducted as the training samples to learn the mapping from the received signal to the transmitted signal. Then, the loss function is reduced by using the Adam optimizer based on the backpropagation. As a result, we obtain a well-trained neural network which can be implemented offline.The proposed scheme includes online deployment and offline deployment with differences in terms of the learning object, input and output information, function, network baseline, and training method, which are compared in Table1.Table 1
The difference of online and offline neural network deployment.
Online deploymentOffline deploymentLearning objectTemporal channel regularityMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalInput informationChannel value on the RS positionMapping from the received signal to the transmitted signalOutput informationChannel prediction on the payload symbol positionEstimated transmitted signalFunctionTrack channelSignal recoveryNetwork baselineCNNLSTM+CNNTraining methodOnline RS-based training methodOffline classification training method


## 4. Numerical Results

Compared with the conventional methods, the prediction performance and reliability of AI-ChannelNet are evaluated in this section. Furthermore, the simulation data generated by the WINNER D2a channel is tested in the experiment.


### 4.1. Channel Characteristics of the WINNER D2a Model

At present, there are fewer standard channel models for V2I scenarios, especially under high speed; thus, the approximate WINNER channel model was used in the experiment in this section.The WINNER II channel model is a link-level and system-level simulation model for broadband communication systems such as LTE and 5G systems. Propagation scenario D2a represents radio propagation in environments where the UE are moving at a very high speed in a rural area [30]. In this condition, the WINNER D2a model is a widely used standard channel model for high-speed moving scenarios and is suitable for high-speed V2I scenarios. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 2.Table 2
The channel and scenario parameters.
ParametersValueChannel modelWINNER D2aNumber of links100Segment distance10 mCoverage radius of gNB500 mVertical distance between the gNB and the track50 mMoving speed90-150 km/hFigure7 shows the channel variation over the whole coverage of gNB when v=120km/h. It can be seen that the channel coefficient changes rapidly in the time domain and the WINNER D2a channel performs an obvious fast time-varying characteristic.Figure 7
The fast time-varying characteristic of the WINNER D2a channel.Figure8(a) shows the Doppler shift variation with distance from the gNB, which accord well with the measurement results mentioned in Section 2.1. Figure 8(b) shows the channel coefficient in the typical positions, which are in the vicinity of gNB and far away from the gNB, respectively. It can be seen that the channel coefficient changes with predictable characteristics in the time domain when UE is far away from gNB and the WINNER D2a channel performs an obvious nonstationary characteristic.Figure 8
The nonstationary characteristic of the WINNER D2a channel. (a) Doppler shift variation with distance from the gNB. (b) The channel coefficient when UE is in the vicinity of gNB (left) and UE is far away from gNB (right).
(a)(b)


### 4.2. Prediction Performance

To validate the performance of the proposed scheme, the parameters of AI-ChannelNet are optimized firstly through lots of experience experiments and are presented in Table3.Table 3
The AI-ChannelNet parameters.
ParametersValueNumber of convolution kernels8Size of convolution kernels1×3Number of units in the fully connected layer128Number of LSTM units64Constraint length80Historical buffer length15The update threshold0.015The loss threshold0.015The update sensitivity2Epochs300Batch size50OptimizationAdamLoss functionEVM and cross-entropyLearning rate0.001Figure9 shows the real part of channel prediction results along the time when v=120km/h, which is similar to the imaginary part. From this figure, we can find that the prediction results are very close to the ground truth. With the UE far away from the gNB, the regularity of the channel tends to be obvious and the prediction performance becomes better. This result implies that the AI-ChannelNet is beneficial to channel prediction in high-speed V2I scenarios.Figure 9
The real part of the ground truth and prediction results of AI-ChannelNet.Figure10 shows the prediction performance of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods in the whole gNB coverage when v=120km/h. For the 5G radio frame, it is not able to meet the requirement of communication through conventional methods with an unacceptable EVM of 36% and more, while that of AI-ChannelNet is 15% to 3%. In order to improve the prediction performance of conventional methods, the 5G-addition radio frame is employed to conduct experiments. Although the EVM of the nearest, linear, Gaussian, and Sinc methods decreases to 26%, 14%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, it is still higher than that of the AI-ChannelNet. Besides, the AI-ChannelNet performs better when the UE is far away from the gNB as the regularity of the channel becomes more obvious.Figure 10
The prediction performance of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods with distance from the gNB.Figure11 shows the comparison of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods on the 5G-addition radio frame when v=120km/h. It can be seen that the prediction result of AI-ChannelNet is more close to the perfect channel. The second is the Sinc method with some distortion points. The prediction results of the Gaussian, linear, and nearest methods are seriously distorted.Figure 11
The comparison of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods.Tables4 and 5 show that the prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G and 5G-addition radio frames, respectively. It can be seen that AI-ChannelNet performs better than conventional methods in high-speed moving scenarios. For instance, EVM of Sinc methods on the 5G radio frame increases from 7.89% to 39.24% with 90 km/h to 140 km/h while that of AI-ChannelNet is about 4%. Note that the higher the speed is, the more improvement can be obtained by AI-ChannelNet.Table 4
The prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G radio frame.
EVM (%)90 km/h100 km/h110 km/h120 km/h130 km/h140 km/h150 km/hAI-ChannelNet3.133.413.684.064.204.404.71Nearest19.4623.6527.5835.2537.4439.2443.48Linear9.3815.0822.8228.1638.1842.4545.82Gaussian8.6213.8620.9826.0135.0939.0242.12Sinc7.898.4916.2724.6633.2537.1439.24Table 5
The prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G-addition radio frame.
EVM (%)90 km/h100 km/h110 km/h120 km/h130 km/h140 km/h150 km/hAI-ChannelNet3.513.793.834.414.595.255.69Nearest14.1318.6021.1125.4529.8833.1635.97Linear5.207.7610.7813.8519.8425.2528.94Gaussian2.804.477.4511.0717.2522.3528.92Sinc7.297.647.307.7610.4914.5321.37


### 4.3. Reliability

The 5G wireless communication system parameters are shown in Table6. Figure 12 shows the CSI image predicted by AI-ChannelNet when v=120km/h, which is used to recover the received signal. The X-Y-Z axis corresponds to the slot (time domain), the subcarrier (frequency domain), and the CSI image pixels (channel information), respectively. It can be seen that the CSI images on different radio frames are similar, which are both close to the perfect CSI images. The figure illustrates that AI-ChannelNet can achieve acceptable prediction performance on the 5G radio frame so as to reduce the number of RS and improve the transmission efficiency in high-speed V2I scenarios.Table 6
5G wireless communication system parameters.
ParametersValueCarrier frequency5.9 GHzBandwidth50 MHzNumber of resource blocks133Cyclic prefixNormalModulation16QAMSpacing of subcarriers30 kHzChannel coding schemeLDPCCode rate0.5SNR0 to 10 dBFigure 12
The real part and imaginary part of the channel CSI image predicted by AI-ChannelNet.Figure13 shows the BER of different methods on the 5G radio frame when v=120km/h. For conventional methods, the communication systems are not able to work normally due to poor prediction performance while AI-ChannelNet performs well with low BER. Although the performance of conventional methods can be improved by increasing the RS, it needs excessive consumption of transmission resources. Thus, the proposed AI-ChannelNet is expected to be applied to communication systems at ultrahigh speed.Figure 13
The BER of different methods on the 5G radio frame withv=120km/h.Figure14 shows the throughput of different methods on the 5G radio frame when v=120km/h. It can be seen that AI-ChannelNet performs higher throughput than conventional methods. When SNR increases, the advantage of AI-ChannelNet becomes more obvious due to the accurate channel prediction. Although the strategy that increasing RS improves channel prediction performance and decreases BER in conventional methods, resulting in better throughput, it is negative for AI-ChannelNet due to additional transmission cost. As mentioned above, AI-ChannelNet outperforms others with high throughput as well as low BER, which is expected to realize the high-reliability and high-efficiency transmission in high-speed V2I scenarios.Figure 14
The throughput of different methods on the 5G radio frame withv=120km/h.For comparison, the adaptive and parameter-free recurrent neural structure (APF-RNS) [23], which was used for real-time prediction in the dynamically nonstationary channel, is also simulated. It can be observed that both methods can present more accurate channel prediction results under higher SNR. However, the proposed method is more suitable for high-speed conditions, especially in higher SNR, which performs far lower BER and higher throughput than that of APF-RNS. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method in the high-speed scenario. Besides, the proposed method has the advantages that cannot be shown in the figure as follows:
(1)
A smaller neural network scale than APF-RNS corresponds to a faster convergence speed(2)
Channel information is required only in the position of RS, while the successive channel data is required for training in APF-RNS


### 4.4. Computation Complexity

The floating point of operations (FLOP), which represents the total computational cost, has been introduced as the measurement of computation complexity in deep learning research widely [31, 32]. As a standard convolution layer, the FLOP is calculated as follows:
(20)FLOP=Dk2·Nf·Nc·DF2,where Dk is the kernel size, Nf is the number of filters, Nc is the number of channels, and DF is the size of the feature map. For the optimized parameters of the CNN predictor, the FLOP values are shown in Table 7.Table 7
The FLOP of AI-ChannelNet (CNN).
LayerKernel sizeOutput sizeFLOPConv1D(3, 1, 8)(80, 1, 16)3840Pooling0(40, 1, 16)0Flatten0(640)0Dense(640, 2)(2)1280Summary——5120It can be seen that the computational complexity of the forward propagation is 5120 FLOP. Besides, the CNN is trained by the online real-time training algorithm; thus, the computational cost of backpropagation is indispensable. Considering that the maximum number of epochs is set as 300 and the historical buffer length is optimized as 15, the maximum FLOP, including training and prediction, is 46.08M FLOP. In fact, the average FLOP is less than it due to the early-stop strategy.As a standard LSTM layer, the FLOP is calculated as follows:(21)FLOP=4·Nr+Dl+1·Nr,where Nr is the number of LSTM neurons and Dl is the constraint length. The size of weight matrices and FLOP are shown in Table 8. The size of the input CSI image is (80, 12, 4); thus, the weight matrix of the LSTM layer is (64+80, 12, 4, 64). Besides, the number of LSTM neurons is 64 and the output size is (80, 64). It can be seen that the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm is 811008 FLOP.Table 8
The FLOP of AI-ChannelNet (LSTM).
LayerKernel sizeOutput sizeFLOPLSTM(144, 48, 64)(80, 64)442368Conv1D(3, 1, 8)(80, 64, 8)122880Pooling0(40, 32, 8)0Flatten0(10240)0Softmax(10240, 24)(12, 2)245760Summary——811008Although the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is obviously larger than that of conventional methods, the performance can be improved significantly through additional complexity. In order to track the channel in time, the neural network was limited to be updated once within 0.5 ms, which is the interval of adjacent RS. Fortunately, the computational ability of CPU/GPU has developed a lot in recent years. For example, the GTX 1080Ti was popular in deep learning research with the 11.3T FLOP, which has sufficient computing power for the proposed algorithm with only4×10−3 ms cost (including training, prediction, and recovery signals). Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be implemented with acceptable computation complexity to track the fast time-varying wireless channel in the high-speed V2I scenario.


## 4.1. Channel Characteristics of the WINNER D2a Model

At present, there are fewer standard channel models for V2I scenarios, especially under high speed; thus, the approximate WINNER channel model was used in the experiment in this section.The WINNER II channel model is a link-level and system-level simulation model for broadband communication systems such as LTE and 5G systems. Propagation scenario D2a represents radio propagation in environments where the UE are moving at a very high speed in a rural area [30]. In this condition, the WINNER D2a model is a widely used standard channel model for high-speed moving scenarios and is suitable for high-speed V2I scenarios. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 2.Table 2
The channel and scenario parameters.
ParametersValueChannel modelWINNER D2aNumber of links100Segment distance10 mCoverage radius of gNB500 mVertical distance between the gNB and the track50 mMoving speed90-150 km/hFigure7 shows the channel variation over the whole coverage of gNB when v=120km/h. It can be seen that the channel coefficient changes rapidly in the time domain and the WINNER D2a channel performs an obvious fast time-varying characteristic.Figure 7
The fast time-varying characteristic of the WINNER D2a channel.Figure8(a) shows the Doppler shift variation with distance from the gNB, which accord well with the measurement results mentioned in Section 2.1. Figure 8(b) shows the channel coefficient in the typical positions, which are in the vicinity of gNB and far away from the gNB, respectively. It can be seen that the channel coefficient changes with predictable characteristics in the time domain when UE is far away from gNB and the WINNER D2a channel performs an obvious nonstationary characteristic.Figure 8
The nonstationary characteristic of the WINNER D2a channel. (a) Doppler shift variation with distance from the gNB. (b) The channel coefficient when UE is in the vicinity of gNB (left) and UE is far away from gNB (right).
(a)(b)


## 4.2. Prediction Performance

To validate the performance of the proposed scheme, the parameters of AI-ChannelNet are optimized firstly through lots of experience experiments and are presented in Table3.Table 3
The AI-ChannelNet parameters.
ParametersValueNumber of convolution kernels8Size of convolution kernels1×3Number of units in the fully connected layer128Number of LSTM units64Constraint length80Historical buffer length15The update threshold0.015The loss threshold0.015The update sensitivity2Epochs300Batch size50OptimizationAdamLoss functionEVM and cross-entropyLearning rate0.001Figure9 shows the real part of channel prediction results along the time when v=120km/h, which is similar to the imaginary part. From this figure, we can find that the prediction results are very close to the ground truth. With the UE far away from the gNB, the regularity of the channel tends to be obvious and the prediction performance becomes better. This result implies that the AI-ChannelNet is beneficial to channel prediction in high-speed V2I scenarios.Figure 9
The real part of the ground truth and prediction results of AI-ChannelNet.Figure10 shows the prediction performance of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods in the whole gNB coverage when v=120km/h. For the 5G radio frame, it is not able to meet the requirement of communication through conventional methods with an unacceptable EVM of 36% and more, while that of AI-ChannelNet is 15% to 3%. In order to improve the prediction performance of conventional methods, the 5G-addition radio frame is employed to conduct experiments. Although the EVM of the nearest, linear, Gaussian, and Sinc methods decreases to 26%, 14%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, it is still higher than that of the AI-ChannelNet. Besides, the AI-ChannelNet performs better when the UE is far away from the gNB as the regularity of the channel becomes more obvious.Figure 10
The prediction performance of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods with distance from the gNB.Figure11 shows the comparison of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods on the 5G-addition radio frame when v=120km/h. It can be seen that the prediction result of AI-ChannelNet is more close to the perfect channel. The second is the Sinc method with some distortion points. The prediction results of the Gaussian, linear, and nearest methods are seriously distorted.Figure 11
The comparison of AI-ChannelNet and conventional methods.Tables4 and 5 show that the prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G and 5G-addition radio frames, respectively. It can be seen that AI-ChannelNet performs better than conventional methods in high-speed moving scenarios. For instance, EVM of Sinc methods on the 5G radio frame increases from 7.89% to 39.24% with 90 km/h to 140 km/h while that of AI-ChannelNet is about 4%. Note that the higher the speed is, the more improvement can be obtained by AI-ChannelNet.Table 4
The prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G radio frame.
EVM (%)90 km/h100 km/h110 km/h120 km/h130 km/h140 km/h150 km/hAI-ChannelNet3.133.413.684.064.204.404.71Nearest19.4623.6527.5835.2537.4439.2443.48Linear9.3815.0822.8228.1638.1842.4545.82Gaussian8.6213.8620.9826.0135.0939.0242.12Sinc7.898.4916.2724.6633.2537.1439.24Table 5
The prediction performance varies with speed on the 5G-addition radio frame.
EVM (%)90 km/h100 km/h110 km/h120 km/h130 km/h140 km/h150 km/hAI-ChannelNet3.513.793.834.414.595.255.69Nearest14.1318.6021.1125.4529.8833.1635.97Linear5.207.7610.7813.8519.8425.2528.94Gaussian2.804.477.4511.0717.2522.3528.92Sinc7.297.647.307.7610.4914.5321.37


## 4.3. Reliability

The 5G wireless communication system parameters are shown in Table6. Figure 12 shows the CSI image predicted by AI-ChannelNet when v=120km/h, which is used to recover the received signal. The X-Y-Z axis corresponds to the slot (time domain), the subcarrier (frequency domain), and the CSI image pixels (channel information), respectively. It can be seen that the CSI images on different radio frames are similar, which are both close to the perfect CSI images. The figure illustrates that AI-ChannelNet can achieve acceptable prediction performance on the 5G radio frame so as to reduce the number of RS and improve the transmission efficiency in high-speed V2I scenarios.Table 6
5G wireless communication system parameters.
ParametersValueCarrier frequency5.9 GHzBandwidth50 MHzNumber of resource blocks133Cyclic prefixNormalModulation16QAMSpacing of subcarriers30 kHzChannel coding schemeLDPCCode rate0.5SNR0 to 10 dBFigure 12
The real part and imaginary part of the channel CSI image predicted by AI-ChannelNet.Figure13 shows the BER of different methods on the 5G radio frame when v=120km/h. For conventional methods, the communication systems are not able to work normally due to poor prediction performance while AI-ChannelNet performs well with low BER. Although the performance of conventional methods can be improved by increasing the RS, it needs excessive consumption of transmission resources. Thus, the proposed AI-ChannelNet is expected to be applied to communication systems at ultrahigh speed.Figure 13
The BER of different methods on the 5G radio frame withv=120km/h.Figure14 shows the throughput of different methods on the 5G radio frame when v=120km/h. It can be seen that AI-ChannelNet performs higher throughput than conventional methods. When SNR increases, the advantage of AI-ChannelNet becomes more obvious due to the accurate channel prediction. Although the strategy that increasing RS improves channel prediction performance and decreases BER in conventional methods, resulting in better throughput, it is negative for AI-ChannelNet due to additional transmission cost. As mentioned above, AI-ChannelNet outperforms others with high throughput as well as low BER, which is expected to realize the high-reliability and high-efficiency transmission in high-speed V2I scenarios.Figure 14
The throughput of different methods on the 5G radio frame withv=120km/h.For comparison, the adaptive and parameter-free recurrent neural structure (APF-RNS) [23], which was used for real-time prediction in the dynamically nonstationary channel, is also simulated. It can be observed that both methods can present more accurate channel prediction results under higher SNR. However, the proposed method is more suitable for high-speed conditions, especially in higher SNR, which performs far lower BER and higher throughput than that of APF-RNS. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method in the high-speed scenario. Besides, the proposed method has the advantages that cannot be shown in the figure as follows:
(1)
A smaller neural network scale than APF-RNS corresponds to a faster convergence speed(2)
Channel information is required only in the position of RS, while the successive channel data is required for training in APF-RNS


## 4.4. Computation Complexity

The floating point of operations (FLOP), which represents the total computational cost, has been introduced as the measurement of computation complexity in deep learning research widely [31, 32]. As a standard convolution layer, the FLOP is calculated as follows:
(20)FLOP=Dk2·Nf·Nc·DF2,where Dk is the kernel size, Nf is the number of filters, Nc is the number of channels, and DF is the size of the feature map. For the optimized parameters of the CNN predictor, the FLOP values are shown in Table 7.Table 7
The FLOP of AI-ChannelNet (CNN).
LayerKernel sizeOutput sizeFLOPConv1D(3, 1, 8)(80, 1, 16)3840Pooling0(40, 1, 16)0Flatten0(640)0Dense(640, 2)(2)1280Summary——5120It can be seen that the computational complexity of the forward propagation is 5120 FLOP. Besides, the CNN is trained by the online real-time training algorithm; thus, the computational cost of backpropagation is indispensable. Considering that the maximum number of epochs is set as 300 and the historical buffer length is optimized as 15, the maximum FLOP, including training and prediction, is 46.08M FLOP. In fact, the average FLOP is less than it due to the early-stop strategy.As a standard LSTM layer, the FLOP is calculated as follows:(21)FLOP=4·Nr+Dl+1·Nr,where Nr is the number of LSTM neurons and Dl is the constraint length. The size of weight matrices and FLOP are shown in Table 8. The size of the input CSI image is (80, 12, 4); thus, the weight matrix of the LSTM layer is (64+80, 12, 4, 64). Besides, the number of LSTM neurons is 64 and the output size is (80, 64). It can be seen that the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm is 811008 FLOP.Table 8
The FLOP of AI-ChannelNet (LSTM).
LayerKernel sizeOutput sizeFLOPLSTM(144, 48, 64)(80, 64)442368Conv1D(3, 1, 8)(80, 64, 8)122880Pooling0(40, 32, 8)0Flatten0(10240)0Softmax(10240, 24)(12, 2)245760Summary——811008Although the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is obviously larger than that of conventional methods, the performance can be improved significantly through additional complexity. In order to track the channel in time, the neural network was limited to be updated once within 0.5 ms, which is the interval of adjacent RS. Fortunately, the computational ability of CPU/GPU has developed a lot in recent years. For example, the GTX 1080Ti was popular in deep learning research with the 11.3T FLOP, which has sufficient computing power for the proposed algorithm with only4×10−3 ms cost (including training, prediction, and recovery signals). Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be implemented with acceptable computation complexity to track the fast time-varying wireless channel in the high-speed V2I scenario.


## 5. Conclusion

In this paper, a novel AI-based channel prediction scheme for the 5G wireless system in high-speed V2I scenarios is proposed. In the proposed scheme, the temporal features of the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios are extracted by the integration of CNN and LSTM to present accurate channel information. The predictor is trained in real time based on the historical channel estimation on RS to realize accurate channel prediction and then recovers the received signal according to predicted channel information, which leads to better performance compared to the conventional methods. Through the numerical experiment on the WINNER D2a channel model, more improvement could be achieved by the proposed scheme at a higher speed, e.g., 140 km/h. Besides, the proposed scheme performs well without additional RS in high-speed V2I scenarios, which avoids excessive consumption of transmission resources. The proposed scheme is expected to be applied to the 5G wireless system to improve the communication performance in high-speed V2I scenarios.



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*Source: 3709526-2022-05-23.xml*