# Strategy and Software Application of Fresh Produce Package Design to Attain Optimal Modified Atmosphere

Authors: Dong Sun Lee; Yun Hee Jo; Min-Ji Kwon; Duck Soon An
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce relies on the attainment of desired gas concentration inside the package resulting from product respiration and package’s gas transfer. Systematic package design method to achieve the target modified atmosphere was developed and constructed as software in terms of selecting the most appropriate film, microperforations, and/or CO2 scavenger. It incorporates modeling and/or database construction on the produce respiration, gas transfer across the plastic film and microperforation, and CO2 absorption by the scavenger. The optimization algorithm first selects the packaging film and/or microperforations to have the target O2 concentration in response to the respiration and then tunes the CO2 concentration by CO2 absorber when it goes above its tolerance limit. The optimization method tested for green pepper, strawberry, and king oyster mushroom packages was shown to be effective to design the package and the results obtained were consistent with literature work and experimental atmosphere.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh produce is based on attaining the modified atmosphere (MA) resulting from contributions of produce respiration and plastic film gas permeation. For effective preservation of the fresh produce, desired or optimal modified atmosphere of reduced O2 and elevated CO2 concentrations specific for the commodity should be created and maintained. Control variables to attain the desired atmosphere in MAP design are type of packaging film, its area and thickness, presence and number of microperforations, and so forth, for the given pack size. Systematic way of MAP design has been implemented and is available in Internet web-based software for convenient and versatile design application to a wide variety of commodities and conditions [1–3]. The design tools have been built based on the databases of fresh produce respiration and plastic film gas permeability. While the currently available software can present the optimized package design consisting of plastic film condition (type and thickness) and perforation conditions if required, there is still a need for incorporating other options such as active packaging attachment [4].Inclusion of carbon dioxide scavenger can help to ease the package optimization and widen the available MAP design window by attaining the desired MA without invading the injurious CO2 level [5]. Therefore, augmentation of MAP design scheme with CO2 scavenging has been tried in this study. Specific objectives of this study are to build and test a comprehensive fresh produce MAP design platform applicable to a wide variety of commodities and storage conditions.


## 2. Algorithm for Optimized Package Design

### 2.1. Model of Design Package

As the designable package model, modified atmosphere package of gas-permeable plastic tray or bag was conceptualized to be potentially appended with perforation or CO2 absorber (Figure 1). It was assumed that the package stays or is stored at constant temperature and respiration rate of fresh produce depends on the atmosphere surrounding the produce. Parameters of uncompetitive respiration model (1) describing the produce respiration rate [6] have been compiled as a database for many commodities and products, which is ready for being called from the design program. Thus, the respiration rate is given as:
(1)
R
O
2
or
R
CO
2
=
V
m
p
O
2
K
m
+
(
1
+
p
C
O
2
/
K
i
)
p
O
2
,
where R
O
2 is the respiration rate of O2 consumption (mol kg−1 h−1); R
CO
2 is the respiration rate of CO2 production (mol kg−1 h−1); p
O
2 and p
CO
2 are the respective partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (Pa); V
m, K
m, and K
i are the parameters.Figure 1
Fresh produce package structure to be optimized.Plastic gas permeability compiled from literatures or experimental measurements has also been established as a database to be called from the program.Produce respiration and plastic film gas permeability at temperature other than the listed one can be supplied to the design program application by using Arrhenius equation [7, 8]:
(2)
R
i
,
T
=
R
i
,
T
o
exp
⁡
(
E
a
R
·
(
1
T
o
-
1
T
)
)
,
P
¯
i
,
T
=
P
¯
i
,
T
o
exp
⁡
(
E
a
R
·
(
1
T
o
-
1
T
)
)
,
where R
i
,
T and R
i
,
T
o are the respective respiration rates at temperatures T (K) and T
o (K); P
¯
i
,
T and P
¯
i
,
T
o are the respective gas permeabilities (mol mm m−2 h−1 Pa−1) at temperatures T (K) and T
o (K); E
a means the activation energy (J mol−1) corresponding to temperature dependence of respiration or gas permeation; R is universal gas constant (8.314 J K−1 mol−1); the subscript i refers to O2 or CO2 gas.


### 2.2. Mass Balances of Gases on the Produce Package

As a basis for designing fresh produce MAP, mass balance equations on the package with CO2 absorber incorporated have been set up:
(3)
d
n
O
2
d
t
=
N
D
O
2
A
(
0.21
p
a
-
p
O
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
O
2
S
(
0.21
p
a
-
p
O
2
)
L
-
W
R
O
2
,
(4)
d
n
CO
2
d
t
=
N
D
CO
2
A
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
CO
2
S
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
+
W
R
CO
2
+
P
¯
CO
2
,
S
S
s
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
s
,
(5)
d
n
N
2
d
t
=
N
D
N
2
A
(
0.78
p
a
-
p
N
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
N
2
S
(
0.78
p
a
-
p
N
2
)
L
,
where n
O
2, n
CO
2, and n
N
2 are the respective mole numbers in the container of O2, CO2, and N2 gases at time t (h); D
O
2, D
C
O
2, and D
N
2 are the respective diffusivities of O2, CO2, and N2 gases in air (m2h−1); p
O
2, p
CO
2, and p
N
2 are the respective partial pressures of O2, CO2, and N2 in the package and p
a is normal atmospheric pressure (1.013 × 105 Pa); N is the number of perforations of diameter d (m) and cross-sectional area A (m2) on the package; δ is a correction term for gas diffusion resistance in the perforations (1.1
d); L and S are the thickness (mm) and surface area (m2) of the plastic layer, respectively; P
-
O
2, P
-
CO
2, and P
-
N
2 are the respective gas permeabilities of the plastic layer against O2, CO2, and N2 (mol mm m−2h−1Pa−1); W is the produce weight (kg); P
-
CO
2
,
S is the CO2 permeability of the CO2 absorber sachet (mol mm m−2h−1Pa−1); L
s and S
s are the thickness (mm) and surface area (m2) of the CO2 absorber sachet, respectively. The first terms on the right side of (3)–(5) represent gas-phase diffusion through the perforations based on Fick’s law. The second terms in (3)–(5) describe the diffusive gas permeation through the plastic layer, and the third terms in (3) and (4) indicate the respiration activity. The last term in (4) represents the CO2 permeation loss to CO2 absorbent sachet.The above equations (3)–(5) have been used as the basis for design of MAP to attain the desired MA close to the optimal one. All the derivatives equal to zero (d
n
O
2
/
d
t
=
0, d
n
CO
2
/
d
t
=
0, d
n
N
2
/
d
t
=
0) can be used to deal with steady state, and negation of the first terms on right side of (3)–(5) amounts to the nonperforated packaging conditions. The solution of simultaneous differential equations (3)–(5) can give the history of gas moles in the package, which can be converted using the Ideal Gas Law to partial pressures of O2, CO2, and N2 (p
O
2, p
CO
2, and p
N
2) or to volumetric percentages under normal atmosphere package atmosphere.


### 2.3. Design Scheme to Attain the Desired MA at Steady State

The design application starts with receiving the input information on commodity, temperature, expected shelf life, package’s physical condition (type, produce weight, dimension, permeable surface area, and preferred microperforation), and film and type of CO2 absorption sachet. Selection of commodity dictates optimal MA, CO2 tolerance limit, and respiration parameters (Figure 2). Then the required permeance values (Φ
O
2 as P
¯
O
2
/
L and Φ
C
O
2 as P
¯
C
O
2
/
L) of nonperforated package film to provide the optimal MA are calculated from the steady state assumption of (3) and (4) with N
=
0 and S
s
=
0:
(6)
Φ
O
2
=
W
R
O
2
S
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
o
)
p
a
,
(7)
Φ
C
O
2
=
W
R
CO
2
S
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
,
where [O2]o and [CO2]o are optimal O2 and CO2 concentrations (atm or decimal), respectively. It is noted that R
O
2 in (6) and R
CO
2 in (7) are for the optimal MA.Figure 2
Flowchart for optimizing fresh produce MAP to give the target MA.Now it is examined whether commercially available films of usual thickness (L
n, mm) can provide the required O2 permeance by calculating the correspondent O2 permeability, P
¯
O
2
,
e (mol mm m−2 h−1 Pa−1):
(8)
P
¯
O
2
,
e
=
L
n
Φ
O
2
.If thisP
¯
O
2
,
e can be covered by available plastic films (usually lower than the most permeable one such as linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)), then the plastic film having the O2 permeability closest to P
¯
O
2
,
e is selected from the list in the gas permeability database. Unless this condition is not satisfied, we can conclude that perforation is needed for achieving the high gas transfer, which will be handled later separately as another conditional case of design. Now, the selected film is tailored in the thickness (L) by using its O2 permeability (P
¯
O
2
,
f):
(9)
L
=
P
¯
O
2
,
f
Φ
O
2
.While the optimum O2 concentration ([O2]o) is ensured by the selection of the available film and its thickness (L), the resultant CO2 concentration ([
CO
2
]
p) for this film condition (with CO2 permeability of P
¯
C
O
2
,
f) is newly calculated:
(10)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
S
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
/
L
)
p
a
.If this CO2 concentration is above the CO2 tolerance limit, there is a potential risk of physiological injury due to high CO2 concentration. Thus, CO2 absorption is needed to lower the CO2 concentration down to the optimal level and its amount in moles (n
C
O
2
,
s) can be assumed to be equal to the difference between respiratory CO2 production and CO2 permeation toward outside during the shelf life of t
s (h):
(11)
n
C
O
2
,
a
=
[
W
R
C
O
2
-
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
(
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
)
L
]
t
s
.Because the CO2 absorption of the scavenger is achieved through permeation process of the sachet film, the surface area of sachet (S
s, m2) can be inferred from the steady state CO2 balance on the sachet:
(12)
S
s
=
n
C
O
2
,
a
L
s
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
t
s
.From the steady state arrangement of (4) with foregoing relationship, the resultant CO2 concentration ([
CO
2
]
p) for the package with CO2 scavenger can be reached:
(13)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
{
S
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
/
L
)
+
S
s
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
/
L
s
)
}
p
a
.IfP
¯
O
2
,
e calculated by (8) is not enough to be provided by available permeable plastic films, the required number (N) of basic perforations in diameter d is obtained from the steady state case of (3):
(14)
N
=
⌈
(
W
R
O
2
-
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
e
)
p
a
L
)
×
(
L
+
1.1
d
D
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
e
)
p
a
)
⌉
,
where O2 permeability of basic plastic film is adopted as P
-
O
2
,
f.With this number of perforations, the steady state O2 and CO2 concentrations ([
O
2
]
p and [
CO
2
]
p, resp.) of basic film package (with CO2 permeability of P
¯
C
O
2
,
f) are stated anew from the steady state cases of (3) and (4) with S
s
=
0 (no scavenger):
(15)
[
O
2
]
p
=
0.21
-
(
+
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
)
-
1
W
R
O
2
×
(
N
D
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
hhhhhhhhhhhh
+
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
-
1
)
,
(16)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
×
(
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
-
1
.If the CO2 concentration from (16) is above the CO2 tolerance limit, CO2 scavenger is required to lower the CO2 concentration down to the optimal level ([CO2]o) and the scavenger amount can be obtained as respiratory CO2 production minus outward CO2 transfer through the perforation and film layer during the shelf life of t
s (h):
(17)
n
C
O
2
,
s
=
(
W
R
C
O
2
-
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
[
C
O
2
]
o
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
-
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
L
)
t
s
.Similar to the nonperforated case, surface area of CO2 scavenger can be obtained by the same equation (12) given above and the resulting CO2 concentration for the perforated package with the scavenger can be derived from the steady state condition of (4):
(18)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
CO
2
×
(
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
S
s
p
a
L
s
)
-
1
.


### 2.4. Estimation of Package Atmospheric Change under Designed Package Condition

Once all the package variables to give the desired MA close to optimal MA were decided based on the steady state analysis, the package atmospheric change as function of time can be estimated by the solution of simultaneous differential equations (3)–(5) as mentioned before. Runge-Kutta method with short time step was used for the solution in this study. For the simplified and stable solution, the condition of constant volume and normal atmospheric pressure was enforced at every time step of evolution with assuming simultaneous deflation of package atmosphere or infiltration of ambient air. Simplification for the solution stability of the mass balance equations on the perforated fresh package has been examined and discussed by Kwon et al. [11]. Usually nitrogen permeability of polymeric package film is much lower than that of oxygen or carbon dioxide and its partial pressure differential across the film is lower in the passive MA package, resulting in little change of nitrogen concentration, which tells limited influence of the N2 permeability on the package atmosphere. While there is sufficient information on O2 and CO2 permeabilities, there is not enough information on N2 permeability and thus N2 permeability was assumed as one-fifth of O2 permeability valid for common plastic films [12, 13]. All the design scheme and atmosphere estimation were set up with a link to respiration and plastic permeability databases in an application of smart phone as a name, ProduceMAP. Comprehensive algorithm for the package optimization can be summarized as a flowchart in Figure 2.


## 2.1. Model of Design Package

As the designable package model, modified atmosphere package of gas-permeable plastic tray or bag was conceptualized to be potentially appended with perforation or CO2 absorber (Figure 1). It was assumed that the package stays or is stored at constant temperature and respiration rate of fresh produce depends on the atmosphere surrounding the produce. Parameters of uncompetitive respiration model (1) describing the produce respiration rate [6] have been compiled as a database for many commodities and products, which is ready for being called from the design program. Thus, the respiration rate is given as:
(1)
R
O
2
or
R
CO
2
=
V
m
p
O
2
K
m
+
(
1
+
p
C
O
2
/
K
i
)
p
O
2
,
where R
O
2 is the respiration rate of O2 consumption (mol kg−1 h−1); R
CO
2 is the respiration rate of CO2 production (mol kg−1 h−1); p
O
2 and p
CO
2 are the respective partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (Pa); V
m, K
m, and K
i are the parameters.Figure 1
Fresh produce package structure to be optimized.Plastic gas permeability compiled from literatures or experimental measurements has also been established as a database to be called from the program.Produce respiration and plastic film gas permeability at temperature other than the listed one can be supplied to the design program application by using Arrhenius equation [7, 8]:
(2)
R
i
,
T
=
R
i
,
T
o
exp
⁡
(
E
a
R
·
(
1
T
o
-
1
T
)
)
,
P
¯
i
,
T
=
P
¯
i
,
T
o
exp
⁡
(
E
a
R
·
(
1
T
o
-
1
T
)
)
,
where R
i
,
T and R
i
,
T
o are the respective respiration rates at temperatures T (K) and T
o (K); P
¯
i
,
T and P
¯
i
,
T
o are the respective gas permeabilities (mol mm m−2 h−1 Pa−1) at temperatures T (K) and T
o (K); E
a means the activation energy (J mol−1) corresponding to temperature dependence of respiration or gas permeation; R is universal gas constant (8.314 J K−1 mol−1); the subscript i refers to O2 or CO2 gas.


## 2.2. Mass Balances of Gases on the Produce Package

As a basis for designing fresh produce MAP, mass balance equations on the package with CO2 absorber incorporated have been set up:
(3)
d
n
O
2
d
t
=
N
D
O
2
A
(
0.21
p
a
-
p
O
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
O
2
S
(
0.21
p
a
-
p
O
2
)
L
-
W
R
O
2
,
(4)
d
n
CO
2
d
t
=
N
D
CO
2
A
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
CO
2
S
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
+
W
R
CO
2
+
P
¯
CO
2
,
S
S
s
(
0.00
-
p
CO
2
)
L
s
,
(5)
d
n
N
2
d
t
=
N
D
N
2
A
(
0.78
p
a
-
p
N
2
)
L
+
δ
(
1
R
T
)
+
P
¯
N
2
S
(
0.78
p
a
-
p
N
2
)
L
,
where n
O
2, n
CO
2, and n
N
2 are the respective mole numbers in the container of O2, CO2, and N2 gases at time t (h); D
O
2, D
C
O
2, and D
N
2 are the respective diffusivities of O2, CO2, and N2 gases in air (m2h−1); p
O
2, p
CO
2, and p
N
2 are the respective partial pressures of O2, CO2, and N2 in the package and p
a is normal atmospheric pressure (1.013 × 105 Pa); N is the number of perforations of diameter d (m) and cross-sectional area A (m2) on the package; δ is a correction term for gas diffusion resistance in the perforations (1.1
d); L and S are the thickness (mm) and surface area (m2) of the plastic layer, respectively; P
-
O
2, P
-
CO
2, and P
-
N
2 are the respective gas permeabilities of the plastic layer against O2, CO2, and N2 (mol mm m−2h−1Pa−1); W is the produce weight (kg); P
-
CO
2
,
S is the CO2 permeability of the CO2 absorber sachet (mol mm m−2h−1Pa−1); L
s and S
s are the thickness (mm) and surface area (m2) of the CO2 absorber sachet, respectively. The first terms on the right side of (3)–(5) represent gas-phase diffusion through the perforations based on Fick’s law. The second terms in (3)–(5) describe the diffusive gas permeation through the plastic layer, and the third terms in (3) and (4) indicate the respiration activity. The last term in (4) represents the CO2 permeation loss to CO2 absorbent sachet.The above equations (3)–(5) have been used as the basis for design of MAP to attain the desired MA close to the optimal one. All the derivatives equal to zero (d
n
O
2
/
d
t
=
0, d
n
CO
2
/
d
t
=
0, d
n
N
2
/
d
t
=
0) can be used to deal with steady state, and negation of the first terms on right side of (3)–(5) amounts to the nonperforated packaging conditions. The solution of simultaneous differential equations (3)–(5) can give the history of gas moles in the package, which can be converted using the Ideal Gas Law to partial pressures of O2, CO2, and N2 (p
O
2, p
CO
2, and p
N
2) or to volumetric percentages under normal atmosphere package atmosphere.


## 2.3. Design Scheme to Attain the Desired MA at Steady State

The design application starts with receiving the input information on commodity, temperature, expected shelf life, package’s physical condition (type, produce weight, dimension, permeable surface area, and preferred microperforation), and film and type of CO2 absorption sachet. Selection of commodity dictates optimal MA, CO2 tolerance limit, and respiration parameters (Figure 2). Then the required permeance values (Φ
O
2 as P
¯
O
2
/
L and Φ
C
O
2 as P
¯
C
O
2
/
L) of nonperforated package film to provide the optimal MA are calculated from the steady state assumption of (3) and (4) with N
=
0 and S
s
=
0:
(6)
Φ
O
2
=
W
R
O
2
S
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
o
)
p
a
,
(7)
Φ
C
O
2
=
W
R
CO
2
S
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
,
where [O2]o and [CO2]o are optimal O2 and CO2 concentrations (atm or decimal), respectively. It is noted that R
O
2 in (6) and R
CO
2 in (7) are for the optimal MA.Figure 2
Flowchart for optimizing fresh produce MAP to give the target MA.Now it is examined whether commercially available films of usual thickness (L
n, mm) can provide the required O2 permeance by calculating the correspondent O2 permeability, P
¯
O
2
,
e (mol mm m−2 h−1 Pa−1):
(8)
P
¯
O
2
,
e
=
L
n
Φ
O
2
.If thisP
¯
O
2
,
e can be covered by available plastic films (usually lower than the most permeable one such as linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)), then the plastic film having the O2 permeability closest to P
¯
O
2
,
e is selected from the list in the gas permeability database. Unless this condition is not satisfied, we can conclude that perforation is needed for achieving the high gas transfer, which will be handled later separately as another conditional case of design. Now, the selected film is tailored in the thickness (L) by using its O2 permeability (P
¯
O
2
,
f):
(9)
L
=
P
¯
O
2
,
f
Φ
O
2
.While the optimum O2 concentration ([O2]o) is ensured by the selection of the available film and its thickness (L), the resultant CO2 concentration ([
CO
2
]
p) for this film condition (with CO2 permeability of P
¯
C
O
2
,
f) is newly calculated:
(10)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
S
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
/
L
)
p
a
.If this CO2 concentration is above the CO2 tolerance limit, there is a potential risk of physiological injury due to high CO2 concentration. Thus, CO2 absorption is needed to lower the CO2 concentration down to the optimal level and its amount in moles (n
C
O
2
,
s) can be assumed to be equal to the difference between respiratory CO2 production and CO2 permeation toward outside during the shelf life of t
s (h):
(11)
n
C
O
2
,
a
=
[
W
R
C
O
2
-
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
(
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
)
L
]
t
s
.Because the CO2 absorption of the scavenger is achieved through permeation process of the sachet film, the surface area of sachet (S
s, m2) can be inferred from the steady state CO2 balance on the sachet:
(12)
S
s
=
n
C
O
2
,
a
L
s
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
t
s
.From the steady state arrangement of (4) with foregoing relationship, the resultant CO2 concentration ([
CO
2
]
p) for the package with CO2 scavenger can be reached:
(13)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
{
S
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
/
L
)
+
S
s
(
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
/
L
s
)
}
p
a
.IfP
¯
O
2
,
e calculated by (8) is not enough to be provided by available permeable plastic films, the required number (N) of basic perforations in diameter d is obtained from the steady state case of (3):
(14)
N
=
⌈
(
W
R
O
2
-
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
e
)
p
a
L
)
×
(
L
+
1.1
d
D
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
(
0.21
-
[
O
2
]
e
)
p
a
)
⌉
,
where O2 permeability of basic plastic film is adopted as P
-
O
2
,
f.With this number of perforations, the steady state O2 and CO2 concentrations ([
O
2
]
p and [
CO
2
]
p, resp.) of basic film package (with CO2 permeability of P
¯
C
O
2
,
f) are stated anew from the steady state cases of (3) and (4) with S
s
=
0 (no scavenger):
(15)
[
O
2
]
p
=
0.21
-
(
+
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
)
-
1
W
R
O
2
×
(
N
D
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
hhhhhhhhhhhh
+
P
¯
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
-
1
)
,
(16)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
C
O
2
×
(
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
)
-
1
.If the CO2 concentration from (16) is above the CO2 tolerance limit, CO2 scavenger is required to lower the CO2 concentration down to the optimal level ([CO2]o) and the scavenger amount can be obtained as respiratory CO2 production minus outward CO2 transfer through the perforation and film layer during the shelf life of t
s (h):
(17)
n
C
O
2
,
s
=
(
W
R
C
O
2
-
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
[
C
O
2
]
o
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
-
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
[
C
O
2
]
o
p
a
L
)
t
s
.Similar to the nonperforated case, surface area of CO2 scavenger can be obtained by the same equation (12) given above and the resulting CO2 concentration for the perforated package with the scavenger can be derived from the steady state condition of (4):
(18)
[
C
O
2
]
p
=
W
R
CO
2
×
(
N
D
C
O
2
(
π
d
2
/
4
)
L
+
1.1
d
(
p
a
R
T
)
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
f
S
p
a
L
+
P
¯
C
O
2
,
s
S
s
p
a
L
s
)
-
1
.


## 2.4. Estimation of Package Atmospheric Change under Designed Package Condition

Once all the package variables to give the desired MA close to optimal MA were decided based on the steady state analysis, the package atmospheric change as function of time can be estimated by the solution of simultaneous differential equations (3)–(5) as mentioned before. Runge-Kutta method with short time step was used for the solution in this study. For the simplified and stable solution, the condition of constant volume and normal atmospheric pressure was enforced at every time step of evolution with assuming simultaneous deflation of package atmosphere or infiltration of ambient air. Simplification for the solution stability of the mass balance equations on the perforated fresh package has been examined and discussed by Kwon et al. [11]. Usually nitrogen permeability of polymeric package film is much lower than that of oxygen or carbon dioxide and its partial pressure differential across the film is lower in the passive MA package, resulting in little change of nitrogen concentration, which tells limited influence of the N2 permeability on the package atmosphere. While there is sufficient information on O2 and CO2 permeabilities, there is not enough information on N2 permeability and thus N2 permeability was assumed as one-fifth of O2 permeability valid for common plastic films [12, 13]. All the design scheme and atmosphere estimation were set up with a link to respiration and plastic permeability databases in an application of smart phone as a name, ProduceMAP. Comprehensive algorithm for the package optimization can be summarized as a flowchart in Figure 2.


## 3. Application and Validation of the Developed Design Method by Using Case Studies

Three commodities with different MA requirements were subjected to the developed design optimization program providing optimal conditions for their packages. The desired MA, respiration, and package dimension of the products supplied to the program as input information are given in Table1.Table 1
Commodity properties and package size for optimized MAP.
Attribute
MA requirements, respiration characteristics, and package dimension for commodity
Green pepper
Strawberry
Mushroom-king oyster
Optimum O2 (%)
4
7
1
Optimum CO2 (%)
5
18
10
CO2 tolerance limit (%)
8
20
15
Parameters forR
O
2
V
m (mol kg−1 h−1)
1.70 × 10−3
7.56 × 10−4
6.37 × 10−3
K
m (kPa)
6.03
0.02
1.78
K
i (kPa)
1.28
35.46
101.26
Parameters forR
CO
2
V
m (mol kg−1 h−1)
7.22 × 10−4
7.56 × 10−4
4.30 × 10−3
K
m (kPa)
2.47
0.02
0.27
K
i (kPa)
4.40
81.04
20.29
Expected shelf life (h)
300
240
360
Package type and dimension
Bag of 0.20 × 0.15 m
Tray of 0.158 × 0.09 × 0.04 m
Bag of 0.22 × 0.24 m
Area for gas permeable surface (m2)
0.06
1.42 × 10−2
1.06 × 10−1
Fill weight (kg)
0.11
0.20
0.25
Free volume (m3)
2.40 × 10−4
3.69 × 10−4
9.46 × 10−4
Respiration parameters for green pepper and strawberry are from literature sources [9, 10], and those for mushroom are determined by the closed system experiment.


### 3.1. Green Pepper Package

Green pepper is known to have low respiration activity and optimal MA of low O2 and low CO2 concentrations [14, 15] (Table 1). Thus, small permeable package unit has been reported by Lee et al. [9] to achieve the optimal MA by intact permeable film like low density polyethylene (LDPE). It also has moderately low tolerance to CO2 with its limit of 8.0%. Submission of the same package unit of 110 g to ProduceMAP could provide the optimized solution giving an equilibrated MA close to the target (4% O2 and 5% CO2 concentrations) (Table 2 and Figure 3). The optimized bag package of 0.042 mm thick LDPE film was estimated to have equilibrated MA of 4.0% O2 and 5.1% CO2 concentrations, which was closer to the target than that of a reported experimental package of 0.025 mm thick LDPE (5.1% O2 and 3.3% CO2 concentrations) [9]. The systematic optimization could select the film thickness better to create the optimal MA than the commonly used trial-and-error approach. The equilibrated O2 and CO2 concentrations with solution of differential equations (3)–(5) in Figure 3 (4.6 and 5.2%, resp.) are a little different from those from (6) and (10) (4.0 and 5.1%, resp.). This difference would have come from assuming the respiration as constant in the optimal MA and taking into consideration only O2 and CO2 balances, respectively, in steady state equations (6) and (10) without considering the nitrogen balance. However, this little difference less than 1% may be tolerated in practices of fresh produce MAP design. It is noted that the optimized package design for green pepper could be obtained without using perforation or CO2 absorption. Relatively green pepper’s low respiration rate and location of optimal MA window at low O2 and low CO2 concentrations allowed the LDPE film having (P
¯
C
O
2
/
P
¯
O
2) ratio of ≈3.3 to fit to the package of the target MA [16, 17].Table 2
Output from optimized MAP design for the package sizes in Table1.
Output parameter
Optimal package condition for commodity
Green pepper
Strawberry
Mushroom-king oyster
Permeable surface film and thickness (mm)
LDPE/0.042
OPP/0.05
OPP/0.03
Perforation diameter (m) and number
None
2.5 × 10−4/2
1 × 10−4/17
CO2 scavenger (Ca(OH)2)
Weight (g)
None
None
9.5
Sachet film, thickness (mm), and area (m2)
LLDPE/0.020/0.065 or LLDPE/0.013/0.042
Equilibrated atmosphere
O2 (%)
4.0
9.3
1.1
CO2 (%)
5.1
17.5
10.0Figure 3
Optimal MA profile for green pepper package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2.


### 3.2. Strawberry Package

Strawberry can tolerate high CO2 concentration and be benefited from storage under an MA of low O2 and high CO2 concentrations [15], which can be offered by microperforated package [3, 10, 18]. A package unit tried by Sousa-Gallagher and Mahajan [3] was optimized for the target of 8% O2 and 18% CO2 with CO2 tolerance limit of 20% by ProduceMAP program. The output of the design was a tray consisting of permeable oriented polypropylene (OPP) with two perforations of 0.25 mm resulting in an equilibrated MA of 9.3% O2 and 17.5% CO2 concentrations (Table 2). The solution of differential equations (3)–(5) for the optimal design resulted in the similar equilibrated MA (8.6 and 16.6% for O2 and CO2 concentrations, resp., in Figure 4). This optimized package design of two perforations is the same condition obtained by Sousa-Gallagher and Mahajan [3] but gave a little difference in the equilibrated MA (4.8 and 19.8% of O2 and CO2 concentrations, resp., in the latter). Because the produce respiration and package gas permeability data used by them [3] may be different from ours, direct comparison of current outcome to the source is impossible. But the optimal MA conditions are found to be attained for strawberry with high respiration activity by microperforations in common plastic film. Presence of microperforations in permeable plastic package plays roles to increase gas transfer across the film layer and reduce the CO2/O2 permeability ratio near to 1, which helps to design MAP for commodities with recommended atmosphere of low O2 and high CO2 concentrations [7, 16].Figure 4
Optimal MA profile for strawberry package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2.


### 3.3. Package of King Oyster Mushroom

Mushroom is of high respiration activity and highly perishable [14]. The respiration parameters of (1) for the optimization were determined by closed system method [19, 20], and high V
m values represent high respiration rate of this commodity (Table 1). Optimal MA condition suggested for quality preservation varies with literatures or sources. In this study of MAP design, MA of 1% O2 and 10% CO2, reported to be beneficial, was used as a target for the optimization [21, 22] (Table 1). The upper limit of CO2 concentration range 15% was adopted as the tolerance limit in the optimization. The outcome of design optimization showed the inclusion of 17 microperforations of 100 μm on 0.03 mm thick OPP film and CO2 absorber of 9.5 g Ca(OH)2 to attain the desired MA (Table 2). Different conditions of CO2 sachet film could be selected to give the same resultant equilibrium package atmosphere and two film thicknesses were given in Table 2 for later experimental testing. Apparently the high respiration activity of respiration seemed to need high number of microperforations to meet the O2 concentration of 1%, but the presence of microperforations was not enough to maintain CO2 concentration below 15%. Thus, the package design required CO2 absorber to let the CO2 concentration stay exactly at the optimal level of 10% according to (17) (Table 2). The simulation outcome of differential equations (3)–(5) in Figure 5 is nearly the same with package atmosphere from the equilibrated relationships in Table 2.Figure 5
Optimal MA profile for king oyster mushroom package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2. Open and close symbols are experimental gas concentration data obtained in two separate trials with LLDPE CO2 sachet film of 0.020 and 0.013 mm, respectively.As a further way to validate the design method, the optimized package of mushroom was prepared and measured in its atmosphere during storage at 10°C. O2, CO2, and N2 concentrations of the package were measured for one milliliter of gas samples taken through a silicon-sampling port by using a gas-tight syringe. Varian Model 3800 Gas Chromatography (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an Alltech CTR I Column (Alltech Associates Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) and a thermal conductivity detector was used for the gas analysis. The experimental package atmospheres tried with two different CO2 sachet systems were in very close agreement with the estimated ones (Figure 5), verifying the validity of the MAP optimization method developed in this study.


## 3.1. Green Pepper Package

Green pepper is known to have low respiration activity and optimal MA of low O2 and low CO2 concentrations [14, 15] (Table 1). Thus, small permeable package unit has been reported by Lee et al. [9] to achieve the optimal MA by intact permeable film like low density polyethylene (LDPE). It also has moderately low tolerance to CO2 with its limit of 8.0%. Submission of the same package unit of 110 g to ProduceMAP could provide the optimized solution giving an equilibrated MA close to the target (4% O2 and 5% CO2 concentrations) (Table 2 and Figure 3). The optimized bag package of 0.042 mm thick LDPE film was estimated to have equilibrated MA of 4.0% O2 and 5.1% CO2 concentrations, which was closer to the target than that of a reported experimental package of 0.025 mm thick LDPE (5.1% O2 and 3.3% CO2 concentrations) [9]. The systematic optimization could select the film thickness better to create the optimal MA than the commonly used trial-and-error approach. The equilibrated O2 and CO2 concentrations with solution of differential equations (3)–(5) in Figure 3 (4.6 and 5.2%, resp.) are a little different from those from (6) and (10) (4.0 and 5.1%, resp.). This difference would have come from assuming the respiration as constant in the optimal MA and taking into consideration only O2 and CO2 balances, respectively, in steady state equations (6) and (10) without considering the nitrogen balance. However, this little difference less than 1% may be tolerated in practices of fresh produce MAP design. It is noted that the optimized package design for green pepper could be obtained without using perforation or CO2 absorption. Relatively green pepper’s low respiration rate and location of optimal MA window at low O2 and low CO2 concentrations allowed the LDPE film having (P
¯
C
O
2
/
P
¯
O
2) ratio of ≈3.3 to fit to the package of the target MA [16, 17].Table 2
Output from optimized MAP design for the package sizes in Table1.
Output parameter
Optimal package condition for commodity
Green pepper
Strawberry
Mushroom-king oyster
Permeable surface film and thickness (mm)
LDPE/0.042
OPP/0.05
OPP/0.03
Perforation diameter (m) and number
None
2.5 × 10−4/2
1 × 10−4/17
CO2 scavenger (Ca(OH)2)
Weight (g)
None
None
9.5
Sachet film, thickness (mm), and area (m2)
LLDPE/0.020/0.065 or LLDPE/0.013/0.042
Equilibrated atmosphere
O2 (%)
4.0
9.3
1.1
CO2 (%)
5.1
17.5
10.0Figure 3
Optimal MA profile for green pepper package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2.


## 3.2. Strawberry Package

Strawberry can tolerate high CO2 concentration and be benefited from storage under an MA of low O2 and high CO2 concentrations [15], which can be offered by microperforated package [3, 10, 18]. A package unit tried by Sousa-Gallagher and Mahajan [3] was optimized for the target of 8% O2 and 18% CO2 with CO2 tolerance limit of 20% by ProduceMAP program. The output of the design was a tray consisting of permeable oriented polypropylene (OPP) with two perforations of 0.25 mm resulting in an equilibrated MA of 9.3% O2 and 17.5% CO2 concentrations (Table 2). The solution of differential equations (3)–(5) for the optimal design resulted in the similar equilibrated MA (8.6 and 16.6% for O2 and CO2 concentrations, resp., in Figure 4). This optimized package design of two perforations is the same condition obtained by Sousa-Gallagher and Mahajan [3] but gave a little difference in the equilibrated MA (4.8 and 19.8% of O2 and CO2 concentrations, resp., in the latter). Because the produce respiration and package gas permeability data used by them [3] may be different from ours, direct comparison of current outcome to the source is impossible. But the optimal MA conditions are found to be attained for strawberry with high respiration activity by microperforations in common plastic film. Presence of microperforations in permeable plastic package plays roles to increase gas transfer across the film layer and reduce the CO2/O2 permeability ratio near to 1, which helps to design MAP for commodities with recommended atmosphere of low O2 and high CO2 concentrations [7, 16].Figure 4
Optimal MA profile for strawberry package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2.


## 3.3. Package of King Oyster Mushroom

Mushroom is of high respiration activity and highly perishable [14]. The respiration parameters of (1) for the optimization were determined by closed system method [19, 20], and high V
m values represent high respiration rate of this commodity (Table 1). Optimal MA condition suggested for quality preservation varies with literatures or sources. In this study of MAP design, MA of 1% O2 and 10% CO2, reported to be beneficial, was used as a target for the optimization [21, 22] (Table 1). The upper limit of CO2 concentration range 15% was adopted as the tolerance limit in the optimization. The outcome of design optimization showed the inclusion of 17 microperforations of 100 μm on 0.03 mm thick OPP film and CO2 absorber of 9.5 g Ca(OH)2 to attain the desired MA (Table 2). Different conditions of CO2 sachet film could be selected to give the same resultant equilibrium package atmosphere and two film thicknesses were given in Table 2 for later experimental testing. Apparently the high respiration activity of respiration seemed to need high number of microperforations to meet the O2 concentration of 1%, but the presence of microperforations was not enough to maintain CO2 concentration below 15%. Thus, the package design required CO2 absorber to let the CO2 concentration stay exactly at the optimal level of 10% according to (17) (Table 2). The simulation outcome of differential equations (3)–(5) in Figure 5 is nearly the same with package atmosphere from the equilibrated relationships in Table 2.Figure 5
Optimal MA profile for king oyster mushroom package with requirements and design conditions in Tables1 and 2. Open and close symbols are experimental gas concentration data obtained in two separate trials with LLDPE CO2 sachet film of 0.020 and 0.013 mm, respectively.As a further way to validate the design method, the optimized package of mushroom was prepared and measured in its atmosphere during storage at 10°C. O2, CO2, and N2 concentrations of the package were measured for one milliliter of gas samples taken through a silicon-sampling port by using a gas-tight syringe. Varian Model 3800 Gas Chromatography (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an Alltech CTR I Column (Alltech Associates Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) and a thermal conductivity detector was used for the gas analysis. The experimental package atmospheres tried with two different CO2 sachet systems were in very close agreement with the estimated ones (Figure 5), verifying the validity of the MAP optimization method developed in this study.


## 4. Conclusions

MAP design optimization methodology capable of attaining the desired MA was developed to select the most appropriate film, microperforations, and/or CO2 scavenger. The optimization algorithm first selects the film and/or microperforations to have the target O2 concentration and then tunes the CO2 concentration by CO2 absorber when it goes above its tolerance limit. The optimization method tested for three different commodities was shown to be effective to design the package and the results obtained were consistent with literature work and experimental atmosphere.



---

*Source: 363691-2014-07-06.xml*