# Stability Analysis of Fraction-Order Hopfield Neuron Network and Noise-Induced Coherence Resonance

Authors: Xuerong Shi; Zuolei Wang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

In this paper, dynamical behaviors of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network are investigated. Firstly, Mittag-Leffler stability analysis is carried out and some sufficient conditions are obtained. On the basis of theoretical analysis, two criteria for determining the stability of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network are presented and comparison between them is given by theoretical analysis along with numerical simulation. According to the proposed criteria, by selecting suitable system parameters, it can be obtained that fraction-order Hopfield neuron network can stabilize to the equilibrium point or an attractor, which can be a periodic orbit or two points. Secondly, considering the inevitable noise in the complex environment of neuron network, the effect of noise on the dynamics of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network is discussed via calculating coefficient of variation and numerical simulations. Results suggest that random noise can cause coherence resonance in fraction-order Hopfield neuron network for certain noise intensity.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the past decades, dynamical behaviors of autonomous ordinary differential system attracted much attention. Chaotic attractor, stability, and its control have been reported in several literatures. For example, an extended Lu system was introduced, which displayed very complex dynamics for different initial conditions, such as a pair of strange attractors, a pair of limit cycles, and a pair of point attractors [1]. A novel three-dimensional chaotic system with three nonlinearities was proposed and multistability was shown for different parameters, such as one stable equilibrium, two stable equilibria and one saddle node, and two saddle foci and one saddle node [2]. An extremely simple chaotic system was constructed, which is provided with infinitely many coexisting chaotic attractors [3].Recently, dynamical behavior of neurons attracted much attention due to its complexity and wide application in many fields. To better explore the dynamics of neurons, reliable neuron model should take the biophysical effect into account, for example, continuous exchange and pumping of calcium, sodium, and even potassium, which can induce time-varying physical magnetic in the cell. Therefore, magnetic flux [4] or field variable [5] has been included to describe the field effect. Based on the biophysical neuron models, field coupling was activated to enhance signal exchange via synchronization between neuron circuits and nonlinear circuits [6, 7]. A 2D Hindmarsh-Rose model with a unique unstable equilibrium point was put up and multistability was observed [8]. A five-dimensional memristor-coupled neuron model was studied and coexisting phenomena of multiple firing patterns were uncovered [9]. In ordinary way, neuron is only a unit composing neuron network and its dynamics are closely related to many other neurons. Dynamics of neuron or neuron network and the application have been concerned more and more [10–14]. The multistability property was studied in impulsive multisynchronization of coupled multistable neural networks with time-varying delay [13]. Multistability and bifurcation of a delayed neural network were investigated to find a phenomenon where there coexist sixteen stable states with their own domains of attraction in the system [14].Among many kinds of neuron networks, Hopfield neuron network [15] has become a prime topic thanks to its application in practical design and many results have been obtained [16–19]. A simplified Hopfield neural network (HNN) with three neurons was proposed and various behaviors were found by selecting different state initial values [16]. A novel hyperbolic-type memristor-based 3-neuron Hopfield neural network was addressed and multistable phenomena were achieved [17]. A 4D Hopfield neural network was investigated and coexistence of asymmetric self-excited attractors was exhibited [18]. A 4D autonomous Hopfield neural network was explored and multiple coexisting stable states for several sets of synaptic weight were found [19].In the past decades, fractional calculus has been applied into various fields because of its accurate describing in many interdisciplinary fields, such as fraction-order memristive chaotic circuit [20], fractional stochastic noise [21], fractional-order relaxation-oscillation model [22], and fractional-order financial model [23]. With the expansion of application fractional calculus, dynamics of fractional-order system have been investigated. Stability and Hopf bifurcations of many fractional-order systems or networks have been discussed, such as a novel delayed fractional-order small-world network [24], a new fractional-order neural network model with multiple delays [25], a new fractional-order chemotherapy model with two different delays [26], a class of high-dimension fractional ring-structured neural networks with multiple time delays [27], a new fractional-order chaotic Genesio-Tesi model [28], a delayed generalized fractional-order prey-predator model [29], a new fractional-order delayed malware propagation model [30], and fractional-order bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks [31]. Delay-dependent stability and the existence of Hopf bifurcation about the order in a fractional chaotic system was proved, and threshold value of fractional-order alpha below which the chaos disappears regardless of values of system parameters was found [32].Existing results suggested that fractional derivative is a useful tool for describing the memory property of information process. One of the advantages is that fraction order gives an extra degree of freedom for controlling system’s performance. It is well known that neuron system is often in complex environment and its dynamical behaviors are inevitably influenced by biophysical effect, nonuniformal diffusion, flexible anatomic structure, and so forth. Therefore, some kinds of fraction-order neural network have been set up and dynamics of them have been explored, especially the stability analysis. A new kind of stability of fraction-order neuron network was surveyed and some criteria were obtained [33]. Stability and synchronization of fraction-order neuron network were discussed and conditions on them were presented [34, 35]. Global Mittag-Leffler stability for fraction-order neuron network with impulse effects was concerned and existence of equilibrium point was verified [36]. Multiple stability was confirmed in fraction-order neuron network with Gaussian activation function [37].Although some results have been obtained about the dynamics of fraction-order neuron network as well as some affecting factors, analysis of the dynamical behaviors of fraction-order neuron network is still an important and challenging work. Many other factors should be further explored, such as initial values and network parameters.In this paper, effect of network parameters on the dynamical behaviors of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network is to be investigated. Some sufficient conditions for the stability are derived and two criteria are given by theoretical analysis. Noise-induced coherence resonance of the considered network is also probed.


## 2. Model Description and Preliminaries

To analyze the dynamics of fraction-order system, several fractional calculus definitions have been proposed, among which Caputo definition [38] received great attention in many fields because it is provided with the same initial conditions as integer-order derivative. Therefore, in this paper, Caputo definition will be considered.Definition 1.
(see [38]). Suppose α>0; f∈Cn+1t0,+∞,R is n+1-order continuous differentiable on t0,+∞; then Caputo derivative of α for f can be defined as(1)Dtαt0Cft=1Γn−α∫t0tfnτt−τα−n+1dτ,where Γ⋅ is Gamma function, t0 is positive constant, and n−1<α<n with positive integer n.
For simplicity, in the following work, Caputo’s operatorDtαt0Cft is denoted as Dαft.
As far as we know, integer-order Hopfield neural network (HNN) model can be represented by(2)x˙it=−cixit+∑j=1naijfjxjt+Ii,i=1,2,…,n,t>0,which is a system of differential equations. In (2), xt=x1t,x2t,…,xntT is state variable, fj⋅ is activation function of the jth neuron, aij is a constant indicating synaptic connection weight between the ith neuron and the jth neuron, and positive constant ci and Ii are self-regulating parameter and external signal of the ith neuron, respectively.
Fractional-order neural network has received much attention in control, intelligent processing, and other fields due to its unique structure of knowledge representation and the method of information processing. Therefore, starting from (2), replace the usual integer-order derivative by the fractional-order Caputo derivative, and then fraction-order Hopfield neuron network (FHNN) can be obtained as(3)Dαxit=−cixit+∑j=1naijfjxjt+Ii,i=1,2,…,n,t>0,which is composed of n neurons. In (3), α∈0,1 and the explanations of other parameters are the same as those in (2).
According to [39], Lipschitz-continuous function fj can make equation have a unique solution. To gain the main results of this paper, Assumption 1 is given.Assumption 1.
It is assumed that the neuron activation functionfj in (3) is Lipschitz-continuous on R; that is,(4)fju−fjv≤Lju−v,holds for all u,v∈Ru≠v and fj0=0,j=1,2,…,n, where positive Lj is Lipschitz-constant.
When solving the problem of fractional differential equation, Mittag-Leffler function is often used, which plays the same role as the exponential function for solving integer-order differential equation and can be defined as(5)Eα,βz=∑k=0∞zkΓkα+β,where α>0,β>0 and z∈C. For β=1, formula (6) can be simplified as(6)Eαz=∑k=0∞zkΓkα+1,which involves only one parameter α. From (5) and (6), it can be known that Eαz=Eα,1z; particularly, E1,1z=ez.
Furthermore, Laplace transform of Mittag-Leffler function (5) can be obtained as(7)ℒtβ−1Eα,β−λtα=sα−βsα+λ,where t and s are variables from time domain and Laplace domain, respectively. s is satisfied with the condition Res>λ1/α.
When the equilibrium pointx¯=0, definition of Mittag-Leffler stability of fraction-order system was given in [40]. If the equilibrium point x∗≠0, via transformation, we can get corresponding result as depicted in Definition 2.Definition 2.
For the equilibrium pointx∗x∗≠0 of FHNN (3), if there exists constant λ>0, and for any solution xt of FHNN (3) with initial value x0, when t≥0,(8)xt−x∗≤x0−x∗Eα−λtα,can be obtained; then it is said that the solution is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at x∗.
According to the result in [41], global Mittag-Leffler stability means globally asymptotic stability.


## 3. Stability Analysis

In this section, stability of FHNN (3) is discussed via theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.


### 3.1. Theoretical Analysis

According to the preliminaries in Section2, stability of FHNN (3) is to be analyzed and some sufficient conditions are to be derived. For this end, two lemmas are introduced firstly.Lemma 1.
(see [42]). It is assumed that α∈0,1, λ is a positive constant, and Vt is continuous on 0,+∞ satisfying(9)DαVt≤−λVt,and then, for t≥0, we have(10)Vt≤V0Eα−λtα.Lemma 2.
(see [38]). For continuous differentiable function ht∈C10,+∞,R, the inequality(11)D0tαht≤sgnhtD0tαht,0<α<1,holds almost everywhere.
Existence of equilibrium points is given as follows in Theorem1.Theorem 1.
Considering FHNN (3), if Assumption 1 holds, constants aij and ci satisfy(12)ci−∑j=1najiLi>0,and then there is unique equilibrium point x∗ of FHNN (3).Proof.
Suppose thatHu=H1u,H2u,...,HnuT with(13)Hiu=∑j=1naijfjujcj+Ii,i,j=1,2...,n,where u=u1,u2,...,unT and fj is Lipschitz-continuous function with Lipschitz-constant Lj>0. Then, for any vectors u=u1,u2,...,unT∈Rn and v=v1,v2,...,vnT∈Rn, we can obtain(14)Hiu−Hiv=∑j=1naijfjujcj−fjvjcj≤∑j=1nLjcjaijuj−vj.
Sum both sides of (14), and ∑i=1nHiu−Hiv≤∑i=1n∑j=1nLj/cjaijuj−vj can be derived.
According to (12), Li/ci∑j=1naji<1 can be obtained. For simplicity, let(15)θ=Lici∑j=1naji,and then we can get(16)∑i=1nHiu−Hiv≤θ∑i=1nuj−vj.
From (16), it is easy to know that Hiu−Hiv≤θuj−vj, while uj−vj<u−v. Then, H:Rn⟶Rn can be regarded as a contraction mapping on Rn. In light of the principle of compression mapping, FHNN (3) is provided with a unique equilibrium point x∗=x1,x2,…,xnT. The proof is completed.
Whenx∗=0, it is easy to gain the stability of FHNN (3) at equilibrium point x∗. When x∗≠0, via transformation(17)vit=xit−xi∗t,i=1,2,…,n,x∗ can be shifted to the origin and FHNN (3) can be transformed into(18)Dαvit=−civit+∑j=1naijgjvjt,where gjvjt=fjvjt+xj∗−fjxj∗.
According to the above, some results about the stability of FHNN (3) are depicted as in the following theorems.Theorem 2.
If Assumption1 holds, constants aij and ci in network (3) satisfy(19)λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji>0,and then FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable and solution of FHNN (3) will stabilize to the unique equilibrium point x∗.Remark 1.
Formula (19) suggests that ci−Li∑j=1naji,i=1,2,3,…,n are all positive, from which it is known that formula (12) is true. That is to say, condition (19) ensures the existence and of uniqueness of the equilibrium point of FHNN (3).Proof.
In terms of condition (19), it can be known that FHNN (3) has unique equilibrium point. Suppose x∗ is unique equilibrium point and construct Lyapunov function(20)Vt=∑i=1nvit,and, on the basis of Lemma 2, vit satisfies(21)D0tαvit≤sgnvitD0tαvit.
According to formula (19), λ=minci−Li∑j=1naji>0 holds. Fraction-order derivative of Vt along FHNN (3) can be derived as(22)DαVt=∑i=1nDαvit≤∑i=1nsgnvit−civit+∑j=1najigjvjt≤∑i=1n−civit+∑j=1najiLjvjt=−∑i=1nci−∑j=1najiLivit≤−λVt.
According to Lemma1, one has(23)Vt≤V0Eα−λtα,which implies that(24)∑i=1nxit−xi∗≤∑i=1nxi0−xi∗Eα−λtα.
It means that(25)xt−x∗≤x0−x∗Eα−λtα,t≥0.
Then one has(26)xt−x∗⟶0,t⟶+∞.
It follows thatx∗ is uniformly attractive, which implies that FHNN (3) achieves global Mittag-Leffler stability at the unique equilibrium point x∗. Theorem 2 is proved.
In the proof of Theorem2, Lyapunov function is constructed by using the absolute value function. Compared with general Lyapunov function, the addressed Lyapunov function has certain advantage. On the one hand, it is simple for calculation; on the other hand, by introducing sign function, the discussion of nonsmoothness can be avoided.Theorem 3.
If Assumption1 holds, constants aij and ci in FHNN (3) satisfy(27)λ=∀1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji>0,and then FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable.Remark 2.
Formula (27) means that there exists one positive value in all ci−Li∑j=1najii=1,2,…n, which is less conservative compared with condition (19) in Theorem 2. Theorem 3 can extend the range of λ and can be received in more applications. Furthermore, Theorem 3 need not require θ<1 for system parameters and may not ensure that equilibrium point of FHNN (3) is unique. In other words, under the condition of (27) in Theorem 3, we only can know the global Mittag-Leffler stability. FHNN (3) can be globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at equilibrium point x∗ or attraction domain around x∗.Remark 3.
The proof of Theorem3 is analogous to that of Theorem 2 through applying fractional-order Lyapunov direct method. So the detailed proof of Theorem 3 is omitted here. It should be noted that, in the proof of Theorems 2 and 3, existence of positive ci−Li∑j=1naji is essential, which can be achieved under the condition in both Theorems 2 and 3. Theorem 2 suggests that all ci−Li∑j=1naji are positive, while Theorem 3 can ensure the existence of positive ci−Li∑j=1naji. Namely, Theorem 2 is a special case of Theorem 3. Therefore, the proof of Theorem 3 can be obtained by replacing λ with certain positive λi in formula (22).


### 3.2. Numerical Simulations

In the simulations to verify Theorems2 and 3, MATLAB program and Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector algorithm [43] are implemented and the initial conditions xiti=1,2,3 are considered as Gaussian white noise.


#### 3.2.1. Simulations about Theorem2

The system parameters are selected asc1=c2=c3=3, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, and I3=−0.8 and the matrix of synaptic connection weight is taken as(28)aij=−1.20.3−1.5−0.91−0.80.5−1.20.6.The activation functions are taken asfjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. By calculation, we know that conditions in Theorem 2 are satisfied for Li=1i=1,2,3, λ=0.1, and θ<1. According to Theorem 2, unique equilibrium point of FHNN (3) can be calculated as x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T and FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at x∗. The time revolutions of state variables xiti=1,2,3 with α=0.95 and α=0.55 are calculated and depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.Figure 1
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.95.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 2
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.55.
(a)(b)(c)(d)From Figures1 and 2, it can be known that solution of FHNN (3) is stable at the equilibrium point x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T for different value of α, which means that, in this case, solution of FHNN (3) is stable equilibrium point. That is to say, the order of FHNN (3) has little effect on the convergence essence of the solution. But, via further observation, it is found that the value of α affects the convergence speed. The smaller α is, the less the time for converging to the equilibrium point is.


#### 3.2.2. Simulations about Theorem3

For comparison with Theorem2, in following simulations, the activation functions are also chosen as fjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. Three different cases are taken into account.Case 1.
Takeα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=6.0468,c2=1.2361, and c3=1.2939 and(29)aij=−3.62511.73184.9492−5.3548−1.4211−0.2666−6.29922.6603−1.3113,and it can be calculated that λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−9.2323<0, which suggests that Theorem 2 is invalid for this case. But there exists c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0; according to Theorem 3, we can assert the Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3). The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are shown in Figure 3, which shows that FHNN (3) gradually converges to equilibrium point x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T; namely, x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T is a stable equilibrium point.
Figure3 indicates that FHNN (3) still tends to the equilibrium point over time t under the condition of only c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0, which means it remains globally Mittag-Leffler-stable.Figure 3
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 2.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(30)aij=0.5809−1.50572.7260−4.30611.4389−2.6839−1.05901.74813.2859,and calculation results suggest ci−Li∑j=1naji>0i=1,2; λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−5.6958<0. It means that the parameters in this case still only satisfy Theorem 3. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) in this case are depicted in Figure 4, which indicates that the solution of FHNN (3) converges to a limit cycle, which is a periodic oscillation in the neighborhood of equilibrium point x∗=0.03,0.50,0.1T and can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 4
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 3.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(31)aij=9.3258−1.9924−0.14828.4845−3.62621.7487−3.40413.25921.0357,and, by calculation, it can be known that only Theorem 3 is satisfied. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are drawn in Figure 5, which illustrates that FHNN (3) exhibits bistable state, which can be regarded as a brand-new and important dynamical form of the neural network. The generation of the bistability is dependent on initial values. In this case, although FHNN (3) has only one equilibrium point, it can have two domains of attraction corresponding to initial values. The solution of FHNN (3) tends to two points accidently, which can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 5
Bistability of FHNN (3) dependent on the initial values.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Remark 4.
Compared with publications that deal with the Mittag-Leffler stability, a phenomenon is found that, for suitable parameters, although FHNN (3) only has one equilibrium point, it can show multiple stabilities.
From Figures3–5, it is easy to know that effect of system parameters is critical in characterizing neuron network’s dynamics.


## 3.1. Theoretical Analysis

According to the preliminaries in Section2, stability of FHNN (3) is to be analyzed and some sufficient conditions are to be derived. For this end, two lemmas are introduced firstly.Lemma 1.
(see [42]). It is assumed that α∈0,1, λ is a positive constant, and Vt is continuous on 0,+∞ satisfying(9)DαVt≤−λVt,and then, for t≥0, we have(10)Vt≤V0Eα−λtα.Lemma 2.
(see [38]). For continuous differentiable function ht∈C10,+∞,R, the inequality(11)D0tαht≤sgnhtD0tαht,0<α<1,holds almost everywhere.
Existence of equilibrium points is given as follows in Theorem1.Theorem 1.
Considering FHNN (3), if Assumption 1 holds, constants aij and ci satisfy(12)ci−∑j=1najiLi>0,and then there is unique equilibrium point x∗ of FHNN (3).Proof.
Suppose thatHu=H1u,H2u,...,HnuT with(13)Hiu=∑j=1naijfjujcj+Ii,i,j=1,2...,n,where u=u1,u2,...,unT and fj is Lipschitz-continuous function with Lipschitz-constant Lj>0. Then, for any vectors u=u1,u2,...,unT∈Rn and v=v1,v2,...,vnT∈Rn, we can obtain(14)Hiu−Hiv=∑j=1naijfjujcj−fjvjcj≤∑j=1nLjcjaijuj−vj.
Sum both sides of (14), and ∑i=1nHiu−Hiv≤∑i=1n∑j=1nLj/cjaijuj−vj can be derived.
According to (12), Li/ci∑j=1naji<1 can be obtained. For simplicity, let(15)θ=Lici∑j=1naji,and then we can get(16)∑i=1nHiu−Hiv≤θ∑i=1nuj−vj.
From (16), it is easy to know that Hiu−Hiv≤θuj−vj, while uj−vj<u−v. Then, H:Rn⟶Rn can be regarded as a contraction mapping on Rn. In light of the principle of compression mapping, FHNN (3) is provided with a unique equilibrium point x∗=x1,x2,…,xnT. The proof is completed.
Whenx∗=0, it is easy to gain the stability of FHNN (3) at equilibrium point x∗. When x∗≠0, via transformation(17)vit=xit−xi∗t,i=1,2,…,n,x∗ can be shifted to the origin and FHNN (3) can be transformed into(18)Dαvit=−civit+∑j=1naijgjvjt,where gjvjt=fjvjt+xj∗−fjxj∗.
According to the above, some results about the stability of FHNN (3) are depicted as in the following theorems.Theorem 2.
If Assumption1 holds, constants aij and ci in network (3) satisfy(19)λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji>0,and then FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable and solution of FHNN (3) will stabilize to the unique equilibrium point x∗.Remark 1.
Formula (19) suggests that ci−Li∑j=1naji,i=1,2,3,…,n are all positive, from which it is known that formula (12) is true. That is to say, condition (19) ensures the existence and of uniqueness of the equilibrium point of FHNN (3).Proof.
In terms of condition (19), it can be known that FHNN (3) has unique equilibrium point. Suppose x∗ is unique equilibrium point and construct Lyapunov function(20)Vt=∑i=1nvit,and, on the basis of Lemma 2, vit satisfies(21)D0tαvit≤sgnvitD0tαvit.
According to formula (19), λ=minci−Li∑j=1naji>0 holds. Fraction-order derivative of Vt along FHNN (3) can be derived as(22)DαVt=∑i=1nDαvit≤∑i=1nsgnvit−civit+∑j=1najigjvjt≤∑i=1n−civit+∑j=1najiLjvjt=−∑i=1nci−∑j=1najiLivit≤−λVt.
According to Lemma1, one has(23)Vt≤V0Eα−λtα,which implies that(24)∑i=1nxit−xi∗≤∑i=1nxi0−xi∗Eα−λtα.
It means that(25)xt−x∗≤x0−x∗Eα−λtα,t≥0.
Then one has(26)xt−x∗⟶0,t⟶+∞.
It follows thatx∗ is uniformly attractive, which implies that FHNN (3) achieves global Mittag-Leffler stability at the unique equilibrium point x∗. Theorem 2 is proved.
In the proof of Theorem2, Lyapunov function is constructed by using the absolute value function. Compared with general Lyapunov function, the addressed Lyapunov function has certain advantage. On the one hand, it is simple for calculation; on the other hand, by introducing sign function, the discussion of nonsmoothness can be avoided.Theorem 3.
If Assumption1 holds, constants aij and ci in FHNN (3) satisfy(27)λ=∀1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji>0,and then FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable.Remark 2.
Formula (27) means that there exists one positive value in all ci−Li∑j=1najii=1,2,…n, which is less conservative compared with condition (19) in Theorem 2. Theorem 3 can extend the range of λ and can be received in more applications. Furthermore, Theorem 3 need not require θ<1 for system parameters and may not ensure that equilibrium point of FHNN (3) is unique. In other words, under the condition of (27) in Theorem 3, we only can know the global Mittag-Leffler stability. FHNN (3) can be globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at equilibrium point x∗ or attraction domain around x∗.Remark 3.
The proof of Theorem3 is analogous to that of Theorem 2 through applying fractional-order Lyapunov direct method. So the detailed proof of Theorem 3 is omitted here. It should be noted that, in the proof of Theorems 2 and 3, existence of positive ci−Li∑j=1naji is essential, which can be achieved under the condition in both Theorems 2 and 3. Theorem 2 suggests that all ci−Li∑j=1naji are positive, while Theorem 3 can ensure the existence of positive ci−Li∑j=1naji. Namely, Theorem 2 is a special case of Theorem 3. Therefore, the proof of Theorem 3 can be obtained by replacing λ with certain positive λi in formula (22).


## 3.2. Numerical Simulations

In the simulations to verify Theorems2 and 3, MATLAB program and Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector algorithm [43] are implemented and the initial conditions xiti=1,2,3 are considered as Gaussian white noise.


### 3.2.1. Simulations about Theorem2

The system parameters are selected asc1=c2=c3=3, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, and I3=−0.8 and the matrix of synaptic connection weight is taken as(28)aij=−1.20.3−1.5−0.91−0.80.5−1.20.6.The activation functions are taken asfjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. By calculation, we know that conditions in Theorem 2 are satisfied for Li=1i=1,2,3, λ=0.1, and θ<1. According to Theorem 2, unique equilibrium point of FHNN (3) can be calculated as x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T and FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at x∗. The time revolutions of state variables xiti=1,2,3 with α=0.95 and α=0.55 are calculated and depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.Figure 1
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.95.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 2
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.55.
(a)(b)(c)(d)From Figures1 and 2, it can be known that solution of FHNN (3) is stable at the equilibrium point x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T for different value of α, which means that, in this case, solution of FHNN (3) is stable equilibrium point. That is to say, the order of FHNN (3) has little effect on the convergence essence of the solution. But, via further observation, it is found that the value of α affects the convergence speed. The smaller α is, the less the time for converging to the equilibrium point is.


### 3.2.2. Simulations about Theorem3

For comparison with Theorem2, in following simulations, the activation functions are also chosen as fjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. Three different cases are taken into account.Case 1.
Takeα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=6.0468,c2=1.2361, and c3=1.2939 and(29)aij=−3.62511.73184.9492−5.3548−1.4211−0.2666−6.29922.6603−1.3113,and it can be calculated that λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−9.2323<0, which suggests that Theorem 2 is invalid for this case. But there exists c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0; according to Theorem 3, we can assert the Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3). The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are shown in Figure 3, which shows that FHNN (3) gradually converges to equilibrium point x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T; namely, x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T is a stable equilibrium point.
Figure3 indicates that FHNN (3) still tends to the equilibrium point over time t under the condition of only c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0, which means it remains globally Mittag-Leffler-stable.Figure 3
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 2.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(30)aij=0.5809−1.50572.7260−4.30611.4389−2.6839−1.05901.74813.2859,and calculation results suggest ci−Li∑j=1naji>0i=1,2; λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−5.6958<0. It means that the parameters in this case still only satisfy Theorem 3. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) in this case are depicted in Figure 4, which indicates that the solution of FHNN (3) converges to a limit cycle, which is a periodic oscillation in the neighborhood of equilibrium point x∗=0.03,0.50,0.1T and can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 4
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 3.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(31)aij=9.3258−1.9924−0.14828.4845−3.62621.7487−3.40413.25921.0357,and, by calculation, it can be known that only Theorem 3 is satisfied. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are drawn in Figure 5, which illustrates that FHNN (3) exhibits bistable state, which can be regarded as a brand-new and important dynamical form of the neural network. The generation of the bistability is dependent on initial values. In this case, although FHNN (3) has only one equilibrium point, it can have two domains of attraction corresponding to initial values. The solution of FHNN (3) tends to two points accidently, which can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 5
Bistability of FHNN (3) dependent on the initial values.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Remark 4.
Compared with publications that deal with the Mittag-Leffler stability, a phenomenon is found that, for suitable parameters, although FHNN (3) only has one equilibrium point, it can show multiple stabilities.
From Figures3–5, it is easy to know that effect of system parameters is critical in characterizing neuron network’s dynamics.


## 3.2.1. Simulations about Theorem2

The system parameters are selected asc1=c2=c3=3, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, and I3=−0.8 and the matrix of synaptic connection weight is taken as(28)aij=−1.20.3−1.5−0.91−0.80.5−1.20.6.The activation functions are taken asfjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. By calculation, we know that conditions in Theorem 2 are satisfied for Li=1i=1,2,3, λ=0.1, and θ<1. According to Theorem 2, unique equilibrium point of FHNN (3) can be calculated as x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T and FHNN (3) is globally Mittag-Leffler-stable at x∗. The time revolutions of state variables xiti=1,2,3 with α=0.95 and α=0.55 are calculated and depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.Figure 1
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.95.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 2
Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (19) and α=0.55.
(a)(b)(c)(d)From Figures1 and 2, it can be known that solution of FHNN (3) is stable at the equilibrium point x∗=0.33,0.61,−0.53T for different value of α, which means that, in this case, solution of FHNN (3) is stable equilibrium point. That is to say, the order of FHNN (3) has little effect on the convergence essence of the solution. But, via further observation, it is found that the value of α affects the convergence speed. The smaller α is, the less the time for converging to the equilibrium point is.


## 3.2.2. Simulations about Theorem3

For comparison with Theorem2, in following simulations, the activation functions are also chosen as fjxj=tanhxjj=1,2,3. Three different cases are taken into account.Case 1.
Takeα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=6.0468,c2=1.2361, and c3=1.2939 and(29)aij=−3.62511.73184.9492−5.3548−1.4211−0.2666−6.29922.6603−1.3113,and it can be calculated that λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−9.2323<0, which suggests that Theorem 2 is invalid for this case. But there exists c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0; according to Theorem 3, we can assert the Mittag-Leffler stability of FHNN (3). The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are shown in Figure 3, which shows that FHNN (3) gradually converges to equilibrium point x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T; namely, x∗=0.06,0.35,−0.30T is a stable equilibrium point.
Figure3 indicates that FHNN (3) still tends to the equilibrium point over time t under the condition of only c1−L1∑j=1naj1=21.3259>0, which means it remains globally Mittag-Leffler-stable.Figure 3
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 1.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 2.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(30)aij=0.5809−1.50572.7260−4.30611.4389−2.6839−1.05901.74813.2859,and calculation results suggest ci−Li∑j=1naji>0i=1,2; λ=min1≤i≤nci−Li∑j=1naji=−5.6958<0. It means that the parameters in this case still only satisfy Theorem 3. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) in this case are depicted in Figure 4, which indicates that the solution of FHNN (3) converges to a limit cycle, which is a periodic oscillation in the neighborhood of equilibrium point x∗=0.03,0.50,0.1T and can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 4
Evolution of FHNN (3) with parameters satisfying (27) and α=0.8 in Case 2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Case 3.
Chooseα=0.8, I1=0.5, I2=1.2, I3=−0.8, c1=3, c2=3, and c3=3 and(31)aij=9.3258−1.9924−0.14828.4845−3.62621.7487−3.40413.25921.0357,and, by calculation, it can be known that only Theorem 3 is satisfied. The dynamical behaviors of FHNN (3) are drawn in Figure 5, which illustrates that FHNN (3) exhibits bistable state, which can be regarded as a brand-new and important dynamical form of the neural network. The generation of the bistability is dependent on initial values. In this case, although FHNN (3) has only one equilibrium point, it can have two domains of attraction corresponding to initial values. The solution of FHNN (3) tends to two points accidently, which can be regarded as the attractor of FHNN (3).Figure 5
Bistability of FHNN (3) dependent on the initial values.
(a)(b)(c)(d)Remark 4.
Compared with publications that deal with the Mittag-Leffler stability, a phenomenon is found that, for suitable parameters, although FHNN (3) only has one equilibrium point, it can show multiple stabilities.
From Figures3–5, it is easy to know that effect of system parameters is critical in characterizing neuron network’s dynamics.


## 4. Noise-Induced Coherence Resonance

Via stability analysis, it can be obtained that FHNN (3) can reach global Mittag-Leffler stability for suitable system parameters. But, as we all know, neural network is inevitably disturbed by noise, which can destroy the stability and lead to coherence resonance. As a kind of inevitable noise, the electromagnetic induction may appear in the complex environment of neuron network. To obtain the effects of electromagnetic induction on the dynamics of neuron network, dynamics analysis of memristor synapse-coupled Hopfield neural network has been executed and results suggested that memristive Hopfield neural network can show the coexistence of chaotic and stable point attractors [44], coexistence of multistable patterns of the spiral chaotic patterns, and stable resting patterns [45]. In this paper, the effect of Gaussian white noise on the dynamics of FHNN (3) is discussed. It is supposed that the first neuron is disturbed by noise. Then the considered network can be written as(32)Dαx1t=−c1x1t+∑j=1na1jfjxjt+I1+ξt,Dαxit=−cixit+∑j=1naijfjxjt+Ii,i=2,…,n,where ξt is Gaussian white noise with ξt=0, ξtξt′=2Dδt−t′ and D is noise intensity. To investigate the coherence resonance of FHNN (32) induced by noise, as an irregularity index of the neuron network, coefficient of variation is introduced as(33)CV=ISI2−ISI2ISI,which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ISI to the mean of ISI. The smaller the CV is, the more regular the network presents, which means that the network is provided with better synchronization. The larger the CV is, the more irregular the network appears.To discuss the coherence resonance of FHNN (32) by noise, noise is added when time series develops to a certain time, as an illustration, at t = 12000 time units. Dynamics of FHNN (32) are calculated and depicted in Figures 6–9, which reveal the noise-induced coherence resonance in FHNN (32). The parameters in Figures 6 and 7 are taken to be the same as those in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Figures 6 and 7 indicate that Gaussian white noise can excite FHNN (32) from stability to vibration and produce coherence resonance. The parameters in Figure 8 are chosen the same as those in Figure 4. Figure 8 suggests that Gaussian white noise can suppress the dynamical behaviors of FHNN (32) and make it change from periodic state to chaotic state. The variation of noise intensity also can induce coherence resonance. The parameters in Figure 9 are the same as those in Figure 5. Figure 9 confirmed that random noise can also make bistable FHNN [3] produce coherence resonance.Figure 6
Time series ofx1 in FHNN (32) disturbed by noise and CV trend with noise intensity changing when parameters satisfy Theorem 2 for α=0.55. (a) Time series of x1; (b) CV trend with noise intensity D changing.
(a)(b)Figure 7
Time series ofx1 in FHNN (32) disturbed by noise and CV trend with noise intensity changing when parameters satisfy Theorem 3 in Case 1 for α=0.8. (a) Time series of x1; (b) CV trend with noise intensity D changing.
(a)(b)Figure 8
Time series ofx1 in FHNN (32) disturbed by noise and CV trend with noise intensity changing when parameters satisfy Theorem 3 in Case 2 for α=0.8. (a) Time series of x1; (b) CV trend with noise intensity D changing.
(a)(b)Figure 9
Time series ofx1in FHNN (32) disturbed by noise and CV trend with noise intensity changing when parameters satisfy Theorem 3 in Case 3 for α=0.8. (a) Time series of x1; (b) CV trend with noise intensity D changing.
(a)(b)


## 5. Conclusions

Our main work is about the Mittag-Leffler stability and noise-induced coherence resonance of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network.Firstly, stability of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network is analyzed and two criteria for judging whether fraction-order neuron network is globally stable are addressed. Numerical simulations are used to interpret the rationality and feasibility of the theoretical results. Furthermore, via analyzing the simulations, it can be obtained that system parameters have significant effect in describing neural network’s dynamics. Particularly, an interesting phenomenon is found that, by selecting suitable system parameters, fraction-order Hopfield neuron network can stabilize to a limit cycle or two equilibriums accidently. The latter is a brand-new and important form of global stability and can be called global bistability.Secondly, noise-induced coherence resonance of fraction-order Hopfield neural network is discussed. Numerical simulations indicate that, for given system parameters, whether the fractional-order Hopfield neural network tends to the equilibrium point or to an attractor domain, random noise can induce coherence resonance.Results in this paper suggest that system parameters and random noise have significant impact on the dynamical behaviors of fraction-order Hopfield neuron network, which tells us that some potential work should be considered for fraction-order neuron network, like mechanisms underlying the bistability and the effect of system parameters on the coherence resonance. Furthermore, the dynamics of fraction-order neuron network with time delay and impulse coupling can be discussed along with time-delay-induced bistability or coherence resonance.Dynamical behaviors of fraction-order neural network are of great significance due to its wide application. For example, the stability analysis of fraction-order neural network can provide theoretical basis for design of new circuits, such as multistable trigger and soft switch circuit. Noise-induced coherence resonance of fraction-order Hopfield neural network is helpful for understanding the dynamics of neuron system in noisy environment and diagnosing certain nervous system diseases.



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*Source: 3520972-2020-06-29.xml*