# Using Artificial Intelligence for the Construction of University Physical Training and Teaching Systems

Authors: Liang Li; Lu Zhang; Su Zhang
Journal: Journal of Healthcare Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

The combination of education and artificial intelligence is the developmental direction of future educational systems. Through the participation of artificial intelligence, an educational system with sensibility and computer rationality can be created. Albeit the advantages and importance of this education system are beyond doubt, nevertheless, at present, the combination of artificial intelligence and education is still in its infancy. This is because the theoretical application, equipment research, and development are neither perfect nor up to the required standard. The research points out the reality that artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in sports and analyzes the specific application of artificial intelligence in sports. In this paper, the knowledge of artificial intelligence is combined with the physical training and teaching in colleges and universities, and an educational system is developed to guide teachers' and students’ training, which improves the teaching quality and training efficiency.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

While artificial intelligence has triggered the development of the scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, it has a great impact on people’s life, learning, and ways of thinking. It has promoted the structural reorganization of people's behavior patterns, personalized customization, intelligent manufacturing, etc. to promote medicine and transportation. Moreover, breakthrough revolutions have been created in various fields such as industry and agriculture. As an important part of the society, an educational system profoundly affects people’s present and future and their needs to build a new system to adapt to social development. Therefore, combining artificial intelligence with education is a developmental direction for wisdom educational activities and future research [1, 2]. Sports education is considered a promising part that has great impacts on learning and health [3]. The reform of college sports training and teaching under the progress of science and technology mainly includes teaching thoughts, educational theories, training methods, practical systems, and training materials.The new educational methods will be more suitable for the development of modern teaching. The past training and teaching systems mainly have the following defects and deficiencies. First, the training mode is very old. Most colleges and universities still focus on improving students’ mastery of motor skills in sports training. However, they lack attention to the individualized ability of students and unify the indiscriminate training methods, which greatly suppresses the development of students’ independent personality and thinking ability. It will make students feel aversion to training, and because of the differences in students’ abilities, the students will have differences in the same training background, which will affect the overall training atmosphere. Second, the training content is too rigid [3]. To complete the unified teaching tasks of the school, the content of sports training in most colleges is relatively rigid, which leads to the formalization of students’ physical training. It is difficult for students to learn real sports training knowledge from current training methods. For example, the training contents of many colleges and universities are still so simple and basic, e.g., training programs such as running, long jump, and throwing. There is no research or development of new training methods, and there is no in-depth study of students’ sport’s needs, with the only exception of a unified training and teaching method. It is difficult to cultivate talents that the society needs and recognizes. Third, the training facilities are almost outdated. For sports training, facilities are a very important part, but now many colleges and universities training equipment can only meet the basic training needs of students, while more professional training can only rely on the manual guidance of the coach, as there is lack of training equipment that can provide professional guidance to students [4–6].People’s life, study, work, and other fields have undergone tremendous changes due to the existence of artificial intelligence (AI). Now, people can use the AI technology for speech recognition, image recognition, drone driving, and so on. This shows that AI has become a mark of the rapid development of today’s society and a major thrust for China’s high and fast development. In recent years, the integration of sports and health has become a hot spot in China’s development, and people have gradually realized the necessity of health for life and work. Physical education is an important means to improve people’s system and promote health [7–9]. To promote the intellectualization and standardization of modern sports, modern intelligent technology should be actively applied in every link of sports. Accurate analysis of sports training, posture by technical means, is one of the important means to improve athletes’ competitive level in modern sports. According to the application requirements of using AI technology to accurately analyze and predict the posture of sports training [10], the use of artificial intelligence in sports has produced efficient technical application effect, which makes many practitioners in this field form deep cognition [11]. Compared with sports transformation, AI has never been seen before, and the application of AI system in sports field has gradually unveiled new regulations. Following are the main contributions of our research.(1)
We point out the reality that artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in sports and analyzes the specific application of artificial intelligence in sports(2)
We discuss the functions of sports training systems based on artificial intelligence(3)
We integrate artificial intelligence with the physical training and teaching in colleges and universities, to develop an educational system that guides teachers' and students’ training(4)
Our evaluation suggests that sports training system based on artificial intelligence has the functions of automatic evaluation of functional sports action mode, evaluation of sports technology, real-time feedback of multiple training objectives, and robot-assisted trainingThe rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we discuss how artificial intelligence can potentially be applied to college sports training systems. In Section 3, we design and implement a college physical education training system based on artificial intelligence. In Section 4, we illustrate various functions of physical training system based on artificial intelligence. Section 5 is focused on the challenge of combining artificial intelligence with the educational system. Finally, Section 6 concludes the research presented in this article.


## 2. The Role of AI in College Sports Training System

The application of AI in college sports training system mainly solves the problems of outdated training mode, rigid training content, and outdated training facilities. Artificial intelligence combined with core technologies such as machine learning, image recognition, and big data analysis could (i) give full play to the advantages of data acquisition and analysis technology; (ii) provide coaches and trainees with more comprehensive training data; and (iii) facilitate for coaches and trainees to judge the training situation in detail [11, 12]. The main factors involved in this process are basic training equipment, coaches, trainers, and AI equipment. University sports training system can collect and analyze data based on artificial intelligence equipment and research its design and application in human psychology. Therefore, introducing the AI into college physical training systems and using the AI technology to personally analyze students potentially help teachers to educate students more concretely [11].


### 2.1. Feasibility Analysis

The focus of research and application of artificial intelligence technology has always been centered on how to replicate the intelligent behavior of human beings. In addition to basic computer science, it also contains knowledge content of human psychology and behavior. Therefore, the mechanism of understanding human brain is the foundation for the development of artificial intelligence [13–15]. Sports are an activity that includes competitive elements. The strong physical and dexterous skills in sports are the basis of sports. However, the psychological factors of athletes are also an important factor in determining the sports field. Consequently, in the usual sports training, the coach also will pay attention to the psychological training of athletes. Artificial intelligence helps teachers to better identify the current training state of students through the record of student training.On the other hand, AI relies on the characteristics of big data and intelligent algorithms to apply it for accurate monitoring of athletes, to help coaches and students better understand their training level and characteristics, and to help coaches develop targeted training for students. The personalized training mode makes training more efficient [16].


### 2.2. Tracking and Analyzing a Single Moving Target

Artificial intelligence can track and analyze a single moving target and mine the most valuable information of a single target. In ball games, athletes need to control the movement of the ball and win the results of the game by the movement track. Then, analyzing the ball's movement track is essentially an interpretation of ball games and helps athletes improve their tactical level of ball games. In the process of sports training, due to the physical quality and professional foundation of each athlete, there will be some differences, so each athlete will show different signs during training. The evaluation of functional movement pattern plays a crucial role not only for professional athletes, but also for all sports participants [16]. However, at present, the automatic evaluation system still has problems and limitations that need to be solved urgently for the best selection and training evaluation of athletes. Therefore, in the automatic evaluation of sports training system based on AI, a computable and measurable action index system is constructed to form the basis for quantitative evaluation. With the help of AI and the scientific application of big data, coaches can collect and sort out the physical sign data of athletes in the training process, making it an effective aid for sports training management, and its application value and promotion are obvious [17]. For example, in tennis, the machine learning method can analyze the trajectory of tennis and the relationship between tennis and the ace ball. By arranging 10 cameras on the court, the measuring system can shoot at a rate of not less than 50 frames/second and not more than 60 frames/second and track the tennis trajectory with eagle eye. The camera can accurately locate the court, and in the game, the motion track of tennis can be triangulated by using multiple cameras over the court, and then the coordinates of tennis can be accurately calculated [3].


### 2.3. Analysis of Collective Sports Tactics

In collective sports, it is the key to win the competition to choose appropriate tactics and cooperation methods. Therefore, we can track and analyze the competition process of athletes in collective sports. Collect the original data of athletes’ sports, extract the most effective information, and further study this effective information. Sports technology, as the main method for athletes to complete their movements, is the decisive key factor for evaluating athletes’ own competitive level. Compared with the specific sports performance of athletes, sports technology needs to be the key focus of sports training [18]. This kind of representational sports can directly observe the final data type and classify it as sports performance, which can better help athletes make more suitable recreational planned sports according to their actual sports situation. Sports technology evaluation needs to be a key function in the AI enabled training system, which captures the human body's sports information by means of actions, and then gives personalized training guidance and suggestions with the refinement of sports indicators. The structure of multitraining target real-time feedback function module is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Multitraining target real-time feedback function module structure.In many formal competitions, athletes are not allowed to wear extra equipment, so that people often use visual methods to collect information of athletes in competitions. Golden State Warriors, a professional basketball league in the United States, analyzed the basketball game with the AI technology and formed a camera to track the athletes’ game process over the stadium. Each player corresponds to a camera to track the players and basketball, respectively, and analyzed the athletes’ passing, ball, and running distance [19]. This system records almost all the coaches’ paper records and answers some questions that traditional data analysts cannot answer effectively with a forward-looking vision. With the help of AI and big data, coaches can effectively monitor athletes’ sleep during rest; for example, by monitoring individual movement amplitude, pulse change, and a series of algorithms, it is convenient to supervise and manage athletes’ training and rest. In addition, with the help of artificial intelligence and big data, coaches can link athletes’ diet with training intensity, scientifically control athletes’ diet structure and nutrition intake, and prevent athletes from getting fat and malnutrition based on ensuring athletes’ energy needs [20]. The artificial intelligence sports training system refines and gives personalized guidance suggestions for athletes’ sports training and then further divides the training suggestions to form several key targets that can be quantified to ensure continuous tracking during the training process. In the process of training, by comparing the tracking indicators, the corresponding information feedback is provided for the deviated specific targets, which also helps athletes keep their training targets better and really improve the training efficiency and the overall sports level of athletes.


### 2.4. Auxiliary Sports Training

In the research of physical training, the establishment of physiological indexes is often taken as the research method. For example, in the sports training of wheelchair racing athletes, the heart rate data of the whole season are collected to explore the relationship between strength training, aerobic training, and sports performance. The sports training system has the training function of real-time feedback. At present, the system still has some shortcomings, which can give corresponding tips to the athletes’ movement deviation, and the athletes can realize self-adjustment and correct the wrong movements in time [21, 22]. The research of AI can optimize the model of athletes’ physiological indexes, further solve the problem between overtraining and effective training, and help athletes to formulate more suitable training parameters. For example, RoboGolf Pro, an assistant robot for golf, is designed to help athletes train the swing track of clubs under the action of the assistant robot [7]. The assistant robot grasps the corner of the club by means of the mechanical arm, then finishes the swing of the club, and then completes the trajectory movement according to the specific designated position of the club. During the training process, the players can hold the clubs and guide the athletes to complete the exercise with the help of the route driven by the auxiliary robot. In the repeated training process, the athletes can form the muscle memory of the action and approach the original input motion track [15].Coaches cannot be foolproof when making sports training plans and programs at the beginning. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously optimize and adjust the training programs in combination with athletes’ reactions and achievements in the process of sports training and finally make the most scientific sports training decisions. In the daily training of sports, wearing a monitor for monitoring physical indicators can accurately know the acceleration and heart rate of athletes, comprehensively analyze sports indicators, and master the relationship between athletes’ fatigue and health status. Then, these sports indicators are used as the evaluation basis of sports training results to analyze whether athletes are qualified for playing games. Coaches can effectively diagnose athletes’ physiological limits by analyzing and sorting out sports data and continuously monitor athletes’ training process with the help of AI technology to avoid athletes’ sports injuries as much as possible, thus maintaining the continuity and stability of sports training.


## 2.1. Feasibility Analysis

The focus of research and application of artificial intelligence technology has always been centered on how to replicate the intelligent behavior of human beings. In addition to basic computer science, it also contains knowledge content of human psychology and behavior. Therefore, the mechanism of understanding human brain is the foundation for the development of artificial intelligence [13–15]. Sports are an activity that includes competitive elements. The strong physical and dexterous skills in sports are the basis of sports. However, the psychological factors of athletes are also an important factor in determining the sports field. Consequently, in the usual sports training, the coach also will pay attention to the psychological training of athletes. Artificial intelligence helps teachers to better identify the current training state of students through the record of student training.On the other hand, AI relies on the characteristics of big data and intelligent algorithms to apply it for accurate monitoring of athletes, to help coaches and students better understand their training level and characteristics, and to help coaches develop targeted training for students. The personalized training mode makes training more efficient [16].


## 2.2. Tracking and Analyzing a Single Moving Target

Artificial intelligence can track and analyze a single moving target and mine the most valuable information of a single target. In ball games, athletes need to control the movement of the ball and win the results of the game by the movement track. Then, analyzing the ball's movement track is essentially an interpretation of ball games and helps athletes improve their tactical level of ball games. In the process of sports training, due to the physical quality and professional foundation of each athlete, there will be some differences, so each athlete will show different signs during training. The evaluation of functional movement pattern plays a crucial role not only for professional athletes, but also for all sports participants [16]. However, at present, the automatic evaluation system still has problems and limitations that need to be solved urgently for the best selection and training evaluation of athletes. Therefore, in the automatic evaluation of sports training system based on AI, a computable and measurable action index system is constructed to form the basis for quantitative evaluation. With the help of AI and the scientific application of big data, coaches can collect and sort out the physical sign data of athletes in the training process, making it an effective aid for sports training management, and its application value and promotion are obvious [17]. For example, in tennis, the machine learning method can analyze the trajectory of tennis and the relationship between tennis and the ace ball. By arranging 10 cameras on the court, the measuring system can shoot at a rate of not less than 50 frames/second and not more than 60 frames/second and track the tennis trajectory with eagle eye. The camera can accurately locate the court, and in the game, the motion track of tennis can be triangulated by using multiple cameras over the court, and then the coordinates of tennis can be accurately calculated [3].


## 2.3. Analysis of Collective Sports Tactics

In collective sports, it is the key to win the competition to choose appropriate tactics and cooperation methods. Therefore, we can track and analyze the competition process of athletes in collective sports. Collect the original data of athletes’ sports, extract the most effective information, and further study this effective information. Sports technology, as the main method for athletes to complete their movements, is the decisive key factor for evaluating athletes’ own competitive level. Compared with the specific sports performance of athletes, sports technology needs to be the key focus of sports training [18]. This kind of representational sports can directly observe the final data type and classify it as sports performance, which can better help athletes make more suitable recreational planned sports according to their actual sports situation. Sports technology evaluation needs to be a key function in the AI enabled training system, which captures the human body's sports information by means of actions, and then gives personalized training guidance and suggestions with the refinement of sports indicators. The structure of multitraining target real-time feedback function module is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Multitraining target real-time feedback function module structure.In many formal competitions, athletes are not allowed to wear extra equipment, so that people often use visual methods to collect information of athletes in competitions. Golden State Warriors, a professional basketball league in the United States, analyzed the basketball game with the AI technology and formed a camera to track the athletes’ game process over the stadium. Each player corresponds to a camera to track the players and basketball, respectively, and analyzed the athletes’ passing, ball, and running distance [19]. This system records almost all the coaches’ paper records and answers some questions that traditional data analysts cannot answer effectively with a forward-looking vision. With the help of AI and big data, coaches can effectively monitor athletes’ sleep during rest; for example, by monitoring individual movement amplitude, pulse change, and a series of algorithms, it is convenient to supervise and manage athletes’ training and rest. In addition, with the help of artificial intelligence and big data, coaches can link athletes’ diet with training intensity, scientifically control athletes’ diet structure and nutrition intake, and prevent athletes from getting fat and malnutrition based on ensuring athletes’ energy needs [20]. The artificial intelligence sports training system refines and gives personalized guidance suggestions for athletes’ sports training and then further divides the training suggestions to form several key targets that can be quantified to ensure continuous tracking during the training process. In the process of training, by comparing the tracking indicators, the corresponding information feedback is provided for the deviated specific targets, which also helps athletes keep their training targets better and really improve the training efficiency and the overall sports level of athletes.


## 2.4. Auxiliary Sports Training

In the research of physical training, the establishment of physiological indexes is often taken as the research method. For example, in the sports training of wheelchair racing athletes, the heart rate data of the whole season are collected to explore the relationship between strength training, aerobic training, and sports performance. The sports training system has the training function of real-time feedback. At present, the system still has some shortcomings, which can give corresponding tips to the athletes’ movement deviation, and the athletes can realize self-adjustment and correct the wrong movements in time [21, 22]. The research of AI can optimize the model of athletes’ physiological indexes, further solve the problem between overtraining and effective training, and help athletes to formulate more suitable training parameters. For example, RoboGolf Pro, an assistant robot for golf, is designed to help athletes train the swing track of clubs under the action of the assistant robot [7]. The assistant robot grasps the corner of the club by means of the mechanical arm, then finishes the swing of the club, and then completes the trajectory movement according to the specific designated position of the club. During the training process, the players can hold the clubs and guide the athletes to complete the exercise with the help of the route driven by the auxiliary robot. In the repeated training process, the athletes can form the muscle memory of the action and approach the original input motion track [15].Coaches cannot be foolproof when making sports training plans and programs at the beginning. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously optimize and adjust the training programs in combination with athletes’ reactions and achievements in the process of sports training and finally make the most scientific sports training decisions. In the daily training of sports, wearing a monitor for monitoring physical indicators can accurately know the acceleration and heart rate of athletes, comprehensively analyze sports indicators, and master the relationship between athletes’ fatigue and health status. Then, these sports indicators are used as the evaluation basis of sports training results to analyze whether athletes are qualified for playing games. Coaches can effectively diagnose athletes’ physiological limits by analyzing and sorting out sports data and continuously monitor athletes’ training process with the help of AI technology to avoid athletes’ sports injuries as much as possible, thus maintaining the continuity and stability of sports training.


## 3. AI Based Design and Implementation of Physical Training System

### 3.1. The Design of AI Equipment Participating in Physical Education Training System

In the five elements of the sports training teaching system model, the coaches, students, and training equipment are traditional teaching system contents, and the monitoring equipment and analysis equipment are training element content based on artificial intelligence. The traditional training process teaches the coaches to use the training equipment to conduct sports training. The students conduct long-term training according to the professor’s model [11]. The training mode changes mainly according to the coach’s individual training experience, and for the one-to-many training mode of colleges and universities, most students will use the same training mode. The model of physical education teaching system in which artificial intelligence equipment participates is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Sports training teaching system model with artificial intelligence equipment.When college physical education training system joins artificial intelligence equipment, it has at least four aspects of changes and advantages [22]. Through the monitoring equipment in the artificial intelligence device, it is possible (i) to observe and record the specific situation of the students training according to the basic training mode; (ii) to obtain the training situation of each student in the class; (iii) to facilitate the subsequent analysis; and (iv) to finally carry out the targeted training and increase the physical training of colleges and universities. Figure 3 shows the framework of the motion detection and tracking system using artificial intelligence and the image analysis technology [23].Figure 3
Motion detection and tracking system framework using AI image analysis technology.The second frame difference image operation is(1)Yx,y=fd2x,y⋅fd1x,y=YHx,yYSx,yYIx,y.The algorithm is defined as(2)YHx,y=minHk′x,y−Hk−1′x,y,Hk+1′x,y−Hk′x,y,YSx,y=minSk′x,y−Sk−1′x,y,Sk+1′x,y−Sk′x,y,YIx,y=minIk′x,y−Ik−1′x,y,Ik+1′x,y−Ik′x,y,subject to(3)fd1x,y,(4)fd2x,y.Artificial intelligence equipment has the characteristics of big data analysis. Through the specific analysis of the data obtained by the monitoring equipment, the results of the comprehensive training of the students can be obtained, and the analysis results can be fed back to the coaches and students, which can help the coaches to quickly make accurate judgment, timely adjust the student’s training plan, and maximize the student’s training effect. On the other hand, when students get enough training data, they can clearly understand their physical condition, and at the same time, they can better understand the direction of training and help students understand the purpose of coaches to set training mode or change training mode [12]. Through visual behavior analysis, the actual driving process of the AI motion analysis system is obtained, and a unified vision and behavior model is formed, as shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Vision and behavior model.Suppose the artificial intelligence motion analysis system collects three consecutive frames of image sequencefk−1x,y,fkx,y,fk+1x,y at a certain position. By adjusting the sensitivity coefficients of the image hue H, saturation S, and brightness I attributes, each frame of the resulting sequence of images is converted into an improved HSI image, fix,y, that can more highlight the moving target, as shown in the following equation:(5)fix,y=WHHix,y,WSSiX,Y,WIIiX,Y=H′x,y,S′x,y,I′x,y.Among themWH, WS, WI are the sensitivity coefficients of the set hue, saturation, and brightness, respectively. Consider the image difference between the kth and (k − 1)th frames converted by (6) and the image difference between the (k + 1)th and kth frames converted by (7). The frame difference image calculation model is as follows:(6)fd1x,y=Hk′x,y−Hk−1′x,y,Sk′−Sk−1′x,y,Ik′−Ik−1′x,y(7)fd2x,y=Hk+1′x,y−Hk′x,y,Sk+1′−Sk′x,y,Ik+1′−Ik′x,y.Among them,fd1x,y,fd2x,y, as given by (3) and (4), are the results of frame differences of three consecutive image sequences. Note that fd1x,y,fd2x,y are the outputs of the proposed algorithm.The third part of the change is the update of the training equipment. The smart wearable equipment is a product developed by the AI technology to facilitate people’s life. It can be used in college sports training to get more and more direct data about student training. The data of the situation allows the coach to obtain more accurate analysis of the data. In addition, the use of monitoring equipment in traditional training equipment can also help coaches and students to obtain sufficient direct data and enrich the functions of traditional training equipment. At the same time, more data on student sports training can be obtained through training equipment [13, 18]. A system based on smart wearable systems and cloud services can detect human physiological signals in real time. The software flow is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Software flow diagram.After collecting enough data about the physical training of college students, the analysis equipment can use intelligent algorithms that are based on AI technology to analyze and calculate the gathered data. Furthermore, the data can be used to carry out intelligent decisions, recommendations, and/or their combinations for various teaching and training modes. In this way, the sports training guidance used by college and university students potentially might be more scientific and accurate.


### 3.2. Design of Individualized Teaching Mode in Sports Training

Physical training is an activity that makes it easy to regulate various activities of the human body. When the human body is under a burden, there will be some ups and downs in the mind, and different psychological states will have a certain impact on the training effect. According to Mitchell’s Cognitive-Emotional Personality System (CAPS), human psychological representation is mainly composed of five types of coding, expectations and beliefs, emotions, goals and values, abilities, and self-regulation; CAPS are important [4, 8]. Theoretical research on personality systems shows that, in the early stage of college sports training, students can obtain the 5 types of psychological representations of CAPS through the investigation of students and use of artificial intelligence equipment to record and analyze the data. The students are subjected to continuous observation experiments to obtain accurate characteristics about the individualization of the students. The experimental operation logic is shown in Figure 6. According to the individualized characteristics of students and the analysis of artificial intelligence, students are provided with targeted and personalized training modes to improve the efficiency of student training and reduce the fatigue of training and teaching.Figure 6
Method for obtaining personalized training mode.


### 3.3. Realization of Physical Training and Teaching Systems Based on AI

The combination of AI and education is the future development direction. Artificial intelligence is applied in college sports training and teaching system. According to AI equipment, data collection and analysis and its technical basis for human psychology research are designed and applied. The application model of the teaching system enables the obtained teaching and training system to optimize the mode of student training and improve the efficiency of student training [12, 16, 23]. The specific application method is the first step to investigate the students according to the CAPS and obtain the individualized characteristics of the students through continuous research and then use the artificial intelligence equipment to record and analyze the students’ training. After that, the personalized characteristics and training data of the analysis are presented to the coaches, which provides a reference for the coaches to develop a personalized training mode [24]. On the other hand, when the artificial intelligence device acquires enough data, the task of planning the student's personalized training mode can be performed. The specific implementation and content are shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Implementation content of physical education teaching system based on AI.


## 3.1. The Design of AI Equipment Participating in Physical Education Training System

In the five elements of the sports training teaching system model, the coaches, students, and training equipment are traditional teaching system contents, and the monitoring equipment and analysis equipment are training element content based on artificial intelligence. The traditional training process teaches the coaches to use the training equipment to conduct sports training. The students conduct long-term training according to the professor’s model [11]. The training mode changes mainly according to the coach’s individual training experience, and for the one-to-many training mode of colleges and universities, most students will use the same training mode. The model of physical education teaching system in which artificial intelligence equipment participates is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Sports training teaching system model with artificial intelligence equipment.When college physical education training system joins artificial intelligence equipment, it has at least four aspects of changes and advantages [22]. Through the monitoring equipment in the artificial intelligence device, it is possible (i) to observe and record the specific situation of the students training according to the basic training mode; (ii) to obtain the training situation of each student in the class; (iii) to facilitate the subsequent analysis; and (iv) to finally carry out the targeted training and increase the physical training of colleges and universities. Figure 3 shows the framework of the motion detection and tracking system using artificial intelligence and the image analysis technology [23].Figure 3
Motion detection and tracking system framework using AI image analysis technology.The second frame difference image operation is(1)Yx,y=fd2x,y⋅fd1x,y=YHx,yYSx,yYIx,y.The algorithm is defined as(2)YHx,y=minHk′x,y−Hk−1′x,y,Hk+1′x,y−Hk′x,y,YSx,y=minSk′x,y−Sk−1′x,y,Sk+1′x,y−Sk′x,y,YIx,y=minIk′x,y−Ik−1′x,y,Ik+1′x,y−Ik′x,y,subject to(3)fd1x,y,(4)fd2x,y.Artificial intelligence equipment has the characteristics of big data analysis. Through the specific analysis of the data obtained by the monitoring equipment, the results of the comprehensive training of the students can be obtained, and the analysis results can be fed back to the coaches and students, which can help the coaches to quickly make accurate judgment, timely adjust the student’s training plan, and maximize the student’s training effect. On the other hand, when students get enough training data, they can clearly understand their physical condition, and at the same time, they can better understand the direction of training and help students understand the purpose of coaches to set training mode or change training mode [12]. Through visual behavior analysis, the actual driving process of the AI motion analysis system is obtained, and a unified vision and behavior model is formed, as shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Vision and behavior model.Suppose the artificial intelligence motion analysis system collects three consecutive frames of image sequencefk−1x,y,fkx,y,fk+1x,y at a certain position. By adjusting the sensitivity coefficients of the image hue H, saturation S, and brightness I attributes, each frame of the resulting sequence of images is converted into an improved HSI image, fix,y, that can more highlight the moving target, as shown in the following equation:(5)fix,y=WHHix,y,WSSiX,Y,WIIiX,Y=H′x,y,S′x,y,I′x,y.Among themWH, WS, WI are the sensitivity coefficients of the set hue, saturation, and brightness, respectively. Consider the image difference between the kth and (k − 1)th frames converted by (6) and the image difference between the (k + 1)th and kth frames converted by (7). The frame difference image calculation model is as follows:(6)fd1x,y=Hk′x,y−Hk−1′x,y,Sk′−Sk−1′x,y,Ik′−Ik−1′x,y(7)fd2x,y=Hk+1′x,y−Hk′x,y,Sk+1′−Sk′x,y,Ik+1′−Ik′x,y.Among them,fd1x,y,fd2x,y, as given by (3) and (4), are the results of frame differences of three consecutive image sequences. Note that fd1x,y,fd2x,y are the outputs of the proposed algorithm.The third part of the change is the update of the training equipment. The smart wearable equipment is a product developed by the AI technology to facilitate people’s life. It can be used in college sports training to get more and more direct data about student training. The data of the situation allows the coach to obtain more accurate analysis of the data. In addition, the use of monitoring equipment in traditional training equipment can also help coaches and students to obtain sufficient direct data and enrich the functions of traditional training equipment. At the same time, more data on student sports training can be obtained through training equipment [13, 18]. A system based on smart wearable systems and cloud services can detect human physiological signals in real time. The software flow is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Software flow diagram.After collecting enough data about the physical training of college students, the analysis equipment can use intelligent algorithms that are based on AI technology to analyze and calculate the gathered data. Furthermore, the data can be used to carry out intelligent decisions, recommendations, and/or their combinations for various teaching and training modes. In this way, the sports training guidance used by college and university students potentially might be more scientific and accurate.


## 3.2. Design of Individualized Teaching Mode in Sports Training

Physical training is an activity that makes it easy to regulate various activities of the human body. When the human body is under a burden, there will be some ups and downs in the mind, and different psychological states will have a certain impact on the training effect. According to Mitchell’s Cognitive-Emotional Personality System (CAPS), human psychological representation is mainly composed of five types of coding, expectations and beliefs, emotions, goals and values, abilities, and self-regulation; CAPS are important [4, 8]. Theoretical research on personality systems shows that, in the early stage of college sports training, students can obtain the 5 types of psychological representations of CAPS through the investigation of students and use of artificial intelligence equipment to record and analyze the data. The students are subjected to continuous observation experiments to obtain accurate characteristics about the individualization of the students. The experimental operation logic is shown in Figure 6. According to the individualized characteristics of students and the analysis of artificial intelligence, students are provided with targeted and personalized training modes to improve the efficiency of student training and reduce the fatigue of training and teaching.Figure 6
Method for obtaining personalized training mode.


## 3.3. Realization of Physical Training and Teaching Systems Based on AI

The combination of AI and education is the future development direction. Artificial intelligence is applied in college sports training and teaching system. According to AI equipment, data collection and analysis and its technical basis for human psychology research are designed and applied. The application model of the teaching system enables the obtained teaching and training system to optimize the mode of student training and improve the efficiency of student training [12, 16, 23]. The specific application method is the first step to investigate the students according to the CAPS and obtain the individualized characteristics of the students through continuous research and then use the artificial intelligence equipment to record and analyze the students’ training. After that, the personalized characteristics and training data of the analysis are presented to the coaches, which provides a reference for the coaches to develop a personalized training mode [24]. On the other hand, when the artificial intelligence device acquires enough data, the task of planning the student's personalized training mode can be performed. The specific implementation and content are shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Implementation content of physical education teaching system based on AI.


## 4. The Function of Physical Training System Based on AI

The wide application of artificial intelligence technology in sports can not only help athletes improve their training level, but also provide certain technical support for the scientific process, standardized, fair, and transparent development of sports competitions. It can be seen from the analysis that the application of artificial intelligence technology in the technical and tactical analysis of professional competitions is more mature and has achieved remarkable results. In terms of helping to improve the training level, most of them are still in the research stage, and the existing smart wearable devices in the market are far from playing the due role of artificial intelligence technology. It will be an important research direction in the future to fully tap the potential of artificial intelligence and develop sports coaches with more comprehensive functions [5]. Fully digging out the function of artificial intelligence can provide infinite possibilities for the development and function improvement of sports training system. Under the influence of artificial intelligence, sports training systems should fully understand and evaluate athletes’ physical condition and sports ability, evaluate athletes’ sports skills in time, supervise athletes’ sports situation and give training opinions, and optimize training plans for athletes when necessary. In terms of software and hardware architecture, the system should collect data with the help of advanced sensor sensing technology and obtain information as complete as possible related to motion [7, 24, 25]. Thereby establishing a data management platform and mining the movement rule behind the data based on the artificial intelligence technology.


### 4.1. Sports Technology Evaluation

The automatic evaluation of athletes’ functional action mode should have a complete evaluation system, establish an integrated measurement and calculation index system, which is the basic basis of quantitative evaluation. The automatic evaluation of athletes' functional action mode requires the joint efforts of different professionals, and the accuracy of the athletes’ sports process is calculated by reconstructing the three-dimensional human model and capturing the human motion information. Taking running as an example, exploring the standard running technology can help to improve the running ability of runners and realize the purpose of sports. In sports, athletes rely on various sensors to record the heart rate, speed, and pace frequency of the athletes during running. Although they can achieve entertainment and planned running, they still lack improvement of the running technology.In the evaluation of sports technology, more information about human body movement, such as movement posture, is collected, and the more comprehensive data information of the athletes is learned in the periodic action analysis. If the auxiliary training system can help the athletes to correct the movement quickly in a more active way, it will undoubtedly make the training more efficient. The artificial intelligence system assisted training not only avoids the shortcomings of blind area in traditional sports training to observe their own actions by mirrors or video, but also can restrain the athletes to strictly follow the established objectives for training. The AI physical training system should feed the multitraining targets back in real time and follow-up the training process of athletes and put forward a series of sports suggestions. In the training of athletes, the tracking indexes are constantly compared [24]. Once they deviate from the training target, they should give real-time feedback to ensure the scientific training of athletes and improve the athletes' sports technology. With the development of AI technology, the sports intelligent sports training system will be more intelligent. Whether it is the output end of standard action, it will help athletes to carry out action training or as professional accompaniment in competitive events, intelligent sports training system will play an increasingly important role.


### 4.2. Promoting Talent Cultivation

At present, sports are also considered as a healthy culture and an important guarantee for social progress. Therefore, it has gradually become the focus of scientific research workers to constantly improve the development of sports undertakings, introduce sports assistant robots and other high-tech achievements, and promote their development to a higher, faster, and stronger direction. It is obvious that artificial intelligence and big data can improve the effectiveness of sports training and promote the quality of personnel training, because traditional sports training mainly relies on coaches' action demonstration and athletes' repetitive training. The process of sports training can be said to be very boring and dull. With the help of artificial intelligence and big data technology, the organic combination of traditional training and intelligent training can be realized, the weak links of athletes in professional technical training can be found in time, and some hidden training rules in the training process can be discovered and explored [25].Exercise is an activity involving physical strength and skill, which is bound by a set of rules or habits. For human beings, it is the basic activity form to maintain the orderly operation and flexibility of an effective organism. With the help of intelligent terminal equipment, athletes can intuitively understand their own training data and training results and clearly recognize their shortcomings and shortcomings in comparison with each other. Even through online consultation and online education, athletes can make their own scientific training plans and adjust their own training plans in a timely manner, thus effectively improving the scientific and standardization of individual independent training. With the help of artificial intelligence and big data, the retrieval and sharing functions of sports data can also be realized, and the correlation analysis of athletes' physiological data and psychological state emerging in competitive competitions can be carried out, to better understand athletes' competitive state, which can not only effectively improve coaches' work level, but also effectively promote the scientific process of sports training.


## 4.1. Sports Technology Evaluation

The automatic evaluation of athletes’ functional action mode should have a complete evaluation system, establish an integrated measurement and calculation index system, which is the basic basis of quantitative evaluation. The automatic evaluation of athletes' functional action mode requires the joint efforts of different professionals, and the accuracy of the athletes’ sports process is calculated by reconstructing the three-dimensional human model and capturing the human motion information. Taking running as an example, exploring the standard running technology can help to improve the running ability of runners and realize the purpose of sports. In sports, athletes rely on various sensors to record the heart rate, speed, and pace frequency of the athletes during running. Although they can achieve entertainment and planned running, they still lack improvement of the running technology.In the evaluation of sports technology, more information about human body movement, such as movement posture, is collected, and the more comprehensive data information of the athletes is learned in the periodic action analysis. If the auxiliary training system can help the athletes to correct the movement quickly in a more active way, it will undoubtedly make the training more efficient. The artificial intelligence system assisted training not only avoids the shortcomings of blind area in traditional sports training to observe their own actions by mirrors or video, but also can restrain the athletes to strictly follow the established objectives for training. The AI physical training system should feed the multitraining targets back in real time and follow-up the training process of athletes and put forward a series of sports suggestions. In the training of athletes, the tracking indexes are constantly compared [24]. Once they deviate from the training target, they should give real-time feedback to ensure the scientific training of athletes and improve the athletes' sports technology. With the development of AI technology, the sports intelligent sports training system will be more intelligent. Whether it is the output end of standard action, it will help athletes to carry out action training or as professional accompaniment in competitive events, intelligent sports training system will play an increasingly important role.


## 4.2. Promoting Talent Cultivation

At present, sports are also considered as a healthy culture and an important guarantee for social progress. Therefore, it has gradually become the focus of scientific research workers to constantly improve the development of sports undertakings, introduce sports assistant robots and other high-tech achievements, and promote their development to a higher, faster, and stronger direction. It is obvious that artificial intelligence and big data can improve the effectiveness of sports training and promote the quality of personnel training, because traditional sports training mainly relies on coaches' action demonstration and athletes' repetitive training. The process of sports training can be said to be very boring and dull. With the help of artificial intelligence and big data technology, the organic combination of traditional training and intelligent training can be realized, the weak links of athletes in professional technical training can be found in time, and some hidden training rules in the training process can be discovered and explored [25].Exercise is an activity involving physical strength and skill, which is bound by a set of rules or habits. For human beings, it is the basic activity form to maintain the orderly operation and flexibility of an effective organism. With the help of intelligent terminal equipment, athletes can intuitively understand their own training data and training results and clearly recognize their shortcomings and shortcomings in comparison with each other. Even through online consultation and online education, athletes can make their own scientific training plans and adjust their own training plans in a timely manner, thus effectively improving the scientific and standardization of individual independent training. With the help of artificial intelligence and big data, the retrieval and sharing functions of sports data can also be realized, and the correlation analysis of athletes' physiological data and psychological state emerging in competitive competitions can be carried out, to better understand athletes' competitive state, which can not only effectively improve coaches' work level, but also effectively promote the scientific process of sports training.


## 5. The Challenge of Combining AI with Educational System

### 5.1. Limitations of the AI Technology

At this stage, the degree of autonomy of artificial intelligence equipment is not high, and it is impossible to completely obtain independent thinking and act accordingly. The collection, aggregation, and analysis of data still require a large amount of human participation, and there are many loopholes and defects in the system information generated by the computing equipment including sensors. On the other hand, due to the short development time of artificial intelligence technology, there are still big problems in information security, which requires technicians to constantly improve [26].


### 5.2. The Integration of AI and Physical Education Is Difficult

Physical education is a relatively unique project in the education system because it contains a lot of subprojects, and the content and characteristics of each subproject are quite different. For example, basketball and football are both ball group sports, but basketball completes the game by hand and football uses the foot to complete, and the rules between the two are very different, and the corresponding requirements for the player's exercise are also different [3]. There are many different content directions for recording and analysis using artificial intelligence devices [12]. This requires the experts in the corresponding sports and technical experts to jointly complete the content of different sports intelligence monitoring. It is a relatively large task to complete the design of the inspection system for each sport.One direction of application of AI devices is to collect and analyze data, which is the basis for the device to complete intelligent operations. This part of the content has two problems in physical education. The first is the formulation of standards. In a content system, the formulation of standards is the basis of its development. Sports are a global competitive activity, and the system of sports should be built. International standards are required for design so that the training results are valid. If the project lacks uniform international standards, it will be difficult to complete a unified education system key. On the other hand, it is more difficult to collect and analyze data. When the development of unified standards is completed, it is necessary to collect various data in sports. Sports are a dynamic activity completed in a specific environment. It is necessary to collect environment and athletes. The basic situation data, which is quite complex, requires the construction of a simple collection standard to complete the data collection and analysis.


### 5.3. Scarcity of Professionals

Coaches and athletes have accumulated a lot of problems to be solved in teaching, training, and competition. It is most clear what difficulties exist in sports training and competition. These questions are the actual needs and design motive forces of artificial intelligence in sports applications, but they are usually not utilized in training. Coaches and athletes have little contact with artificial intelligence technology. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between artificial intelligence professionals or enterprises and first-line coaches and athletes and provide relevant training for artificial intelligence sports applications [27]. Through specific case explanations, trainers and athletes can be given opportunities to (i) really realize the importance of artificial intelligence to promote the development of sports; (ii) enhance their information literacy; (iii) provide information and inspiration for product design for artificial intelligence professionals or enterprises; (iv) promote the research and development of sports artificial intelligence; and (v) effectively promote artificial intelligence and sports deep integration.For the development of artificial intelligence sports applications, the most fundamental thing is to rely on professional talents. The combination of physical education and AI is necessary for the cultivation of the current stage. The government, universities, and enterprises play an important role in personnel training. The government can provide support for the cultivation of compound talents from the aspects of policy guidance and financial security, such as the national-level innovation competition combining AI and sports training, or the special training funds to provide a growth and development environment for the cultivation of talents. Colleges and universities are an important base for talent cultivation and an important venue for the development of AI technology innovation application technology [26, 27]. Under the cooperation of university talent resources and environmental resources, it can complete the cultivation of artificial intelligence application talents and the application development of innovative practices. In the education and training of colleges and universities, we should pay attention to our own strengths and cultivate compound talents with distinctive school characteristics.On the other hand, enterprises in the society should invest in research and development of technology while using new technologies for commercial development and should provide students with a high-quality practice platform. Furthermore, efforts are needed to strengthen exchanges and cooperation between schools and enterprises, provide students with opportunities for research and practical operation, and achieve deep connection between school study, professional internship, and industrial practice. Enterprises should give full play to their own advantages and provide more targeted skills guidance for the cultivation of sports AI talents while realizing corporate social responsibility.


## 5.1. Limitations of the AI Technology

At this stage, the degree of autonomy of artificial intelligence equipment is not high, and it is impossible to completely obtain independent thinking and act accordingly. The collection, aggregation, and analysis of data still require a large amount of human participation, and there are many loopholes and defects in the system information generated by the computing equipment including sensors. On the other hand, due to the short development time of artificial intelligence technology, there are still big problems in information security, which requires technicians to constantly improve [26].


## 5.2. The Integration of AI and Physical Education Is Difficult

Physical education is a relatively unique project in the education system because it contains a lot of subprojects, and the content and characteristics of each subproject are quite different. For example, basketball and football are both ball group sports, but basketball completes the game by hand and football uses the foot to complete, and the rules between the two are very different, and the corresponding requirements for the player's exercise are also different [3]. There are many different content directions for recording and analysis using artificial intelligence devices [12]. This requires the experts in the corresponding sports and technical experts to jointly complete the content of different sports intelligence monitoring. It is a relatively large task to complete the design of the inspection system for each sport.One direction of application of AI devices is to collect and analyze data, which is the basis for the device to complete intelligent operations. This part of the content has two problems in physical education. The first is the formulation of standards. In a content system, the formulation of standards is the basis of its development. Sports are a global competitive activity, and the system of sports should be built. International standards are required for design so that the training results are valid. If the project lacks uniform international standards, it will be difficult to complete a unified education system key. On the other hand, it is more difficult to collect and analyze data. When the development of unified standards is completed, it is necessary to collect various data in sports. Sports are a dynamic activity completed in a specific environment. It is necessary to collect environment and athletes. The basic situation data, which is quite complex, requires the construction of a simple collection standard to complete the data collection and analysis.


## 5.3. Scarcity of Professionals

Coaches and athletes have accumulated a lot of problems to be solved in teaching, training, and competition. It is most clear what difficulties exist in sports training and competition. These questions are the actual needs and design motive forces of artificial intelligence in sports applications, but they are usually not utilized in training. Coaches and athletes have little contact with artificial intelligence technology. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between artificial intelligence professionals or enterprises and first-line coaches and athletes and provide relevant training for artificial intelligence sports applications [27]. Through specific case explanations, trainers and athletes can be given opportunities to (i) really realize the importance of artificial intelligence to promote the development of sports; (ii) enhance their information literacy; (iii) provide information and inspiration for product design for artificial intelligence professionals or enterprises; (iv) promote the research and development of sports artificial intelligence; and (v) effectively promote artificial intelligence and sports deep integration.For the development of artificial intelligence sports applications, the most fundamental thing is to rely on professional talents. The combination of physical education and AI is necessary for the cultivation of the current stage. The government, universities, and enterprises play an important role in personnel training. The government can provide support for the cultivation of compound talents from the aspects of policy guidance and financial security, such as the national-level innovation competition combining AI and sports training, or the special training funds to provide a growth and development environment for the cultivation of talents. Colleges and universities are an important base for talent cultivation and an important venue for the development of AI technology innovation application technology [26, 27]. Under the cooperation of university talent resources and environmental resources, it can complete the cultivation of artificial intelligence application talents and the application development of innovative practices. In the education and training of colleges and universities, we should pay attention to our own strengths and cultivate compound talents with distinctive school characteristics.On the other hand, enterprises in the society should invest in research and development of technology while using new technologies for commercial development and should provide students with a high-quality practice platform. Furthermore, efforts are needed to strengthen exchanges and cooperation between schools and enterprises, provide students with opportunities for research and practical operation, and achieve deep connection between school study, professional internship, and industrial practice. Enterprises should give full play to their own advantages and provide more targeted skills guidance for the cultivation of sports AI talents while realizing corporate social responsibility.


## 6. Conclusions

The application of artificial intelligence is one of the core contents of future sports development. With the continuous development and innovation of today's science and technology era, we believe that, with the arrival of the era of big data, the expansion of the application scope of artificial intelligence will grow continuously. Furthermore, such growth will result in the continuous improvement of its applications, effective promotion of artificial intelligence, and big data on sports training and teaching in colleges and universities. Furthermore, the combination of artificial intelligence technology and sports training education, in colleges and universities, will produce very good progress response. The sports coaching system based on artificial intelligence, with the advantages of being more scientific, standardized, and intelligent, can monitor athletes' sports data in real time, correct athletes' sports misunderstandings, and promote athletes' sports skills. In addition, the sports coaching system based on artificial intelligence is helpful to promote the fairness and scientific process of sports, which is of great value to both single athletes and collective sports. Through detailed data detection and analysis, sports teachers can better understand their students and enable them to complete the process of personalized training. Students know more about their physical training, so that students can adjust their training plans in time according to the situation, making the limited training time more valuable and ensuring the success of the competition. The technical advantages of artificial intelligence data acquisition and data analysis put forward in this paper, combined with the traditional training mode and the psychological changes of students in the training process, provide students with personalized training mode. It is believed that soon, the sports coaching system based on artificial intelligence will inject an unprecedented source of power into the development of China's sports undertakings and enhance the development level of China's sports undertakings.



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*Source: 3479208-2021-09-29.xml*