# Comparative Analysis of Clinical Effects of Insulin Aspart Combined with Acarbose and Metformin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Authors: Hongmei Jin; Hongyun Zhang
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Objective. To investigate the clinical effect of Insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose and metformin enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Methods. 90 diabetic patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects, and the patients were randomly divided into group A (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 alone), group B (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets), and group C (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose). The blood glucose balance before meals and before going to bed was maintained in the three groups of patients, and the blood glucose fluctuations, time to target, hypoglycemia, insulin dosage, and daily consumption of the three groups were compared. Results. There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point before treatment in the 3 groups of patients (P>0.05); compared with the blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point after reaching the target in the three groups, the blood glucose after dinner in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C; at 2 : 00, the blood glucose of group A was significantly higher than that of group B (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at other time points (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose standard deviation, LAGE, and PPGE at each point in the three groups before treatment (P>0.05); the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point of the three groups of patients after reaching the standard were compared with those in the same group before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); there were statistically significant differences in blood glucose standard deviation, LAGE, and PPGE among the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P<0.05). Compared among the three groups, the standard deviation of blood glucose and LAGE level at each point after reaching the standard, the difference between group B, group C, and group A was statistically significant (P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference between the patients in group B and group C (P>0.05); the level of PPGE in group A was higher than that in group B, which was higher than group C, and between group C and group A, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The time of reaching the standard in 3 groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the time of reaching the standard between group B and group C (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemia among the 3 groups (P>0.05); there were significant differences in the proportion of insulin twice a day among the three groups (P<0.05); there were statistically significant differences in daily insulin dosage among the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P<0.05). The daily consumption of the three groups of patients after reaching the standard was compared, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between group A and group B (P>0.05). Conclusion. The effect of insulin aspart 30 alone in the treatment of diabetic patients is not good, it will lead to a large fluctuation of blood sugar in the patient’s body, and the time required to reach the standard is relatively long; the use of insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose can effectively reduce the blood sugar fluctuation range of diabetic patients and reduce the number of insulin injections, and insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin en teric-coated tablets can also greatly reduce the daily insulin dosage and daily consumption cost of diabetic patients.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The body of patients with type 2 diabetes is often accompanied by insufficient insulin secretion. With the development of the patient’s disease course, the function of pancreatic islets will gradually weaken, so patients with type 2 diabetes often need supplemental insulin therapy [1]. When blood sugar levels are high in the body, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin to lower blood sugar [2]. If the β-cell function is defective, the insulin secretion is insufficient, and the blood sugar cannot be effectively lowered, and the blood sugar level will rise. Some patients have normal insulin secretion, but the body is not sensitive to insulin and cannot use insulin effectively, that is, insulin resistance occurs, which will also lead to high blood sugar [3,4].There are many clinical programs for insulin treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, including basal insulin, premixed insulin, and multiple insulin treatments [5]. Premixed insulin therapy is the most commonly used treatment method in China. Patients can choose to use premixed insulin alone for treatment, or they can choose premixed insulin combined with oral hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose for treatment [6]. Clinically relevant studies have shown that the above treatment methods can effectively control patients’ blood glucose, but there are relatively few clinical reports on their all-weather blood glucose fluctuations, overall efficacy, and treatment costs [7].In our study, 90 diabetic patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected for the study and were given menthol insulin alone, menthol insulin combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets, and menthol insulin combined with acarbose. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effects of insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose and metformin enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of diabetes, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment decisions.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. General Information

Ninety diabetic patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected for the prospective study. Patients were randomly and equally divided into group A (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 alone), group B (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets), and group C (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose). The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of our hospital, and all patients and their families signed an informed consent form.


### 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

#### 2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria

(1)
All patients were clinically diagnosed with diabetes.(2)
The patients did not use insulin within 6 months.


#### 2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria

(1)
Patients with special types of diabetes(2)
Patients with serious diseases of other organs(3)
Lactating or pregnant women(4)
Patients who were taking hypoglycemic drugs;(5)
Patients with poor compliance and who do not cooperate well with this study


### 2.3. Methods

(1)
Patients in group A were treated with insulin aspart 30 alone: Novo Rui 30 (Novo Nordisk China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., approval number: 2018030882, 2019010872, 2019073372 specification: 300 U/piece) 2 times/d(2)
Patients in group B were treated with insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets: NovoRapid 30 (twice/d), combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets (Guizhou Shengjitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., approval number: 20181011, 20190902, 20200605, specification: 0.25g∗60#) 500 mg/time, 3 times/d [8](3)
Patients in group C were treated with insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose: Novoray 30 (twice/d), combined with acarbose (Bai Tang Ping, Bayer Healthcare, approval number: BJ49535, BJ59265, BJ63980, specification: 50 mg∗30#) 50 mg/time, 3 times/d [9].


### 2.4. Insulin Dose

All patients stopped taking oral hypoglycemic drugs on the day of admission and the second day. The insulin and C-peptide release were detected on the third day of admission, and hypoglycemic treatment was taken before dinner on the third day. For patients with a BMI less than 24 kg, daily insulin started from 0.35 U/kg; for patients with a BMI ≥ 24 kg, insulin started from 0.45 U/kg, and the ratio of insulin before breakfast and dinner was 1 : 1. Insulin dosage was adjusted appropriately according to blood glucose levels before meals and before going to bed. The adjustment cycle was 2 d/1 time, and 3–6 U could be added to each substandard blood glucose point each time, with blood glucose less than 10 mmol/L + 3 U and blood glucose more than 10 mmol/L + 5 U. If the patient had hypoglycemia, the cause of the patient’s hypoglycemia should first be identified. If it was not a human cause, each blood sugar point where hypoglycemia occurs was −3 U each time. In all 3 groups, the insulin dose was adjusted. If the insulin dose was not up to the standard before dinner, Novoray 30 was added before lunch to adjust to the standard before dinner. Blood sugar control target: fingertip blood sugar was 4.2–7.0 mmol/L before three meals and before going to bed [10].


### 2.5. Observation Indicators

(1)
Fingertip blood glucose of all patients before treatment and after reaching the standard was detected at 8 time points, including fasting, after breakfast, before lunch, after lunch, before dinner, after dinner, 22 : 00 and 2 : 00, and the mean, standard deviation, largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE), and postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) at 8 time points were calculated. LAGE = difference between the maximum and minimum blood glucose values; PPGE = average of the absolute values of blood glucose after three meals minus the absolute values of blood glucose before three meals, respectively. Fingertip blood glucose was uniformly detected by the same Roche Excellence Glucose Meter.(2)
The incidence of hypoglycemia: the number of people with fingertip blood sugar <3.9 mmol/L/total number of the group.(3)
Time to meet the standard, daily dosage of insulin, and daily consumption: the medical staff of our hospital recorded the daily consumption, including the sum of insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin needles, and other expenses.


### 2.6. Statistical Methods

The data analysis software was SPSS 21.0, the measurement data was expressed as (x¯ ± s), and the independent sample t-test was used; the count data was expressed as the number of cases (rate), and the X2 test was used. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.


## 2.1. General Information

Ninety diabetic patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected for the prospective study. Patients were randomly and equally divided into group A (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 alone), group B (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets), and group C (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose). The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of our hospital, and all patients and their families signed an informed consent form.


## 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

### 2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria

(1)
All patients were clinically diagnosed with diabetes.(2)
The patients did not use insulin within 6 months.


### 2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria

(1)
Patients with special types of diabetes(2)
Patients with serious diseases of other organs(3)
Lactating or pregnant women(4)
Patients who were taking hypoglycemic drugs;(5)
Patients with poor compliance and who do not cooperate well with this study


## 2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria

(1)
All patients were clinically diagnosed with diabetes.(2)
The patients did not use insulin within 6 months.


## 2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria

(1)
Patients with special types of diabetes(2)
Patients with serious diseases of other organs(3)
Lactating or pregnant women(4)
Patients who were taking hypoglycemic drugs;(5)
Patients with poor compliance and who do not cooperate well with this study


## 2.3. Methods

(1)
Patients in group A were treated with insulin aspart 30 alone: Novo Rui 30 (Novo Nordisk China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., approval number: 2018030882, 2019010872, 2019073372 specification: 300 U/piece) 2 times/d(2)
Patients in group B were treated with insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets: NovoRapid 30 (twice/d), combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets (Guizhou Shengjitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., approval number: 20181011, 20190902, 20200605, specification: 0.25g∗60#) 500 mg/time, 3 times/d [8](3)
Patients in group C were treated with insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose: Novoray 30 (twice/d), combined with acarbose (Bai Tang Ping, Bayer Healthcare, approval number: BJ49535, BJ59265, BJ63980, specification: 50 mg∗30#) 50 mg/time, 3 times/d [9].


## 2.4. Insulin Dose

All patients stopped taking oral hypoglycemic drugs on the day of admission and the second day. The insulin and C-peptide release were detected on the third day of admission, and hypoglycemic treatment was taken before dinner on the third day. For patients with a BMI less than 24 kg, daily insulin started from 0.35 U/kg; for patients with a BMI ≥ 24 kg, insulin started from 0.45 U/kg, and the ratio of insulin before breakfast and dinner was 1 : 1. Insulin dosage was adjusted appropriately according to blood glucose levels before meals and before going to bed. The adjustment cycle was 2 d/1 time, and 3–6 U could be added to each substandard blood glucose point each time, with blood glucose less than 10 mmol/L + 3 U and blood glucose more than 10 mmol/L + 5 U. If the patient had hypoglycemia, the cause of the patient’s hypoglycemia should first be identified. If it was not a human cause, each blood sugar point where hypoglycemia occurs was −3 U each time. In all 3 groups, the insulin dose was adjusted. If the insulin dose was not up to the standard before dinner, Novoray 30 was added before lunch to adjust to the standard before dinner. Blood sugar control target: fingertip blood sugar was 4.2–7.0 mmol/L before three meals and before going to bed [10].


## 2.5. Observation Indicators

(1)
Fingertip blood glucose of all patients before treatment and after reaching the standard was detected at 8 time points, including fasting, after breakfast, before lunch, after lunch, before dinner, after dinner, 22 : 00 and 2 : 00, and the mean, standard deviation, largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE), and postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) at 8 time points were calculated. LAGE = difference between the maximum and minimum blood glucose values; PPGE = average of the absolute values of blood glucose after three meals minus the absolute values of blood glucose before three meals, respectively. Fingertip blood glucose was uniformly detected by the same Roche Excellence Glucose Meter.(2)
The incidence of hypoglycemia: the number of people with fingertip blood sugar <3.9 mmol/L/total number of the group.(3)
Time to meet the standard, daily dosage of insulin, and daily consumption: the medical staff of our hospital recorded the daily consumption, including the sum of insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin needles, and other expenses.


## 2.6. Statistical Methods

The data analysis software was SPSS 21.0, the measurement data was expressed as (x¯ ± s), and the independent sample t-test was used; the count data was expressed as the number of cases (rate), and the X2 test was used. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. General Information

In group A, the present sample consisted of 12 males and 18 females; aged 24–84, with an average of 59.67 ± 13.17 years old; BMI 21–26, with an average of 23.97 ± 2.43; hospitalization time 3–24 days, with an average of 9.70 ± 4.64 days. In group B, the present sample consisted of 11 males and 19 females; aged 35–89, with an average of 63.23 ± 11.73 years old; BMI 20–29, with an average of 24.72 ± 2.67; hospitalization time 5–16 days, with an average of 9.80 ± 3.35 days. In group C, the present sample consisted of 14 males and 16 females; aged 32–75, with an average of 60.93 ± 9.37 years old; BMI 19–28, with an average of 24.02 ± 2.37; hospitalization time 4–30 days, with an average of 10.60 ± 5.95 days. There was no significant difference in the general data of the three groups of patients (P>0.05), as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of general data [n (%)].
Group A (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)F/t/x2PGender1.0670.302Male131715Female171315Agex¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sMean age59.67 ± 13.1763.23 ± 11.7360.93 ± 9.370.0360.965BMI (kg/m−2)x¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sMean BMI (kg/m−2)23.97 ± 2.4324.72 ± 2.6724.02 ± 2.370.8480.432Hospital stay (day)x¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sAverage length of hospital stay (day)9.70 ± 4.649.80 ± 3.3510.60 ± 5.950.4310.651


### 3.2. Comparison of Blood Glucose

There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point before treatment in the 3 groups of patients (P>0.05); compared with the blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point in the 3 groups of patients after reaching the standard, the blood glucose after dinner in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C; the blood glucose at 2 : 00 in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at other time point (P>0.05), as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Comparison of blood glucose (x¯ ± s).
GroupFastingBeforebreakfastBeforelunchAfterlunchBeforedinnerAfterdinner22 : 002 : 00AveragebloodsugarBefore treatmentGroup A (n = 30)12.63 ± 2.6821.54 ± 2.0616.26 ± 3.6619.34 ± 3.7014.50 ± 3.9118.05 ± 3.3314.59 ± 4.7111.58 ± 2.8616.08 ± 2.90Group B (n = 30)12.76 ± 2.5720.25 ± 3.0316.06 ± 3.9119.88 ± 4.4214.36 ± 3.6118.89 ± 4.4114.60 ± 3.8211.56 ± 2.8116.05 ± 3.08Group C (n = 30)11.59 ± 2.4119.98 ± 3.6513.98 ± 2.8018.07 ± 4.1413.96 ± 3.3717.93 ± 2.5813.68 ± 2.5510.73 ± 2.4914.98 ± 2.61After reaching the standardGroup A (n = 30)5.97 ± 0.739.83 ± 3.245.56 ± 0.9911.15 ± 3.836.13 ± 0.749.77 ± 2.026.36 ± 1.355.52 ± 0.517.55 ± 0.77Group B (n = 30)5.63 ± 0.689.61 ± 1.105.31 ± 0.749.67 ± 1.936.24 ± 0.638.05 ± 2.36∗6.17 ± 1.504.93 ± 0.55∗6.95 ± 0.66Group C (n = 30)6.38 ± 0.779.29 ± 2.835.94 ± 0.829.95 ± 1.286.26 ± 0.727.10 ± 1.89∗5.72 ± 1.115.21 ± 0.446.98 ± 0.69Note.∗means P>0.05 compared with group A.


### 3.3. Comparison of Blood Glucose Fluctuations before and after Treatment

There was no significant difference in the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point in the three groups before treatment (P>0.05); the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point after reaching the standard in the three groups was compared with those in the same group before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); after reaching the standard, the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE among the three groups were compared, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparing the standard deviation of blood glucose and LAGE level at each point after reaching the standard among groups, there were statistically significant differences between group B, group C, and group A (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). The level of PPGE in group A was higher than that in group B, which was higher than group C, and the difference between group C and group A was statistically significant (P<0.05), as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Comparison of blood glucose fluctuation before and after treatment (x¯ ± s).
The level of blood sugar (m·mol/L)IndexGroup A (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)PStandard deviation before treatment3.87 ± 0.513.78 ± 0.843.51 ± 0.860.163LAGE before treatment10.87 ± 1.4810.68 ± 2.3310.11 ± 3.090.444PPGE before treatment5.39 ± 1.045.37 ± 1.385.37 ± 1.190.997Standard deviation after treatment2.85 ± 0.98#2.18 ± 0.61∗#2.03 ± 0.74∗#<0.001LAGE after treatment8.27 ± 2.94#5.98 ± 1.52∗#5.67 ± 2.22∗#<0.001PPGE after treatment4.49 ± 1.59#3.49 ± 1.18#2.83 ± 1.57∗#<0.001Note.∗means P<0.05 compared with group A; # means P<0.05 compared with before treatment.


### 3.4. Comparison of Related Indicators

There were statistically significant differences in the times of reaching the standard among the 3 groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the time of reaching the standard between groups B and C (P>0.05); there was no significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemia among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The ratio of insulin twice a day in 3 groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the daily dosage of insulin after reaching the standard in 3 groups (P<0.05). There was statistical significance in daily consumption between the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P<0.05). After reaching the standard, there was no significant difference in daily consumption between group A and group B (P>0.05), as shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of related indicators (x¯ ± s).
IndexGroup a (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)PTime to reach the standard (d)7.41 ± 1.625.58 ± 1.71∗5.30 ± 1.33∗<0.001The incidence of hypoglycemia (%)585550—Insulin ratio twice a day (%)07230—Daily dose of insulin (U)40.84 ± 8.96#31.36 ± 8.4334.31 ± 7.94#<0.001Daily consumption (¥)15.92 ± 2.53@15.09 ± 2.78@20.63 ± 2.58<0.001Note.∗means P<0.05 compared with group A; # means P<0.05 compared with group B; and @ means P<0.05 compared with group C.


## 3.1. General Information

In group A, the present sample consisted of 12 males and 18 females; aged 24–84, with an average of 59.67 ± 13.17 years old; BMI 21–26, with an average of 23.97 ± 2.43; hospitalization time 3–24 days, with an average of 9.70 ± 4.64 days. In group B, the present sample consisted of 11 males and 19 females; aged 35–89, with an average of 63.23 ± 11.73 years old; BMI 20–29, with an average of 24.72 ± 2.67; hospitalization time 5–16 days, with an average of 9.80 ± 3.35 days. In group C, the present sample consisted of 14 males and 16 females; aged 32–75, with an average of 60.93 ± 9.37 years old; BMI 19–28, with an average of 24.02 ± 2.37; hospitalization time 4–30 days, with an average of 10.60 ± 5.95 days. There was no significant difference in the general data of the three groups of patients (P>0.05), as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of general data [n (%)].
Group A (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)F/t/x2PGender1.0670.302Male131715Female171315Agex¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sMean age59.67 ± 13.1763.23 ± 11.7360.93 ± 9.370.0360.965BMI (kg/m−2)x¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sMean BMI (kg/m−2)23.97 ± 2.4324.72 ± 2.6724.02 ± 2.370.8480.432Hospital stay (day)x¯ ± sx¯ ± sx¯ ± sAverage length of hospital stay (day)9.70 ± 4.649.80 ± 3.3510.60 ± 5.950.4310.651


## 3.2. Comparison of Blood Glucose

There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point before treatment in the 3 groups of patients (P>0.05); compared with the blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point in the 3 groups of patients after reaching the standard, the blood glucose after dinner in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C; the blood glucose at 2 : 00 in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at other time point (P>0.05), as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Comparison of blood glucose (x¯ ± s).
GroupFastingBeforebreakfastBeforelunchAfterlunchBeforedinnerAfterdinner22 : 002 : 00AveragebloodsugarBefore treatmentGroup A (n = 30)12.63 ± 2.6821.54 ± 2.0616.26 ± 3.6619.34 ± 3.7014.50 ± 3.9118.05 ± 3.3314.59 ± 4.7111.58 ± 2.8616.08 ± 2.90Group B (n = 30)12.76 ± 2.5720.25 ± 3.0316.06 ± 3.9119.88 ± 4.4214.36 ± 3.6118.89 ± 4.4114.60 ± 3.8211.56 ± 2.8116.05 ± 3.08Group C (n = 30)11.59 ± 2.4119.98 ± 3.6513.98 ± 2.8018.07 ± 4.1413.96 ± 3.3717.93 ± 2.5813.68 ± 2.5510.73 ± 2.4914.98 ± 2.61After reaching the standardGroup A (n = 30)5.97 ± 0.739.83 ± 3.245.56 ± 0.9911.15 ± 3.836.13 ± 0.749.77 ± 2.026.36 ± 1.355.52 ± 0.517.55 ± 0.77Group B (n = 30)5.63 ± 0.689.61 ± 1.105.31 ± 0.749.67 ± 1.936.24 ± 0.638.05 ± 2.36∗6.17 ± 1.504.93 ± 0.55∗6.95 ± 0.66Group C (n = 30)6.38 ± 0.779.29 ± 2.835.94 ± 0.829.95 ± 1.286.26 ± 0.727.10 ± 1.89∗5.72 ± 1.115.21 ± 0.446.98 ± 0.69Note.∗means P>0.05 compared with group A.


## 3.3. Comparison of Blood Glucose Fluctuations before and after Treatment

There was no significant difference in the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point in the three groups before treatment (P>0.05); the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point after reaching the standard in the three groups was compared with those in the same group before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); after reaching the standard, the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE among the three groups were compared, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparing the standard deviation of blood glucose and LAGE level at each point after reaching the standard among groups, there were statistically significant differences between group B, group C, and group A (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). The level of PPGE in group A was higher than that in group B, which was higher than group C, and the difference between group C and group A was statistically significant (P<0.05), as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Comparison of blood glucose fluctuation before and after treatment (x¯ ± s).
The level of blood sugar (m·mol/L)IndexGroup A (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)PStandard deviation before treatment3.87 ± 0.513.78 ± 0.843.51 ± 0.860.163LAGE before treatment10.87 ± 1.4810.68 ± 2.3310.11 ± 3.090.444PPGE before treatment5.39 ± 1.045.37 ± 1.385.37 ± 1.190.997Standard deviation after treatment2.85 ± 0.98#2.18 ± 0.61∗#2.03 ± 0.74∗#<0.001LAGE after treatment8.27 ± 2.94#5.98 ± 1.52∗#5.67 ± 2.22∗#<0.001PPGE after treatment4.49 ± 1.59#3.49 ± 1.18#2.83 ± 1.57∗#<0.001Note.∗means P<0.05 compared with group A; # means P<0.05 compared with before treatment.


## 3.4. Comparison of Related Indicators

There were statistically significant differences in the times of reaching the standard among the 3 groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the time of reaching the standard between groups B and C (P>0.05); there was no significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemia among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The ratio of insulin twice a day in 3 groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the daily dosage of insulin after reaching the standard in 3 groups (P<0.05). There was statistical significance in daily consumption between the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P<0.05). After reaching the standard, there was no significant difference in daily consumption between group A and group B (P>0.05), as shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of related indicators (x¯ ± s).
IndexGroup a (n = 30)Group B (n = 30)Group C (n = 30)PTime to reach the standard (d)7.41 ± 1.625.58 ± 1.71∗5.30 ± 1.33∗<0.001The incidence of hypoglycemia (%)585550—Insulin ratio twice a day (%)07230—Daily dose of insulin (U)40.84 ± 8.96#31.36 ± 8.4334.31 ± 7.94#<0.001Daily consumption (¥)15.92 ± 2.53@15.09 ± 2.78@20.63 ± 2.58<0.001Note.∗means P<0.05 compared with group A; # means P<0.05 compared with group B; and @ means P<0.05 compared with group C.


## 4. Discussion

In patients with type 2 diabetes, postprandial blood glucose is elevated due to insufficient insulin secretion in the early stages [11]. The development and progression of chronic complications in diabetic patients are not only related to the body’s overall blood glucose but also to fluctuations in blood glucose. Excessive blood glucose drift in patients can significantly increase the rate of apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells, and vascular endothelial dysfunction is the initial link and basic pathology of macrovascular and microvascular lesions in diabetic patients [12]. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, that is, it can produce insulin by itself, but the body tissue is not sensitive to the action of insulin, and the normal amount of insulin cannot achieve the normal hypoglycemic effect [13]. Moreover, with the prolongation of the course of the disease, the function of the pancreas may decline, and the effect of the original effective insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs will be greatly reduced, so insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs need to be adjusted in time [14].Liebl et al. (2013) and other studies pointed out that the impact of blood sugar fluctuations in diabetic patients’ complications may far exceed their blood sugar levels [15]. Insulin aspart 30 used in this study was a mixture of 30% soluble insulin aspart and 70% protamine crystalline insulin aspartate. At present, it is often used clinically to compare with conventional premixed human insulin, and relevant studies have shown that the use of insulin aspart 30 can significantly improve the peak time and peak concentration of patients [16]. In terms of its control of postprandial blood glucose in patients, studies have found that menadione insulin 30 is effective in reducing the level of postprandial blood glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to regular premixed insulin [17]. In addition, the convenience of using insulin aspart 30 immediately before meals makes it have a tendency to replace regular human insulin. However, Lundby-Christensen et al. (2016) pointed out that insulin aspart 30 still has problems such as large blood sugar fluctuations, poor blood sugar control after lunch, and hypoglycemia before meals and at night [18]. Therefore, it is clinically proposed that patients need to inject insulin aspart 30 3 times a day or let it be combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets and acarbose to achieve the purpose of stably controlling their blood sugar [19]. Metformin enteric-coated tablets increase the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, enhances the glycolysis of the patient’s body, and reduces the patient’s hepatic glucose output, which can enhance the activity of PPAR-γ, thereby reducing the patient’s blood sugar and improving the insulin resistance [20]. At the same time, metformin enteric-coated tablets inhibit the uptake of glucose and cholesterol synthesis by the patient’s small intestinal cells, thus often causing a gastrointestinal response in patients and facilitating weight loss but also limiting its use in some patients [21]. Acarbose can delay the decomposition of starch and disaccharide into glucose by α-glycosidase, and reduce the expelling of mixed food in the stomach, so as to slow down the absorption rate of glucose in the body of patients, which can effectively improve the fluctuation of blood glucose and hypoglycemic events of patients after a meal [22]. There have been more clinical studies of mendon insulin 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose, but relatively fewer studies comparing the three groups [23].In this study, three groups were compared one-to-one by allowing patients to use insulin aspart 30 alone, insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets, and insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose. The results showed that insulin aspartic 30 combined with metformin metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose had less effect on blood glucose fluctuation than insulin aspartic 30 alone, and acarbose combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets had less blood glucose fluctuation, especially in the control effect of postprandial blood glucose fluctuation [24]. Wang et al. (2021) and other related studies have found that acarbose can effectively reduce postprandial blood glucose in diabetic patients, but it does not affect the reduction of nocturnal blood glucose, which is consistent with the results of this study [25]. The results of this study also showed that the combination of insulin aspart 30 with metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose can significantly shorten the time for patients to reach the target and reduce their daily insulin dosage. The blood glucose settings for this study were 4.2–7.0 mmol/L before meals and at bedtime. However, 2 daily injections of menadione insulin aspart 30 often result in poor glycemic control in the afternoon, requiring patients to have 3 daily injections to help control their blood glucose, which can add to the inconvenience of daily life. But a combination of metformin enteric-coated or acarbose can significantly reduce the number of insulin injections while meeting the target, and metformin enteric-coated tablets in combination are more effective. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemic events among the three treatment methods, and no severe hypoglycemic events occurred. Compared with the daily consumption of the three treatment methods after reaching the standard, insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose was the highest [26].As a traditional medicine in my country, Chinese medicine has a unique method for treating type 2 diabetes. For example, the classic drug is Xiaoke Pill, which is recommended for the elderly because its hypoglycemic intensity is not so great, and it is not easy to cause the so-called h, which is helpful for glycemic control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and avoiding acute complications such as hypoglycemia [27,28]. The clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes with traditional Chinese medicine is based on dialectical treatment, which is divided into two types: spleen deflation (obesity) and spleen deflation (weight loss) [29]. The following treatment recommendations are stated in the China Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2018 Edition), but the specific medication still needs to be prescribed by a professional doctor according to individual circumstances [30]. For pretype 2 diabetes syndrome of qi and yin deficiency, it is recommended to take Tianqi Jiangtang capsules orally on the basis of lifestyle intervention; for type 2 diabetes, on the basis of poor efficacy of metformin enteric-coated tablets alone, it is recommended to use Jinlida granules orally [30]. In the early and middle stages of intestinal damp-heat syndrome, it is recommended to take Gegenlinglian Decoction orally, while in the middle stage of liver-stomach stagnation-heat syndrome, it is recommended to take Dachaihu Decoction orally [30].But our study also has limitations. First of all, our sample size is small and the duration is short, so a large number of follow-up visits are required to compare the efficacy and safety of acarbose and metformin enteric-coated tablets combined with premixed insulin.


## 5. Conclusion

In summary, treating diabetic patients with insulin aspart 30 alone is ineffective and can lead to greater fluctuations in blood glucose and a longer time to reach the target. Insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose can effectively reduce blood glucose fluctuations and decrease the number of insulin injections in diabetic patients. In addition, insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets can significantly reduce the daily dosage and cost of insulin consumption in diabetic patients.



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*Source: 3541931-2022-07-08.xml*