# Fine Structures of 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4C≡CSe)C10H6 (G = H, Cl, and Br) in Crystals and Solutions: Ethynyl Influence and Y- and G-Dependences

Authors: Satoko Hayashi; Kentaro Yamane; Waro Nakanishi
Journal: Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
 (2009)

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## Abstract

Fine structures of 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4C≡CSe)C10H6 [1 (G = H) and 2 (G = Cl): Y = H (a), OMe (b), Me (c), F (d), Cl (e), CN (f), and NO2 (g)] are determined by the X-ray analysis. Structures of 1, 2, and 3 (G = Br) are called A if each Se–Csp bond is perpendicular to the naphthyl plane, whereas they are B when the bond is placed on the plane. Structures are observed as A for 1a–c bearing Y of nonacceptors, whereas they are B for 1e–g with Y of strong acceptors. The change in the structures of 1e–g versus those of 1a–c is called Y-dependence in 1. The Y-dependence is very specific in 1 relative to 1-(p-YC6H4Se)C10H7 (4) due to the ethynyl group: the Y-dependence in 1 is almost inverse to the case of 4 due to the ethynyl group. We call the specific effect “Ethynyl Influence.” Structures of 2 are observed as B: the A-type structure of 1b changes dramatically to B of 2b by G = Cl at the 8-position, which is called G-dependence. The structures of 2 and 3 are examined in solutions based on the NMR parameters.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

We are much interested in extended hypervalent bonds [m center–n electron bonds (mc-ne:m≥4) [1–11] higher than 3c–4e [1, 12–14]. The nature of 4c–6e [1–5] is demonstrated to be very different from that of 3c–4e [1, 12–18]. Our strategy to construct the extended hypervalent bonds is to employ the interactions caused by direct orbital overlaps between nonbonded atoms [1–11, 19–21]. Weak interactions control fine structures and create delicate functionalities of materials [15, 22–40]. Recently, extended hypervalent bonds are shown to play an important role in physical, chemical and biological properties of the compounds [41–50]. On the other hand, the ethynyl group and the derivatives are of great importance as building blocks in the material design of high functionality [51–64]. Indeed, the ethynyl π and π* orbitals play an important role to appear specific properties in 8-G-1-(Ph3SiC≡C)C10H6 (G = OMe and NMe2) [65], but the ethynyl σ and σ* orbitals must also be of interest to originate the functionalities of materials. It will be great interest if the ethynyl group is joined to the extended hypervalent bonds constructed by the group 16 elements, such as I (Scheme  1).As the first step to clarify the factors to control the fine structures of the ethynyl joined extended hypervalent compounds such asI1, the ethynyl influence and Y- and G-dependences as the factors to control fine structures of 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4C≡CSe)C10H6 [1 (G = H) [66], 2 (G = Cl) [67], and 3 (G = Br) [67]: Y = H (a), OMe (b), Me (c), F (d), Cl (e), CN (f), and NO2 (g)] are elucidated (Scheme 2). The Y- and G-dependences are also discussed for 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4Se)C10H6 [4 (G = H) [22], 5 (G = Cl) [16], and 6 (G = Br) [16] for convenience of comparison.1–3 are prepared and the structures of some compounds are determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis.Scheme 1Scheme 2Structures of the naphthalene system are well explained by the three types,A, B, and C, in our definition, where the Se–Csp bond is perpendicular to the naphthyl plane in A, it is placed on the plane in B, and C is intermediate between A and B [4, 15, 16, 22, 23, 68]. The A, B, and C notations are employed for the structures around the Se–CNap bonds in 1–6. The planar (pl) and perpendicular (pd) notations are also used to specify the structures of 1–6, where they specify the conformers around the Se–C≡C–CAr (abbreviated Se–CAr) bonds in 1–3 and those around Se–CAr in 4–6. Scheme 3 illustrates plausible structures of 1–3. Combined notations such as (A: pl) and (B: pd) are employed for the structures. The structures of 4 are B for Y of donating groups such as OMe, whereas they are A for Y of accepting groups such as NO2 [22]. We call the results Y-dependence. The magnitude of the p(Se)–π(Ar/Nap) conjugation must be the origin of Y-dependence in 4.Scheme 3
Plausible structures of1–3: A and B notation for naphthyl group, pd and pl for phenyl group, and the combined one for 1–3.Scheme 4
Illustration for the structures of7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd).Here, we report the fine structures of1 and 2 determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis as a factor to control the fine structures. We call the factor “Ethynyl Influence” in 1 and the G-dependence arise from the nonbonded np(G)⋯σ*(Se–Csp) 3c–4e interaction or the G⋯Se–Csp–Csp–Csp2 5c–6e type interaction in 2 and 3. The behaviors of 1–3 in solutions are also examined, containing the selective 1H, 13C-NOE difference spectroscopic measurements, to estimate the efficiency of the factors based on NMR parameters.


## 2. Experimental

### 2.1. Materials and Measurements

Manipulations were performed under an argon atmosphere with standard vacuum-line techniques. Glassware was dried at 130°C overnight. Solvents and reagents were purified by standard procedures as necessary.Melting points were measured with a Yanaco-MP apparatus of uncollected. Flash column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Fujisilysia PSQ-100B), acidic and basic alumina (E. Merck).1–3 were prepared by the methods described elsewhere [67, 68].NMR spectra were recorded at 297 K on a JEOL AL-300 MHz spectrometer (1H, 300 MHz; 77Se, 57 MHz) on a JEOL ECP-400 MHz spectrometer (1H, 400 MHz; 13C, 100 MHz) in chloroform-d solutions (0.050 M)2. Chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to one of TMS for 1H NMR spectra and relative to reference compound Me2Se for 77Se NMR spectra.


### 2.2. X-Ray Crystal Structure Determination

Single crystals of some of1 and 2 were obtained by slow evaporation of dichloromethane-hexane and/or ethyl acetate solutions at room temperature. X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Rigaku/MSC Mercury CCD diffractometer equipped with a graphite-monochromated MoKα radiation source (λ=0.71070Å) at 103(2) K. The structures were solved by direct methods (SIR97) [69] for 1a–c, 1e–g, and2e and (SHELXS-97) [70] for 2b, and (SIR2004) [71] for 2g and refined by the full-matrix least squares method on F2  for all reflections (SHELXL-97) [72]. All of the nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. CCDC-666789 (1a), CCDC-666790 (1b), CCDC-666791 (1c), CCDC-666792 (1e), CCDC-666793 (1f), CCDC-666794 (1g), CCDC-687206 (2b), CCDC-687207 (2e), and CCDC-687208 (2g) are available. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk.


## 2.1. Materials and Measurements

Manipulations were performed under an argon atmosphere with standard vacuum-line techniques. Glassware was dried at 130°C overnight. Solvents and reagents were purified by standard procedures as necessary.Melting points were measured with a Yanaco-MP apparatus of uncollected. Flash column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Fujisilysia PSQ-100B), acidic and basic alumina (E. Merck).1–3 were prepared by the methods described elsewhere [67, 68].NMR spectra were recorded at 297 K on a JEOL AL-300 MHz spectrometer (1H, 300 MHz; 77Se, 57 MHz) on a JEOL ECP-400 MHz spectrometer (1H, 400 MHz; 13C, 100 MHz) in chloroform-d solutions (0.050 M)2. Chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to one of TMS for 1H NMR spectra and relative to reference compound Me2Se for 77Se NMR spectra.


## 2.2. X-Ray Crystal Structure Determination

Single crystals of some of1 and 2 were obtained by slow evaporation of dichloromethane-hexane and/or ethyl acetate solutions at room temperature. X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Rigaku/MSC Mercury CCD diffractometer equipped with a graphite-monochromated MoKα radiation source (λ=0.71070Å) at 103(2) K. The structures were solved by direct methods (SIR97) [69] for 1a–c, 1e–g, and2e and (SHELXS-97) [70] for 2b, and (SIR2004) [71] for 2g and refined by the full-matrix least squares method on F2  for all reflections (SHELXL-97) [72]. All of the nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. CCDC-666789 (1a), CCDC-666790 (1b), CCDC-666791 (1c), CCDC-666792 (1e), CCDC-666793 (1f), CCDC-666794 (1g), CCDC-687206 (2b), CCDC-687207 (2e), and CCDC-687208 (2g) are available. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Structures of1 and 2 in Crystals

Single crystals were obtained for1a–c, 1e–g, 2b, 2e, and 2g via slow evaporation of dichloromethane-hexane or ethyl acetate solutions. The X-ray crystallographic analyses were carried out for a suitable crystal of each compound. One type of structure corresponds to 1b, 1c, 1e–g, 2b, 2e, and 2g and two-type ones to 1a in the crystals. The crystallographic data and the structures are reported elsewhere [66, 67]. Figure 1 summarizes structures of 1 and 2, relative to 4–6. Table 1 collects the selected interatomic distances, angles, and torsional angles, necessary for the discussion. The atomic numbering scheme is shown for 1b in Figure 1, as an example.Table 1
Selected bond distances, angles, and torsional angles around Se atom, observed in1 and 2(a).
1aA1aB1b1c1e1f1gr(Se1, C1) (Å)1.9321(19)1.9315(15)1.9243(18)(b)1.936(2)1.933(2)1.935(2)1.9335(19)r(Se1, C11) (Å)1.8406(18)1.8233(15)1.8381(19)(c)1.847(2)1.844(2)1.829(3)1.825(2)∠C1Se1C11 (˚)98.07(7)99.68(8)(d)98.46(9)99.07(10)98.92(11)98.93(9)98.41(6)∠C2C1Se1 (˚)117.37(14)122.17(11)116.77(15)(e)117.61(16)117.61(17)121.26(19)122.02(15)∠C10C1Se1 (˚)121.12(13)116.44(11)121.74(14)(f)120.89(15)120.84(17)116.86(18)116.32(14)∠C10C1Se1C11 (˚)60.64(15)171.42(11)62.36(15)(g)–79.69(17)–78.92(19)–169.24(19)171.59(15)∠C1Se1C13C14 (˚)–54.80–135.72(h)–58.78126.88–123.63176.472.61Structure(A: pd)(A: np)(i)(A: pd)(A: pd)(B: pd)(B: pl)(B: pl)2b2e2gr(Se1, Cl1) (Å)2.9495(16)2.9753(17)2.9454(15)r(Se1, C1) (Å)1.946(4)1.9458(18)1.945(2)r(Se1, C11) (Å)1.831(5)1.8383(19)1.829(2)r(Cl1, C9) (Å)1.749(4)1.7443(18)1.744(2)∠Cl1Se1C11 (°)179.18(15)165.51(17)175.70(15)∠Se1C11C12 (°)167.2(4)173.07(17)170.6(2)∠C1Se1C11 (°)99.7(2)98.47(8)99.32(10)∠C2C1Se1 (°)118.0(3)117.64(14)117.70(17)∠C10C1Se1 (°)121.7(3)122.39(13)122.21(16)∠C10C1Se1C11 (°)170.5(3)–164.16(15)171.80(19)∠C1Se1C13C14 (°)104.41(6)102.59(8)3.68(7)Structure(B: pd)(B: pd)(B: pl)(a) The atomic numbering scheme is shown for 1b in Figure 1, as an example. (b)r(Se2, C19).  (c)r(Se2, C29).  (d)∠C19SeC29.  (e)∠C20C19Se2.  (f)∠C28C19Se2.  (g)∠C28C19Se2C29.  (h)∠C19Se2C31C32. (i) Intermediate structure between (A: pd) and (A: pl).Figure 1
Ethynyl Influence in 1 and 2 and Y-dependence in 1, 2, and 4–6.As shown in Figure1 and Table 1, the structure of 1 is A for Y of nonacceptors (1(A)) such as H (a), OMe (b), and Me (c), whereas that of 1 is B for Y of acceptors (1(B)) such as Cl (e), CN (f), and NO2 (g) (Scheme 2). The results are quite a contrast to the case of 4, where the structure of 4 is B with Y = OMe, and they are A when Y = Cl and NO2. The ethynyl group interrupted between p-YC6H4 and Se changes the structures dramatically: (B: pd) of 4b to (A: pd) of 1b, (A: pl) of 4e to (B: pd) of 1e, and (A: pl) of 4 (Y = CO2Et) to (B: pl) of 1g, where Y = CO2Et is employed in place of Y = NO2 for 4 [22]. The direction of Y-dependence in 1 is just the inverse to the case of 4. We call the factor to determine the fine structure of 1 “Ethynyl Influence”.The change in the structures of1e–g versus those of 1a–c is called Y-dependence in 1. The Y-dependence is very specific in 1 relative to 4 due to the ethynyl group: the Y-dependence in 1 is almost inverse to the case of 4 due to the ethynyl group. We call the specific effect “Ethynyl Influence.”In the case of the structures of2, they are (B: pd) for 2b and 2e and (B: pl) for 2g. The results exhibit that 1b (A: pd) changes dramatically to 2b (B: pd) by G = Cl at the 8-position in 2. We call the effect G-dependence in 2. The effect fixes the structure of 2 to B. While the variety of structures such as (A: pd), (B: pd), and (B: pl) are observed in 1, the observed structure is only B in 2. The observation is quite different from that in 1, again. The observed structure of 1g is substantially different from that of 6g. Y-dependence in 2 must be very similar to that in 1.After explanation of the observed structures of1 in crystals, the role of crystal packing forces is examined in relation to the fine structures of 1.


### 3.2. Crystal Packing Forces as Factor to Determine Fine Structure of1

The structures of1a–c are observed as dimers. Figure 2 shows the dimer formed from 1a, which contains 1aA and 1aB. Se atoms in the 1a dimer are in short contact with C at the 6′ position of the partner molecule, and the Se1—C6′ distance is 3.392 Å. Dimers of 1b and 1c are essentially the same as that of 1a. An Se atom in the 1b dimer is in short contact with C at the 4′ position of the partner molecule. The overlap between two naphthyl planes seems larger for the 1b dimer relative to the 1a dimer. The driving force of the dimer formation must be the energy lowering effect by the π-stacking of the naphthyl groups. The π(C)⋯σ*(Se–Csp) 3c–4e interaction must also contribute to stabilize the dimers. The dimer formation must stabilize the A structure for 1a–c. It would be difficult to conclude whether the structures are A or B without such dimer formation. However, the A structure of 1a–c would be suggested without the aid of the dimer formation by considering the electron affinity of naphthalene (NapH) and the evaluated values for p-YC6H4CCH (Y = H, OMe, and Me), which are the components of 1.Figure 2
Dimer formed in1a, which contains 1aA and 1aB: (a) a side view (r(Se1—C6′): 3.392 Å) and (b) a top view.Plots ofδ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 2) (a) and δ(Se: 3) versus δ(Se: 2) (b).
(a)(b)After the establishment of the structures of1 and 2 in crystals, next extension is to examine the structures of 1–3 in solutions.


### 3.3. Behavior of1-3 in Solutions Based on NMR Spectroscopy

9-(Arylselanyl)anthracenes [9-(p-YC6H4Se)C14H9: 7] and 1-(arylselanyl)anthraquinones [9-(p-YC6H4Se)C14H7O2: 8] with all Y shown in Scheme 2 are demonstrated to serve as the standards for the structures of (A: pl) and (B: pd) in solutions, respectively [73, 74]. Scheme 3 illustrates the structures of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd). Consequently, 1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 are also served as the standards to determine the (A: pl) and (B: pd) structures in solutions. The structures and the behaviors of 1–3 are investigated in solutions based on the NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 by comparing those of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd).1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 were measured in chloroform-d solutions (0.050 M) at 297 K.2 Table 2 collects the substituent induced δδ(H2), δ(H8), and δ(Se) values for 1–3. Table 2 also collects the values for 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd). The values of 1–3change depending on Y, although the magnitudes are not so large. How are the changes in the chemical shifts depending on Y correlated to the structural changes in solutions? The changes in 1–3 are examined by comparing those in 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd).Table 2
1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts in 1-3, together with those in 7 and 8(a,b).
YOMeMeHFClCNNO2bcadefg1δ(H2)7.7797.7877.7987.8037.8097.8457.857δ(H8)8.0108.0198.0338.0388.0458.0878.102δ(Se)240.9241.4241.4240.5241.3243.9244.92δ(H2)8.3688.3718.3778.3388.3268.2988.309δ(Se)327.1329.2327.9327.7329.0332.7334.23δ(H2)8.4328.4308.4408.3998.389δ(Se)323.1325.2323.7323.7324.87δ(H1)8.9298.8898.8848.8568.8098.6988.666δ(Se)236.8242.4249.0245.4247.5275.2279.38δ(H2)7.2607.2617.2377.1997.2207.1817.185δ(H8)8.3748.3658.3528.3578.3638.3638.370δ(Se)497.3503.4512.3502.2505.3504.1509.8(a) In CDCl3. (b) From TMS for δ(H) and from Me2Se for δ(Se).To organize the process for the analysis,δ(H2: 3) and δ(Se: 3) are plotted versus δ(H2: 2) andδ(Se: 2), respectively. Figure 2 shows the plots. The correlations are given in Table 3 (entries 1 and 2, resp.). The correlations are very good (r≥0.995). The results show that the structure of each member in 3 is very close to that of 2, in solutions. Therefore, the structures of 2 should be analyzed from the viewpoint of the orientational effect, together with those of 1. The anisotropic effect of the C≡C bond in 3 (G = Br) might be stronger than that in 2(G = Cl), since δ(H2) values of 3 (8.39–8.44) are observed slightly more downfield than those of 2 (8.30–8.38).Table 3
Correlations ofδ(H) and δ(Se) in 1-3,7, and 8 in solutions(a).
EntriesCorrelationabr2n(Y)1δ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 2)0.9940.110.9965(c)2δ(Se:3) versus δ(Se:2)0.93916.10.9955(c)3δ(H2: 1) versus δ(H1: 7)–0.29010.370.9927(b)4δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H1: 7)0.2895.790.9177(b)5δ(H2: 1) versus δ(H2: 8)–0.78413.470.8957(b)6δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H2: 8)0.8562.160.9067(b)7δ(H8: 1) versus δ(H1: 7)–0.33711.020.9907(b)8δ(Se:1) versus δ(Se:7)0.098217.20.9617(b)9δ(Se:2) versus δ(Se:7)0.157289.80.9577(b)10δ(Se:2) versus δ(Se:8)0.261197.00.7867(b)(a)The constants (a, b, r) are defined by y = ax + b (r: correlation coefficient). (b)  Y = OMe, Me, H, F, Cl, CN, and NO2. (c) Y = OMe, Me, H, F, and Cl.As shown in Table2, the δ(H2) values of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd) appear at 8.67–8.93 and 7.18–7.26, respectively, which should be the anisotropic effect of the phenyl group: the H2 atom in 7(A: pl) exists on the in-plane area of the phenyl group, whereas it resides upside of the group in 8(B: pd). On the other hand, δ(H2) of 1appear at 7.78–7.86, whereas those of 2 are 8.30–8.38. We must be careful when the structures of 1–3 are considered based on δ(H2), since H atoms above the C≡C bond is more deshielded which is just the inverse anisotropic effect by the phenyl group. The magnitudes of the former must be smaller than of the latter. Namely, the structures of 2 and 3 are expected to be B in solutions, although the slight equilibrium between A and B could not be neglected. The structures of 1 would be A in solutions, although A may equilibrate with B to some extent. Figure 4 shows the plots of δ(H2: 1 and 2) versus δ(H1: 7) and δ(H2: 8). The plots appear from downfield to upfield in an order of δ(H2: 1) ≪δ(H2: 2). The correlations are given in Table 3 (entries 3–6), which support above discussion.Plots ofδ(H2: 1 and 2) versus δ(H1: 7) (a) and δ(H2: 8) (b): ○ for 1 and  for 2.
(a)(b)δ(H8: 1) and δ(Se: 1) are plotted versus δ(H1: 7) and δ(Se: 7), respectively. Figure 5 shows the results. The correlations are shown in Table 3 (entries 7 and 8, resp.). The correlation of the former is good, which means that (A: pl) contributes predominantly to the structures of 1, although the correlation constant is a negative value of –0.34. The negative value would be the reflection of the inverse anisotropic effect between the phenylπ system and the ethynyl group. It is concluded that the structures of 1 in solutions are substantially (A: pl) with some contributions of (B: pd) and/or (B: pl) through the equilibrium. The correlation for the plot of δ(Se: 1) versus δ(Se: 7) also supports the conclusion, although A is suggested to equilibrate with B in solutions.Plots ofδ(H8: 1) versusδ(H1: 7) (a) and δ(Se: 1) versus δ(Se: 7) (b).
(a)(b)Indeed, the preferential contribution ofB is predicted for 2, but, the plots of δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H2: 8) do not give good correlations (Panel (b) of Figure 4 and entry 6 in Table 3). Although not shown, the plot of δ(Se: 2) versus δ(Se: 8) did not give good correlation either (entry 10 in Table 3). The plots of δ(Se: 2) versus δ(Se: 7) gave rather good correlation (entry 9 in Table 3). The discrepancy must come mainly from the equilibrium between (B: pd) and (B: pl). Namely, the structures of 2 are predominantly B, which are in equilibrium between (B: pd) and (B: pl) especially for Y of strong electron accepted groups (Scheme 5). The equilibrium with A would exist but the contribution must be small for most of Y.Scheme 5
Equilibrium in2: 2 (B: pd) is expected to be the substantial structure in solutions.TheB structures of 2 and 3 in solutions are determined based on the large downfield shifts of δ(H2: 2) and δ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 1). The reason for the structural determination in solutions will be discussed, next.


### 3.4. Selective1H, 13C-NOE Difference Spectroscopy for 1eand 2e in Solutions

1e (G = H, Y = Cl) and 2e (G = Y = Cl) were employed for the selective 1H, 13C-NOE difference spectroscopy. 13C NMR spectra were measured for 1e and 2e under the completely 1H decoupling mode, the off-resonance decoupling mode, and the selective 1H, 13C -NOE difference mode at the δ(H2) frequency: The atom numbers are shown in Scheme 2. Figure 6 shows the 13C NMR spectra for 2e. Panels (a)–(c) of Figure 6 correspond to the selective 1H, 13C -NOE difference spectroscopy, off-resonance decoupling spectroscopy, and completely decoupling spectroscopy, respectively. As shown in Panel (a) of Figure 6, the selective irradiation at the δ(H2) frequency of 2e enhances exclusively the 13C NMR signals of C2 and C9 of 2e, relative to others. On the other hand, only 13C NMR signal of C2 of 1e is enhanced relative to others, when the δ(H2) frequency of 1e is selectively irradiated, although not shown. The results must be the reflection of the expectation that H2 is very close to C9  in 2e to arise the nuclear interaction resulting in the NOE enhancement, whereas such interaction does not appear between H2 and C9 in 1e due to the long distance between them. Namely, structures of 1e and 2e are demonstrated to be A and B, respectively, in solutions on the basis of the homonuclear NOE difference spectroscopy. The structure of 3e must also B in solutions on the analogy of the case in 2e. The results strongly support above conclusion derived from the δ(H2) values of 1–3.(a) Selective1H, 13C-NOE difference spectrum, (b) off-resonance decoupling spectrum, and (c) completely 1H decoupled spectrum for 2e.
(a)(b)(c)


## 3.1. Structures of1 and 2 in Crystals

Single crystals were obtained for1a–c, 1e–g, 2b, 2e, and 2g via slow evaporation of dichloromethane-hexane or ethyl acetate solutions. The X-ray crystallographic analyses were carried out for a suitable crystal of each compound. One type of structure corresponds to 1b, 1c, 1e–g, 2b, 2e, and 2g and two-type ones to 1a in the crystals. The crystallographic data and the structures are reported elsewhere [66, 67]. Figure 1 summarizes structures of 1 and 2, relative to 4–6. Table 1 collects the selected interatomic distances, angles, and torsional angles, necessary for the discussion. The atomic numbering scheme is shown for 1b in Figure 1, as an example.Table 1
Selected bond distances, angles, and torsional angles around Se atom, observed in1 and 2(a).
1aA1aB1b1c1e1f1gr(Se1, C1) (Å)1.9321(19)1.9315(15)1.9243(18)(b)1.936(2)1.933(2)1.935(2)1.9335(19)r(Se1, C11) (Å)1.8406(18)1.8233(15)1.8381(19)(c)1.847(2)1.844(2)1.829(3)1.825(2)∠C1Se1C11 (˚)98.07(7)99.68(8)(d)98.46(9)99.07(10)98.92(11)98.93(9)98.41(6)∠C2C1Se1 (˚)117.37(14)122.17(11)116.77(15)(e)117.61(16)117.61(17)121.26(19)122.02(15)∠C10C1Se1 (˚)121.12(13)116.44(11)121.74(14)(f)120.89(15)120.84(17)116.86(18)116.32(14)∠C10C1Se1C11 (˚)60.64(15)171.42(11)62.36(15)(g)–79.69(17)–78.92(19)–169.24(19)171.59(15)∠C1Se1C13C14 (˚)–54.80–135.72(h)–58.78126.88–123.63176.472.61Structure(A: pd)(A: np)(i)(A: pd)(A: pd)(B: pd)(B: pl)(B: pl)2b2e2gr(Se1, Cl1) (Å)2.9495(16)2.9753(17)2.9454(15)r(Se1, C1) (Å)1.946(4)1.9458(18)1.945(2)r(Se1, C11) (Å)1.831(5)1.8383(19)1.829(2)r(Cl1, C9) (Å)1.749(4)1.7443(18)1.744(2)∠Cl1Se1C11 (°)179.18(15)165.51(17)175.70(15)∠Se1C11C12 (°)167.2(4)173.07(17)170.6(2)∠C1Se1C11 (°)99.7(2)98.47(8)99.32(10)∠C2C1Se1 (°)118.0(3)117.64(14)117.70(17)∠C10C1Se1 (°)121.7(3)122.39(13)122.21(16)∠C10C1Se1C11 (°)170.5(3)–164.16(15)171.80(19)∠C1Se1C13C14 (°)104.41(6)102.59(8)3.68(7)Structure(B: pd)(B: pd)(B: pl)(a) The atomic numbering scheme is shown for 1b in Figure 1, as an example. (b)r(Se2, C19).  (c)r(Se2, C29).  (d)∠C19SeC29.  (e)∠C20C19Se2.  (f)∠C28C19Se2.  (g)∠C28C19Se2C29.  (h)∠C19Se2C31C32. (i) Intermediate structure between (A: pd) and (A: pl).Figure 1
Ethynyl Influence in 1 and 2 and Y-dependence in 1, 2, and 4–6.As shown in Figure1 and Table 1, the structure of 1 is A for Y of nonacceptors (1(A)) such as H (a), OMe (b), and Me (c), whereas that of 1 is B for Y of acceptors (1(B)) such as Cl (e), CN (f), and NO2 (g) (Scheme 2). The results are quite a contrast to the case of 4, where the structure of 4 is B with Y = OMe, and they are A when Y = Cl and NO2. The ethynyl group interrupted between p-YC6H4 and Se changes the structures dramatically: (B: pd) of 4b to (A: pd) of 1b, (A: pl) of 4e to (B: pd) of 1e, and (A: pl) of 4 (Y = CO2Et) to (B: pl) of 1g, where Y = CO2Et is employed in place of Y = NO2 for 4 [22]. The direction of Y-dependence in 1 is just the inverse to the case of 4. We call the factor to determine the fine structure of 1 “Ethynyl Influence”.The change in the structures of1e–g versus those of 1a–c is called Y-dependence in 1. The Y-dependence is very specific in 1 relative to 4 due to the ethynyl group: the Y-dependence in 1 is almost inverse to the case of 4 due to the ethynyl group. We call the specific effect “Ethynyl Influence.”In the case of the structures of2, they are (B: pd) for 2b and 2e and (B: pl) for 2g. The results exhibit that 1b (A: pd) changes dramatically to 2b (B: pd) by G = Cl at the 8-position in 2. We call the effect G-dependence in 2. The effect fixes the structure of 2 to B. While the variety of structures such as (A: pd), (B: pd), and (B: pl) are observed in 1, the observed structure is only B in 2. The observation is quite different from that in 1, again. The observed structure of 1g is substantially different from that of 6g. Y-dependence in 2 must be very similar to that in 1.After explanation of the observed structures of1 in crystals, the role of crystal packing forces is examined in relation to the fine structures of 1.


## 3.2. Crystal Packing Forces as Factor to Determine Fine Structure of1

The structures of1a–c are observed as dimers. Figure 2 shows the dimer formed from 1a, which contains 1aA and 1aB. Se atoms in the 1a dimer are in short contact with C at the 6′ position of the partner molecule, and the Se1—C6′ distance is 3.392 Å. Dimers of 1b and 1c are essentially the same as that of 1a. An Se atom in the 1b dimer is in short contact with C at the 4′ position of the partner molecule. The overlap between two naphthyl planes seems larger for the 1b dimer relative to the 1a dimer. The driving force of the dimer formation must be the energy lowering effect by the π-stacking of the naphthyl groups. The π(C)⋯σ*(Se–Csp) 3c–4e interaction must also contribute to stabilize the dimers. The dimer formation must stabilize the A structure for 1a–c. It would be difficult to conclude whether the structures are A or B without such dimer formation. However, the A structure of 1a–c would be suggested without the aid of the dimer formation by considering the electron affinity of naphthalene (NapH) and the evaluated values for p-YC6H4CCH (Y = H, OMe, and Me), which are the components of 1.Figure 2
Dimer formed in1a, which contains 1aA and 1aB: (a) a side view (r(Se1—C6′): 3.392 Å) and (b) a top view.Plots ofδ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 2) (a) and δ(Se: 3) versus δ(Se: 2) (b).
(a)(b)After the establishment of the structures of1 and 2 in crystals, next extension is to examine the structures of 1–3 in solutions.


## 3.3. Behavior of1-3 in Solutions Based on NMR Spectroscopy

9-(Arylselanyl)anthracenes [9-(p-YC6H4Se)C14H9: 7] and 1-(arylselanyl)anthraquinones [9-(p-YC6H4Se)C14H7O2: 8] with all Y shown in Scheme 2 are demonstrated to serve as the standards for the structures of (A: pl) and (B: pd) in solutions, respectively [73, 74]. Scheme 3 illustrates the structures of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd). Consequently, 1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 are also served as the standards to determine the (A: pl) and (B: pd) structures in solutions. The structures and the behaviors of 1–3 are investigated in solutions based on the NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 by comparing those of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd).1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts of 1–3 were measured in chloroform-d solutions (0.050 M) at 297 K.2 Table 2 collects the substituent induced δδ(H2), δ(H8), and δ(Se) values for 1–3. Table 2 also collects the values for 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd). The values of 1–3change depending on Y, although the magnitudes are not so large. How are the changes in the chemical shifts depending on Y correlated to the structural changes in solutions? The changes in 1–3 are examined by comparing those in 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd).Table 2
1H and 77Se NMR chemical shifts in 1-3, together with those in 7 and 8(a,b).
YOMeMeHFClCNNO2bcadefg1δ(H2)7.7797.7877.7987.8037.8097.8457.857δ(H8)8.0108.0198.0338.0388.0458.0878.102δ(Se)240.9241.4241.4240.5241.3243.9244.92δ(H2)8.3688.3718.3778.3388.3268.2988.309δ(Se)327.1329.2327.9327.7329.0332.7334.23δ(H2)8.4328.4308.4408.3998.389δ(Se)323.1325.2323.7323.7324.87δ(H1)8.9298.8898.8848.8568.8098.6988.666δ(Se)236.8242.4249.0245.4247.5275.2279.38δ(H2)7.2607.2617.2377.1997.2207.1817.185δ(H8)8.3748.3658.3528.3578.3638.3638.370δ(Se)497.3503.4512.3502.2505.3504.1509.8(a) In CDCl3. (b) From TMS for δ(H) and from Me2Se for δ(Se).To organize the process for the analysis,δ(H2: 3) and δ(Se: 3) are plotted versus δ(H2: 2) andδ(Se: 2), respectively. Figure 2 shows the plots. The correlations are given in Table 3 (entries 1 and 2, resp.). The correlations are very good (r≥0.995). The results show that the structure of each member in 3 is very close to that of 2, in solutions. Therefore, the structures of 2 should be analyzed from the viewpoint of the orientational effect, together with those of 1. The anisotropic effect of the C≡C bond in 3 (G = Br) might be stronger than that in 2(G = Cl), since δ(H2) values of 3 (8.39–8.44) are observed slightly more downfield than those of 2 (8.30–8.38).Table 3
Correlations ofδ(H) and δ(Se) in 1-3,7, and 8 in solutions(a).
EntriesCorrelationabr2n(Y)1δ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 2)0.9940.110.9965(c)2δ(Se:3) versus δ(Se:2)0.93916.10.9955(c)3δ(H2: 1) versus δ(H1: 7)–0.29010.370.9927(b)4δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H1: 7)0.2895.790.9177(b)5δ(H2: 1) versus δ(H2: 8)–0.78413.470.8957(b)6δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H2: 8)0.8562.160.9067(b)7δ(H8: 1) versus δ(H1: 7)–0.33711.020.9907(b)8δ(Se:1) versus δ(Se:7)0.098217.20.9617(b)9δ(Se:2) versus δ(Se:7)0.157289.80.9577(b)10δ(Se:2) versus δ(Se:8)0.261197.00.7867(b)(a)The constants (a, b, r) are defined by y = ax + b (r: correlation coefficient). (b)  Y = OMe, Me, H, F, Cl, CN, and NO2. (c) Y = OMe, Me, H, F, and Cl.As shown in Table2, the δ(H2) values of 7(A: pl) and 8(B: pd) appear at 8.67–8.93 and 7.18–7.26, respectively, which should be the anisotropic effect of the phenyl group: the H2 atom in 7(A: pl) exists on the in-plane area of the phenyl group, whereas it resides upside of the group in 8(B: pd). On the other hand, δ(H2) of 1appear at 7.78–7.86, whereas those of 2 are 8.30–8.38. We must be careful when the structures of 1–3 are considered based on δ(H2), since H atoms above the C≡C bond is more deshielded which is just the inverse anisotropic effect by the phenyl group. The magnitudes of the former must be smaller than of the latter. Namely, the structures of 2 and 3 are expected to be B in solutions, although the slight equilibrium between A and B could not be neglected. The structures of 1 would be A in solutions, although A may equilibrate with B to some extent. Figure 4 shows the plots of δ(H2: 1 and 2) versus δ(H1: 7) and δ(H2: 8). The plots appear from downfield to upfield in an order of δ(H2: 1) ≪δ(H2: 2). The correlations are given in Table 3 (entries 3–6), which support above discussion.Plots ofδ(H2: 1 and 2) versus δ(H1: 7) (a) and δ(H2: 8) (b): ○ for 1 and  for 2.
(a)(b)δ(H8: 1) and δ(Se: 1) are plotted versus δ(H1: 7) and δ(Se: 7), respectively. Figure 5 shows the results. The correlations are shown in Table 3 (entries 7 and 8, resp.). The correlation of the former is good, which means that (A: pl) contributes predominantly to the structures of 1, although the correlation constant is a negative value of –0.34. The negative value would be the reflection of the inverse anisotropic effect between the phenylπ system and the ethynyl group. It is concluded that the structures of 1 in solutions are substantially (A: pl) with some contributions of (B: pd) and/or (B: pl) through the equilibrium. The correlation for the plot of δ(Se: 1) versus δ(Se: 7) also supports the conclusion, although A is suggested to equilibrate with B in solutions.Plots ofδ(H8: 1) versusδ(H1: 7) (a) and δ(Se: 1) versus δ(Se: 7) (b).
(a)(b)Indeed, the preferential contribution ofB is predicted for 2, but, the plots of δ(H2: 2) versus δ(H2: 8) do not give good correlations (Panel (b) of Figure 4 and entry 6 in Table 3). Although not shown, the plot of δ(Se: 2) versus δ(Se: 8) did not give good correlation either (entry 10 in Table 3). The plots of δ(Se: 2) versus δ(Se: 7) gave rather good correlation (entry 9 in Table 3). The discrepancy must come mainly from the equilibrium between (B: pd) and (B: pl). Namely, the structures of 2 are predominantly B, which are in equilibrium between (B: pd) and (B: pl) especially for Y of strong electron accepted groups (Scheme 5). The equilibrium with A would exist but the contribution must be small for most of Y.Scheme 5
Equilibrium in2: 2 (B: pd) is expected to be the substantial structure in solutions.TheB structures of 2 and 3 in solutions are determined based on the large downfield shifts of δ(H2: 2) and δ(H2: 3) versus δ(H2: 1). The reason for the structural determination in solutions will be discussed, next.


## 3.4. Selective1H, 13C-NOE Difference Spectroscopy for 1eand 2e in Solutions

1e (G = H, Y = Cl) and 2e (G = Y = Cl) were employed for the selective 1H, 13C-NOE difference spectroscopy. 13C NMR spectra were measured for 1e and 2e under the completely 1H decoupling mode, the off-resonance decoupling mode, and the selective 1H, 13C -NOE difference mode at the δ(H2) frequency: The atom numbers are shown in Scheme 2. Figure 6 shows the 13C NMR spectra for 2e. Panels (a)–(c) of Figure 6 correspond to the selective 1H, 13C -NOE difference spectroscopy, off-resonance decoupling spectroscopy, and completely decoupling spectroscopy, respectively. As shown in Panel (a) of Figure 6, the selective irradiation at the δ(H2) frequency of 2e enhances exclusively the 13C NMR signals of C2 and C9 of 2e, relative to others. On the other hand, only 13C NMR signal of C2 of 1e is enhanced relative to others, when the δ(H2) frequency of 1e is selectively irradiated, although not shown. The results must be the reflection of the expectation that H2 is very close to C9  in 2e to arise the nuclear interaction resulting in the NOE enhancement, whereas such interaction does not appear between H2 and C9 in 1e due to the long distance between them. Namely, structures of 1e and 2e are demonstrated to be A and B, respectively, in solutions on the basis of the homonuclear NOE difference spectroscopy. The structure of 3e must also B in solutions on the analogy of the case in 2e. The results strongly support above conclusion derived from the δ(H2) values of 1–3.(a) Selective1H, 13C-NOE difference spectrum, (b) off-resonance decoupling spectrum, and (c) completely 1H decoupled spectrum for 2e.
(a)(b)(c)


## 4. Conclusions

The behavior of ethynylchalcogenyl groups is examined as the factor to control fine structures. Fine structures of 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4C≡CSe)C10H6 [1 (G = H) and2 (G = Cl): Y = H (a), OMe (b), Me (c), F (d), Cl (e), CN (f), and NO2 (g)] are determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis. Structures are (A: pd) or (A: np) for 1a–c bearing Y of nonacceptors, it is (B: pd) for 1e with Y = Cl, and they are (B: pl) for 1f and 1g having Y of strong acceptors of CN and NO2. The Y-dependence observed in 1 is just the opposite to the case of 1-(p-YC6H4Se)C10H7 (4). The factor to control the fine structures of 1 is called “Ethynyl Influence.” The structures are determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis for 2b, 2e, and 2g. The structures are all B around the Se–CNap bonds, in our definition. The structures around the Se–CAr bonds are pd for 2b and 2e and pl for 2g. The 1b (A: pd) structure with Y = OMe changes dramatically to 2b (B: pd) by G = Cl at the 8-position in 2. The effect is called G-dependence. The G-dependence must arise from the energy lowering effect of the np(Cl)⋯σ*(Se–Csp) 3c–4e interaction. The np(Cl)–π(Nap)–np(Se)–π(C≡C) interaction may also contribute to stabilize the structure. The structures of 1, 2, and3 (G = Br) are also examined in solutions based on the NMR parameters for (A: pl) of 9-(arylselanyl)anthracenes (7) and (B: pd) of 1-(arylselanyl)anthraquinones (8). The results show that 2 and 3 behave very similarly in solutions, and the structures of 2 and 3 are predominantly B in solutions with some equilibrium between pd and pl for the aryl groups. The selective 1H, 13C-NOE difference spectroscopic measurements strongly support that the structures are A for 1 and B for 2 and 3 in solutions derived from the δ(H2) values of 1–3.



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