# Study on Analogy Calculation Method for Seismic Vulnerability of Earth-Wood Structure Houses

Authors: Rushan Liu; Deyuan Tian
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Earth-wood structure houses often cause large casualties and economic losses in historical earthquakes. Therefore, it is estimated that the seismic vulnerability of civil structures in areas that have not experienced earthquakes is of great significance for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. In this paper, an analogy calculation method was proposed for calculating the seismic vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses in unknown regions from the seismic vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses in known regions. Firstly, the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structure houses were determined, and the weights of influence of influencing factors on the overall seismic capacities of buildings under different seismic intensities were determined by using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach; secondly, the relative seismic capacities of the main influencing factors are analogically scored by considering the differences in influencing factors in different regions. Finally, based on the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in existing regions and comprehensive evaluation of relative seismic capacities of earth-wood structures, the vulnerability matrix of unknown earth-wood structures was calculated by analogy. The results of trial calculation showed that this method has higher reliability and effectiveness. At the end of the article, the vulnerability analysis of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse, Tibet, was carried out using this method, and the vulnerability curve was initially given.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The seismic vulnerability of buildings is to estimate the degree of damage that may occur when buildings are affected by a certain intensity earthquake [1]. The seismic disaster of a region or city can be effectively reduced through correctly and reasonably analyzing the seismic vulnerability of all kinds of building structures and taking measures such as seismic reinforcement and reconstruction to improve the seismic performance of building structures that do not meet the requirements of seismic fortification [2].Although with the continuous development of social economy and the gradual reconstruction of houses in rural areas in China, the number of earth-wood structure houses is decreasing year by year in rural areas in China, and there are still more earth-wood structure houses in rural areas in economically backward regions and ethnic minority autonomous regions in China. Due to the fact that seismic fortification is not considered in these earth-wood structure houses and the building age is old, it is extremely easy for them to be damaged under the action of earthquakes, and their seismic resistances are poor. Therefore, it is still very important to study the seismic vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses to effectively carry out the work of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction [3].Western China is an earthquake-prone area in China; multiple earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above have occurred in history, including the Wenchuan earthquake (M≥0.8, May 12, 2008) and the Yushu earthquake (M≥7.1, April 14, 2010). There are a large number of earth-wood structure houses in rural areas in western China, which have been severely damaged by earthquakes in the past [4]. The vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses has been obtained from the actual earthquake damage investigation in some western regions where the earthquake occurred. However, due to the lack of experiment and numerical simulation study on earth-wood structures, the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses cannot be established, and accurate vulnerability evaluation of earth-wood structures cannot be carried out in the regions where no earthquake has occurred. Therefore, this paper proposed a calculation method for seismic vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses, that is, based on the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structures obtained from seismic damage statistics in some regions of western China, considering the effects of the differences in structural components of earth-wood structure houses in different regions on seismic vulnerability, through comprehensive evaluation of seismic capacities of earth-wood structures in different regions, inverse distance weighted interpolation and beta distribution were used to calculate and fit the seismic vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in the region where no earthquake has occurred.After field investigations, it was found that earth-wood structure houses were widely distributed in rural areas of Shigatse, Tibet. According to the structural characteristics of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse, Tibet, this paper uses the method to analyze the vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses in this area.


## 2. General Thinking of the Matrix Simulation Method

It was assumed that the seismic vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses inn regions (benchmark regions) was known; general thinking of deriving the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in unknown regions (target regions) from the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in n regions was as follows: (1) the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structures were determined, and the fuzzy complementary judgment matrix was established by using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach; the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacities of the earth-wood structure houses under different seismic intensities were calculated; (2) the seismic capacities of the main influencing factors were evaluated, and the seismic capacity scores of the earth-wood structure houses in different regions were calculated combining with the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacities of the earth-wood structure houses under different seismic intensities; (3) the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes of the target region were calculated by referring to the expected values, standard deviations, and seismic capacity scores of the seismic damage indexes under different seismic intensities on the basis of the vulnerability matrix in the benchmark region through inverse distance weighted interpolation, the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes of the target region were taken as parameters, and the beta distribution function was used to fit the vulnerability matrix of the earth-wood structure houses; and (4) the rationality and accuracy of this method were verified by example calculation and error analysis.


## 3. Selection and Weight Definition of the Main Influencing Factors

### 3.1. Selection of the Main Influencing Factors

As no seismic fortification measures are taken, earth-wood structure houses will suffer obvious seismic damages such as cracks in walls and destroyed internal supporting structures when the seismic intensity is above 6° [5]. For the same type of structure, there are many factors that affect its seismic performance. For example, based on the comprehensive consideration of structural characteristics, seismic damage analysis results, and structural mechanical model, the influencing factors of seismic damage of multistory masonry structures can be summarized as 14 articles in the following: fortification standard, construction age, bearing wall thickness, mortar strength grade, number of floors, usage, roof type, roof weight, floor type, masonry method, horizontal and vertical regularization, housing status, building site, and site soil type [6]. In view of the above influencing factors, based on the study and analysis of the actual seismic damage of historical earth-wood structure houses [7] and referring to the existing study results, as shown in Table 1, the number of floors, bearing walls, and internal supporting structures were determined as the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structure houses in this paper.Table 1
Main influencing factors of seismic damage of earth-wood structure houses.
No.X1X2X3Influencing factorsNumber of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal support structure


### 3.2. Determination of Weights of Influencing Factors under Different Seismic Intensities

Through the study of the previous actual seismic damage data of earth-wood structures, it was found that the influences of influencing factors on the seismic capacities were different under different seismic intensities. For example, when the seismic intensity was 6°, the seismic damage of the earth-wood structure houses was mainly the damage of the wall, and the damage grade was mainly affected by the condition of the wall; however, when the seismic intensity was 8° or above, whether overall earth-wood structure houses collapsed was mainly determined by the supporting strength of the internal supporting structures, and the damage grade was mainly affected by the internal supporting structures. In order to determine the influences of the main factors on the seismic capacities under different intensities, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach was used in this paper to construct the fuzzy judgment matrix and determine the influence weights of the main factors on the seismic capacities under different seismic intensities.Fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach [8, 9] is used to combine the ideas and methods of fuzzy mathematics with the analytic hierarchy process to obtain the fuzzy judgment matrix according to the importance degree of one factor to another when different factors are compared and judged. In order to quantitatively describe the importance degree of the pairwise comparison between two factors, the scale method in Table 2 is usually used to quantify it [10].Table 2
Scale value and meaning of the fuzzy judgment matrix.
Scale valueMeaningNotes0.5Equally importantTwo factors are compared; two factors are equally important0.6Slightly more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is slightly more important than the other one0.7Obviously more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is obviously more important than the other one0.8Much more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is much more important than the other one0.9Extremely importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is extremely important than the other one0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4Converse comparisonIf the judgmentaij is obtained by comparing factor Xi with factor Xj, then the judgment aj=1−aij is obtained by comparing factor Xi with factor XiThereby, the judgment matrix of the evaluation index is constructed asA:(1)A=a11a12⋯a1na21a22⋯a2n⋯⋯⋯⋯an1an2⋯ann.The fuzzy judgment matrix of the main influencing factors under different seismic intensities is shown in Tables3–6, among which the selection of the comparison coefficient was mainly referred to the literature studies of seismic engineering experts such as Yin et al. [5, 11–13]; meanwhile, this was referred to a large number of actual seismic damage examples and the judgment of experts in the same field by means of questionnaire scoring.Table 3
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 6°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.40.6X20.60.50.8X30.40.20.5Table 4
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 7°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.40.5X20.60.50.6X30.50.40.5Table 5
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 8°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.60.4X20.40.50.4X30.60.60.5Table 6
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 9–10°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.70.3X20.30.50.2X30.70.80.5According to the obtained fuzzy judgment matrix, the general formula to solve the weight of the fuzzy judgment matrix proposed by Xu [8] was used to calculate the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacities of earth-wood structure houses under different intensities. The specific solution formula is as follows:(2)ωi=∑j=1naij+n/2−1nn−1,i=1,2,⋯n.In formula (2), ωi is the influence weight of the i-th main influencing factor.The calculation results are shown in Table7.Table 7
Weights of various influencing factors under different seismic intensities.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XX10.3330.3170.3330.3330.333X20.4000.3670.3000.3000.250X30.2660.3170.3670.3670.417Whether the weight value calculated by the above formula is reasonable still needs to be checked for consistency. In this paper, according to the compatibility of the fuzzy judgment matrix [14], the consistency of weight was checked by the judgment matrix and its characteristic matrix. Characteristic matrix B is(3)bij=ωiωi+ωj,∀i,j=1,2,⋯n,(4)B=bijn×n.Then, the weight compatibility index is(5)IA,B=1n2∑i=1n∑j=1naij−bij.When the compatibility indexIA,B was less than or equal to the attitude T of the decision maker, it was considered that the judgment matrix satisfied the consistency. The smaller T was, the higher the requirement of the decision maker for the consistency of the fuzzy judgment matrix was; generally, T=0.1 was taken.In this paper, formulas (7), (8), and (9) were used to check whether the weight values in Table 7 were reasonable. The calculation results are shown in Table 8.Table 8
Calculation results of compatibility indexes.
Seismic intensityGrade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XCompatibility index0.0660.0280.0440.0990.099All compatibility indexes of the weights of the main influencing factors under different intensities were less than 0.1, so it was considered that the fuzzy judgment matrices of the influencing factors under different intensities were consistent, and the distribution of the weights was reasonable.


## 3.1. Selection of the Main Influencing Factors

As no seismic fortification measures are taken, earth-wood structure houses will suffer obvious seismic damages such as cracks in walls and destroyed internal supporting structures when the seismic intensity is above 6° [5]. For the same type of structure, there are many factors that affect its seismic performance. For example, based on the comprehensive consideration of structural characteristics, seismic damage analysis results, and structural mechanical model, the influencing factors of seismic damage of multistory masonry structures can be summarized as 14 articles in the following: fortification standard, construction age, bearing wall thickness, mortar strength grade, number of floors, usage, roof type, roof weight, floor type, masonry method, horizontal and vertical regularization, housing status, building site, and site soil type [6]. In view of the above influencing factors, based on the study and analysis of the actual seismic damage of historical earth-wood structure houses [7] and referring to the existing study results, as shown in Table 1, the number of floors, bearing walls, and internal supporting structures were determined as the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structure houses in this paper.Table 1
Main influencing factors of seismic damage of earth-wood structure houses.
No.X1X2X3Influencing factorsNumber of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal support structure


## 3.2. Determination of Weights of Influencing Factors under Different Seismic Intensities

Through the study of the previous actual seismic damage data of earth-wood structures, it was found that the influences of influencing factors on the seismic capacities were different under different seismic intensities. For example, when the seismic intensity was 6°, the seismic damage of the earth-wood structure houses was mainly the damage of the wall, and the damage grade was mainly affected by the condition of the wall; however, when the seismic intensity was 8° or above, whether overall earth-wood structure houses collapsed was mainly determined by the supporting strength of the internal supporting structures, and the damage grade was mainly affected by the internal supporting structures. In order to determine the influences of the main factors on the seismic capacities under different intensities, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach was used in this paper to construct the fuzzy judgment matrix and determine the influence weights of the main factors on the seismic capacities under different seismic intensities.Fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach [8, 9] is used to combine the ideas and methods of fuzzy mathematics with the analytic hierarchy process to obtain the fuzzy judgment matrix according to the importance degree of one factor to another when different factors are compared and judged. In order to quantitatively describe the importance degree of the pairwise comparison between two factors, the scale method in Table 2 is usually used to quantify it [10].Table 2
Scale value and meaning of the fuzzy judgment matrix.
Scale valueMeaningNotes0.5Equally importantTwo factors are compared; two factors are equally important0.6Slightly more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is slightly more important than the other one0.7Obviously more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is obviously more important than the other one0.8Much more importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is much more important than the other one0.9Extremely importantTwo factors are compared; one factor is extremely important than the other one0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4Converse comparisonIf the judgmentaij is obtained by comparing factor Xi with factor Xj, then the judgment aj=1−aij is obtained by comparing factor Xi with factor XiThereby, the judgment matrix of the evaluation index is constructed asA:(1)A=a11a12⋯a1na21a22⋯a2n⋯⋯⋯⋯an1an2⋯ann.The fuzzy judgment matrix of the main influencing factors under different seismic intensities is shown in Tables3–6, among which the selection of the comparison coefficient was mainly referred to the literature studies of seismic engineering experts such as Yin et al. [5, 11–13]; meanwhile, this was referred to a large number of actual seismic damage examples and the judgment of experts in the same field by means of questionnaire scoring.Table 3
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 6°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.40.6X20.60.50.8X30.40.20.5Table 4
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 7°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.40.5X20.60.50.6X30.50.40.5Table 5
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 8°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.60.4X20.40.50.4X30.60.60.5Table 6
Fuzzy judgment matrix of the main seismic damage factors when the intensity was 9–10°.
Influencing factorX1X2X3X10.50.70.3X20.30.50.2X30.70.80.5According to the obtained fuzzy judgment matrix, the general formula to solve the weight of the fuzzy judgment matrix proposed by Xu [8] was used to calculate the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacities of earth-wood structure houses under different intensities. The specific solution formula is as follows:(2)ωi=∑j=1naij+n/2−1nn−1,i=1,2,⋯n.In formula (2), ωi is the influence weight of the i-th main influencing factor.The calculation results are shown in Table7.Table 7
Weights of various influencing factors under different seismic intensities.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XX10.3330.3170.3330.3330.333X20.4000.3670.3000.3000.250X30.2660.3170.3670.3670.417Whether the weight value calculated by the above formula is reasonable still needs to be checked for consistency. In this paper, according to the compatibility of the fuzzy judgment matrix [14], the consistency of weight was checked by the judgment matrix and its characteristic matrix. Characteristic matrix B is(3)bij=ωiωi+ωj,∀i,j=1,2,⋯n,(4)B=bijn×n.Then, the weight compatibility index is(5)IA,B=1n2∑i=1n∑j=1naij−bij.When the compatibility indexIA,B was less than or equal to the attitude T of the decision maker, it was considered that the judgment matrix satisfied the consistency. The smaller T was, the higher the requirement of the decision maker for the consistency of the fuzzy judgment matrix was; generally, T=0.1 was taken.In this paper, formulas (7), (8), and (9) were used to check whether the weight values in Table 7 were reasonable. The calculation results are shown in Table 8.Table 8
Calculation results of compatibility indexes.
Seismic intensityGrade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XCompatibility index0.0660.0280.0440.0990.099All compatibility indexes of the weights of the main influencing factors under different intensities were less than 0.1, so it was considered that the fuzzy judgment matrices of the influencing factors under different intensities were consistent, and the distribution of the weights was reasonable.


## 4. Comprehensive Evaluation of Seismic Capacities of Earth-Wood Structures

Because there are some differences in the specific conditions of the main factors affecting the seismic capacities in different regions, for example, the thickness of the walls is different among some regions, the seismic capacities of earth-wood structure houses in different regions are different. According to the actual situation of the main influencing factors, the relative seismic capacities of the main influencing factors are determined by using the expert scoring method. Experts participating in scoring mainly come from the fields of structural engineering, earthquake engineering, and disaster prevention and mitigation engineering and have extensive experience in earthquake site inspections. In this paper, the relative seismic capacities of the main influencing factors were divided into five grades, and the better the relative seismic capacity was, the higher the score given by relevant experts was. For example, if the damage grade of the earth-wood structure with thick walls is lower than that of the earth-wood structure with thin walls during the earthquake [15], the expert score is higher; if the damage grade of the double-floor earth-wood structure is higher than that of the single-floor earth-wood structure during the earthquake, the expert score is lower. The scoring standard for the relative seismic capacity of each influencing factor is shown in Table 9.Table 9
Scoring standard for the relative seismic capacity of each influencing factor.
Relative seismic capacityWorseBadOrdinaryGoodBetterF value0–0.20.2–0.40.4–0.60.6–0.80.8–1According to the housing census data, we could understand the specific situations such as the number of floors of earth-wood structures, bearing walls, and internal supporting structures in a certain region. Based on the specific conditions of the main influencing factors of earth-wood structures, relevant experts were consulted for evaluating the relative seismic capacities of the main influencing factors. According to the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacities of the building under different intensities, the comprehensive scores of the relative seismic capacities of the earth-wood structures in a certain region under different intensities were obtained as follows:(6)Fj=∑m=13Fmωmj.In the formula,Fj is the comprehensive score of the relative seismic capacity under seismic intensity j; Fm is the score of the relative seismic capacity of the m\m-th main influencing factor; and ωmj is the comprehensive score of the relative seismic capacity of the m-th main influencing factor under seismic intensity j.


## 5. Seismic Damage Matrix Simulation

Seismic engineering experts such as Hu [16] put forward the concept of seismic damage indexes. The values between 0 and 1 are used to express the degree of seismic damage of the structure. Table 10 shows the corresponding seismic damage index range of five damage grades [1].Table 10
Correlation between the seismic damage index and the seismic damage degree.
Damage gradeBasically intactSlightly damagedModerately damagedSeverely damagedDestroyedSeismic damage index0–0.10.1–0.30.3–0.550.55–0.850.85–1.0The expected value of the seismic damage index is the average value of the seismic damage indexes of buildings in a region. The dispersion of the damage grade of buildings in a region can be expressed by the standard deviation of the seismic damage index. Therefore, the expected value and standard deviation of the seismic damage index of a certain type of structure can be obtained according to its vulnerability matrix.Based on the difference in the comprehensive score of the relative seismic capacity between earth-wood structure houses in the benchmark region and the target region, the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes in the benchmark region under different intensities were used to calculate inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation [17], and thus, the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage index in the target region were obtained. The weighted distance is(7)dij=F0j−Fij,and thus,(8)Drj=∑i=1nDrij/dij2∑i=1n1/dij2,(9)δj=∑i=1nδij/dij2∑i=1n1/dij2.In the formula,dij is the weighted distance between the relative seismic capacities in the target region and the benchmark region under seismic intensity j; F0j is the comprehensive score of the relative seismic capacity of the target region under seismic intensity j; Fij is the comprehensive score of the relative seismic capacity of the i-th benchmark region under seismic intensity j; Drj is the expected value of the seismic damage index of the vulnerability matrix of the target region under seismic intensity j; Drij is the expected value of the seismic damage index for the vulnerability matrix in the i-th benchmark region under seismic intensity j; δj is the standard deviation of the seismic damage index for the vulnerability matrix in the target region under seismic intensity j; and δij is the standard deviation of the seismic damage index for the vulnerability matrix in the i-th benchmark region under seismic intensity j; Liu et al. [18] proposed a method for the use of the beta distribution function to fit the vulnerability matrix by taking the seismic damage index as a continuous variable and taking the expected value and the standard deviation of the seismic damage index as parameters. In this paper, this method was used to fit the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in the benchmark region.According to the relationship between the expected value and the standard deviation of parametersa and b of the seismic damage index, the values of parameters aj and bj of the beta distribution function under intensity j are calculated as follows:(10)ωi=∑j=1naij+n/2−1nn−1,i=1,2,⋯n,(11)bj=1−DrjDrj−Drj2σj2−1.Thereby, the beta probability density distribution of the seismic damage index under seismic intensityj could be obtained as follows:(12)fDr;aj;bj=Draj−11−Drbj−1∫01taj−11−tbj−1dt,0≤Dr≤1.According to formula (13), the damage probabilities of the earth-wood structure houses in the target region under different damage degrades can be fitted, and finally, the vulnerability matrix of the earth-wood structure houses in the target region can be obtained.(13)pij=∫Dri1Dri2fDr;aj,bjdDr.In the formula,Dr is the continuous variable of the seismic damage index; pij is the probability of grade i damage under seismic intensity j; Dri1 is the lower limiting value of the range of the seismic damage index for grade i damage; and Dri2 is the upper limit value of the range of the seismic damage index for grade i damage.


## 6. Analysis of Examples

The vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Gansu province was fitted using the calculation method proposed in this paper.In this paper, Sichuan province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Yunnan province in western China are selected as the benchmark regions, and the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structure houses in the benchmark regions and Gansu region are shown in Table11.Table 11
Specific conditions of the main influencing factors in the benchmark regions and Gansu region.
Number of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal supportSichuan provinceThe houses had one or two floorsThe wall thickness was 30–50 cm, and the wall integrity was ordinarySome houses had supporting structures such as wooden frames and wooden columns, and the internal supporting condition was ordinaryXinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionThe houses mainly had one floorThe wall thickness was 30–50 cm, and the wall integrity was relatively poorFewer houses had internal supporting structures, and the internal supporting condition was poorYunnan provinceMost houses had two floors, and a few houses had one floorThe wall thickness was 60–120 cm and was 80 cm in most cases, with good wall integrityMost houses had wooden posts, wooden beams, and mortise and tenon connection between beams and columns, with better internal supporting conditionGansu provinceThe houses mainly had one floorThe wall thickness was 30–50 cm, and the wall integrity was ordinarySome houses had supporting structures such as wooden frames and wooden columns, and the internal supporting condition was goodAccording to the specific conditions of the main influencing factors in each region in Table11, the expert scores of the main influencing factors in each region are shown in Table 12.Table 12
Scores of the main influencing factors of the benchmark regions and Gansu region.
Number of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal supporting structureSichuan0.60.60.5Xinjiang0.80.30.3Yunnan0.40.80.8Gansu0.80.40.7According to formula (6), the comprehensive scores of relative seismic capacities of earth-wood structure houses in Gansu province and the benchmark regions under different seismic intensities are calculated in Table 13.Table 13
Comprehensive scores of relative seismic capacities of the benchmark regions and Gansu region.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade XSichuan0.5330.5320.5330.533Xinjiang0.4670.4580.4670.467Yunnan0.6670.6730.6670.667Gansu0.6130.6220.6430.658Based on the scores and the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes under different intensities in each benchmark region in Table14, the expected values and standard deviations of seismic damage indexes under different intensities in the Gansu region were calculated according to formulas (8) and (9), and the calculation results are shown in Table 15.Table 14
Expected values and standard deviations of seismic damage indexes in each benchmark region.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XSichuanExpected value0.1720.3580.5920.7700.900Standard deviation0.1680.2580.2700.2070.091XinjiangExpected value0.2500.4050.6320.8060.909Standard deviation0.2160.2620.2760.1850.084YunnanExpected value0.1370.3320.5590.7550.900Standard deviation0.1660.2500.2760.2210.094Table 15
Expected values and standard deviations of seismic damage indexes under different intensities in Gansu province.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XExpected value0.1560.3430.5620.7550.900Standard deviation0.1520.2490.2760.2200.094Formulas (10) and (11) were used to calculate the beta distribution parameters under different seismic intensities, and the beta distribution function curve of continuous seismic damage index under different intensities is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Probability density distribution curves of seismic damage indexes under different seismic intensities.According to the beta probability density distribution of the obtained seismic damage indexes, the vulnerability matrix was fitted by using formula (13). The fitting results and the vulnerability matrix obtained through the actual seismic damage investigation are shown in Tables 16 and 17.Table 16
Vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Gansu province fitted by the proposed method.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XBasically intact4820500Slightly damaged35301630Moderately damaged142826140Severely damaged319364122Destroyed03174278Table 17
Actual seismic vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Gansu province.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XBasically intact5518400Slightly damaged30291010Moderately damaged133232180Severely damaged218312710Destroyed03235490In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of this method, the vulnerability results of earth-wood structure houses estimated by this method were compared with the actual vulnerability results of seismic damage investigation. As shown in Table18, the error between the expected value of the seismic damage index obtained by simulation in Table 15 and the expected value of the actual seismic damage index was relatively small, which basically met the requirements of vulnerability evaluation. The error between the simulated vulnerability matrix and the actual seismic damage vulnerability matrix basically met the expected results. Therefore, this method is feasible.Table 18
Comparison between the expected value of the seismic damage index obtained by simulation and the expected value of the actual seismic damage index.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XSimulation value0.1560.3430.5620.7550.900Actual value0.1570.3570.5880.7670.903Error0.0010.0140.0260.0120.003


## 7. Vulnerability Analysis of Civil Structure Houses in Shigatse, Tibet

Through field research, it was found that the earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse, Tibet, were mainly two-story traditional Tibetan-style buildings with thick walls and good internal support structure, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
(a) Structural appearance of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse region. (b) Internal support structure.
(a)(b)Based on the actual situation of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse, Tibet, the method of this paper is used to analyze the vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses in this area. Sichuan province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Yunnan province in western China are selected as the benchmark regions, and the main factors affecting the seismic capacity of earth-wood structure houses in the benchmark regions and Shigatse, Tibet, are shown in Tables11 and 19.Table 19
Specific conditions of the main influencing factors in Shigatse region.
Number of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal supportShigatse regionThe houses mainly had two floorsThe wall thickness was 80–100 cm, and the wall integrity was goodMost houses had wooden posts, wooden beams, and normal connection between beams and columns, with better internal supporting conditionAccording to the specific conditions of the main influencing factors in Shigatse region in Table19, the expert scores of the main influencing factors in Shigatse region are shown in Table 20.Table 20
Scores of the main influencing factors of Shigatse region.
Number of floorsLoad bearing wallInternal supporting structureShigatse region0.40.90.6Based on the scores and the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes under different intensities in each benchmark region in Table14, the expected values and standard deviations of seismic damage indexes under different intensities in Shigatse region are calculated according to formulas (6), (8), and (9), and the calculation results are shown in Table 21.Table 21
Expected values and standard deviations of seismic damage indexes under different intensities in Shigatse region.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XExpected value0.1560.3430.5620.7550.900Standard deviation0.1520.2490.2760.2200.094Formulas (10) and (11) were used to calculate the beta distribution parameters under different seismic intensities and obtain the beta distribution function of continuous seismic damage index under different intensities. Finally, formula (13) is used to fit the vulnerability matrix in Table 22.Table 22
Seismic vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse region.
Grade VIGrade VIIGrade VIIIGrade IXGrade XBasically intact5421400Slightly damaged31311540Moderately damaged122726130Severely damaged318373922Destroyed03184478According to the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse region calculated using the method in this paper, the vulnerability curve of earth-wood structure houses in this region can be obtained, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Vulnerability curve of earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse region.The calculation results show that the moderate and above damage degree of earth-wood structure houses in Xigaze area occupied the main part when the earthquake intensity is 8°; when the earthquake intensity is 10°, the earth-wood structure houses in the area are basically destroyed. Comparing the expected values of the earthquake damage index of earth-wood structures in Shigatse and other benchmark regions, because the load bearing wall of the earth-wood structure is thicker and good overall condition in Xigaze, the expected value of the earthquake damage index of earth-wood structure houses in Xigaze is relatively low in low-intensity areas; in high-intensity areas, due to the poor internal support structure compared with Yunnan, the expected value of the earthquake damage index for structural houses is higher than Yunnan.It can be seen that the vulnerability analysis of the earth-wood structure houses in Shigatse, Tibet, using this method meets the expected results.


## 8. Conclusion

The vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses in Gansu province was fitted using the calculation method proposed in this paper. In this paper, according to the needs of vulnerability estimation of earth-wood structure houses, a quick calculation method for fitting the vulnerability matrix of earth-wood structure houses is proposed. Based on the vulnerability matrix of the earth-wood structures in the benchmark region, considering the influence weights of the main influencing factors on the seismic capacity of the building under different seismic intensities and the difference in the actual situation of the influencing factors in different regions, the comprehensive scores of relative seismic capacities of the earth-wood structure houses in the benchmark region and the target region are calculated, respectively, and then, the expected values and standard deviations of the seismic damage indexes in the target are obtained by using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Finally, the beta distribution function is used to fit the seismic damage matrix in the simulated region. The earth-wood structures in Gansu province are checked by using the method in this paper, and the error between the calculated results and the actual seismic damage results is within a reasonable range.The method proposed in this paper can quickly evaluate the vulnerability of earth-wood structure houses in a certain region, which considers the influence of different influencing factors on the seismic capacities of the structures under different seismic intensities compared with the previous methods. The accuracy of this method is affected by the selection of the benchmark region and the reasonableness of the relative seismic capacity scores evaluated by relevant experts on the main influencing factors. Generally, the region with earth-wood structures similar to those of the target region should be selected as the benchmark region, and the average value of the scores of multiple relevant experts should be used for evaluation. In this paper, only the vulnerability of earth-wood structures is evaluated, and how this analogy method can also be applied to houses of other types of structures needs further study.



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*Source: 3525896-2020-07-27.xml*