# Permanence for a Delayed Nonautonomous SIR Epidemic Model  with Density-Dependent Birth Rate

Authors: Li Yingke; Chen Liang; Wang Kai
Journal: Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
 (2011)

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## Abstract

Based on some well-known SIR models, a revised nonautonomous SIR epidemic model with distributed delay and density-dependent birth rate was considered. Applying some classical analysis techniques for ordinary differential equations and the method proposed by Wang (2002), the threshold value for the permanence and extinction of the model was obtained.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

For understanding the spread of infectious diseases in population, mathematical models that use the theories of ordinary differential equations in epidemiology have been developed rapidly. Epidemic models with delay, including either the autonomous continuous systems or the discrete ones, were discussed by many authors [1–13]. The important subjects for this models are looking for the threshold value that determines whether the infectious disease will be permanent or extinct. Hence, permanence of disease plays an important role in epidemiology. Furthermore, it is well known that models with distributed delay are more appropriate than the discrete ones because it is considered more realistic to assume the infectivity to be a function of the duration since infection and up to some maximum duration.Recently, Song and Ma in [4] and Song et al. in [5] discussed the permanence of disease in a generalized autonomous SIR epidemic model with density dependent birth rate.  On the other hand, for the nonautonomous systems [1] (and the reference therein), the literature is still very inadequate. Motivated by the works in [1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10], in this paper, we will consider the following nonautonomous delayed systems with density-dependent birth rate: (1.1)Ṡ(t)=-β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ1(t)S(t)+b(t)[1-β1(t)N(t)1+N(t)],İ(t)=β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ2(t)I(t)-λ(t)I(t),Ṙ(t)=λ(t)I(t)-μ3(t)R(t),
where N(t)=S(t)+I(t)+R(t) denote the total number of a population at time t, S is the susceptible population, I is the infective population and R is the removed population. It is assumed that all newborns are susceptible. Functions μ1(t),μ2(t) and μ3(t) are instantaneous per capita mortality rates of susceptible, infective, and recovered population, respectively; functions b(t) and λ(t) represent the birth rate of the population and the recovery rate of infectives, respectively; function β1(t)(0≤β1(t)<1) reflects the relation between the birth rate and the density of population.  The nonnegative constant h is the time delay. The function η(s):[0,h]→[0,+∞) is nondecreasing and has hounded variation such that (1.2)∫0hdη(s)=η(h)-η(0)=1.


## 2. Preliminaries

Firstly, we give some notations for convenience: iff(t) is a continuous bounded function defined on [0,+∞), then we set (2.1)fL=inf⁡t≥0f(t),fM=sup⁡t≥0f(t).
Secondly, for system (1.1), we introduce the following assumption: functions b(t),β(t),β1(t),λ(t),μ1(t),μ2(t),μ3(t) are nonnegative continuous bounded functions and have positive lower bounds. It is biologically natural to assume that μ2(t),μ3(t)≥μ1(t) (i.e., epidemics will increase the death rates of the infective and removed).The initial condition of (1.1) is given as (2.2)S(θ)=φ1(θ),I(θ)=φ2(θ),R(θ)=φ3(θ),-∞<θ≤0,
where ϕ=(φ1,φ2,φ3)T∈C such that φi(θ)≥0(i=1,2,3) for all -∞<θ≤0, and C denotes the Banach space C((-∞,0],ℝ) of bounded continuous functions mapping the interval (-∞,0] into ℝ with the toplogy of uniform convergence, that is, for φ∈C, we designate the norm of an element ϕ∈C by ∥ϕ∥=sup-∞<θ≤0{|φ1(θ)|,|φ2(θ)|,|φ3(θ)|}. By a biological meaning, we further assume that φi(θ)>0 for i=1,2,3.Now, a very impotent lemma for investigating the dynamics of the above system will be given.Lemma 2.1.
Any solution(S(t),I(t),R(t)) of system (1.1) with (2.2) is positive for all t≥0.Proof.
Because the right-hand side of system (1.1) is completely continuous and locally Lipschitzian on C, the solution (S(t),I(t),R(t)) of system (1.1) with initial condition (2.2) exists and is unique on [0,α), where 0<α≤+∞. Firstly, we show that S(t)>0 for all t∈[0,α). Otherwise, there is a t1∈(0,α) such that S(t1)=0, Ṡ(t1)≤0, and S(t)>0 for all t∈[0,t1). Hence, we have I(t)>0 for all t∈[0,t1). If the statement is not true, then there is a t2∈(0,t1) such that I(t2)=0,İ(t2)≤0, and I(t)>0 on t∈[0,t2). Integrating the second equation of (1.1) from 0 to t2, we get
(2.3)I(t2)=I(0)e-∫0t2[μ2(s)+γ(s)]ds+∫0t2∫0hβ(u)S(u)I(u-ρ)e∫t2u[μ2(s)+γ(s)]dsdρdu>0,
which is a contradiction. This shows that I(t)>0 for all t∈[0,t1). From the third equation of (1.1), we also get that
(2.4)R(t)≥R(0)exp⁡{-∫0t2[μ3(s)]ds}>0
on [0,t1). Therefore, from the first equation of system (1.1)
(2.5)Ṡ(t1)=b(t1)[1-β1(t1)]+b(t1)β1(t1)1+I(t1)+R(t1)>0,
which also is a contradiction. This shows that S(t)>0 on [0,α). By the above calculation, it is obvious that I(t)>0,R(t)>0 for all t∈[0,α).


## 3. Permanence and Extinction

In this section, we investigate the permanence of system (1.1) and demonstrate how the disease will be extinct under some conditions.Theorem 3.1.
System (1.1) is permanent if
(3.1)S0=[bM(1-β1)M-μ1L]+[bM(1-β1)M-μ1L]2+4μ1LbM2μ1L>(μ2+λβ)M.
Proof.
We will give the following several propositions to complete the proof of this theorem.
Proposition 3.2.
Assume that (3.1) holds. Then(3.2)limsup⁡t→+∞⁡N(t)≤S0.Proof.
From system (1.1), we have that
(3.3)Ṅ(t)=-μ1(t)S(t)-μ2(t)I(t)-μ3(t)R(t)+b(t)[1-β1(t)]+b(t)β1(t)1+N(t)≤11+N(t){-μ1(t)N(t)[1+N(t)]+b(t)[1-β1(t)][1+N(t)]+b(t)β1(t)}≤11+N(t){-μ1LN2(t)-μ1LN(t)+bM[1-β1]MN(t)+bM}=-11+N(t)[N(t)-S0][N(t)-S*0],
where
(3.4)S*0=[bM(1-β1)M-μ1L]-[bM(1-β1)M-μ1L]2+4μ1LbM2μ1L<0.
Now, we consider only  the following three cases.(i)
N(t)≤S0 for all sufficiently large t. Obviously, for the case (3.2) is true.(ii)
N(t)≥S0 for all sufficiently large t. In this case, Ṅ(t)≤0 for all sufficiently large t from (3.2). Hence, there is a constant Ñ such that(3.5)lim⁡t→+∞N(t)=Ñ≥S0.
In fact, we can obtain that Ñ=S0. If Ñ>S0, for all sufficiently small ɛ:0<ɛ<Ñ-S0, there is a sufficiently large t* such that for any t>t*,
(3.6)0<Ñ-ɛ≤N(t)≤Ñ+ɛ.
From (3.3), we have that for all t≥t*,
(3.7)Ṅ(t)≤-11+Ñ+ɛ(Ñ-S0-ɛ)(Ñ-S*0-ɛ)<0,
which implies that limt→+∞N(t)=-∞. This is a contradiction to limt→+∞N(t)=Ñ. Hence, Ñ=S0.
(iii)
There is a time sequence{tn}:tn→+∞ as n→+∞ such that N(tn)>S0 and Ṅ(tn)=0. Then, for t=tn,(3.8)Ṅ(t)=-11+N(t)[N(t)-S0][N(t)-S*0]<0,
which is a contradiction to Ṅ(tn)=0. This completes the proof.Proposition 3.3.
Assume that (3.1) holds. Then any positive solution (S(t),I(t),R(t)) of system (1.1) with (2.2) satisfies(3.9)liminf⁡t→+∞S(t)≥(b(1-β1)βS0+μ1)L≡ν1.Proof.
For any sufficiently smallɛ>0, from Proposition 3.2, there is a large t1>0 such that for all t>t1>0,I(t)≤S0+ɛ. Hence, for t>t1+h,(3.10)Ṡ(t)≥-β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ1(t)S(t)+b(t)[1-β1(t)]≥b(t)[1-β1(t)]-[μ1(t)+β(t)(S0+ɛ)]S(t),
which clearly implies that
(3.11)liminf⁡⁡t→+∞S(t)≥(b(1-β1)β(S0+ɛ)+μ1)L≡ν1.
Noting that ɛ can be arbitrarily small, the conclusion is valid. This completes the proof of Proposition 3.3.Proposition 3.4.
Assume that (3.1) holds. Then for any positive solution (S(t),I(t),R(t)) of system (1.1) with (2.2), one has
(3.12)lim⁡⁡inf⁡t→+∞I(t)≥ϱe-(μ1+λ)Md≡ν2,
where ϱ>0, ɛ0>0 and d>0 satisfy(3.13)p=1[μ1+ϱβM]M{b[1-β1]+bβ11+S0+ɛ0}L>(μ2+λβ)M,SΔ=p{1-exp⁡[-(μ1L+ϱβM)d]}>(μ2+λβ)M.Proof.
By (3.3) and (3.1) it is obvious that
(3.14)S0=1μ1L{[b(1-β1)]M+(bβ1)M1+S0}>(μ2+λβ)M.
Then there exist two positive constants ϱ>0, ɛ0>0 and d>0 such that p>((μ2+λ)/β)M and SΔ>((μ2+λ)/β)M.
Let us consider the following differential functionV(t):(3.15)V(t)=I(t)+∫0h∫t-stβ(u+s)S(u+s)I(u)dudη(s).
Then, the derivative of V(t) along with the solution of (1.1) with (2.2) is
(3.16)V̇(t)=İ(t)+∫0hβ(t+s)S(t+s)I(t)dη(s)-∫0hβ(t)S(t)I(t-s)dη(s)={∫0hβ(t+s)S(t+s)dη(s)-[μ2(t)+λ(t)]}I(t)≥{βL∫0hS(t+s)dη(s)-(μ2+λ)M}I(t).
We claim that it is impossible that I(t)≤ϱ for all t≥t1 (t1 is any nonnegative constant). In fact, supposing the contrary, it follows from the first equation of (1.1) and (3.1) that for any t≥t1+h,
(3.17)Ṡ(t)=-β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ1(t)S(t)+b(t)[1-β1(t)]+b(t)β1(t)1+N(t)≥b1(t)[1-β1(t)]+b(t)β1(t)1+S0+ɛ0-[μ1(t)+ϱβM]S(t).
Integrating the above inequality from t1+h to t, we obtain
(3.18)S(t)≥S(t1+h)exp⁡[∫tt1+h(μ1(s)+ϱβM)ds]+∫t1+ht{b(t)[1-β1(t)]+b(t)β1(t)1+S0+ɛ0}exp⁡{∫ts[μ1(τ)+ϱβM]dτ}ds≥∫t1+ht{b(t)[1-β1(t)]+b(t)β1(t)/(1+S0+ɛ0)}[μ1(τ)+ϱβM]exp⁡{∫0s[μ1(τ)+ϱβM]dτ}ds[μ1(τ)+ϱβM]exp⁡{∫0t[μ1(τ)+ϱβM]dτ}≥1(μ1+ϱβM)M{b[1-β1]+bβ11+S0+ɛ0}L{1-exp⁡[-(μ1L+ϱβM)(t-t1-h)]}.
Thus, for any t≥t1+h+d,
(3.19)S(t)≥1[μ1+ϱβM]M{b[1-β1]+bβ11+S0+ɛ0}L{1-exp⁡[-(μ1L+ϱβM)d]}=SΔ.
Then, by the above inequality, from (3.16) and (3.19), we get, for any t≥t1+h+d,
(3.20)V̇(t)≥[βLSΔ-(μ2+λ)M]I(t).
Set
(3.21)i̲=min⁡θ∈[-h,0]I(t1+d+2h+θ).
Next, we will prove that I(t)≥i̲ for all t≥t1+d+h. Suppose that this is not true. Then there is a T≥0 such that I(t)≥i̲ for all t∈[t1+d+h,t1+d+2h+T], I(t1+d+2h+T)=i̲ and İ(t1+d+2h+T)≤0. On the other hand, by the second equation of (1.1) and (3.16), for t=t1+d+2h+T,
(3.22)İ(t)=β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ2(t)I(t)-λ(t)I(t)≥[βLSΔ-(μ2+λ)M]i̲>0.
This is a contradiction to İ(t1+d+2h+T)≤0. Hence, I(t)≥i̲ for all t≥t1+d+h.
Consequently, for allt≥t1+d+h, we obtain that
(3.23)V̇(t)≥[βLSΔ-(μ2+λ)M]i̲>0,
which implies that V(t)→+∞ as t→+∞. In fact, from Proposition 3.2, V(t) is bounded, which is a contradiction. Consequently, the claim is proved. From the claim, we will discuss the following possible cases:
(i)
I(t)≥ϱ for all large t;(ii)
I(t) oscillates about ϱ for all large t.We show that I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) for all large t. Evidently, we only need to consider case (ii). Let t1 and t2 be sufficiently large such that(3.24)I(t1)=I(t2)=ϱ,(3.25)I(t)<ϱast∈(t1,t2).If t2-t1≤d+h and from the second equation of (1.1) we have that İ(t)≥-(μ2+λ)MI(t), it is obvious that I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) for t∈(t1,t2); if t2-t1>d+h, and then it is clear that  I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) for t∈[t1+d+h,t2]; in fact, if not, there exists a T*≥0, such that I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) for t∈[t1,t1+d+h+T*]⊆[t1,t2], I(t1+d+h+T*)=ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) and İ(t1+d+h+T*)≤0. Using the second equation of system (1.1), as t=t1+d+h+T*,
(3.26)İ(t)=β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-μ2(t)I(t)-λ(t)I(t)≥[βLSΔ-(μ2+λ)M]ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h)>0.
This is a contradiction to İ(t1+d+h+T*)≤0. So, I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h) is valid for all t∈[t1,t2]. Since this kind of interval [t1,t2] is chosen as an arbitrary way,
(3.27)lim⁡⁡inf⁡t→+∞I(t)≥ϱe-(μ2+λ)M(d+h)=ν2>0.
The proof of Proposition 3.4 is completed.
Form the third equation of system (1.1) and Proposition 3.4, we easily obtain
(3.28)liminf⁡⁡t→+∞R(t)≥ν2(λμ2)L=ν3>0.
Thus, the system (1.1) is permanent by Propositions 3.2–3.4. The proof of Theorem 3.1 is completed.Next, we give a useful lemma discussing the extinction of the disease.Lemma 3.5 (see [12]).
Consider an autonomous system of delayed differential equation(3.29)ẋ(t)=a1∫0hx(t-h)dη(s)-a2x(t),
where a1,a2 are two constants. If 0≤a1<a2, then for any solutions x(t) with initial condition ϕ(θ)≥0, θ∈[-h,0], one has
(3.30)lim⁡t→+∞x(t)=0.Theorem 3.6.
If(3.31)S0<(μ2+λβ)L,
then limt→+∞x(t)=0; that is, the disease in system (1.1) will be extinct.Proof.
From Lemma3.5, for any sufficiently small ɛ>0, there exists a  T>0, for t>T, such that
(3.32)S(t)<S0+ɛ.
Therefore, from the second equation of (1.1), we have
(3.33)İ(t)=β(t)S(t)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-[μ2(t)+λ(t)]I(t)≤βM(S0+ɛ)∫0hI(t-s)dη(s)-[μ2+λ]LI(t).
Using the comparison theorem of functional differential equations and Lemma 3.5, we can easily get limt→+∞I(t)=0. The proof is completed.


## 4. Discussion

In this paper, we discussed a revised nonautonomous SIR epidemic model with distributed time delay and density-dependent birth rate. Theorems3.1 and 3.6 show that the disease will be permanent when S0>((μ2+λ)/β)M, and the disease will be extinct when S0<((μ2+λ)/β)L. From the point of view of biology, Theorems 3.1 and 3.6 suggest that the inequality S0>((μ2+λ)/β)M may be the threshold value for an  epidemic disease to occur. The technique for obtaining the sufficient condition on the permanence of the disease in this paper is the same as that in [4, 5] if all coefficients in system (1.1) are constants and the delay is discrete.



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