# Feature Extraction of Ship-Radiated Noise Based on Hierarchical Dispersion Entropy

Authors: Leilei Xiao
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2022)

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## Abstract

The classification and recognition of ship-radiated noise (SRN) is of great significance to the processing of underwater acoustic signals. In order to improve the stability of recognition and more accurately identify SRN, single feature extraction and dual feature extraction based on hierarchical dispersion entropy (HDE) are proposed. For single feature extraction, HDE of the best node among the eight nodes of the third layer decomposition is extracted. For dual feature extraction, HDE of the best two nodes among the 14 nodes of the first-, second-, and third-layer decompositions are required. The results show that the recognition rate of single and dual feature extraction originated from the method based on HDE reaches 85% and 100%, respectively, better than the method of hierarchical reverse dispersion entropy (HRDE) and hierarchical permutation entropy (HPE).


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

SRN is the signal generated by engine vibration during ship navigation, which contains a lot of feature information about the ship underway [1–3]. The commonly used features are time-domain features [4], frequency-domain features [5], and auditory features [6]. However, affected by the complex marine environment, the collected SRN signals often have the characteristics of nonlinearity and nonstationary, and the traditional features cannot guarantee the separability and stability [7–12]. Therefore, it is very important to find a feature suitable for characterizing the SRN.In recent years, the characteristics of nonlinear dynamics have attracted many scholars’ attention because of their advantages in representing nonlinear signals. The commonly used nonlinear dynamics features include Lyapunov index [13], fractal dimension [14], Lempel-Ziv complexity [15, 16] and entropy algorithm [17], among which entropy algorithm can be used to represent the amount of information in a period of time, and has been widely used in many fields due to its simplicity of calculation [18, 19]. In 2002, Bandt and Pompe first proposed permutation entropy (PE) and applied it to the detection of biomedical signals [20]. Later, Li et al. improved PE and applied it to the feature extraction of SRN signals, and achieved good results in classification [8]. In 2016, Rostaghi and Azami proposed dispersion entropy (DE) to solve the defect that PE did not take into account the relationship between the amplitudes of time series [21]. Later, Jiao et al. proposed Fluctuation-based reverse dispersion entropy (FRDE) on the basis of DE, which was used in ship signal classification and achieved high recognition rate [22]. In 2019, Cuesta Frau proposed slope entropy (SlEn) based on relative frequency of simple symbol patterns [23], after that, Li combined SlEn with PE to improve the classification and recognition rate of ship signals through the double feature extraction method [24]. In conclusion, it is of great significance to further extract the features of SRN signals based on entropy.Although these aforementioned entropies have achieved good results in feature extraction of SRN, they all ignore the hierarchical information between signals. HDE can obtain the hierarchical information of signals obtained in the full frequency band. Xue et al. applied HDE to the field of rolling bearing fault diagnosis [25], Ke et al. applied HDE to the weak fault diagnosis scheme of common rail injectors [26], and Song et al. also applied HDE to the fault diagnosis of high pressure common rail injectors [27], and all these paper have achieved good results. Influenced by that, HDE is applied to SRN recognition in this paper, which fills the gap of HDE application in underwater acoustic field.In this paper, HDE is introduced into the field of underwater acoustics to identify and classify SRN, hierarchical decomposition of SRN is carried out, and DE features are extracted from the obtained nodes. Section2 introduces HDE, including hierarchical decomposition and DE. Section 3 represents the proposed method. Section 4 illustrates feature extraction of SRN. Section 5 shows some conclusions obtained from the experiment.


## 2. Methodology

### 2.1. Hierarchical Decomposition

(1)
For a time seriesui,i=1,2,…,N, define the two operators Q0 and Q1, as(1)Q0u=u2j+u2j+12,j=1,2,…,2n−1,Q1u=u2j−u2j+12,j=1,2,…,2n−1,whereQ0u and Q1u represent the low and high-frequency components of signal decomposition; for j=0,1 the matrix form of Qj can be shown as(2)Qj=12−12j00⋯000012−12j⋯000000⋯12−12j2n−1×2n.(2)
Construct an n-dimensional vectorγ1,γ2,…,γn∈0,1, the integer e can be expressed as(3)e=∑j=1nγj2n−j.(3)
According to vectorγ1,γ2…,γn, the decomposition nodes of each layer of the signal are(4)uk,e=Qγn·Qγn−1·⋯Qγ1u.


### 2.2. Hierarchical Dispersion Entropy

DE is an index to measure the irregularity of time series. A larger value of this indicates a higher irregularity of this time series. On the contrary, a smaller value means a smaller irregularity.For a time seriesxi,i=1,2,…,N, the DE was calculated as follows:(1)
Mapping time seriesxi to xj,j=1,2,…,N through a normal distribution function, yj∈0,1(5)yj=1σ2π∫−∞xie−t−μ2/2σ2dt,whereμ and σ represent the expectation and variance of x, respectively.(2)
Mappingyj to an integer between 1 and c by the following formula:(6)zjc=Roundc⋅yj+0.5,whereRound is an integer function and c is the number of mapped categories.(3)
Calculating embedded vectorzim,c,(7)zim,c=zic,zi+dc,…,zi+m−1dc,wherem is the embedded dimension and d is the time delay constant.(4)
Calculating the dispersion patternπv0v1…vm−1v=1,2,…c for each time series zim,c, the number of dispersion patterns are cm, zic=v0,zi+dc=v1,⋯zi+m−1dc=vm−1.(5)
For these patterns, the probabilitypπv0v1…vm−1 of each dispersion pattern πv0v1…vm−1 is(8)pπv0v1…vm−1=Numberπv0v1…vm−1N−m−1d,whereNumberπv0v1…vm−1 is the number of dispersion patterns.(6)
DE of time series is defined as(9)DEx,m,c,d=−∑π=1cmpπv0v1…vm−1lnpπv0v1…vm−1.For each node obtained by hierarchical decomposition, its DE is calculated, and all the results obtained are HDE.


## 2.1. Hierarchical Decomposition

(1)
For a time seriesui,i=1,2,…,N, define the two operators Q0 and Q1, as(1)Q0u=u2j+u2j+12,j=1,2,…,2n−1,Q1u=u2j−u2j+12,j=1,2,…,2n−1,whereQ0u and Q1u represent the low and high-frequency components of signal decomposition; for j=0,1 the matrix form of Qj can be shown as(2)Qj=12−12j00⋯000012−12j⋯000000⋯12−12j2n−1×2n.(2)
Construct an n-dimensional vectorγ1,γ2,…,γn∈0,1, the integer e can be expressed as(3)e=∑j=1nγj2n−j.(3)
According to vectorγ1,γ2…,γn, the decomposition nodes of each layer of the signal are(4)uk,e=Qγn·Qγn−1·⋯Qγ1u.


## 2.2. Hierarchical Dispersion Entropy

DE is an index to measure the irregularity of time series. A larger value of this indicates a higher irregularity of this time series. On the contrary, a smaller value means a smaller irregularity.For a time seriesxi,i=1,2,…,N, the DE was calculated as follows:(1)
Mapping time seriesxi to xj,j=1,2,…,N through a normal distribution function, yj∈0,1(5)yj=1σ2π∫−∞xie−t−μ2/2σ2dt,whereμ and σ represent the expectation and variance of x, respectively.(2)
Mappingyj to an integer between 1 and c by the following formula:(6)zjc=Roundc⋅yj+0.5,whereRound is an integer function and c is the number of mapped categories.(3)
Calculating embedded vectorzim,c,(7)zim,c=zic,zi+dc,…,zi+m−1dc,wherem is the embedded dimension and d is the time delay constant.(4)
Calculating the dispersion patternπv0v1…vm−1v=1,2,…c for each time series zim,c, the number of dispersion patterns are cm, zic=v0,zi+dc=v1,⋯zi+m−1dc=vm−1.(5)
For these patterns, the probabilitypπv0v1…vm−1 of each dispersion pattern πv0v1…vm−1 is(8)pπv0v1…vm−1=Numberπv0v1…vm−1N−m−1d,whereNumberπv0v1…vm−1 is the number of dispersion patterns.(6)
DE of time series is defined as(9)DEx,m,c,d=−∑π=1cmpπv0v1…vm−1lnpπv0v1…vm−1.For each node obtained by hierarchical decomposition, its DE is calculated, and all the results obtained are HDE.


## 3. Proposed Method

This paper recognizes SRN by extracting HDE feature of the signal, and two feature extraction methods, single feature extraction and dual feature extraction are used. The method of identifying SRN using HDE features is shown in Figure1. The specific steps for single feature extraction are as follows:(1)
Input SRN as the signal to be identified.(2)
Hierarchical decomposition of the signal at the third level, the signal is decomposed into eight nodes.(3)
Selecting the optimal node and calculating its DE as the feature of SRN.(4)
Classify and recognize the obtained features by k-nearest neighbor (KNN) to get the recognition result of the signal.Figure 1
The method of identifying SRN using HDE features.Dual feature extraction and single feature extraction are the same except for the second and third steps; in the second step, dual feature extraction requires fourteen nodes derived from the first-, second-, and third-level decomposition of the signal; in the third step, two optimal nodes are selected.


## 4. Feature Extraction of Ship-Radiated Noise

### 4.1. Ship-Radiated Noise

Feature extraction and classification recognition of four types of SRN are carried out. These four types of signals are identified as SRN1, SRN2, SRN3, and SRN4. The signal lengths of the first and second types are 1380000, the third type are 2828835, and the fourth type are 1641600, and the sampling frequency is 44.1 kHz. Take data points from 1 to 1200000 of the four types of SRN. Figure2 presents four types of SRN after normalization.Figure 2
Four types of SRN after normalization. (a) SRN1. (b) SRN2. (c) SRN3. (d) SRN4.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 4.2. Feature Extraction Experiment

#### 4.2.1. Single Feature Extraction

In this section, we extract the features of four types of SRN. First, hierarchical decomposition of SRN is carried out, then take eight nodes of the third-level decomposition and extract their DE features. This is called HDE of the third-level decomposition of SRN. Then, as a comparison, we extract the reverse dispersion entropy and PE of the nodes separately, these are called HRDE and HPE of the third-level decomposition, respectively.The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is extracted, and the sample distribution is observed. The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the diagram that the HDE of the four types of SRN in the Node 1 is quite different. There are duplicate parts of the HDE of SRN1 and SRN4, and the same is true of SRN2 and SRN3; there is no significant difference in HDE between the four types of SRN in Node 2 to Node 7; HDE of SRN2 in Node 8 differs significantly from the other three types. The HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN can be seen in Figure4.Figure 4
HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The results of feature extraction show that there is no obvious difference among the four types of SRN samples under the same node; the difference of HRDE is obvious only under Node1; of the remaining seven nodes, a few samples of SRN 3 had significant differences in HRDE; in Node 2, HRDE of SRN1 is somewhat different from the other three types of SRN. Figure5 displays the HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN.Figure 5
HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the figure that there are many differences in HPE for the four types of SRN only in the first node, but the range of entropy values for each type of SRN sample still has a large repetition; the sample entropy values of SRN2 and other SRN in the eighth node are different; the entropy values of four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 differ little except for a small number of samples; differences of HPE between the four types of SRN are small, making it difficult to distinguish them effectively.


#### 4.2.2. Results of Classification

Using k-nearest neighbor to recognize the results of feature extraction, the value of K was 1. Fifty training samples are used for each type of SRN, and the rest are used as test samples to classify and identify the four types of SRN. The validity of the feature extraction method proposed in this paper is verified by comparing the recognition rates of the four feature extraction methods. The HDE recognition rate for four types of SRN is shown in Table1.Table 1
HDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19286768685Node 25642165241.5Node 34064384246Node 44436403839.5Node 55072506459Node 65834565250Node 72442282229Node 84896383454It can be seen from Table1 that the recognition results of four types of SRN are not good, and the highest average recognition rate is 85%; the highest recognition rate is 96% of the eight nodes for four types of SRN, and the lowest recognition rate is only 16%. The recognition rate of each node of SRN3 and SRN4 is less than 90%. Node 4 and Node 7 have recognition rates of less than 50%, and the HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN are presented in Table 2.Table 2
HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19278748682.5Node 24240304639.5Node 34264405450Node 44826385642Node 52456405844.5Node 64848485650Node 73640222831.5Node 840100263249.5As can be seen from Table2, the HRDE of the eight nodes for four types of SRN has the highest recognition rate of 100% and the lowest recognition rate of 22%; the average recognition rate of Node 1 is 82.5%, but the average recognition rate of the remaining seven nodes is not more than 50%; the highest recognition rate of SRN2 appeared in Node 8, and the highest recognition rate of the other three types of SRN appeared in Node 1; the identification rate of all nodes in SRN3 is lower than 80%. In general, the recognition results are not good for distinguishing the four types of SRN. Table 3 shows the HPE recognition rate for four types of SRN.Table 3
HPE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 15482545260.5Node 22620522631Node 32636182225.5Node 42034363631.5Node 52456382235Node 62840483036.5Node 73624202426Node 83480323645.5According to Table3, the results of HPE recognition of eight nodes for four types of SRN are poor, with the highest average recognition rate is only 60.5%; the recognition rate of the four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 is less than 60%; in SRN2, the recognition rate of Node 1 and Node 8 is significantly higher than that of other nodes; besides SRN2, the highest recognition rate of all nodes of the three types of SRN is only 54%; it is difficult to distinguish four kinds of SRN by HPE.Because the recognition results obtained by single feature extraction for eight nodes after three-level decomposition are not obvious, which is difficult to distinguish four types of SRN, consider adding more nodes and improving the feature extraction method. Dual feature extraction experiments are performed on fourteen nodes of the first-, second-, and third-level decomposition results.


### 4.3. Dual Feature Extraction Experiment

The results of hierarchical decomposition consist of fourteen nodes, third-level decomposition as the first to eight nodes, second-level decomposition as the ninth to twelfth nodes, and first-level decomposition as the thirteenth and fourteenth nodes. Feature distribution and recognition rate of the optimal result of dual feature recognition of four types of SRN are shown in Figure6 and Table 4.Figure 6
Feature distribution of the optimal result of dual feature recognition for four types of SRN. (a) HDE. (b) HRDE. (c) HPE.
(a)(b)(c)Table 4
Recognition rate of the optimal result of dual feature recognition for four types of SRN.
HDEHRDEHPERecognition rate100%99%98.5%Node6, 131, 131, 13From Figure6, we can see that the dual feature distribution of the same feature of the four types of SRN is significantly different, and the general distribution range of the four types of SRN can be clearly identified besides a very small number of samples.It can be seen from Table4 that in the dual feature extraction experiment, the recognition effect of the HDE is the best, and the highest recognition rate reaches 100%; among the three, the HPE has the worst recognition effect, and the highest recognition rate is 98.5%; the combination with the highest HDE recognition rate is Node 6 and Node 13, and the combination with the highest HRDE and HPE recognition rate is Node 1 and Node 13.


## 4.1. Ship-Radiated Noise

Feature extraction and classification recognition of four types of SRN are carried out. These four types of signals are identified as SRN1, SRN2, SRN3, and SRN4. The signal lengths of the first and second types are 1380000, the third type are 2828835, and the fourth type are 1641600, and the sampling frequency is 44.1 kHz. Take data points from 1 to 1200000 of the four types of SRN. Figure2 presents four types of SRN after normalization.Figure 2
Four types of SRN after normalization. (a) SRN1. (b) SRN2. (c) SRN3. (d) SRN4.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 4.2. Feature Extraction Experiment

### 4.2.1. Single Feature Extraction

In this section, we extract the features of four types of SRN. First, hierarchical decomposition of SRN is carried out, then take eight nodes of the third-level decomposition and extract their DE features. This is called HDE of the third-level decomposition of SRN. Then, as a comparison, we extract the reverse dispersion entropy and PE of the nodes separately, these are called HRDE and HPE of the third-level decomposition, respectively.The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is extracted, and the sample distribution is observed. The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the diagram that the HDE of the four types of SRN in the Node 1 is quite different. There are duplicate parts of the HDE of SRN1 and SRN4, and the same is true of SRN2 and SRN3; there is no significant difference in HDE between the four types of SRN in Node 2 to Node 7; HDE of SRN2 in Node 8 differs significantly from the other three types. The HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN can be seen in Figure4.Figure 4
HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The results of feature extraction show that there is no obvious difference among the four types of SRN samples under the same node; the difference of HRDE is obvious only under Node1; of the remaining seven nodes, a few samples of SRN 3 had significant differences in HRDE; in Node 2, HRDE of SRN1 is somewhat different from the other three types of SRN. Figure5 displays the HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN.Figure 5
HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the figure that there are many differences in HPE for the four types of SRN only in the first node, but the range of entropy values for each type of SRN sample still has a large repetition; the sample entropy values of SRN2 and other SRN in the eighth node are different; the entropy values of four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 differ little except for a small number of samples; differences of HPE between the four types of SRN are small, making it difficult to distinguish them effectively.


### 4.2.2. Results of Classification

Using k-nearest neighbor to recognize the results of feature extraction, the value of K was 1. Fifty training samples are used for each type of SRN, and the rest are used as test samples to classify and identify the four types of SRN. The validity of the feature extraction method proposed in this paper is verified by comparing the recognition rates of the four feature extraction methods. The HDE recognition rate for four types of SRN is shown in Table1.Table 1
HDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19286768685Node 25642165241.5Node 34064384246Node 44436403839.5Node 55072506459Node 65834565250Node 72442282229Node 84896383454It can be seen from Table1 that the recognition results of four types of SRN are not good, and the highest average recognition rate is 85%; the highest recognition rate is 96% of the eight nodes for four types of SRN, and the lowest recognition rate is only 16%. The recognition rate of each node of SRN3 and SRN4 is less than 90%. Node 4 and Node 7 have recognition rates of less than 50%, and the HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN are presented in Table 2.Table 2
HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19278748682.5Node 24240304639.5Node 34264405450Node 44826385642Node 52456405844.5Node 64848485650Node 73640222831.5Node 840100263249.5As can be seen from Table2, the HRDE of the eight nodes for four types of SRN has the highest recognition rate of 100% and the lowest recognition rate of 22%; the average recognition rate of Node 1 is 82.5%, but the average recognition rate of the remaining seven nodes is not more than 50%; the highest recognition rate of SRN2 appeared in Node 8, and the highest recognition rate of the other three types of SRN appeared in Node 1; the identification rate of all nodes in SRN3 is lower than 80%. In general, the recognition results are not good for distinguishing the four types of SRN. Table 3 shows the HPE recognition rate for four types of SRN.Table 3
HPE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 15482545260.5Node 22620522631Node 32636182225.5Node 42034363631.5Node 52456382235Node 62840483036.5Node 73624202426Node 83480323645.5According to Table3, the results of HPE recognition of eight nodes for four types of SRN are poor, with the highest average recognition rate is only 60.5%; the recognition rate of the four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 is less than 60%; in SRN2, the recognition rate of Node 1 and Node 8 is significantly higher than that of other nodes; besides SRN2, the highest recognition rate of all nodes of the three types of SRN is only 54%; it is difficult to distinguish four kinds of SRN by HPE.Because the recognition results obtained by single feature extraction for eight nodes after three-level decomposition are not obvious, which is difficult to distinguish four types of SRN, consider adding more nodes and improving the feature extraction method. Dual feature extraction experiments are performed on fourteen nodes of the first-, second-, and third-level decomposition results.


## 4.2.1. Single Feature Extraction

In this section, we extract the features of four types of SRN. First, hierarchical decomposition of SRN is carried out, then take eight nodes of the third-level decomposition and extract their DE features. This is called HDE of the third-level decomposition of SRN. Then, as a comparison, we extract the reverse dispersion entropy and PE of the nodes separately, these are called HRDE and HPE of the third-level decomposition, respectively.The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is extracted, and the sample distribution is observed. The HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
HDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the diagram that the HDE of the four types of SRN in the Node 1 is quite different. There are duplicate parts of the HDE of SRN1 and SRN4, and the same is true of SRN2 and SRN3; there is no significant difference in HDE between the four types of SRN in Node 2 to Node 7; HDE of SRN2 in Node 8 differs significantly from the other three types. The HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN can be seen in Figure4.Figure 4
HRDE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The results of feature extraction show that there is no obvious difference among the four types of SRN samples under the same node; the difference of HRDE is obvious only under Node1; of the remaining seven nodes, a few samples of SRN 3 had significant differences in HRDE; in Node 2, HRDE of SRN1 is somewhat different from the other three types of SRN. Figure5 displays the HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN.Figure 5
HPE of eight nodes for four types of SRN. (a) Node 1. (b) Node 2. (c) Node 3. (d) Node 4. (e) Node 5. (f) Node 6. (g) Node 7. (h) Node 8.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)It can be seen from the figure that there are many differences in HPE for the four types of SRN only in the first node, but the range of entropy values for each type of SRN sample still has a large repetition; the sample entropy values of SRN2 and other SRN in the eighth node are different; the entropy values of four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 differ little except for a small number of samples; differences of HPE between the four types of SRN are small, making it difficult to distinguish them effectively.


## 4.2.2. Results of Classification

Using k-nearest neighbor to recognize the results of feature extraction, the value of K was 1. Fifty training samples are used for each type of SRN, and the rest are used as test samples to classify and identify the four types of SRN. The validity of the feature extraction method proposed in this paper is verified by comparing the recognition rates of the four feature extraction methods. The HDE recognition rate for four types of SRN is shown in Table1.Table 1
HDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19286768685Node 25642165241.5Node 34064384246Node 44436403839.5Node 55072506459Node 65834565250Node 72442282229Node 84896383454It can be seen from Table1 that the recognition results of four types of SRN are not good, and the highest average recognition rate is 85%; the highest recognition rate is 96% of the eight nodes for four types of SRN, and the lowest recognition rate is only 16%. The recognition rate of each node of SRN3 and SRN4 is less than 90%. Node 4 and Node 7 have recognition rates of less than 50%, and the HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN are presented in Table 2.Table 2
HRDE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 19278748682.5Node 24240304639.5Node 34264405450Node 44826385642Node 52456405844.5Node 64848485650Node 73640222831.5Node 840100263249.5As can be seen from Table2, the HRDE of the eight nodes for four types of SRN has the highest recognition rate of 100% and the lowest recognition rate of 22%; the average recognition rate of Node 1 is 82.5%, but the average recognition rate of the remaining seven nodes is not more than 50%; the highest recognition rate of SRN2 appeared in Node 8, and the highest recognition rate of the other three types of SRN appeared in Node 1; the identification rate of all nodes in SRN3 is lower than 80%. In general, the recognition results are not good for distinguishing the four types of SRN. Table 3 shows the HPE recognition rate for four types of SRN.Table 3
HPE recognition rates for four types of SRN.
SRN1 (%)SRN2 (%)SRN3 (%)SRN4 (%)Average (%)Node 15482545260.5Node 22620522631Node 32636182225.5Node 42034363631.5Node 52456382235Node 62840483036.5Node 73624202426Node 83480323645.5According to Table3, the results of HPE recognition of eight nodes for four types of SRN are poor, with the highest average recognition rate is only 60.5%; the recognition rate of the four types of SRN from Node 2 to Node 7 is less than 60%; in SRN2, the recognition rate of Node 1 and Node 8 is significantly higher than that of other nodes; besides SRN2, the highest recognition rate of all nodes of the three types of SRN is only 54%; it is difficult to distinguish four kinds of SRN by HPE.Because the recognition results obtained by single feature extraction for eight nodes after three-level decomposition are not obvious, which is difficult to distinguish four types of SRN, consider adding more nodes and improving the feature extraction method. Dual feature extraction experiments are performed on fourteen nodes of the first-, second-, and third-level decomposition results.


## 4.3. Dual Feature Extraction Experiment

The results of hierarchical decomposition consist of fourteen nodes, third-level decomposition as the first to eight nodes, second-level decomposition as the ninth to twelfth nodes, and first-level decomposition as the thirteenth and fourteenth nodes. Feature distribution and recognition rate of the optimal result of dual feature recognition of four types of SRN are shown in Figure6 and Table 4.Figure 6
Feature distribution of the optimal result of dual feature recognition for four types of SRN. (a) HDE. (b) HRDE. (c) HPE.
(a)(b)(c)Table 4
Recognition rate of the optimal result of dual feature recognition for four types of SRN.
HDEHRDEHPERecognition rate100%99%98.5%Node6, 131, 131, 13From Figure6, we can see that the dual feature distribution of the same feature of the four types of SRN is significantly different, and the general distribution range of the four types of SRN can be clearly identified besides a very small number of samples.It can be seen from Table4 that in the dual feature extraction experiment, the recognition effect of the HDE is the best, and the highest recognition rate reaches 100%; among the three, the HPE has the worst recognition effect, and the highest recognition rate is 98.5%; the combination with the highest HDE recognition rate is Node 6 and Node 13, and the combination with the highest HRDE and HPE recognition rate is Node 1 and Node 13.


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, HDE is introduced into the feature extraction field of SRN, and single feature extraction and double feature extraction methods based on HDE are proposed. The final recognition rate reaches 100%, which verifies the effectiveness of HDE, and the main conclusions of the experiments are as follows:(1)
HDE can show the high-frequency and low-frequency feature of signals, and it is often used in fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. This paper introduces it into the field of SRN recognition as a new feature of SRN.(2)
Compared with the extractions of HRDE and HPE, the recognition result of HDE single feature recognition can better distinguish SRN.(3)
In order to further improve the performance of HDE in feature extraction, a dual feature extraction method is proposed. The recognition rate is significantly improved compared with the single feature, and the recognition effect is better than the dual feature recognition of the other two feature extraction methods.



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*Source: 3238461-2022-05-28.xml*