# Efficacy of Modified Nonpneumatic Transaxillary Approach in the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer and Its Effect on Immune Function and Parathyroid Function

Authors: Tao Huang; Yiming Sang; Jizong Zhang
Journal: Emergency Medicine International
 (2022)

---

## Abstract

Objective. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach in the treatment of thyroid cancer and its effect on immune function and parathyroid function. Methods. A total of 96 patients with thyroid cancer who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected and randomly divided into the control group of 48 cases and the observation group of 48 cases. The control group was given open surgery, and for the observation group, modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach was used for treatment. The perioperative related indicators, the incidence of complications, as well as the changes of immune function indicators, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium before and after surgery were compared between the two groups. Results. The time of flap separation and cavity construction, operation time, and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly longer than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After operation, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were lower than those before operation (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The serum PTH and calcium at 1 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after operation were lower than those before operation in this group (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the incidence of complications in the observation group (4.17% vs. 6.25%) was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Compared with open surgery, the modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach in the treatment of thyroid cancer is more effective in reducing immune function decline, hypoparathyroidism, and hypocalcemia; although the operation time and recovery time are longer, and it is safe. Sex is also high.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Thyroid cancer is an endocrine system disease with the main clinical symptoms of hoarseness, dysphagia, lymphadenopathy, and intrathyroidal mass, which is more common in women [1]. At present, surgical treatment is mainly adopted for clinical treatment of thyroid cancer, and laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy are the common surgical methods. However, the large wound in open surgery not only leads to scar formation in neck surgery and affects aesthetics but also increases the probability of postoperative infection. Laparoscopic surgery is favored by doctors and patients because of its advantages such as hidden incision, small incision, safety, and reliability [2]. With the continuous development and maturation of endoscopic surgery technology, endoscopic technology is gradually used in thyroid surgery and the surgical approach is constantly changing. At present, the main approaches for endoscopic thyroid surgery include transaxillary, subclavian, oral, and whole areola. It has been clinically verified that the scar ratio of the incision in endoscopic thyroidectomy via transthoracic approach is relatively concealed, but it has the disadvantages of slow flap recovery, unstable operation space, etc. In addition, the probability of postoperative hemorrhage, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, and even immunologic dysfunction is relatively high [3, 4]. There are few studies about the effect of nonpneumatic transaxillary approach on immune function and parathyroid gland function in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Based on this, this study analyzed the influence of modified noninflated transaxillary approach on immune function and parathyroid function of patients with thyroid cancer. The report is as follows.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. General Information

A total of 96 patients with thyroid cancer who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected. All the patients were divided into an observation group (48 cases) and a control group (48 cases) according to the random number table. This study was approved by the hospital medical ethics committee, and the patients and their families signed informed consent.


### 2.2. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) All patients were unilateral thyroid malignancies. (2) Imaging examination showed lymph nodes in the neck, but no enlargement of the lymph nodes. (3) The pathological diagnosis was differentiated thyroid carcinoma. (4) The long diameter of the tumor ≤2 cm.


### 2.3. Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients with hyperthyroidism. (2) Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. (3) Patients with severe organic lesions. (4) Patients who have received radiation therapy. (5) Patients who have received axillary, breast, and neck. (6) Those who have contraindications to the operation of this study. (7) Those who are unable to cooperate with the researcher due to disturbance of consciousness, mental illness, etc. (8) Patients who withdrew from the study.


### 2.4. Methods

#### 2.4.1. Control Group

The control group underwent open surgery. An incision of 3–5 cm in length was made approximately 2 cm above the sternum. After the flap was effectively separated, the thyroid on the affected side is exposed. The blood vessels around its thyroid and the upper and lower poles were cut off by coagulation with an ultrasonic scalpel, and the thyroid on the affected side was removed. We dissect the lobe and isthmus of thyroid and the lymph node in the central region and place a negative pressure drainage tube in the operation cavity, and then close the operation cavity.


#### 2.4.2. Observation Group

In the observation group, the modified noninflatable axillary approach was adopted. Under general anesthesia, the patient was kept in the supine position, and the affected upper limb was abduction, and fully expose the axilla and fix it, make an incision from the top of the axilla, 5 cm in length, and free depth to be able to identify the sternocleidomastoid sternal head and clavicle head. The bone was pulled medially for separation, effectively separating the lateral border of the anterior girdle muscle, exposing the thyroid lobe on the affected side, the ventral side at the level of the sternoclavicular joint, the cephalic side of the superior thyroid pole, and the middle of the thyroid isthmus. A special retractor was inserted through the axillary incision, and the sternal heads of the anterior cervical ligament muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle were pulled and fixed upward. The surgical window was established, and the surgical cavity did not need to be rinsed with CO2 gas. After the operation cavity was established, 3 operating instruments were placed through the axillary incision. When using the right main knife, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the right hand, and when the left main cutter is used, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the left hand. The external capsule of the thyroid was separated, and the gland was pulled to the lower pole. The thyroid was attached to the thyroid with an ultrasonic scalpel. The blood vessels of the thyroid are coagulated and cut off, completely exposing the esophageal groove. The ultrasonic scalpel was used to coagulate and cut off the blood vessels and lower pole on the thyroid side, so as to fully expose the recurrent laryngeal nerve along the lateral side of trachea. The thyroid suspensory ligament and the isthmus were cut off by coagulation, and the thyroid lobe and the isthmus of the thyroid gland on the affected side were completely removed. Then, the lymph nodes in the central region were dissected. The chamber was rinsed postoperatively to stop bleeding until the parathyroid glands could be effectively identified, and a negative pressure drainage tube was placed in the chamber and the chamber was then closed.


### 2.5. Observation Indicators

(1)
Perioperative indicators were recorded, including flap separation and cavity construction time, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, and number of lymph node dissections.(2)
Immune function index: Before and 7 days after operation (after operation), 5 ml of fasting venous blood was taken, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was taken for inspection (−80°C), and the supernatant blood was taken for testing (−80°C). CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ were detected by a Thermo Fisher Scientific Attune NxT flow cytometer.(3)
Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium: Fasting venous blood (5 ml) was collected preoperatively and 1 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after operation, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was collected for detection. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect PTH, and the kit was from Shanghai Lanji Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; the American Beckman AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect blood calcium content.(4)
The occurrence of complications, including subcutaneous hematoma, wound infection, and temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was recorded.


### 2.6. Statistical Methods

The data obtained in this study were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. The expression form of enumeration data is (n, %), and theχ2 test is used; the expression form of measurement data is (x¯ ± S), the independent sample t-test is used for the comparison between groups, and the paired t-test is used for the comparison within the group. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between multiple groups, and LSD-t method was used for pairwise comparison between groups. The differences between the two groups and the time differences of the measured values at each time point were compared using the repeated measures data analysis of variance between the two groups, and the LSD-t test was performed afterwards. Statistically significant differences were indicated by P < 0.05.


## 2.1. General Information

A total of 96 patients with thyroid cancer who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected. All the patients were divided into an observation group (48 cases) and a control group (48 cases) according to the random number table. This study was approved by the hospital medical ethics committee, and the patients and their families signed informed consent.


## 2.2. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) All patients were unilateral thyroid malignancies. (2) Imaging examination showed lymph nodes in the neck, but no enlargement of the lymph nodes. (3) The pathological diagnosis was differentiated thyroid carcinoma. (4) The long diameter of the tumor ≤2 cm.


## 2.3. Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients with hyperthyroidism. (2) Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. (3) Patients with severe organic lesions. (4) Patients who have received radiation therapy. (5) Patients who have received axillary, breast, and neck. (6) Those who have contraindications to the operation of this study. (7) Those who are unable to cooperate with the researcher due to disturbance of consciousness, mental illness, etc. (8) Patients who withdrew from the study.


## 2.4. Methods

### 2.4.1. Control Group

The control group underwent open surgery. An incision of 3–5 cm in length was made approximately 2 cm above the sternum. After the flap was effectively separated, the thyroid on the affected side is exposed. The blood vessels around its thyroid and the upper and lower poles were cut off by coagulation with an ultrasonic scalpel, and the thyroid on the affected side was removed. We dissect the lobe and isthmus of thyroid and the lymph node in the central region and place a negative pressure drainage tube in the operation cavity, and then close the operation cavity.


### 2.4.2. Observation Group

In the observation group, the modified noninflatable axillary approach was adopted. Under general anesthesia, the patient was kept in the supine position, and the affected upper limb was abduction, and fully expose the axilla and fix it, make an incision from the top of the axilla, 5 cm in length, and free depth to be able to identify the sternocleidomastoid sternal head and clavicle head. The bone was pulled medially for separation, effectively separating the lateral border of the anterior girdle muscle, exposing the thyroid lobe on the affected side, the ventral side at the level of the sternoclavicular joint, the cephalic side of the superior thyroid pole, and the middle of the thyroid isthmus. A special retractor was inserted through the axillary incision, and the sternal heads of the anterior cervical ligament muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle were pulled and fixed upward. The surgical window was established, and the surgical cavity did not need to be rinsed with CO2 gas. After the operation cavity was established, 3 operating instruments were placed through the axillary incision. When using the right main knife, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the right hand, and when the left main cutter is used, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the left hand. The external capsule of the thyroid was separated, and the gland was pulled to the lower pole. The thyroid was attached to the thyroid with an ultrasonic scalpel. The blood vessels of the thyroid are coagulated and cut off, completely exposing the esophageal groove. The ultrasonic scalpel was used to coagulate and cut off the blood vessels and lower pole on the thyroid side, so as to fully expose the recurrent laryngeal nerve along the lateral side of trachea. The thyroid suspensory ligament and the isthmus were cut off by coagulation, and the thyroid lobe and the isthmus of the thyroid gland on the affected side were completely removed. Then, the lymph nodes in the central region were dissected. The chamber was rinsed postoperatively to stop bleeding until the parathyroid glands could be effectively identified, and a negative pressure drainage tube was placed in the chamber and the chamber was then closed.


## 2.4.1. Control Group

The control group underwent open surgery. An incision of 3–5 cm in length was made approximately 2 cm above the sternum. After the flap was effectively separated, the thyroid on the affected side is exposed. The blood vessels around its thyroid and the upper and lower poles were cut off by coagulation with an ultrasonic scalpel, and the thyroid on the affected side was removed. We dissect the lobe and isthmus of thyroid and the lymph node in the central region and place a negative pressure drainage tube in the operation cavity, and then close the operation cavity.


## 2.4.2. Observation Group

In the observation group, the modified noninflatable axillary approach was adopted. Under general anesthesia, the patient was kept in the supine position, and the affected upper limb was abduction, and fully expose the axilla and fix it, make an incision from the top of the axilla, 5 cm in length, and free depth to be able to identify the sternocleidomastoid sternal head and clavicle head. The bone was pulled medially for separation, effectively separating the lateral border of the anterior girdle muscle, exposing the thyroid lobe on the affected side, the ventral side at the level of the sternoclavicular joint, the cephalic side of the superior thyroid pole, and the middle of the thyroid isthmus. A special retractor was inserted through the axillary incision, and the sternal heads of the anterior cervical ligament muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle were pulled and fixed upward. The surgical window was established, and the surgical cavity did not need to be rinsed with CO2 gas. After the operation cavity was established, 3 operating instruments were placed through the axillary incision. When using the right main knife, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the right hand, and when the left main cutter is used, we operate the endoscopic grasper or release forceps with the left hand. The external capsule of the thyroid was separated, and the gland was pulled to the lower pole. The thyroid was attached to the thyroid with an ultrasonic scalpel. The blood vessels of the thyroid are coagulated and cut off, completely exposing the esophageal groove. The ultrasonic scalpel was used to coagulate and cut off the blood vessels and lower pole on the thyroid side, so as to fully expose the recurrent laryngeal nerve along the lateral side of trachea. The thyroid suspensory ligament and the isthmus were cut off by coagulation, and the thyroid lobe and the isthmus of the thyroid gland on the affected side were completely removed. Then, the lymph nodes in the central region were dissected. The chamber was rinsed postoperatively to stop bleeding until the parathyroid glands could be effectively identified, and a negative pressure drainage tube was placed in the chamber and the chamber was then closed.


## 2.5. Observation Indicators

(1)
Perioperative indicators were recorded, including flap separation and cavity construction time, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, and number of lymph node dissections.(2)
Immune function index: Before and 7 days after operation (after operation), 5 ml of fasting venous blood was taken, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was taken for inspection (−80°C), and the supernatant blood was taken for testing (−80°C). CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ were detected by a Thermo Fisher Scientific Attune NxT flow cytometer.(3)
Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium: Fasting venous blood (5 ml) was collected preoperatively and 1 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after operation, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was collected for detection. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect PTH, and the kit was from Shanghai Lanji Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; the American Beckman AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect blood calcium content.(4)
The occurrence of complications, including subcutaneous hematoma, wound infection, and temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was recorded.


## 2.6. Statistical Methods

The data obtained in this study were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. The expression form of enumeration data is (n, %), and theχ2 test is used; the expression form of measurement data is (x¯ ± S), the independent sample t-test is used for the comparison between groups, and the paired t-test is used for the comparison within the group. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between multiple groups, and LSD-t method was used for pairwise comparison between groups. The differences between the two groups and the time differences of the measured values at each time point were compared using the repeated measures data analysis of variance between the two groups, and the LSD-t test was performed afterwards. Statistically significant differences were indicated by P < 0.05.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Baseline Data

There was no statistical significance in the comparison of baseline data between the two groups (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of baseline data between the two groups (x¯±s; n, %).
GroupnAge (year)GenderTumor diameter (cm)Lesion locationMaleFemaleLeftRightObservation group4844.83 ± 5.3410 (20.83)38 (79.17)0.86 ± 0.1429 (60.42)19 (39.58)Control group4845.44 ± 5.6711 (22.92)37 (77.08)0.92 ± 0.2728 (58.33)20 (41.67)t/χ2 value0.5430.0611.3670.043P value0.5890.8050.1750.835


### 3.2. Comparison of Related Indicators in the Perioperative Period

The time of flap separation and cavity construction, operation time, and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly longer than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, and the number of lymph node dissection between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Comparison of perioperative related indicators between the two groups (x¯±s).
GroupnFlap separation and cavity construction time (min)Operation time (min)Intraoperative blood loss (ml)Postoperative drainage (ml)The number of days in hospital (d)Number of lymph nodes dissected (piece)Observation group4834.34 ± 4.43130.78 ± 12.315.49 ± 5.45143.92 ± 15.537.23 ± 1.985.59 ± 1.55Control group4812.49 ± 1.8890.42 ± 8.7214.41 ± 4.33139.57 ± 15.195.57 ± 1.375.41 ± 1.58t value31.45618.5461.0751.3874.7770.563P value<0.001<0.0010.2850.169<0.0010.574


### 3.3. Comparison of Immune Function Indicators

There was no statistical significance in the comparison of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups before operation (P > 0.05). After operation, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were lower than those before operation (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Comparison of immune function indexes between the two groups before and after surgery (x¯±s).
GroupnCD3+(%)CD4+(%)CD4+/CD8+PreoperativePostoperativePreoperativePostoperativePreoperativePostoperativeObservation group4867.33 ± 6.4956.97 ± 5.21a43.54 ± 4.5832.39 ± 4.181.33 ± 0.321.13 ± 0.35aControl group4866.36 ± 6.3150.15 ± 5.28a44.35 ± 4.6828.35 ± 4.24a1.36 ± 0.380.94 ± 0.26at value0.7426.366−0.8574.698−0.4193.021P Value0.460<0.0010.393<0.0010.6760.003Compared with preoperative in this group,aP < 0.05.


### 3.4. Comparison of Serum PTH and Calcium

Repeated measurements showed that the time point, between groups, and the interaction between time points and between groups of serum PTH and calcium were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Postoperative LSD-t test showed that serum PTH and calcium at 1 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after operation were lower than those before operation in this group (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of serum PTH and calcium between two groups at different time points (x¯±s).
IndexesGroupPreoperative1 hour after surgery1 day after surgery3 days after surgery7 days after surgeryPTH (ng/L)Observation group (48)51.33 ± 15.9832.56 ± 10.56ab30.04 ± 10.13ab28.71 ± 8.66ab34.44 ± 10.30abControl group (48)51.85 ± 16.5219.96 ± 6.12a17.31 ± 5.43a16.44 ± 5.32a24.71 ± 7.47aF ValueFtime = 86.806, Ftime×group = 5.353, Fgroup = 46.050P ValuePtime=0.000, Ptime×group=0.001, Pgroup=0.000Calcium (mmol/L)Observation group (48)2.35 ± 0.122.21 ± 0.17ab2.18 ± 0.09ab2.12 ± 0.14ab2.22 ± 0.16abControl group (48)2.36 ± 0.122.09 ± 0.16a2.02 ± 0.13a1.89 ± 0.21a2.08 ± 0.17aF ValueFtime = 204.635, Ftime×group = 23.156, Fgroup = 26.692P valuePtime=0.000, Ptime×group=0.000, Pgroup=0.000Compared with this group before operation,aP < 0.05; compared with the control group at the same time, bP < 0.05.


### 3.5. Complications

There was no statistical significance in the incidence of complications in the observation group compared with the control group (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Comparison of the incidence of complications between the two groups (n, %).
GroupnSubcutaneous hematomaWound infectionTransient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsyComplicationObservation group481 (2.08)1 (2.08)0 (0.00)2 (4.17)Control group480 (0.00)2 (4.17)1 (2.08)3 (6.25)χ2 value1.0110.3441.0110.211P value0.3150.5570.3150.646


## 3.1. Baseline Data

There was no statistical significance in the comparison of baseline data between the two groups (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 1.Table 1
Comparison of baseline data between the two groups (x¯±s; n, %).
GroupnAge (year)GenderTumor diameter (cm)Lesion locationMaleFemaleLeftRightObservation group4844.83 ± 5.3410 (20.83)38 (79.17)0.86 ± 0.1429 (60.42)19 (39.58)Control group4845.44 ± 5.6711 (22.92)37 (77.08)0.92 ± 0.2728 (58.33)20 (41.67)t/χ2 value0.5430.0611.3670.043P value0.5890.8050.1750.835


## 3.2. Comparison of Related Indicators in the Perioperative Period

The time of flap separation and cavity construction, operation time, and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly longer than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, and the number of lymph node dissection between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Comparison of perioperative related indicators between the two groups (x¯±s).
GroupnFlap separation and cavity construction time (min)Operation time (min)Intraoperative blood loss (ml)Postoperative drainage (ml)The number of days in hospital (d)Number of lymph nodes dissected (piece)Observation group4834.34 ± 4.43130.78 ± 12.315.49 ± 5.45143.92 ± 15.537.23 ± 1.985.59 ± 1.55Control group4812.49 ± 1.8890.42 ± 8.7214.41 ± 4.33139.57 ± 15.195.57 ± 1.375.41 ± 1.58t value31.45618.5461.0751.3874.7770.563P value<0.001<0.0010.2850.169<0.0010.574


## 3.3. Comparison of Immune Function Indicators

There was no statistical significance in the comparison of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups before operation (P > 0.05). After operation, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were lower than those before operation (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 3.Table 3
Comparison of immune function indexes between the two groups before and after surgery (x¯±s).
GroupnCD3+(%)CD4+(%)CD4+/CD8+PreoperativePostoperativePreoperativePostoperativePreoperativePostoperativeObservation group4867.33 ± 6.4956.97 ± 5.21a43.54 ± 4.5832.39 ± 4.181.33 ± 0.321.13 ± 0.35aControl group4866.36 ± 6.3150.15 ± 5.28a44.35 ± 4.6828.35 ± 4.24a1.36 ± 0.380.94 ± 0.26at value0.7426.366−0.8574.698−0.4193.021P Value0.460<0.0010.393<0.0010.6760.003Compared with preoperative in this group,aP < 0.05.


## 3.4. Comparison of Serum PTH and Calcium

Repeated measurements showed that the time point, between groups, and the interaction between time points and between groups of serum PTH and calcium were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Postoperative LSD-t test showed that serum PTH and calcium at 1 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after operation were lower than those before operation in this group (P < 0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 4.Table 4
Comparison of serum PTH and calcium between two groups at different time points (x¯±s).
IndexesGroupPreoperative1 hour after surgery1 day after surgery3 days after surgery7 days after surgeryPTH (ng/L)Observation group (48)51.33 ± 15.9832.56 ± 10.56ab30.04 ± 10.13ab28.71 ± 8.66ab34.44 ± 10.30abControl group (48)51.85 ± 16.5219.96 ± 6.12a17.31 ± 5.43a16.44 ± 5.32a24.71 ± 7.47aF ValueFtime = 86.806, Ftime×group = 5.353, Fgroup = 46.050P ValuePtime=0.000, Ptime×group=0.001, Pgroup=0.000Calcium (mmol/L)Observation group (48)2.35 ± 0.122.21 ± 0.17ab2.18 ± 0.09ab2.12 ± 0.14ab2.22 ± 0.16abControl group (48)2.36 ± 0.122.09 ± 0.16a2.02 ± 0.13a1.89 ± 0.21a2.08 ± 0.17aF ValueFtime = 204.635, Ftime×group = 23.156, Fgroup = 26.692P valuePtime=0.000, Ptime×group=0.000, Pgroup=0.000Compared with this group before operation,aP < 0.05; compared with the control group at the same time, bP < 0.05.


## 3.5. Complications

There was no statistical significance in the incidence of complications in the observation group compared with the control group (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Comparison of the incidence of complications between the two groups (n, %).
GroupnSubcutaneous hematomaWound infectionTransient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsyComplicationObservation group481 (2.08)1 (2.08)0 (0.00)2 (4.17)Control group480 (0.00)2 (4.17)1 (2.08)3 (6.25)χ2 value1.0110.3441.0110.211P value0.3150.5570.3150.646


## 4. Discussion

With the continuous development and progress of modern medical technology, the pursuit of smaller trauma and more beautiful wound has gradually become an important issue in the clinical treatment of thyroid disease [5]. There are many options for endoscopic surgical approaches. Among them, the transoral approach can make the scar invisible, but the operation is difficult, and patients are prone to nosocomial infection after surgery [6]. Through axillary approach to surgery, axillary skin fold can better hide the surgical scar. In addition, subaxillary approach does not need gas filling, which can avoid mediastinal emphysema caused by gas filling. Therefore, the axillary approach has been considered as a more appropriate option for endoscopic surgery for thyroid cancer in most studies [7–9]. In this study, the time of flap separation and cavity construction, operation time, and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly longer than those in the control group. The reason for the analysis is that, compared with open surgery, compared with open surgery, modified nonpneumoperitoneum axillary approach surgery is relatively more complex and has more free flaps during the operation, which needs to establish operation space for the surgery. Therefore, the operation time and postoperative recovery time are relatively long [10].The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating the calcium balance in the body. Its anatomical structure is very complex, and there are many nerves, blood vessels, and capsule tissues around it [11]. Therefore, if it is operated improperly during the operation, the adjacent tissues and parathyroid will be injured by mistake, resulting in postoperative epileptic seizure, limb numbness, muscle spasm, and agitation [12,13]. Parathyroid gland mainly secretes PTH, which is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. If the secretion of PTH is insufficient, it will lead to a decrease in serum calcium and an increase in serum phosphorus, leading to hypocalcemia, convulsions and even death [14–16]. In this study, the CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups after operation were lower than those before operation, but the observation group was significantly higher than the control group. Compared with the control group, the levels of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The results of the study showed that the two surgical methods both damaged parathyroid function and reduced immune function, but the modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach significantly reduced the impact on parathyroid function and immune function [17]. The reason is that the improved nonpneumatic subaxillary approach has established the operative cavity, and the surgical field of vision is relatively larger. It is easier to identify and separate structures such as recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery, which will not increase the trauma to the body and reduce the stress response of patients. Therefore, this method can effectively reduce the decline of immune function and avoid the occurrence of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. [18]. The scope of the subcutaneous tunnel in the modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach is smaller, and the distance of subcutaneous separation is also short, and the separation area is also reduced. Furthermore, the operation is performed under the direct vision of the whole process under the laparoscope, avoiding the use of separation rods. In addition, the scope of the subcutaneous tunnel of the modified non-pneumatic axillary approach is smaller, the subcutaneous separation distance is shorter, and the separation area is reduced, thereby reducing the risk degree of surgery. In addition, the operation is performed under the direct view of the whole process under the laparoscope, so that the use of the separation rod is avoided, the repeated lens wiping of a patient is avoided, the trauma on other tissues is reduced, the stress response of a body is reduced, and the immune function is protected [19, 20]. In this study, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups, indicating that endoscopic thyroidectomy via axillary approach without inflation would not increase the incidence of postoperative complications.In conclusion, compared with open surgery, the modified nonpneumatic transaxillary approach for thyroid cancer, although the operation time and recovery time are longer, can more effectively reduce the decline of immune function, hypoparathyroidism, and hypocalcemia, and is also safer.



---

*Source: 3336880-2022-10-15.xml*