# The Trend Prediction of the New Public Management Model Based on the Discrete Dynamic Evolution Model

Authors: Xiaoming Zheng
Journal: Security and Communication Networks
 (2022)

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## Abstract

At present, Western theoretical circles have gradually reached a goal-oriented consensus on “civic participation in public management.” This study provides an in-depth discussion of this synchronic view. At present, China’s political and economic environment, government, and citizens’ quality have undergone positive changes. The Chinese government has accelerated the practice of public management reform. Of course, there are also regional imbalances in the process of improving the public management mechanism in China. At the level of citizens, government, and society, there is a mismatch between supply and demand. With the increasing demands of citizens, the contradictions and crises in social life and public management are still intensifying. After clarifying these “risks” and “lag,” the study makes recommendations for the practice of “citizen-participatory public management” in China. This paper studies from three dimensions of citizen’s subjectivity, interpersonality, and sociality and specifically explores organizational flexibility, flattening, and diversity. The study expects to build a cooperative relationship between citizens and the environment and then build a “citizen participation” government. “Public management” has not been carried out in China for a long time, and its practicality is still limited. In this new management mode, realizing the benign interaction between citizens and the government is the key to the research. An important breakthrough point is to continue to nurture and develop community organizations (nonprofit organizations). This is because, by nurturing and developing community organizations, citizens can be provided with areas to realize their potential and achieve their aspirations. At the same time, this will also contribute to the multidimensional and diversified development of the organization. Most importantly, community organizations make public organizations more adaptable to the adjustment and integration of the external environment.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

As a new school of science, public management aims to help stakeholders acquire the knowledge, skills, and strategies needed to solve public problems, meet citizens’ needs, and handle public affairs, to create a responsible, efficient, and fair government. For the handling of social and economic affairs, it is impossible to achieve Pareto optimality only by private supply and transactions. Providing and guaranteeing public services have become an important function of the government to make up for market deficiencies. While criticizing the narrowness of traditional public administration, the new public administration advocates responding to the democratization requirements of the society. The focus of public policy in the new era is on the implementation of policies, and the orderly advancement of policies is inseparable from the implementation and advancement of government administrative agencies. The introduction and management of private enterprises requires the effective protection of government public policies. The perspective is still limited to the government’s system. It continues to adhere to the government’s single subjectivity without changing the government’s belatedness, financial, and efficiency crisis. . Therefore, the new public management that introduced the efficiency mechanism of private enterprises came into being [1–3]. While the new public management simplified the original organization process and improved internal efficiency and external response, it also made the citizenship singular, consumers and public managers [4–6]. Businesses of all kinds need to streamline their workflow. At present, the world is in the environment of globalization, accelerated information, and flattening of social structure. The predicament faced by enterprises has further intensified. There is a contradiction between the public’s demand for public services and the government’s supply. The needs of the public are diversified, but the supply provided by the government is relatively simple. There is a contradiction between the public and the government. This contradiction is the mismatch between everyone’s demand for public services and the government’s supply [7–9].In the face of the above problems, public management cannot be resolved by looking back to the traditional bureaucracy or by softening management in morality. Enterprises need to pay more attention to the interaction with the external environment, so as to ensure that enterprises can achieve “fair and just” presentation results. Specifically, the implementation of public management policies should not only emphasize the rationality of its technology but also pay more attention to its democracy and openness to the outside world. Public management policies must focus on the component of public participation. Take public participation as the basic guarantee for building a good quality of life. There is a contractual relationship between the government and the private. The concept and practice of the boundary between subject and object is “citizen-participatory public management” [10–13].In Europe and the United States, Western theoretical circles have gradually reached a consensus on citizen-participatory public management and have gradually become a trend. In daily practice, citizens interact with the government through open elections. At the same time, this trend has also brought a certain impact to the domestic people. Moreover, China is in the initial stage of a major transformation from government-mobilized public management to citizen-participatory public management. Regarding the reform methods of public management, there are disagreements in the theoretical circles. In the process of public management transformation and evolution, due to the “uniqueness” of its national conditions in the world, China has shown a fragmentary evolution process in the public management transformation, and an intermediate form has emerged rights protection response public management mode. At present, China is in the initial stage of cooperation between residents and the government and co-governance and management of grassroots communities. Regarding the discussion of public management policy reform, there are still some differences in the academic circles. Under the current stage of public management transformation and evolution, China’s own national conditions are “unique” in the world, and the overall public management work still faces certain challenges. A new public management model is needed to effectively respond to existing problems. This middle-of-the-road model is reflected in different social classes responding differently. The public faces the separation of constitutional rights from concrete guarantees. People use different platforms to organize effectively. The government pushes the improvement of public administration through the reverse way. This behavior eventually evolved into an act of civic engagement. This behavior has also become a new model of public management [14–16].From a practical point of view, although my country’s socialist basic system provides a fundamental guarantee for citizens’ participation in public management, there is a mismatch between supply and demand at the level of citizens, the government, and the society. Moreover, with the continuous rise of citizens’ demands, it will aggravate the contradictions and crises in social life. If citizens’ wishes and rights cannot be resolved through normal channels, they will often adopt unusual ways of participation [2, 17, 18]. In some parts of our country, such as environmental protection, demolition of prefectures and cities, land expropriation, and restructuring of state-owned enterprises, because the public cannot appeal for their own interests through normal channels, extreme irrational behaviors also occur from time to time. In the research on public management in Chinese academia, there are currently three characteristics. First, it is still in the stage of systematic introduction and sorting out of western new public management. The second is the concept of “governance” that has emerged in the West since the 1990s, especially the process from “good governance” to “good governance.” There are many translations and introductions, but when it is applied to Chinese issues, it stays more in narration and introduction. However, there is a lack of effective discussion on the corresponding practical mode of public management. The third is that, in the study of China’s public management model, western resources emphasized and the locality of knowledge ignored.In this regard, the significance of this study lies in the following. First, it is proposed that citizen-participated public management is a way to implement or realize the concept of “good governance.” In view of the current situation, the improvement of citizens’ participation in public management is also an important means of building a harmonious society in our country. The continuous improvement of the national governance system also supports my country’s modernization drive from another aspect. At present, China is facing both international and domestic pressures. The China’s development model has stood the test of time. The China’s public management model has been a huge success. The China’s management model has withstood the dual tests of domestic historical factors and international demonstration effects. China is now generating a rights-defense response management model. This model is now on a scale, but it is not yet a sufficient condition for citizen participation in public management. This study analyzes how to move towards citizen-participatory public management based on the various positive and negative factors presented by rights-defense response public management. Regardless of whether it is an international or domestic background, citizen participation in the management of public affairs has become a trend of the times. Therefore, this study proposes that citizen-participatory public management has the significance of the times. In addition, citizen participation in public management is not only an important means of embodying people’s democracy but also an effective way to improve government management, increase the efficiency of administrative democracy, and optimize the allocation of public resources [19–21]. Therefore, this study has a certain practical significance and practical value based on this topic. The research logical structure of this study is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
The research logical structure of this study.


## 2. Existing Research Results and Theoretical Basis

### 2.1. Related Research Progress

Compared with the government, how society participates in public management is a new and continuous concept in academic research. In modern European and American countries, the category of “society” is equivalent to “civil society” and has rich civic characteristics. It is centered on the concepts of “citizenship” and “citizenship.” The entire history of political development in the West can be seen as a controversy surrounding whether “citizenship” is recognized, how to exercise it, and the extent of its exercise. In the past 20 years, Western scholars have begun to reflect on the new public management [4, 22–24]. They believe that the management reform plan in the 1970s and 1980s was “dominated by efficiency and economic value, and efficiency can only be ranked third.” The values “such as fairness, justice, representativeness, and participation are either removed from the agenda or seen as a stumbling block on the road to high productivity.” As a result, democratic values such as fairness, justice, and citizen participation have been weakened, and they have fallen into a crisis of legitimacy in public administration. In addition, the introduction of a competition mechanism has neglected the cooperation and coordination between departments, which has brought about a fragmented institutional structure.Therefore, they advocate a “post-new public management” reform, emphasizing that while retaining the value of “efficiency,” public management pays more attention to the democratic constitutional implications of the government’s responsiveness, representativeness, and citizen orientation. Although they put forward civic-oriented theoretical proposals, their awareness of future management models is still relatively vague. Western scholars have conducted a detailed analysis of how citizens participate in management. The background of its theories has a consensus on the interaction between citizens. The government needs to pay attention to the micro-level administrative process. The government should strengthen participation and management behavior in the administrative process and guide the public to take appropriate measures. There are differences in the policy process and the degree of relevance of citizens’ participation in democratic values [5, 6, 14, 25]. For example, in the book “Citizen Participation in Public Decision-making: New Skills and New Strategies for Public Managers” written by American scholar John Clayton Thomas and translated by Sun Baying, it lists the criteria for judging the effectiveness of citizen participation in detail. Public managers choose what scope and degree of citizen participation in the process of public policy formulation and implementation to provide operability guidelines. It can be seen that the research on citizen participation in public management by Western scholars is not only limited to theoretical analysis, but has actually penetrated into reality.In the late 1960s, as the phenomenon of citizen participation in urban planning became more and more common, many scholars who studied urban planning began to take citizen participation as their research object. After that, from the 1970s to the 1990s, many books on citizen participation published on topics such as environmental policies, antipoverty campaigns, community planning, and model city projects. In these works, scholars have increasingly connected citizen participation and poverty eradication, democratic decision-making, environmental protection, sustainable development, and other fields for research. Urban planning is no longer the only theme. At the same time, scholars’ research on citizen participation is more comprehensive and in depth than before. In the areas of citizen participation, it involves issues such as land planning, forest resources, wetland resources, reservoir and water resources management, poverty eradication, community planning, and community development. In terms of citizen participation methods and techniques, it involves citizen hearings, citizen assemblies, advisory committees, citizen surveys, and citizen juries. Since the 1990s, there has been more and more research on citizen online participation. In terms of the value of citizen participation, it involves the impact of citizen participation, the relationship between citizens, government officials, and technical experts in the participation, the survey of citizen participation satisfaction, the relationship between citizen participation and democracy, and the representation of vulnerable groups and stakeholders, and citizens participate in the evaluation and other issues.In recent years, with the development of information technology, especially geographic information systems, the modes of citizen participation have diversified. Some scholars have begun to explore how to use these technologies to promote citizen participation. Relatively speaking, the core content of this type of citizen participation research is relatively scattered, and a relatively complete theoretical system has not yet been formed. It has become a hotspot in the field of western citizen participation research in recent years [26–29]. Although Western academic circles have timeliness and forward-looking advantages in their historical and current research on public management, there is almost no relevant literature on the possibility and complexity of “citizen-participatory public management in China.” Model analysis results are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Citizen-participation public management model.


### 2.2. Corporate Government Model

The corporate governance model mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between public administration and private administration. Western countries are accustomed to referring to the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers as public administration. Then, the activities of public administration departments to perform public functions in order to achieve public policy objectives are called public management. Correspondingly, the management activities of private enterprises and institutions are called private administration. There are many differences in purpose and method between public administration and private administration. Although this difference exists objectively, it is not insurmountable, especially the method and cross reference in the method. The issue is in a new round of government reforms. It has attracted widespread attention from scholars, among which the most influential are the views of American scholars David Osborne and Ted Gabler. Scholars believe that today’s world needs to create a dynamic government, and corporate government is a major manifestation. Let us say we have a set of subjectsN=i=1,2,…,n. S is a subset of N, which represents the cooperative alliance that may be formed between the subjects and is the characteristic function of forming the cooperative alliance and represents the benefits obtained through the cooperative alliance:(1)Vϕi=0,VS1∪S2≥VS1+VS2,S1∩S2=ϕi,ϕi=∑WSVS−VSi,(2)WS=n−S!S−1!n!,(3)MAE=∑i=1Npui−quiN.This study alleviates the impact of actual score differences between users on user trust relationships through a unified dimension [30]. The mean value of the scoring difference between the two users on the common scoring items is calculated as follows:(4)ε=∑i∈Ia∩Icai−cbiIa∩Ib.The constraint conditions are equations (2)–(4):(5)fxi,ω–yi≤ξi+ε,i=1,2,…,l,yi–fxi,ω≤ξi+ε,i=1,2,…,l,ξi,ξi∗≥0,i=1,2,…,l.Coverage index calculates the ratio of predicted items to all unscored items, so as to measure the comprehensiveness of prediction. Assuming thath items are predicted, the calculation method of coverage is as follows:(6)Cov=hn.Recall index is also used to evaluate the system effect in the field of information retrieval. The larger Recall value is, the better the recommendation quality of the algorithm is.(7)recall=Hitstest=test∩Top−Ntest.The corporate government has 10 characteristics. (1) The corporate government is a catalytic government. In the process of public management, the main task of the government is to formulate policies (to steer the helm) rather than to directly provide a certain service (planning). (2) The corporate government is a government owned by the community. The government should put its tentacles more deeply into the community. Through the interaction between the government and the citizens, the public can directly feel the care of the government and create citizens with a high degree of self-help ability. (3) The corporate government is a competitive government. Externally, the government promotes competition among private sectors for the provision of public services through competitive bidding. Internally, the government uses a work competition mechanism to promote quality competition among public departments with the goal of “winning customers.” (4) The corporate government is a government with a sense of mission, and the government achieves this by removing outdated regulations and bad habits. The transformation from a traditional administrative culture that emphasizes procedures, processes, inputs, and rules to a new administrative culture that emphasizes goals, results, output, and missions and establishes a new responsibility mechanism and mission culture. (5) The government is a government that pays attention to results (effects). The government conducts performance management around its mission and implements new incentive mechanisms based on performance measurement. The interrelationships between model elements are shown in Figure3.Figure 3
The flowchart of public policy promotion.


### 2.3. Participatory Government Model

The participation model (Participation Model), also known as “Authorized Government Model,” mainly involves the adjustment of the internal hierarchy of government organizations. In a government organization composed of high, middle, and grassroots levels, although the grassroots level is at the bottom of the organizational structure, it has an extremely important position. First of all, the large number of grassroots administrative staff is the most abundant part of the entire government organization with human resources. Secondly, the basic-level administrative agencies and personnel are the part of government organizations that have direct contact with the public. Their behaviors and activities directly affect the government’s image, government prestige, and the public’s evaluation of the government. Thirdly, due to the direct contact between basic-level administrative agencies and personnel and the public, they must make timely decisions on problems that arise; otherwise, they may intensify conflicts, which make basic-level administrative agencies and personnel turn from passive executives of administrative decision-making and become the creator of administrative decision-making. Facts have proved that a large number of decisions are not created by politicians or senior civilians, but by basic-level administrative agencies and personnel. However, in traditional government organizations, the basic-level administrative agencies and personnel are only regarded as the obeys of orders and the executors of decisions.Among them,Bi is used as the scale element corresponding to the ith evaluation in the data set B. Through the dataset B, the data membership vector representing the injury of the athlete can be effectively integrated into a scalar. The formula is expressed as(8)V=rj×B.Shape the general functional relationship between the outputy of the injury model and the input x1,x2,…,xn. The Kolmogorov–Gabor polynomial is as follows:(9)y=fx1,x2=a0+a1x1+a2x2+a3x12+a4x22+a5x1x2.And treat each of the monomials asm input models in the original structure of the modeling network:(10)v1=a0,v2=a1x1,v3=a2x2,…,v6=a5x1x2.As a generalization of the ordinary linear model, GLM introduces connection function in the model in order to fit some nonlinear relationships. The model can be expressed as(11)gξ=gσ+β1X1+β2X2+…+βnXn,where gσ is the connection function, σ=EY:(12)gξ=a+f1X1+f2X2+…+fnXn.Due to the passive decision-making power of the grassroots organizations, the entire government organization appears to be lacking vitality and slow to act, and it is difficult to obtain higher administrative efficiency, better administrative benefits, and affirmative social evaluation. In response to these situations and decentralization of power (especially decision-making power) to grassroots administrative organs and personnel, to develop grassroots human resources, mobilize grassroots staff’s work enthusiasm, and reshape the purpose of the government.


### 2.4. Flexible Government Model

The flexible government model mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between government organizations and government employees. Under the traditional administrative system, once a government employee enters a government organization, he can serve for life as long as he is willing and has no major work errors. The tenure of government employees is of great value for cultivating government employees’ loyalty to the government, accumulating the work experience of government employees, improving the efficiency of government work, and maintaining the continuity of public policy implementation, but it nourishes the inertia of government employees. It stands still. In response to this situation, the flexible government model advocates increasing the flexibility of government organizations, introducing a “temporary employee system” in government organizations, setting up temporary institutions (such as some special committees and project teams), and hiring temporary personnel to complete administrative tasks. It is a new administrative task. Once the task is completed, these temporary institutions and personnel will be abolished. This approach can improve the state of government organizations and keep government organizations up to date with changes in the administrative environment. The ability to respond quickly can also avoid the negative impact of the “permanent industry” system on government employees and enable government employees to maintain keen judgment and active innovation and enterprising spirit.


### 2.5. Deregulation of the Government Model

The deregulating government model, also known as “deregulated government model” and “nonregulated government model,” mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between government and civil servants and government and the public. On the one hand, in traditional administrative organizations, civil servants are bound by strict organization and cumbersome regulations. Moreover, the work efficiency is low, which affects the overall interests of society. On the other hand, due to the cumbersome rules and regulations of the public sector, the complicated administrative procedures, and the excessively high cost of government public services, it not only caused the government’s bureaucracy and corruption but also increased the burden on the public and the opposition and friction between the government and the public. For civil servants, the relaxation of government regulations by abolishing excessive and complicated administrative regulations and administrative procedures breaks through the traditional practice of bureaucracy. It treats decision-making as the privilege of politicians and gives government civil servants more contingency decision-making opportunities. The flexibility of implementing the rules and regulations allows it to maximize its creativity and work enthusiasm and thus benefits the overall interests of society. For the public, the relaxation of government regulations reduces administrative procedures, enables the public to obtain simple and fast services from the government, and better coordinates the interest relationship between the government and society.


## 2.1. Related Research Progress

Compared with the government, how society participates in public management is a new and continuous concept in academic research. In modern European and American countries, the category of “society” is equivalent to “civil society” and has rich civic characteristics. It is centered on the concepts of “citizenship” and “citizenship.” The entire history of political development in the West can be seen as a controversy surrounding whether “citizenship” is recognized, how to exercise it, and the extent of its exercise. In the past 20 years, Western scholars have begun to reflect on the new public management [4, 22–24]. They believe that the management reform plan in the 1970s and 1980s was “dominated by efficiency and economic value, and efficiency can only be ranked third.” The values “such as fairness, justice, representativeness, and participation are either removed from the agenda or seen as a stumbling block on the road to high productivity.” As a result, democratic values such as fairness, justice, and citizen participation have been weakened, and they have fallen into a crisis of legitimacy in public administration. In addition, the introduction of a competition mechanism has neglected the cooperation and coordination between departments, which has brought about a fragmented institutional structure.Therefore, they advocate a “post-new public management” reform, emphasizing that while retaining the value of “efficiency,” public management pays more attention to the democratic constitutional implications of the government’s responsiveness, representativeness, and citizen orientation. Although they put forward civic-oriented theoretical proposals, their awareness of future management models is still relatively vague. Western scholars have conducted a detailed analysis of how citizens participate in management. The background of its theories has a consensus on the interaction between citizens. The government needs to pay attention to the micro-level administrative process. The government should strengthen participation and management behavior in the administrative process and guide the public to take appropriate measures. There are differences in the policy process and the degree of relevance of citizens’ participation in democratic values [5, 6, 14, 25]. For example, in the book “Citizen Participation in Public Decision-making: New Skills and New Strategies for Public Managers” written by American scholar John Clayton Thomas and translated by Sun Baying, it lists the criteria for judging the effectiveness of citizen participation in detail. Public managers choose what scope and degree of citizen participation in the process of public policy formulation and implementation to provide operability guidelines. It can be seen that the research on citizen participation in public management by Western scholars is not only limited to theoretical analysis, but has actually penetrated into reality.In the late 1960s, as the phenomenon of citizen participation in urban planning became more and more common, many scholars who studied urban planning began to take citizen participation as their research object. After that, from the 1970s to the 1990s, many books on citizen participation published on topics such as environmental policies, antipoverty campaigns, community planning, and model city projects. In these works, scholars have increasingly connected citizen participation and poverty eradication, democratic decision-making, environmental protection, sustainable development, and other fields for research. Urban planning is no longer the only theme. At the same time, scholars’ research on citizen participation is more comprehensive and in depth than before. In the areas of citizen participation, it involves issues such as land planning, forest resources, wetland resources, reservoir and water resources management, poverty eradication, community planning, and community development. In terms of citizen participation methods and techniques, it involves citizen hearings, citizen assemblies, advisory committees, citizen surveys, and citizen juries. Since the 1990s, there has been more and more research on citizen online participation. In terms of the value of citizen participation, it involves the impact of citizen participation, the relationship between citizens, government officials, and technical experts in the participation, the survey of citizen participation satisfaction, the relationship between citizen participation and democracy, and the representation of vulnerable groups and stakeholders, and citizens participate in the evaluation and other issues.In recent years, with the development of information technology, especially geographic information systems, the modes of citizen participation have diversified. Some scholars have begun to explore how to use these technologies to promote citizen participation. Relatively speaking, the core content of this type of citizen participation research is relatively scattered, and a relatively complete theoretical system has not yet been formed. It has become a hotspot in the field of western citizen participation research in recent years [26–29]. Although Western academic circles have timeliness and forward-looking advantages in their historical and current research on public management, there is almost no relevant literature on the possibility and complexity of “citizen-participatory public management in China.” Model analysis results are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Citizen-participation public management model.


## 2.2. Corporate Government Model

The corporate governance model mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between public administration and private administration. Western countries are accustomed to referring to the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers as public administration. Then, the activities of public administration departments to perform public functions in order to achieve public policy objectives are called public management. Correspondingly, the management activities of private enterprises and institutions are called private administration. There are many differences in purpose and method between public administration and private administration. Although this difference exists objectively, it is not insurmountable, especially the method and cross reference in the method. The issue is in a new round of government reforms. It has attracted widespread attention from scholars, among which the most influential are the views of American scholars David Osborne and Ted Gabler. Scholars believe that today’s world needs to create a dynamic government, and corporate government is a major manifestation. Let us say we have a set of subjectsN=i=1,2,…,n. S is a subset of N, which represents the cooperative alliance that may be formed between the subjects and is the characteristic function of forming the cooperative alliance and represents the benefits obtained through the cooperative alliance:(1)Vϕi=0,VS1∪S2≥VS1+VS2,S1∩S2=ϕi,ϕi=∑WSVS−VSi,(2)WS=n−S!S−1!n!,(3)MAE=∑i=1Npui−quiN.This study alleviates the impact of actual score differences between users on user trust relationships through a unified dimension [30]. The mean value of the scoring difference between the two users on the common scoring items is calculated as follows:(4)ε=∑i∈Ia∩Icai−cbiIa∩Ib.The constraint conditions are equations (2)–(4):(5)fxi,ω–yi≤ξi+ε,i=1,2,…,l,yi–fxi,ω≤ξi+ε,i=1,2,…,l,ξi,ξi∗≥0,i=1,2,…,l.Coverage index calculates the ratio of predicted items to all unscored items, so as to measure the comprehensiveness of prediction. Assuming thath items are predicted, the calculation method of coverage is as follows:(6)Cov=hn.Recall index is also used to evaluate the system effect in the field of information retrieval. The larger Recall value is, the better the recommendation quality of the algorithm is.(7)recall=Hitstest=test∩Top−Ntest.The corporate government has 10 characteristics. (1) The corporate government is a catalytic government. In the process of public management, the main task of the government is to formulate policies (to steer the helm) rather than to directly provide a certain service (planning). (2) The corporate government is a government owned by the community. The government should put its tentacles more deeply into the community. Through the interaction between the government and the citizens, the public can directly feel the care of the government and create citizens with a high degree of self-help ability. (3) The corporate government is a competitive government. Externally, the government promotes competition among private sectors for the provision of public services through competitive bidding. Internally, the government uses a work competition mechanism to promote quality competition among public departments with the goal of “winning customers.” (4) The corporate government is a government with a sense of mission, and the government achieves this by removing outdated regulations and bad habits. The transformation from a traditional administrative culture that emphasizes procedures, processes, inputs, and rules to a new administrative culture that emphasizes goals, results, output, and missions and establishes a new responsibility mechanism and mission culture. (5) The government is a government that pays attention to results (effects). The government conducts performance management around its mission and implements new incentive mechanisms based on performance measurement. The interrelationships between model elements are shown in Figure3.Figure 3
The flowchart of public policy promotion.


## 2.3. Participatory Government Model

The participation model (Participation Model), also known as “Authorized Government Model,” mainly involves the adjustment of the internal hierarchy of government organizations. In a government organization composed of high, middle, and grassroots levels, although the grassroots level is at the bottom of the organizational structure, it has an extremely important position. First of all, the large number of grassroots administrative staff is the most abundant part of the entire government organization with human resources. Secondly, the basic-level administrative agencies and personnel are the part of government organizations that have direct contact with the public. Their behaviors and activities directly affect the government’s image, government prestige, and the public’s evaluation of the government. Thirdly, due to the direct contact between basic-level administrative agencies and personnel and the public, they must make timely decisions on problems that arise; otherwise, they may intensify conflicts, which make basic-level administrative agencies and personnel turn from passive executives of administrative decision-making and become the creator of administrative decision-making. Facts have proved that a large number of decisions are not created by politicians or senior civilians, but by basic-level administrative agencies and personnel. However, in traditional government organizations, the basic-level administrative agencies and personnel are only regarded as the obeys of orders and the executors of decisions.Among them,Bi is used as the scale element corresponding to the ith evaluation in the data set B. Through the dataset B, the data membership vector representing the injury of the athlete can be effectively integrated into a scalar. The formula is expressed as(8)V=rj×B.Shape the general functional relationship between the outputy of the injury model and the input x1,x2,…,xn. The Kolmogorov–Gabor polynomial is as follows:(9)y=fx1,x2=a0+a1x1+a2x2+a3x12+a4x22+a5x1x2.And treat each of the monomials asm input models in the original structure of the modeling network:(10)v1=a0,v2=a1x1,v3=a2x2,…,v6=a5x1x2.As a generalization of the ordinary linear model, GLM introduces connection function in the model in order to fit some nonlinear relationships. The model can be expressed as(11)gξ=gσ+β1X1+β2X2+…+βnXn,where gσ is the connection function, σ=EY:(12)gξ=a+f1X1+f2X2+…+fnXn.Due to the passive decision-making power of the grassroots organizations, the entire government organization appears to be lacking vitality and slow to act, and it is difficult to obtain higher administrative efficiency, better administrative benefits, and affirmative social evaluation. In response to these situations and decentralization of power (especially decision-making power) to grassroots administrative organs and personnel, to develop grassroots human resources, mobilize grassroots staff’s work enthusiasm, and reshape the purpose of the government.


## 2.4. Flexible Government Model

The flexible government model mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between government organizations and government employees. Under the traditional administrative system, once a government employee enters a government organization, he can serve for life as long as he is willing and has no major work errors. The tenure of government employees is of great value for cultivating government employees’ loyalty to the government, accumulating the work experience of government employees, improving the efficiency of government work, and maintaining the continuity of public policy implementation, but it nourishes the inertia of government employees. It stands still. In response to this situation, the flexible government model advocates increasing the flexibility of government organizations, introducing a “temporary employee system” in government organizations, setting up temporary institutions (such as some special committees and project teams), and hiring temporary personnel to complete administrative tasks. It is a new administrative task. Once the task is completed, these temporary institutions and personnel will be abolished. This approach can improve the state of government organizations and keep government organizations up to date with changes in the administrative environment. The ability to respond quickly can also avoid the negative impact of the “permanent industry” system on government employees and enable government employees to maintain keen judgment and active innovation and enterprising spirit.


## 2.5. Deregulation of the Government Model

The deregulating government model, also known as “deregulated government model” and “nonregulated government model,” mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between government and civil servants and government and the public. On the one hand, in traditional administrative organizations, civil servants are bound by strict organization and cumbersome regulations. Moreover, the work efficiency is low, which affects the overall interests of society. On the other hand, due to the cumbersome rules and regulations of the public sector, the complicated administrative procedures, and the excessively high cost of government public services, it not only caused the government’s bureaucracy and corruption but also increased the burden on the public and the opposition and friction between the government and the public. For civil servants, the relaxation of government regulations by abolishing excessive and complicated administrative regulations and administrative procedures breaks through the traditional practice of bureaucracy. It treats decision-making as the privilege of politicians and gives government civil servants more contingency decision-making opportunities. The flexibility of implementing the rules and regulations allows it to maximize its creativity and work enthusiasm and thus benefits the overall interests of society. For the public, the relaxation of government regulations reduces administrative procedures, enables the public to obtain simple and fast services from the government, and better coordinates the interest relationship between the government and society.


## 3. The Chinese Government Management Model from the Perspective of New Public Management

The basic models or propositions of new public management in western countries have improved the level of public management in western countries to a considerable extent in practice, providing us with a new perspective for innovating our government management models in the new era. Some of these proposition and practice experiences are worth learning from.


### 3.1. Mode Change of Government Management Concept

The government management concept shows the government’s behavior orientation to a certain extent and affects the government’s management efficiency. To change the concept of the new government, it is necessary to establish the following three concepts.Establish a market concept. Establishing a market concept means taking the market as the guide and introducing a competitive mechanism in government management. Current competition has expanded to competition between governments. The competitiveness of governments is mainly reflected in the quality of public products and the ability to provide services. In the supply of public services, the government should establish a market concept, introduce market mechanisms, give full play to the role of market mechanisms in resource allocation, reduce the cost of public service provision, and achieve market-oriented supply of public services by absorbing the participation of social forces. The diversification of public service subjects establish and improve the public service supply system. Through the introduction of market-oriented enterprise operation methods, the efficiency of public services and the quality of public services are continuously improved. Model analysis results are shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Analysis of the self-cognition model of subjective consciousness.Establish a service concept. New public management advocates treating the public as “customers” and public service adheres to “customer orientation.” Government management should change the government’s official standard of focusing on power over responsibilities and management over service. The power-based concept is to establish a service concept that regards the public as “customers” and is “customer” oriented in the new era. In the process of conducting public management and fulfilling government functions, the government should be guided by the needs of citizens, adhere to the people-oriented principle, strive to improve the level of public services, and meet the growing public service needs of the broad masses of people. Establish a corresponding responsive mechanism to give citizens more choices and decision-making powers, and establish a “customer-driven” mechanism for citizens to evaluate and supervise the government’s provision of public services. At the same time, government officials must also change their working methods and strive to improve their ability to serve the people, especially leading cadres at all levels “must firmly adhere to the view that leadership is service. Model analysis results are shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Analysis of the interpersonal relationship interaction model.Establish a quality concept. New public management advocates the implementation of clear target control and performance evaluation and pays attention to the results and output of government management. Establishing the concept of quality is to require the government and its staff to change the concept of focusing only on process, investment, less results, and quality in the process of performing its government functions in the past. Control and measure the results of government management through the implementation of target management and performance evaluation, to achieve the best results with the least investment, and the final results must also focus on quality, and the results are connected with everyone involved in this management and carry out performance appraisal. Model analysis results are shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Establishment of social belief and model analysis.


### 3.2. Continue to Deepen the Reform of the Government Management System

Transform government functions. New public management has repositioned the government’s functions, advocating that the government’s management function should be steering instead of paddling, formulating policies rather than implementing policies, and implementing a market-oriented government function transformation. Through a market-based mechanism, the market’s effective allocation of resources can be brought into full play, the government’s intervention in the microspheres should be reduced, and the functional relationship between the government and the market, enterprises, and society should be straightened out. The phenomenon of “offside,” “dislocation,” and “absence” of government functions under the economic system. Establishing government functions for macroeconomic regulation, market supervision, social management, and public services under the socialist market economy are obtained well treated. Model analysis results are shown in Figure7.Figure 7
System supply model to ensure citizen participation in public management.The government needs to push forward with the reform of internal organizational structures. Enterprises need to improve the organizational structure system. According to actual needs, enterprises need to learn from the modern organization theory in the field of new public management. Enterprises need to reform and reengineer their own organizational structure. Enterprises need to establish a flat organizational structure that adapts to the current social and political system. In this way, the management level of the government reduced and the width of government management expanded. Through the application of modern information technology, the smooth transmission of information within the government and between the government and the outside world can be realized and the slowness of information feedback can be reduced. At the same time, actively promote the division of power and responsibility between the central and local governments and establish a relatively stable and flexible dynamic equilibrium relationship between the central government and local governments through decentralization and authorization. Model analysis results are shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Improve the organization model of citizen participation public management.Improve the level of public services. The monopoly of the supply of public services in my country has led to the low quality and efficiency of public services. The new public management introduced the competition mechanism into the government’s public service field, breaking the government’s exclusive monopoly of providing public services. Through the competition mechanism, establish a diversified public service supply body, give full play to the role of the market mechanism in resource allocation, reduce the cost of public goods supply, absorb the participation of social forces and funds, and reduce the burden on the government. Improve the efficiency and quality of public service supply. Model analysis results are shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Analysis of the role of mass organizations on citizen participation in public management.


### 3.3. Innovative Methods of Government Management

Actively improve the methods and techniques of government management. We can introduce more mature methods and technologies such as target management, performance evaluation, and cost accounting, to government departments in business management. Establish management methods and technologies that adapt to the actual government, such as the establishment of performance appraisal mechanisms, target appraisal mechanisms, and administrative cost control mechanisms for government departments. New public management advocates introducing some management methods and technologies of enterprises into government departments. However, not all corporate management methods are completely suitable for government management, but the scientific nature of corporate management, emphasis on market demand, and customer feedback can be used for reference by public management so as to effectively improve the efficiency of government management. Model analysis results are shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Analysis on the interaction mode of citizens, mass organizations, and government.Promote the construction of electronic government. New public management advocates the use of information technology to serve the organization and management of the government and the establishment of an electronic government. Promoting the government’s own reform and construction through modern information technology and improving the government’s management and service capabilities have become an important means of improving government management methods. Use information technology to establish and improve administrative management information systems including support information systems and management information systems. Establish more convenient information transmission and communication channels through network communication channels and methods, and provide technical support for the flattened government organization structure. By advancing the construction of e-government affairs, we will realize the digitization of government affairs processing, enhance the transparency of the government and public, and protect the people’s right to know. Model analysis results are shown in Figure11.Figure 11
Public policy safety management mechanism.Western New Public Management has improved the administrative efficiency of Western countries to a certain extent, strengthened the competitiveness of Western countries in the international society, and provided a new perspective for us to innovate government management models. In the process of innovating the government management model, we should learn from some valuable insights and practices of Western New Public Management and, at the same time, pay attention to combining the actual situation of the current Chinese government, seeking truth from facts, and actively and steadily promoting the innovation of government management mode.


## 3.1. Mode Change of Government Management Concept

The government management concept shows the government’s behavior orientation to a certain extent and affects the government’s management efficiency. To change the concept of the new government, it is necessary to establish the following three concepts.Establish a market concept. Establishing a market concept means taking the market as the guide and introducing a competitive mechanism in government management. Current competition has expanded to competition between governments. The competitiveness of governments is mainly reflected in the quality of public products and the ability to provide services. In the supply of public services, the government should establish a market concept, introduce market mechanisms, give full play to the role of market mechanisms in resource allocation, reduce the cost of public service provision, and achieve market-oriented supply of public services by absorbing the participation of social forces. The diversification of public service subjects establish and improve the public service supply system. Through the introduction of market-oriented enterprise operation methods, the efficiency of public services and the quality of public services are continuously improved. Model analysis results are shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Analysis of the self-cognition model of subjective consciousness.Establish a service concept. New public management advocates treating the public as “customers” and public service adheres to “customer orientation.” Government management should change the government’s official standard of focusing on power over responsibilities and management over service. The power-based concept is to establish a service concept that regards the public as “customers” and is “customer” oriented in the new era. In the process of conducting public management and fulfilling government functions, the government should be guided by the needs of citizens, adhere to the people-oriented principle, strive to improve the level of public services, and meet the growing public service needs of the broad masses of people. Establish a corresponding responsive mechanism to give citizens more choices and decision-making powers, and establish a “customer-driven” mechanism for citizens to evaluate and supervise the government’s provision of public services. At the same time, government officials must also change their working methods and strive to improve their ability to serve the people, especially leading cadres at all levels “must firmly adhere to the view that leadership is service. Model analysis results are shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Analysis of the interpersonal relationship interaction model.Establish a quality concept. New public management advocates the implementation of clear target control and performance evaluation and pays attention to the results and output of government management. Establishing the concept of quality is to require the government and its staff to change the concept of focusing only on process, investment, less results, and quality in the process of performing its government functions in the past. Control and measure the results of government management through the implementation of target management and performance evaluation, to achieve the best results with the least investment, and the final results must also focus on quality, and the results are connected with everyone involved in this management and carry out performance appraisal. Model analysis results are shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Establishment of social belief and model analysis.


## 3.2. Continue to Deepen the Reform of the Government Management System

Transform government functions. New public management has repositioned the government’s functions, advocating that the government’s management function should be steering instead of paddling, formulating policies rather than implementing policies, and implementing a market-oriented government function transformation. Through a market-based mechanism, the market’s effective allocation of resources can be brought into full play, the government’s intervention in the microspheres should be reduced, and the functional relationship between the government and the market, enterprises, and society should be straightened out. The phenomenon of “offside,” “dislocation,” and “absence” of government functions under the economic system. Establishing government functions for macroeconomic regulation, market supervision, social management, and public services under the socialist market economy are obtained well treated. Model analysis results are shown in Figure7.Figure 7
System supply model to ensure citizen participation in public management.The government needs to push forward with the reform of internal organizational structures. Enterprises need to improve the organizational structure system. According to actual needs, enterprises need to learn from the modern organization theory in the field of new public management. Enterprises need to reform and reengineer their own organizational structure. Enterprises need to establish a flat organizational structure that adapts to the current social and political system. In this way, the management level of the government reduced and the width of government management expanded. Through the application of modern information technology, the smooth transmission of information within the government and between the government and the outside world can be realized and the slowness of information feedback can be reduced. At the same time, actively promote the division of power and responsibility between the central and local governments and establish a relatively stable and flexible dynamic equilibrium relationship between the central government and local governments through decentralization and authorization. Model analysis results are shown in Figure8.Figure 8
Improve the organization model of citizen participation public management.Improve the level of public services. The monopoly of the supply of public services in my country has led to the low quality and efficiency of public services. The new public management introduced the competition mechanism into the government’s public service field, breaking the government’s exclusive monopoly of providing public services. Through the competition mechanism, establish a diversified public service supply body, give full play to the role of the market mechanism in resource allocation, reduce the cost of public goods supply, absorb the participation of social forces and funds, and reduce the burden on the government. Improve the efficiency and quality of public service supply. Model analysis results are shown in Figure9.Figure 9
Analysis of the role of mass organizations on citizen participation in public management.


## 3.3. Innovative Methods of Government Management

Actively improve the methods and techniques of government management. We can introduce more mature methods and technologies such as target management, performance evaluation, and cost accounting, to government departments in business management. Establish management methods and technologies that adapt to the actual government, such as the establishment of performance appraisal mechanisms, target appraisal mechanisms, and administrative cost control mechanisms for government departments. New public management advocates introducing some management methods and technologies of enterprises into government departments. However, not all corporate management methods are completely suitable for government management, but the scientific nature of corporate management, emphasis on market demand, and customer feedback can be used for reference by public management so as to effectively improve the efficiency of government management. Model analysis results are shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Analysis on the interaction mode of citizens, mass organizations, and government.Promote the construction of electronic government. New public management advocates the use of information technology to serve the organization and management of the government and the establishment of an electronic government. Promoting the government’s own reform and construction through modern information technology and improving the government’s management and service capabilities have become an important means of improving government management methods. Use information technology to establish and improve administrative management information systems including support information systems and management information systems. Establish more convenient information transmission and communication channels through network communication channels and methods, and provide technical support for the flattened government organization structure. By advancing the construction of e-government affairs, we will realize the digitization of government affairs processing, enhance the transparency of the government and public, and protect the people’s right to know. Model analysis results are shown in Figure11.Figure 11
Public policy safety management mechanism.Western New Public Management has improved the administrative efficiency of Western countries to a certain extent, strengthened the competitiveness of Western countries in the international society, and provided a new perspective for us to innovate government management models. In the process of innovating the government management model, we should learn from some valuable insights and practices of Western New Public Management and, at the same time, pay attention to combining the actual situation of the current Chinese government, seeking truth from facts, and actively and steadily promoting the innovation of government management mode.


## 4. Conclusion

Organizations can not only draw resources from the environment but must also adapt to the complexity and uncertainty of the environment. The functioning of social organizations can be said to be positive feedback on environmental inputs and outputs. Therefore, members of the organization should view the development of society from a dynamic and developmental perspective. On the one hand, individuals should have a clear position on themselves, including their own strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, pay attention to changes in the external environment and establish your own systemic values. The comprehensive development of civic participatory public management involves a wide range, not only an organization but also from the internal organization to many areas of society. Organizational patterns in this society have formed many new network-like structures. In the continuously developing social network structure of social organizations, it is necessary to maximize the practice of public management of citizen participation. Through vigorously cultivating and developing social organizations, we will realize the comprehensive and healthy development of society.Social organizations can not only grasp real-time information but also understand the dynamic changes of the environment. Therefore, in the process of social governance involving citizen participation, the government should give full play to the role of community organizations. Community organizations can investigate the living habits of residents in detail and propose effective management methods. In addition to collecting relevant information, they also need to maintain good interaction with relevant groups and jointly establish a cooperative network for cooperating to implement the system. With the increasing demands of citizens, the contradictions and crises in social life and public management are still intensifying. After clarifying these risks, the study puts forward suggestions for the practice of “citizen participation in public management” in our country. This study starts from the three dimensions of citizen’s subjectivity, interpersonally, and sociality. The study explores the flexibility, flatness, and diversity of social organizations to build synergies with the environment. The realization path of “public management” in China is relatively complicated. Under this new management model, the society specifically realizes the benign interaction between citizens and the government. The breakthrough point of this cooperative model is the continued cultivation and development of community-based organizations (nonprofit organizations). This is because, by cultivating and developing community organizations, not only can it provide citizens with a space to realize their potential and realize their ideals but also contribute to the multidimensional and diversified development of the organization. Most importantly, community organizations make public organizations more adaptable to the adjustment and integration of the external environment.



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*Source: 3398392-2022-04-22.xml*