# A Study of English Translation Theory Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Random Matrix

Authors: Yongfang Li
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence in natural language processing technology, machine translation based on machine learning technology has been fully transformed from traditional machine translation methods to neural network machine translation methods. In particular, the tremendous development of large families has made data-driven a reality. With deep learning as the research and design background, the neural network structure of random matrix multivariate statistical analysis is designed according to the language characteristics of English. The model was tested on a Chinese-English panning model, and the optimal model fused with a Bleu value of 39.53. The model results were applied to a real system to achieve language detection, multidirectional language translation, and manual correction of results to be able to learn long dependencies and overcome the limitations of recurrent neural networks to translate long sentences more fluently.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The basic model of machine translation system is a natural language processing system, and its basic principle is the principle of element synthesis [1–3]. The process of machine translation can be simply understood as three stages: first, the source language text is decomposed into basic constituents such as words, phrases, and grammatical structures, and the original text is analyzed. Morphological analysis, syntactic analysis, and semantic analysis are used to form the internal representation of the source language, and then translation using the target language eventually produces the internal representation of the source language by transforming and ordering at the structural level using the compound rules of the target language [4].Therefore, to improve the accuracy of machine translation, the processing of natural language is taken as the core problem of machine translation system research. The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in natural language processing technology and the rapid development of the Internet, has led to a boom in machine translation research, which has become a hot topic not only in the field of scientific and technological research, but also in the keen research of linguists all over the world [5, 6].Although the statistical machine translation system is also developing and improving, its statistical machine translation which ignores the grammar rules is highly dependent on the large-scale corpus and relies on statistical data for disambiguation and translation selection, while the translation effect ultimately depends on the probabilistic model and the coverage capacity of the corpus, [7] so the probabilistic matching results of words and phrases do not achieve the accuracy of the final translated sentences and the translation effect is poor. In order to improve the translation effect, neural network technology was introduced into machine translation [8]. A neural network is an artificial system for intelligent information processing developed by exploring models that simulate the function of the human brain’s nervous system with functions such as learning, association, memory, and pattern recognition [9].Research has shown that although recurrent neural networks are good at using global information, due to the flexibility, complexity, and diversity of natural language, they are unable to remember content that is too far ahead or too far behind, i.e., the interval between relevant information and the current predicted position is widened and recurrent neural networks become unable to learn how to connect information, a problem known as “long-term dependency.” This is known as the “long-term dependency” problem [10]. [11] Long Short Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM), a variant of recurrent neural network, is able to learn long dependencies and overcome the limitations of recurrent neural networks, resulting in more fluent translation of long sentences. The attention mechanism (AM)-based neural machine translation can dynamically obtain the source language word information related to the generated words during decoding, and obtain word alignment information [12]. [13] For example, when generating “I”, the word “I” is dynamically calculated to be the most relevant, rather than the other words. Neural machine translation is rapidly replacing statistical machine translation as the mainstream machine translation technology in academia and industry [14].


## 2. Neural Network Structure for Chinese-English Translation

Unlike traditional statistical machine translation, which uses multiple modules to complete the translation task, neural machine translation uses an encoder-decoder architecture [15–19]. The encoder-decoder architecture was first proposed by Kalchbrenner and Blunsom at the University of Oxford in 2013.


### 2.1. Basic Network Structure of Chinese-English Translation

The encoder-decoder model is that encoder converts the input language sequence into a fixed length intermediate vector [20, 21]. Figure 1 shows the overall structure of the encoder-decoder model for translating from Chinese to English. The decoder then obtains the output Chinese-English sequence based on the fixed vector C.Figure 1
Encoder-decoder model structure.Among them, the length of the parallel utterances in the training set is not unique and the words in the utterances will have sequence information; a recurrent neural network (RNN) is used in order to obtain a robust translation system; the structure of which is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
RNN structure unfolding.As you can see from the expansion diagram, the current moment is influenced by the previous moment. This feature is very suitable for language sequences, because no matter if it is Chinese-English, English, or linguistic, the meaning of the words in the sentence will depend on the context. The RNN not only reads the sequence information fromx0 to xRNN and not only reads the sequence information from front to back, but also from back to front, i.e., from xn to read information, so as to ensure the integrity of the input sequence information.The backpropagation process can lead to gradient explosion or gradient disappearance, which can cause oscillation in the parameter update of the model learning, while gradient disappearance can make the learning very slow and lead to ineffective learning in the end.


### 2.2. Improvement of the Underlying Network Structure

This is to improve the translation effect. The improved model structure is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Model structure for generating dynamic vectors.In the case of the translation of English I am a student into Chinese Saya pelajar, when parsing the Chinese English word, so that after the learning of the neural network, it will generate the vectorC2.As shown in Figure4, the stronger the relationship between the source language words corresponding to each target word, i.e., the higher the weight, the darker the colour of the connecting line. The EOS represents the end-of-sentence marker for each utterance, and also calculates the weight, because some words end when the sentence is read, and need to be fed back to the neural network to tell the model which word is going to end when the target language is generated.Figure 4
Schematic representation of the source and target language sequence.The body dynamic vectorCi, is calculated as follows:(1)Ci=∑j=1Txaijhj,where Tx represents the length of the input sentence, i.e., the length of the English sentence, plus the stop character, Tx here being 5.h1=fI,h2=fam,h3=fa,h4=fstudent,h5=fEOS. Here, the f function represents encoder’s transformation function for the input English word. aij is the weight value, which is continuously optimized during the learning process of the neural network.Therefore,c1=ga11∗h1,a12∗h2,a13∗h3,a14∗h4,a15∗h5, and the g function is the weighted summation.


### 2.3. Improvement of the Decoder Hidden Layer Unit

Since the introduction of mathematical methods that simulate actual human neural networks, people have slowly got used to referring to such artificial neural networks directly as neural networks. Neural networks have a wide and attractive prospect in the fields of system identification, pattern recognition, and intelligent control, etc. Especially in intelligent control, people are particularly interested in the self-learning function of neural networks and regard this important feature of neural networks as one of the key keys to solve the difficult problem of controller adaptability in automatic control. The sequence information is read from front to back, and from back to front, i.e., from reading information, thus ensuring the integrity of the input sequence information.We use the encoder-decoder neural network structure to conduct experiments on Chinese-English machine translation. After the source and target language texts are pretrained with word vectors.The specific structure of the co-decoder’s implicit unit is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Encoder-decoder network hidden layer cell structure.In the Chinese-English translation experiments in the computation of decoder decoding, an improvement was made to the hidden layer unit in it: that is, the GRU module is composed of the prehidden layer state St-i [22, 23].


## 2.1. Basic Network Structure of Chinese-English Translation

The encoder-decoder model is that encoder converts the input language sequence into a fixed length intermediate vector [20, 21]. Figure 1 shows the overall structure of the encoder-decoder model for translating from Chinese to English. The decoder then obtains the output Chinese-English sequence based on the fixed vector C.Figure 1
Encoder-decoder model structure.Among them, the length of the parallel utterances in the training set is not unique and the words in the utterances will have sequence information; a recurrent neural network (RNN) is used in order to obtain a robust translation system; the structure of which is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
RNN structure unfolding.As you can see from the expansion diagram, the current moment is influenced by the previous moment. This feature is very suitable for language sequences, because no matter if it is Chinese-English, English, or linguistic, the meaning of the words in the sentence will depend on the context. The RNN not only reads the sequence information fromx0 to xRNN and not only reads the sequence information from front to back, but also from back to front, i.e., from xn to read information, so as to ensure the integrity of the input sequence information.The backpropagation process can lead to gradient explosion or gradient disappearance, which can cause oscillation in the parameter update of the model learning, while gradient disappearance can make the learning very slow and lead to ineffective learning in the end.


## 2.2. Improvement of the Underlying Network Structure

This is to improve the translation effect. The improved model structure is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Model structure for generating dynamic vectors.In the case of the translation of English I am a student into Chinese Saya pelajar, when parsing the Chinese English word, so that after the learning of the neural network, it will generate the vectorC2.As shown in Figure4, the stronger the relationship between the source language words corresponding to each target word, i.e., the higher the weight, the darker the colour of the connecting line. The EOS represents the end-of-sentence marker for each utterance, and also calculates the weight, because some words end when the sentence is read, and need to be fed back to the neural network to tell the model which word is going to end when the target language is generated.Figure 4
Schematic representation of the source and target language sequence.The body dynamic vectorCi, is calculated as follows:(1)Ci=∑j=1Txaijhj,where Tx represents the length of the input sentence, i.e., the length of the English sentence, plus the stop character, Tx here being 5.h1=fI,h2=fam,h3=fa,h4=fstudent,h5=fEOS. Here, the f function represents encoder’s transformation function for the input English word. aij is the weight value, which is continuously optimized during the learning process of the neural network.Therefore,c1=ga11∗h1,a12∗h2,a13∗h3,a14∗h4,a15∗h5, and the g function is the weighted summation.


## 2.3. Improvement of the Decoder Hidden Layer Unit

Since the introduction of mathematical methods that simulate actual human neural networks, people have slowly got used to referring to such artificial neural networks directly as neural networks. Neural networks have a wide and attractive prospect in the fields of system identification, pattern recognition, and intelligent control, etc. Especially in intelligent control, people are particularly interested in the self-learning function of neural networks and regard this important feature of neural networks as one of the key keys to solve the difficult problem of controller adaptability in automatic control. The sequence information is read from front to back, and from back to front, i.e., from reading information, thus ensuring the integrity of the input sequence information.We use the encoder-decoder neural network structure to conduct experiments on Chinese-English machine translation. After the source and target language texts are pretrained with word vectors.The specific structure of the co-decoder’s implicit unit is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Encoder-decoder network hidden layer cell structure.In the Chinese-English translation experiments in the computation of decoder decoding, an improvement was made to the hidden layer unit in it: that is, the GRU module is composed of the prehidden layer state St-i [22, 23].


## 3. Structural Design of Chinese-English Translations

Based on the above analysis, an integrated translation system can be designed, which is based on file configuration and can complete the whole translation system. The architecture of the Chinese-English machine translation system is shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Architecture of the translation model.Before training starts, a parallel training corpus is loaded and the model is pretrained with word vectors to obtain word vectors for the source and target languages, respectively [24, 25].


## 4. Google Translate Example Analysis

Language is flexible and diverse, and many words and expressions are related to specific contexts and can sometimes be difficult to understand. The first two words “how much” and the last two words “how much” mean exactly the opposite. In the following, I will analyse the application of Google’s neural network translation in technical English with examples.Example 1.
Where the separation of the two light components and the two recombinant components takes place, column means column; but in the context of chemical texts, this refers specifically to the distillation column, where the components are separated by distillation, and cannot be translated as column. Compared to human translators, the AI translation results are not only readable and fluent when dealing with complex, specialised or technical passages, but also still intolerably flawed in terms of correctness as a basic requirement [26, 27].Example 2.
A Chinese technology company with 80,000 employees is banned by the Trump administration from dealing with American firms. Google translation follows the original language directly and uses passive sentences, which is not difficult for the target readers to understand, but the manual translation changes passive to active, which makes the expression more in line with the habits of the target audience and more authentic.
Human translation: genetically modified plants can be cultivated to possess enhanced stress behaviour. Stress behavior is a dynamic response completed in a short time, not an adaptive inertia behavior. The source text uses the passive voice, but the Google translation avoids the rigidity of the expression by not using the word “to be,” but by translating the subsequent purpose clause “to possess improved stress behaviour.” This is not clear what is meant by “to possess improved stress behaviour,” which creates ambiguity and leads to confusion in understanding. The translation in the human translation adds “its” to the object of reference, translating it as to have improved stress behaviour, which means the transgenic plant, avoiding ambiguity [25].Example 3.
Momentum is building for American regulators to catch up with Europe in promoting “biosimilars,” which are generic approximations of patented drugs. Google Translate: US regulators are building for American regulators to catch up with Europe in promoting “biosimilars,” which are generic approximations of patented drugs.
Human translation: US regulators are catching up with Europe in the promotion of generic approximations of patented drugs, “biosimilars.” Momentum is variously understood to mean, momentum, impetus, etc., and this case is meant to indicate the efforts made by US regulators, so momentum is more appropriate. The translation of approximations in this sentence is inaccurate. Google does not affect the understanding of the meaning of the original text too much, but there is a certain difference with the Chinese language expression. However, there is a certain gap with the Chinese language, especially when translating long and difficult sentences, and due to technical limitations, the translation may only achieve formal equivalence and basic sentence fluency.Example 4.
Science has cracked the genetic information code. Google Translate: Science has cracked the genetic information code.
Human translation: Science has cracked the genetic information code. Code has multiple semantic meanings, such as code, password, encoding, and codex. The deciphering of the genetic code in biology is a great milestone in the history of biology; genetic engineering technology is not a code, and machine translation cannot identify the exact meaning of words in a particular application context.


## 5. Tests on the Horizontal Model of Chinese-English Translation

### 5.1. Test of Chinese-English and Indo-English Translation Models

In the experiments, two seeds were selected for model training in each translation direction, and then the model with the better round was selected for ensemble, i.e. fusion model, at the end of training, and the specific experimental results are shown in Tables1, 2, and 3.(1)
Model test results of the better round of two seeds(2)
The result of the better model after model fusion, with the best value in bold.Table 1
Results of Chinese-English translation of Chinese seed 1.
Seed194W103W109W117WDev_BLEU35.7235.9935.8835.75Table 2
Results of English translation of Chinese seed 2.
Seed282W88W89W95WDev_BLEU36.7235.9136.8835.96Table 3
Results of the fusion of Chinese-English translation models.
1d2cn_ensemble94w_103w _82w_88w94w_103w _82w_95w94w_117w _82w_88w94w_103w _82w_95wDev_BLEU37.8238.0137.9937.99The table shows that the BLEU of the optimal model after fusion can reach 37.99.(1)
The model test results for the two seeded better rounds are shown in Tables4 and 5.(2)
The results of the better model after model fusion are shown in Table6.Table 4
Results of Chinese translation of seed 1.
Seed1166W170W172W174W187WDev_BLEU32.0131.6131.4931.3031.43Table 5
Results of Chinese translation of Chinese-English seed 2.
Seed2135W136W139W144W153WDev_BLEU31.5631.5931.4931.3031.43Table 6
Results after fusion of translated Chinese-English models.
cn2id_ensemble166W_172W_139w_153w172W_187W_135w_144wDev_BLEU34.4434.44The table shows that the two models are equally effective, with a BLEU of 34.44..(1)
The results of the model testing for the two seeded better rounds are shown in Tables7 and 8.(2)
The results of the better model after model fusion are shown in Table9.Table 7
Results of Chinese-English translation of English seed 1.
Seed1120W124W126W127WDev_BLEU36.4136.6936.7037.14Table 8
Results of Chinese-English translation of English seed 2.
Seed2101W102W103W108W110W124WDev_BLEU35.8636.2236.2036.536.1736.13Table 9
Results of the fused Chinese-English translation English model.
cn2id_ensemble120W_124W_110w_108w120W_124W_102w_110w120W_126W_110w_103w120W_124W_102w_108wDev_BLEU39.4239.4239.5339.45The table shows that the optimal model after fusion has a high BLEU of 39.53.


### 5.2. Competitive Translation Reviews

If the translation model is not available in the corresponding language direction, it cannot be evaluated, and it is necessary to check whether the language pair exists on the website of the corresponding company in advance.The evaluation method is to use our test data to crawl the online translation results of Baidu, Microsoft, and Google on the cluster, and then perform BLEU evaluation on the crawled data. The evaluation data from the experiment are shown below. Only the data of English and Indonesian translation are available here, while the online translation results of Chinese and Indian translation are not available for evaluation, as shown in Tables10 and 11.Table 10
Competitive review data for Chinese-to-English translation of English.
En2idBingGoogle4model_ensembleDev28.5033.2939.53Table 11
Competitive review data for English translation from Chinese to English.
En2idBingGoogle4model_ensembleDev25.1428.2732.19This project is embedded in the system, and after the model has been tested, the results of the competing translations are calculated and then saved as one file output in the same language translation direction. The data obtained are also much clearer and more convincing.


## 5.1. Test of Chinese-English and Indo-English Translation Models

In the experiments, two seeds were selected for model training in each translation direction, and then the model with the better round was selected for ensemble, i.e. fusion model, at the end of training, and the specific experimental results are shown in Tables1, 2, and 3.(1)
Model test results of the better round of two seeds(2)
The result of the better model after model fusion, with the best value in bold.Table 1
Results of Chinese-English translation of Chinese seed 1.
Seed194W103W109W117WDev_BLEU35.7235.9935.8835.75Table 2
Results of English translation of Chinese seed 2.
Seed282W88W89W95WDev_BLEU36.7235.9136.8835.96Table 3
Results of the fusion of Chinese-English translation models.
1d2cn_ensemble94w_103w _82w_88w94w_103w _82w_95w94w_117w _82w_88w94w_103w _82w_95wDev_BLEU37.8238.0137.9937.99The table shows that the BLEU of the optimal model after fusion can reach 37.99.(1)
The model test results for the two seeded better rounds are shown in Tables4 and 5.(2)
The results of the better model after model fusion are shown in Table6.Table 4
Results of Chinese translation of seed 1.
Seed1166W170W172W174W187WDev_BLEU32.0131.6131.4931.3031.43Table 5
Results of Chinese translation of Chinese-English seed 2.
Seed2135W136W139W144W153WDev_BLEU31.5631.5931.4931.3031.43Table 6
Results after fusion of translated Chinese-English models.
cn2id_ensemble166W_172W_139w_153w172W_187W_135w_144wDev_BLEU34.4434.44The table shows that the two models are equally effective, with a BLEU of 34.44..(1)
The results of the model testing for the two seeded better rounds are shown in Tables7 and 8.(2)
The results of the better model after model fusion are shown in Table9.Table 7
Results of Chinese-English translation of English seed 1.
Seed1120W124W126W127WDev_BLEU36.4136.6936.7037.14Table 8
Results of Chinese-English translation of English seed 2.
Seed2101W102W103W108W110W124WDev_BLEU35.8636.2236.2036.536.1736.13Table 9
Results of the fused Chinese-English translation English model.
cn2id_ensemble120W_124W_110w_108w120W_124W_102w_110w120W_126W_110w_103w120W_124W_102w_108wDev_BLEU39.4239.4239.5339.45The table shows that the optimal model after fusion has a high BLEU of 39.53.


## 5.2. Competitive Translation Reviews

If the translation model is not available in the corresponding language direction, it cannot be evaluated, and it is necessary to check whether the language pair exists on the website of the corresponding company in advance.The evaluation method is to use our test data to crawl the online translation results of Baidu, Microsoft, and Google on the cluster, and then perform BLEU evaluation on the crawled data. The evaluation data from the experiment are shown below. Only the data of English and Indonesian translation are available here, while the online translation results of Chinese and Indian translation are not available for evaluation, as shown in Tables10 and 11.Table 10
Competitive review data for Chinese-to-English translation of English.
En2idBingGoogle4model_ensembleDev28.5033.2939.53Table 11
Competitive review data for English translation from Chinese to English.
En2idBingGoogle4model_ensembleDev25.1428.2732.19This project is embedded in the system, and after the model has been tested, the results of the competing translations are calculated and then saved as one file output in the same language translation direction. The data obtained are also much clearer and more convincing.


## 6. Conclusions

Artificial intelligence has greatly facilitated the development of translation services, allowing people to quickly understand the general content of languages other than their native language without having to rely to some extent on human translation. The whole training and testing results are very simple, just start loading our collated bilingual material cat algorithm, run the script and then no longer need excessive human cost to test the BLEU value of each model in real time, and finally the results can be obtained. However, due to the differences between the source and target languages, it is found that the translation results of the above-mentioned technical English translation examples have some semantic deviations from the original sentences, and there is a gap with the human translation, and machine translation still cannot achieve perfect translation. Therefore, for the time being, machine translation has some application value, but it cannot completely replace human translation yet.



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*Source: 3077453-2022-07-31.xml*