# Study on Energy Consumption Characteristics of Different Tools under Impact Load

Authors: Fujun Zhao; Haifan Wang; Zhouyuan Ye; Yonghong Liu; Yu Li
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

Three different tools for rock breaking were designed and fabricated. Impact crushing tests were conducted on granite samples with an identical impact velocity by using the variable section Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device. In the test, the incident energy, absorbed energy, and cumulative energy values of acoustic emission during the process of rock breaking were collected, and energy utilization efficiency was used as a measure of the energy consumption characteristics for three different tools breaking rock. Experimental results showed that the cruciform tool has the best performance with respect to the energy utilization efficiency, followed by the one-shaped tool and the spherical tool. The cumulative energy values of the acoustic emission of different tools follow the same regularity.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

During the process of rock deformation and destruction, material and energy are interactive with the environments. The macroscopic fracture of the material is the final result of the continuous development, expansion, aggregation, and penetration of the microcrack. The process from microscopic damage to macroscopic fracture is a response of energy dissipation [1]. There are many researches on the mechanical properties of rock under impact loading [2, 3]. Li et al. used a conical pick to perform true triaxial hard rock fracture experiments on cube rock specimens of different sizes [4–6]. An experimental study was conducted [7] to analyze the dynamic compressive strength, failure mode, and crack propagation characteristics of preformed hole samples under impact load. The fracture energy consumption characteristics of sandstone specimens under impact load were studied systematically in paper [8] by using SHPB, which shows that the ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy of sandstone specimens is relatively constant and increases linearly with incident energy. It is found that the energy consumption under impact load is related to rock fragmentation, cutting speed, rock hardness, etc. Energy utilization is reflected by the energy consumption characteristics under these factors [9–12]; Xia et al. [13] pointed it out that the porosity under the impact load plays an important role in rock energy dissipation.Li et al. [14] found that in the process of rock fragmentation, the energy utilization efficiency has a significant downward trend with the increase of incident energy. Through numerical simulations and experimental studies, Zhao et al. [15], Xie et al. [16] found that simply improving the impact load will not greatly improve the rock breaking effect. Instead, an optimal rock breaking impact energy exists.It can be found in [17] that the acoustic emission energy released by the static intrusion of the tool into the unit volume of rock is related to the loading rate, rock compressive strength, rock elastic modulus, tool shape, and the friction coefficient of the tool and the rock.The above studies are based on the test results and theoretical analysis under a single flat end indenter; however, only limited investigations have been done on the rock breaking effect and energy dissipation law of different tools under high strain rate. Therefore, this paper takes the brittle rock granite as the research object to test the performance of different tools. Based on the SHPB test platform, a set of test devices has been developed to conduct the impact rock breaking test of different tools under high strain rate. Our study will be of great significance for deepening rock fracture mechanism and improving rock breaking tools and rock breaking technology.


## 2. Test Overview

### 2.1. Sample Preparation

Brittle rock granite is selected as the rock sample in this test. According to the design requirements of the test plan, the sample used in the test is a cube of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, and the elastic bar is a circular cylindrical bar with diameter of 50 mm in cross section. The selection of the size of the test piece was made after reference to many scholars’ relevant research studies [4–6, 18–24]. The contact between the tool and the surface of the rock sample is line contact (one-shaped type, cruciform type) and point contact (spherical type), which is a noncoupling contact, and the other end of the sample is in surface contact with the output bar. To better avoid the boundary effect, the cross-sectional area of the test piece is exactly larger than the cross-sectional area of the elastic member. According to the performance requirements of rock mechanics test, the sample is polished with a grinder. The flatness of both ends is less than 0.05 mm, and the parallelism is less than 0.02 mm. The static mechanical properties of granite specimens are tested by RMT-150C rock mechanics tester. The physical and mechanical parameters are given as follows: density ρ = 2.6 × 103 kg/m3, elastic modulus E = 21.35 GPa, compressive strength δc = 106.46 MPa, Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.09, and tensile strength δt = 7.65 MPa. The test is divided into three groups, with three samples in each group. The sample numbers of the one-shaped tool rock breaking are marked as A1, A2, and A3; the sample numbers of the spherical tool rock breaking are marked as B1, B2, and B3, and the sample numbers of the cruciform tool rock breaking are marked as C1, C2, and C3, respectively.


### 2.2. Test Principle

To achieve different rock breaking tests at high strain rates, a set of test devices is independently developed in this paper using the SHPB test platform. The test device is shown in Figure1, which mainly consists of a SHPB device, a sample support device, and a tool fixing device. The material used in this device is the same as the SHPB device, which is 40Cr alloy steel with an elastic limit up to 800 MPa. The sleeve of the incident bar, the sleeve reinforcement screw, and the sample pad are specially processed. Figure 2 shows the three tools used in the experiment. The length of the tool for the one-shaped tool is 4 cm, the cruciform tool has a cross length of 4 cm, and the diameter of the spherical tool is also 4 cm.Figure 1
Test device.Figure 2
Tools with different end faces. (a) One-shaped tool. (b) Spherical tool. (c) Cruciform tool.
(a)
(b)
(c)According to the homogenization condition of the SHPB device, the stress wave is repeatedly reflected by the rock sample, resulting in the balance of the stress and strain at both ends, and the stressσt, strain εt, and strain rate ε˙t of the rock sample can be obtained, which can be calculated by [19](1)σt=AeEe2AsεIt+εRt+εTt,εt=CeLs∫0tεIt−εRt−εTtdt,ε˙t=CeLsεIt−εRt−εTt,where As and Ae are the area of the sample and the pressure bar, respectively; Ee is the elastic modulus of the pressure bar; εΙ, εR, and εT are incident, reflected, and transmitted stress waves at time (t is time); Ce is the wave speed of the pressure bar; and Ls is the length of the sample.


### 2.3. Energy Calculation

During the impact compression, in order to ignore the energy consumed by the friction which is produced by the contact between the incident bar and the sample, as well as the sample and the transmission bar, lubricant is applied to both ends of the sample. The rock sample absorbs energy during dynamic impact compression and destruction, which can be calculated by the following formula [24]:(2)ES=EI−ER−ET,where ES is the absorption energy of the test piece, EI is the incident energy, ER is the reflection energy, and ET is the transmission energy. EI, ER and ET can be given as follows [24]:(3)EI=AeρeCe∫0τσI2tdt,ER=AeρeCe∫0τσR2tdt,ET=AeρeCe∫0τσT2tdt.The energy consumption of the test piece mainly includes crushing energy, ejection kinetic energy, and other energy consumption. The energy consumption of the fracture is the energy consumed by the expansion of the original crack in the test piece, the new crack, and the microcrack of the fragment. The kinetic energy of the projectile is the kinetic energy of the broken rock produced by the fracture of the specimen. Other energy consumption includes acoustic energy, thermal energy, radiant energy, and the energy that is dissipated from the rock sample around. According to the research by Pingqi [8], ejection kinetic energy and other energy consumption account only a small proportion, which are normally hard to directly measure. Therefore, the crushing energy can be used to replace the consumption energy with negligible error. Thus, the energy utilization efficiency η can be expressed by the following formula [10]:(4)η=∑ES∑EI×100%,where η is energy utilization efficiency, ∑ES is total absorbed energy, and ∑EI is total incident energy.


### 2.4. Test Procedure

According to the uniaxial compression test, the impact pressure of 0.6∼0.8 MPa is selected for the test, the loading waveform is set to a sine wave, the strain gauge is attached to the corresponding position on the incident bar and the transmission bar on the SHHP device, and the incident bar end and the end face of the transmission bar are evenly coated with butter to reduce friction; the incident bar, the transmission bar, and the sample are adjusted to keep them parallel, and the end face of the sample is well contacted with the two end faces. Clicking on the acoustic emission signal acquisition system, the acquisition command activates the punch launching mechanism and the impact air pressure reaches a predetermined value. Then the drive bullet, the acoustic emission, and the strain gauge data acquisition system receive the acoustic emission signal and the waveform signal, and the test data is saved and processed. During the process of impacting the rock specimen, the AEwin-USB type acoustic emission monitoring system is used to collect and record the acoustic emission amplitude and energy in the experiment. The sensor attached to the surface of the rock specimen will make the force that the impact brings to the test piece be converted into a signal that can be collected by the system. The system allows the acquisition of global waveforms, which is crucial for the data acquisition and analysis of the experimental results.


## 2.1. Sample Preparation

Brittle rock granite is selected as the rock sample in this test. According to the design requirements of the test plan, the sample used in the test is a cube of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, and the elastic bar is a circular cylindrical bar with diameter of 50 mm in cross section. The selection of the size of the test piece was made after reference to many scholars’ relevant research studies [4–6, 18–24]. The contact between the tool and the surface of the rock sample is line contact (one-shaped type, cruciform type) and point contact (spherical type), which is a noncoupling contact, and the other end of the sample is in surface contact with the output bar. To better avoid the boundary effect, the cross-sectional area of the test piece is exactly larger than the cross-sectional area of the elastic member. According to the performance requirements of rock mechanics test, the sample is polished with a grinder. The flatness of both ends is less than 0.05 mm, and the parallelism is less than 0.02 mm. The static mechanical properties of granite specimens are tested by RMT-150C rock mechanics tester. The physical and mechanical parameters are given as follows: density ρ = 2.6 × 103 kg/m3, elastic modulus E = 21.35 GPa, compressive strength δc = 106.46 MPa, Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.09, and tensile strength δt = 7.65 MPa. The test is divided into three groups, with three samples in each group. The sample numbers of the one-shaped tool rock breaking are marked as A1, A2, and A3; the sample numbers of the spherical tool rock breaking are marked as B1, B2, and B3, and the sample numbers of the cruciform tool rock breaking are marked as C1, C2, and C3, respectively.


## 2.2. Test Principle

To achieve different rock breaking tests at high strain rates, a set of test devices is independently developed in this paper using the SHPB test platform. The test device is shown in Figure1, which mainly consists of a SHPB device, a sample support device, and a tool fixing device. The material used in this device is the same as the SHPB device, which is 40Cr alloy steel with an elastic limit up to 800 MPa. The sleeve of the incident bar, the sleeve reinforcement screw, and the sample pad are specially processed. Figure 2 shows the three tools used in the experiment. The length of the tool for the one-shaped tool is 4 cm, the cruciform tool has a cross length of 4 cm, and the diameter of the spherical tool is also 4 cm.Figure 1
Test device.Figure 2
Tools with different end faces. (a) One-shaped tool. (b) Spherical tool. (c) Cruciform tool.
(a)
(b)
(c)According to the homogenization condition of the SHPB device, the stress wave is repeatedly reflected by the rock sample, resulting in the balance of the stress and strain at both ends, and the stressσt, strain εt, and strain rate ε˙t of the rock sample can be obtained, which can be calculated by [19](1)σt=AeEe2AsεIt+εRt+εTt,εt=CeLs∫0tεIt−εRt−εTtdt,ε˙t=CeLsεIt−εRt−εTt,where As and Ae are the area of the sample and the pressure bar, respectively; Ee is the elastic modulus of the pressure bar; εΙ, εR, and εT are incident, reflected, and transmitted stress waves at time (t is time); Ce is the wave speed of the pressure bar; and Ls is the length of the sample.


## 2.3. Energy Calculation

During the impact compression, in order to ignore the energy consumed by the friction which is produced by the contact between the incident bar and the sample, as well as the sample and the transmission bar, lubricant is applied to both ends of the sample. The rock sample absorbs energy during dynamic impact compression and destruction, which can be calculated by the following formula [24]:(2)ES=EI−ER−ET,where ES is the absorption energy of the test piece, EI is the incident energy, ER is the reflection energy, and ET is the transmission energy. EI, ER and ET can be given as follows [24]:(3)EI=AeρeCe∫0τσI2tdt,ER=AeρeCe∫0τσR2tdt,ET=AeρeCe∫0τσT2tdt.The energy consumption of the test piece mainly includes crushing energy, ejection kinetic energy, and other energy consumption. The energy consumption of the fracture is the energy consumed by the expansion of the original crack in the test piece, the new crack, and the microcrack of the fragment. The kinetic energy of the projectile is the kinetic energy of the broken rock produced by the fracture of the specimen. Other energy consumption includes acoustic energy, thermal energy, radiant energy, and the energy that is dissipated from the rock sample around. According to the research by Pingqi [8], ejection kinetic energy and other energy consumption account only a small proportion, which are normally hard to directly measure. Therefore, the crushing energy can be used to replace the consumption energy with negligible error. Thus, the energy utilization efficiency η can be expressed by the following formula [10]:(4)η=∑ES∑EI×100%,where η is energy utilization efficiency, ∑ES is total absorbed energy, and ∑EI is total incident energy.


## 2.4. Test Procedure

According to the uniaxial compression test, the impact pressure of 0.6∼0.8 MPa is selected for the test, the loading waveform is set to a sine wave, the strain gauge is attached to the corresponding position on the incident bar and the transmission bar on the SHHP device, and the incident bar end and the end face of the transmission bar are evenly coated with butter to reduce friction; the incident bar, the transmission bar, and the sample are adjusted to keep them parallel, and the end face of the sample is well contacted with the two end faces. Clicking on the acoustic emission signal acquisition system, the acquisition command activates the punch launching mechanism and the impact air pressure reaches a predetermined value. Then the drive bullet, the acoustic emission, and the strain gauge data acquisition system receive the acoustic emission signal and the waveform signal, and the test data is saved and processed. During the process of impacting the rock specimen, the AEwin-USB type acoustic emission monitoring system is used to collect and record the acoustic emission amplitude and energy in the experiment. The sensor attached to the surface of the rock specimen will make the force that the impact brings to the test piece be converted into a signal that can be collected by the system. The system allows the acquisition of global waveforms, which is crucial for the data acquisition and analysis of the experimental results.


## 3. Analysis of Experimental Results

The impact waveform of different tool crushed granite samples under the impact load is shown in Figure3. In this paper, the cumulative energy of acoustic emission in the acoustic emission characteristic parameters is selected as the rock failure characteristic parameter. Figure 4 shows the cumulative energy of the acoustic emission of different tools under the impact load over time. It should be noted that although the time corresponding to the sampling points of the SHPB device and the acoustic emission acquisition system cannot be well matched, the total duration of the stress action time and the acoustic emission acquisition time is always the same.Figure 3
The impact waveform of granite sample under different tools.Figure 4
The cumulative energy characteristic curve of acoustic emission of different tools.From the impact test stress waveform and energy dissipation calculation equations (2) and (3), the incident energy, reflected energy, transmitted energy, and absorbed energy in the process of crushing granite with the one-shaped tool, spherical tool, and cruciform tool can be calculated, respectively. The curves of incident energy and absorbed energy of different tools under different impact loads are shown in Figure 5.Figure 5
Rock breaking energy characteristic curves of different tools: (a) one-shaped tool, (b) spherical tool, and (c) cruciform tool.
(a)
(b)
(c)From Figure5, it is evident that the incident energy and the absorbed energy of different tools show the same change trend under the impact load. In the initial stage of rock breaking, the incident energy and the absorbed energy increase uniformly with time. After reaching a certain moment, the energy remains constant, that is, the energy stops growing. However, there are also differences among different tools. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the incident energy and the absorbed energy of the cruciform tool increase faster than other tools; thus, the acoustic emission signal of the cruciform tool is firstly generated during the rock breaking process, as shown in Figure 4. When the acoustic emission energy reaches the maximum value, there is no crack development and expansion inside the rock. It means that the granite specimen is completely destroyed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the incident energy during the rock broken process of the cruciform tool is the largest, followed by the one-shaped tool, and the spherical tool is the smallest. The cumulative energy of the acoustic emission accompanying the rock crushing process follows the same order, as shown in Figure 4. Since the cruciform and one-shaped tools are in line contact with the specimen (where the cruciform tool is equivalent to two one-shaped tools), and the spherical tool is point contact, within a given impact pressure range, the cruciform tool absorbs more energy during rock breaking. Most of the absorbed energy of the sample is dissipated in the damage evolution process of the microcrack of the sample, eventually forming the macroscopic damage. The level of acoustic emission activity is closely related to crack propagation with positive correlation.According to the test results, the statistical table of rock breaking energy characteristics parameters of different tools under impact load is given in Table1. It can be evidently seen that the cruciform tool under impact load has the highest energy utilization efficiency, followed by the one-shaped tool and the spherical tool. Figure 6(a) shows the rock breaking characteristics of different tools under the impact load. The cruciform tool breaks the rock into a cruciform damage, while the one-shaped and spherical tools break the rock in a line-shaped damage. Figure 6(b) shows the degree of fragmentation of the sample under different tools. When the cruciform tool breaks the rock, the small particle size block has the largest proportion and the rock breaking time is the shortest, followed by the one-shaped tool and the spherical tool. Therefore, we can draw such a conclusion that the cruciform tool has the best rock breaking effect, followed by the one-shaped tool and the spherical tool.Table 1
Characteristics of rock breaking energy characteristics of different tools under impact load.
Tool
Total absorbed energy (J)
Total incident energy (J)
Energy utilization efficiencyη (%)
Acoustic emission cumulative energy
One-shaped
575
975
58.97
80866
Spherical
526
1140
46.14
78866
Cruciform
944
1368
69.01
82374Figure 6
Rock breaking characteristics of different tools under impact load. (a) Sample failure form under different tools. (b) Degree of fragmentation under different tools.
(a)
(b)In this experiment, the rock is subjected to impact crushing under three different types of rock breaking tools, and the energy dissipation analysis is carried out. In the relevant literature referenced at present, there is no use of different shape tools as experimental variables. The experiment of analyzing the energy consumption of rock crushing, this experiment is also a new small angle to the general direction of rock dynamic mechanics. It is a supplement to the research angle of impact tool shape in rock dynamic mechanics, and the study of consumption is theoretical. In this experiment, the damage form obtained from the experimental results shows that under different tool impacts, the specimen is more completely damaged by the cruciform tool, compared with the one-shaped and spherical tools; the sample is broken into two halves and the cruciform tool breaks the specimen into four pieces; the effect of breaking the rock is obviously better; and the structure of the cruciform tool is more complicated and it can generate more friction with the rock when impacting the rock, which is one of the reasons for the high energy utilization of the cruciform tool. So for the 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubic granite samples selected by the experiment, the cruciform tool has the best effect and the highest energy utilization rate through the experimental impact and data acquisition results.


## 4. Conclusion

Through the theoretical analysis and experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)
Under the impact load, the absorbed energy increases with the incident energy during the process of rock fragmentation.(2)
The incident energy and absorbed energy of the cruciform tool are the largest in the process of rock breaking, followed by that of the one-shaped tool, and the spherical tool has the smallest energy. Furthermore, the cumulative energy of the acoustic emission with the rock crushing process shows the same order.(3)
Under the impact load, the cruciform tool has the largest proportion of broken rock mass, the shortest rock breaking time, and the highest energy utilization efficiency, followed by the one-shaped and spherical tools. Therefore, the cruciform tool has the best rock breaking effect among them.



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*Source: 3104102-2019-07-17.xml*