# Designing 2D Phononic Crystal Slabs with Transmission Gaps for Solid Angle as well as Frequency Variation

Authors: Sven M. Ivansson
Journal: Advances in Acoustics and Vibration
 (2009)

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## Abstract

Phononic crystals (PCs) can be used as acoustic frequency selective insulators and filters. In a two-dimensional (2D) PC, cylindrical scatterers with a common axis direction are located periodically in a host medium. In the present paper, the layer multiple-scattering (LMS) computational method for wave propagation through 2D PC slabs is formulated and implemented for general 3D incident-wave directions and polarizations. Extensions are made to slabs with cylindrical scatterers of different types within each layer. As an application, the problem is considered to design such a slab with small sound transmittance within a given frequency band and solid angle region for the direction of the incident plane wave. The design problem, with variable parameters characterizing the scatterer geometry and material, is solved by differential evolution, a global optimization algorithm for efficiently navigating parameter landscapes. The efficacy of the procedure is illustrated by comparison to a direct Monte Carlo method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Just as photonic crystals can be used to manipulate light, phononic crystals (PCs) with inclusions in a lattice with single, double, or triple periodicity can be used to manipulate sound [1]. When a sound wave of a certain frequency penetrates the PC, the energy is scattered by the inclusions. According to Bragg’s law, constructive and destructive interference appears in certain directions. It follows that transmission and/or reflection for certain frequencies can be absent (band gaps), even for all angles of incidence (absolute band gaps). The band gaps are ideal and fully developed only in space-filling PCs. In a PC slab with finite thickness, the “band-gap wavefields” are reduced significantly but they do not vanish throughout the gap.   Acoustic frequency selective insulators and filters are possible applications.Several computational methods have been adapted and developed to study wave propagation through PCs. Two such methods are the purely numerical finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method and the semianalytical layer multiple-scattering (LMS) method, which is developed from Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker theory [2]. These methods complement each other. Advantages with the LMS method are its computational speed, which makes it useful for forward modeling in connection with extensive optimization computations, and the physical insight it provides. It appears that the LMS method was first developed for the 3D case with spherical scatterers [3, 4], and recent review papers include Sigalas et al. [5] and Sainidou et al. [6].The LMS method has also been applied to the 2D case with infinite cylindrical scatterers. It is mainly the in-plane propagation case that has been considered [7–11], for which one space dimension can be eliminated in the wave equations. Out-of-plane propagation has been treated by Mei et al. [12] and, for band structure calculations, somewhat earlier by Wilm et al. [13] (using the plane-wave method) and by Guenneau et al. [14].In the present paper, basic LMS equations for propagation of plane waves of any direction through a 2D PC slab are first provided in Section2. The Poisson summation formula and the Graf addition theorem are utilized. As shown in Section 3, different types of scatterers at the same interface can be allowed, which represents an extension as compared to the treatment in [12]. Coupled equation systems are derived for the different scatterer types. For 3D PC slabs, a corresponding extension has recently proved useful for applications to design of anechoic coatings [15].Applications to design of 2D PC slabs with broad transmission gaps for incident waves of in-plane as well as out-of-plane directions are presented in Section4. The design problem is equivalent to a nonlinear optimization problem, and differential evolution [16], a global optimization technique from inverse theory, is used. A 2D PC slab example from Mei et al. [12], with lead cylinders in an epoxy host, is revisited. Geometrical and material parameter values are varied to position and widen its band gap.


## 2. Basic 2D Layer Multiple-Scattering Computational Method

As in Figure1, a right-hand Cartesian xyz coordinate system is introduced in a fluid-solid medium surrounded by homogeneous half-spaces. The horizontal directions are x and y. The medium is periodic with period d in the x direction and uniform in the y direction.Figure 1
Horizontalxy coordinates and a z depth coordinate axis are introduced. There are three scatterer interfaces in this illustration. The medium is periodic with period d in the x direction, although only finitely many cylindrical scatterers are shown at each interface, and the cylinder axes are parallel to the y-axis.Sound waves with time dependenceexp(-iωt), to be suppressed in the formulas, are considered, where ω is the angular frequency. It follows that an incident plane wave with horizontal wavenumber vector k∥=(k∥,κ,0) will give rise to a linear combination of reflected and transmitted plane waves with displacement vectors(1)u(r)=exp(iKgjs·r)·ej.
Here, r=(x,y,z), j=1,2,3 for a wave of type P,SV,SH, respectively, s=+(-) for a wave in the positive (negative) z direction, and(2)Kgj±=k∣∣+g±[(ωcj)2-|k∣∣+g|2]1/2·(0,0,1)=ωcj·(sinθcosφ,sinθsinφ,cosθ),
where g belongs to the reciprocal lattice(3)g=(kx,ky,0)=(2πmd,0,0)
with m running over the integers. Furthermore, c1 is the compressional-wave velocity α and c2=c3 are the shear-wave velocity β. The angular variables θ,φ of Kgj± are defined by (2), with a possibly complex cosθ. The vectors ej=ej(Kgj±) are defined by e1=(sinθcosφ,sinθsinφ,cosθ), e2=(cosθcosφ,cosθsinφ,-sinθ),  e3=(-sinφ,cosφ,0). It is convenient also to introduce the compressional- and shear-wave wavenumbers kp=ω/α and ks=ω/β.As detailed in [17], for example, and references therein, reflection and transmission matrices RB,TB and RA,TA can now be introduced, for the discrete set of waves specified by (1)–(3). The mentioned reference concerns the doubly periodic case for a 3D PC, with periodicity in the y direction as well, but the R/T matrix formalism is the same. There are three scatterer interfaces in the illustration of Figure 1. Individual R/T matrices can be combined recursively [18, 19]. Layer thicknesses, as well as translations of individual scatterer interfaces in the x direction, are conveniently accounted for by phase shifts of the complex amplitudes of the plane-wave components.


### 2.1. Interface with Periodically Distributed Scatterers of a Common Type

Explicit expressions for theR/T matrices are well known for an interface between two homogeneous half-spaces [19]. To handle an interface with periodically distributed scatterers, as one of the three in Figure 1, the following cylindrical vector solutions to the wave equations can be used [12]:(4)ulκL(r)=ikp∇[fl(pr)exp(ilη)exp(iκy)],(5)ulκM(r)=1ks∇×ulκN(r),(6)ulκN(r)=1ks∇×[fl(qr)exp(ilη)exp(iκy)ey],
where cylindrical coordinates r,η,y are used according to r=(rsinη,y,rcosη), and ey=(0,1,0). The index l=0,±1,±… , and κ is a real number. Residual wavenumbers p, q are defined by(7)p=(kp2-κ2)1/2,q=(ks2-κ2)1/2.
The notation ulκ0L(r), ulκ0M(r), ulκ0N(r) and ulκ+L(r), ulκ+M(r), ulκ+N(r) is used for the two basic cases with fl as the Bessel function Jl and fl as the Hankel function Hl(1), respectively.For scatterers at(8)R=(x,y,z)=(md,0,0),
where d is the lattice period and m runs over the integers, and for an incident plane wave as in (1), the total scattered field usc can be written as (cf. [3])
(9)usc(r)=∑Pl[bl+P∑Rexp(ik∣∣·R)·ulκ+P(r-R)],P=L,M,N,
where κ is the y component of k∣∣.The  vectorb+={bl+P} is determined by solving the equation system(10)(I-T·Ω)·b+=T·a0,
where I is the appropriate identity matrix, a0={al0P} gives the coefficients for expansion of the incident plane wave in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r), Ω=Ω(k∥d,pd,qd) is the lattice translation matrix {Ωl;l′PP′}, and T={Tl;l′PP′} is the transition matrix for an individual scatterer. Specifically, b′=Ω·b+ and b+=T·(a0+b′) where b′={bl′P} gives the coefficients for expansion in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r) of the scattered field from all scatterers except the one at the origin.The R/T matrices are obtained, finally, by transforming the expansion (9) to plane waves of the type (1). Specifically, (9) can be rewritten as
(11)usc(r)=∑g∑j=1,2,3Δ(dg,j;k∥d,κd,pd,qd,b+)×exp(iKgj±·r)·ej.
The sign in Kgj± is given by the sign of z.Explicit expressions for theΔ coefficients in (11) are readily obtained from (9) and (4)–(6) by invoking, for k=p and k=q, the relation(12)∑mexp(imdk∣∣)[(z+i(x-md))((x-md)2+z2)1/2]l×Hl(1)(k((x-md)2+z2)1/2)=2(-k)-l×∑m(γmd)-1[-(k∣∣+2πmd)+iγmsgn(z)]l×exp[i(k∣∣+2πmd)x+i|z|γm],
where γm=[k2-(k∣∣+2πm/d)2]1/2 with Im γm≥0. The relation (12) is valid for z≠0, and it can be verified using the Poisson summation formula.


### 2.2. Computation of the Expansion Coefficientsa0, the Matrices Ω, and the Matrices T

An incident plane compressional waveuinc(r)=exp(ikpeinc·r)einc, where einc=kp-1(psinηinc,κ,pcosηinc), can be expanded as(13)uinc(r)=-∑lilexp(-ilηinc)ulκ0L(r).
Noting that uinc(r)=∇[exp(ikpeinc·r)]/ikp, this follows readily from the well-known Bessel function relation exp(iγsinη)=∑lJl(γ)exp(ilη).An incident plane shear wave of SV or SH type can be expanded by a superposition of two cases. The first case,uinc(r)=exp(ikseinc·r)einc⊥=-(ksq)-1∇×{∇×[exp(ikseinc·r)ey]} with einc=ks-1(qsinηinc,κ,qcosηinc) and einc⊥=ks-1(κsinηinc,-q,κcosηinc), can be expanded as
(14)uinc(r)=-ksq∑lilexp(-ilηinc)ulκ0M(r).The second case,uinc(r)=exp(ikseinc·r)einc⊥=i/q∇×[exp(ikseinc·r)ey] with  einc as before and einc⊥=(cosηinc,0,-sinηinc), has the expansion
(15)uinc(r)=ksq∑lil+1exp(-ilηinc)ulκ0N(r).The lattice translation matrixΩ(k∣∣d,pd,qd) can be determined by applying, for k=p and k=q, the relation
(16)∑m≠0exp(imdk∥)[(z+i(x-md))((x-md)2+z2)1/2]l×Hl(1)(k((x-md)2+z2)1/2)=∑n[(z+ix)(x2+z2)1/2]nΘl-n(k∥d,kd)Jn(kr),
where the last sum is taken over all integers n and
(17)Θl(k∥d,kd)=i-l∑m>0exp(imdk∥)Hl(1)(mkd)+il∑m>0exp(-imdk∥)Hl(1)(mkd).
This relation follows from the Graf addition theorem [20] for Bessel functions. The elements {Ωl;l′PP′} of the lattice translation matrix  Ω(k∥d,pd,qd) vanish unless P=P′. The remaining elements depend on l and l′ through  |l-l′| only.  Explicitly,
(18)Ωl;l′LL′=Θl-l′(k∥d,pd),Ωl;l′MM′=Ωl;l′NN′=Θl-l′(k∣∣d,qd).
Moroz [21] has published a representation of lattice sums in terms of exponentially convergent series, which has been used in the present work for numerical evaluation of the Θ quantities defined in (17).For a homogeneous cylindrical scatterer, the interior field and the exterior field can be expanded in cylindrical wavesulκ0P(r) and ulκ0P(r),ulκ+P(r), respectively. An equation system for the T-matrix elements T={Tl;l′PP′}, which depend on κ, is then readily obtained from the standard boundary conditions concerning continuity of displacement and traction at the cylinder surface. The scatterer as well as the host medium can be either fluid or solid. Because of the circular symmetry with a cylindrical scatterer, scattering only appears to the same l component (l′=l). Details concerning the case κ=0, for which the P-SV (P,P′≠M) and SH (P=P′=M) solutions decouple, are given by Mei et al. [9].


## 2.1. Interface with Periodically Distributed Scatterers of a Common Type

Explicit expressions for theR/T matrices are well known for an interface between two homogeneous half-spaces [19]. To handle an interface with periodically distributed scatterers, as one of the three in Figure 1, the following cylindrical vector solutions to the wave equations can be used [12]:(4)ulκL(r)=ikp∇[fl(pr)exp(ilη)exp(iκy)],(5)ulκM(r)=1ks∇×ulκN(r),(6)ulκN(r)=1ks∇×[fl(qr)exp(ilη)exp(iκy)ey],
where cylindrical coordinates r,η,y are used according to r=(rsinη,y,rcosη), and ey=(0,1,0). The index l=0,±1,±… , and κ is a real number. Residual wavenumbers p, q are defined by(7)p=(kp2-κ2)1/2,q=(ks2-κ2)1/2.
The notation ulκ0L(r), ulκ0M(r), ulκ0N(r) and ulκ+L(r), ulκ+M(r), ulκ+N(r) is used for the two basic cases with fl as the Bessel function Jl and fl as the Hankel function Hl(1), respectively.For scatterers at(8)R=(x,y,z)=(md,0,0),
where d is the lattice period and m runs over the integers, and for an incident plane wave as in (1), the total scattered field usc can be written as (cf. [3])
(9)usc(r)=∑Pl[bl+P∑Rexp(ik∣∣·R)·ulκ+P(r-R)],P=L,M,N,
where κ is the y component of k∣∣.The  vectorb+={bl+P} is determined by solving the equation system(10)(I-T·Ω)·b+=T·a0,
where I is the appropriate identity matrix, a0={al0P} gives the coefficients for expansion of the incident plane wave in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r), Ω=Ω(k∥d,pd,qd) is the lattice translation matrix {Ωl;l′PP′}, and T={Tl;l′PP′} is the transition matrix for an individual scatterer. Specifically, b′=Ω·b+ and b+=T·(a0+b′) where b′={bl′P} gives the coefficients for expansion in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r) of the scattered field from all scatterers except the one at the origin.The R/T matrices are obtained, finally, by transforming the expansion (9) to plane waves of the type (1). Specifically, (9) can be rewritten as
(11)usc(r)=∑g∑j=1,2,3Δ(dg,j;k∥d,κd,pd,qd,b+)×exp(iKgj±·r)·ej.
The sign in Kgj± is given by the sign of z.Explicit expressions for theΔ coefficients in (11) are readily obtained from (9) and (4)–(6) by invoking, for k=p and k=q, the relation(12)∑mexp(imdk∣∣)[(z+i(x-md))((x-md)2+z2)1/2]l×Hl(1)(k((x-md)2+z2)1/2)=2(-k)-l×∑m(γmd)-1[-(k∣∣+2πmd)+iγmsgn(z)]l×exp[i(k∣∣+2πmd)x+i|z|γm],
where γm=[k2-(k∣∣+2πm/d)2]1/2 with Im γm≥0. The relation (12) is valid for z≠0, and it can be verified using the Poisson summation formula.


## 2.2. Computation of the Expansion Coefficientsa0, the Matrices Ω, and the Matrices T

An incident plane compressional waveuinc(r)=exp(ikpeinc·r)einc, where einc=kp-1(psinηinc,κ,pcosηinc), can be expanded as(13)uinc(r)=-∑lilexp(-ilηinc)ulκ0L(r).
Noting that uinc(r)=∇[exp(ikpeinc·r)]/ikp, this follows readily from the well-known Bessel function relation exp(iγsinη)=∑lJl(γ)exp(ilη).An incident plane shear wave of SV or SH type can be expanded by a superposition of two cases. The first case,uinc(r)=exp(ikseinc·r)einc⊥=-(ksq)-1∇×{∇×[exp(ikseinc·r)ey]} with einc=ks-1(qsinηinc,κ,qcosηinc) and einc⊥=ks-1(κsinηinc,-q,κcosηinc), can be expanded as
(14)uinc(r)=-ksq∑lilexp(-ilηinc)ulκ0M(r).The second case,uinc(r)=exp(ikseinc·r)einc⊥=i/q∇×[exp(ikseinc·r)ey] with  einc as before and einc⊥=(cosηinc,0,-sinηinc), has the expansion
(15)uinc(r)=ksq∑lil+1exp(-ilηinc)ulκ0N(r).The lattice translation matrixΩ(k∣∣d,pd,qd) can be determined by applying, for k=p and k=q, the relation
(16)∑m≠0exp(imdk∥)[(z+i(x-md))((x-md)2+z2)1/2]l×Hl(1)(k((x-md)2+z2)1/2)=∑n[(z+ix)(x2+z2)1/2]nΘl-n(k∥d,kd)Jn(kr),
where the last sum is taken over all integers n and
(17)Θl(k∥d,kd)=i-l∑m>0exp(imdk∥)Hl(1)(mkd)+il∑m>0exp(-imdk∥)Hl(1)(mkd).
This relation follows from the Graf addition theorem [20] for Bessel functions. The elements {Ωl;l′PP′} of the lattice translation matrix  Ω(k∥d,pd,qd) vanish unless P=P′. The remaining elements depend on l and l′ through  |l-l′| only.  Explicitly,
(18)Ωl;l′LL′=Θl-l′(k∥d,pd),Ωl;l′MM′=Ωl;l′NN′=Θl-l′(k∣∣d,qd).
Moroz [21] has published a representation of lattice sums in terms of exponentially convergent series, which has been used in the present work for numerical evaluation of the Θ quantities defined in (17).For a homogeneous cylindrical scatterer, the interior field and the exterior field can be expanded in cylindrical wavesulκ0P(r) and ulκ0P(r),ulκ+P(r), respectively. An equation system for the T-matrix elements T={Tl;l′PP′}, which depend on κ, is then readily obtained from the standard boundary conditions concerning continuity of displacement and traction at the cylinder surface. The scatterer as well as the host medium can be either fluid or solid. Because of the circular symmetry with a cylindrical scatterer, scattering only appears to the same l component (l′=l). Details concerning the case κ=0, for which the P-SV (P,P′≠M) and SH (P=P′=M) solutions decouple, are given by Mei et al. [9].


## 3. Different Types of Scatterers at the Same Interface

The LMS method is commonly applied for lattices with identical cylindrical scatterers within the same layer. As shown below, however, different types of scatterers within the same layer can also be accommodated. A similar extension for the restriction to in-plane wave propagation is made in Ivansson [22].An illustration is given in Figure2. Centered at the same z level, at each of the three scatterer interfaces, there are two types of cylindrical scatterers. Each scatterer interface is treated separately. Choosing coordinates appropriately, scatterers of the first type, with transition matrix T and scattered-field expansion coefficients denoted b+, appear at R=m·(d,0,0), for integers m. Scatterers of the second type, with transition matrix U and scattered-field expansion coefficients denoted c+, appear at points S in between, that is, S=(m+1/2)·(d,0,0). The reciprocal lattice vectors become g=(2πm/d,0,0), where m runs over the integers.Figure 2
The configuration from Figure1 is extended here, by allowing two types of cylindrical scatterers to appear in an alternating fashion at the same interface depth. The medium is periodic with period d in the x direction, and the cylinder axes are still parallel to the y-axis.The generalization of the expression (9) for the scattered field becomes(19)usc(r)=∑Pl[bl+P∑Rexp(ik∥·R)·ulκ+P(r-R)]+∑Pl[cl+P∑Sexp(ik∥·S)·ulκ+P(r-S)].
It follows that
(20)b+=T·(a0+b′+b′′),c+=U·(a0+c′+c′′),
where, for a scatterer of the first type at R, exp(ik∥·R)b′ and exp(ik∥·R)b′′give the coefficients for expansion in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r-R) of the scattered field from all other scatterers of the first and the second types, respectively. The vectors c′ and c′′ are defined analogously. For a scatterer of the second type at S, exp(ik∥·S)c′ and exp(ik∣∣·S)c′′ thus give the coefficients for expansion in regular cylindrical waves ulκ0P(r-S) of the scattered field from all other scatterers of the second and the first types, respectively.WithΩ0=Ω(k∣∣d,pd,qd), it follows that b′=Ω0·b+ and c′=Ω0·c+. For a certain matrix Ωdif, to be determined, b′′=Ωdif·c+ and c′′=Ωdif·b+. The equation system for determination of b+ and c+ becomes
(21)(I-T·Ω0)·b+-T·Ωdif·c+=T·a0,-U·Ωdif·b++(I-U·Ω0)·c+=U·a0.In order to form the R/T matrices, incident plane waves with different horizontal wavenumber vectorsk∥+ginc=(k∥+ginc,κ,0) have to be considered, where ginc belongs to the set {2πm/d} providing the reciprocal lattice. Noting that the union of the scatterer positions is a small square lattice with period d/2, the following expression for Ωdif as a difference of Ω matrices is directly obtained
(22)Ωdif=Ω((k∣∣+ginc)d2,pd2,qd2)-Ω0.
Only those ginc in {(2πm/d,0,0)} for which m is even are reciprocal vectors for the small lattice with period d/2. Since a lattice translation matrix Ω is periodic in its first argument with period 2π, there will be two groups of ginc with different Ωdif matrices according to (22). Specifically,
(23)Ωdif,even=Ω(k∣∣d2,pd2,qd2)-Ω0
pertains to ginc=(2πm/d,0,0) with even m, and
(24)Ωdif,odd=Ω(k∣∣d2+π,pd2,qd2)-Ω0
pertains to ginc = (2πm/d, 0, 0) with odd m.The transformation of the expansion (19) to plane waves of the type (1) can be done separately for each of the R and S sums. In the latter case, the translation from the origin causes a sign change for some combinations of incident (ginc) and scattered (gsc) reciprocal lattice vectors. Specifically, with ginc=(2πminc/d,0,0) and gsc=(2πmsc/d,0,0), the double sum corresponding to the one in (11) appears as
(25)usc(r)=∑gsc∑j=1,2,3(-1)minc-mscΔ(dgsc,j;k∥d,κd,pd,qd,c+)×exp(iKgscj±·r)·ej.


## 4. Designing 2D PC Slabs with a Transmission Gap

It is well known that band gaps can appear when scatterers with a large density are arranged periodically in a host with a small density. A particular 2D PC slab example with lead cylinders in epoxy was considered in Mei et al. [12]. The epoxy  parameters were 2540 and 1159.817 m/s for the compressional- and shear-wave velocities, respectively, and 1.18 kg/dm3 for the density. Corresponding lead material parameters were 2160 and 860.568 m/s, and 11.4 kg/dm3. The slab was formed by sixteen layers of lead cylinders, each with a radius of 3.584 mm, with a spacing between cylinder centers of 11.598 mm in the x as well as z directions, cf. Figure 1 where there are three layers. A band gap centered at about 60 kHz was found. (Dimensionless frequencies and distances were actually used in the paper, but a specialization is made here.)Figure3 is a contour plot of the transmittance, that is, time- (and space-)  averaged transmitted energy flux relative to the incident one, up to 120 kHz. The vertical axis is for the angle θ, where the direction vector of the incident compressional plane wave is (sinθcosφ, sinθsinφ, cosθ). In-plane and out-of-plane incidence angles are considered together in Figure 3, where the upper half with φ=0° concerns incidence in the xz plane (in-plane propagation) and the lower half with φ=90° concerns incidence in the yz plane. Only the first Brillouin zone is involved, since kx=ω/αsinθcosφ<2π/dwhen α equals the epoxy compressional-wave velocity 2540 m/s, d=11.598 mm, and the frequency is less than α/d=219 kHz. Of course, the band gap from Mei et al. [12], at about 60 kHz, shows up clearly in this kind of plot. One might wonder how the geometrical and/or material parameters of the slab should be modified to achieve a prescribed desired change of the appearance of the gap.Figure 3
Contour plot of transmittance for a PC slab with lead cylinders in an epoxy host. Parameters of the slab are given in the text. The direction vector of the incident compressional wave is  (sinθ cos φ, sin θ sin φ, cos θ). The black and gray contours are at −150 dB and −10 dB, respectively.Global optimization methods can be used to design PC slabs with desirable properties. Simulated annealing, genetic algorithms and differential evolution (DE) are three kinds of such methods, that have become popular during the last fifteen years. DE, to be applied here, is related to genetic algorithms, but the parameters are not encoded in bit strings, and genetic operators such as crossover and mutation are replaced by algebraic operators [16].As a very simple example, to try to position and widen the gap in Figure3, an objective function for DE minimization is specified as the maximum transmittance in the frequency band 45–65 kHz when the incidence angle θ is varied between 0° and 20° for the two azimuthal angles φ=0° (in-plane propagation in the xz plane) and φ=90° (propagation in the yz plane). A configuration with cylinders of two alternating sizes is allowed, as depicted in Figure 2. Still, the slab is formed by sixteen layers of cylinders. The following seven parameters are varied within the indicated search space: scatterer compressional-wave velocity α [1500 m/s ≤α≤ 3000 m/s],  scatterer shear-wave velocity β [650 m/s ≤β≤ 1200 m/s], scatterer density ρ [7 kg/dm3≤ρ≤ 14 kg/dm3], layer thickness h [8 ≤h≤ 16 mm], the largest scatterer radius rmax [0.225 h ≤ rmax≤ 0.4 h], the smallest scatterer radius rmin [0.45 rmax≤rmin≤rmax], the lattice period d[8(rmax+rmin)/3 ≤d≤ 4 (rmax+rmin)]. The layer thickness h is the z distance between subsequent scatterer interfaces (cf. Figure 2).Table1 shows the optimum obtained with DE, along with corresponding parameter values. A reduction of the transmitted field with more than 160 dB is achieved throughout the band 45–65 kHz and throughout the solid angle intervals 0°<θ<20° for φ=0°, φ=90° for the direction of incidence. High-velocity high-density cylinders seem preferable, since the lead velocities and density are all increased to values close to the upper ends of the corresponding search intervals. In this case, as large as possible values of α, β, and ρ could in fact have been fixed from the start. Moreover, the cylinders are almost as densely packed horizontally as allowed by the search interval for d. Hence, the optimization could in fact have been simplified considerably. With only a few free parameters, a complete search, for example, can be a feasible alternative.Table 1
Specification of a PC slab that has been optimized by DE to produce small transmittance in the band 45–65 kHz. Corresponding transmittance results are shown in Figures4 and 5.
Optimum-163.0 dBScatterer compressional-wave velocityα2995.6 m/sScatterer shear-wave velocityβ1200.0 m/sScatterer densityρ14.000 kg/dm3Layer thicknessh13.292 mmLargest scatterer radiusrmax4.2702 mmSmallest scatterer radiusrmin4.2300 mmLattice periodd22.670 mmCompared to Figure3, the contour plot in Figure 4 of the transmittance for the optimized PC slab shows a band gap around 60 kHz that has become significantly wider and also deeper. The allowed increases of α, β, ρ, and (rmax+rmin)/d are certainly essential for producing this effect. Variation of h, rmax, and rmin is needed to position the band gap at the desired frequency interval. Although the optimization was performed with the restriction 0°<θ<20°, small transmittance is apparently achieved for all angles θ (0°<θ<90°).Figure 4
Contour plot of transmittance as in Figure3 but for the optimized PC slab specified in Table 1.It turns out that the transmittance for the optimized PC slab remains small within the 45–65 kHz band for all out-of-plane incidence angles (an “absolute” band gap). Figure5 shows the transmittance in the same way as Figure 4, but for φ=0° changed to φ=30° and φ=90° changed to φ=60°.  The upper and lower halves exhibit increased symmetry, since the φ angles involved are closer to one another.Figure 5
Contour plot of transmittance for the optimized PC slab specified in Table1. The difference to Figure 4 is that two other φ angles are considered for the direction of the incident compressional wave.Apparently, the optimized PC slab has large transmittance below about 30 kHz and there are regions with large transmittance above 80 kHz as well. The band gap with small transmittance extends to higher frequencies, than those in the band 45–65 kHz, for plane-wave incidence directions with either largeθ or small φ.The efficacy of the DE technique can be illustrated by showing the decrease of the maximum transmittance within the specified frequency/angle region as the number of tested parameter settings for the PC slab evolves. Figure6 shows this decrease for the example from Figure 4. A comparison to the much less efficient MonteCarlo method, with random selection of parameters from the search space, is included. The low efficiency of the MonteCarlo approach shows that the desired PC slabs with small transmittance only appear in a small portion of the search space. For example, only about 0.15% of the random slab selections had a maximum transmittance below −20 dB within the specified frequency/angle region. About 0.01% had a maximum transmittance below −100 dB.Figure 6
Evolution of the maximum transmittance with the number of tested parameter combinations for the DE optimization leading to the PC slab specified in Table1. A corresponding curve for a brute force Monte Carlo method is also included (gray).The difference betweenrmax and rmin in Table 1 is rather small. Optimization was also tried with all cylinders of exactly the same radius, as in Figure 1. The obtained optimum, with cylinders of radius 4.2503 mm and slightly modified values for the other parameters, was almost as good as the one presented in Table 1. The advantages with cylinders of different sizes are expected to be more significant in more complicated filtering cases, involving, for example, more than one frequency band.


## 5. Conclusions

The layer multiple-scattering (LMS) method is a fast semianalytical technique for computing scattering from layers including periodic scatterer lattices. For the 2D case with cylindrical scatterers and any solid angle direction of an incident plane wave, an extension has been made to scatterer lattices with cylindrical scatterers of two different sizes in the same horizontal plane.Global optimization methods from inverse theory are useful for designing PC slabs with desirable properties. A differential evolution algorithm has been applied here to position and widen an “absolute” band gap for a certain 2D PC slab.  Although only limited angle intervals for the direction of incidence were included for the optimization, small transmittance was achieved for all solid angles specifying the direction of the incident wave.The possibility to include cylindrical scatterers of two different sizes in the same horizontal plane provides an additional degree of freedom that can be useful for PC design purposes. In the presented example, with its specification of objective function and search intervals for the parameters, however, the difference between the optimal cylinder radii was rather small and the improvement only marginal. The additional flexibility is expected to be more important in more complicated filtering applications. For example, specified regions in frequency-angle space with large transmittance could be desired in addition to specified regions with small transmittance.



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*Source: 317890-2009-09-06.xml*