# The Fertility Status of the Married People Living with HIV/AIDS in China

Authors: Min Que; Guo-ping Ji; Jie Du; Tao Li
Journal: Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In order to analyze the fertility status of the married people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLHA) of reproductive age in China, a sample of married PLHAs aged 22–45 in China is selected by using a stratified cluster sampling method. All participants are face-to-face interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Among them, the fertility status and its influencing factors of 366 PLHAs are statistically analyzed. Experimental results show that married PLHA of reproductive age in China has a high proportion of having children. The fertility status and fertility intention of females are higher than that of males. The proportion of unwanted pregnancies after the HIV + diagnosis of females is high.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is one of the most devastating infectious diseases in human history. Although access to the antiretroviral therapy has increased and the number of people newly infected with HIV has continued to decline globally, the incidence, mortality, and new HIV infection rates of HIV/AIDS in China are increasing year-by-year [1]. The infection rate is the highest in middle-aged person, the same-sex transmission has increased notoriously [2], and there are significant regional differences in the prevalence rate [3]. Some key populations have low awareness of HIV, condom use, HIV testing and other health knowledge, and low willingness to test [4]. With the widespread availability of the effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection has become a chronic disease, and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) have increased life expectancy [5].In order to understand the status quo of marriage and childbearing at childbearing age in China, willingness to marry and childbearing and related factors, the project “Research on marriage and childbearing status and willingness to marry and childbearing of HIV-infected persons/patients of childbearing age in China” is carried out from November 2019 to February 2020. This paper uses the fertility-related information of the married PLHA population to analyze the fertility status of the married PLHA population, explore the relevant factors of whether the PLHA population is fertile, and further prevent HIV transmission.The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section2 discusses related work, followed by focusing on statistical methods and related definitions in Section 3. The pregnancy of PLHA and status of existing children are discussed in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the paper with summary.


## 2. Related Work

After marriage, with the increase of age, all aspects are relatively stable, and with a certain economic foundation, the demand and behavior of having children would increase accordingly. Other studies at home and abroad suggested that the PLHA population without children was more willing to have children than those who had children [6]. It was close to the PLHA population of childbearing age in other parts of China [7] and was not much different from the general population [8]. Interventions must be strengthened to increase the encouragement of HIV-infected women to use contraception in Togo [9]. Although the awareness rate of HIV transmission prevention knowledge and the autonomy of sexual behavior protection among the PLHA population in my country have increased [10], they were affected by the demographic characteristics and related knowledge in different regions [11]. If you had multiple sexual partners for a long time, the proportion of meeting contraceptive needs was not high, which would increase the risk of sexual partners contracting HIV [12].The research suggested that the PLHA population with low education level in South Florida had a stronger fertility desire and pays more attention to family expectations [13]. The study showed that most PLHAs and their partners had the same desire to have children [14]. Couples considered their own and their spouse’s health and marital satisfaction when making reproductive decisions [15]. Preexposure prophylaxis, male circumcision, and ovulation monitoring could effectively reduce the spouse’s risk of condom-free sex and HIV infection during pregnancy [16], and medically assisted reproductive technology could be used when it is necessary to reduce the risk of the partner and HIV infection. It increased the conception rate while reducing the risk of offspring transmission, and bred the next generation safely and healthily.


## 3. Statistical Methods and Related Definitions

From the project database of “Research on the Marital Status and Marital Intention of HIV-infected Persons/Patients of Reproductive Age in China,” the general demographic characteristics, fertility, and those who wish to have children are extracted to generate a fertility information database. The project “Research on Marital Status and Marital Intention of HIV-infected/patients of childbearing age in China” adopts the method of stratified cluster sampling, selects 1 city in southern, central, and northern China, and selects 1 to 3 HIV-infected/fertile-age patient cities with a high number of patients. In this study, a face-to-face interview questionnaire is conducted among married PLHAs aged 22–45 in the county (district), and a total of 366 valid questionnaires are obtained.Statistical analysis is performed with SPSS 22 software. The enumeration data are analyzed by the chi-square test, and the measurement data are analyzed by the variance analysis and independent samplet-test. Univariate and multivariate analyses are performed by binary logistic regression analysis, and conditional backwards is used in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The inspection level is α = 0.05.Married in this paper includes a collective term for marital status such as currently married, divorced, and widowed.


## 4. Pregnancy of PLHA and Status of Existing Children

### 4.1. General Demographic Characteristics

The survey subjects are 366 married PLHAs of childbearing age, 275 (75.1%) males, and 91 (24.9%) females, with an average age of (36.19 ± 5.76) years, of which males are 36.27 ± 5.52 years and females are 35.98 ± 6.47 years. 279 persons (76.2%) are married, 76 persons (20.8%) are divorced, and 11 persons (3.0%) are widowed. There are statistically significant differences in age, education level, occupation, personal income, family income, route of infection, and marital status between male and female respondents.Figure1 is the general demographic marital status data. It is clearly evident from Figure 1 that there is no statistically significant difference in the distribution of male and female respondents in terms of family size and whether they are only children.Figure 1
General demographic marital status data.


### 4.2. Pregnancy of PLHA Himself or His Spouse

Among the survey respondents, 361 people report pregnancy information of themselves or their spouses, accounting for 98.6%.Table1 is the pregnancy status of the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 1 that the number of pregnancies, the number of pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV infection (HIV+), the number of unintended pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV+, and the number of live births after the diagnosis of HIV+ are higher than those of male spouses, and the differences are statistically significant (P<0.05).Table 1
Pregnancy status of the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
Males (n1 = 270)Females (n2 = 91)Total (n = 361)χ2PThe number of people%The number of people%The number of people%The number of pregnancies6.9050.03204516.777.75214.419133.72628.611032.42 and above13449.65863.719253.2Live births2.6250.26905420.01314.36718.6112345.63942.916244.92 and above9334.43942.913236.6The number of pregnancies after HIV + diagnosis18.870<0.001021780.45459.327175.114315.92527.56818.82 and above103.71213.2226.1The number of unintended pregnancies after HIV + diagnosis22.970<0.001024791.56571.431286.41186.71516.5339.12 and above51.91112.1164.4The number of live births after HIV + diagnosis15.946<0.001024189.36571.430684.81269.62123.14713.02 and above31.155.582.2


### 4.3. The Status of Existing Children

323 people have given birth or are willing to give birth in this survey, accounting for 88.3%. The proportions of no child, one child, and two or more children are 18.3%, 46.7%, and 35.0%, respectively. Table2 is the status of existing children of married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 2 that there is no significant difference in the number of children and the type of children (P<0.05), but the proportion of women who have given birth/willing to have children (94.5%) is much higher than that of men (86.2%), and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05).Table 2
The status of existing children of married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
Maless (n1 = 270)Female (n2 = 91)Total (n = 361)χ2PThe number of people%The number of people%The number of people%The number of children2.8620.239No children5419.61314.36718.3113147.64044.017146.72 or more9032.73841.812835.0Types of children2.9560.399No children5419.61314.36718.3Only boys9835.62931.912734.7Only girls6423.32325.38723.8Both boys and girls5921.52628.68523.2Having given birth/willing to have a child4.5690.033No children3813.855.54311.7Have children23786.28694.532388.3


### 4.4. Fertility Desire

Among the 366 married PLHA population, 68 people have the intention to give birth/rebirth, accounting for 18.6%, and 298 people have no intention to give birth/rebirth, accounting for 81.4%.Figure2 is the contrast of fertility/rebirth willingness. It is clearly evident from Figure 2 that among the 68 people with the willingness to have children/regeneration, 35.8% (24/68) are without the willingness to bear children, which is higher than 14.7% (44/299) with the willingness to bear children, and the difference is statistically significant (χ2 = 16.117,).Figure 2
The contrast of fertility/rebirth willingness.Figure3 is the main reasons for willingness to give birth/rebirth. It is clearly evident from Figure 3 that among the 9 reasons why the 68 respondents are willing to give birth/rebirth, the main reasons for choosing the top four are wanting healthy children (50.0%), increasing family fun (48.5%), and wanting to become parents (39.7%).Figure 3
The main reasons for willingness to give birth/rebirth.Figure4 is the main reasons for unwillingness to have children/rebirth. It is clearly evident from Figure 4 that among the 9 reasons why the 298 respondents do not want to give birth/rebirth, the main reasons for choosing the top three are having children(48.7%), fear of children getting sick (40.6%), and heavy economic burden (38.9%).Figure 4
The main reasons for unwillingness to have children/rebirth.


### 4.5. Factors Related to Having Children

The related factors of whether 366 respondents have children are analyzed. Taking having children as the dependent variable (having children = 1, having no children = 0), covariates include gender, age, education level, occupation, only child, personal annual income, family annual income, housing situation, marital status, and infection pathway, years of diagnosis, and whether or not to treat. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis finds that, except for gender, infection route, years of diagnosis, and whether or not to treat, other indicators are related to whether there are children (P<0.05). Table 3 is the analysis of factors related to whether there are children in the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 3 that multivariate binary logistic regression analysis finds that age, educational level, and marital status are all related to whether or not to have children (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analysis do not find that gender, route of infection, years of diagnosis, and treatment are associated with having children (P>0.05).Table 3
The analysis of factors related to whether there are children in the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
SettingsNo children (n1 = 67)Having kids (n2 = 299)UnivariateAnalysis resultsThe number of people%The number of people%cORPaORPAge22–291420.94515.11130–394668.713143.80.8860.7301.3310.45140–45710.412341.15.4670.0015.6640.001Educational levelJunior high school and below2740.321772.611High school and above4059.78227.40.255<0.0010.3520.001ProfessionPeasant, migrant worker, housework, and others2334.316755.91Business service and business unit2638.86220.70.3280.001Self-employed and unemployed students1826.97023.40.5360.001Only childNo5582.127491.60.4180.022Yes1217.9258.44.982<0.001Personal annual income (ten thousand yuan)<22131.315150.512-1928.47023.40.5120.0554-2740.37826.10.4020.005Annual household income (ten thousand yuan)<52740.318060.215-2131.38026.80.5710.08110-1928.43913.00.3080.001Housing situationBuy a house3450.77725.81Self-built2131.316254.23.406<0.001Rent or dormitory1217.96020.12.2080.036Marital statusDivorced + widowed3146.35618.711Married3653.724381.322.910<0.0014.047<0.001


## 4.1. General Demographic Characteristics

The survey subjects are 366 married PLHAs of childbearing age, 275 (75.1%) males, and 91 (24.9%) females, with an average age of (36.19 ± 5.76) years, of which males are 36.27 ± 5.52 years and females are 35.98 ± 6.47 years. 279 persons (76.2%) are married, 76 persons (20.8%) are divorced, and 11 persons (3.0%) are widowed. There are statistically significant differences in age, education level, occupation, personal income, family income, route of infection, and marital status between male and female respondents.Figure1 is the general demographic marital status data. It is clearly evident from Figure 1 that there is no statistically significant difference in the distribution of male and female respondents in terms of family size and whether they are only children.Figure 1
General demographic marital status data.


## 4.2. Pregnancy of PLHA Himself or His Spouse

Among the survey respondents, 361 people report pregnancy information of themselves or their spouses, accounting for 98.6%.Table1 is the pregnancy status of the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 1 that the number of pregnancies, the number of pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV infection (HIV+), the number of unintended pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV+, and the number of live births after the diagnosis of HIV+ are higher than those of male spouses, and the differences are statistically significant (P<0.05).Table 1
Pregnancy status of the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
Males (n1 = 270)Females (n2 = 91)Total (n = 361)χ2PThe number of people%The number of people%The number of people%The number of pregnancies6.9050.03204516.777.75214.419133.72628.611032.42 and above13449.65863.719253.2Live births2.6250.26905420.01314.36718.6112345.63942.916244.92 and above9334.43942.913236.6The number of pregnancies after HIV + diagnosis18.870<0.001021780.45459.327175.114315.92527.56818.82 and above103.71213.2226.1The number of unintended pregnancies after HIV + diagnosis22.970<0.001024791.56571.431286.41186.71516.5339.12 and above51.91112.1164.4The number of live births after HIV + diagnosis15.946<0.001024189.36571.430684.81269.62123.14713.02 and above31.155.582.2


## 4.3. The Status of Existing Children

323 people have given birth or are willing to give birth in this survey, accounting for 88.3%. The proportions of no child, one child, and two or more children are 18.3%, 46.7%, and 35.0%, respectively. Table2 is the status of existing children of married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 2 that there is no significant difference in the number of children and the type of children (P<0.05), but the proportion of women who have given birth/willing to have children (94.5%) is much higher than that of men (86.2%), and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05).Table 2
The status of existing children of married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
Maless (n1 = 270)Female (n2 = 91)Total (n = 361)χ2PThe number of people%The number of people%The number of people%The number of children2.8620.239No children5419.61314.36718.3113147.64044.017146.72 or more9032.73841.812835.0Types of children2.9560.399No children5419.61314.36718.3Only boys9835.62931.912734.7Only girls6423.32325.38723.8Both boys and girls5921.52628.68523.2Having given birth/willing to have a child4.5690.033No children3813.855.54311.7Have children23786.28694.532388.3


## 4.4. Fertility Desire

Among the 366 married PLHA population, 68 people have the intention to give birth/rebirth, accounting for 18.6%, and 298 people have no intention to give birth/rebirth, accounting for 81.4%.Figure2 is the contrast of fertility/rebirth willingness. It is clearly evident from Figure 2 that among the 68 people with the willingness to have children/regeneration, 35.8% (24/68) are without the willingness to bear children, which is higher than 14.7% (44/299) with the willingness to bear children, and the difference is statistically significant (χ2 = 16.117,).Figure 2
The contrast of fertility/rebirth willingness.Figure3 is the main reasons for willingness to give birth/rebirth. It is clearly evident from Figure 3 that among the 9 reasons why the 68 respondents are willing to give birth/rebirth, the main reasons for choosing the top four are wanting healthy children (50.0%), increasing family fun (48.5%), and wanting to become parents (39.7%).Figure 3
The main reasons for willingness to give birth/rebirth.Figure4 is the main reasons for unwillingness to have children/rebirth. It is clearly evident from Figure 4 that among the 9 reasons why the 298 respondents do not want to give birth/rebirth, the main reasons for choosing the top three are having children(48.7%), fear of children getting sick (40.6%), and heavy economic burden (38.9%).Figure 4
The main reasons for unwillingness to have children/rebirth.


## 4.5. Factors Related to Having Children

The related factors of whether 366 respondents have children are analyzed. Taking having children as the dependent variable (having children = 1, having no children = 0), covariates include gender, age, education level, occupation, only child, personal annual income, family annual income, housing situation, marital status, and infection pathway, years of diagnosis, and whether or not to treat. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis finds that, except for gender, infection route, years of diagnosis, and whether or not to treat, other indicators are related to whether there are children (P<0.05). Table 3 is the analysis of factors related to whether there are children in the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China. It is clearly evident from Table 3 that multivariate binary logistic regression analysis finds that age, educational level, and marital status are all related to whether or not to have children (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analysis do not find that gender, route of infection, years of diagnosis, and treatment are associated with having children (P>0.05).Table 3
The analysis of factors related to whether there are children in the married PLHA population of childbearing age in China.
SettingsNo children (n1 = 67)Having kids (n2 = 299)UnivariateAnalysis resultsThe number of people%The number of people%cORPaORPAge22–291420.94515.11130–394668.713143.80.8860.7301.3310.45140–45710.412341.15.4670.0015.6640.001Educational levelJunior high school and below2740.321772.611High school and above4059.78227.40.255<0.0010.3520.001ProfessionPeasant, migrant worker, housework, and others2334.316755.91Business service and business unit2638.86220.70.3280.001Self-employed and unemployed students1826.97023.40.5360.001Only childNo5582.127491.60.4180.022Yes1217.9258.44.982<0.001Personal annual income (ten thousand yuan)<22131.315150.512-1928.47023.40.5120.0554-2740.37826.10.4020.005Annual household income (ten thousand yuan)<52740.318060.215-2131.38026.80.5710.08110-1928.43913.00.3080.001Housing situationBuy a house3450.77725.81Self-built2131.316254.23.406<0.001Rent or dormitory1217.96020.12.2080.036Marital statusDivorced + widowed3146.35618.711Married3653.724381.322.910<0.0014.047<0.001


## 5. Conclusion

With the continuous increase in the number of PLHAs in China, the desire of the PLHA population to have children may have a significant impact on public health, and the fertility willingness and behavior of the PLHA population will also be affected by more and more attention. In China, 81.7% of married women of childbearing age have children, 53.2% have two or more pregnancies, and 36.6% had two or more live births. The proportion of women who have had children/willing to have children is higher than that of men. Unintended pregnancy after HIV-positive diagnosis among married women accounts for 28.6%. The related factors of whether married women have children mainly include age, marital status, and education level. The main reasons for fertility/regeneration intention include wanting healthy children, increasing family fun, desire to be a parent, and strong parental expectations. For PLHAs with a strong desire to give birth, they should pay attention to the health service support in key links, carry out necessary health education and counseling, further optimize treatment plans, prevent HIV transmission, and promote maternal and child health, so that more PLHAs can responsibly and freely decide on fertility issues.



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*Source: 2938340-2022-09-27.xml*