# Effects of Imposed Damage on the Capillary Water Absorption of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Authors: Qi Gao; Zhiming Ma; Jianzhuang Xiao; Fuan Li
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Capillary water absorption of concrete is closely related to its pore structure, permeability, and durability. This paper intensively investigates the effects of imposed damage, including freeze-thaw damage and loading damage, on the capillary water absorption of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Freeze-thaw cycle test, loading test, and the experiment of capillary water absorption were carried out, respectively. The results demonstrate that the addition of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) results in the increase in the capillary absorption behavior of RAC without imposed damage, and there exists a linear correlation between the behaviors of capillary water absorption and chloride penetration of RAC. The imposed freeze-thaw damage or load damage of RAC boosts with the increase of RCA replacement percentages after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles or loading level. The imposed freeze-thaw damage and load damage further lead to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, and the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC increases linearly with the increased RCA replacement percentages, after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles or loading level. Furthermore, capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the growth of imposed freeze-thaw damage or load damage degree, which can be used to estimate the capillary absorption behavior of RAC exposed to the extreme environment.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) increased dramatically with the rapid development of the construction industry in the past few years, and the CDW will keep increasing at a high speed in China in the future [1, 2]. Traditional disposal of CDW is mainly the landfill and air storage, which requires more land occupation with a high cost. Due to the existence of hazardous substances in CDW, the traditional disposal of CDW also brings about a series of negative impacts on the environment, including soil, water, and atmosphere pollutions [3, 4]. Thereby, proposing an effective method to deal with the CDW is necessary. At the present stage, recycling waste concrete and bricks which account for about 80% of the CDW weight are the appropriate way to reduce the mass of CDW [2]. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) whose properties are similar to the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) can be produced through a series process of crushing and sieving, and the corresponding recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is subsequently prepared, which can be used as the building materials. The properties of RAC have been investigated by the authors around the world, including the mechanical properties and some durability performance [5, 6]. Although the properties of RAC are inferior to the natural aggregate concrete (NAC), they can also be used in the engineering construction by the methods of mix optimization and design, such as increasing the amount of cement in the mix proportion.Durability is the most important factor on the service life of concrete structures. Acting as the porous materials, water permeability is the main parameter of concrete durability, which is closely related to the carbonation, steel corrosion, freeze-thaw damage, and aggressive ions penetrations into concrete [7–9]. The high water permeability of concrete frequently results in the increase in the deterioration of concrete durability [10–12]. Water penetration into concrete mainly depends on the force of capillary absorption and hydrostatic pressure, whereas the water-saturated state is difficult to reach except for the concrete exposed to the condition of high hydrostatic pressure, such as the deep sea environment; consequently, almost all of the water penetration into concrete is mainly by the force of capillary absorption, and the test of capillary water absorption is developed to evaluate the permeability of concrete [13, 14]. The capillary absorption force is mainly provided by the surface tension and pore absorption of concrete, which can well reflect the number and distribution of pores in concrete [15]. Due to the aggressive ions penetrating into concrete mainly by the medium of water penetration, there exists a correlation between the water and aggressive ions penetrations into concrete [16]. For example, when the concrete is exposed to the wet-dry environment (e.g., sea tidal zone), the capillary absorption provides the main driving force for the chloride and sulfate ions penetration into concrete.Previous studies have investigated the capillary water absorption of NAC under various conditions. Wang, Bogas, and Hanžič have studied the capillary water absorption of NAC without imposed damage, and the results highlight that the mix proportion of concrete has an obvious effect on the capillary water absorption [15, 17, 18]. Furthermore, the capillary water absorption of NAC with imposed damage has also been investigated. Such as, Gonen presented the impact of freeze-thaw damage on the capillary absorption behavior of NAC [19], and Wang investigated the influence of applied loading on the capillary absorption behavior of NAC [20], which illustrates that the imposed freeze-thaw damage and load damage lead to the further increase in the capillary water absorption of NAC. The combination of capillary water absorption and imposed damage should be considered carefully in the evaluation and design of concrete durability.A number of studies have been recently conducted to investigate the durability of RAC, and the focus was placed on chloride permeability, carbonation, freeze-thaw resistance, and so on, which highlights that the addition of RCA results in the decrease in the concrete durability [21–23]. However, there is currently a lack of adequate literature on the water permeability, especially for the capillary water absorption, of RAC. Attributing to the existence of the old mortar and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) with poor properties may lead to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, considering the water penetration is frequently coupled with the freeze-thaw damage under cold condition, and RAC is inevitably exposed to the load application in the actual conditions, and the imposed damage may further increase the capillary water absorption of RAC. Consequently, the capillary water absorption of RAC with and without imposed damage should be investigated.The aim of this paper is trying to experimentally investigate the capillary water absorption of RAC with and without imposed damage. Considering the practical service conditions, the effects of freeze-thaw damage and loading damage on the capillary water absorption of RAC were both investigated. Freeze-thaw cycle test, loading test, and capillary absorption experiment were carried out, respectively. Based on the testing results, the correlation between the capillary absorption behavior of RAC and RCA replacement percentages, as well as between the imposed damage and capillary absorption behavior of RAC, is established, which can be used to evaluate the capillary water absorption of RAC exposed to various conditions.


## 2. Experimental Program

### 2.1. Mixture Proportions and Concrete Specimens

Table1 shows the properties of RCA and NCA, and the results confirm that the RCA has the inferior properties to NCA, due to the existence of old mortar which accounts for about 33% of the RCA weight. The packing density and apparent density of RCA are lower than those of NCA, and the RCA possesses the higher crushing value index compared with NCA. Particularly, the water absorption of RCA is about 5.3 times as high as that of NCA.Table 1
Properties of RCA and NCA.
Properties
Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA)
Natural coarse aggregate (NCA)
Adhesive rate of old mortar
33%
0%
Packing density (kg/m3)
Loose packing density
1280
1360
Tight packing density
1440
1480
Apparent density (kg/m3)
2530
2660
Crushing value index
11%
5.13%
Clay content
1.8%
0.8%
Water absorption
5.3%
1.0%In order to investigate the effects of RCA replacement percentages on the capillary water absorption of RAC, different RCA replacement percentages are considered in the design of mix proportions, including 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% of RCA to equivalently replace the NCA. Table2 gives the specific mix proportions of RAC, and the specimen titled RAC-0% is also named as NAC, and the specimen titled RAC-33% presents the RCA replacement percentages are 33%. Polycarboxylate water-reducing agent produced in Shanghai was used, and all the slump values of various concrete mixes were kept around 90 mm by adjusting the amount of water-reducing agent in RAC. Attributing to high water absorption of RCA, the additional water was first mixed with the RCA to make the saturated surface dry, and the other binding materials, water as well as the water-reducing agent, were subsequently mixed to prepare the RAC. 100 mm cubes were used to measure the behavior of capillary water absorption, and the specimen with the size of 100 × 100 × 400 mm3 was prepared to determine the relative dynamic modulus of concrete after different freeze-thaw cycles.Table 2
Mix proportion of RAC (kg/m3).
Specimens
Water-binder ratio
Water
Cement
Sand
Natural aggregate
Recycled aggregate
RAC-0%
0.5
180
360
650
1190
0
RAC-33%
797
393
RAC-66%
404
786
RAC-100%
0
1190RAC specimens after hardening were moved into a curing room, where the temperature was kept at (20 ± 2) °C and the relative humidity was above 95%, for 28 days. The tests of freeze-thaw cycles and loading were conducted to induce the damage on RAC specimens, and then the capillary absorption test was carried out to investigate the capillary water absorption of concrete with and without imposed damage.


### 2.2. Test of Capillary Water Absorption

The water penetration into concrete is mainly by the force of capillary absorption when the concrete is in a relatively dry state. Capillary water absorption test was carried out according to the ASTM C1585 [24]. RAC specimens were first dried in the drying oven for 24 h where the temperature was kept around 105°C, and then the specimens were placed and cooled at room temperature. Finally, the capillary water absorption test was carried out, and the amount of absorbed water was determined at different time. Figure 1 describes the test of capillary water absorption and shows the SEM image of the capillary absorption pores of concrete. There exists a mass of capillary pores, as well as the porous characteristics of CSH, which provides the capillary absorption force for water penetration into concrete.Figure 1
Capillary absorption test.If the gravity is neglected, the capillary absorption behavior can be described in a simple way by the following equations. In Equation (1), ΔW stands for the mass increase (g) of absorbed water by the surface area titled S (S = 100 mm × 100 mm), g/m2. A represents the coefficient of capillary absorption, g/(m2·h0.5), and it can be calculated by Equation (2) [25–27]. The amount of absorbed water and capillary absorption coefficient can well manifest the water permeability of cement-based materials, and the corresponding pores can be evaluated:(1)ΔW=m1−m0S,(2)ΔW=At.The penetrations of water and chloride are both related to the pore structure, number, and distribution in cement-based materials. To investigate the relationship between the water and chloride penetrations into RAC, the maximum chloride content was determined by the test of capillary salt absorption at 5% NaCl solution for 24 h, and the chloride diffusion coefficient was also obtained by the free diffusion test at 5% NaCl solution for 30 d, in terms of Fick’s second law.


### 2.3. Test of Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Accelerated freeze-thaw cycle test was carried out according to the Chinese Standard of “Testing code of concrete for port and waterway engineering” (JTJ 270), and one freeze-thaw cycle lasted for about four hours, and the core temperature of the concrete ranged from (8 ± 2) °C to (−17 ± 2) °C during one freeze-thaw cycle [28, 29]. RAC specimens were taken out from the setup of freeze-thaw cycles when the freeze-thaw cycles reached 0, 25, 50, and 75 times, respectively. The relative dynamic elastic modulus (Erd) and mass loss were determined to quantitatively evaluate the imposed damage after different freeze-thaw cycles. Finally, the capillary absorption test of RAC with imposed freeze-thaw damage was conducted, and the testing process was the same as the description in Section 2.1.


### 2.4. Loading Test

To investigate the imposed load damage on the capillary water absorption of RAC, different loading levels were first applied on the RAC, and the loading rate was 0.05 mm/min. The target load value was, respectively, 0%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of ultimate compressive strength (fc), and the target load was kept for 60 min to make the RAC specimens obtain enough load damage. Subsequently, the specimens were unloaded, and the imposed load damage was determined by an ultrasonic concrete tester, and then the test of capillary water absorption was conducted according to Section 2.2. Figure 2 illustrates the loading test and the testing method of imposed load damage. The Erd is closely related to the cracks and pores development of cement-based materials, and it is frequently used in the performance evaluation of concrete with damage. The load damage degree can be determined according to Equation (3) by the change of the Erd, where D is the load damage degree, Erd presents relative dynamic elastic modulus, %, and Ti and T0 are the sonic time with and without imposed load [30, 31]:(3)D=1−Erd=1−EE0=1−T0Ti2.Figure 2
Loading test and test method of imposed load damage.


## 2.1. Mixture Proportions and Concrete Specimens

Table1 shows the properties of RCA and NCA, and the results confirm that the RCA has the inferior properties to NCA, due to the existence of old mortar which accounts for about 33% of the RCA weight. The packing density and apparent density of RCA are lower than those of NCA, and the RCA possesses the higher crushing value index compared with NCA. Particularly, the water absorption of RCA is about 5.3 times as high as that of NCA.Table 1
Properties of RCA and NCA.
Properties
Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA)
Natural coarse aggregate (NCA)
Adhesive rate of old mortar
33%
0%
Packing density (kg/m3)
Loose packing density
1280
1360
Tight packing density
1440
1480
Apparent density (kg/m3)
2530
2660
Crushing value index
11%
5.13%
Clay content
1.8%
0.8%
Water absorption
5.3%
1.0%In order to investigate the effects of RCA replacement percentages on the capillary water absorption of RAC, different RCA replacement percentages are considered in the design of mix proportions, including 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% of RCA to equivalently replace the NCA. Table2 gives the specific mix proportions of RAC, and the specimen titled RAC-0% is also named as NAC, and the specimen titled RAC-33% presents the RCA replacement percentages are 33%. Polycarboxylate water-reducing agent produced in Shanghai was used, and all the slump values of various concrete mixes were kept around 90 mm by adjusting the amount of water-reducing agent in RAC. Attributing to high water absorption of RCA, the additional water was first mixed with the RCA to make the saturated surface dry, and the other binding materials, water as well as the water-reducing agent, were subsequently mixed to prepare the RAC. 100 mm cubes were used to measure the behavior of capillary water absorption, and the specimen with the size of 100 × 100 × 400 mm3 was prepared to determine the relative dynamic modulus of concrete after different freeze-thaw cycles.Table 2
Mix proportion of RAC (kg/m3).
Specimens
Water-binder ratio
Water
Cement
Sand
Natural aggregate
Recycled aggregate
RAC-0%
0.5
180
360
650
1190
0
RAC-33%
797
393
RAC-66%
404
786
RAC-100%
0
1190RAC specimens after hardening were moved into a curing room, where the temperature was kept at (20 ± 2) °C and the relative humidity was above 95%, for 28 days. The tests of freeze-thaw cycles and loading were conducted to induce the damage on RAC specimens, and then the capillary absorption test was carried out to investigate the capillary water absorption of concrete with and without imposed damage.


## 2.2. Test of Capillary Water Absorption

The water penetration into concrete is mainly by the force of capillary absorption when the concrete is in a relatively dry state. Capillary water absorption test was carried out according to the ASTM C1585 [24]. RAC specimens were first dried in the drying oven for 24 h where the temperature was kept around 105°C, and then the specimens were placed and cooled at room temperature. Finally, the capillary water absorption test was carried out, and the amount of absorbed water was determined at different time. Figure 1 describes the test of capillary water absorption and shows the SEM image of the capillary absorption pores of concrete. There exists a mass of capillary pores, as well as the porous characteristics of CSH, which provides the capillary absorption force for water penetration into concrete.Figure 1
Capillary absorption test.If the gravity is neglected, the capillary absorption behavior can be described in a simple way by the following equations. In Equation (1), ΔW stands for the mass increase (g) of absorbed water by the surface area titled S (S = 100 mm × 100 mm), g/m2. A represents the coefficient of capillary absorption, g/(m2·h0.5), and it can be calculated by Equation (2) [25–27]. The amount of absorbed water and capillary absorption coefficient can well manifest the water permeability of cement-based materials, and the corresponding pores can be evaluated:(1)ΔW=m1−m0S,(2)ΔW=At.The penetrations of water and chloride are both related to the pore structure, number, and distribution in cement-based materials. To investigate the relationship between the water and chloride penetrations into RAC, the maximum chloride content was determined by the test of capillary salt absorption at 5% NaCl solution for 24 h, and the chloride diffusion coefficient was also obtained by the free diffusion test at 5% NaCl solution for 30 d, in terms of Fick’s second law.


## 2.3. Test of Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Accelerated freeze-thaw cycle test was carried out according to the Chinese Standard of “Testing code of concrete for port and waterway engineering” (JTJ 270), and one freeze-thaw cycle lasted for about four hours, and the core temperature of the concrete ranged from (8 ± 2) °C to (−17 ± 2) °C during one freeze-thaw cycle [28, 29]. RAC specimens were taken out from the setup of freeze-thaw cycles when the freeze-thaw cycles reached 0, 25, 50, and 75 times, respectively. The relative dynamic elastic modulus (Erd) and mass loss were determined to quantitatively evaluate the imposed damage after different freeze-thaw cycles. Finally, the capillary absorption test of RAC with imposed freeze-thaw damage was conducted, and the testing process was the same as the description in Section 2.1.


## 2.4. Loading Test

To investigate the imposed load damage on the capillary water absorption of RAC, different loading levels were first applied on the RAC, and the loading rate was 0.05 mm/min. The target load value was, respectively, 0%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of ultimate compressive strength (fc), and the target load was kept for 60 min to make the RAC specimens obtain enough load damage. Subsequently, the specimens were unloaded, and the imposed load damage was determined by an ultrasonic concrete tester, and then the test of capillary water absorption was conducted according to Section 2.2. Figure 2 illustrates the loading test and the testing method of imposed load damage. The Erd is closely related to the cracks and pores development of cement-based materials, and it is frequently used in the performance evaluation of concrete with damage. The load damage degree can be determined according to Equation (3) by the change of the Erd, where D is the load damage degree, Erd presents relative dynamic elastic modulus, %, and Ti and T0 are the sonic time with and without imposed load [30, 31]:(3)D=1−Erd=1−EE0=1−T0Ti2.Figure 2
Loading test and test method of imposed load damage.


## 3. Results and Discussions

### 3.1. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC without Imposed Damage

The compressive strength after 28 d and 56 d was first determined, and the results highlight that the addition of RCA leads to the decrease in the compressive strength of RAC. As shown in Figure3, 33%, 66%, and 100% of RCA replacements result in 3.7%, 7.5%, and 12.9% decrease in the compressive strength of RAC after 28 d curing, and the results become 3.1%, 6.4%, and 13.6% after 56 d curing (Table 3).Figure 3
Capillary water absorption of RAC without imposed damage. (a) Capillary absorption curves of RAC with various RCA replacement percentages. (b) Correlation between capillary water absorption and RCA replacement percentages.
(a)
(b)Table 3
Compressive strength of RAC after various curing days.
Curing time
RAC-0%
RAC-33%
RAC-66%
RAC-100%
28 d
34.8
33.5
32.2
30.3
56 d
38.9
37.7
36.4
33.6Acting as the important parameters of concrete durability, the capillary absorption behavior is closely related to the composition, pore structure, and porosity of concrete. This section aims to investigate the capillary absorption behavior of RAC without any imposed damage. Figure3(a) shows the capillary absorption curves of RAC with different RCA replacement percentages. The results reveal the amount of absorbed water rises with the increase of contact time with water, and the increased RCA replacement percentages result in the increase in the maximum amount of absorbed water of RAC. The capillary absorption coefficient increases with the rise of RCA replacement percentages; such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is about 1.08, 1.14, and 1.28 times as high as that of NAC. Furthermore, Figure 3(b) highlights the correlation between the capillary absorbed behavior and the RCA replacement percentages, and the results show that the capillary absorption coefficient of concrete increases linearly with the rise of RCA replacement percentages, and the specific equation is given in Equation (4), where ARAC is the capillary absorption coefficient, g/(m2·h0.5), and PRCA is the RCA replacement percentages, %:(4)ARAC=Kcor×PRCA+ANAC=2.6×PRCA+973.5.Figure4 illustrates the mechanism of water penetration into RAC and NAC. The significant difference between the RAC and NAC is the existence of old mortar and ITZ, and the old mortar possesses the inferior properties compared with new mortar, which provides more passageways for the water penetration into RAC. As shown in Figure 4, the obvious flaws, cracks, and pores can be seen from the SEM images of old ITZ and old mortar. Moreover, due to the existence of old mortar attached to RAC, the total mortar content per unit volume increases with the increase of the RCA replacement percentages, which also provides more capillary absorption pores for the water penetration into RAC. Consequently, the addition of RCA results in the increase in the capillary water absorption of concrete.Figure 4
Mechanism of water penetration into RAC under the force of capillary absorption.


### 3.2. Correlation between Chloride and Water Permeability of RAC

Chloride penetration is the main reason that leads to the steel corrosion in reinforced concrete, which significantly reduces the concrete durability and structural safety [32–34]. The chloride and water penetrations into concrete are both related to the pore structures of concrete, and the chloride penetration into concrete is mainly by the medium of water penetration. Moreover, the capillary absorption coefficient and chloride diffusion coefficient, respectively, represent the water and chloride penetration rates. Table 4 shows the capillary water absorption and chloride penetration parameters of RAC, and the results highlight that the addition of RCA results in the increase in the penetration amount and penetration rate of water and chloride.Table 4
Parameters of capillary water absorption and chloride penetrations.
RCA replacement (%)
Capillary absorption parameters of water
Chloride penetration parameters
The maximum amount of absorbed water, g/(m2)
Capillary absorption coefficient, g/(m2h1/2)
The maximum amount of chloride (%)
Chloride diffusion coefficient, 10−12 m2/s
0
2486.67
973.5
0.1448
4.5076
33
2673.33
1046.6
0.162
5.7778
66
2986.67
1110.7
0.1797
6.1114
100
3336.67
1245.2
0.1922
6.8272To investigate the correlation between the penetration behaviors of chloride and water, the relationship between the maximum absorbed water amount and the maximum chloride content, as well as the capillary absorption coefficient of water and diffusion coefficient of chloride, is described in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), and the results show that they follow a linear relation. Figure5 also presents the specific equations, where the Ww,max is the maximum amount of absorbed water, g/m2; Wc,max is the maximum chloride content, %; DRAC is the chloride diffusion coefficient, 10−12 m2/s; and ARAC stands for the capillary water absorption coefficient, g/(m2h1/2). The evaluation and measurement of water permeability are easier than those of chloride permeability of concrete, and the correlation presented in this section gives a fast and effective method to estimate the chloride permeability of RAC by the change of water permeability.Figure 5
Correlation between capillary absorption behavior of water and chloride penetrations. (a) Relationship between the maximum amount of absorbed water and chloride content. (b) Relationship between capillary water absorption coefficient and chloride diffusion coefficient.
(a)
(b)


### 3.3. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC with Imposed Freeze-Thaw Damage

Freeze-thaw damage frequently exists in concrete exposed to the cold condition, and it significantly reduces the impermeability, durability, and the service life of concrete [12, 35]. Gonen found that the freeze-thaw damage increases the capillary absorption behavior of NAC [19]. This section mainly investigates the effects of freeze-thaw damage on the capillary absorption behavior of RAC.The mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus were first determined to present the freeze-thaw resistance of RAC, and the results are described in Figure6. The mass loss of concrete increases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, and the addition of RCA results in the increase in the mass loss after the same freeze-thaw cycles; for example, the mass of RAC-0%, RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% after 75 freeze-thaw cycles decreases by 2.34%, 2.95%, 3.89%, and 5.45% compared with that without freeze-thaw attack. The relative dynamic elastic modulus (Erd) of RAC decreases with the rise of freeze-thaw cycles, and the increased RCA replacement percentages result in decrease in the Erd of concrete after the same freeze-thaw cycles; such as, the Erd of RAC-0% is 1.15, 1.78, and 5.01 times as high as that of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% after 75 freeze-thaw cycles.Figure 6
Mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus of RAC after freeze-thaw cycles.The results mentioned above highlight that the RAC has the lower freeze-thaw resistance than NAC, and the freeze-thaw resistance decreases with the increase of RCA replacement percentages. Attributing to the existence of the old mortar adhered to RAC, the water adsorption of RAC increases with the increase of RCA replacement percentages, which leads to the RAC suffering more serious freeze-thaw expansion stress than NAC after the same freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the cracks and pores in ITZ and old mortar of RCA are the weak points, which are easy to damage and aggravate the durability degradation of RAC. Consequently, the freeze-thaw damage of RAC increases with the increased RCA replacement percentage under the same condition of freeze-thaw cycles.Capillary absorption curves of RAC after various freeze-thaw cycles are shown in Figure7. The results highlight that the freeze-thaw damage results in the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC. For example, the capillary absorption coefficient of NAC after suffering 75 freeze-thaw cycles is 0.94 times higher than that without freeze-thaw cycles, and the result is 6.29 times for RAC-100%. As more cracks and pores are formed and developed with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, more passageways are provided for the water penetration into concrete.Figure 7
Capillary absorption curves of RAC after different freeze-thaw cycles. (a) RAC-0%, (b) RAC-33%, (c) RAC-66%, and (d) RAC-100%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)By the mercury intrusion test (MIT), Table5 gives the parameters of the pore structure of cement mortar with the w/c ratio of 0.5 after suffering different freeze-thaw cycles. It is remarkable that the amount of total porosity and the harmful pores quantity both rise with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, which provides the passageway for the water penetration into concrete. Consequently, the absorbed water amount and capillary absorption coefficient of RAC both increase with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles.Table 5
Pore structure of cement mortar after various freeze-thaw cycles.
Freeze-thaw cycles (times)
Total porosity (%)
Critical pores diameters (nm)
Graded volume of pore (ml/g)
Harmless pores
Fewer harm pores
Harmful pores
Much harm pores
<20.5 nm
20.5–110 nm
110–220 nm
>220 nm
0
5.077
500
0.0090
0.0205
0.0082
0.0262
25
5.773
865
0.0101
0.0207
0.0086
0.0296
50
6.480
1551
0.0106
0.0214
0.0107
0.0380As shown in Figures7(a)–7(d), compared with the capillary absorption results of RAC with different RCA replacement percentages, it is easily found that the capillary absorption behavior of concrete increases with the increased RCA replacement percentages after the same freeze-thaw cycles, and the results become more obvious after suffering a large number of freeze-thaw cycles. Such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is, respectively, 1.10, 1.21 and 1.37 times as high as that of NAC after 25 freeze-thaw cycles, and the result becomes 1.62, 3.61, and 4.81 times after 75 freeze-thaw cycles. It can be explained that the cracks and pores caused by the freeze-thaw damage rise with the growing of RCA replacement percentages after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles. The higher water content and low-quality RCA both aggravate the property degradation of RAC under freeze-thaw cycles. The Erd being closely related to the cracks and pores of concrete decreases by 21.4%, 31.7%, 55.8%, and 84.3% for RAC-0%, RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100%, respectively, after 75 freeze-thaw cycles, as shown in Figure 6. Consequently, the capillary absorption behavior of RAC rises with the increase of RCA replacement percentages after the same freeze-thaw cycles. The results mentioned above highlight that the RAC has a higher capillary absorption behavior than NAC under the same condition of freeze-thaw cycles, and the increment becomes remarkable after suffering a large number of freeze-thaw cycles, which should be considered carefully in the durability design of RAC exposed to the cold environment:(5)ARAC=KcorFT×100−EE0+ARAC,0.Figure8(a) shows the correlation among the suffered freeze-thaw cycles, RCA replacement percentages, and capillary absorption coefficient, which manifest the addition of RCA and suffered freeze-thaw cycles are found to have a negative effect on the capillary absorption behavior of RAC. For exploring the correlation between the imposed freeze-thaw damage and capillary absorption behavior of RAC, the relation between the Erd and capillary water absorption coefficient is established, which shows that the capillary water absorption coefficient increases linearly with the decrease of Erd, as shown in Figure 8(b). The specific equation can be seen in Equation (5), where the ARAC and ARAC,0 is, respectively, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC with and without imposed freeze-thaw damage, g/(m2h1/2); E/E0 stands for the relative dynamic elastic modulus, %; KFTcor presents the correlation coefficient, and it is closed related to the RCA replacement percentage; the KFTcor is 42 and 103 when the RCA replacement percentages are 0% and 100%, and KFTcor with different RCA replacement percentages can be calculated by the method of linear insertion.Figure 8
The relationship between the capillary water absorption and imposed freeze-thaw damage of RAC. (a) Correlation among suffered freeze-thaw cycles, RCA replacement percentages, and capillary absorption coefficient. (b) Correlation between capillary absorption coefficient and related dynamic elastic modulus (Erd).
(a)
(b)


### 3.4. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC with Imposed Loading Damage

Through the observation of actual cracks development on the surface of RAC with different loadings, it can be seen that there existed some tiny cracks on the specimen surface when the applied loading reached 40%fc, whereas the cracks continued to develop and the obvious cracks appear on the specimen surface when the applied loading reached 60%fc; moreover, when the applied loading was 80%fc, the width of crack became larger coupling with the spalling of concrete surface. Figure 9 shows the imposed load damage of RAC with various percentages of ultimate compressive strength. The results highlight that the increased loading results in the increase of damage degree of RAC, and the increasing range of load damage degree becomes more obvious when the applied loading is above 60%fc. The damage level increases linearly with the growth of applied loading levels, and the increasing replacement percentage of RCA leads to the increase in the slope of fitting line. Such as, the damage level of RAC-0% with the load of 40%fc, 60%fc, and 80%fc is, respectively, 0.020, 0.066, and 0.143, and the results become 0.047, 0.108, and 0.199 for RAC-100%.Figure 9
Imposed load damage of RAC with various percentages of ultimate compressive strength.As shown in Figure9, the addition of RCA further results in the increase in the damage degree of RAC with the same loading, and the increasing range becomes more obvious with the increase of applied loading. For example, the damage degree of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is about 1.25, 1.95, and 2.40 times as high as that of RAC-0% when the applied loading is 40%fc, and the results are 1.06, 1.31, and 1.40 times when the applied loading reaches 80%fc. This could be attributed to the existence of RCA old mortar and ITZ with poor properties. On the one hand, the inferior properties of ITZ attached to RCA are easy to fail with the application of loading; on the other hand, the old mortar with a mass of initial damage cracks aggravates the property degeneration of RAC, which leads to the increase in the load damage degree of concrete with the addition of RCA.Figure10 presents the capillary absorption curves of RAC with different loadings, the results highlight that the applied loading leads to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, and the growth of capillary water absorption becomes significant when the applied loading is above 60%fc. Such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-0% with the load of 0%fc, 40%fc, 60%fc, and 80%fc is, respectively, 973.5 g/(m2h1/2), 1073.6 g/(m2h1/2), 1265.0 g/(m2h1/2), and 1649.1 g/(m2h1/2), and the results are 1245.2 g/(m2h1/2), 1326.4 g/(m2h1/2), 1788.4 g/(m2h1/2), and 2513.8 g/(m2h1/2) for RAC-100%. Comparing with the results in Figures 10(a)–10(d), the capillary absorption coefficient of concrete increases with the rise of RCA replacement percentages with the same loading; such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is, respectively, 1.04, 1.11, and 1.24 times as high as that of RAC-0% when the applied loading is 40%fc, and the results become 1.09, 1.28, and 1.52 times when the applied loading reaches 80%fc.Figure 10
Capillary absorption curves of RAC with different loadings. (a) RAC-0%, (b) RAC-33%, (c) RAC-66%, and (d) RAC-100%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)The results above highlight that the increased loading and RCA replacement percentages result in the increase in the capillary water absorption of concrete. This is attributed to the number of cracks rising with the increase of applied loading, which provides the passageways for water penetration into RAC; as a result, the applied loading increases the capillary water absorption of RAC. The cracks number and the mortar content per unit volume both increase with the rise of RCA replacement, which results in the capillary water absorption improvement of RAC with the same loading.Figure11 shows the relationship between capillary absorption coefficient and RCA replacement percentages with different loading levels, and the results manifest that the capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the rise of RCA replacement percentages with the same loading; however, the increased loading results in the increases in the slope of fitting line. To investigate the correlation between the capillary water absorption and imposed load damage, the relationship between the capillary absorption coefficient and load damage degree (D) is established, and the results are described in Figure 12:(6)ARACL=kcorL×D+ARAC,0.Figure 11
Relationship between capillary absorption coefficient and RCA replacement percentages.Figure 12
Correlation between capillary absorption coefficient and imposed load damage (D).The results highlight that the capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the rise ofD; furthermore, the slope of fitting line grows with the increase of RCA replacement percentages. Equation (6) shows the specific equation, where the D is the load damage degree; ARAC,0 and ARACL are, respectively, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC without and with imposed loading damage, (g/m2h1/2); and kcorL stands for the correlation coefficient, and it is closely related to the RCA replacement percentages, the KETcor is, respectively, 4480 and 6640 when the RCA replacement percentages is 0% and 100%, and KFTcor with the other RCA replacement percentages can be calculated by the method of linear insertion. Although the relationship between the capillary water absorption of RAC and imposed loading damage is established after unloading, the capillary water absorption of RAC with sustained loading can also be estimated by the value of damage degree with sustained loading using Equation (6).This paper investigates the capillary water absorption of RAC with and without imposed damage, whereas there still has some shortcomings need to be solved in the further study. For example, if the source of RCA is much completed, the relation between the various sources of RCA and the capillary absorption behavior of RAC should be investigated. The method of improving the water permeability resistance of RAC should be also studied, such as by the waterproof treatment and mix optimization, which is necessary for the wide application of RAC in the engineering construction.


## 3.1. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC without Imposed Damage

The compressive strength after 28 d and 56 d was first determined, and the results highlight that the addition of RCA leads to the decrease in the compressive strength of RAC. As shown in Figure3, 33%, 66%, and 100% of RCA replacements result in 3.7%, 7.5%, and 12.9% decrease in the compressive strength of RAC after 28 d curing, and the results become 3.1%, 6.4%, and 13.6% after 56 d curing (Table 3).Figure 3
Capillary water absorption of RAC without imposed damage. (a) Capillary absorption curves of RAC with various RCA replacement percentages. (b) Correlation between capillary water absorption and RCA replacement percentages.
(a)
(b)Table 3
Compressive strength of RAC after various curing days.
Curing time
RAC-0%
RAC-33%
RAC-66%
RAC-100%
28 d
34.8
33.5
32.2
30.3
56 d
38.9
37.7
36.4
33.6Acting as the important parameters of concrete durability, the capillary absorption behavior is closely related to the composition, pore structure, and porosity of concrete. This section aims to investigate the capillary absorption behavior of RAC without any imposed damage. Figure3(a) shows the capillary absorption curves of RAC with different RCA replacement percentages. The results reveal the amount of absorbed water rises with the increase of contact time with water, and the increased RCA replacement percentages result in the increase in the maximum amount of absorbed water of RAC. The capillary absorption coefficient increases with the rise of RCA replacement percentages; such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is about 1.08, 1.14, and 1.28 times as high as that of NAC. Furthermore, Figure 3(b) highlights the correlation between the capillary absorbed behavior and the RCA replacement percentages, and the results show that the capillary absorption coefficient of concrete increases linearly with the rise of RCA replacement percentages, and the specific equation is given in Equation (4), where ARAC is the capillary absorption coefficient, g/(m2·h0.5), and PRCA is the RCA replacement percentages, %:(4)ARAC=Kcor×PRCA+ANAC=2.6×PRCA+973.5.Figure4 illustrates the mechanism of water penetration into RAC and NAC. The significant difference between the RAC and NAC is the existence of old mortar and ITZ, and the old mortar possesses the inferior properties compared with new mortar, which provides more passageways for the water penetration into RAC. As shown in Figure 4, the obvious flaws, cracks, and pores can be seen from the SEM images of old ITZ and old mortar. Moreover, due to the existence of old mortar attached to RAC, the total mortar content per unit volume increases with the increase of the RCA replacement percentages, which also provides more capillary absorption pores for the water penetration into RAC. Consequently, the addition of RCA results in the increase in the capillary water absorption of concrete.Figure 4
Mechanism of water penetration into RAC under the force of capillary absorption.


## 3.2. Correlation between Chloride and Water Permeability of RAC

Chloride penetration is the main reason that leads to the steel corrosion in reinforced concrete, which significantly reduces the concrete durability and structural safety [32–34]. The chloride and water penetrations into concrete are both related to the pore structures of concrete, and the chloride penetration into concrete is mainly by the medium of water penetration. Moreover, the capillary absorption coefficient and chloride diffusion coefficient, respectively, represent the water and chloride penetration rates. Table 4 shows the capillary water absorption and chloride penetration parameters of RAC, and the results highlight that the addition of RCA results in the increase in the penetration amount and penetration rate of water and chloride.Table 4
Parameters of capillary water absorption and chloride penetrations.
RCA replacement (%)
Capillary absorption parameters of water
Chloride penetration parameters
The maximum amount of absorbed water, g/(m2)
Capillary absorption coefficient, g/(m2h1/2)
The maximum amount of chloride (%)
Chloride diffusion coefficient, 10−12 m2/s
0
2486.67
973.5
0.1448
4.5076
33
2673.33
1046.6
0.162
5.7778
66
2986.67
1110.7
0.1797
6.1114
100
3336.67
1245.2
0.1922
6.8272To investigate the correlation between the penetration behaviors of chloride and water, the relationship between the maximum absorbed water amount and the maximum chloride content, as well as the capillary absorption coefficient of water and diffusion coefficient of chloride, is described in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), and the results show that they follow a linear relation. Figure5 also presents the specific equations, where the Ww,max is the maximum amount of absorbed water, g/m2; Wc,max is the maximum chloride content, %; DRAC is the chloride diffusion coefficient, 10−12 m2/s; and ARAC stands for the capillary water absorption coefficient, g/(m2h1/2). The evaluation and measurement of water permeability are easier than those of chloride permeability of concrete, and the correlation presented in this section gives a fast and effective method to estimate the chloride permeability of RAC by the change of water permeability.Figure 5
Correlation between capillary absorption behavior of water and chloride penetrations. (a) Relationship between the maximum amount of absorbed water and chloride content. (b) Relationship between capillary water absorption coefficient and chloride diffusion coefficient.
(a)
(b)


## 3.3. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC with Imposed Freeze-Thaw Damage

Freeze-thaw damage frequently exists in concrete exposed to the cold condition, and it significantly reduces the impermeability, durability, and the service life of concrete [12, 35]. Gonen found that the freeze-thaw damage increases the capillary absorption behavior of NAC [19]. This section mainly investigates the effects of freeze-thaw damage on the capillary absorption behavior of RAC.The mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus were first determined to present the freeze-thaw resistance of RAC, and the results are described in Figure6. The mass loss of concrete increases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, and the addition of RCA results in the increase in the mass loss after the same freeze-thaw cycles; for example, the mass of RAC-0%, RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% after 75 freeze-thaw cycles decreases by 2.34%, 2.95%, 3.89%, and 5.45% compared with that without freeze-thaw attack. The relative dynamic elastic modulus (Erd) of RAC decreases with the rise of freeze-thaw cycles, and the increased RCA replacement percentages result in decrease in the Erd of concrete after the same freeze-thaw cycles; such as, the Erd of RAC-0% is 1.15, 1.78, and 5.01 times as high as that of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% after 75 freeze-thaw cycles.Figure 6
Mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus of RAC after freeze-thaw cycles.The results mentioned above highlight that the RAC has the lower freeze-thaw resistance than NAC, and the freeze-thaw resistance decreases with the increase of RCA replacement percentages. Attributing to the existence of the old mortar adhered to RAC, the water adsorption of RAC increases with the increase of RCA replacement percentages, which leads to the RAC suffering more serious freeze-thaw expansion stress than NAC after the same freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the cracks and pores in ITZ and old mortar of RCA are the weak points, which are easy to damage and aggravate the durability degradation of RAC. Consequently, the freeze-thaw damage of RAC increases with the increased RCA replacement percentage under the same condition of freeze-thaw cycles.Capillary absorption curves of RAC after various freeze-thaw cycles are shown in Figure7. The results highlight that the freeze-thaw damage results in the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC. For example, the capillary absorption coefficient of NAC after suffering 75 freeze-thaw cycles is 0.94 times higher than that without freeze-thaw cycles, and the result is 6.29 times for RAC-100%. As more cracks and pores are formed and developed with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, more passageways are provided for the water penetration into concrete.Figure 7
Capillary absorption curves of RAC after different freeze-thaw cycles. (a) RAC-0%, (b) RAC-33%, (c) RAC-66%, and (d) RAC-100%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)By the mercury intrusion test (MIT), Table5 gives the parameters of the pore structure of cement mortar with the w/c ratio of 0.5 after suffering different freeze-thaw cycles. It is remarkable that the amount of total porosity and the harmful pores quantity both rise with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, which provides the passageway for the water penetration into concrete. Consequently, the absorbed water amount and capillary absorption coefficient of RAC both increase with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles.Table 5
Pore structure of cement mortar after various freeze-thaw cycles.
Freeze-thaw cycles (times)
Total porosity (%)
Critical pores diameters (nm)
Graded volume of pore (ml/g)
Harmless pores
Fewer harm pores
Harmful pores
Much harm pores
<20.5 nm
20.5–110 nm
110–220 nm
>220 nm
0
5.077
500
0.0090
0.0205
0.0082
0.0262
25
5.773
865
0.0101
0.0207
0.0086
0.0296
50
6.480
1551
0.0106
0.0214
0.0107
0.0380As shown in Figures7(a)–7(d), compared with the capillary absorption results of RAC with different RCA replacement percentages, it is easily found that the capillary absorption behavior of concrete increases with the increased RCA replacement percentages after the same freeze-thaw cycles, and the results become more obvious after suffering a large number of freeze-thaw cycles. Such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is, respectively, 1.10, 1.21 and 1.37 times as high as that of NAC after 25 freeze-thaw cycles, and the result becomes 1.62, 3.61, and 4.81 times after 75 freeze-thaw cycles. It can be explained that the cracks and pores caused by the freeze-thaw damage rise with the growing of RCA replacement percentages after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles. The higher water content and low-quality RCA both aggravate the property degradation of RAC under freeze-thaw cycles. The Erd being closely related to the cracks and pores of concrete decreases by 21.4%, 31.7%, 55.8%, and 84.3% for RAC-0%, RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100%, respectively, after 75 freeze-thaw cycles, as shown in Figure 6. Consequently, the capillary absorption behavior of RAC rises with the increase of RCA replacement percentages after the same freeze-thaw cycles. The results mentioned above highlight that the RAC has a higher capillary absorption behavior than NAC under the same condition of freeze-thaw cycles, and the increment becomes remarkable after suffering a large number of freeze-thaw cycles, which should be considered carefully in the durability design of RAC exposed to the cold environment:(5)ARAC=KcorFT×100−EE0+ARAC,0.Figure8(a) shows the correlation among the suffered freeze-thaw cycles, RCA replacement percentages, and capillary absorption coefficient, which manifest the addition of RCA and suffered freeze-thaw cycles are found to have a negative effect on the capillary absorption behavior of RAC. For exploring the correlation between the imposed freeze-thaw damage and capillary absorption behavior of RAC, the relation between the Erd and capillary water absorption coefficient is established, which shows that the capillary water absorption coefficient increases linearly with the decrease of Erd, as shown in Figure 8(b). The specific equation can be seen in Equation (5), where the ARAC and ARAC,0 is, respectively, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC with and without imposed freeze-thaw damage, g/(m2h1/2); E/E0 stands for the relative dynamic elastic modulus, %; KFTcor presents the correlation coefficient, and it is closed related to the RCA replacement percentage; the KFTcor is 42 and 103 when the RCA replacement percentages are 0% and 100%, and KFTcor with different RCA replacement percentages can be calculated by the method of linear insertion.Figure 8
The relationship between the capillary water absorption and imposed freeze-thaw damage of RAC. (a) Correlation among suffered freeze-thaw cycles, RCA replacement percentages, and capillary absorption coefficient. (b) Correlation between capillary absorption coefficient and related dynamic elastic modulus (Erd).
(a)
(b)


## 3.4. Capillary Water Absorption of RAC with Imposed Loading Damage

Through the observation of actual cracks development on the surface of RAC with different loadings, it can be seen that there existed some tiny cracks on the specimen surface when the applied loading reached 40%fc, whereas the cracks continued to develop and the obvious cracks appear on the specimen surface when the applied loading reached 60%fc; moreover, when the applied loading was 80%fc, the width of crack became larger coupling with the spalling of concrete surface. Figure 9 shows the imposed load damage of RAC with various percentages of ultimate compressive strength. The results highlight that the increased loading results in the increase of damage degree of RAC, and the increasing range of load damage degree becomes more obvious when the applied loading is above 60%fc. The damage level increases linearly with the growth of applied loading levels, and the increasing replacement percentage of RCA leads to the increase in the slope of fitting line. Such as, the damage level of RAC-0% with the load of 40%fc, 60%fc, and 80%fc is, respectively, 0.020, 0.066, and 0.143, and the results become 0.047, 0.108, and 0.199 for RAC-100%.Figure 9
Imposed load damage of RAC with various percentages of ultimate compressive strength.As shown in Figure9, the addition of RCA further results in the increase in the damage degree of RAC with the same loading, and the increasing range becomes more obvious with the increase of applied loading. For example, the damage degree of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is about 1.25, 1.95, and 2.40 times as high as that of RAC-0% when the applied loading is 40%fc, and the results are 1.06, 1.31, and 1.40 times when the applied loading reaches 80%fc. This could be attributed to the existence of RCA old mortar and ITZ with poor properties. On the one hand, the inferior properties of ITZ attached to RCA are easy to fail with the application of loading; on the other hand, the old mortar with a mass of initial damage cracks aggravates the property degeneration of RAC, which leads to the increase in the load damage degree of concrete with the addition of RCA.Figure10 presents the capillary absorption curves of RAC with different loadings, the results highlight that the applied loading leads to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, and the growth of capillary water absorption becomes significant when the applied loading is above 60%fc. Such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-0% with the load of 0%fc, 40%fc, 60%fc, and 80%fc is, respectively, 973.5 g/(m2h1/2), 1073.6 g/(m2h1/2), 1265.0 g/(m2h1/2), and 1649.1 g/(m2h1/2), and the results are 1245.2 g/(m2h1/2), 1326.4 g/(m2h1/2), 1788.4 g/(m2h1/2), and 2513.8 g/(m2h1/2) for RAC-100%. Comparing with the results in Figures 10(a)–10(d), the capillary absorption coefficient of concrete increases with the rise of RCA replacement percentages with the same loading; such as, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC-33%, RAC-66%, and RAC-100% is, respectively, 1.04, 1.11, and 1.24 times as high as that of RAC-0% when the applied loading is 40%fc, and the results become 1.09, 1.28, and 1.52 times when the applied loading reaches 80%fc.Figure 10
Capillary absorption curves of RAC with different loadings. (a) RAC-0%, (b) RAC-33%, (c) RAC-66%, and (d) RAC-100%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)The results above highlight that the increased loading and RCA replacement percentages result in the increase in the capillary water absorption of concrete. This is attributed to the number of cracks rising with the increase of applied loading, which provides the passageways for water penetration into RAC; as a result, the applied loading increases the capillary water absorption of RAC. The cracks number and the mortar content per unit volume both increase with the rise of RCA replacement, which results in the capillary water absorption improvement of RAC with the same loading.Figure11 shows the relationship between capillary absorption coefficient and RCA replacement percentages with different loading levels, and the results manifest that the capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the rise of RCA replacement percentages with the same loading; however, the increased loading results in the increases in the slope of fitting line. To investigate the correlation between the capillary water absorption and imposed load damage, the relationship between the capillary absorption coefficient and load damage degree (D) is established, and the results are described in Figure 12:(6)ARACL=kcorL×D+ARAC,0.Figure 11
Relationship between capillary absorption coefficient and RCA replacement percentages.Figure 12
Correlation between capillary absorption coefficient and imposed load damage (D).The results highlight that the capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the rise ofD; furthermore, the slope of fitting line grows with the increase of RCA replacement percentages. Equation (6) shows the specific equation, where the D is the load damage degree; ARAC,0 and ARACL are, respectively, the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC without and with imposed loading damage, (g/m2h1/2); and kcorL stands for the correlation coefficient, and it is closely related to the RCA replacement percentages, the KETcor is, respectively, 4480 and 6640 when the RCA replacement percentages is 0% and 100%, and KFTcor with the other RCA replacement percentages can be calculated by the method of linear insertion. Although the relationship between the capillary water absorption of RAC and imposed loading damage is established after unloading, the capillary water absorption of RAC with sustained loading can also be estimated by the value of damage degree with sustained loading using Equation (6).This paper investigates the capillary water absorption of RAC with and without imposed damage, whereas there still has some shortcomings need to be solved in the further study. For example, if the source of RCA is much completed, the relation between the various sources of RCA and the capillary absorption behavior of RAC should be investigated. The method of improving the water permeability resistance of RAC should be also studied, such as by the waterproof treatment and mix optimization, which is necessary for the wide application of RAC in the engineering construction.


## 4. Conclusions

This paper investigates the capillary absorption behavior of RAC with different replacement percentages of RCA under normal, freeze-thaw cycles and loading conditions, respectively. Based on the results of this experimental work, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)
As the old mortar adhered to RCA possesses a low quality and the mortar content per unit volume of concrete increases with the growing of the RCA replacement percentages, the capillary water absorption of concrete increases with the increased RCA replacement percentages under normal condition. The capillary absorption coefficient and RCA replacement percentages follow a linear correlation. Furthermore, the addition of RCA results in the decrease in the compressive strength. There exists a linear relation between the capillary water absorption coefficient and chloride diffusion coefficient, as well as the maximum amount of absorbed water and chloride content, which provides an effective way to estimate the chloride permeability through the behavior of capillary water absorption of RAC.(2)
Exposing to the condition of freeze-thaw cycles, the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete decreases with the increase of the RCA replacement percentage. The imposed freeze-thaw damage results in the increase in the capillary absorption behavior of RAC. Capillary water absorption of concrete increases with the rising of RCA replacement percentages after the same freeze-thaw cycles, and the increase becomes more obvious after suffering a large number of freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, there exists a linear correlation between the capillary absorption coefficient and imposed freeze-thaw damage (Erd).(3)
Under the condition of applied loading, the imposed loading damage boosts with the increasing of applied loading, and the addition of RCA results in the increase in the imposed damage of concrete with the same loading level. The applied loading leads to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, and the increasing range becomes more obvious with the applied loading above 60%fc. Particularly, the capillary water absorption increases linearly with the growth of imposed loading damage, which can be used to estimate the capillary absorption behavior of RAC with imposed loading damage.(4)
The addition of RCA and imposed damage both results in the increase in the capillary water absorption of concrete, which should be considered in the durability design. Considering the high capillary water absorption of RCA, they can act as the water storage materials used in the construction of sponge city.



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*Source: 2890931-2018-10-08.xml*