# The Effect of Static Blasting Materials on Coal Structure Changes and Methane Adsorption Characteristics

Authors: Xiao Cui; Jiayong Zhang; Liwen Guo; Xuemin Gong
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Methane in coal seam is always under the dynamic process of adsorption and desorption. It has been demonstrated that the static blasting technology is an effective way to extract methane from coal. Although it is of great significance to understand the role of static blasting materials on methane extraction, the change of methane during static blasting is not well understood due to limited research studies. In this paper, we took the reaction pressure and heat from the hydration of the static blasting materials as the main factors. Microstructure changes in the static blasting materials and coal were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and mercury injection. Changes of methane adsorption and adsorption rate before and after the static blasting were also measured. Our results demonstrated that the static blasting materials entered the microcracks of the coal body and the porosity of the coal was increased by heat expansion, improving methane migration. During the blasting process, methane began to desorb from the coal and its adsorption content was decreased. In contrast, the adsorption of methane was increased after the reaction. However, methane adsorption rate is higher than that of raw coal, indicating that the adsorbed methane is easier to convert into free methane, which is conducive to emission. This is of great significance to methane extraction and the safety of mines.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

During China’s whole coal production and development, safe production and methane control at coalbed are of most importance [1, 2]. Methane explosions have caused most serious coal mining accidents [3]. Thus, an effective prevention and control on methane should be taken. Methane at coalbed is a hazard to both coal production and mineral deposition [4, 5]. The storage of coalbed methane in China is the third largest one in the world [6, 7]. If the methane can be safely and efficiently extracted from the coalbed [8], it will not only improve the safety of mining but also provide economical energy to the society.Permeability of coalbed is the main parameter for methane extraction [9, 10]. With the increase of mining depth, the permeability is sharply decreased and the extraction effect is poor even if the number of methane extraction boreholes is greatly increased. Many techniques have been used to improve the permeability [11], such as hydraulic fracturing [12], hydraulic punching [13], CO2 cracking [14], and presplitting blasting [15]. As the coal mining goes deeper, the content of methane has increased sharply [16]. Therefore, more strategies are needed to improve the efficiency of methane extraction so as to ensure the safety of coal mining [17].Static blasting technology is an efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly method for methane extraction. It can increase the permeability. As shown in Figure1, in the static blasting technology, the static blasting materials are hydrated with water to form crystals with large volume and generate expansion pressure under the constraint conditions. They fracture and slowly loosen the coal and rock mass. The fracture is formed when the coal body is moved [18–20], which further develops the fracture and forms the methane release channel, thus improving the extraction efficiency of methane [21].Figure 1
Mechanism of static blasting action during coalbed methane extraction.It should be noted that the effects of the static blasting materials on the physicochemical structure of coal and their thermal behavior have not been well investigated. There is still a lack of good understanding in terms of the role of the static blasting materials on the structure of coal and their consequent impact on methane adsorption. In this study, we measured the expansion pressure and hydration reaction temperature of static blasting materials, the main influencing indexes to coal structure and methane adsorption. Structure and physical changes of coal were determined by FTIR, mercury injection, and gas chromatography. The high-pressure capacity method was carried out to study methane adsorption behavior before and after the static blasting.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Materials

The static blasting materials were calcined at the temperature between 1350 and 1500°C, and they were comprised of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3), as shown in Table 1. After calcination, tricalcium silicate (C3S), tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), tricalcium aluminate (C3A), and f-CaO were produced based on the mass balance of the chemical composition [22, 23].Table 1
Static blasting material components.
Chemical composition (%)Liter weight (g/L)LOI (loss on ignition)SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOf-CaO∑0.625.411.102.6089.100.9273.2699.751320


### 2.2. Coal Sample

Coal samples from Kailuan mining area in China were used in this study. The approximate analysis and density of coal samples are shown in Table2. Before the analysis, all coal samples were ground and the particle sizes <0.05 mm, 0.20–0.25 mm, and >5 mm were selected based on the testing requirements.Table 2
Density and proximate analysis of coal sample.
ParametersProximate analysisTotal moisture (Mt %)2.7External moisture (Mf %)1.0Inherent moisture (Minh %)1.7Ash content (Ad %)15.12Volatility (Vd %)31.03Total sulphur (St,d %)0.42Calorific value (Qnet,ar MJ/kg)26.98DensityTrue relative density (g/cm3)1.46Apparent relative density (g/cm3)1.43


### 2.3. Methods

In accordance with the “soundless cracking agent” (JC/T 506-2008), a resistance strain gauge-steel pipe pressure testing machine was used to test the expansion pressure [24]. The expansion pressure of expansive material was calculated by equation (1). A MIK210B temperature recorder and Pt-100 lead temperature sensor were used to measure the reaction temperature of the static blasting materials (Figure 2).(1)Pr=Es⋅K2−1εθ2−v,where Pr is expansion pressure, MPa; Es is elastic modulus of steel tube (2.060 × 105 MPa); K is the ratio of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of the steel tube, mm/mm; εθ is the circumferential direction strain values of the steel tube; and ν is Poisson’s ratio, 0.3.Figure 2
Measurement principle of reaction temperature and expansion pressure of static blasting materials.A JSM-IT100 scanning electron microscope was used to examine the microstructure of the hydrated blasting materials and the coal samples [25, 26]. A KKS-5690A gas chromatograph was used to analyze gas from coal by the action of static blasting materials. In the tests, the gas produced from coal samples in the tank was injected through a sampler and carried by hydrogen into a dedicated column [27]. The adsorption force of gas components in the column was different between desorption and adsorption state. By rinsing the column with hydrogen, two states of gas components were repeatedly divided and separated for several times. They were then detected by the postcolumn detector and converted to electrical signals which were sent to the chromatographic data processing system for analysis [28].For FTIR analysis, 1–3 mg of the static blasting materials and coal samples before and after static blasting was mixed with 100–300 mg KBr in an agate mortar and ground to below 2.5μm. The mixing powders were then placed into a spindle briquetting machine and pressurized (5–l0 t/cm2) for about 5 min to obtain thin pastilles. An FTIR instrument (8400S) was used to record the spectra of the samples. Each spectrum was the result of signal-averaging of 10 scans at a resolution of 4 cm−1 and the scanning range was 4000–400 cm−1. For accuracy, the baseline correction was performed and normalized before the sample scan. Curve-fitting was used to analyze the experimental data [29, 30].Mercury injection tests were conducted to measure the distribution changes of microscopic pores in coal samples using a Micromeritics mercury porosimeter (AUTOPORE IV 9500). In order to avoid the interference of water, the coal samples were fully dried in an oven under the vacuum and a constant temperature. The dimensions of the coal samples less than 15 × 15 × 15 mm were selected and put into the sample tube of the instrument. Mercury intrusion at pressures between 0.7 kPa and 413.76 MPa, corresponding to the pore diameters ranging from 0.005 to 340μm, was applied [31].In order to study the pore changes of coal samples under the action of static blasting materials, a classification method for coal pore distribution reported by Hodott was adopted. It shows that the pore diameters of micropores, transition pores, mesopores, macropores, and visible pores and fissures correspond to the diameters of <10 nm, 10–102 nm, 102–103 nm, 103–105 nm, and >105 nm, respectively. The volume of mercury in the pores under different pressures was calculated by Washburn equation (2). Cumulative distribution curve or differential curve corresponding to the pore size with different pressures was obtained [32].(2)h2=crσcosθt2η−1,where c is the capillary shape coefficient, r is the average capillary radius, σ is the surface tension of liquid, η is liquid viscosity, and h is the height of mercury at the different time point t. The relationship between the pore change and gas adsorption by the action of static blasting materials was determined.There are three states of methane in coal: free, adsorbed, and absorbed methane [33]. The absorption of methane in coal body is too small to be determined. Free methane was calculated according to the coal porosity and methane pressure [34, 35]. Methane adsorption capacity in coal body before and after static blasting was determined by the HAC-1 methane adsorption device using the high-pressure capacity method [36]. 0.2–0.25 mm of coal samples was selected. 50 g coal sample was carefully packed into the adsorption tank after drying and cooling. After the management information of the system software was set up, the adsorption test module was executed. The adsorption tank was placed in a super constant temperature water bath at 60°C. When the vacuum of the degassing system reached less than 4 Pa and the degassing was continuous for 4 h, the low-pressure adsorption test was conducted. After the low-pressure adsorption measurement, high-pressure methane was injected into the adsorption tank and the host was connected to the data acquisition instrument by the communication function test and analysis of the monitoring software. The high-pressure adsorption balance monitoring interface at the software was entered and the high-pressure adsorption tests were conducted. At the same time, the methane adsorption capacity and its adsorption rate on coal body at each pressure point were also recorded.


## 2.1. Materials

The static blasting materials were calcined at the temperature between 1350 and 1500°C, and they were comprised of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3), as shown in Table 1. After calcination, tricalcium silicate (C3S), tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), tricalcium aluminate (C3A), and f-CaO were produced based on the mass balance of the chemical composition [22, 23].Table 1
Static blasting material components.
Chemical composition (%)Liter weight (g/L)LOI (loss on ignition)SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOf-CaO∑0.625.411.102.6089.100.9273.2699.751320


## 2.2. Coal Sample

Coal samples from Kailuan mining area in China were used in this study. The approximate analysis and density of coal samples are shown in Table2. Before the analysis, all coal samples were ground and the particle sizes <0.05 mm, 0.20–0.25 mm, and >5 mm were selected based on the testing requirements.Table 2
Density and proximate analysis of coal sample.
ParametersProximate analysisTotal moisture (Mt %)2.7External moisture (Mf %)1.0Inherent moisture (Minh %)1.7Ash content (Ad %)15.12Volatility (Vd %)31.03Total sulphur (St,d %)0.42Calorific value (Qnet,ar MJ/kg)26.98DensityTrue relative density (g/cm3)1.46Apparent relative density (g/cm3)1.43


## 2.3. Methods

In accordance with the “soundless cracking agent” (JC/T 506-2008), a resistance strain gauge-steel pipe pressure testing machine was used to test the expansion pressure [24]. The expansion pressure of expansive material was calculated by equation (1). A MIK210B temperature recorder and Pt-100 lead temperature sensor were used to measure the reaction temperature of the static blasting materials (Figure 2).(1)Pr=Es⋅K2−1εθ2−v,where Pr is expansion pressure, MPa; Es is elastic modulus of steel tube (2.060 × 105 MPa); K is the ratio of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of the steel tube, mm/mm; εθ is the circumferential direction strain values of the steel tube; and ν is Poisson’s ratio, 0.3.Figure 2
Measurement principle of reaction temperature and expansion pressure of static blasting materials.A JSM-IT100 scanning electron microscope was used to examine the microstructure of the hydrated blasting materials and the coal samples [25, 26]. A KKS-5690A gas chromatograph was used to analyze gas from coal by the action of static blasting materials. In the tests, the gas produced from coal samples in the tank was injected through a sampler and carried by hydrogen into a dedicated column [27]. The adsorption force of gas components in the column was different between desorption and adsorption state. By rinsing the column with hydrogen, two states of gas components were repeatedly divided and separated for several times. They were then detected by the postcolumn detector and converted to electrical signals which were sent to the chromatographic data processing system for analysis [28].For FTIR analysis, 1–3 mg of the static blasting materials and coal samples before and after static blasting was mixed with 100–300 mg KBr in an agate mortar and ground to below 2.5μm. The mixing powders were then placed into a spindle briquetting machine and pressurized (5–l0 t/cm2) for about 5 min to obtain thin pastilles. An FTIR instrument (8400S) was used to record the spectra of the samples. Each spectrum was the result of signal-averaging of 10 scans at a resolution of 4 cm−1 and the scanning range was 4000–400 cm−1. For accuracy, the baseline correction was performed and normalized before the sample scan. Curve-fitting was used to analyze the experimental data [29, 30].Mercury injection tests were conducted to measure the distribution changes of microscopic pores in coal samples using a Micromeritics mercury porosimeter (AUTOPORE IV 9500). In order to avoid the interference of water, the coal samples were fully dried in an oven under the vacuum and a constant temperature. The dimensions of the coal samples less than 15 × 15 × 15 mm were selected and put into the sample tube of the instrument. Mercury intrusion at pressures between 0.7 kPa and 413.76 MPa, corresponding to the pore diameters ranging from 0.005 to 340μm, was applied [31].In order to study the pore changes of coal samples under the action of static blasting materials, a classification method for coal pore distribution reported by Hodott was adopted. It shows that the pore diameters of micropores, transition pores, mesopores, macropores, and visible pores and fissures correspond to the diameters of <10 nm, 10–102 nm, 102–103 nm, 103–105 nm, and >105 nm, respectively. The volume of mercury in the pores under different pressures was calculated by Washburn equation (2). Cumulative distribution curve or differential curve corresponding to the pore size with different pressures was obtained [32].(2)h2=crσcosθt2η−1,where c is the capillary shape coefficient, r is the average capillary radius, σ is the surface tension of liquid, η is liquid viscosity, and h is the height of mercury at the different time point t. The relationship between the pore change and gas adsorption by the action of static blasting materials was determined.There are three states of methane in coal: free, adsorbed, and absorbed methane [33]. The absorption of methane in coal body is too small to be determined. Free methane was calculated according to the coal porosity and methane pressure [34, 35]. Methane adsorption capacity in coal body before and after static blasting was determined by the HAC-1 methane adsorption device using the high-pressure capacity method [36]. 0.2–0.25 mm of coal samples was selected. 50 g coal sample was carefully packed into the adsorption tank after drying and cooling. After the management information of the system software was set up, the adsorption test module was executed. The adsorption tank was placed in a super constant temperature water bath at 60°C. When the vacuum of the degassing system reached less than 4 Pa and the degassing was continuous for 4 h, the low-pressure adsorption test was conducted. After the low-pressure adsorption measurement, high-pressure methane was injected into the adsorption tank and the host was connected to the data acquisition instrument by the communication function test and analysis of the monitoring software. The high-pressure adsorption balance monitoring interface at the software was entered and the high-pressure adsorption tests were conducted. At the same time, the methane adsorption capacity and its adsorption rate on coal body at each pressure point were also recorded.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Testing of Reaction Parameters

Due to the complex geological environment and the unstable state of methane in coalbed, the reaction parameters of static blasting materials must be strictly controlled. In this study, the reaction temperature and expansion pressure, the most important parameters, were recorded. With the increase of the reaction temperature, the reaction rate was also increased. However, fast reaction rate resulted that the generated heat rapidly accumulates and cannot be released in a short time. As shown in Figure3, during hydration of the static blasting materials, heat was released and the maximum reaction temperature reached to 140°C. High expansion pressure ensures the fracture of coal seam. Our experimental results showed that the maximum pressure after hydration reaction was above 50 MPa (Figure 3).Figure 3
Temperature and expansion pressure during static blasting.


### 3.2. Microstructures of Static Blasting Materials and Coal Samples

SEM micrographs of the static blasting materials before and after hydration are shown in Figure4. As can be seen, hydration obviously changed the microstructure and density of the blasting material. As shown in Figure 4(a), the static blasting materials before hydration were composed of particles with smooth, dense, and nonporous surfaces. Their apparent density was relatively high. The main component of the static blasting material is calcium oxide. Small and well dispersed particles favored hydration, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide crystal center and a large number of fine crystals. Figure 4(b) shows that the particles have a relatively rough surface with divergent microcracks and nanocracks. After hydration, many small voids were created. These particles were twice as large as that of the original ones and the porosity was also increased. These results indicated that hydration changed the morphology of the static blasting materials significantly.Figure 4
SEM micrographs of static blasting materials before and after hydration reaction: (a) before reaction; (b) after 24 hours of reaction.
(a)(b)Figures5(a)–5(c) show the microstructure of raw coal and coal after static blasting. The microstructure and density of 1# raw coal and 2# coal were obviously different. The pore of 2# was increased significantly and its surface became smooth. Hydration products of the static blasting materials on 3# coal body were adsorbed on the pores of the coal. The static blasting material was mainly composed of massive layered crystals, and they were converted directly into a fine solid state after hydration, forming a gel and releasing heat. These gel-like particles were closely packed by condensation, and there were clear signs for their further crystallization and hardening.Figure 5
SEM micrographs of coal affected by static blasting: (a) 1# raw coal; (b) 2# coal after thermal action of the static blasting material; (c) 3# coal adsorbed by the static blasting material.
(a)(b)(c)


### 3.3. Gas Chromatographic Analysis

Thermal decomposition and oxidation of coal were caused by the heat release during hydration of the static blasting materials. Gas products of coal were mainly CO, CH4, C2H6, and C2H4. Figure 6 shows the content changes of gaseous products as a function of the reaction temperature. N2 concentration was slowly increased with the temperature but O2 was decreased, indicating the occurrence of coal-oxygen recombination reaction. When the reaction temperature reached 70°C, CO began to be generated. Its concentration was then increased exponentially. At 150°C, O2 was dropped sharply, suggesting the spontaneous combustion of coal entered in a critical acceleration stage. There was only a small amount of CH4 and C2H6 in the pores of the coal body. At 120°C, the coal released CH4 and C2H6, indicating the increased pores and channels in the coal body. C2H4 began to appear at 140°C, indicating that side chains and bridge bonds in the internal structure of coal began to break. Thus, C2H4 can be used as a marker to determine the pyrolysis and fission stage of coal during the static blasting process. The above results indicate that a very small amount of gas was generated in the static blasting process. The properties of the coal were not changed except its microstructure.Figure 6
Gas chromatographic analysis of the coal samples under static blasting.


### 3.4. FTIR Analysis

#### 3.4.1. FTIR Study of the Static Blasting Material

FTIR spectra of the static blasting material before and after reaction are given in Figure7, together with the band assignment to their main functional groups. As shown in Figure 7(a), its IR spectra had a vibration frequency at 3640 cm−1, representing the metal hydroxide (–OH). In addition, a vibration frequency was observed at 2350 cm−1, representing carbon dioxide (CO2). As shown in Figure 7(b), the static blasting material after reaction presented a significant increment of peak intensity at 3640 cm−1 and 2350 cm−1. A vibration frequency at 1450 cm−1 was observed, indicating the formation of calcium carbonate. These results indicated that hydration of the static blasting material resulted in the formation of calcium hydroxide. Part of calcium hydroxide further reacted with carbon dioxide to form a small amount of calcium carbonate.Figure 7
Gas chromatographic analysis of coal samples under static blasting.
(a)(b)


#### 3.4.2. FTIR Analysis of the Coal Samples

Functional groups of coal before and after static blasting were also studied by FTIR (Figure8). Coal is composed of a large number of aliphatic, aromatic, hydroxyl, and oxygen-containing functional groups. There are two obvious peaks at 2850 cm−1 and 2920 cm−1, which are from the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of CH2 of coal, respectively. These (C-H) are from the aliphatic chain and saturated aliphatic ring. The peak near 1620 cm−1 is attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibration of the carbonyl group (COO). 1440 cm−1 is the in-plane bending vibration of the hydroxyl alcohol (C-OH). There are three distinct peaks at 870, 815 and 750 cm−1, representing the out-of-plane bending vibration of the aromatic ring (CH). In addition, the peak strength of the CO2 groups at 2359 cm−1 was decreased after reaction. It was very likely that calcium hydroxide in the static blasting material reacted with CO2 to generate calcium carbonate. It should be noted that the chemical change of the coal was much less than that of the static blasting material in the reaction process.Figure 8
Infrared spectra of the coal samples before (a) and after (b) the action of static blasting materials.
(a)(b)


### 3.5. Pore Variation in the Coal Sample

Figure9 shows the area changes of pores in coal sample and intrusive mercury volume by the action of static blasting materials. Mercury first enters the space between particles. With the increase of pressure, energy consumption is manifested by compression of the particles. When the pressure gets higher, the particles absorb more energy and get further compressed. Meanwhile, mercury infiltrates into capillary pores of the material matrix under high pressure.Figure 9
Cumulative pore area and intrusion mercury volume in coal samples: (A) raw coal, (B) coal after heat action, and (C) coal with static blasting material after heat action.The mercury penetration volume in coal sample after static blasting was greater than that of the raw coal sample, followed by (A) raw coal < (B) coal after heat action < (C) coal with the static blasting material after the heat of the action. The volume of large holes did not change under the action of static blasting materials, whereas the volume of micropores and transition pores was increased significantly. Accordingly, the total volume of pores was increased.Figure10 shows the pore size distribution of coal before and after the action of static blasting materials. It can be observed that the pore size of coal was changed by the action of the static blasting material significantly. Comparing the differential interference curves and the logarithmic differential interference curves, it can be concluded that the static blasting material did not change the pore size distribution of coal sample, but increased the visible pores and fissures. In addition, by comparing the measured results of mercury porosity in coal samples, it can be concluded that thermal action of the static blasting material has changed the distribution of main pores in coal samples. The static blasting material adsorbed on the coal samples resulted in the increase of the pore volume of the coal.Figure 10
Differential intrusion and logarithmic differential intrusion of mercury in coal samples: (A) raw coal; (B) coal after heat action; (C) coal with static blasting material after heat action.


### 3.6. Changes in Methane Adsorption

#### 3.6.1. Determination of Methane Adsorption

Changes of methane adsorption on coal samples during the whole process of static blasting were determined by the HAC-1 high-pressure capacity method. The methane adsorption curve under 0–5 MPa was fitted by Langmuir function, and the results are presented in Figure11. The effect of static blasting materials on coal samples is mainly reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, the static blasting materials attach to the coal body and are hydrated. On the other hand, the hydration reaction is exothermic, thus affecting the coal sample by heat expansion. As shown in Figure 11, methane adsorption on both the coal sample attached with the static blasting material and the coal sample heat treated by hydration was decreased significantly during the reaction process, indicating that the exothermic reaction is conducive to methane desorption and converting to free gas. After the reaction, the methane adsorption on the coal samples in both states was greater than that of the raw coal samples, indicating that the structure of the coal samples has been changed and this process is irreversible.Figure 11
Methane adsorption curve of coal under static blasting material (SBM).


#### 3.6.2. Rate of Methane Adsorption

Adsorption content and rate of methane on coal samples in each static blasting process are shown in Figures12(a)–12(c), which showed that the adsorption rate of 2#, the coal sample attached with the static blasting materials, was similar to that of 1#, the raw coal sample. The only heated coal sample 3# is much lower than that of 1# raw coal sample. However, the adsorption content in 2# and 3# was smaller than that of 1#. These results suggest that the adsorption capacity of methane can be greatly reduced during the reaction of static blasting materials. At the same pressure, methane adsorption content and adsorption time were decreased.Figure 12
Relationship between methane adsorption content and rate: (a) 1# raw coal, (b) 2# coal with static blasting material during heat action, (c) 3# coal during heat action, (d) 4# coal with static blasting materials after heat action, and (e) 5# coal after heat action.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)As shown in Figures12(d) and 12(e), methane content and adsorption rate of coal samples 4# and 5# after the reaction of static blasting materials were increased significantly, indicating that methane adsorption capacity on coal samples was stronger than that of raw coal samples. Under the same pressure, it is easier and faster for coal to absorb methane after the action of static blasting materials. According to the analysis of the coal samples before and after the action of the static blasting materials by FTIR, the characteristics and functional groups of the coal have not changed significantly. Therefore, the adsorption area in coal samples after the action of static blasting materials was changed. The porosity and specific surface area of coal samples were increased, favored to methane adsorption. Although the adsorption capacity of methane to coal was enhanced, the adsorption state of methane was unstable and it was easy to extract methane in the case of negative pressure extraction.


## 3.1. Testing of Reaction Parameters

Due to the complex geological environment and the unstable state of methane in coalbed, the reaction parameters of static blasting materials must be strictly controlled. In this study, the reaction temperature and expansion pressure, the most important parameters, were recorded. With the increase of the reaction temperature, the reaction rate was also increased. However, fast reaction rate resulted that the generated heat rapidly accumulates and cannot be released in a short time. As shown in Figure3, during hydration of the static blasting materials, heat was released and the maximum reaction temperature reached to 140°C. High expansion pressure ensures the fracture of coal seam. Our experimental results showed that the maximum pressure after hydration reaction was above 50 MPa (Figure 3).Figure 3
Temperature and expansion pressure during static blasting.


## 3.2. Microstructures of Static Blasting Materials and Coal Samples

SEM micrographs of the static blasting materials before and after hydration are shown in Figure4. As can be seen, hydration obviously changed the microstructure and density of the blasting material. As shown in Figure 4(a), the static blasting materials before hydration were composed of particles with smooth, dense, and nonporous surfaces. Their apparent density was relatively high. The main component of the static blasting material is calcium oxide. Small and well dispersed particles favored hydration, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide crystal center and a large number of fine crystals. Figure 4(b) shows that the particles have a relatively rough surface with divergent microcracks and nanocracks. After hydration, many small voids were created. These particles were twice as large as that of the original ones and the porosity was also increased. These results indicated that hydration changed the morphology of the static blasting materials significantly.Figure 4
SEM micrographs of static blasting materials before and after hydration reaction: (a) before reaction; (b) after 24 hours of reaction.
(a)(b)Figures5(a)–5(c) show the microstructure of raw coal and coal after static blasting. The microstructure and density of 1# raw coal and 2# coal were obviously different. The pore of 2# was increased significantly and its surface became smooth. Hydration products of the static blasting materials on 3# coal body were adsorbed on the pores of the coal. The static blasting material was mainly composed of massive layered crystals, and they were converted directly into a fine solid state after hydration, forming a gel and releasing heat. These gel-like particles were closely packed by condensation, and there were clear signs for their further crystallization and hardening.Figure 5
SEM micrographs of coal affected by static blasting: (a) 1# raw coal; (b) 2# coal after thermal action of the static blasting material; (c) 3# coal adsorbed by the static blasting material.
(a)(b)(c)


## 3.3. Gas Chromatographic Analysis

Thermal decomposition and oxidation of coal were caused by the heat release during hydration of the static blasting materials. Gas products of coal were mainly CO, CH4, C2H6, and C2H4. Figure 6 shows the content changes of gaseous products as a function of the reaction temperature. N2 concentration was slowly increased with the temperature but O2 was decreased, indicating the occurrence of coal-oxygen recombination reaction. When the reaction temperature reached 70°C, CO began to be generated. Its concentration was then increased exponentially. At 150°C, O2 was dropped sharply, suggesting the spontaneous combustion of coal entered in a critical acceleration stage. There was only a small amount of CH4 and C2H6 in the pores of the coal body. At 120°C, the coal released CH4 and C2H6, indicating the increased pores and channels in the coal body. C2H4 began to appear at 140°C, indicating that side chains and bridge bonds in the internal structure of coal began to break. Thus, C2H4 can be used as a marker to determine the pyrolysis and fission stage of coal during the static blasting process. The above results indicate that a very small amount of gas was generated in the static blasting process. The properties of the coal were not changed except its microstructure.Figure 6
Gas chromatographic analysis of the coal samples under static blasting.


## 3.4. FTIR Analysis

### 3.4.1. FTIR Study of the Static Blasting Material

FTIR spectra of the static blasting material before and after reaction are given in Figure7, together with the band assignment to their main functional groups. As shown in Figure 7(a), its IR spectra had a vibration frequency at 3640 cm−1, representing the metal hydroxide (–OH). In addition, a vibration frequency was observed at 2350 cm−1, representing carbon dioxide (CO2). As shown in Figure 7(b), the static blasting material after reaction presented a significant increment of peak intensity at 3640 cm−1 and 2350 cm−1. A vibration frequency at 1450 cm−1 was observed, indicating the formation of calcium carbonate. These results indicated that hydration of the static blasting material resulted in the formation of calcium hydroxide. Part of calcium hydroxide further reacted with carbon dioxide to form a small amount of calcium carbonate.Figure 7
Gas chromatographic analysis of coal samples under static blasting.
(a)(b)


### 3.4.2. FTIR Analysis of the Coal Samples

Functional groups of coal before and after static blasting were also studied by FTIR (Figure8). Coal is composed of a large number of aliphatic, aromatic, hydroxyl, and oxygen-containing functional groups. There are two obvious peaks at 2850 cm−1 and 2920 cm−1, which are from the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of CH2 of coal, respectively. These (C-H) are from the aliphatic chain and saturated aliphatic ring. The peak near 1620 cm−1 is attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibration of the carbonyl group (COO). 1440 cm−1 is the in-plane bending vibration of the hydroxyl alcohol (C-OH). There are three distinct peaks at 870, 815 and 750 cm−1, representing the out-of-plane bending vibration of the aromatic ring (CH). In addition, the peak strength of the CO2 groups at 2359 cm−1 was decreased after reaction. It was very likely that calcium hydroxide in the static blasting material reacted with CO2 to generate calcium carbonate. It should be noted that the chemical change of the coal was much less than that of the static blasting material in the reaction process.Figure 8
Infrared spectra of the coal samples before (a) and after (b) the action of static blasting materials.
(a)(b)


## 3.4.1. FTIR Study of the Static Blasting Material

FTIR spectra of the static blasting material before and after reaction are given in Figure7, together with the band assignment to their main functional groups. As shown in Figure 7(a), its IR spectra had a vibration frequency at 3640 cm−1, representing the metal hydroxide (–OH). In addition, a vibration frequency was observed at 2350 cm−1, representing carbon dioxide (CO2). As shown in Figure 7(b), the static blasting material after reaction presented a significant increment of peak intensity at 3640 cm−1 and 2350 cm−1. A vibration frequency at 1450 cm−1 was observed, indicating the formation of calcium carbonate. These results indicated that hydration of the static blasting material resulted in the formation of calcium hydroxide. Part of calcium hydroxide further reacted with carbon dioxide to form a small amount of calcium carbonate.Figure 7
Gas chromatographic analysis of coal samples under static blasting.
(a)(b)


## 3.4.2. FTIR Analysis of the Coal Samples

Functional groups of coal before and after static blasting were also studied by FTIR (Figure8). Coal is composed of a large number of aliphatic, aromatic, hydroxyl, and oxygen-containing functional groups. There are two obvious peaks at 2850 cm−1 and 2920 cm−1, which are from the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of CH2 of coal, respectively. These (C-H) are from the aliphatic chain and saturated aliphatic ring. The peak near 1620 cm−1 is attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibration of the carbonyl group (COO). 1440 cm−1 is the in-plane bending vibration of the hydroxyl alcohol (C-OH). There are three distinct peaks at 870, 815 and 750 cm−1, representing the out-of-plane bending vibration of the aromatic ring (CH). In addition, the peak strength of the CO2 groups at 2359 cm−1 was decreased after reaction. It was very likely that calcium hydroxide in the static blasting material reacted with CO2 to generate calcium carbonate. It should be noted that the chemical change of the coal was much less than that of the static blasting material in the reaction process.Figure 8
Infrared spectra of the coal samples before (a) and after (b) the action of static blasting materials.
(a)(b)


## 3.5. Pore Variation in the Coal Sample

Figure9 shows the area changes of pores in coal sample and intrusive mercury volume by the action of static blasting materials. Mercury first enters the space between particles. With the increase of pressure, energy consumption is manifested by compression of the particles. When the pressure gets higher, the particles absorb more energy and get further compressed. Meanwhile, mercury infiltrates into capillary pores of the material matrix under high pressure.Figure 9
Cumulative pore area and intrusion mercury volume in coal samples: (A) raw coal, (B) coal after heat action, and (C) coal with static blasting material after heat action.The mercury penetration volume in coal sample after static blasting was greater than that of the raw coal sample, followed by (A) raw coal < (B) coal after heat action < (C) coal with the static blasting material after the heat of the action. The volume of large holes did not change under the action of static blasting materials, whereas the volume of micropores and transition pores was increased significantly. Accordingly, the total volume of pores was increased.Figure10 shows the pore size distribution of coal before and after the action of static blasting materials. It can be observed that the pore size of coal was changed by the action of the static blasting material significantly. Comparing the differential interference curves and the logarithmic differential interference curves, it can be concluded that the static blasting material did not change the pore size distribution of coal sample, but increased the visible pores and fissures. In addition, by comparing the measured results of mercury porosity in coal samples, it can be concluded that thermal action of the static blasting material has changed the distribution of main pores in coal samples. The static blasting material adsorbed on the coal samples resulted in the increase of the pore volume of the coal.Figure 10
Differential intrusion and logarithmic differential intrusion of mercury in coal samples: (A) raw coal; (B) coal after heat action; (C) coal with static blasting material after heat action.


## 3.6. Changes in Methane Adsorption

### 3.6.1. Determination of Methane Adsorption

Changes of methane adsorption on coal samples during the whole process of static blasting were determined by the HAC-1 high-pressure capacity method. The methane adsorption curve under 0–5 MPa was fitted by Langmuir function, and the results are presented in Figure11. The effect of static blasting materials on coal samples is mainly reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, the static blasting materials attach to the coal body and are hydrated. On the other hand, the hydration reaction is exothermic, thus affecting the coal sample by heat expansion. As shown in Figure 11, methane adsorption on both the coal sample attached with the static blasting material and the coal sample heat treated by hydration was decreased significantly during the reaction process, indicating that the exothermic reaction is conducive to methane desorption and converting to free gas. After the reaction, the methane adsorption on the coal samples in both states was greater than that of the raw coal samples, indicating that the structure of the coal samples has been changed and this process is irreversible.Figure 11
Methane adsorption curve of coal under static blasting material (SBM).


### 3.6.2. Rate of Methane Adsorption

Adsorption content and rate of methane on coal samples in each static blasting process are shown in Figures12(a)–12(c), which showed that the adsorption rate of 2#, the coal sample attached with the static blasting materials, was similar to that of 1#, the raw coal sample. The only heated coal sample 3# is much lower than that of 1# raw coal sample. However, the adsorption content in 2# and 3# was smaller than that of 1#. These results suggest that the adsorption capacity of methane can be greatly reduced during the reaction of static blasting materials. At the same pressure, methane adsorption content and adsorption time were decreased.Figure 12
Relationship between methane adsorption content and rate: (a) 1# raw coal, (b) 2# coal with static blasting material during heat action, (c) 3# coal during heat action, (d) 4# coal with static blasting materials after heat action, and (e) 5# coal after heat action.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)As shown in Figures12(d) and 12(e), methane content and adsorption rate of coal samples 4# and 5# after the reaction of static blasting materials were increased significantly, indicating that methane adsorption capacity on coal samples was stronger than that of raw coal samples. Under the same pressure, it is easier and faster for coal to absorb methane after the action of static blasting materials. According to the analysis of the coal samples before and after the action of the static blasting materials by FTIR, the characteristics and functional groups of the coal have not changed significantly. Therefore, the adsorption area in coal samples after the action of static blasting materials was changed. The porosity and specific surface area of coal samples were increased, favored to methane adsorption. Although the adsorption capacity of methane to coal was enhanced, the adsorption state of methane was unstable and it was easy to extract methane in the case of negative pressure extraction.


## 3.6.1. Determination of Methane Adsorption

Changes of methane adsorption on coal samples during the whole process of static blasting were determined by the HAC-1 high-pressure capacity method. The methane adsorption curve under 0–5 MPa was fitted by Langmuir function, and the results are presented in Figure11. The effect of static blasting materials on coal samples is mainly reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, the static blasting materials attach to the coal body and are hydrated. On the other hand, the hydration reaction is exothermic, thus affecting the coal sample by heat expansion. As shown in Figure 11, methane adsorption on both the coal sample attached with the static blasting material and the coal sample heat treated by hydration was decreased significantly during the reaction process, indicating that the exothermic reaction is conducive to methane desorption and converting to free gas. After the reaction, the methane adsorption on the coal samples in both states was greater than that of the raw coal samples, indicating that the structure of the coal samples has been changed and this process is irreversible.Figure 11
Methane adsorption curve of coal under static blasting material (SBM).


## 3.6.2. Rate of Methane Adsorption

Adsorption content and rate of methane on coal samples in each static blasting process are shown in Figures12(a)–12(c), which showed that the adsorption rate of 2#, the coal sample attached with the static blasting materials, was similar to that of 1#, the raw coal sample. The only heated coal sample 3# is much lower than that of 1# raw coal sample. However, the adsorption content in 2# and 3# was smaller than that of 1#. These results suggest that the adsorption capacity of methane can be greatly reduced during the reaction of static blasting materials. At the same pressure, methane adsorption content and adsorption time were decreased.Figure 12
Relationship between methane adsorption content and rate: (a) 1# raw coal, (b) 2# coal with static blasting material during heat action, (c) 3# coal during heat action, (d) 4# coal with static blasting materials after heat action, and (e) 5# coal after heat action.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)As shown in Figures12(d) and 12(e), methane content and adsorption rate of coal samples 4# and 5# after the reaction of static blasting materials were increased significantly, indicating that methane adsorption capacity on coal samples was stronger than that of raw coal samples. Under the same pressure, it is easier and faster for coal to absorb methane after the action of static blasting materials. According to the analysis of the coal samples before and after the action of the static blasting materials by FTIR, the characteristics and functional groups of the coal have not changed significantly. Therefore, the adsorption area in coal samples after the action of static blasting materials was changed. The porosity and specific surface area of coal samples were increased, favored to methane adsorption. Although the adsorption capacity of methane to coal was enhanced, the adsorption state of methane was unstable and it was easy to extract methane in the case of negative pressure extraction.


## 4. Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that the maximum pressure after hydration reaction of static blasting materials was above 50 MPa, high enough to crush the coal macroscopically. During hydration of the static blasting material, a lot of heat was generated, resulting in the increase of the reaction temperature up to 140°C and mechanical changes of the coal. In addition, the main composition of the static blasting material is calcium oxide (CaO) with crystal size of 0.3–20μm. They were adsorbed to the coal and made microscopic effects on coal body.Under the action of the static blasting material, the coal was pyrolyzed and oxidized, generating a very small amount of gas, such as CO, CO2, C2H6, and C2H4. FTIR results confirmed that the main reaction products of static blasting materials were calcium hydroxide and a small amount of calcium carbonate. There was no significant change in the functional groups of the coal body, indicating that the static blasting material has little effect on the coal characteristics.The results of mercury intrusion experiments showed that the surface area and pore volume of coal by the thermal action and adsorption of the static blasting material were increased. The porosity of the coal body was significantly improved, and the methane adsorption space was increased. Furthermore, the static blasting material attached to the pores of the coal body causes the coal attached to the static blasting material to have a smaller surface area than that of the coal subjected to the heat.The methane adsorption experiment confirmed that the methane in coal was desorbed during the reaction of static blasting and the methane adsorption capacity was reduced. After the reaction, the methane adsorption capacity of the coal body was enhanced and the amount of adsorbed methane was higher than that of the raw coal. Methane adsorption capacity on coal body was followed by coal after heat action > coal attached by static blasting materials after heat action > raw coal > coal attached by static blasting material during heat action > coal during heat action. In addition, the rate of methane adsorption on the coal after the static blasting material action was higher than that of the raw coal, indicating that it is easier to adsorb methane. It also indicates that the pore space in the coal body is increased and the pore channel is open. Although the amount of methane adsorption in coal was increased, it was easier to extract gas from negative pressure in coal seams, which was beneficial to improving the efficiency of methane extraction.



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*Source: 2858621-2020-08-29.xml*