# A Sparse Modulation Signal Bispectrum Analysis Method for Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis

Authors: Guangbin Wang; Fengshou Gu; Ibraham Rehab; Andrew Ball; Long Li
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Modulation signal bispectrum (MSB) analysis is an effective method to obtain the fault frequency for rolling bearing, but harmonics make fault frequency dense and even frequency aliasing. Carrier frequency of bearing is generally determined by its structure and inherent characteristics and changes with the increase of the damage degree, so it is hard to be accurately found. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a sparse modulation signal bispectrum analysis method. Firstly the vibration signal is demodulated by MSB analysis and its bispectrum is obtained. After the frequency domain filtering, the carrier frequency is computed based on the characteristics of energy concentration at the carrier frequency on MSB. By shift-frequency MSB (SF-MSB), the carrier frequency is moved to the coordinate origin, the entire MSB is shifted for the same distance, and SF-MSB is obtained. At last, the bispectrum is shifted to the frequency zero point and diagonal slices are performed to obtain a sparse representation of MSB. Experimental results show that sparse MSB (S-MSB) method can not only eliminate the interference of harmonic frequency, but also make the extracted characteristic frequency of fault more obvious.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Bearings are the important parts and easily damaged parts of rotating machine and have received massive attention. Because rolling bearing fault vibration signal is generally weak, nonstationary, nonlinear signal, how to extract fault information is the key to rolling bearing fault diagnosis.Bispectrum analysis is a high-order spectrum analysis method, which can effectively solve the phase blind problem of power spectrum analysis as second-order statistics; its biggest advantage is that it can preserve the phase characteristic information of the analyzed signal when detecting, estimating, and reconstructing a signal in a low SNR environment, so it is a powerful tool for dealing with nonlinear and non-Gaussian signals [1].However, bispectrum analysis generally requires the signal to be steady-state; for unsteady or cyclostationary signals, the analysis results are not accurate enough. So many scholars had proposed some improved algorithms based on the bispectrum analysis for different research objects and specific questions, like wavelet domain bispectrum analysis [2–4], order bispectrum analysis [5], vector bispectrum analysis [6], cyclic bispectrum analysis [7, 8], and so on [9–11]. In 2004, a new AM detector and its normalized form are proposed and defined [12]; Gu et al. named this method as the modulation signal bispectrum (MSB) analysis and achieved fault diagnosis of downstream mechanical equipment using electrical motor current signal based on MSB in 2011 [13]. After that, their team continued to deeply study, analyze, and improve on the MSB method and also achieved a series of results [14–18].For the fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing, MSB analysis is effective in obtaining the fault frequency, but when fault signal contains multiple harmonics, fault frequency and interference signal frequency of the bearing exist simultaneously, which may make fault frequency dense and even frequency aliasing or distorting. Carrier frequency of bearing is generally determined by its structure and inherent characteristics and changes with the increase of the damage degree, so it is hard to be accurately found. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a sparse MSB analysis method, which finds computing method of carrier frequency and sparse demodulation method on the rolling bearing. Simulation and experiments show that sparse MSB method can extract fault characteristic frequency effectively.


## 2. Shift-Frequency Modulation Signal Bispectrum (SF-MSB)

### 2.1. Conventional Bispectrum (CB)

Supposex(t) is a zero-mean stationary signal; the second-order cumulant C2xτ and third-order cumulant C3xτ can be calculated as(1)C2xτ=Ex∗txt+τC3xτ=Ex∗txt+τ1xt+τ2,where E is the expectation operator, ∗ denotes complex conjugate, and τ is time delay. Using one-dimensional and two-dimensional Fourier transforms of cumulant C2xτ and cumulant C3xτ, the power spectrum and the bispectrum of x(t) can be obtained as shown below:(a)
Power spectrum(2)Sω=EXωX∗ω.(b)
Bispectrum(3)Bω1,ω2=EXω1Xω2X∗ω1+ω2.In (3), ω1,ω2,ω1+ω2 indicates three individual frequency components achieved from Fourier series integral. From (2) and (3), it can be seen that bispectrum of x(t) contains both magnitude and phase information of signal, but power spectrum contains only energy information. So bispectrum can suppress random noise significantly if the frequency components at ω1,ω2,ω1+ω2 are independent components, but when these frequency components are nonlinearly coupled to each other, this nonlinear coupling is indicated by a peak in the bispectrum at the bifrequency Bω1,ω2, and the statistical averaging will not lead to a zero value in the bispectrum [13].


### 2.2. Modulation Signal Bispectrum (MSB)

MSB has the capability to enhance nonlinear components and suppress random noise by detecting phase coupling in modulation signal. The definition of MSB can be described by(4)BMSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2Xω1-ω2X∗ω2X∗ω2.The magnitude and phase of MSB can be expressed as(5)AMSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2Xω1-ω2X∗ω2X∗ω2φMSω1,ω2=φω1+ω2+φω1-ω2-φω2-φω2.Signals have quadratic phase coupling characteristics; that is, their phases are related as follows:(6)φω1+ω2=φω1+φω2φω1-ω2=φω1-φω2.The total phase of MSB will be zero and MSB amplitude will be the product of the four magnitudes, which is the maximum of the complex product. Therefore, a bispectral peak will appear atω1,ω2 [13]. If these components are not coupled but they have random distribution, the magnitude of MSB will be close to zero. So wideband noise in bearing vibration signals needs to be suppressed effectively so that the discrete frequency components can be obtained more accurately [18].


### 2.3. Comparison between CB and MSB for Analyzing Modulation Signal

The modulation signalxt may be defined as follows:(7)xt=atcos⁡ωct+θat=A0+A1cos⁡ωmt+φ.In (7),  ωc is the carrier frequency and ωm is the modulation frequency, A0 and A1 are arbitrary constant amplitudes, and θ and φ are arbitrary constant phases. Fourier transform of xt is(8)Xω=A0δω-ωcejθ+A12δω-ωc-ωmejθ+φ+A12δω-ωc+ωmejθ-φ.Theoretically, from (3) and (8), nonzero values can be only obtained at the intersection points of the three group lines shown in (9) and in Figure 1(a), and other points except for these intersection points are zero on the whole ω1-ω2 plane [11]. Similarly, from (4) and (8), the MSB’s intersection points may be obtained, described with the red points as shown in Figure 1(b)(9)ω1=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωmω2=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωmω1+ω2=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωm.Figure 1
Theoretical comparison between CB (a) and MSB (b) for analyzing the modulated signal of (6).
(a) (b)Figures1(a) and 1(b) are the theoretical result of CB and MSB analysis, respectively; 5 nonzero intersection points in Figure 1(b) are equivalent to discarding redundant 12 nonzero points out of circles A, B, and C in Figure 1(a) firstly; then the intersection points in circle A and circle B are moved to circle C. The intersection points’ coordinates of the MSB are (0,ωc-ωm), (0,ωc), (0,ωc+ωm), (ωc,ωm), and (ωc,-ωm).


### 2.4. Shift-Frequency MSB (SF-MSB)

If the idea of this moving frequency persists, we can move the 5 intersection points in Figure1(b)  ωc away to zero point along the ω1-axis opposite direction; the shift frequency is shown in Figure 2, so SF-MSB can be descripted by(10)BSF-MSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2-ωcXω1-ω2-ωcX∗ω2-ωcX∗ω2-ωc.Figure 2
Theoretical shift-frequency MSB.
(a) (b)The intersection points’ coordinates of the SF-MSB are(0,-ωm), (0,0), (0,ωm), (0,ωm), and (0,-ωm); carrier frequency ωc has disappeared. If the negative value points and the origin of coordinates are removed, the remaining points on the axis are the modulated frequency.Based on the above analysis, the advantages of SF-MSB include advantages of MSB, and redundant information further decreases. Meanwhile, bispectrum only includes concerned modulation frequency; consequently when modulation frequency is recognized, frequency value on the axis is real modulation frequency, and there is no need to add or subtract carrier frequency. For complex mechanical vibration signals with multiple modulation frequencies, the analysis efficiency of demodulation identification will be greatly enhanced.


## 2.1. Conventional Bispectrum (CB)

Supposex(t) is a zero-mean stationary signal; the second-order cumulant C2xτ and third-order cumulant C3xτ can be calculated as(1)C2xτ=Ex∗txt+τC3xτ=Ex∗txt+τ1xt+τ2,where E is the expectation operator, ∗ denotes complex conjugate, and τ is time delay. Using one-dimensional and two-dimensional Fourier transforms of cumulant C2xτ and cumulant C3xτ, the power spectrum and the bispectrum of x(t) can be obtained as shown below:(a)
Power spectrum(2)Sω=EXωX∗ω.(b)
Bispectrum(3)Bω1,ω2=EXω1Xω2X∗ω1+ω2.In (3), ω1,ω2,ω1+ω2 indicates three individual frequency components achieved from Fourier series integral. From (2) and (3), it can be seen that bispectrum of x(t) contains both magnitude and phase information of signal, but power spectrum contains only energy information. So bispectrum can suppress random noise significantly if the frequency components at ω1,ω2,ω1+ω2 are independent components, but when these frequency components are nonlinearly coupled to each other, this nonlinear coupling is indicated by a peak in the bispectrum at the bifrequency Bω1,ω2, and the statistical averaging will not lead to a zero value in the bispectrum [13].


## 2.2. Modulation Signal Bispectrum (MSB)

MSB has the capability to enhance nonlinear components and suppress random noise by detecting phase coupling in modulation signal. The definition of MSB can be described by(4)BMSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2Xω1-ω2X∗ω2X∗ω2.The magnitude and phase of MSB can be expressed as(5)AMSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2Xω1-ω2X∗ω2X∗ω2φMSω1,ω2=φω1+ω2+φω1-ω2-φω2-φω2.Signals have quadratic phase coupling characteristics; that is, their phases are related as follows:(6)φω1+ω2=φω1+φω2φω1-ω2=φω1-φω2.The total phase of MSB will be zero and MSB amplitude will be the product of the four magnitudes, which is the maximum of the complex product. Therefore, a bispectral peak will appear atω1,ω2 [13]. If these components are not coupled but they have random distribution, the magnitude of MSB will be close to zero. So wideband noise in bearing vibration signals needs to be suppressed effectively so that the discrete frequency components can be obtained more accurately [18].


## 2.3. Comparison between CB and MSB for Analyzing Modulation Signal

The modulation signalxt may be defined as follows:(7)xt=atcos⁡ωct+θat=A0+A1cos⁡ωmt+φ.In (7),  ωc is the carrier frequency and ωm is the modulation frequency, A0 and A1 are arbitrary constant amplitudes, and θ and φ are arbitrary constant phases. Fourier transform of xt is(8)Xω=A0δω-ωcejθ+A12δω-ωc-ωmejθ+φ+A12δω-ωc+ωmejθ-φ.Theoretically, from (3) and (8), nonzero values can be only obtained at the intersection points of the three group lines shown in (9) and in Figure 1(a), and other points except for these intersection points are zero on the whole ω1-ω2 plane [11]. Similarly, from (4) and (8), the MSB’s intersection points may be obtained, described with the red points as shown in Figure 1(b)(9)ω1=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωmω2=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωmω1+ω2=ωc,ωc+ωm,ωc-ωm.Figure 1
Theoretical comparison between CB (a) and MSB (b) for analyzing the modulated signal of (6).
(a) (b)Figures1(a) and 1(b) are the theoretical result of CB and MSB analysis, respectively; 5 nonzero intersection points in Figure 1(b) are equivalent to discarding redundant 12 nonzero points out of circles A, B, and C in Figure 1(a) firstly; then the intersection points in circle A and circle B are moved to circle C. The intersection points’ coordinates of the MSB are (0,ωc-ωm), (0,ωc), (0,ωc+ωm), (ωc,ωm), and (ωc,-ωm).


## 2.4. Shift-Frequency MSB (SF-MSB)

If the idea of this moving frequency persists, we can move the 5 intersection points in Figure1(b)  ωc away to zero point along the ω1-axis opposite direction; the shift frequency is shown in Figure 2, so SF-MSB can be descripted by(10)BSF-MSω1,ω2=EXω1+ω2-ωcXω1-ω2-ωcX∗ω2-ωcX∗ω2-ωc.Figure 2
Theoretical shift-frequency MSB.
(a) (b)The intersection points’ coordinates of the SF-MSB are(0,-ωm), (0,0), (0,ωm), (0,ωm), and (0,-ωm); carrier frequency ωc has disappeared. If the negative value points and the origin of coordinates are removed, the remaining points on the axis are the modulated frequency.Based on the above analysis, the advantages of SF-MSB include advantages of MSB, and redundant information further decreases. Meanwhile, bispectrum only includes concerned modulation frequency; consequently when modulation frequency is recognized, frequency value on the axis is real modulation frequency, and there is no need to add or subtract carrier frequency. For complex mechanical vibration signals with multiple modulation frequencies, the analysis efficiency of demodulation identification will be greatly enhanced.


## 3. Sparse Modulation Signal Bispectrum (S-MSB)

For vibration signal of roll element bearing, fault signal has multiharmonics generally. When fault happens, multiharmonics and interference frequency exist simultaneously, which will affect the MSB and SF-MSB methods’ diagnosis.


### 3.1. Harmonics’ Effect Analysis of Modulation Signal

In (7), assuming constant A0=1, A1=1, carrier frequency ωc = 50 Hz, modulation frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz, ωm2 = 15 Hz, and interference frequency ωh = 11 Hz, θ and φ are zero, so the signals are simulated as(11)x1t=1+cos⁡2πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8ntx2t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx3t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx4t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx5t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2t+0.8cos⁡4πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx6t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2t+0.8cos⁡4πωm2t+0.6cos⁡6πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡t.Here,x1t, x2t, and x3t are modulation signal containing frequency ωm1 and its second harmonics and third harmonic, x4t, x5t, x6t, are frequency ωm2 and second harmonics and third harmonic based on x3t, n⁡t are random noise. After Fourier transformation and MSB transformation, the power spectrum and MSB of modulation signal x1t~x6t are as shown in Figure 3(1)~(6); fc represents the carrier frequency and fx represents the signal frequency.Figure 3
Power spectrum and MSB of signalx1t~x6t.From Figure3, it can be seen that spectrum’s distribution in fc-axis is the same as power spectrum; the modulation frequency and its harmonics are distributed on both sides of the carrier frequency ωc=50Hz, expressed as ωc, ωc±ωm1, ωc±2ωm1, ωc±3ωm1, ωc±ωm2, ωc±2ωm2, and ωc±3ωm2; interference frequency ωh = 11 Hz is unchanged and random noise n⁡t is effectively eliminated. ωm1, ωm2 are two modulation frequencies.Figure4 expresses the horizontal projection of x1t~x6t MSB. According to Figures 3 and 4, when signal has only one modulation frequency ωm1 and its harmonics, if frequency on fc-axis is moved away, the other frequencies are mainly concentrated on fc=ωc. When frequency ωm2 and its harmonics are added, the interference frequency on fc=ωh increases rapidly; other unpredictable frequency components also flocked to appear.Figure 4
Horizontal projection of MSB of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).And the signal frequency distribution onfc=ωc becomes also very dense, even showing frequency aliasing such as ωm2 = 15 Hz and 2ωm1 = 16 Hz, and identification to multiple modulation frequency components becomes a bit difficult.


### 3.2. Idea of S-MSB

To the MSB of the signalx1t~x6t, if we continue to shift frequency ωc in the opposite direction of fc-axis using SF-MSB and extract the bispectrum of the first quadrant as the research object, Figure 5 will be obtained.Figure 5
SF-MSB of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).Figure5 describes SF-MSB of signal x1t~x6t. It can be seen that frequency components on fc-axis express the power spectrum of the demodulated signal, and frequency components on fx-axis express demodulated signal’s spectrum on fc=ωc after MSB treatment. On the diagonal, there is no frequency component to SF-MSB of signal x1t in Figure 5(1), but there is ωm1 = 8 Hz to SF-MSB of signal x2t and x3t in Figure 5(2)~(3), and the harmonic frequency disappears. Similarly, on the diagonal, there is only ωm1 = 8 Hz to SF-MSB of signal x4t in Figure 5(4); there are ωm1 = 8 Hz, ωm2 = 15 Hz to SF-MSB of signals x5t and x6t in Figure 5(5) and (6), and the harmonic frequency disappears.In Figure5(1), there is no frequency on the diagonal of SF-MSB because x1t has only one frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz and has no harmonics. Similarly, in Figure 5(4), there is only one frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz and frequency ωm2 = 15 Hz does not appear on the diagonal of SF-MSB, because x4t has only harmonics of frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz. On the other hand, no matter how many harmonics, only the fundamental frequency exists on the diagonal of SF-MSB of signals x2t, x3t, x5t, and x6t in Figure 5(2) (3) (5) (6). Because almost all of the vibration signals have harmonics, frequency on the diagonal of SF-MSB can be used to characterize the fundamental frequency of the modulation frequency.For the actual vibration signal, the carrier frequency is generally the natural frequency of the equipment, which is very difficult to get accurately because of the complexity of the system. From Figures3 and 4, it can be seen that the useful frequency is modulated to near the high-frequency carrier frequency and here is the maximum energy, but as the frequency component increases, the interference frequency in the low-frequency part is constantly present and enhanced. So low-frequency interference is removed by frequency domain filter in MSB, and then the entire bispectrum is summed to the fc-axis, lastly taking frequency at the maximum sum as carrier frequency.This method enhances the fundamental frequency and reduces the harmonic frequency, which makes much less frequency components and the distribution becomes sparse on the diagonal of SF-MSB on the vibration signal with complicated frequency components in the actual mechanical system. Based on this, we call this method sparse modulation signal bispectrum (S-MSB) analysis. The steps are as follows:(1)
Obtain the MS-bispectrum by MSB analysis.(2)
Compute carrier frequency by summing to thefc-axis on bispectrum after frequency domain filter.(3)
Shift frequency on MSB of signal.(4)
Obtain the useful modulation frequency by the means of diagonal slices on SF-MSB.


### 3.3. Demodulation Analysis of S-MSB on the Simulation Signal

According to the steps of S-MSB, the slice spectrum of the simulation signalx1t~x6t is shown in Figure 6(1)~(6). In each graph, the top is the diagonal slice which represents the fundamental frequency of the modulated signal, the middle is the horizontal slice which represents the power spectrum after moving frequency, and the bottom is the vertical slice which represents the power spectrum after MSB demodulation.Figure 6
S-MSB slices of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).In Figure6(1), because x1t has no harmonics, there is no frequency on the slice spectrum of S-MSB, but ωm1 = 8 exists on the power spectrum slice after moving frequency and MSB demodulation, and the latter is more obvious. In Figure 6(2) and (3), to signal x2t, x3t, ωm1 = 8 appears and does not increase as the number of harmonics increases the slice spectrum of S-MSB, but ωm1 = 8, 2ωm1 = 16, and 3ωm1 = 24 exist on the power spectrum slice after moving frequency and MSB demodulation. Similarly, in Figure 6(4)~(6), when ωm2=15 is added, the regular pattern of slice spectrum is the same as in Figure 6(1)~(3). Therefore, by comparing the bispectrum slices of S-MSB and MSB, the modulation frequency can be identified more effectively and is immune to noise, interference, and frequency aliasing of ωm2=15 and 2ωm1 = 16.


## 3.1. Harmonics’ Effect Analysis of Modulation Signal

In (7), assuming constant A0=1, A1=1, carrier frequency ωc = 50 Hz, modulation frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz, ωm2 = 15 Hz, and interference frequency ωh = 11 Hz, θ and φ are zero, so the signals are simulated as(11)x1t=1+cos⁡2πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8ntx2t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx3t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx4t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx5t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2t+0.8cos⁡4πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡tx6t=1+cos⁡2πωm1t+0.8cos⁡4πωm1t+0.6cos⁡6πωm1t+cos⁡2πωm2t+0.8cos⁡4πωm2t+0.6cos⁡6πωm2tcos⁡2πωct+0.9cos⁡2πωht+1.8n⁡t.Here,x1t, x2t, and x3t are modulation signal containing frequency ωm1 and its second harmonics and third harmonic, x4t, x5t, x6t, are frequency ωm2 and second harmonics and third harmonic based on x3t, n⁡t are random noise. After Fourier transformation and MSB transformation, the power spectrum and MSB of modulation signal x1t~x6t are as shown in Figure 3(1)~(6); fc represents the carrier frequency and fx represents the signal frequency.Figure 3
Power spectrum and MSB of signalx1t~x6t.From Figure3, it can be seen that spectrum’s distribution in fc-axis is the same as power spectrum; the modulation frequency and its harmonics are distributed on both sides of the carrier frequency ωc=50Hz, expressed as ωc, ωc±ωm1, ωc±2ωm1, ωc±3ωm1, ωc±ωm2, ωc±2ωm2, and ωc±3ωm2; interference frequency ωh = 11 Hz is unchanged and random noise n⁡t is effectively eliminated. ωm1, ωm2 are two modulation frequencies.Figure4 expresses the horizontal projection of x1t~x6t MSB. According to Figures 3 and 4, when signal has only one modulation frequency ωm1 and its harmonics, if frequency on fc-axis is moved away, the other frequencies are mainly concentrated on fc=ωc. When frequency ωm2 and its harmonics are added, the interference frequency on fc=ωh increases rapidly; other unpredictable frequency components also flocked to appear.Figure 4
Horizontal projection of MSB of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).And the signal frequency distribution onfc=ωc becomes also very dense, even showing frequency aliasing such as ωm2 = 15 Hz and 2ωm1 = 16 Hz, and identification to multiple modulation frequency components becomes a bit difficult.


## 3.2. Idea of S-MSB

To the MSB of the signalx1t~x6t, if we continue to shift frequency ωc in the opposite direction of fc-axis using SF-MSB and extract the bispectrum of the first quadrant as the research object, Figure 5 will be obtained.Figure 5
SF-MSB of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).Figure5 describes SF-MSB of signal x1t~x6t. It can be seen that frequency components on fc-axis express the power spectrum of the demodulated signal, and frequency components on fx-axis express demodulated signal’s spectrum on fc=ωc after MSB treatment. On the diagonal, there is no frequency component to SF-MSB of signal x1t in Figure 5(1), but there is ωm1 = 8 Hz to SF-MSB of signal x2t and x3t in Figure 5(2)~(3), and the harmonic frequency disappears. Similarly, on the diagonal, there is only ωm1 = 8 Hz to SF-MSB of signal x4t in Figure 5(4); there are ωm1 = 8 Hz, ωm2 = 15 Hz to SF-MSB of signals x5t and x6t in Figure 5(5) and (6), and the harmonic frequency disappears.In Figure5(1), there is no frequency on the diagonal of SF-MSB because x1t has only one frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz and has no harmonics. Similarly, in Figure 5(4), there is only one frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz and frequency ωm2 = 15 Hz does not appear on the diagonal of SF-MSB, because x4t has only harmonics of frequency ωm1 = 8 Hz. On the other hand, no matter how many harmonics, only the fundamental frequency exists on the diagonal of SF-MSB of signals x2t, x3t, x5t, and x6t in Figure 5(2) (3) (5) (6). Because almost all of the vibration signals have harmonics, frequency on the diagonal of SF-MSB can be used to characterize the fundamental frequency of the modulation frequency.For the actual vibration signal, the carrier frequency is generally the natural frequency of the equipment, which is very difficult to get accurately because of the complexity of the system. From Figures3 and 4, it can be seen that the useful frequency is modulated to near the high-frequency carrier frequency and here is the maximum energy, but as the frequency component increases, the interference frequency in the low-frequency part is constantly present and enhanced. So low-frequency interference is removed by frequency domain filter in MSB, and then the entire bispectrum is summed to the fc-axis, lastly taking frequency at the maximum sum as carrier frequency.This method enhances the fundamental frequency and reduces the harmonic frequency, which makes much less frequency components and the distribution becomes sparse on the diagonal of SF-MSB on the vibration signal with complicated frequency components in the actual mechanical system. Based on this, we call this method sparse modulation signal bispectrum (S-MSB) analysis. The steps are as follows:(1)
Obtain the MS-bispectrum by MSB analysis.(2)
Compute carrier frequency by summing to thefc-axis on bispectrum after frequency domain filter.(3)
Shift frequency on MSB of signal.(4)
Obtain the useful modulation frequency by the means of diagonal slices on SF-MSB.


## 3.3. Demodulation Analysis of S-MSB on the Simulation Signal

According to the steps of S-MSB, the slice spectrum of the simulation signalx1t~x6t is shown in Figure 6(1)~(6). In each graph, the top is the diagonal slice which represents the fundamental frequency of the modulated signal, the middle is the horizontal slice which represents the power spectrum after moving frequency, and the bottom is the vertical slice which represents the power spectrum after MSB demodulation.Figure 6
S-MSB slices of signalx1t~x6t (1~6).In Figure6(1), because x1t has no harmonics, there is no frequency on the slice spectrum of S-MSB, but ωm1 = 8 exists on the power spectrum slice after moving frequency and MSB demodulation, and the latter is more obvious. In Figure 6(2) and (3), to signal x2t, x3t, ωm1 = 8 appears and does not increase as the number of harmonics increases the slice spectrum of S-MSB, but ωm1 = 8, 2ωm1 = 16, and 3ωm1 = 24 exist on the power spectrum slice after moving frequency and MSB demodulation. Similarly, in Figure 6(4)~(6), when ωm2=15 is added, the regular pattern of slice spectrum is the same as in Figure 6(1)~(3). Therefore, by comparing the bispectrum slices of S-MSB and MSB, the modulation frequency can be identified more effectively and is immune to noise, interference, and frequency aliasing of ωm2=15 and 2ωm1 = 16.


## 4. Single Fault Diagnosis Experiment of Rolling Element Bearing

In this section, single fault data are used to verify the previous theoretical analysis and simulation. Sparse MSB analysis is proved to be effective in qualitative fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. Fault data come from bearing data center site of the Case Western Reserve University. Bearing type and related parameters are as shown in Table1.Table 1
Motor rolling element parameters.
Bearing type Rotating speed (rpm) Motor load (HP) Fault size (inch) Sampling frequency (Hz) Inner race fault frequency (Hz) Outer race fault frequency (Hz) 6205-2RS 1797 1 0.007′′ 12000 162.1852 107.3648In Figure7, the fault frequency is modulated to near 3000 Hz and frequency band is approximately 800 Hz. According to the carrier frequency calculation method proposed in this paper, the inner race fault carrier frequency is taken as 2944 Hz and the outer race fault carrier frequency is taken as 3455 Hz. MSB and SF-MSB are shown in Figures 8(a) and 9(a); the S-MSB spectrum, demodulated power spectrum, and MSB slice spectrum are as shown as the top, middle, and bottom in Figures 8(b) and 9(b). On the S-MSB spectrum, fault frequencies 162 Hz and 108 Hz are very obvious; harmonics do not interfere. However on demodulated power spectrum and MSB slice spectrum, not only do the fault frequency harmonics appear, but also the harmonics of the low-frequency interference appear; this will affect diagnostic effect when frequency components of signal become more complex. The experiments show that S-MSB has the better diagnostic effect than other methods for a single fault signal of bearing.Figure 7
Time-domain waveform: spectrum of the inner race fault signal (a) and outer race fault signal (b).
(a) (b)Figure 8
MSB, SF-MSB (a), and S-MSB slice, power spectrum, and MSB slice (b) of the inner race fault signal.
(a) (b)Figure 9
MSB, SF-MSB (a), and S-MSB slice, power spectrum, and MSB slice (b) of the inner race fault signal.
(a) (b)


## 5. Multiple Fault Diagnosis Experiment of Rolling Element Bearing

In order to test the recognition effect of the S-MSB method for complex fault signals, three faults on the two bearings will be identified in this section. Figure10 is the experimental device; the right is the drive motor, drive-end bearing type is 6206 with outer race fault, and another bearing located in the middle of the left load motor and bearing seat is N406 with outer race fault and inner race fault. Rolling bearing parameters are as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Rolling element parameters.
Bearing type Rotating speed (rpm) Fault size (mm) Sampling frequency (Hz) Outer race fault frequency (Hz) inner race fault frequency (Hz) N406 1460 0.18 96000 139 86 6206 1460 0.2 96000 89 --Figure 10
Experimental device.In Figure11(a), the fault frequency is modulated to near 4000 Hz and frequency band is approximately 1000 Hz. After calculation, carrier frequency is taken as 4703 Hz; MSB of this complex fault signal is as shown in Figure 11(b). By shift frequency, the SF-MSB is obtained and shows obvious symmetrical characteristics centered on the diagonal line.Figure 11
Time-domain waveform, spectrum (a) and MSB (b) of the complex fault signal.
(a) (b)The S-MSB spectrum on the upper graph of Figure12(b) can be obtained by the means of the diagonal slices of SF-MSB; the demodulated signal’s power spectrum on the middle graph of and the MSB slice spectrum on the bottom graph of Figure 12(b) can be obtained by taking the horizontal and vertical axes. From Figure 12(b), it can be seen that there are a lot of trouble to complex multifault identification; each of the three subgraphs has a variety of frequency components. For S-MSB spectrum in the upper graph, three characteristic frequencies 86 Hz, 89 Hz, and 139 Hz can be accurately and clearly displayed, but the demodulated power spectrum in the middle graph and the MSB slice spectrum in the low graph, although being 86 Hz and 89 Hz, can be displayed; however 139 Hz can not only be correctly obtained (one is 138 Hz and the other is 137 Hz), but also be distorted to the demodulated power spectrum. Therefore, the S-MSB method has the best fault identification effect.Figure 12
(a) SF-MSB of demodulation signal to the complex fault. (b) S-MSB spectrum slice, power spectrum slice; MSB slice of demodulation signal to the complex fault.
(a) (b)


## 6. Conclusion

In this paper, the sparse MSB is studied for its applications in fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. The vibration signals of rolling element bearings with faults have modulation characteristics; the carrier frequencies are generally determined by inherent structure of bearing. When the carrier frequency is calculated and determined, S-MSB is more suitable for analyzing complex modulated signals than the MSB method.Firstly, the vibration signal is demodulated by MSB analysis and its bispectrum is obtained. By MSB analysis, wideband noise in bearing vibration signals is suppressed effectively so that the fault frequency can be obtained more accurately. Secondly, SF-MSB is obtained by shifting the carrier frequency, which reduces redundant information further; the fault frequency is the actual value on the coordinate and there is no need to add or subtract carrier frequency; the analysis efficiency is greatly enhanced. At last, diagonal slices were performed to obtain a sparse representation of MSB, which can effectively eliminate the harmonic frequency and improve the efficiency and effect of fault frequency identification of complex modulation signals.S-MSB is an improved method based on the MSB, which proposed the SF-MSB, the carrier frequency calculation, and the diagonal slice sparse demodulation method. In the bearing single fault and multifault feature frequency extraction, S-MSB method shows the better results.



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*Source: 2954094-2018-04-19.xml*