# Evaluation of Medicinal Categorization ofAtractylodes japonica Koidz. by Using Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequencing Analysis and HPLC Fingerprinting Combined with Statistical Tools

Authors: Jung-Hoon Kim; Eui-Jeong Doh; Guemsan Lee
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2016)

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## Abstract

Atractylodes rhizomes have been used as the herbal medicine “Changchul” or “Baekchul,” according to their clinical purpose, in Korea, China, and Japan. Among theAtractylodes species, the medicinal use ofAtractylodes japonica has been controversial, as it is categorized as both Changchul and Baekchul in those countries, and, moreover, parts of the rhizome have been differently used, depending on age of the plant, in Korea. Chromatographic fingerprinting by using HPLC combined with chemometric analyses and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing analysis were conducted to classify and identify 34 crude drugs derived fromAtractylodes rhizomes. The identification of the samples, authenticated by their morphological features asA. japonica Koidz. (Changchul and Baekchul),A. chinensis Koidz., andA. macrocephalaKoidz., was confirmed asA. japonica,A. chinensis, andA. macrocephalaby ITS sequencing. The results from chemometric analyses showed that the chemical components of the crude drugs fromA. japonica were significantly different from those fromA. macrocephala but were similar to those fromA. chinensis. The analyses also suggested that the categorization by age ofA. japonica as Changchul or Baekchul is not recommended. The results indicate thatA. japonica should be categorized as “Changchul” and should not be further categorized by age.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The genusAtractylodes (Asteraceae) are perennial herbs distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. Their dried rhizomes have been classified into two kinds of herbal medicines according to their clinical purpose, “Baekchul” (Baizhu in Chinese, Byakujutsu in Japanese) and “Changchul” (Cangzhu in Chinese, Soujutsu in Japanese) [1]. In medicinal applications in Korea, Japan, and China, the rhizomes ofA. lancea DC. andA. chinensis Koidz. have been classified as Changchul, while that ofA. macrocephala Koidz. has been classified as Baekchul in the pharmacopeias of Korea, China, and Japan [2–4].However, there has been disagreement between countries in classifying the rhizome ofA. japonica Koidz.: Korean and Japanese pharmacopeias, as well as some studies from Korea and Japan, have classified the rhizome ofA. japonica as Baekchul, whereas Chinese studies have classified it as “Gwan-Changchul” (Guan-Cangzhu in Chinese), a type of Changchul, which is not even listed in the Chinese pharmacopeia [5, 6]. Moreover,A. japonica is recorded as a synonym ofA. lanceain theFlora of China [7]. Confusion also occurs in local herbal markets in Korea, where the rhizomes ofA. japonica have been used as Changchul when the fibrous substance has formed after it has grown over two years [8]. The dried rhizomes ofAtractylodes species can be identified by their morphological features; however, it is difficult to discriminate them by macroscopic observation, a subjective method, due to their morphological similarity. Consequently, the misuse ofAtractylodes rhizomes may occur when identification is based only on their morphological features. Therefore, strict classification is required for the exact use ofAtractylodes rhizomes for medicinal purposes.Genetic identification achieved by hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing techniques is considered more objective, precise, and reliable method for identifying and authenticating herbal species [9, 10]. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, which are rapidly evolving regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, have been widely used for the identification of plant materials, and phylogenetic analysis using ITS regions has been conducted to investigate the genetic variability of complicated herbal species [11–13]. It has been reported that the four species ofAtractylodes (A. japonica,A. macrocephala,A. lancea, andA. chinensis) can be distinguished by their different genotypes on ITS sequences [14]. In contrast, one study conducted by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the ITS region on nucleotide ribosome DNA (nrDNA) reported thatA. japonica is not different fromA. macrocephala [15]. Other studies have demonstrated that the geographical distributions, morphological features, and genetic differentiation betweenA. lancea andA. chinensis were not consistent, andA. japonica was most closely related toA. lancea, according to the results from ITS andtrnL-F sequences [16, 17]. The results of these studies demonstrate that the classification ofAtractylodes rhizomes, particularly that ofA. japonica, remains controversial.Chemical fingerprinting by using HPLC is an effective and reliable method for the investigation of chemical components in herbal medicines, owing to its high separation efficiency and high detection sensitivity [18]. HPLC fingerprinting also enables a systematic and comprehensive approach to the identification and quantification of the components in herbal medicines [19]. HPLC fingerprinting, combined with chemometric statistical analysis, has been widely used for the quality control of herbal medicines and related herbal products [20, 21]. Moreover, such techniques have also been used to discriminate interspecies differences in herbal medicines, by incorporating principal components analysis (PCA) [22–24]. In previous studies,A. lancea was chemically differentiated fromA. chinensis by HPLC fingerprinting combined with PCA or orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis [25, 26]. However, the chemical discrimination ofAtractylodes species, using HPLC fingerprinting and chemometric analysis, has not been conducted.In the present study, chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometric statistical analyses, including PCA, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis were conducted to classify the crude drugs derived fromAtractylodes rhizomes. The ITS sequences from nrDNA were also examined to identify theAtractylodes species.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Plant Materials and Reagents

Thirty-four samples of crude drugs fromAtractylodes rhizomes were collected or purchased from the wild, agricultural fields, or local markets in Korea and China. The samples were authenticated by their morphological features through identification criteria by authors. Fifteen rhizomes were identified asA. chinensis (coded as “AC”); seven samples of Baekchul and five samples of Changchul were “young” and “aged” dried rhizomes ofA. japonica (coded as “AJB” and “AJC,” resp.); and seven rhizomes were identified asA. macrocephala (coded as “AM”) (Table 1). The voucher specimens have been deposited in the herbarium of the College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University (Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea).Table 1
Morphological identification of the crude drugs ofAtractylodes rhizomes.
Code
Species
Origin
Code
Species
Origin
AC-1
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-3
A. japonica Koidz.
China
AC-2
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-4
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-3
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-5
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-4
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-6
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-5
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-7
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-6
A. chinensisKoidz.
Korea
AJC-1
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-7
A. chinensisKoidz.
Korea
AJC-2
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-8
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-3
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-9
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-4
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-10
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-5
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-11
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-1
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-12
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-2
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-13
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-3
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-14
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-4
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-15
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-5
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AJB-1
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AM-6
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AJB-2
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AM-7
A. macrocephala Koidz.
ChinaNine specimens (coded as Arabic number) ofAtractylodes plants were collected as species reference samples for identification ofAtractylodes rhizomes in Table 1 and those samples were deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine as voucher specimens. The classification result of nine dried-voucher specimens is shown in Table 2.Table 2
Identification of dried-voucher specimens coded as Arabic numbers.
Number
Identification
1
A. japonica Koidzumi
2
A. lancea de Candolle
3
A. lancea de Candolle
4
A. macrocephala Koidzumi
5
A. japonica Koidzumi
6
A. japonica Koidzumi
8
A. lancea de Candolle
9
A. japonica Koidzumi
17
A. japonica Koidzumi


### 2.2. Preparation of Genomic DNA

The genomic DNA was extracted from the crude drugs ofAtractylodes rhizomes according to the manuals of NucleoSpin® Plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany). For some samples, 10% cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.7 M NaCl were used to remove the phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.


### 2.3. PCR Amplification

For ITS amplification, PCR was performed using T-personal cycler (Biometra, Germany). In brief, 600 nM of primer set of ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) [27], 1x BluePreMIX-HF (Macrogen, Korea), and 50 ng of genomic DNA were used for PCR amplification. PCR cycling conditions which were followed by predenaturation process (95°C, 5 min) were as follows: denaturation process (95°C, 30 s); annealing process (52°C, 30 s); extension process (72°C, 40 s) × 36 cycles; and final extension process (72°C, 5 min). The amplified PCR product was separated from other gradients using 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis after the staining by the addition of Safe-white™ (abm, Canada). Amplified products were analyzed using MyImage (Seoulin Biotechnology, Korea).


### 2.4. Determination of DNA Sequence of PCR Product

PCR product separated from agarose gel was cloned using MG™ TOPcloner TA kit (Macrogen, Korea) and DNA sequence of cloned PCR product was determined through the interpretation performed by Macrogen (Korea).


### 2.5. Analysis of DNA Sequence and Preparation of Dendrogram

DNA sequence was analyzed using ClustalW multiple sequence alignment (Bioedit, v7.0.9; available athttp://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/page2.html) and the phylogenetic tree was created by using DNADist (Bioedit). To study the relationship ofAtractylodes, the nucleotide sequences of the generaAtractylis andCarlina deposited in NCBI GenBank were used. The generaBrachylaena,Cardopatium,Cirsium,Echinops,Phonus, andTarchonanthus were also used as reference for phylogenetic relationship.Magnolia heptapeta,Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, andLilium cernuum were used as out-groups in the phylogenetic analyses, based on previous studies [28, 29]. ITS sequences of these taxa were collected from GeneBank in NCBI (the accession numbers were shown in Table 3).Table 3
The GenBank accession number of species that are used in phylogenetic tree analysis.
Species
GenBank accession number
Atractylis cancellata
AY826231.1
Atractylis arabica
KF850563.1
Atractylis carduus
AY826232.1
Atractylis arbuscula
KF301215.1
Carlina falcata
AY826243.1
Carlina vulgaris
KF301217.1
Carlina acanthifolia
KF301216.1
Echinops viscosus
AY826283.1
Phonus riphaeus
AY826310.1
Cirsium palustre
EU143268.1
Cardopatium corymbosum
AY826238.1
Tarchonanthus camphoratus
AY826340.1
Brachylaena discolor
AY826236.1
Magnolia heptapeta
AY858638.1
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium
KC502933.1
Lilium cernuum
HQ686064.1


### 2.6. Preparation of Samples for HPLC Analysis

The dried powder of the rhizomes (100 mg) was weighed and then extracted by sonication with 2 mL of ethanol (HPLC grade; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) for 40 min. The extract was filtered through a 0.45μm membrane filter (Adventec, Tokyo, Japan) and concentrated in vacuum oven at 45°C. Concentrated extract was dissolved with methanol at the concentration of 5000 μg/mL and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter, prior to HPLC injection.


### 2.7. HPLC Conditions for Chromatographic Fingerprinting

An Agilent 1260 liquid chromatography system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an autosampler, degasser, quaternary solvent pump, and diode array detector (DAD) was used for chromatographic fingerprinting. The data were processed by using Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies Inc., USA). The separation of compounds was carried out on a Capcell Pak Mg II C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm; Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) with Mg II C18 guard cartridge (4.0 mm × 10 mm, S-5; Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) at 35°C. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and the injection volume was 10 μL. The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (HPLC-grade water; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) and solvent B (HPLC-grade acetonitrile; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), with the following gradient elution, 20% (B) over 0–2 min, 20–55% (B) over 2–10 min, 55% (B) over 10–13 min, 55–60% (B) over 13–35 min, 60% (B) over 35–38 min, and 60–75% (B) over 38–50 min, held for 2 min, and then reequilibrated to 20% until the end of the analysis. Detection was performed using a UV detector at the wavelengths of 255, 275, 295, 315, and 340 nm.


### 2.8. Chemometric Statistical Analysis

The 34 samples that were genetically identified and recoded were used for PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Total 27 peaks were selected as “reference peaks,” and their absolute area was calculated by peak area integration. The 27 reference peaks for the chromatographic fingerprinting, which were representative and >1.0% of total peak area, were chosen at their optimal UV absorption. The absolute area of chosen peak was calculated for chromatographic fingerprinting. A matrix composed of the rows (Atractylodes sample) and columns (absolute area of each reference peak) was used for construction of PCA plot, HCA dendrogram, and Pearson’s correlation analysis, which were conducted using open-source software R (v.3.1.1).


## 2.1. Plant Materials and Reagents

Thirty-four samples of crude drugs fromAtractylodes rhizomes were collected or purchased from the wild, agricultural fields, or local markets in Korea and China. The samples were authenticated by their morphological features through identification criteria by authors. Fifteen rhizomes were identified asA. chinensis (coded as “AC”); seven samples of Baekchul and five samples of Changchul were “young” and “aged” dried rhizomes ofA. japonica (coded as “AJB” and “AJC,” resp.); and seven rhizomes were identified asA. macrocephala (coded as “AM”) (Table 1). The voucher specimens have been deposited in the herbarium of the College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University (Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea).Table 1
Morphological identification of the crude drugs ofAtractylodes rhizomes.
Code
Species
Origin
Code
Species
Origin
AC-1
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-3
A. japonica Koidz.
China
AC-2
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-4
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-3
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-5
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-4
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-6
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-5
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJB-7
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-6
A. chinensisKoidz.
Korea
AJC-1
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-7
A. chinensisKoidz.
Korea
AJC-2
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-8
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-3
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-9
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-4
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AC-10
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AJC-5
A. japonica Koidz.
Unclear
AC-11
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-1
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-12
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-2
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-13
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-3
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-14
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-4
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AC-15
A. chinensisKoidz.
China
AM-5
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AJB-1
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AM-6
A. macrocephala Koidz.
China
AJB-2
A. japonica Koidz.
Korea
AM-7
A. macrocephala Koidz.
ChinaNine specimens (coded as Arabic number) ofAtractylodes plants were collected as species reference samples for identification ofAtractylodes rhizomes in Table 1 and those samples were deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine as voucher specimens. The classification result of nine dried-voucher specimens is shown in Table 2.Table 2
Identification of dried-voucher specimens coded as Arabic numbers.
Number
Identification
1
A. japonica Koidzumi
2
A. lancea de Candolle
3
A. lancea de Candolle
4
A. macrocephala Koidzumi
5
A. japonica Koidzumi
6
A. japonica Koidzumi
8
A. lancea de Candolle
9
A. japonica Koidzumi
17
A. japonica Koidzumi


## 2.2. Preparation of Genomic DNA

The genomic DNA was extracted from the crude drugs ofAtractylodes rhizomes according to the manuals of NucleoSpin® Plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany). For some samples, 10% cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.7 M NaCl were used to remove the phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.


## 2.3. PCR Amplification

For ITS amplification, PCR was performed using T-personal cycler (Biometra, Germany). In brief, 600 nM of primer set of ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) [27], 1x BluePreMIX-HF (Macrogen, Korea), and 50 ng of genomic DNA were used for PCR amplification. PCR cycling conditions which were followed by predenaturation process (95°C, 5 min) were as follows: denaturation process (95°C, 30 s); annealing process (52°C, 30 s); extension process (72°C, 40 s) × 36 cycles; and final extension process (72°C, 5 min). The amplified PCR product was separated from other gradients using 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis after the staining by the addition of Safe-white™ (abm, Canada). Amplified products were analyzed using MyImage (Seoulin Biotechnology, Korea).


## 2.4. Determination of DNA Sequence of PCR Product

PCR product separated from agarose gel was cloned using MG™ TOPcloner TA kit (Macrogen, Korea) and DNA sequence of cloned PCR product was determined through the interpretation performed by Macrogen (Korea).


## 2.5. Analysis of DNA Sequence and Preparation of Dendrogram

DNA sequence was analyzed using ClustalW multiple sequence alignment (Bioedit, v7.0.9; available athttp://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/page2.html) and the phylogenetic tree was created by using DNADist (Bioedit). To study the relationship ofAtractylodes, the nucleotide sequences of the generaAtractylis andCarlina deposited in NCBI GenBank were used. The generaBrachylaena,Cardopatium,Cirsium,Echinops,Phonus, andTarchonanthus were also used as reference for phylogenetic relationship.Magnolia heptapeta,Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, andLilium cernuum were used as out-groups in the phylogenetic analyses, based on previous studies [28, 29]. ITS sequences of these taxa were collected from GeneBank in NCBI (the accession numbers were shown in Table 3).Table 3
The GenBank accession number of species that are used in phylogenetic tree analysis.
Species
GenBank accession number
Atractylis cancellata
AY826231.1
Atractylis arabica
KF850563.1
Atractylis carduus
AY826232.1
Atractylis arbuscula
KF301215.1
Carlina falcata
AY826243.1
Carlina vulgaris
KF301217.1
Carlina acanthifolia
KF301216.1
Echinops viscosus
AY826283.1
Phonus riphaeus
AY826310.1
Cirsium palustre
EU143268.1
Cardopatium corymbosum
AY826238.1
Tarchonanthus camphoratus
AY826340.1
Brachylaena discolor
AY826236.1
Magnolia heptapeta
AY858638.1
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium
KC502933.1
Lilium cernuum
HQ686064.1


## 2.6. Preparation of Samples for HPLC Analysis

The dried powder of the rhizomes (100 mg) was weighed and then extracted by sonication with 2 mL of ethanol (HPLC grade; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) for 40 min. The extract was filtered through a 0.45μm membrane filter (Adventec, Tokyo, Japan) and concentrated in vacuum oven at 45°C. Concentrated extract was dissolved with methanol at the concentration of 5000 μg/mL and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter, prior to HPLC injection.


## 2.7. HPLC Conditions for Chromatographic Fingerprinting

An Agilent 1260 liquid chromatography system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an autosampler, degasser, quaternary solvent pump, and diode array detector (DAD) was used for chromatographic fingerprinting. The data were processed by using Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies Inc., USA). The separation of compounds was carried out on a Capcell Pak Mg II C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm; Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) with Mg II C18 guard cartridge (4.0 mm × 10 mm, S-5; Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) at 35°C. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and the injection volume was 10 μL. The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (HPLC-grade water; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) and solvent B (HPLC-grade acetonitrile; Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), with the following gradient elution, 20% (B) over 0–2 min, 20–55% (B) over 2–10 min, 55% (B) over 10–13 min, 55–60% (B) over 13–35 min, 60% (B) over 35–38 min, and 60–75% (B) over 38–50 min, held for 2 min, and then reequilibrated to 20% until the end of the analysis. Detection was performed using a UV detector at the wavelengths of 255, 275, 295, 315, and 340 nm.


## 2.8. Chemometric Statistical Analysis

The 34 samples that were genetically identified and recoded were used for PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Total 27 peaks were selected as “reference peaks,” and their absolute area was calculated by peak area integration. The 27 reference peaks for the chromatographic fingerprinting, which were representative and >1.0% of total peak area, were chosen at their optimal UV absorption. The absolute area of chosen peak was calculated for chromatographic fingerprinting. A matrix composed of the rows (Atractylodes sample) and columns (absolute area of each reference peak) was used for construction of PCA plot, HCA dendrogram, and Pearson’s correlation analysis, which were conducted using open-source software R (v.3.1.1).


## 3. Results

### 3.1. ITS Genotype and Genetic Identification ofAtractylodesRhizomes

The amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region produced overall 733 bp of nucleotide sequences from 34 samples listed in Table1 and nine dried-voucher specimens (Figure 1). The determined ITS nucleotide sequence of samples were confirmed by using DNA sequence registered in NCBI GenBank as well as previous paper [14] with comparison of the accession numbers:A. japonica (AB219405),A. macrocephala (AB219406),A. lancea (AB219407),A. chinensis (AB219408), andA. koreana (AB219409). As presented in Table 4, there was nucleotide substitutions observed on 37 sites on the ITS regions ofAtractylodes samples. Type 1, ITS sequence ofA. japonica, showed multiple sequences comparing to other species, while types 2 and 3 were the genotypes ofA. macrocephala andA. lancea, respectively. Type 4, the genotype ofA. chinensis, was identical to type 5, the genotype ofA. koreana.Table 4
Genotypes of ITS nucleotide sequences deposited in the NCBI GenBank for recognition in theAtractylodes species.
Nucleotide position
69
71
81
104
117
120
121
128
134
135
141
142
143
145
149
157
170
177
222
226
259
260
279
465
481
494
502
529
530
534
544
560
572
599
658
659
666
Genotype
Type 1
T
A
G
C
G
Y
C
G
M
Y
R
T
C
Y
Y
T
T
R
A
A
C
G
T
W
Y
Y
R
Y
R
Y
A
Y
W
C
C
G
C
Type 2
C
A
A
C
G
C
A
G
C
C
G
C
A
C
C
C
C
G
A
G
C
R
T
G
C
C
G
C
G
C
C
C
T
T
T
G
Y
Type 3
T
G
G
C
G
C
C
G
C
C
G
T
C
C
C
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
G
C
A
C
A
C
C
G
C
Type 4
T
A
G
T
A
C
C
A
C
C
G
T
C
C
T
T
T
G
C
A
C
G
C
T
C
C
G
C
G
C
A
C
T
C
C
A
C
Type 5
T
A
G
T
A
C
C
A
C
C
G
T
C
C
T
T
T
G
C
A
C
G
C
T
C
C
G
C
G
C
A
C
T
C
C
A
C
∗Bold characters indicate nucleotide additives, M = A and C; R = A and G; W = A and T; Y = C and T. Type 1 genotype resulted from deposited ITS nucleotide sequences in NCBI Genbank of Atractylodes japonica. Type 2 and type 3 represent A. macrocephala and A. lancea. Type 4 and type 5 represent A. chinensis and A. koreana.Figure 1
Multiple alignments of ITS nucleotide sequence among the sample listed in Table1. The dots indicate the consensus nucleotide, and the dashes represent the gaps. AB219405.1 accession numbers of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequences of the ITS forAtractylodes japonica; AB219409.1 and AB210407.1 accession numbers of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequences of the ITS forA. koreanaandA. lancea, respectively; AB219406.1 accession number of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequence of ITS forA. macrocephala; and AB219408.1 accession number of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequence of ITS forA. chinensis. The samples with Arabic number were dried-voucher specimens deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.All 7 samples labelled as “AM” were determined asA. macrocephala and the difference of DNA sequence between samples was not observed. Among 15 samples labelled as “AC,” AC-1, AC-2, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, and AC-11 were determined asA. chinensis, whereas the rest wereA. japonica. The sequence of AC-1 was different from that of type 4 by 1 bp (
A
→
G
) at nucleotide position, 128 bp, which indicates intraspecific variation. All 7 samples labelled as “AJB” as well as 5 samples labelled as “AJC” were determined asA. japonica. AC-13 and AJB-5 were different form that of type 1 by 1 bp (
G
→
A
), at nucleotide position, 80 bp. AJC-2, AJC-3, and AJC-5 have 2 different nucleotide positions at 80 bp (
G
→
A
) and 481 bp (
C
→
T
), showing intraspecific variation.


### 3.2. Genetic Relationship of theAtractylodes

Nine dried-voucher specimens were confirmed asA. japonica, A. lancea, andA. macrocephala. Thirty-four samples ofAtractylodes rhizomes were identified asA. chinensis,A. japonica, andA. macrocephala. Phylogenetic classification based on ITS region was constructed and the inferred evolutionary relationships amongAtractylodes rhizomes were represented on phylogenetic tree. The genusAtractylodes is well separated from other close genera and out-groups. The samples ofA. japonica,A. lancea, andA. chinensis formedA. lancea complex, whereas those ofA. macrocephala formed their own complex, namely,A. macrocephala complex. Five AC samples, AC-2, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, and AC-11, were involved inA. chinensis group. AJB, AJC samples, and the rest AC samples were contained inA. japonica group (Figure 2).Figure 2
Phylogenic tree from DNADist (Neighbor phylogenetic tree) analysis of the ITS nucleotide sequences. The ITS sequences of taxa with “∗” such asAtactylis,Carlina, and out-group were downloaded from Genbank in NCBI. The samples with Arabic number were dried-voucher specimens deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.Comparing the genotypes listed in Figures1 and 2 and Table 4, the species of 34 samples in Table 1 ofAtractylodes rhizomes were recoded as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Genetic identification of original species ofAtractylodes rhizomes listed in Table 1.
Code
Genetically identified species
Recode
Code
Genetically identified species
Recode
AC-1
A. chinensis
AC-1
AJB-3
A. japonica
AJB-3
AC-2
A. chinensis
AC-2
AJB-4
A. japonica
AJB-4
AC-3
A. japonica
AJ-1
AJB-5
A. japonica
AJB-5
AC-4
A. chinensis
AC-3
AJB-6
A. japonica
AJB-6
AC-5
A. chinensis
AC-4
AJB-7
A. japonica
AJB-7
AC-6
A. chinensis
AC-5
AJC-1
A. japonica
AJC-1
AC-7
A. japonica
AJ-2
AJC-2
A. japonica
AJC-2
AC-8
A. japonica
AJ-3
AJC-3
A. japonica
AJC-3
AC-9
A. japonica
AJ-4
AJC-4
A. japonica
AJC-4
AC-10
A. japonica
AJ-5
AJC-5
A. japonica
AJC-5
AC-11
A. chinensis
AC-6
AM-1
A. macrocephala
AM-1
AC-12
A. japonica
AJ-6
AM-2
A. macrocephala
AM-2
AC-13
A. japonica
AJ-7
AM-3
A. macrocephala
AM-3
AC-14
A. japonica
AJ-8
AM-4
A. macrocephala
AM-4
AC-15
A. japonica
AJ-9
AM-5
A. macrocephala
AM-5
AJB-1
A. japonica
AJB-1
AM-6
A. macrocephala
AM-6
AJB-2
A. japonica
AJB-2
AM-7
A. macrocephala
AM-7


### 3.3. HPLC Fingerprinting ofAtractylodes Samples

Through macroscopic observation of the results of HPLC fingerprinting, the chromatograms ofA. japonica samples (AJBs + AJCs + AJs) andA. chinensissamples (ACs) showed peak patterns similar to each other, whereas the chromatograms ofA. macrocephala samples (AMs) represented different peak patterns compared with those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples. Moreover, chromatographic difference between Baekchul samples (AJBs) and Changchul samples (AJCs) was not apparently distinguished (Figures 3 and 4).Figure 3
Representative chromatograms of the methanol extracts of AC, AJ, and AM at 255 nm. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.Figure 4
Representative chromatograms of the methanol extracts of AJB and AJC at 255 nm. AJB and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.


### 3.4. Chemometric Statistical Analysis ofAtractylodes Samples

The results of the chromatographic fingerprinting were further analyzed using principle component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and Pearson’s correlation analysis to evaluate the correlations between the samples whose code names were redetermined by genetic identification as listed in Table5.Principle component 1 (PC1) score divided the samples of “A. japonica +A. chinensis” group in the positive plot with exception of AC-6, AJ-9, and AJC-5, while “A. macrocephala” group was in the negative plot. PC2 score further differentiated the samples having positive PC1 scores into positive PC2 plot (AC-1, AC-3, AC-5, AJ-1, AJ-2, AJ-6, AJ-7, AJ-8, AJB-2, AJB-3, AJB-7, AJC-1, and AJC-2) and negative PC2 plot (AC-2, AC-4, AJ-3, AJ-4, AJ-5, AJB-1, AJB-4, AJB-5, AJB-6, AJC-3, and AJC-4) and samples having negative PC1 scores into positive PC2 (AM-1, AM-5, AM-6, and AM-7) and negative PC2 (AM-2, AM-3, and AM-4) (Figure 5).Figure 5
Score plot of principal components (PC1 versus PC2) on the variables (absolute area of reference peaks) withAtractylodes samples. PC1 and PC2 represent 49% and 14% of the total variance, respectively. AC:A. chinensisKoidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.HCA results also showed similar result obtained from PCA. Below the height of 30000, while the samples ofA. macrocephala formed their own clustering, those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis were gathered together, whereA. japonica samples andA. chinensissamples were mixed. Therefore, apparent discrimination betweenA. japonica samples andA. chinensis samples was not observed. Moreover, as seen in PCA score plot, AJB and AJC samples were not clearly distinguished in HCA dendrogram, as they were grouped undistinguishably within the same levels (Figure 6).Figure 6
Hierarchical clustering analysis ofAtractylodes samples. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.Box plot of average Pearson’s correlation coefficient(
r
) showed two distinct sample groups, the group ofA. macrocephala samples and the group ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples. The average coefficients ofA. macrocephala samples ranged from −0.2 to 0.0, whereas those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, except for AJ-9 showing the average coefficient between 0.0 and 0.2. Furthermore, AJB and AJC samples showed similar values of average Pearson’s coefficients (Figure 7).Figure 7
Average coefficients of Pearson’s correlation of 34Atractylodes samples. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.


## 3.1. ITS Genotype and Genetic Identification ofAtractylodesRhizomes

The amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region produced overall 733 bp of nucleotide sequences from 34 samples listed in Table1 and nine dried-voucher specimens (Figure 1). The determined ITS nucleotide sequence of samples were confirmed by using DNA sequence registered in NCBI GenBank as well as previous paper [14] with comparison of the accession numbers:A. japonica (AB219405),A. macrocephala (AB219406),A. lancea (AB219407),A. chinensis (AB219408), andA. koreana (AB219409). As presented in Table 4, there was nucleotide substitutions observed on 37 sites on the ITS regions ofAtractylodes samples. Type 1, ITS sequence ofA. japonica, showed multiple sequences comparing to other species, while types 2 and 3 were the genotypes ofA. macrocephala andA. lancea, respectively. Type 4, the genotype ofA. chinensis, was identical to type 5, the genotype ofA. koreana.Table 4
Genotypes of ITS nucleotide sequences deposited in the NCBI GenBank for recognition in theAtractylodes species.
Nucleotide position
69
71
81
104
117
120
121
128
134
135
141
142
143
145
149
157
170
177
222
226
259
260
279
465
481
494
502
529
530
534
544
560
572
599
658
659
666
Genotype
Type 1
T
A
G
C
G
Y
C
G
M
Y
R
T
C
Y
Y
T
T
R
A
A
C
G
T
W
Y
Y
R
Y
R
Y
A
Y
W
C
C
G
C
Type 2
C
A
A
C
G
C
A
G
C
C
G
C
A
C
C
C
C
G
A
G
C
R
T
G
C
C
G
C
G
C
C
C
T
T
T
G
Y
Type 3
T
G
G
C
G
C
C
G
C
C
G
T
C
C
C
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
G
C
A
C
A
C
C
G
C
Type 4
T
A
G
T
A
C
C
A
C
C
G
T
C
C
T
T
T
G
C
A
C
G
C
T
C
C
G
C
G
C
A
C
T
C
C
A
C
Type 5
T
A
G
T
A
C
C
A
C
C
G
T
C
C
T
T
T
G
C
A
C
G
C
T
C
C
G
C
G
C
A
C
T
C
C
A
C
∗Bold characters indicate nucleotide additives, M = A and C; R = A and G; W = A and T; Y = C and T. Type 1 genotype resulted from deposited ITS nucleotide sequences in NCBI Genbank of Atractylodes japonica. Type 2 and type 3 represent A. macrocephala and A. lancea. Type 4 and type 5 represent A. chinensis and A. koreana.Figure 1
Multiple alignments of ITS nucleotide sequence among the sample listed in Table1. The dots indicate the consensus nucleotide, and the dashes represent the gaps. AB219405.1 accession numbers of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequences of the ITS forAtractylodes japonica; AB219409.1 and AB210407.1 accession numbers of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequences of the ITS forA. koreanaandA. lancea, respectively; AB219406.1 accession number of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequence of ITS forA. macrocephala; and AB219408.1 accession number of NCBI GenBank for the nucleotide sequence of ITS forA. chinensis. The samples with Arabic number were dried-voucher specimens deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.All 7 samples labelled as “AM” were determined asA. macrocephala and the difference of DNA sequence between samples was not observed. Among 15 samples labelled as “AC,” AC-1, AC-2, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, and AC-11 were determined asA. chinensis, whereas the rest wereA. japonica. The sequence of AC-1 was different from that of type 4 by 1 bp (
A
→
G
) at nucleotide position, 128 bp, which indicates intraspecific variation. All 7 samples labelled as “AJB” as well as 5 samples labelled as “AJC” were determined asA. japonica. AC-13 and AJB-5 were different form that of type 1 by 1 bp (
G
→
A
), at nucleotide position, 80 bp. AJC-2, AJC-3, and AJC-5 have 2 different nucleotide positions at 80 bp (
G
→
A
) and 481 bp (
C
→
T
), showing intraspecific variation.


## 3.2. Genetic Relationship of theAtractylodes

Nine dried-voucher specimens were confirmed asA. japonica, A. lancea, andA. macrocephala. Thirty-four samples ofAtractylodes rhizomes were identified asA. chinensis,A. japonica, andA. macrocephala. Phylogenetic classification based on ITS region was constructed and the inferred evolutionary relationships amongAtractylodes rhizomes were represented on phylogenetic tree. The genusAtractylodes is well separated from other close genera and out-groups. The samples ofA. japonica,A. lancea, andA. chinensis formedA. lancea complex, whereas those ofA. macrocephala formed their own complex, namely,A. macrocephala complex. Five AC samples, AC-2, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, and AC-11, were involved inA. chinensis group. AJB, AJC samples, and the rest AC samples were contained inA. japonica group (Figure 2).Figure 2
Phylogenic tree from DNADist (Neighbor phylogenetic tree) analysis of the ITS nucleotide sequences. The ITS sequences of taxa with “∗” such asAtactylis,Carlina, and out-group were downloaded from Genbank in NCBI. The samples with Arabic number were dried-voucher specimens deposited in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.Comparing the genotypes listed in Figures1 and 2 and Table 4, the species of 34 samples in Table 1 ofAtractylodes rhizomes were recoded as shown in Table 5.Table 5
Genetic identification of original species ofAtractylodes rhizomes listed in Table 1.
Code
Genetically identified species
Recode
Code
Genetically identified species
Recode
AC-1
A. chinensis
AC-1
AJB-3
A. japonica
AJB-3
AC-2
A. chinensis
AC-2
AJB-4
A. japonica
AJB-4
AC-3
A. japonica
AJ-1
AJB-5
A. japonica
AJB-5
AC-4
A. chinensis
AC-3
AJB-6
A. japonica
AJB-6
AC-5
A. chinensis
AC-4
AJB-7
A. japonica
AJB-7
AC-6
A. chinensis
AC-5
AJC-1
A. japonica
AJC-1
AC-7
A. japonica
AJ-2
AJC-2
A. japonica
AJC-2
AC-8
A. japonica
AJ-3
AJC-3
A. japonica
AJC-3
AC-9
A. japonica
AJ-4
AJC-4
A. japonica
AJC-4
AC-10
A. japonica
AJ-5
AJC-5
A. japonica
AJC-5
AC-11
A. chinensis
AC-6
AM-1
A. macrocephala
AM-1
AC-12
A. japonica
AJ-6
AM-2
A. macrocephala
AM-2
AC-13
A. japonica
AJ-7
AM-3
A. macrocephala
AM-3
AC-14
A. japonica
AJ-8
AM-4
A. macrocephala
AM-4
AC-15
A. japonica
AJ-9
AM-5
A. macrocephala
AM-5
AJB-1
A. japonica
AJB-1
AM-6
A. macrocephala
AM-6
AJB-2
A. japonica
AJB-2
AM-7
A. macrocephala
AM-7


## 3.3. HPLC Fingerprinting ofAtractylodes Samples

Through macroscopic observation of the results of HPLC fingerprinting, the chromatograms ofA. japonica samples (AJBs + AJCs + AJs) andA. chinensissamples (ACs) showed peak patterns similar to each other, whereas the chromatograms ofA. macrocephala samples (AMs) represented different peak patterns compared with those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples. Moreover, chromatographic difference between Baekchul samples (AJBs) and Changchul samples (AJCs) was not apparently distinguished (Figures 3 and 4).Figure 3
Representative chromatograms of the methanol extracts of AC, AJ, and AM at 255 nm. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.Figure 4
Representative chromatograms of the methanol extracts of AJB and AJC at 255 nm. AJB and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.


## 3.4. Chemometric Statistical Analysis ofAtractylodes Samples

The results of the chromatographic fingerprinting were further analyzed using principle component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and Pearson’s correlation analysis to evaluate the correlations between the samples whose code names were redetermined by genetic identification as listed in Table5.Principle component 1 (PC1) score divided the samples of “A. japonica +A. chinensis” group in the positive plot with exception of AC-6, AJ-9, and AJC-5, while “A. macrocephala” group was in the negative plot. PC2 score further differentiated the samples having positive PC1 scores into positive PC2 plot (AC-1, AC-3, AC-5, AJ-1, AJ-2, AJ-6, AJ-7, AJ-8, AJB-2, AJB-3, AJB-7, AJC-1, and AJC-2) and negative PC2 plot (AC-2, AC-4, AJ-3, AJ-4, AJ-5, AJB-1, AJB-4, AJB-5, AJB-6, AJC-3, and AJC-4) and samples having negative PC1 scores into positive PC2 (AM-1, AM-5, AM-6, and AM-7) and negative PC2 (AM-2, AM-3, and AM-4) (Figure 5).Figure 5
Score plot of principal components (PC1 versus PC2) on the variables (absolute area of reference peaks) withAtractylodes samples. PC1 and PC2 represent 49% and 14% of the total variance, respectively. AC:A. chinensisKoidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.HCA results also showed similar result obtained from PCA. Below the height of 30000, while the samples ofA. macrocephala formed their own clustering, those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis were gathered together, whereA. japonica samples andA. chinensissamples were mixed. Therefore, apparent discrimination betweenA. japonica samples andA. chinensis samples was not observed. Moreover, as seen in PCA score plot, AJB and AJC samples were not clearly distinguished in HCA dendrogram, as they were grouped undistinguishably within the same levels (Figure 6).Figure 6
Hierarchical clustering analysis ofAtractylodes samples. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.Box plot of average Pearson’s correlation coefficient(
r
) showed two distinct sample groups, the group ofA. macrocephala samples and the group ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples. The average coefficients ofA. macrocephala samples ranged from −0.2 to 0.0, whereas those ofA. japonica andA. chinensis samples ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, except for AJ-9 showing the average coefficient between 0.0 and 0.2. Furthermore, AJB and AJC samples showed similar values of average Pearson’s coefficients (Figure 7).Figure 7
Average coefficients of Pearson’s correlation of 34Atractylodes samples. AC:A. chinensis Koidz.; AJ, AJB, and AJC:A. japonica Koidz.; AM:A. macrocephala Koidz.


## 4. Discussion

Discrimination of herbal medicines according to their therapeutic effect is most important in using herbal medicines as therapeutic agents. To achieve such purpose, correct classification of herbal medicines should be preceded at their species levels. The rhizome ofA. japonica has been at the center of controversy as it is differently classified in many countries; Korea and Japan have used that as “Baekchul,” whereas China has used that as “Changchul.” Furthermore, the rhizome ofA. japonica is further divided into “Baekchul” and “Changchul” by the age; tuberous part grown for less than a year is used as Baekchul, while fibrous part grown for more than two years is used as Changchul. Hence, we classifiedAtractylodes samples which were genetically identified by ITS genotypes using analytical tools combined with chemometric statistics, in order to propose correct categorization ofAtractylodes rhizomes, especiallyA. japonica rhizomes.


### 4.1. Genetic Identification ofAtractylodes Samples

Atractylodes,Atractylis, andCarlina belong to subtribe Carlininae [28]. ITS sequence ofA. japonica showing multiple sequences indicates that there are diverse intraspecific variations inA. japonica samples. The genotype ofA. chinensis was identical to that ofA. koreana. As the distribution ofA. koreana is limited in Shandong and Liaoning area,A. koreana has been possibly derived fromA. chinensis [14, 17]. The samples ofA. japonica,A. lancea, andA. chinensis formedA. lancea complex, in accordance with the previous research [17].A. japonica is most closely related toA. lancea and next related toA. chinensis, as suggested in previous researches [17, 30, 31]. The samples identified asA. japonica were obviously separated from those identified asA. macrocephala by DNA sequencing analysis [14, 16, 32]. According to the results, there was difference in classification between morphological identification and genetic identification which might be caused by morphological similarity.


### 4.2. Classification ofAtractylodes Samples Using Chemometric Analysis

Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed for the clustering of the samples and for investigating the relationships among the samples using principal components on the PCA plot. Principal component 1 (PC1) explains most of the variance, and PC2, which is orthogonal to PC1, represents most of the variance not explained by PC1 [33]. HCA is another clustering method which classifies similar objects mathematically into the same group and the classifications were represented as tree diagram called dendrogram [34]. Pearson’s correlation coefficient of each sample was calculated to evaluate the correlations between samples (−1 ≤r ≤ +1; the closer the r is to 1, the more correlated the two fingerprints are) [35].From the results of PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis, theA. japonica samples were obviously distinct fromA. macrocephalasamples but distributed close to theA. chinensis samples without apparent separation of AJBs and AJCs samples. These results indicate thatA. japonica is chemically different fromA. macrocephala; however, the crude drugs derived fromA. japonica andA. chinensis were not clearly distinguishable by their chemical components. These results indicate that the therapeutic effects ofA. japonica andA. chinensis whose effects can be exerted by the chemical components are thought to be presumably analogous [36], although they are genetically different. Moreover, the separation ofA. japonica rhizomes as “Baekchul” and “Changchul” is not recommended because they had the closest PC scores, equal levels of hierarchies, and similar Pearson’s coefficients [37]; therefore, AJBs and AJCs can be assumed to be the same medicinal parts.


### 4.3. Assured Medicinal Categorization ofAtractylodes japonicaRhizomes

The categorization ofA. japonica as Baekchul in Korea and Japan, therefore, should be removed, because its relationship toA. macrocephala, the only species regarded as Baekchul in China, is not close, which supports the results from previous studies [14, 17, 32, 38]. Moreover, we do not recommend the segregation ofA. japonica into Baekchul and Changchul, because the segregated crude drugs ofA. japonica are not distinguishable by their chemical and genetic characteristics. This suggests that there is the lack of chemical or genetic reason to categorize the rhizome ofA. japonica as Changchul and Baekchul based on plant age.Therefore, we propose thatA. japonica should be separated fromA. macrocephala and should be used as “Changchul” as the Chinese literatures define it, regardless of its age. Further biological and clinical experiments are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.In conclusion, the 34 crude drugs derived fromAtractylodes rhizomes were identified using ITS sequencing analysis and classified using HPLC fingerprinting and statistical tools such as PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The macroscopically authenticatedAtractylodes samples were genetically identified asA. japonica,A. chinensis, andA. macrocephala by ITS DNA sequencing. The hyphenated HPLC fingerprinting and statistical analyses showed that the chemical components ofA. japonica were not related to those ofA. macrocephala but related to those ofA. chinensis. Moreover, the rhizome ofA. japonica could not be segregated as Baekchul and Changchul by its age. The results from these chemical and genetic analyses demonstrate thatA. japonica should be classified as “Changchul” and should not be classified by plant age.


## 4.1. Genetic Identification ofAtractylodes Samples

Atractylodes,Atractylis, andCarlina belong to subtribe Carlininae [28]. ITS sequence ofA. japonica showing multiple sequences indicates that there are diverse intraspecific variations inA. japonica samples. The genotype ofA. chinensis was identical to that ofA. koreana. As the distribution ofA. koreana is limited in Shandong and Liaoning area,A. koreana has been possibly derived fromA. chinensis [14, 17]. The samples ofA. japonica,A. lancea, andA. chinensis formedA. lancea complex, in accordance with the previous research [17].A. japonica is most closely related toA. lancea and next related toA. chinensis, as suggested in previous researches [17, 30, 31]. The samples identified asA. japonica were obviously separated from those identified asA. macrocephala by DNA sequencing analysis [14, 16, 32]. According to the results, there was difference in classification between morphological identification and genetic identification which might be caused by morphological similarity.


## 4.2. Classification ofAtractylodes Samples Using Chemometric Analysis

Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed for the clustering of the samples and for investigating the relationships among the samples using principal components on the PCA plot. Principal component 1 (PC1) explains most of the variance, and PC2, which is orthogonal to PC1, represents most of the variance not explained by PC1 [33]. HCA is another clustering method which classifies similar objects mathematically into the same group and the classifications were represented as tree diagram called dendrogram [34]. Pearson’s correlation coefficient of each sample was calculated to evaluate the correlations between samples (−1 ≤r ≤ +1; the closer the r is to 1, the more correlated the two fingerprints are) [35].From the results of PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis, theA. japonica samples were obviously distinct fromA. macrocephalasamples but distributed close to theA. chinensis samples without apparent separation of AJBs and AJCs samples. These results indicate thatA. japonica is chemically different fromA. macrocephala; however, the crude drugs derived fromA. japonica andA. chinensis were not clearly distinguishable by their chemical components. These results indicate that the therapeutic effects ofA. japonica andA. chinensis whose effects can be exerted by the chemical components are thought to be presumably analogous [36], although they are genetically different. Moreover, the separation ofA. japonica rhizomes as “Baekchul” and “Changchul” is not recommended because they had the closest PC scores, equal levels of hierarchies, and similar Pearson’s coefficients [37]; therefore, AJBs and AJCs can be assumed to be the same medicinal parts.


## 4.3. Assured Medicinal Categorization ofAtractylodes japonicaRhizomes

The categorization ofA. japonica as Baekchul in Korea and Japan, therefore, should be removed, because its relationship toA. macrocephala, the only species regarded as Baekchul in China, is not close, which supports the results from previous studies [14, 17, 32, 38]. Moreover, we do not recommend the segregation ofA. japonica into Baekchul and Changchul, because the segregated crude drugs ofA. japonica are not distinguishable by their chemical and genetic characteristics. This suggests that there is the lack of chemical or genetic reason to categorize the rhizome ofA. japonica as Changchul and Baekchul based on plant age.Therefore, we propose thatA. japonica should be separated fromA. macrocephala and should be used as “Changchul” as the Chinese literatures define it, regardless of its age. Further biological and clinical experiments are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.In conclusion, the 34 crude drugs derived fromAtractylodes rhizomes were identified using ITS sequencing analysis and classified using HPLC fingerprinting and statistical tools such as PCA, HCA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The macroscopically authenticatedAtractylodes samples were genetically identified asA. japonica,A. chinensis, andA. macrocephala by ITS DNA sequencing. The hyphenated HPLC fingerprinting and statistical analyses showed that the chemical components ofA. japonica were not related to those ofA. macrocephala but related to those ofA. chinensis. Moreover, the rhizome ofA. japonica could not be segregated as Baekchul and Changchul by its age. The results from these chemical and genetic analyses demonstrate thatA. japonica should be classified as “Changchul” and should not be classified by plant age.



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*Source: 2926819-2016-04-12.xml*