# Curcumin Improved Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Up-Regulating ZO-1/Occludin/Claudin-1 in Septic Rats

Authors: Xiaofeng Liu; Hongquan Zhu
Journal: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Objective. To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of curcumin on intestinal barrier function in rats with enterogenic sepsis. Methods. Rats were divided into Sham group (Sham), Model group (Model), low-dose curcumin group (100 mg/kg), and high-dose curcumin group (200 mg/kg), with 10 rats in each group. Sepsis model was established in model group, low-dose curcumin group, and high-dose curcumin group. After drug intervention, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of small intestine in each group. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum and intestinal tissues of rats were determined by ELISA. The expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in ileum was detected by QRT-PCR and Western blot. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ERK/JNK signaling pathway, NF-κB p65, apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3, and TNF-α in rat intestinal tissues. Results. HE staining showed that curcumin treatment reduced epithelial cell shedding, interstitial edema, and apoptosis. Compared with model group, DAO activity, serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression in curcumin group were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Curcumin can upregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in ileum of CLP-induced rats. In addition, curcumin inhibits NF-κB p65 activation and apoptosis by regulating ERK/JNK signaling pathway. Conclusion. Curcumin can reduce inflammatory response and upregulate the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in rats with enterogenic sepsis, and protect intestinal barrier function.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by severe infection and is one of the main causes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death in ICU patients [1, 2]. The intestine is the body’s main barrier to the outside world [3]. The intestinal barrier is composed of mechanical, biological, chemical, and immune barrier structures [4]. The intestinal tract is the largest bacterial reservoir of the human body, and the intestinal immune function is inhibited under various stimuli [5]. The integrity of intestinal mucosa is destroyed, resulting in impaired intestinal barrier function, which promotes the migration of intestinal bacteria, causes excessive inflammatory response of the host, and induces/aggravates SIRS [6]. SIRS damage the intestine again, and the two cause and effect each other, promote each other, and eventually form sepsis/MODS. The intestinal tract is both a target organ for injury and an amplifier for inflammatory mediators; therefore, it is often regarded as the “central organ” of critical illness stress and the “initiating organ” of MODS [7]. How to improve intestinal ischemia and restore the impaired intestinal mucosal barrier function as soon as possible in the treatment of severe sepsis is one of the keys to the treatment of severe sepsis.Intestinal barrier function has become one of the key indicators to evaluate the prognosis of critically ill patients. Tight junctions are important in maintaining and regulating intestinal barrier function [8]. The intestinal epithelial barrier consists of intestinal epithelial cells and tight junctions (TJ) between them [9]. Occludin is a member of TJ protein in intestinal mucosa [10]. It binds to adjacent cells through the extracellular part to produce paracellular closure, which is essential for the maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier function. Various pathological conditions can cause intestinal mucosal barrier injury [11], lead to endotoxin, bacteria into the blood, and then cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome, severe sepsis, sepsis, and eventually lead to multiple organ failure.Curcumin is an effective ingredient extracted from curcuma and zedoary. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antitumor, antioxidation, hyperemia, antiviral, etc. [12, 13]. Studies have confirmed that curcumin has a protective effect on intestinal mucosal barrier function. Curcumin can induce the production of endogenous antioxidant [14] and has certain protective effect on colitis in rats [15]. However, there are few reports about the protective effect of curcumin on intestinal epithelium. Nuclear transcription factor -κB (NF-κB) is a core regulatory factor of inflammation initiation, and many Traditional Chinese medicines can achieve anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway [16, 17].In this study, curcumin was administered to rats with intestinal barrier injury caused by sepsis and tight junction protein expression in rat intestinal tissue was detected, to further explore the possible mechanism of curcumin preventing intestinal barrier injury caused by sepsis.


## 2. Methods

### 2.1. Establishment of CLP Model

Male SD rats were 8–10 weeks old and weighed 200–300 g. The experimental animals were kept at a constant temperature of 23 ± 1°C, humidity of 50%–60%, light alternating every 12 hours, and free drinking and eating. The rat model of sepsis was made by CLP method [18–21]. SD rats were anesthetized with isoflurane gas. After the abdomen was shaved and disinfected, a 1.5 cm midline laparotomy was performed. The cecum is separated and removed, and the membrane between the cecum and mesentery is cut to release the cecum. Line 1 was used to ligate about 0.5 cm from the distal cecum. Do two punctures with a 12-gauge needle to extrude a small amount of cecal contents from the cecum by extrusion. The ligation and punctured cecum is restored to the abdominal cavity. The anterior peritoneal wall and all skin incisions were sutured into two layers. The sham group underwent the same procedure, excluding cecal ligation and puncture. The 100 mg/kg curcumin treatment group and 200 mg/kg curcumin treatment group were given curcumin orally immediately after operation. Sham operation group and model group were given 10 ml/kg distilled water once a day for 7 days. This study was approved by Ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University.


### 2.2. HE Dyed

The small intestine tissue of rats was about 0.5 cm. Wash with normal saline and fix with 10% paraformaldehyde for 45 h. Gradient dehydration using ethanol, xylene transparent, and paraffin embedded. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of rat intestine under light microscope.


### 2.3. QRT-PCR

Take cryopreserved tissue and add 1000μl of Trizol to a homogenization tube. The lysed samples were placed at room temperature for 10 min and then centrifuged. Aspirate the supernatant into a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. Add 200 μl of chloroform, mix well, and then centrifuge. Pipette the supernatant into a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. Add 600 μl of isopropanol, mix well and set aside for centrifugation to collect the precipitate. Absolute ethanol was added to rinse the precipitate, and the supernatant was discarded by centrifugation. After drying at room temperature, DEPC water was added to dissolve. Store in a −80°C refrigerator for later use. Add ddH2O according to the instructions of the reverse transcription kit, mix, and centrifuge. Placed in a reverse transcription machine for reverse transcription (reaction conditions: 42°C, 15 min; 85°C, 5 min). Take 2 μl of cDNA template and add the prepared reaction solution to carry out PCR amplification reaction. Reaction conditions: 95°C, 10 min denaturation; 95°C, 15 s; 60°C, 60 s; 40 cycles.


### 2.4. DAO Was Detected by Spectrophotometry

The blood samples of rats were centrifuged at a speed of 3000 r/min for 5 min at 4°C. DAO activity in serum was determined by spectrophotometry. The absorbance value (OD) at 436 nm was measured. The values measured with different concentrations of DAO standard solution areX-axis, and the relative OD value is Y-coordinate. The DAO content level in blood samples of rats was calculated by regression equation and curve.


### 2.5. ELISA

The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 r/min at 4°C for 5 min. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, citrulline, and serum enteric fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were determined in strict accordance with the procedure on the kit. Add corresponding reagents according to the operating instructions of the kit, and measure the absorbance value of each sample after incubation. The activity of each indicator was calculated according to the calculation formula provided in the kit operation manual.


### 2.6. Western Blot

Take 100 mg of intestinal tissue and add 1 ml cold Lysis Buffer. Homogenize in tissue homogenizer (3 × 20 s) to make the tissue as crushed as possible. Static pyrolysis on ice for 30 min. Homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 r/min at 4°C for 5 min. The protein concentration of supernatant was determined by BCA kit. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis was performed after protein denaturation. After electrophoresis, the protein was transferred from the gel to the PVDF membrane. Take a total of 5% of skimmed milk powder in a closed container and liquid shake for 2 h. The primary antibody was incubated by shaking at 4°C overnight. ERK, p-ERK, JNK, p-JNK, NF-kB, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, Caspase 3, GAPDH (1 : 1000, Abcam). TBST was washed three times and diluted with 5% skimmed milk powder sealing solution and left at room temperature shaking reaction 1–2 h. After the second antibody reaction, the film was washed with TBST for three times, and the target protein expression was detected and exposed.


### 2.7. Statistical Analysis

SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. All data were expressed as (mean ± standard deviation). The experiment was repeated three times.P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The differences between multiple groups were tested by one-way ANOVA and LSD method. Two independent sample T test was used for homogeneity of variance.


## 2.1. Establishment of CLP Model

Male SD rats were 8–10 weeks old and weighed 200–300 g. The experimental animals were kept at a constant temperature of 23 ± 1°C, humidity of 50%–60%, light alternating every 12 hours, and free drinking and eating. The rat model of sepsis was made by CLP method [18–21]. SD rats were anesthetized with isoflurane gas. After the abdomen was shaved and disinfected, a 1.5 cm midline laparotomy was performed. The cecum is separated and removed, and the membrane between the cecum and mesentery is cut to release the cecum. Line 1 was used to ligate about 0.5 cm from the distal cecum. Do two punctures with a 12-gauge needle to extrude a small amount of cecal contents from the cecum by extrusion. The ligation and punctured cecum is restored to the abdominal cavity. The anterior peritoneal wall and all skin incisions were sutured into two layers. The sham group underwent the same procedure, excluding cecal ligation and puncture. The 100 mg/kg curcumin treatment group and 200 mg/kg curcumin treatment group were given curcumin orally immediately after operation. Sham operation group and model group were given 10 ml/kg distilled water once a day for 7 days. This study was approved by Ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University.


## 2.2. HE Dyed

The small intestine tissue of rats was about 0.5 cm. Wash with normal saline and fix with 10% paraformaldehyde for 45 h. Gradient dehydration using ethanol, xylene transparent, and paraffin embedded. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of rat intestine under light microscope.


## 2.3. QRT-PCR

Take cryopreserved tissue and add 1000μl of Trizol to a homogenization tube. The lysed samples were placed at room temperature for 10 min and then centrifuged. Aspirate the supernatant into a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. Add 200 μl of chloroform, mix well, and then centrifuge. Pipette the supernatant into a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. Add 600 μl of isopropanol, mix well and set aside for centrifugation to collect the precipitate. Absolute ethanol was added to rinse the precipitate, and the supernatant was discarded by centrifugation. After drying at room temperature, DEPC water was added to dissolve. Store in a −80°C refrigerator for later use. Add ddH2O according to the instructions of the reverse transcription kit, mix, and centrifuge. Placed in a reverse transcription machine for reverse transcription (reaction conditions: 42°C, 15 min; 85°C, 5 min). Take 2 μl of cDNA template and add the prepared reaction solution to carry out PCR amplification reaction. Reaction conditions: 95°C, 10 min denaturation; 95°C, 15 s; 60°C, 60 s; 40 cycles.


## 2.4. DAO Was Detected by Spectrophotometry

The blood samples of rats were centrifuged at a speed of 3000 r/min for 5 min at 4°C. DAO activity in serum was determined by spectrophotometry. The absorbance value (OD) at 436 nm was measured. The values measured with different concentrations of DAO standard solution areX-axis, and the relative OD value is Y-coordinate. The DAO content level in blood samples of rats was calculated by regression equation and curve.


## 2.5. ELISA

The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 r/min at 4°C for 5 min. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, citrulline, and serum enteric fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were determined in strict accordance with the procedure on the kit. Add corresponding reagents according to the operating instructions of the kit, and measure the absorbance value of each sample after incubation. The activity of each indicator was calculated according to the calculation formula provided in the kit operation manual.


## 2.6. Western Blot

Take 100 mg of intestinal tissue and add 1 ml cold Lysis Buffer. Homogenize in tissue homogenizer (3 × 20 s) to make the tissue as crushed as possible. Static pyrolysis on ice for 30 min. Homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 r/min at 4°C for 5 min. The protein concentration of supernatant was determined by BCA kit. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis was performed after protein denaturation. After electrophoresis, the protein was transferred from the gel to the PVDF membrane. Take a total of 5% of skimmed milk powder in a closed container and liquid shake for 2 h. The primary antibody was incubated by shaking at 4°C overnight. ERK, p-ERK, JNK, p-JNK, NF-kB, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, Caspase 3, GAPDH (1 : 1000, Abcam). TBST was washed three times and diluted with 5% skimmed milk powder sealing solution and left at room temperature shaking reaction 1–2 h. After the second antibody reaction, the film was washed with TBST for three times, and the target protein expression was detected and exposed.


## 2.7. Statistical Analysis

SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. All data were expressed as (mean ± standard deviation). The experiment was repeated three times.P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The differences between multiple groups were tested by one-way ANOVA and LSD method. Two independent sample T test was used for homogeneity of variance.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Effect of Curcumin on Survival Rate of Sepsis Model Rats

The survival rate of rats in each group was statistically analyzed. The rats in the model group showed low skin temperature, weakened muscle strength, watery stool, yellow color, and thick and rich stool. Curcumin gave remission. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the 7-day survival rate of sham operation group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that of model group. The survival rate of CLP + curcumin group was significantly higher than that of model group (Figure1), and with the increase of curcumin dose, the survival rate of rats increased.Figure 1
Survival curves of sepsis rats in different treatment groups (P<0.05 by log-rank test). Survival values were expressed as mean ± SD, and the statistical threshold of significance was P<0.05.


### 3.2. Curcumin Can Prevent Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Caused by Sepsis

The small intestine structure of Sham group was complete without edema ,and the morphology of villi was normal. In the model group, the intestinal tissue was disordered, interstitial edema, villi arrangement was disordered, and epithelial cells fell off. There is extensive neutrophil infiltration. The edema of the two groups treated with curcumin was significantly improved, with a small number of epithelial cells shedding and orderly arrangement of small intestinal villi (Figure2).Figure 2
Curcumin prevents sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to detect the intestinal tissue of the sham operation group, the model group, and the model + curcumin group.


### 3.3. Effect of Curcumin Treatment on Systemic Inflammatory Response after CLP-Induced Sepsis

Compared with Sham group, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum of model group were increased. Compared with the model group, serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were decreased in the low-dose and high-dose curcumin groups, presenting dose-dependent relationships (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). The detection results of serum citrulline expression showed that the serum citrulline content in the model group decreased, while the serum citrulline content increased after curcumin treatment (Figure 3(d)). Compared with Sham group, serum I-FABP and DAO activities of model group were increased. Compared with model group, the activities of I-FABP and DAO in serum of low-dose curcumin group were decreased. Compared with low-dose curcumin group, serum I-FABP and DAO activities were lower in high-dose curcumin group (Figures 3(e)–3(f)).Figure 3
Effects of curcumin treatment on systemic inflammatory responses after CLP-induced sepsis. (a) Detection of TNFa expression in serum. (b) Detection of IL-1β expression in serum. (c) Detection of IL-6 expression in serum. (d) Detection of citrulline expression in serum. (e) Detection of serum intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) expression. (f) Detection of diamine oxidase (DAO) expression in serum. ∗P<0.05,∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


### 3.4. Effect of Curcumin Treatment on Inflammatory Response in Ileum after CLP-Induced Sepsis

Compared with Sham group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ileum of model group were significantly increased. Compared with model group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in low-dose curcumin group were significantly decreased. Compared with low-dose curcumin group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ileum were lower in high-dose curcumin group (Figures 4(a)–4(c)).Figure 4
Effects of curcumin treatment on inflammatory responses in ileum tissue after CLP-induced sepsis. (a) Detection of TNFa expression in intestinal tissue. (b) Detection of IL-1β expression in intestinal tissue. (c) Detection of IL-6 expression in intestinal tissue. ∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)


### 3.5. Effects of Curcumin on mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 in Ileum of CLP-Induced Rats

Compared with Sham operation group, the mRNA levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue of model group were significantly decreased. Compared with the model group, the mRNA levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in the intestinal tissues of the curcumin group showed a significant upward trend (Figures5(a)–5(c)). Compared with sham operation group, the protein expressions of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue of model group were significantly decreased. Compared with the model group, after drug treatment, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissues increased significantly (Figure 5(d)).Figure 5
The effect of curcumin on the mRNA and protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 in CLP-induced rat ileum tissue. (a) qRT-PCR detection of ZO-1 expression level in rat ileum tissue. (b) qRT-PCR detection of occludin expression in rat ileum tissue. (c) qRT-PCR detection of claudin-1 expression in rat ileum tissue. (d) Western blot detection of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 protein levels.∗P<0.05,∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


### 3.6. Curcumin Inhibits NF-κB p65 Activation and Apoptosis by Regulating ERK/JNK Signaling Pathway

Compared with sham group, the expression levels of p-ERK/ERK in model group were decreased, while the expression levels of p-JNK, NF-KB p65, TNF-α, and Caspase 3 were upregulated. Compared with model group, the expression level of p-ERK/ERK in small intestine tissues of rats treated with curcumin was increased. In addition, curcumin treatment inhibited the expressions of p-JNK, NF-KB p65, TNF-α, and Caspase 3 (Figures 6(a)–6(b)).Figure 6
Curcumin prevented NF-κB p65 activation and apoptosis by regulating ERK/JNK signaling pathway. (a) Western blot analysis of ERK/JNK signaling pathway and NF-κB p65 in ileum tissue. (b) Statistical analysis results of western blot for each index in ileum tissue ∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)


## 3.1. Effect of Curcumin on Survival Rate of Sepsis Model Rats

The survival rate of rats in each group was statistically analyzed. The rats in the model group showed low skin temperature, weakened muscle strength, watery stool, yellow color, and thick and rich stool. Curcumin gave remission. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the 7-day survival rate of sham operation group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that of model group. The survival rate of CLP + curcumin group was significantly higher than that of model group (Figure1), and with the increase of curcumin dose, the survival rate of rats increased.Figure 1
Survival curves of sepsis rats in different treatment groups (P<0.05 by log-rank test). Survival values were expressed as mean ± SD, and the statistical threshold of significance was P<0.05.


## 3.2. Curcumin Can Prevent Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Caused by Sepsis

The small intestine structure of Sham group was complete without edema ,and the morphology of villi was normal. In the model group, the intestinal tissue was disordered, interstitial edema, villi arrangement was disordered, and epithelial cells fell off. There is extensive neutrophil infiltration. The edema of the two groups treated with curcumin was significantly improved, with a small number of epithelial cells shedding and orderly arrangement of small intestinal villi (Figure2).Figure 2
Curcumin prevents sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to detect the intestinal tissue of the sham operation group, the model group, and the model + curcumin group.


## 3.3. Effect of Curcumin Treatment on Systemic Inflammatory Response after CLP-Induced Sepsis

Compared with Sham group, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum of model group were increased. Compared with the model group, serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were decreased in the low-dose and high-dose curcumin groups, presenting dose-dependent relationships (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). The detection results of serum citrulline expression showed that the serum citrulline content in the model group decreased, while the serum citrulline content increased after curcumin treatment (Figure 3(d)). Compared with Sham group, serum I-FABP and DAO activities of model group were increased. Compared with model group, the activities of I-FABP and DAO in serum of low-dose curcumin group were decreased. Compared with low-dose curcumin group, serum I-FABP and DAO activities were lower in high-dose curcumin group (Figures 3(e)–3(f)).Figure 3
Effects of curcumin treatment on systemic inflammatory responses after CLP-induced sepsis. (a) Detection of TNFa expression in serum. (b) Detection of IL-1β expression in serum. (c) Detection of IL-6 expression in serum. (d) Detection of citrulline expression in serum. (e) Detection of serum intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) expression. (f) Detection of diamine oxidase (DAO) expression in serum. ∗P<0.05,∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)


## 3.4. Effect of Curcumin Treatment on Inflammatory Response in Ileum after CLP-Induced Sepsis

Compared with Sham group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ileum of model group were significantly increased. Compared with model group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in low-dose curcumin group were significantly decreased. Compared with low-dose curcumin group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ileum were lower in high-dose curcumin group (Figures 4(a)–4(c)).Figure 4
Effects of curcumin treatment on inflammatory responses in ileum tissue after CLP-induced sepsis. (a) Detection of TNFa expression in intestinal tissue. (b) Detection of IL-1β expression in intestinal tissue. (c) Detection of IL-6 expression in intestinal tissue. ∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)


## 3.5. Effects of Curcumin on mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 in Ileum of CLP-Induced Rats

Compared with Sham operation group, the mRNA levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue of model group were significantly decreased. Compared with the model group, the mRNA levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in the intestinal tissues of the curcumin group showed a significant upward trend (Figures5(a)–5(c)). Compared with sham operation group, the protein expressions of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue of model group were significantly decreased. Compared with the model group, after drug treatment, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissues increased significantly (Figure 5(d)).Figure 5
The effect of curcumin on the mRNA and protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 in CLP-induced rat ileum tissue. (a) qRT-PCR detection of ZO-1 expression level in rat ileum tissue. (b) qRT-PCR detection of occludin expression in rat ileum tissue. (c) qRT-PCR detection of claudin-1 expression in rat ileum tissue. (d) Western blot detection of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 protein levels.∗P<0.05,∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 3.6. Curcumin Inhibits NF-κB p65 Activation and Apoptosis by Regulating ERK/JNK Signaling Pathway

Compared with sham group, the expression levels of p-ERK/ERK in model group were decreased, while the expression levels of p-JNK, NF-KB p65, TNF-α, and Caspase 3 were upregulated. Compared with model group, the expression level of p-ERK/ERK in small intestine tissues of rats treated with curcumin was increased. In addition, curcumin treatment inhibited the expressions of p-JNK, NF-KB p65, TNF-α, and Caspase 3 (Figures 6(a)–6(b)).Figure 6
Curcumin prevented NF-κB p65 activation and apoptosis by regulating ERK/JNK signaling pathway. (a) Western blot analysis of ERK/JNK signaling pathway and NF-κB p65 in ileum tissue. (b) Statistical analysis results of western blot for each index in ileum tissue ∗∗P<0.01.
(a)(b)


## 4. Discussion

At present, much attention has been paid to the study of intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction and its prevention and treatment, and good achievements have been made [22]. In recent years, the emergence of fecal flora transplantation also provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of enteric-borne sepsis [23]. However, the research on sepsis-induced intestinal injury is still insufficient [24]. The mechanism of intestinal mucosal barrier injury is not fully understood. Clinically effective treatment schemes are not highlighted, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of enterogenic sepsis. Therefore, how to prevent and cure sepsis-induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury is still a major problem in clinical treatment of sepsis [25].Intestinal barrier mainly consists of mechanical barrier, biological barrier, chemical barrier, and immune barrier [26]. Among them, the structural basis of mechanical barrier is intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and intercellular connections. Tight junctions are the most important junctions between adjacent epithelial cells. Tight junctions are located at the apex between epithelial cells and are composed of a variety of proteins. Part of them are structural proteins, including occludin, claudin, and so on. The other part is functional protein, such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) [7]. It plays a role by linking cytoskeleton and membrane proteins through a domain. Tight junction protein is considered to be an important component in maintaining the structural integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier and plays a decisive role in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier function. Once tight junctions are lost or mutated, intercellular permeability will be significantly increased and intestinal barrier function will be damaged [27]. Clinical studies have found that inflammatory mediators, intestinal bacteria, and cytokines all lead to abnormal expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin. Thus, intestinal mucosal permeability is increased and intestinal barrier function is affected [28]. The decrease of tight junction protein is the most important marker of tight junction failure. Its expression level in epithelial cells can not only reflect the damage degree of intestinal barrier but also reflect the recovery degree of intestinal barrier [29]. This study showed that the protein expressions of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in sepsis model rats made by CLP method were significantly downregulated. It is suggested that sepsis destroys tight junction protein between intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in intestinal barrier dysfunction and increased intestinal wall permeability.Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, hyperemia, antiatherosclerosis, antitumor, and other effects [30, 31]. Memist et al. [32] found that the degree of degeneration and necrosis of liver, kidney, and small intestine in septic rats pretreated with curcumin was significantly reduced compared with that in untreated rats. It was confirmed that curcumin has a protective effect on septic organs. Curcumin can significantly reduce the contents of AST, ALT, TNF-α, and nitric oxide in serum of bacterial sepsis mice, suggesting that curcumin has a significant liver protective effect and improves the survival rate. Severe abdominal infection can significantly increase the expression levels of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) mRNA and HMGB1 protein in lung tissues of septic rats. Curcumin may downregulate the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissues of septic rats by inhibiting HMGB1. It can reduce neutrophil infiltration in lung tissue, reduce the degree of lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide, and improve the survival rate of sepsis rats. Ouyang et al. [33] also showed that curcumin can improve intestinal mucosal injury by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury. The results of this study confirmed that after curcumin treatment, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue of septic intestinal barrier injury rats were significantly increased. These results indicated that curcumin could enhance the expression of tight junction protein in intestinal tissue and improve the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells. Repair intestinal barrier damage caused by sepsis, which may be one of the possible mechanisms of curcumin improving intestinal barrier function in sepsis. Further mechanism studies showed that curcumin significantly reduced intestinal tissue injury index in septic animals. Curcumin can increase the expression of p-ERK protein by inhibiting apoptosis and further inhibited the expression of p-JNK and NF-κB proteins. Curcumin treatment also reduced the expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 in intestinal tissue, thus maintaining the intestinal barrier function and playing a protective role in septic intestinal injury in rats.Controlling inflammatory response is one of the key factors in the treatment of sepsis. Currently, common inflammatory factors include TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, etc. [34]. TNF-α can cause metabolic stress response in the body and lead to the increase in the content of metabolites and the synthesis of local inflammatory mediators. At the same time, IL-6 also promotes the production and expression of inflammatory substances such as matrix metalloproteinase family proteins and prostaglandins in tissues, thus accelerating the inflammatory response process. In this study, compared with model group, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, serum enteric fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), and DAO in curcumin group were significantly decreased. It shows that curcumin can effectively reduce the inflammatory response of the body. At the same time, inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators and effectively protect the damage of inflammatory mediators to intestinal tissue.Curcumin can reduce the excessive inflammatory factors in serum of rats with enterogenic sepsis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a kind of molecule that brings extracellular stimulation signal into the cell and amplifies it by cascade. Its family members are widely involved in the pathological process of sepsis. MAPK signaling pathway is one of the important pathways involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and formation of proinflammatory responses in sepsis. The MAPK signaling pathway consists of silk/threonine protein kinases and consists of three independent family members with different isoforms. These are ERK, P38, and JNK. When cells are stimulated by LPS, TLR4 signaling pathway is triggered, which activates three members of MAPK signaling pathway, resulting in phosphorylation [35]. In this study, curcumin inhibited NF-κB p65 activation and apoptosis by regulating ERK/JNK signaling pathway. Curcumin also improved intestinal epithelial barrier integrity by upregulating ZO-1/occludin/claudin-1. However, the sample size involved in this study was small, and the possible mechanism of curcumin alleviating intestinal tissue damage in rats with enterogenic sepsis was only preliminarily discussed in this study, and the specific mechanism will be further verified in subsequent experiments.



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*Source: 2884522-2022-06-07.xml*