# Conformal Mapping of Unbounded Multiply Connected Regions onto Canonical Slit Regions

Authors: Arif A. M. Yunus; Ali H. M. Murid; Mohamed M. S. Nasser
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2012)

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## Abstract

We present a boundary integral equation method for conformal mapping of unbounded multiply connected regions onto five types of canonical slit regions. For each canonical region, three linear boundary integral equations are constructed from a boundary relationship satisfied by an analytic function on an unbounded multiply connected region. The integral equations are uniquely solvable. The kernels involved in these integral equations are the modified Neumann kernels and the adjoint generalized Neumann kernels.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In this paper, we present a new method for numerical conformal mapping of unbounded multiply connected regions onto five types of canonical slit regions. A canonical region in conformal mapping is known as a set of finitely connected regionsS such that each finitely connected nondegenerate region is conformally equivalent to a region in S. With regard to conformal mapping of multiply connected regions, there are several types of canonical regions as listed in [1–4]. The five types of canonical slit regions are disk with concentric circular slits Ud, annulus with concentric circular slits Ua, circular slit regions Uc, radial slit regions Ur, and parallel slit regions Up. One major setback in conformal mapping is that only for certain regions exact conformal maps are known. One way to deal with this limitation is by numerical computation. Trefethen [5] has discussed several methods for computing conformal mapping numerically. Amano [6] and DeLillo et al. [7] have successfully map unbounded regions onto circular and radial slit regions. Boundary integral equation related to a boundary relationship satisfied by a function which is analytic in a simply or doubly connected region bounded by closed smooth Jordan curves has been given by Murid [8] and Murid and Razali [9]. Special realizations of this integral equation are the integral equations related to the Szegö kernel, Bergmann kernel, Riemann map, and Ahlfors map. The kernels arise in these integral equations are the Neumann kernel and the Kerzman-Stein kernel. Murid and Hu [10] managed to construct a boundary integral equation for numerical conformal mapping of a bounded multiply connected region onto a unit disk with slits. However, the integral equation involves unknown radii which lead to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations upon discretization of the integral equation. Nasser [11–13] produced another technique for numerical conformal mapping of bounded and unbounded multiply connected regions by expressing the mapping function in terms of the solution of a uniquely solvable Riemann-Hilbert problem. This uniquely solvable Riemann Hilbert problem can be solved by means of boundary integral equation with the generalized Neumann kernel. Recently, Sangawi et al. [14–17] have constructed new linear boundary integral equations for conformal mapping of bounded multiply region onto canonical slit regions, which improves the work of Murid and Hu [10] where in [10], the system of algebraic equations are nonlinear. In this paper, we extend the work of [14–17] for numerical conformal mapping of unbounded multiply connected regions onto all five types of canonical slit regions. These boundary integral equations are constructed from a boundary relationship satisfied by an analytic function on an unbounded multiply connected region.The plan of this paper is as follows: Section2 presents some auxiliary material. Section 3 presents a boundary integral equation related to a boundary relationship. In Sections 4–8, we present the derivations for numerical conformal mapping for all five types of canonical regions. In Section 9, we give some examples to illustrate the effectiveness of our method. Finally, Section 10 presents a short conclusion.


## 2. Auxiliary Material

LetΩ- be an unbounded multiply connected region of connectivity m. The boundary Γ consists of m smooth Jordan curves Γj, j=1,2,…,m and will be denoted by Γ=Γ1∪Γ2∪⋯∪Γm. The boundaries Γj are assumed in clockwise orientation (see Figure 1). The curve Γj is parameterized by 2π-periodic twice continuously differentiable complex function ηj(t) with nonvanishing first derivative, that is,
(2.1)ηj′(t)=dηj(t)dt≠0,t∈Jj=[0,2π],k=1,…,m.
The total parameter domain J is the disjoint union of m intervals J1,…,Jm. We define a parameterization η of the whole boundary Γ on J by
(2.2)η(t)={η1(t),t∈J1=[0,2π],⋮ηm(t),t∈Jm=[0,2π].Figure 1
An unbounded multiply connected regionΩ- with connectivity m.LetΦ(z) be the conformal mapping function that maps Ω- onto U-, where U- represents any canonical region mentioned above, z1 is a prescribed point located inside Γ1, zm is a prescribed point inside Γm and β is a prescribed point located in Ω-. In this paper, we determine the mapping function Φ(z) by computing the derivatives of the mapping function Φ'(η(t)) and two real functions on J, that is, the unknown function φ(t) and a piecewise constant real function R(t). Let H be the space of all real Hölder continuous 2π-periodic functions and S be the subspace of H which contains the piecewise real constant functions R(t). The piecewise real constant function R(t) can be written as
(2.3)R(t)={R1,t∈J1=[0,2π],⋮Rm,t∈Jm=[0,2π],
briefly written as R(t)=(R1,…,Rm). Let A(t) be a complex continuously differentiable 2π-periodic function for all t∈J. We define two real kernels formed with A as [18]
(2.4)N(s,t)=1πIm(A(s)A(t)η'(t)η(t)-η(s)),M(s,t)=1πRe(A(s)A(t)η′(t)η(t)-η(s)).
The kernel N(s,t) is known as the generalized Neumann kernel formed with complex-valued functions A and η. The kernel N(s,t) is continuous with
(2.5)N(t,t)=1πIm(η′′(t)η′(t)-A′(t)A(t)).
The kernel M(s,t) has a cotangent singularity
(2.6)M(s,t)=-12πcots-t2+M1(s,t),
where the kernel M1(s,t) is continuous with
(2.7)M1(t,t)=1πRe(12πη′′(t)η′(t)-A′(t)A(t)).
The adjoint function A~ of A is defined by
(2.8)A~=η′(t)A(t).
The generalized Neumann kernel N~(s,t) and the real kernel M~ formed with A~ are defined by
(2.9)N~(s,t)=1πIm(A~(s)A~(t)η′(t)η(t)-η(s)),M~(s,t)=1πRe(A~(s)A~(t)η′(t)η(t)-η(s)).
Then,
(2.10)N~(s,t)=-N*(s,t),M~(s,t)=-M*(s,t),
where N*(s,t)=N(t,s) is the adjoint kernel of the generalized Neumann kernel N(s,t). We define the Fredholm integral operators N* by
(2.11)N*υ(t)=∫JN*(t,s)υ(s)ds,t∈J.
Integral operators M*, N~, and M~ are defined in a similar way. Throughout this paper, we will assume the functions A and A~ are given by
(2.12)A(t)=1,A~(t)=η′(t).
It is known that λ=1 is not an eigenvalue of the kernel N and λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of the kernel N with multiplicity m [18]. The eigenfunctions of N corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=-1 are {χ[1],χ[2],…,χ[m]}, where
(2.13)χ[j](ξ)={1,ξ∈Γj,0,otherwise.j=1,2,…,m.
We also define an integral operator J by (see [14])
(2.14)Jμ(s)∶=∫J12π∑j=0mχ[j](s)χ[j](t)μ(t)dt.
The following theorem gives us a method for calculating the piecewise constant real function h(t) in connection with conformal mapping later. This theorem can be proved by using the approach as in [19, Theorem  5].Theorem 2.1.
Leti=-1, γ, μ∈H and h∈S such that
(2.15)Af=γ+h+iμ
are the boundary values of a function f(z) analytic in Ω-. Then the function h=(h1,h2,…,hm) has each element given by
(2.16)hj=(γ,ρ[j])=12π∫Γγ(t)ρ[t]dt,
where ρ[t] is the unique solution of the integral equation
(2.17)(I+N*+J)ρ[j]=-χ[j],j=1,2,…,m.


## 3. The Homogeneous BoundaryRelationship

Suppose we are given a functionD(z) which is analytic in Ω-, continuous on Ω-∪Γ, Hölder continuous on Γ and D(∞) is finite. The boundary Γj is assumed to be a smooth Jordan curve. The unit tangent to Γ at the point η(t)∈Γ will be denoted by T(η(t))=η′(t)/|η′(t)|. Suppose further that D(η(t)) satisfies the exterior homogeneous boundary relationship
(3.1)D(η(t))=c(t)T(η(t))¯2D(η(t))¯P(η(t))¯,
where c(t) and P are complex-valued functions with the following properties: (1)
P(z) is analytic in Ω- and does not have zeroes on Ω-∪Γ,(2)
P(∞)≠0, D(∞) is finite,(3)
c(t)≠0, P(η(t))≠0. Note that the boundary relationship (3.1) also has the following equivalent form:
(3.2)P(η(t))=c(t)¯T(η(t))2D(η(t))2|D(η(t))|2.
Under these assumptions, an integral equation for D(η(t)) can be constructed by means of the following theorem.Theorem 3.1.
If the functionD(η(t)) satisfies the exterior homogeneous boundary relationship (3.1), then
(3.3)ϕ(t)+∫JK(s,t)ϕ(s)ds=ν(t),
where
(3.4)ϕ(t)=D(η(t))η′(t),K(s,t)=12πi[η′(t)η(t)-η(s)-c(t)c(s)η'(t)¯(η(t)¯-η(s)¯)],ν(t)=D(∞)η′(t)+c(t)η′(t)¯D(∞)¯P(∞)¯.Proof.
Consider the integralI1(η(t)),
(3.5)I1(η(t))=12πi∫JD(η(s))η(s)-η(t)ds.
Since the boundary is in clockwise orientation and D is analytic in Ω-, then by [20, p. 2] we have
(3.6)I1(η(t))=D(η(t))2-D(∞).
Now, let the integral I2(η(t)) be defined as
(3.7)I2(η(t))=12πi∫Jc(t)T(η(t))¯2D(η(s))c(s)(η(s)-η(t)¯)T(η(s))¯|ds|.
Using the boundary relationship (3.1) and the fact that T(η(t))¯|dt|=dt and P(η(t)) does not contain zeroes, then by [20, p. 2] we obtain
(3.8)I2(η(t))=-c(t)T(η(t))¯2D(η(t))¯P(η(t))¯+c(t)T(η(t))¯2D(∞)¯P(∞)¯.
Next, by taking I2(η(t))-I1(η(t)) with further arrangement yields
(3.9)D(η(t))+12πi∫J[1η(t)-η(s)-c(t)c(s)T(η(t))¯2η(t)-η(s)¯]D(η(s))|ds|=D(∞)+c(t)T(η)¯2D(∞)¯P(∞)¯.
Then multiplying (3.9) with T(η(t)) and |η′(t)|, subsequently yields (3.3).Theorem 3.2.
The kernelK(s,t) is continuous with
(3.10)K(t,t)=12πImη′′(t)η′(t)-12πic′(t)c(t).Proof.
Let the kernelK(s,t) be written as
(3.11)K(s,t)=K1(s,t)+K2(s,t),
where
(3.12)K1(s,t)=12πi[η′(t)η(t)-η(s)-η′(t)¯η(t)-η(s)¯],K2(s,t)=12πi[-c(t)c(s)η'(t)¯η(t)-η(s)¯+η′(t)¯η(t)-η(s)¯]=12πiη′(t)¯c(s)[c(s)-c(t)η(t)-η(s)¯].
Notice that K1(s,t) is the classical Neumann kernel with K1(t,t)=1/(2π)Im((η′′(t))/(η′(t))). Now for K2(s,t), as we take the limit s→t we have,
(3.13)K2(t,t)=12πilims→tη′(t)¯c(s)lims→t[c(s)-c(t)η(t)-η(s)¯]=-12πic′(t)c(t).
Hence, by combining K1(t,t) and K2(t,t), we obtain
(3.14)K(t,t)=12π(Imη′′(t)η′(t)-1ic'(t)c(t)).Note that whenc(t)=1, the kernel K(s,t) reduces to the classical Neumann kernel.We define the Fredholm integral operatorK by
(3.15)Kυ(t)=12πi∫JK(s,t)υ(s)ds,t∈J.
Hence, (3.3) becomes
(3.16)(I+K)ϕ(t)=ν(t).
The solvability of the integral equation (3.16) depends on the possibility of λ=-1 being an eigenvalue of the kernel K(s,t). For the numerical examples considered in this paper, λ=-1 is always an eigenvalue of the kernel K(s,t). Although there is no theoretical proof yet, numerical evidence suggests that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t). If the multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ=-1 is m^, then one need to add m^ conditions to the integral equation to ensure the integral equation is uniquely solvable.


## 4. Exterior Unit Disk with Circular Slits

The canonical regionUd is the exterior unit disk along with m-1 arcs of circles. We assume that w=Φ(z) maps the curve Γ1 onto the unit circle |w|=1, the curve Γj, where j=2,3,…,m, onto circular slit on the circle |w|=Rj, where R2,R3,…,Rm are unknown real constants. The circular slits are traversed twice. The boundary values of the mapping function Φ are given by
(4.1)Φ(η(t))=R(t)eiθ(t),
where θ(t) represents the boundary correspondence function and R(t)=(1,R2,…,Rm). By differentiating (4.1) with respect to t and dividing the result obtained by its modulus, we have
(4.2)Φ′(η(t))η′(t)|Φ′(η(t))η′(t)|=isign(θ′(t))eiθ(t).
Using the fact that unit tangent T(η(t))=η'(t)/|η'(t)| and eiθ(t)=Φ(η(t))/R(t), it can be shown that
(4.3)Φ(η(t))=sign(θ′(t))R(t)iT(η(t))Φ'(η(t))|Φ'(η(t))|.
Boundary relationship (4.3) is useful for computing the boundary values of Φ(z) provided θ′(t),R(t), and Φ'(η(t)) are all known. By taking logarithmic derivative on (4.1), we obtain
(4.4)η′(t)Φ′(η(t))Φ(η(t))=iθ′(t).
The mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by assuming
(4.5)Φ(∞)=∞,c=Φ′(∞)=limz→∞Φ(z)z>0.
Thus, the mapping function can be expressed as [12]
(4.6)Φ(z)=c(z-z1)eF(z),
where F(z) is an analytic function and F(∞)=0. By taking logarithm on both sides of (4.6), we obtain
(4.7)F(η(t))=lnR(t)c+iθ-log(η(t)-z1).
Hence (4.7) satisfies boundary values (2.15) in Theorem 2.1 with A(t)=1,
(4.8)h(t)=(ln1c,lnR2c,…,lnRmc),γ(t)=-ln|η(t)-z1|.
Hence, the values of Rj can be calculated by
(4.9)Rj=ehj-h1forj=1,2,…,m.
To find θ'(t), we began by differentiating (4.7) and comparing with (4.4) which yields
(4.10)iθ′(t)=F'(η(t))η'(t)-η'(t)η(t)-z1.
In view of A~=η'(t) and letting f(z)=F'(z)-1/(z-z1), where f(z) is analytic function in Ω-, (4.10) becomes
(4.11)A~f(η(t))=iθ'(t).
By [18, Theorem 2(c)], we obtain (I-N~)θ'=0 which implies
(4.12)(I+N*)θ′=0.
However, this integral equation is not uniquely solvable according to [18, Theorem  12]. To overcome this, since the image of the curve Γ1 is clockwise oriented and the images of the curves Γj,j=2,3,…,m are slits so we have θ1(2π)-θ1(0)=-2π and θj(2π)-θj(0)=0, which implies
(4.13)Jθ′(t)=h~(t)=(-1,0,…,0).
By adding this condition to (4.12), the unknown function θ′(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(4.14)(I+N*+J)θ'(t)=h~(t).
Next, the presence of sign(θ'(t)) in (4.3) can be eliminated by squaring both sides of (4.3), that is,
(4.15)Φ(η(t))2=-R(t)2T(η(t))2Φ′(η(t))2|Φ′(η(t))|2.
Upon comparing (4.15) with (3.2), this leads to a choice of P(η(t))=Φ(η(t))2, P(∞)=∞, D(η(t))=Φ'(η(t)), D(∞)=c, c(t)=-R(t)2. Hence,
(4.16)ϕ(t)=Φ′(η(t))η′(t)
satisfies the integral equation (3.16) with
(4.17)ν(t)=Φ′(∞)η′(t).
Numerical evidence shows that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t) of multiplicity m, which means one needs to add m conditions. Since Φ(z) is assumed to be single-valued, it is also required that the unknown mapping function Φ'(z) satisfies [4]
(4.18)∫Jjϕ(t)dt=∫ΓjΦ'(η)dη=0,j=1,2,…,m,
that is,
(4.19)Jϕ=0.
Then, ϕ(t) is the unique solution of the following integral equation
(4.20)(I+K+J)ϕ(t)=ν(t).
By obtaining ϕ(t), the derivatives of the mapping function, Φ'(t) can be found using
(4.21)Φ′(t)=ϕ(t)η′(t).
By obtaining the values of R(t), θ'(t) and Φ'(η(t)), the boundary value of Φ(η(t)) can be calculated by using (4.3).


## 5. Annulus with Circular Slits

The canonical regionUa consists of an annulus centered at the origin together with m-2 circular arcs. We assume that Φ(z) maps the curve Γ1 onto the unit circle |Φ|=1, the curve Γm onto the circle |Φ|=Rm and Γj onto circular slit |Φ|=Rj, where j=2,3,…,m-1. The slit are traversed twice. The boundary values of the mapping function Φ are given by
(5.1)Φ(η(t))=R(t)eiθ(t),
where θ(t) represents the boundary correspondence function and R(t)=(1,R2,…,Rm) is a piecewise real constant function. By using the same reasoning as in Section 4, we get
(5.2)Φ(ηj(t))=sign(θ′(t))Rj(t)iT(ηj(t))Φ'(ηj(t))|Φ'(ηj(t))|,(5.3)η′(t)Φ′(η(t))Φ(η(t))=iθ′(t).
The mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by assuming c=Φ(∞)>0. Thus, the mapping function can be expressed as [12]
(5.4)Φ(z)=cz-zmz-z1eF(z).
By taking logarithm on both sides of (5.4), we obtain
(5.5)F(η(t))=lnR(t)c+iθ-logη(t)-zmη(t)-z1.
Hence, (5.5) satisfies boundary values (2.15) in Theorem 2.1 with A(t)=1,
(5.6)h(t)=(ln1c,lnR2c,…,lnRmc),γ(t)=-ln|η(t)-zmη(t)-z1|.
By obtaining hj, the values of Rj can be computed by
(5.7)Rj=ehj-h1,j=2,3,…,m.
By differentiating (5.5) and comparing with (5.3) yields
(5.8)iθ′(t)=F′(η(t))η′(t)+η′(t)η(t)-zm-η′(t)η(t)-z1.
In view of A~=η'(t) and f(η(t))=F'(η(t))+1/(η(t)-zm)-1/(η(t)-z1), where f(z) is analytic in Ω-, (5.8) is equivalent to
(5.9)A~f(η(t))=iθ′(t).
By [18, Theorem 2(c)], we obtain
(5.10)(I+N*)θ′(t)=0.
Note that the image of the curve Γ1 is counterclockwise oriented, Γm is clockwise oriented and the images of the curves Γj,j=2,3,…,m-1 are slits so we have θ1(2π)-θ1(0)=2π, θm(2π)-θm(0)=-2π and θj(2π)-θj(0)=0, which implies
(5.11)Jθ′(t)=h~(t)=(1,0,…,-1).
Hence, the unknown function θ'(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(5.12)(I+N*+J)θ′(t)=h~(t).
Next, the presence of sign(θ'(t)) in (5.2) can be eliminated by squaring both sides of the equation, that is,
(5.13)Φ(η(t))2=-R(t)2T(η(t))2Φ′(η(t))2|Φ′(η(t))|2.
Comparing (5.13) with (3.2) leads to a choice of P(η(t))=Φ(η(t))2, P(∞)=c2, D(η(t))=Φ'(η(t)), D(∞)=0, c(t)=-R(t)2. Hence,
(5.14)ϕ(t)=Φ′(η(t))η′(t)
satisfies the integral equation (3.16) with
(5.15)ν(t)=(0,…,0).
Numerical evidence shows that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t) of multiplicity m+1, which implies one needs to add m+1 conditions. Since Φ(z) is assumed to be single-valued, hence it is also required that the unknown mapping function Φ'(z) satisfies [4]
(5.16)∫Jjϕ(s)ds=∫ΓjΦ′(η)dη=0,j=1,2,…,m,
that is,
(5.17)Jϕ=0.
Since we assume the mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by c=Φ(∞)>0, hence by [20]
(5.18)Φ(∞)=c=12π∫Jη′(t)θ′(t)(η-z1)ϕ(t)dt.
If we define the Fredholm operator G as
(5.19)Gμ(s)=12π∫Jη'(t)θ′(t)(η-z1)μ(t)dt,
then ϕ(t) is the unique solution of the following integral equation:
(5.20)(I+K+J+G)ϕ(t)=c.
By obtaining ϕ(η(t)), the derivatives of the mapping function, Φ'(t) can be obtained by
(5.21)Φ′(t)=ϕ(η(t))η′(t).


## 6. Circular Slits

The canonical regionUc consists of m slits along the circle |Φ|=Rj where j=1,2,…,m and R1,R2,…,Rm are unknown real constants. The boundary values of the mapping function Φ are given by
(6.1)Φ(η(t))=R(t)eiθ(t),
where θ(t) represents the boundary correspondence function and R(t)=(1,R2,…,Rm). By using the same reasoning as in Section 4, we get
(6.2)Φ(ηj(t))=sign(θ′(t))Rj(t)iT(ηj(t))Φ′(ηj(t))|Φ′(ηj(t))|,(6.3)η′(t)Φ′(η(t))Φ(η(t))=iθ′(t).
The mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by assuming Φ(β)=0, Φ(∞)=∞ and Φ'(∞)=1. Thus, the mapping function Φ can be expressed as [12]
(6.4)Φ(z)=(z-β)eF(z).
By taking logarithm on both sides of (6.4), we obtain
(6.5)F(η(t))=lnR(t)+iθ-log(η(t)-β).
Hence, (6.5) satisfies boundary values in Theorem 2.1 with A(t)=1,
(6.6)h(t)=(lnR1,lnR2,…,lnRm),γ(t)=-ln|η(t)-β|.
By obtaining hj, the values of Rj can be obtained by
(6.7)Rj=ehj.
By differentiating (6.5) and comparing with (6.3) yields
(6.8)iθ′(t)=F'(η(t))η′(t)+η′(t)η(t)-β.
In view of A~=η'(t), f(t)=F'(η(t)) and g(t)=1/(η(t)-β) where f(z) is analytic in Ω- and g(z) is analytic in Ω+, we rewrite (6.8) as
(6.9)A~f(η(t))=iθ′(t)-A~g(η(t)).
Let A~g(t)=ψ+iφ. Then by [18, Theorems 2(c) and 2(d)], we obtain
(6.10)(I+N*)(θ′(t)-φ(t))=M~ψ(t),(6.11)(I-N*)φ(t)=M~ψ(t).
Subtracting (6.11) from (6.10), we get
(6.12)(I+N*)θ′(t)=2φ(t).
Since the images of the curve Γ1,Γ2,…,Γm are slits, we have θj(2π)-θj(0)=0. Thus
(6.13)Jθ′(t)=(0,0,…,0).
Hence the unknown function θ'(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(6.14)(I+N*+J)θ′(t)=2φ(t),
where
(6.15)φ(t)=Im[A~(t)g(η(t))]=Im[η′(t)η(t)-β].
By squaring both sides of (6.2) and dividing the result by (η(t)-β)2, we obtain
(6.16)Φ(η(t))2(η(t)-β)2=-R(t)2(η(t)-β)2T(η(t))2Φ′(η(t))2|Φ′(η(t))|2.
Upon comparing (6.16) with (3.2) leads to a choice of P(η(t))=Φ(η(t))2/(η(t)-β)2, P(∞)=1, D(η(t))=Φ'(η(t)), D(∞)=1, c(t)=-R(t)2/(η(t)-β¯2). Hence,
(6.17)ϕ(t)=Φ′(η(t))η′(t)
satisfies the integral equation (3.16) with
(6.18)ν(t)=-R(t)2(η(t)-β)2¯η′(t)¯+η′(t).
Numerical evidence shows that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t) of multiplicity m, thus one needs to add m conditions. Since Φ(z) is assumed to be single-valued, it is also required that the unknown mapping function Φ'(z) satisfies [4]
(6.19)∫Jjϕ(t)dt=∫ΓjΦ′(η)dη=0,j=1,2,…,m,
that is,
(6.20)Jϕ=0.
Then, ϕ(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(6.21)(I+K+J)ϕ(t)=ν(t).
By obtaining ϕ(η(t)), the derivatives of the mapping function, Φ'(t) can be obtained by
(6.22)Φ'(t)=ϕ(η(t))η′(t).


## 7. Radial Slits

The canonical regionUr consists of m slits along m segments of the rays with arg(Φ)=θj,j=1,2,…,m. Then, the boundary values of the mapping function Φ are given by
(7.1)Φ(η(t))=r(t)eiθ(t)=eR(t)eiθ(t),
where the boundary correspondence function θ(t)=(θ1,θ2,…,θm) now becomes real constant function and R(t) is an unknown function. By taking logarithmic derivative on (7.1), we obtain
(7.2)η'(t)Φ′(η(t))Φ(η(t))=R′(t).
It can be shown that the mapping function Φ(z) can be determined using
(7.3)Φ(η(t))=η′(t)Φ′(η(t))R′(t).
The mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by assuming Φ(β)=0, Φ(∞)=∞ and Φ'(∞)=1. Thus, the mapping function Φ(z) can be expressed as [12]
(7.4)Φ(z)=(z-β)eiF(z).
By taking logarithm on both sides of (7.4) and multiplying the result by -i, we obtain
(7.5)F(η(t))=θ-iR(t)+ilog(η(t)-β).
Hence, (7.5) satisfies boundary values in Theorem 2.1 with A(t)=1,
(7.6)h(t)=(θ1,θ2,…,θm),γ(t)=-Arg(η(t)-β).
By obtaining h(t), one can obtain the values of θ(t) by
(7.7)θj=hjforj=1,2,…,m.
Then, by differentiating (7.5) and comparing with (7.2) yields
(7.8)iR′(t)=-F′(η(t))η′(t)+iη′(t)η(t)-β.
In view of A~=η'(t), f(t)=F'(η(t)) and g(t)=i/(η(t)-β) where f(z) is analytic in Ω- and g(z) is analytic in Ω+, we rewrite (7.8) as
(7.9)A~f(η(t))=iR'(t)-A~g(η(t)).
Let A~g(t)=ψ+iφ. Then by [18, Theorems 2(c) and 2(d)], we obtain
(7.10)(I+N*)(φ(t)-R′(t))=-M~ψ(t),(I-N*)φ(t)=M~ψ(t).
Adding these equations, we get
(7.11)(I+N*)R′(t)=2φ(t).
Since the images of the curve Γ1,Γ2,…,Γm are slits, we have Rj(2π)-Rj(0)=0. Therefore
(7.12)JR′(t)=(0,0,…,0).
Hence, the unknown function R'(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(7.13)(I+N*+J)R′(t)=2φ(t),
where
(7.14)φ(t)=Im[A~(t)g(η(t))]=Im[iη′(t)η(t)-β].
The boundary relationship (7.3) can be rewritten as
(7.15)Φ′(η(t))=±eiθjT(η(t))¯|Φ′(η(t))|.
Squaring both sides of (7.15) yields
(7.16)Φ′(η(t))=e2iθjT(η(t))2Φ′(η(t))¯.
Upon comparing (7.16) with (3.1) leads to a choice of P(η(t))=1, P(∞)=1, D(η(t))=Φ'(η(t)), D(∞)=1, c(t)=ei2θj. Hence,
(7.17)ϕ(t)=Φ′(η(t))η′(t)
satisfies the integral equation (3.16) with
(7.18)ν(t)=e2iθj(t)η′(t)¯+η′(t).
Numerical evidence shows that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t) of multiplicity m, which suggests one needs to add m conditions. Since Φ(z) is assumed to be single-valued, hence it is also required that the unknown mapping function Φ'(z) satisfies [4]
(7.19)∫Jjϕ(t)dt=∫ΓjΦ′(η)dη=0,j=1,2,…,m,
that is,
(7.20)Jϕ=0.
Then, ϕ(t) is the solution of the following integral equation
(7.21)(I+K+J)ϕ(t)=ν(t).
By obtaining ϕ(η(t)), the derivatives of the mapping function Φ'(t) can be found using
(7.22)Φ′(t)=ϕ(η(t))η′(t).


## 8. Parallel Slits

The canonical regionUp consists of a m parallel straight slits on the w-plane. Let B=ei(π/2-θ), then the boundary values of the mapping function Φ are given by
(8.1)BΦ(η(t))=R(t)+iδ(t),
where θ is the angle of intersection between the lines Re[BΦ]=Rj and the real axis. R(t)=(R1(t),R2(t),…,RM(t)) is a piecewise real constant function and δ(t) is an unknown function. It can be shown that (8.1) can be written as
(8.2)BΦ′(η(t))η′(t)=iδ′(t).
The mapping function Φ(z) can be uniquely determined by assuming Φ(∞)=∞ and limz→∞Φ(z)-z=0. Thus, the mapping function Φ can be expressed as [12]
(8.3)Φ(z)=z+B¯F(z),
where F(z) is an analytic function with F(∞)=0. By multiplying both sides of (8.3) with B, we obtain
(8.4)F(η(t))=BΦ(η(t))-Bη(t).
Hence, (8.4) satisfies the boundary values in Theorem 2.1 with A(t)=1,
(8.5)h(t)=(R1,R2,…,Rm)γ(t)=-Bη(t).
Differentiating (8.4) and comparing the result with (8.2) yield
(8.6)iδ′(t)=Bη′(t)+η′(t)F′(η(t)).
In view of A~=η'(t), f(t)=F'(η(t)) and g(t)=B, where f(z) is analytic in Ω- and g(z) is analytic in Ω+, we rewrite (8.6) as
(8.7)A~f(η(t))=iδ′(t)-A~g(η(t)).
Assuming A~g(t)=ψ+iφ, then by [18, Theorems 2(c) and 2(d)], we obtain
(8.8)(I+N*)(δ′(t)-φ(t))=M~ψ(t),(I-N*)φ(t)=M~ψ(t).
These two equations yields
(8.9)(I+N*)δ′(t)=2φ(t).
Note that, the images of the curves Γ1,Γ2,…,Γm are slits, so we have δj(2π)-δj(0)=0, which implies
(8.10)Jδ′(t)=(0,0,…,0).
Hence, the unknown function δ′(t) is the unique solution of the integral equation
(8.11)(I+N*+J)δ′(t)=2φ(t),
where
(8.12)φ(t)=Im[A~(t)g(η(t))]=Im[η′(t)B].
From (8.1), we introduce an analytic function ϑ(η(t)) such that
(8.13)ϑ(η(t))=eF(z)=e-Bη(t)eR(t)+iδ(t),
where ϑ(∞)=1. By differentiating (8.13) with respect to t, we obtain
(8.14)ϑ′(η(t))η′(t)=(iδ′(t)-Bη′(t))ϑ(η(t)).
Let σ(t) be an analytic function such that it has the following representation
(8.15)σ(η(t))=ϑ′(η(t))+Bϑ(η(t)),
where σ(∞)=B. From (8.13)–(8.15) it can be shown that, the function ϑ(η(t)) can be rewritten as
(8.16)ϑ(η(t))=eRje(-Re[Bη(t)])sign(δ′(t))iT(η(t))σ(η(t))|σ(η(t))|.
By squaring both sides of (8.16), the sign δ'(t) is eliminated, that is,
(8.17)ϑ(η(t))2=-e2Rje(-2Re[Bη(t)])T(η(t))2σ(η(t))2|σ(η(t))|2.
Comparing (8.17) with (3.2) leads to a choice of P(z)=ϑ(z)2, P(∞)=1, D(z)=σ(z), D(∞)=B, c(t)=-e2Rje(-2Re[Bη(t)]). Hence,
(8.18)ϕ(t)=σ(η(t))η′(t)
satisfies the integral equation (3.16) with
(8.19)ν(t)=-e2Rje(-2Re[Bη(t)])η'(t)B¯+Bη'(t).
Numerical evidence shows that λ=-1 is an eigenvalue of K(s,t) of multiplicity m, which suggests one needs to add m conditions. Since eBηj(t)ϑ(ηj(t))|02π=0, hence we can have m additional conditions for the integral equation above as in the following:
(8.20)∫Jjddt(eBηj(t)ϑj(ηj(t)))dt=0,∫02πeBηj(t)(ϑj′(ηj(t))+Bϑ(ηj(t)))η′(t)dt=0,∫02πeBηj(t)(σ(ηj(t)))η'(t)dt=0,∫02πeBηj(t)ϕ(ηj(t))dt=0,q=1,2,…,m.
We define Fredholm operator L as
(8.21)Lμ(s)=∫JjeBηj(t)μ(t)dt.
Then, ϕ(t) is the solution of the following integral equation:
(8.22)(I+K+L)ϕ(t)=ν(t).
Hence, by obtaining ϕ(η(t)), the function σ(t) can be found by
(8.23)σ(t)=ϕ(η(t))η′(t).
This allows the value for ϑ(η(t)) to be calculated from (8.16), which in turn allows the boundary values for the mapping function Φ(η(t)) to be calculated by
(8.24)Φ(η(t))=η(t)+B¯logϑ(η(t)).


## 9. Numerical Examples

Since the boundariesΓj are parameterized by η(t) which are 2π-periodic functions, the reliable method to solve the integral equations are by means of Nyström method with trapezoidal rule [21]. Each boundary will be discretized by n number of equidistant points. The resulting linear systems are then solved by using Gaussian elimination. For numerical examples, we choose regions with connectivities one, two, three and four. For the region with connectivity one, we compare our result with the analytic solution given in [12]. All the computations were done by using MATLAB R2008a software.Example 9.1.
Consider an unbounded regionΩ- bounded by a unit circle
(9.1)Γ1(t)=e-it,(0≤t≤2π).
We choose the special point β=2.5+1.5i. The exact mapping function for Uc,Ur, and Up are given respectively by [12]
(9.2)wc=z-β+β-z1-β¯z,wr=z-β-z-ββ¯z,wp=z+e2iθz.
For this example, we compare the error for each boundary value between our method and the exact mapping function. See Table 1 for Error Norm of ||wj-w^j||∞.Table 1
Error norm∥wj-w^j∥∞ for Example 9.1.
n
U
c
U
r
U
p
,
π
/
3
32
6
.
2
×
10
-
12
4
.
6
×
10
-
14
8
.
8
×
10
-
16
64
9
.
1
×
10
-
14
9
.
6
×
10
-
15
—Example 9.2.
Consider an unbounded regionΩ- bounded by a circle and an ellipse
(9.3)Γ1(t)=2+i+e-it,(0≤t≤2π),Γ2(t)=-2+cost-2isint,(0≤t≤2π).
Figure2 shows the region and its five canonical images by using our proposed method.Figure 2
The original regionΩ- and its canonical images with θp=π/3 for parallel slits.Example 9.3.
Consider an unbounded regionΩ- bounded by 3 circles
(9.4)Γ1(t)=2+e-it,(0≤t≤2π),Γ2(t)=-1+i3+0.5e-it,(0≤t≤2π),Γ3(t)=-1-i3+1.5e-it,(0≤t≤2π).
This example has also been considered in [6, 12]. Figure 3 shows the regions and its five canonical images by using our proposed method. See Table 3 for numerical comparison between our parameter values (see Table 2) those in [12]. Note that our method has considered exterior unit disk with slits as a canonical region while [12] has considered interior unit disk with slits. Thus, in computing the error for Ud, we need to change the values for Ud to 1/|Φ(z)|. See Table 4 for Error Norm of max1≤j≤3||wj-w^j||∞. We also compared the condition number of our linear system for each n with [6, 12], see Figures 4 and 5. The results show that for our integral equations for finding Φ'(z) that is, (4.20), (5.20), (6.21), (7.21) and (8.22), the condition numbers are almost constant except for (5.20). This is because the kernel involves θ'(t), which varies with the number of collocation points, n. However, this does not have any effect on the accuracy of the method.Table 2
The values for approximated parameters in Example9.3 with n=256.
j
R
j
(
U
d)
R
j(Ua)
R
j(Uc)
θ
j(Ur)
R
j(Up,π/2)
1
1.0000000000
1.0000000000
2.6958524041
-
0.23582974094
1.32203173492
2
2.9672620504
0.3515929850
2.9121788457
2.24673051228
-
0.78705294688
3
2.7249636495
0.1792099292
2.2653736950
-
2.00502589294
-
0.69725704737Table 3
Error normmax1≤j≤3  ∥Rj-R^j∥∞ of our method with [12] for Example 9.3.
n
U
d
U
a
U
c
U
r
U
p
,
π
/
2
32
2
.
7
×
10
-
11
3
.
4
×
10
-
11
2
.
9
×
10
-
01
1
.
6
×
10
-
01
2
.
0
×
10
-
10
64
5
.
6
×
10
-
17
1
.
1
×
10
-
16
4
.
4
×
10
-
05
2
.
0
×
10
-
05
2
.
2
×
10
-
16
128
7
.
8
×
10
-
16
4
.
7
×
10
-
16
2
.
2
×
10
-
09
4
.
1
×
10
-
10
8
.
9
×
10
-
16
256
1
.
6
×
10
-
15
9
.
99
×
10
-
16
3
.
8
×
10
-
12
5
.
2
×
10
-
13
1
.
3
×
10
-
15Table 4
Error normmax1≤j≤3  ∥wj-w^j∥∞ of our method with [12] for Example 9.3.
n
U
d
U
a
U
c
U
r
U
p
,
π
/
2
32
1
.
1
×
10
-
07
1
.
1
×
10
-
07
0.15
0.16
1
.
5
×
10
-
06
64
6
.
1
×
10
-
14
2
.
9
×
10
-
14
6
.
2
×
10
-
05
2
.
0
×
10
-
05
1
.
1
×
10
-
13
128
7
.
5
×
10
-
14
2
.
1
×
10
-
14
2
.
2
×
10
-
09
4
.
2
×
10
-
10
4
.
4
×
10
-
12
256
2
.
2
×
10
-
13
4
.
7
×
10
-
13
3
.
3
×
10
-
12
4
.
1
×
10
-
12
9
.
5
×
10
-
12Figure 3
The original regionΩ- and its canonical images with θp=π/2 for parallel slits.Figure 4
Condition numbers of the matrices for our method forUd,Ua,Uc,Ur and Up.Figure 5
Condition number of the matrices for generalized Neumann kernel (G.N.K), adjoint generalized Neumann kernel (Adj.G. N. K), charge simulation for circular slits (C.S. circular) and charge simulation for radial slits (C.S. radial).Example 9.4.
Consider an unbounded regionΩ- of 4-connectivity with boundaries
(9.5)Γ1(t)=3+2i+e-it,(0≤t≤2π),(9.6)Γ2(t)=-3+2i+e-it,(0≤t≤2π),(9.7)Γ3(t)=-3-2i+0.7cost-1.4isint,(0≤t≤2π),(9.8)Γ4(t)=3-2i+0.7cost-1.4isint,(0≤t≤2π).
Figure6 shows the region and its five canonical images by using our proposed method.Figure 6
The original regionΩ- and its canonical images with θp=π/2 for parallel slits.


## 10. Conclusion

In this paper, we have constructed a unified method for numerical conformal mapping of unbounded multiply connected regions onto canonical slit regions. The advantage of this method is that the integral equations are all linear which overcomes the nonlinearity problem encountered in [10]. From the numerical experiments, we can conclude that our method works on any finite connectivity with high accuracy. By computing the boundary values of the mapping function, the exterior points will be calculated by means of Cauchy’s integral formula.



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*Source: 293765-2012-09-20.xml*