# A Comparative Study of Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Proved and Suggested Sarcoid Uveitis Occurring after Ophthalmic Procedure

Authors: Yvan Jamilloux; Aude Taleb; Audrey De Parisot; Laurent Pérard; Carole Burillon; Christiane Broussolle; Laurent Kodjikian; Pascal Sève
Journal: Journal of Ophthalmology
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Purpose. To describe patients with new onset sarcoid uveitis occurring after an ophthalmic procedure and compare them with patients with sarcoid uveitis without ocular procedure. Methods. Retrospective analysis of case records from patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis seen at our institution between April 2004 and October 2016. Patients with a previous history of uveitis were not included. Each patient was randomly matched with four controls from our incident cohort of new onset sarcoid uveitis without ophthalmic procedure. Results. We identified 11 patients (8.5%) from our incident cohort of sarcoid uveitis (n=130), who were all women, with a postophthalmic procedure uveitis (mostly after cataract surgery (36%)). These patients were older (69.7 vs 52.7 years) and presented more synechiae than controls. After a mean follow-up of 30 (3–60) months, there was no significant difference between the postprocedure and the control group with regard to demography, clinical presentation, disease course, treatment, and outcome. Conclusions. Sarcoid uveitis has similar characteristics in patients with new onset sarcoid uveitis after or without ophthalmic procedure. As a consequence, ophthalmic intervention should be seen as a potential trigger of latent sarcoidosis.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Ocular surgery may be responsible for new onset uveitis as a part of postcataract surgical inflammation [1]. Other types of chronic inflammation (defined by a duration >6 weeks) can occur after an ocular surgery: endophthalmitis [2] (the most severe), or Irvine–Gass syndrome (the most frequent) [3] or sympathetic ophthalmia [4]. Other acute inflammatory reactions (duration <6 weeks) can occur after ophthalmic procedure, such as phacoantigenic uveitis, toxic anterior segment [5] syndrome, or toxic endothelial cell destruction [6].Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by noncaseating epithelioid-cell granulomas, which primarily affects the lungs and the lymphatics. The spectrum of ocular manifestations is wide and highly variable; almost any part of the eye and other orbital structures can be affected [7, 8]. Ocular involvement may coexist with symptomatic or asymptomatic systemic disease manifestations, but may precede systemic involvement by several years [7, 8]. In retrospective series of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis, symptomatic uveitis affects 20–50% of patients [8], with 80% of these cases being diagnosed within the first year, of which 30% have uveitis as a presenting manifestation [7]. Uveitis is the most frequent ocular manifestation and may affect up to 20–30% of sarcoidosis patients [1].Because patients can present with new onset sarcoid uveitis occurring after an ophthalmic procedure, we aimed at describing such cases and comparing them with patients with sarcoid uveitis without ocular procedure.


## 2. Patients and Methods

### 2.1. Patients

Case records of patients who were seen at one of the two departments of Internal Medicine and at one of the two departments of Ophthalmology of the Lyon University Hospitals between April 2004 and October 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were included if(i)
uveitis occurred no more than one year after ophthalmic procedure;(ii)
a biopsy analysis showed noncaseating granuloma or if patient met the Abad’s modified criteria [9, 10]. According to these criteria, patients had presumed sarcoidosis if they had at least two of the following four criteria: typical changes on a chest radiograph or chest computed tomography (CT), predominantly CD4 lymphocytosis on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels, or a high gallium or 18F-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) uptake. If only one criterion was fulfilled, it was considered as a possible sarcoidosis.Patients with a previous history of uveitis, those who had uveitis before ocular procedure, and those with other possible causes of uveitis (including endophthalmitis [2] and Irvine–Gass syndrome [11] with isolated macular edema on OCT and/or on fluorescein angiogram without any other inflammatory signs such as vitritis and vasculitis) were not included.


### 2.2. Control Group

Patients with postophthalmic procedure uveitis were compared with control subjects presenting sarcoid uveitis but no history of ophthalmic procedure. Patients in the control group were randomly selected using a computerized algorithm among the 130 incident cases of sarcoid uveitis recorded in the Lyon University Hospitals. Each patient with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis was matched with 4 controls.


### 2.3. Ethical Statement

The institutional review board of theHospices Civils de Lyon gave its approval to retrospectively review the records. According to the French law (no. 2004-806, August 9, 2004) and because the data were collected retrospectively and patient management was not modified, this study did not require further research ethics committee approval.


### 2.4. Data Collection

Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed using a standardized form: medical history, presenting symptoms, ophthalmic and systemic manifestations, sites of tissue biopsies, C-reactive protein (CRP), blood lymphocytes count, liver tests, calcemia, and serum ACE at diagnosis. Chest X-rays were rated according to the Scadding criteria. Results of other imaging findings (including chest CT), pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopies with BAL, cardiac investigations, detailed medical treatments, and disease outcome were also recorded when available.


### 2.5. Ophthalmic Examination

Ophthalmologic data, which included assessment of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, complete biomicroscopic examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies, were collected at diagnosis and during follow-up by ophthalmologists. Uveitis was classified according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) [12].


### 2.6. Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as means (±standard deviation) and compared between groups using a Mann–Whitney test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared between groups with a Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.P values were considered significant when they were <0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with the R software (version 3.4.5, the R company).


## 2.1. Patients

Case records of patients who were seen at one of the two departments of Internal Medicine and at one of the two departments of Ophthalmology of the Lyon University Hospitals between April 2004 and October 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were included if(i)
uveitis occurred no more than one year after ophthalmic procedure;(ii)
a biopsy analysis showed noncaseating granuloma or if patient met the Abad’s modified criteria [9, 10]. According to these criteria, patients had presumed sarcoidosis if they had at least two of the following four criteria: typical changes on a chest radiograph or chest computed tomography (CT), predominantly CD4 lymphocytosis on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels, or a high gallium or 18F-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) uptake. If only one criterion was fulfilled, it was considered as a possible sarcoidosis.Patients with a previous history of uveitis, those who had uveitis before ocular procedure, and those with other possible causes of uveitis (including endophthalmitis [2] and Irvine–Gass syndrome [11] with isolated macular edema on OCT and/or on fluorescein angiogram without any other inflammatory signs such as vitritis and vasculitis) were not included.


## 2.2. Control Group

Patients with postophthalmic procedure uveitis were compared with control subjects presenting sarcoid uveitis but no history of ophthalmic procedure. Patients in the control group were randomly selected using a computerized algorithm among the 130 incident cases of sarcoid uveitis recorded in the Lyon University Hospitals. Each patient with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis was matched with 4 controls.


## 2.3. Ethical Statement

The institutional review board of theHospices Civils de Lyon gave its approval to retrospectively review the records. According to the French law (no. 2004-806, August 9, 2004) and because the data were collected retrospectively and patient management was not modified, this study did not require further research ethics committee approval.


## 2.4. Data Collection

Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed using a standardized form: medical history, presenting symptoms, ophthalmic and systemic manifestations, sites of tissue biopsies, C-reactive protein (CRP), blood lymphocytes count, liver tests, calcemia, and serum ACE at diagnosis. Chest X-rays were rated according to the Scadding criteria. Results of other imaging findings (including chest CT), pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopies with BAL, cardiac investigations, detailed medical treatments, and disease outcome were also recorded when available.


## 2.5. Ophthalmic Examination

Ophthalmologic data, which included assessment of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, complete biomicroscopic examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies, were collected at diagnosis and during follow-up by ophthalmologists. Uveitis was classified according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) [12].


## 2.6. Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as means (±standard deviation) and compared between groups using a Mann–Whitney test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared between groups with a Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.P values were considered significant when they were <0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with the R software (version 3.4.5, the R company).


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Case Reports

Detailed case reports are supplied in the Supplementary Materials (availablehere).


### 3.2. Global Characteristics of Patients

Among the 130 incident cases of sarcoid uveitis seen at our institution, we identified 11 patients (8.5%) who were diagnosed after an ophthalmic procedure. The patients’ general characteristics are summarized in Table1. All patients were women, with a mean age of 69 (27–88) years. Ocular procedures included cataract surgery (n=4), YAG capsulotomy (n=2), vitreoretinal surgery (n=2), trabeculectomy (n=1), vitreous injection (n=1), and laser therapy (n=1). No sign or sequelae of intraocular inflammation existed before ophthalmic procedure. The mean delay between the ophthalmic procedure and uveitis was 3.6 months (1–12 months).Table 1
Clinical, ophthalmic, radiologic, and histopathologic features of patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis.
Patient#
Sex
Age
Ophthalmic procedure
Uveitis
Systemic involvement
Sarcoidosis diagnosis
Timeline
Unilateral/OU
Anatomical form
Granulomatous
Vasculitis
Choroiditis
Edema
1
F
69
Cataract
1
OU
Pan
+
−
−
Macular
MSG, bronchial, gastric biopsies
2
F
76
Cataract
3 + 10
OU
Pan
−
−
−
Macular
Negative
3
F
82
Cataract
12
OU
Pan
+
Conjunctival nodule
Conjunctival nodule biopsy
4
F
31
Preretinal haemorrhage + macular hole
2
OU
Pan
+
+/+
−
ERM + papilledema
MSG biopsy
5
F
67
Glaucoma
5
OU
Pan
+EIOP
−
+
Macular
Sicca syndrome + conjunctival nodule weight loss
Gastric biopsy
6
F
81
Cataract
1
OU
A/I
+
−
−
Macular
Dyspnea
Positive18FDG-PET
7
F
69
Retinal detachment
8
Unilateral
Pan
+
Venous
+
Abad’s criteria
8
F
88
Cataract + YAG capsulotomy
1
Unilateral
I/P
+
−
−
Macular
Cough
Bronchial biopsy
9
F
83
Intravitreal aflibercept
1
Unilateral
A
+
−
−
Negative
10
F
70
Membrane peeling
5
Unilateral
A
Cough
Lymph node fine needle aspiration
11
F
58
YAG capsulotomy
4
Unilateral
I/P
−
−
−
Macular papilledema
Conjunctival nodule
Conjunctival nodule biopsy
F = female, age in years, OU = both eyes, A = anterior, I = intermediate, P = posterior, Pan = panuveitis, EIOP = elevated intraocular pressure, ERM = epiretinal membrane, ADP = adenopathy, MSG = minor salivary glands, and18FDG-PET = 18F-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography.Sarcoidosis was histologically proven in seven patients (minor salivary glands biopsy,n=2; fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal nodes, n=2; conjunctival nodule biopsy, n=2; and gastric biopsy, n=1).Ophthalmologic findings consisted of chronic (n=10), bilateral (n=6), granulomatous (n=8) uveitis involving the anterior segment (n=3), the vitreous (n=1), and the retina or choroid (n=1), or a panuveitis (n=7). One patient had elevated intraocular pressure. Five patients had unilateral uveitis, but only three had an ophthalmic procedure performed on the symptomatic eye. In our tertiary center, preoperative chest X-ray is not performed routinely for patients undergoing cataract surgery. Thoracic imaging performed at the time of diagnostic workup showed abnormalities suggestive of sarcoidosis in nine cases: chest X-ray (n=1/11), chest CT scan (n=9/11), and nuclear imaging (n=8/11).All patients had postoperative inflammation. Eight patients received topical steroids and six required a systemic treatment by steroids for a mean duration of 14 (0–30.4) months. Other therapies were needed in two patients (methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine). Among the five patients who still had a treatment at last visit, four were not symptomatic anymore. Treatments and visual prognoses are shown in Table2.Table 2
Treatment of patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis.
Patient
Initial treatment
Outcome of sarcoidosis after initial treatment
Adverse effects of treatment
Subsequent treatment
Final outcome
Final visual acuity
Treatment at the end of follow-up
Follow-up duration (months)
Ophthalmic outcome
Other manifestations
OR
OS
1
Topical CS
CSME OS
No
Systemic CS
Atrophic MFC
Pulmonary nodules progression on CT scan
20/20
20/25
Systemic CS 5 mg/day
52
2
DXM intravitreal implant
No
Systemic CS
CSME
20/50
20/25
Systemic CS 1 mg/day
36
3
DXM intravitreal implant
CSME OR with vitreomacular traction
No
Pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peel
No CSME
0
20/200
No
3
4
Systemic CS 70 mg/day
Retinal vasculitis OU CSME papilledema
No
No
ERM, and no inflammation
20/20
20/25
Systemic CS 4 mg/day
37
5
Topical + systemic CS 20 mg/day
Osteopenia, skin fragility cushing-like syndrome, and CS dependency
No
Persistent bilateral KP, and no posterior inflammation
20/40
20/40
Topical CS
60
6
Topical + systemic CS 20 mg/day
Complete response several relapses: Vitritis OU
Cushing-like syndrome, osteopenia, skin fragility, and CS dependency
MTX
Anterior and intermediate inflammation
Pulmonary embolism
20/20
20/20
Systemic CS 9 mg/day + MTX 10 mg/week
53
7
Topical CS
Vitritis OR peripheral diffuse choroiditis atrophy
No
Systemic CS 40 mg
Vitritis OR persistent
—
—
Subconjunctival injections of triamcinolone
13
8
DXM intravitreal implant
Improvement of CSME
No
No
No inflammation
20/20
20/25
No
15
9
Topical CS
Complete response
No
No
No inflammation
No
19
10
Topical CS
Complete response
No
None
Papilledema
Chest pain
0
20/20
No
11
11
Topical CS
Complete response
No
Dexamethasone intravitreal implant
Recurrent CSME
20/50
20/25
40
CSME = Macular edema, OD = right eye, OS = left eye, OU = both eyes, MFC = multifocal choroiditis, ERM = epiretinal membrane, CT = computed tomography, MTX = methotrexate, and CS = corticosteroids.


### 3.3. Comparison of Postophthalmic Procedure Patients with Controls

Both groups were statistically similar in terms of gender, ethnicity, chest CT imaging results, and the other organs involvement. As a consequence of random matching, patients were older in the study group than in the control group. The prevalence of ophthalmic signs varied according to the group considered, with more synechiae and a trend for more granulomatous uveitis in the postprocedure group. Otherwise, there were no significant differences between groups with regard to the presence of an ocular hypertony, multifocal choroiditis, CSME, vasculitis, and papilledema. The groups were no different in terms of follow-up and in terms of recovery or treatment at the last visit (Table3).Table 3
Comparison of postprocedure patients with control patients: demographic characteristics and ophthalmic, laboratory, and radiologic features.
Patients withocular surgery (n=11)
Controls (n=44)
P value
Median age at diagnosis (years)
69.7
52.7
0.004
Females
11
32
0.05
Ethnicity Cau/Afr/North-Afr/As
10/1/0/0
35/1/7/1
0.33
Ophthalmologic findings
Unilateral/bilateral/unknown
5/6/0
11/32/1
0.42
Granulomatous
9
20
0.07
Synechiae
1
20
0.05
Elevated intraocular pressure
1
2
0.26
Retinal vasculitis
2
5
0.50
Macular edema
8
18
0.16
Papilledema
2
6
0.51
Multifocal choroiditis
3
14
0.999
Other ophthalmic features at diagnosis
3
5
0.33
Other systemic features at diagnosis
2
11
1
Other systemic features during course
0
6
0.22
Chest imaging
X-ray staging I/II/III/IV (scadding)
7/1/3/0
23/17/3/1
0.08
Serum markers
Elevated ACE
7
18
0.65
Elevated lysozyme
6
22
0.999
Treatment and outcome
Topical steroids
8
35
0.27
Systemic steroids
6
25
0.27
Immunosuppressants
1
12
0.12
Evolution to remission
5
13
0.76
Cau = Caucasian, Afr = African, North-Afr = North African, As = Asian, and ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.


## 3.1. Case Reports

Detailed case reports are supplied in the Supplementary Materials (availablehere).


## 3.2. Global Characteristics of Patients

Among the 130 incident cases of sarcoid uveitis seen at our institution, we identified 11 patients (8.5%) who were diagnosed after an ophthalmic procedure. The patients’ general characteristics are summarized in Table1. All patients were women, with a mean age of 69 (27–88) years. Ocular procedures included cataract surgery (n=4), YAG capsulotomy (n=2), vitreoretinal surgery (n=2), trabeculectomy (n=1), vitreous injection (n=1), and laser therapy (n=1). No sign or sequelae of intraocular inflammation existed before ophthalmic procedure. The mean delay between the ophthalmic procedure and uveitis was 3.6 months (1–12 months).Table 1
Clinical, ophthalmic, radiologic, and histopathologic features of patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis.
Patient#
Sex
Age
Ophthalmic procedure
Uveitis
Systemic involvement
Sarcoidosis diagnosis
Timeline
Unilateral/OU
Anatomical form
Granulomatous
Vasculitis
Choroiditis
Edema
1
F
69
Cataract
1
OU
Pan
+
−
−
Macular
MSG, bronchial, gastric biopsies
2
F
76
Cataract
3 + 10
OU
Pan
−
−
−
Macular
Negative
3
F
82
Cataract
12
OU
Pan
+
Conjunctival nodule
Conjunctival nodule biopsy
4
F
31
Preretinal haemorrhage + macular hole
2
OU
Pan
+
+/+
−
ERM + papilledema
MSG biopsy
5
F
67
Glaucoma
5
OU
Pan
+EIOP
−
+
Macular
Sicca syndrome + conjunctival nodule weight loss
Gastric biopsy
6
F
81
Cataract
1
OU
A/I
+
−
−
Macular
Dyspnea
Positive18FDG-PET
7
F
69
Retinal detachment
8
Unilateral
Pan
+
Venous
+
Abad’s criteria
8
F
88
Cataract + YAG capsulotomy
1
Unilateral
I/P
+
−
−
Macular
Cough
Bronchial biopsy
9
F
83
Intravitreal aflibercept
1
Unilateral
A
+
−
−
Negative
10
F
70
Membrane peeling
5
Unilateral
A
Cough
Lymph node fine needle aspiration
11
F
58
YAG capsulotomy
4
Unilateral
I/P
−
−
−
Macular papilledema
Conjunctival nodule
Conjunctival nodule biopsy
F = female, age in years, OU = both eyes, A = anterior, I = intermediate, P = posterior, Pan = panuveitis, EIOP = elevated intraocular pressure, ERM = epiretinal membrane, ADP = adenopathy, MSG = minor salivary glands, and18FDG-PET = 18F-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography.Sarcoidosis was histologically proven in seven patients (minor salivary glands biopsy,n=2; fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal nodes, n=2; conjunctival nodule biopsy, n=2; and gastric biopsy, n=1).Ophthalmologic findings consisted of chronic (n=10), bilateral (n=6), granulomatous (n=8) uveitis involving the anterior segment (n=3), the vitreous (n=1), and the retina or choroid (n=1), or a panuveitis (n=7). One patient had elevated intraocular pressure. Five patients had unilateral uveitis, but only three had an ophthalmic procedure performed on the symptomatic eye. In our tertiary center, preoperative chest X-ray is not performed routinely for patients undergoing cataract surgery. Thoracic imaging performed at the time of diagnostic workup showed abnormalities suggestive of sarcoidosis in nine cases: chest X-ray (n=1/11), chest CT scan (n=9/11), and nuclear imaging (n=8/11).All patients had postoperative inflammation. Eight patients received topical steroids and six required a systemic treatment by steroids for a mean duration of 14 (0–30.4) months. Other therapies were needed in two patients (methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine). Among the five patients who still had a treatment at last visit, four were not symptomatic anymore. Treatments and visual prognoses are shown in Table2.Table 2
Treatment of patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis.
Patient
Initial treatment
Outcome of sarcoidosis after initial treatment
Adverse effects of treatment
Subsequent treatment
Final outcome
Final visual acuity
Treatment at the end of follow-up
Follow-up duration (months)
Ophthalmic outcome
Other manifestations
OR
OS
1
Topical CS
CSME OS
No
Systemic CS
Atrophic MFC
Pulmonary nodules progression on CT scan
20/20
20/25
Systemic CS 5 mg/day
52
2
DXM intravitreal implant
No
Systemic CS
CSME
20/50
20/25
Systemic CS 1 mg/day
36
3
DXM intravitreal implant
CSME OR with vitreomacular traction
No
Pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peel
No CSME
0
20/200
No
3
4
Systemic CS 70 mg/day
Retinal vasculitis OU CSME papilledema
No
No
ERM, and no inflammation
20/20
20/25
Systemic CS 4 mg/day
37
5
Topical + systemic CS 20 mg/day
Osteopenia, skin fragility cushing-like syndrome, and CS dependency
No
Persistent bilateral KP, and no posterior inflammation
20/40
20/40
Topical CS
60
6
Topical + systemic CS 20 mg/day
Complete response several relapses: Vitritis OU
Cushing-like syndrome, osteopenia, skin fragility, and CS dependency
MTX
Anterior and intermediate inflammation
Pulmonary embolism
20/20
20/20
Systemic CS 9 mg/day + MTX 10 mg/week
53
7
Topical CS
Vitritis OR peripheral diffuse choroiditis atrophy
No
Systemic CS 40 mg
Vitritis OR persistent
—
—
Subconjunctival injections of triamcinolone
13
8
DXM intravitreal implant
Improvement of CSME
No
No
No inflammation
20/20
20/25
No
15
9
Topical CS
Complete response
No
No
No inflammation
No
19
10
Topical CS
Complete response
No
None
Papilledema
Chest pain
0
20/20
No
11
11
Topical CS
Complete response
No
Dexamethasone intravitreal implant
Recurrent CSME
20/50
20/25
40
CSME = Macular edema, OD = right eye, OS = left eye, OU = both eyes, MFC = multifocal choroiditis, ERM = epiretinal membrane, CT = computed tomography, MTX = methotrexate, and CS = corticosteroids.


## 3.3. Comparison of Postophthalmic Procedure Patients with Controls

Both groups were statistically similar in terms of gender, ethnicity, chest CT imaging results, and the other organs involvement. As a consequence of random matching, patients were older in the study group than in the control group. The prevalence of ophthalmic signs varied according to the group considered, with more synechiae and a trend for more granulomatous uveitis in the postprocedure group. Otherwise, there were no significant differences between groups with regard to the presence of an ocular hypertony, multifocal choroiditis, CSME, vasculitis, and papilledema. The groups were no different in terms of follow-up and in terms of recovery or treatment at the last visit (Table3).Table 3
Comparison of postprocedure patients with control patients: demographic characteristics and ophthalmic, laboratory, and radiologic features.
Patients withocular surgery (n=11)
Controls (n=44)
P value
Median age at diagnosis (years)
69.7
52.7
0.004
Females
11
32
0.05
Ethnicity Cau/Afr/North-Afr/As
10/1/0/0
35/1/7/1
0.33
Ophthalmologic findings
Unilateral/bilateral/unknown
5/6/0
11/32/1
0.42
Granulomatous
9
20
0.07
Synechiae
1
20
0.05
Elevated intraocular pressure
1
2
0.26
Retinal vasculitis
2
5
0.50
Macular edema
8
18
0.16
Papilledema
2
6
0.51
Multifocal choroiditis
3
14
0.999
Other ophthalmic features at diagnosis
3
5
0.33
Other systemic features at diagnosis
2
11
1
Other systemic features during course
0
6
0.22
Chest imaging
X-ray staging I/II/III/IV (scadding)
7/1/3/0
23/17/3/1
0.08
Serum markers
Elevated ACE
7
18
0.65
Elevated lysozyme
6
22
0.999
Treatment and outcome
Topical steroids
8
35
0.27
Systemic steroids
6
25
0.27
Immunosuppressants
1
12
0.12
Evolution to remission
5
13
0.76
Cau = Caucasian, Afr = African, North-Afr = North African, As = Asian, and ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.


## 4. Discussion

To our knowledge, the present study is the first series of patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis and the first case-control series comparing these patients with patients without ocular intervention. In our tertiary center, postoperative sarcoid uveitis represents 8.5% of our sarcoid uveitis cohort.New onset uveitis is one of the potential causes of postoperative inflammation occurring after a cataract surgery. This diagnosis is considered in patients with chronic postoperative inflammation, in which etiologies include chronic endophthalmitis and lens-related inflammation [7, 8]. Postoperative recurrence of uveitis in uveitic patients is a well-known complication [3, 13, 14]. Anterior chamber inflammation is also a potential side effect after a trabeculoplasty [15]. Anterior chamber inflammation may also be seen in 0.4–33.5% of patients after capsulotomy, but persistent vitritis is rare and no complication has been reported [16]. To avoid such bias, we excluded all patients with a previous history of uveitis and all patients had a fundus examination before eye procedures.Sarcoidosis etiology remains unknown but several infectious agents have been postulated as triggering factors [17]. However, there is no definite evidence that sarcoidosis is an infectious disease; rather, sarcoidosis is considered as an exaggerated immune response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns of killed and/or partly degraded (myco) bacteria which persist within immune cells and resist degradation [17, 18]. For example, some patients have been reported as developing sarcoidosis after cardiac [19] or bone marrow transplantations [20, 21], suggesting the transmission of a potential activator of the disease. Therefore, we hypothesize that ophthalmic procedures may act as a trigger of (latent) sarcoidosis. The fact that systematic fundus examination was performed before eye procedures and did not detect signs of sarcoidosis, along with the occurrence of bilateral and contralateral sarcoid uveitis, reinforces such an hypothesis.Our results show that ethnic distribution, laboratory features, treatment, and ophthalmologic outcome were similar in sarcoid uveitis patients after an ophthalmologic procedure or spontaneously. Nevertheless, postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis seemed to affect more frequently women than men. This sex ratio in sarcoid uveitis has already been reported in other larger studies, yet not so predominantly [8, 22–24]. We also noticed an older age at onset in the postprocedure group. This can be due to the random matching of patients or because the number of patients who need an ocular procedure tends to increase over age. The number of Caucasian patients in our series was also higher than that in other European studies [24–26]. Finally, patients with postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis had significantly more synechiae. This result was in line with a previous series of 281 biopsy-proven sarcoidosis patients, in which 20–26% had posterior synechiae [13]. Although Evans et al. have reported that two-thirds of sarcoid uveitis was not granulomatous, we noted more granulomatous precipitates in the postprocedure group than in the control group [25]. This suggests that surgery/procedure increases the intraocular inflammation, as this is the case in the well-known postsurgical Irvine–Gass uveitis [27, 28]. Drancourt et al. also reported the case of a postcataract surgery uveitis that led to the diagnosis of Whipple disease [29]. Therefore, we can imagine that the ocular procedure may act as a trigger of inflammation in patients with latent sarcoidosis. Two patients were affected bilaterally. There is no evident explanation, but we can relate this situation with the physiopathology of sympathetic ophthalmia. Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare bilateral granulomatous uveitis due to trauma or surgery in one eye [30]. The etiology is not well elucidated but might be secondary to the development of an autoimmune reaction to ocular antigens exposed during the traumatic or surgical event with T cells as primary mediators [31]. The main hypothesis is an immune dysregulation with an autoimmune inflammatory response against ocular self-antigens. A similar mechanism of autoimmune dysfunction in sarcoidosis might explain bilateral uveitis in our two patients.Chest imaging was suggestive of sarcoidosis in 12.5% of chest X-rays and 82% of chest CTs with no statistical difference between groups. These data support the results of previous series and suggest that chest CT should be performed in patients with negative chest X-rays while sarcoidosis is highly suspected [32–34].Finally, our study has some limitations. It is difficult to establish precisely the delay between the procedure and the onset of uveitis. We chose a maximum delay of 12 months between the ocular procedure and the onset of symptoms since chronic postoperative endophthalmitis may appear insidiously several months after an ophthalmic procedure. The design of the study, with single center and retrospective inclusions, is also an important limitation that will require further studies to confirm our findings.


## 5. Conclusions

We describe herein the first series of postophthalmic procedure sarcoid uveitis. The major message is that sarcoid uveitis has similar characteristics (demography, course, and outcome) in patients with or without ophthalmic procedure. As a consequence, ophthalmic intervention should be seen as a potential trigger of latent sarcoidosis, especially in older Caucasian females.



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