# A Fractional-Order Discrete Noninvertible Map of Cubic Type: Dynamics, Control, and Synchronization

Authors: Xiaojun Liu; Ling Hong; Lixin Yang; Dafeng Tang
Journal: Complexity
 (2020)

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## Abstract

In this paper, a new fractional-order discrete noninvertible map of cubic type is presented. Firstly, the stability of the equilibrium points for the map is examined. Secondly, the dynamics of the map with two different initial conditions is studied by numerical simulation when a parameter or a derivative order is varied. A series of attractors are displayed in various forms of periodic and chaotic ones. Furthermore, bifurcations with the simultaneous variation of both a parameter and the order are also analyzed in the three-dimensional space. Interior crises are found in the map as a parameter or an order varies. Thirdly, based on the stability theory of fractional-order discrete maps, a stabilization controller is proposed to control the chaos of the map and the asymptotic convergence of the state variables is determined. Finally, the synchronization between the proposed map and a fractional-order discrete Loren map is investigated. Numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the designed synchronization controllers.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the recent several decades, chaos is an attractive phenomenon in nonlinear dynamical systems, which has been extensively analyzed and studied deeply. It is well known that chaos was first detected in continuous nonlinear systems. Its characteristics and the existence in discrete dynamical maps have also been the interesting topics. Many discrete maps with chaotic attractors have been proposed, such as the Logistic map, Hénon map, and Lozi map [1–5]. With the rapid development of fractional calculus, many works including chaos, control, and synchronization for fractional-order continuous systems have been reported [6–18]. It should be pointed out that the fractional discrete maps were not paid enough attention and properly explored until recently [19].In 1974, Diaz and Olser first put forward the fractional difference [20]. Up to now, fractional-order discrete maps have obtained more and more attention. In [21], a discrete fractional Hénon map was introduced, and its chaotic behavior was discussed. Dynamics, stabilization, and synchronization for several fractional-order maps, such as the Ikeda map, Loren map, and Lozi map, were studied in [22–28]. The discrete fractional calculus can avoid the tedious information or calculation error of the numerical discretization for the continuous ones due to the nonlocal property [29]. Therefore, more and more discrete maps with fractional operators need to be presented, and more abundant and complex dynamics behaviors need to be explored. Besides, it is well known that fractional-order discrete maps are sensitive not only to the small disturbance of parameters and initial conditions but also to the variation of fractional orders [30], which are the unique advantages of fractional-order systems. For this reason, a fractional-order discrete map is more suitable for data encryption and secure communications. Furthermore, fractional-order discrete maps have simple forms and rich dynamics, which are good for system analysis and numerical computation. Based on these, investigation of a new fractional-order discrete map including dynamics, stabilization, and synchronization is necessary and important for the development of fractional calculus.In [31, 32], a two-dimensional noninvertible map with cubic order nonlinearity, which was taken as a chaotic cryptosystem, was proposed and studied. The evolution of attractors and their basins have been analyzed deeply and explained thoroughly. A noncyclic chaotic attractor for the map was displayed in [33]. Based on these, we extend the map to the fractional case and study its dynamics. The stability of the equilibrium points for the map is examined. By the bifurcation graphs and phase diagrams, the dynamics of the fractional-order discrete map with two different initial conditions is displayed as a parameter or a derivative order varies. Furthermore, bifurcations with the simultaneous variation of both a parameter and the order are also analyzed in the three-dimensional space. Interior crises occur in the map with the variation of a parameter or the order.The main motivation of our work is to know whether bifurcations and chaos, which the integer-order discrete map possesses, also exist in the fractional-order counterpart. In fact, these dynamics behaviors do exist in the fractional-order map, and multifaceted complex dynamics is observed by means of the numerical simulations. For a chaotic system, control and synchronization are very important for its application in practical problems. In our work, we are also interested in studying the control and synchronization for the fractional-order map. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order discrete maps, a stabilization controller is proposed to control the chaos of the map. The synchronization between the proposed map and a fractional-order discrete Loren map is studied and realized.


## 2. Discrete Fractional Calculus

In this section, we will recall the definition and related theories for the discrete fractional calculus. In the following, the symbolΔCXaυt represents the υ order Caputo type delta fractional calculus of a function Xt:Na⟶R with Na=a,a+1,a+2,… [34], which is expressed as follows:(1)ΔCXaυt=Δa−n−υXt=1Γn−υ∑s=at−n−υt−s−1n−υ−1ΔnXs,where υ∉N is the order, t∈Na+n−υ, and n=⌈υ⌉+1. In formula (1), the υth fractional sum of ΔsnXt is defined as [35, 36](2)Δa−υXt=1Γυ∑s=at−υt−s−1υ−1Xs,where t∈Na+υ,υ>0. tυ represents the falling function which is defined according to the Gamma function Γ as(3)tυ=Γt+1Γt+1−υ.Generally speaking, the following method is employed to compute the numerical solutions for a fractional-order discrete map.For an equation with the fractional calculus operator,(4)ΔCuaυt=ft+υ−1,ut+υ−1,Δkua=uk.n=υ+1,k=0,1,2,…,n−1,the equivalent discrete integral one is(5)ut=u0t+1Γυ∑s=a+n−υt−υt−s−1υ−1fs+υ−1,us+υ−1,t∈Na+n,where u0t=∑k=0n−1t−ak/Γk+1Δkua.The following theorem is used to analyze the stabilization and synchronization for fractional discrete maps. For the proof of the theorem, please refer to the literature [37].Theorem 1.
The zero equilibrium of a linear fractional discrete system:(6)ΔCXaυt=MXt+υ−1,where Xt=x1t,x2t,⋯,xntT,0<υ≤1,M∈Rn×nand∀t∈Na+1−υ, is asymptotically stable if(7)λi<2cosargλi−π2−υυ,argλi>υπ2,i=1,2,…,n,for all the eigenvalues λ of M.


## 3. A Fractional-Order Discrete Map

### 3.1. Description of the Map

Firstly, the two-dimensional discrete map with cubic nonlinearity in [31–33] is described as follows:(8)xn+1=yn,yn+1=b−x3n+xn+c−y3n+yn,where xnandyn are the state variables and bandc parameters. The first-order difference of (8) is formulated as(9)xn+1=yn−xn,yn+1=b−x3n+xn+c−y3n+yn−yn.By employing the Caputo-like delta difference given in (1) with the starting point a, the corresponding fractional map is(10)ΔCxaυt=yt−1+υ−xt−1+υ,ΔCyaυt=b−x3t−1+υ+xt−1+υ+c−y3t−1+υ+yt−1+υ−yt−1+υ.Based on equations (4) and (5), we can obtain(11)xt=xa+1Γυ∑s=a+1t−υt−s−1υ−1yt−1+υ−xt−1+υ,yt=ya+1Γυ∑s=a+1t−υt−s−1υ−1b−xt−1+υ3+xt−1+υ+c−yt−1+υ3+yt−1+υ−yt−1+υ,where t−s−1υ−1/Γυ is the discrete kernel function and t−s−1υ−1/Γυ=Γt−s/ΓυΓt−s−υ+1. Based on this, the numerical solution for the fractional discrete map (10) can be obtained, which is as follows:(12)xn=xa+1Γυ∑j=1nΓn−j+υΓn−j+1yj−1−xj−1,yn=ya+1Γυ∑j=1nΓn−j+υΓn−j+1b−x3j−1+xj−1+c−y3j−1+yj−1−yj−1.In the rest of the paper, the low limita is fixed as 0.


### 3.2. Stability of Equilibrium Points

Now, we turn to study the stability of equilibrium points for map (10). By the simple computation, we can get the three equilibrium points:(13)E10,0,E2,3±1−1b+c,±1−1b+c,when b+c>1. The map has only one equilibrium point E10,0 when b+c≤1. The Jacobian matrix of map (10) evaluated at an equilibrium point E∗=x∗,y∗ is(14)J1=−11b−3x∗+1c−3y∗+1−1.The corresponding eigenvalues for the equilibrium pointE10,0 are λ1,2=c/2±4b+c2/2. In this paper, we only consider the case of map (10) with positive parameters. Therefore, the zero equilibrium point E1 is unstable due to argλ1=0<υπ/2 on the basis of Theorem 1.For a fractional-order discrete map, the stability of a zero equilibrium point can be determined easily based on Theorem1. Therefore, we will use a very simple method proposed in [38] for handling with the nonzero equilibrium points. For more special details about the method, please refer to Remark 2.5 in the literature [38].In order to analyze the stability of the nonzero equilibrium pointsE2,3, let x2=1−1/b+c,y2=1−1/b+c,x3=−1−1/b+c,andy3=−1−1/b+c. Through the following variable transforms, (15)z21t−1+υ=xt−1+υ−x2,z22t−1+υ=yt−1+υ−y2,z31t−1+υ=xt−1+υ−x3,z32t−1+υ=yt−1+υ−y3,we can get two newly maps with a zero equilibrium point:(16)ΔCaυz21t+x2=ΔCaυz21t=z22t−1+υ+y2−z21t−1+υ−x2,ΔCaυz22t+y2=ΔCaυz22t=b−z21t−1+υ+x23+z21t−1+υ+x2+c−z22t−1+υ+y23+z22t−1+υ+y2−z22t−1+υ−y2,(17)ΔCaυz31t+x3=ΔCaυz31t=z32t−1+υ+y3−z31t−1+υ−x3,ΔCaυz32t+y3=ΔCaυz32t=b−z31t−1+υ+x33+z31t−1+υ+x3+c−z32t−1+υ+y33+z32t−1+υ+y3−z32t−1+υ−y3,which are corresponding to E2,3, respectively. The Jacobian matrix of maps (16) and (17) evaluated at the zero equilibrium point is(18)J2=−11−3bx22+b−3cy22+c−1=−11−3bx32+b−3cy32+c−1.The corresponding eigenvalues ofJ2 for the zero equilibrium point are(19)λ3,4=−2b−c±−2b+2c−34b2−2bc2+4bc−2c3+3c2+2bc+2c22b+c.When the parameters of map (10) are choosen as b=2.2andc=0.95 and the order is taken as υ=0.98, the corresponding eigenvalues are λ3,4=−1.4976±1.4343i. By simple computation, we can obtain(20)argλi=2.3788>υπ2=1.5379,i=3,4,λi=2.0736>2cosargλi−π2−υυ=1.4538,i=3,4,which means the equilibrium point E2,3 is unstable in this case according to Theorem 1.


## 3.1. Description of the Map

Firstly, the two-dimensional discrete map with cubic nonlinearity in [31–33] is described as follows:(8)xn+1=yn,yn+1=b−x3n+xn+c−y3n+yn,where xnandyn are the state variables and bandc parameters. The first-order difference of (8) is formulated as(9)xn+1=yn−xn,yn+1=b−x3n+xn+c−y3n+yn−yn.By employing the Caputo-like delta difference given in (1) with the starting point a, the corresponding fractional map is(10)ΔCxaυt=yt−1+υ−xt−1+υ,ΔCyaυt=b−x3t−1+υ+xt−1+υ+c−y3t−1+υ+yt−1+υ−yt−1+υ.Based on equations (4) and (5), we can obtain(11)xt=xa+1Γυ∑s=a+1t−υt−s−1υ−1yt−1+υ−xt−1+υ,yt=ya+1Γυ∑s=a+1t−υt−s−1υ−1b−xt−1+υ3+xt−1+υ+c−yt−1+υ3+yt−1+υ−yt−1+υ,where t−s−1υ−1/Γυ is the discrete kernel function and t−s−1υ−1/Γυ=Γt−s/ΓυΓt−s−υ+1. Based on this, the numerical solution for the fractional discrete map (10) can be obtained, which is as follows:(12)xn=xa+1Γυ∑j=1nΓn−j+υΓn−j+1yj−1−xj−1,yn=ya+1Γυ∑j=1nΓn−j+υΓn−j+1b−x3j−1+xj−1+c−y3j−1+yj−1−yj−1.In the rest of the paper, the low limita is fixed as 0.


## 3.2. Stability of Equilibrium Points

Now, we turn to study the stability of equilibrium points for map (10). By the simple computation, we can get the three equilibrium points:(13)E10,0,E2,3±1−1b+c,±1−1b+c,when b+c>1. The map has only one equilibrium point E10,0 when b+c≤1. The Jacobian matrix of map (10) evaluated at an equilibrium point E∗=x∗,y∗ is(14)J1=−11b−3x∗+1c−3y∗+1−1.The corresponding eigenvalues for the equilibrium pointE10,0 are λ1,2=c/2±4b+c2/2. In this paper, we only consider the case of map (10) with positive parameters. Therefore, the zero equilibrium point E1 is unstable due to argλ1=0<υπ/2 on the basis of Theorem 1.For a fractional-order discrete map, the stability of a zero equilibrium point can be determined easily based on Theorem1. Therefore, we will use a very simple method proposed in [38] for handling with the nonzero equilibrium points. For more special details about the method, please refer to Remark 2.5 in the literature [38].In order to analyze the stability of the nonzero equilibrium pointsE2,3, let x2=1−1/b+c,y2=1−1/b+c,x3=−1−1/b+c,andy3=−1−1/b+c. Through the following variable transforms, (15)z21t−1+υ=xt−1+υ−x2,z22t−1+υ=yt−1+υ−y2,z31t−1+υ=xt−1+υ−x3,z32t−1+υ=yt−1+υ−y3,we can get two newly maps with a zero equilibrium point:(16)ΔCaυz21t+x2=ΔCaυz21t=z22t−1+υ+y2−z21t−1+υ−x2,ΔCaυz22t+y2=ΔCaυz22t=b−z21t−1+υ+x23+z21t−1+υ+x2+c−z22t−1+υ+y23+z22t−1+υ+y2−z22t−1+υ−y2,(17)ΔCaυz31t+x3=ΔCaυz31t=z32t−1+υ+y3−z31t−1+υ−x3,ΔCaυz32t+y3=ΔCaυz32t=b−z31t−1+υ+x33+z31t−1+υ+x3+c−z32t−1+υ+y33+z32t−1+υ+y3−z32t−1+υ−y3,which are corresponding to E2,3, respectively. The Jacobian matrix of maps (16) and (17) evaluated at the zero equilibrium point is(18)J2=−11−3bx22+b−3cy22+c−1=−11−3bx32+b−3cy32+c−1.The corresponding eigenvalues ofJ2 for the zero equilibrium point are(19)λ3,4=−2b−c±−2b+2c−34b2−2bc2+4bc−2c3+3c2+2bc+2c22b+c.When the parameters of map (10) are choosen as b=2.2andc=0.95 and the order is taken as υ=0.98, the corresponding eigenvalues are λ3,4=−1.4976±1.4343i. By simple computation, we can obtain(20)argλi=2.3788>υπ2=1.5379,i=3,4,λi=2.0736>2cosargλi−π2−υυ=1.4538,i=3,4,which means the equilibrium point E2,3 is unstable in this case according to Theorem 1.


## 4. Dynamics Analysis

In this section, the dynamics of the fractional-order discrete map (10) with the variation of a parameter or the fractional order and the bifurcations with the simultaneous variation of both a parameter and the order υ will be analyzed in detail.


### 4.1. Dynamics as the Parameterb Varies

When the orderυ=0.98 and parameter c=0.95, the dynamics of map (10) with the variation of the parameter b is analyzed. The bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding largest Lyapunov exponents (LLE) spectrums with two different initial conditions x01=0.8,−0.4 and x02=0.8,0.4 are displayed in Figure 1. From which we can see that the dynamics of the map is abundant and shows a symmetry with different initial conditions in this case.Figure 1
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the parameterb varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The evolution of the trajectories for differentb with x01 is depicted in Figure 2. In the phase plane, there is a fixed point which means the map is period-1 for b=1 (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). The map has a limit cycle attractor for b=1.5, see Figure 2(c), which means a Hopf bifurcation occurs as the parameter b increases from 1 to 1.5. The shape of the limit cycle changes as b increases further (Figures 2(d) and 2(e)). The map keeps chaotic when b varies from 1.75 to 2.2. In Figure 2(g), three small chaotic attractors appear in the phase plane when b=1.9 and convert to one large attractor when b=1.95 (Figure 2(h)). From Figures 2(i) and 2(j), we can see that the chaotic attractor becomes a large one suddenly, which implies that an interior crisis occurs as b increases from 2 to 2.2.Figure 2
The phase diagrams of map (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) b=1, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with b=1, (c) b=1.5, (d) b=1.6, (e) b=1.7, (f) b=1.75, (g) b=1.9, (h) b=1.95, (i) b=2, and (j) b=2.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)The dynamics of the map with the initial conditionx02, which is similar to Figure 2, is displayed in Figure 3. From the global dynamics perspective, the two chaotic attractors, which are depicted in Figures 2(i) and 3(i), collide with each other and convert to a large one (Figures 2(j) and 3(j)).Figure 3
The phase diagrams of map (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) b=1, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with b=1, (c) b=1.5, (d) b=1.6, (e) b=1.7, (f) b=1.75, (g) b=1.8, (h) b=1.9, (i) b=2, and (j) b=2.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)


### 4.2. Dynamics as the Parameterc Varies

The fractional orderυ is fixed as 0.98 and the parameter b=2.2, and the dynamics of map (10) when c is varied in the interval of [0.2, 1] with two initial conditions x01 and x02 are studied. Firstly, the bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding LLE spectrums with x01 and x02 are plotted in Figure 4. From which we can see that the dynamics of the map is different from that of the map as the parameter b varies and lost the symmetry.Figure 4
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the parameterc varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The phase diagrams for the map withx01 are shown in Figure 5. The map is period-2 when c=0.2 (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)), and the periodic behavior persists for a long time until c=0.79. When c=0.8, the system is chaotic and the chaotic attractor is depicted in Figure 5(c). As c increases from 0.87 to 0.88, the chaotic attractor becomes a large one, which means an interior crisis occurs.Figure 5
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) c=0.20, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with c=0.20, (c) c=0.80, and (d) c=0.88.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The dynamics of the map with the initial conditionx02 is displayed in Figure 6. The map keeps chaotic as the parameter c changes in the interval of [0.2, 1], and the chaotic attractor has different formations. A chaotic attractor consists of four small parts in the phase space when the parameter c increases from 0.2 to 0.28 (Figures 6(a)–6(c)) and converts to a whole one when c=0.29 (Figure 6(d)). The system is period-5 when c=0.4, and the phase diagram and the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn are plotted in Figures 6(e) and 6(f). When the parameter c increases from 0.87 to 0.88, the chaotic attractor becomes a large one suddenly (Figures 6(g) and 6(h)), which implies that an interior crisis occurs.Figure 6
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) c=0.20 (b) c=0.25, (c) c=0.28, (d) c=0.29, (e) c=0.40, (f) discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with c=0.40, (g) c=0.87, and (h) c=0.88.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The stable region for the map in theb−c parameter plane with υ=0.98 is plotted in Figure 7 in order to give a guidance of choosing values of the parameters. From this figure, we can see that map (10) is chaotic when b=2.2 and c=0.95.Figure 7
The stable region of the map for the two parameters.


### 4.3. Dynamics as the Orderυ Varies

The parameters are fixed asb=2.2 and c=0.95, the dynamics of map (10) is studied when the order υ is varied in this section. The bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding LLE spectrums with x01 and x02 are plotted in Figure 8. From which it can be seen that the dynamics of the map also shows a symmetry with different initial conditions in this case.Figure 8
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the orderυ varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)For different values of theυ, the phase diagrams with x01 are shown in Figure 9. The map has period-1 attractor for υ=0.7 (Figure 9(a)), and a limit cycle for υ=0.71 (Figure 9(b)), which means a Hopf bifurcation, occurs as the order υ increases. The shape of the limit cycle changes as υ increases (Figure 9(c)). The map exists as a multicycle attractor for υ=0.83, see Figure 9(d). As the order increases to 0.84, the attractor becomes a chaotic one which is consisted by several small parts (Figure 9(e)). The small parts combine into one attractor when υ=0.86 (Figure 9(f)). From Figures 9(g) and 9(h), it is clear that the chaotic attractor has three small parts in the phase plane when υ=0.89, and these parts become a whole one when υ=0.9. The chaotic attractor in Figure 9(i) becomes a large one (Figure 9(j)) when the order varies from 0.95 to 0.96.Figure 9
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) υ=0.70, (b) υ=0.71, (c) υ=0.81, (d) υ=0.83, (e) υ=0.84, (f) υ=0.86, (g) υ=0.89, (h) υ=0.90, (i) υ=0.95, and (j) υ=0.96.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)The phase diagrams with initial conditionx02 as the order varies from 0.7 to 0.96 are shown in Figure 10, which are symmetric with those of the map withx01. From the global dynamics perspective, the two chaotic attractors, which are depicted in Figures 9(i) and 10(i), collide with each other and convert to a large one (Figures 9(j) and 10(j)).Figure 10
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) υ=0.70, (b) υ=0.71, (c) υ=0.80, (d) υ=0.83, (e) υ=0.84, (f) υ=0.86, (g) υ=0.89, (h) υ=0.90, (i) υ=0.95, and (j) υ=0.96.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)


### 4.4. Bifurcation with the Simultaneous Variation of Both Parameter and Orderυ

In this section, the bifurcations of map (10) as a parameter and the order variation with the initial conditions x01 and x02 are studied. Firstly, the value of parameter c is fixed as 0.95. The bifurcation diagram of the map is depicted in Figure 11, when the parameter b∈0.2,2.2 and the order υ∈0.5,1 change simultaneously. Secondly, the value of parameter b is set as 2.2. Figure 12 shows the bifurcation diagram of the map with the variation of the parameter b∈0.2,2.2 and the order υ∈0.5,1. From these figures, it can be seen that map (10) is periodic when the order is less than a certain threshold and appears chaotic behavior when the order is greater than the certain threshold.Figure 11
Bifurcation diagrams for map (10) with different initial values as the parameter b and the order υ vary: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01 and (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02.
(a)(b)Figure 12
Bifurcation diagrams for map (10) with different initial values as the parameter c and the order υ vary: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01 and (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02.
(a)(b)In other words, the dynamics of map (10) becomes regular as the derivate order υ decreases from 1 to 0.5 and complex as the derivate order υ increases from 0.5 to 1.


## 4.1. Dynamics as the Parameterb Varies

When the orderυ=0.98 and parameter c=0.95, the dynamics of map (10) with the variation of the parameter b is analyzed. The bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding largest Lyapunov exponents (LLE) spectrums with two different initial conditions x01=0.8,−0.4 and x02=0.8,0.4 are displayed in Figure 1. From which we can see that the dynamics of the map is abundant and shows a symmetry with different initial conditions in this case.Figure 1
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the parameterb varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The evolution of the trajectories for differentb with x01 is depicted in Figure 2. In the phase plane, there is a fixed point which means the map is period-1 for b=1 (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). The map has a limit cycle attractor for b=1.5, see Figure 2(c), which means a Hopf bifurcation occurs as the parameter b increases from 1 to 1.5. The shape of the limit cycle changes as b increases further (Figures 2(d) and 2(e)). The map keeps chaotic when b varies from 1.75 to 2.2. In Figure 2(g), three small chaotic attractors appear in the phase plane when b=1.9 and convert to one large attractor when b=1.95 (Figure 2(h)). From Figures 2(i) and 2(j), we can see that the chaotic attractor becomes a large one suddenly, which implies that an interior crisis occurs as b increases from 2 to 2.2.Figure 2
The phase diagrams of map (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) b=1, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with b=1, (c) b=1.5, (d) b=1.6, (e) b=1.7, (f) b=1.75, (g) b=1.9, (h) b=1.95, (i) b=2, and (j) b=2.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)The dynamics of the map with the initial conditionx02, which is similar to Figure 2, is displayed in Figure 3. From the global dynamics perspective, the two chaotic attractors, which are depicted in Figures 2(i) and 3(i), collide with each other and convert to a large one (Figures 2(j) and 3(j)).Figure 3
The phase diagrams of map (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) b=1, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with b=1, (c) b=1.5, (d) b=1.6, (e) b=1.7, (f) b=1.75, (g) b=1.8, (h) b=1.9, (i) b=2, and (j) b=2.2.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)


## 4.2. Dynamics as the Parameterc Varies

The fractional orderυ is fixed as 0.98 and the parameter b=2.2, and the dynamics of map (10) when c is varied in the interval of [0.2, 1] with two initial conditions x01 and x02 are studied. Firstly, the bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding LLE spectrums with x01 and x02 are plotted in Figure 4. From which we can see that the dynamics of the map is different from that of the map as the parameter b varies and lost the symmetry.Figure 4
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the parameterc varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The phase diagrams for the map withx01 are shown in Figure 5. The map is period-2 when c=0.2 (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)), and the periodic behavior persists for a long time until c=0.79. When c=0.8, the system is chaotic and the chaotic attractor is depicted in Figure 5(c). As c increases from 0.87 to 0.88, the chaotic attractor becomes a large one, which means an interior crisis occurs.Figure 5
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) c=0.20, (b) the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with c=0.20, (c) c=0.80, and (d) c=0.88.
(a)(b)(c)(d)The dynamics of the map with the initial conditionx02 is displayed in Figure 6. The map keeps chaotic as the parameter c changes in the interval of [0.2, 1], and the chaotic attractor has different formations. A chaotic attractor consists of four small parts in the phase space when the parameter c increases from 0.2 to 0.28 (Figures 6(a)–6(c)) and converts to a whole one when c=0.29 (Figure 6(d)). The system is period-5 when c=0.4, and the phase diagram and the discrete time evolution of the state variable xn are plotted in Figures 6(e) and 6(f). When the parameter c increases from 0.87 to 0.88, the chaotic attractor becomes a large one suddenly (Figures 6(g) and 6(h)), which implies that an interior crisis occurs.Figure 6
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) c=0.20 (b) c=0.25, (c) c=0.28, (d) c=0.29, (e) c=0.40, (f) discrete time evolution of the state variable xn with c=0.40, (g) c=0.87, and (h) c=0.88.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)The stable region for the map in theb−c parameter plane with υ=0.98 is plotted in Figure 7 in order to give a guidance of choosing values of the parameters. From this figure, we can see that map (10) is chaotic when b=2.2 and c=0.95.Figure 7
The stable region of the map for the two parameters.


## 4.3. Dynamics as the Orderυ Varies

The parameters are fixed asb=2.2 and c=0.95, the dynamics of map (10) is studied when the order υ is varied in this section. The bifurcation diagrams and the corresponding LLE spectrums with x01 and x02 are plotted in Figure 8. From which it can be seen that the dynamics of the map also shows a symmetry with different initial conditions in this case.Figure 8
Bifurcation diagrams and corresponding LLE spectrums for the map with different initial values as the orderυ varies: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01, (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02, (c) the LLE spectrum with x01, and (d) the LLE spectrum with x02.
(a)(b)(c)(d)For different values of theυ, the phase diagrams with x01 are shown in Figure 9. The map has period-1 attractor for υ=0.7 (Figure 9(a)), and a limit cycle for υ=0.71 (Figure 9(b)), which means a Hopf bifurcation, occurs as the order υ increases. The shape of the limit cycle changes as υ increases (Figure 9(c)). The map exists as a multicycle attractor for υ=0.83, see Figure 9(d). As the order increases to 0.84, the attractor becomes a chaotic one which is consisted by several small parts (Figure 9(e)). The small parts combine into one attractor when υ=0.86 (Figure 9(f)). From Figures 9(g) and 9(h), it is clear that the chaotic attractor has three small parts in the phase plane when υ=0.89, and these parts become a whole one when υ=0.9. The chaotic attractor in Figure 9(i) becomes a large one (Figure 9(j)) when the order varies from 0.95 to 0.96.Figure 9
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x01: (a) υ=0.70, (b) υ=0.71, (c) υ=0.81, (d) υ=0.83, (e) υ=0.84, (f) υ=0.86, (g) υ=0.89, (h) υ=0.90, (i) υ=0.95, and (j) υ=0.96.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)The phase diagrams with initial conditionx02 as the order varies from 0.7 to 0.96 are shown in Figure 10, which are symmetric with those of the map withx01. From the global dynamics perspective, the two chaotic attractors, which are depicted in Figures 9(i) and 10(i), collide with each other and convert to a large one (Figures 9(j) and 10(j)).Figure 10
The phase diagrams of system (10) with the initial condition x02: (a) υ=0.70, (b) υ=0.71, (c) υ=0.80, (d) υ=0.83, (e) υ=0.84, (f) υ=0.86, (g) υ=0.89, (h) υ=0.90, (i) υ=0.95, and (j) υ=0.96.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)


## 4.4. Bifurcation with the Simultaneous Variation of Both Parameter and Orderυ

In this section, the bifurcations of map (10) as a parameter and the order variation with the initial conditions x01 and x02 are studied. Firstly, the value of parameter c is fixed as 0.95. The bifurcation diagram of the map is depicted in Figure 11, when the parameter b∈0.2,2.2 and the order υ∈0.5,1 change simultaneously. Secondly, the value of parameter b is set as 2.2. Figure 12 shows the bifurcation diagram of the map with the variation of the parameter b∈0.2,2.2 and the order υ∈0.5,1. From these figures, it can be seen that map (10) is periodic when the order is less than a certain threshold and appears chaotic behavior when the order is greater than the certain threshold.Figure 11
Bifurcation diagrams for map (10) with different initial values as the parameter b and the order υ vary: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01 and (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02.
(a)(b)Figure 12
Bifurcation diagrams for map (10) with different initial values as the parameter c and the order υ vary: (a) the bifurcation diagram with x01 and (b) the bifurcation diagram with x02.
(a)(b)In other words, the dynamics of map (10) becomes regular as the derivate order υ decreases from 1 to 0.5 and complex as the derivate order υ increases from 0.5 to 1.


## 5. Stabilization

The stabilization of map (10) will be studied in this section. From here, the case of the equilibrium to be at the origin is considered. For convenience, the controlled map (10) is rewritten as the following form:(21)ΔCxaυt=yω−xω+u1ω,ΔCyaυt=b−x3ω+xω+c−y3ω+yω−yω+u2ω,where ω=t−1+υ and u1andu2 are the stabilization controllers.Theorem 2.
The fractional-order map (10) can be stabilized when the controllers are designed as the following form:(22)u1t=−yt,u2t=−b−x3t+xt−c−y3t+yt.Proof.
Through substituting (22) into (21), map (21) becomes(23)ΔCxaυt=−xω,ΔCyaυt=−yω.
Map (23) can be rewritten in the compact form:(24)ΔCaυxt,ytT=A×xω,yωT,where A=−100−1. Based on Theorem 1, it is easy to see that the eigenvalues of A satisfy the conditions argλi=πandλi=2υ,fori=1,2, which implies that the chaos of map (10) can be controlled and the zero equilibrium of (24) is globally asymptotically stable.
In the numerical simulations, the values of the parameters are fixed asb=2.2andc=0.95, and the fractional order υ=0.98. The controllers are used to stabilize map (10) when the iterations are chosen as n=1000. The stabilization results are displayed in Figure 13. It is clear that the state variables xnandyn toward to zeros, which means the chaos of map (10) is stabilized and the results confirm the theoretical control results presented in Theorem 2.Figure 13
The results of the stabilization of system (10): (a) the variation of xn with n and (b) the variation of yn with n.
(a)(b)


## 6. Synchronization

Now, we consider the synchronization of map (10). Firstly, a fractional Lorenz map is taken as the drive system:(25)ΔCaυxdt=γδxdω−δydωxdω,ΔCaυydt=δ−ydω+xd2ω,where 0<υ<1 and state subscript d denotes the drive system. Map (25) is chaotic when the parameters γ=1.25andδ=0.75 and the derivative order υ=0.98. For more details about the dynamics of map (25), please refer to the literature [23]. Map (10) with synchronization controllers u1ω and u2ω, which can be described by the following equations:(26)ΔCaυxrt=yrω−xrω+u1ω,ΔCaυyrt=b−xr3ω+xrω+c−yr3ω+yrω−yrω+u2ω,where the subscript r denotes the response system. The error state variables are defined as ext=xrt−xdtandeyt=yrt−ydt. If all the error states variables tend to 0 as the time t⟶∞, then maps (25) and (26) are synchronized. The following theorem is given to ensure the synchronization between the two maps can be realized.Theorem 3.
The drive and response maps (25) and (26) are synchronized when the controllers are designed as follows:(27)u1ω=γδxdω−δydωxdω−ydω+xdω,u2ω=δ−ydω+xd2ω−b−xr3ω+xrω−c−yr3ω+yrω+ydω.Proof.
The error dynamical system with fractional Caputo difference is(28)ΔCeaυ1t=yrω−xrω−γδxdω+δydωxdω+u1ω,ΔCeaυ2t=b−xr3ω+xrω+c−yr3ω+yrω−yrω−δ−ydω+xd2ω+u2ω.
By substituting controllers (27) into (28), we can obtain the error dynamical system:(29)ΔCeaυ1t=e2ω−e1ω,ΔCeaυ2t=−e2ω.
System (29) is rewritten in the compact form:(30)ΔCe1t,e2taυ=M×e1ω,e2ωT,where M=−110−1. It can be seen that the eigenvalues of the matrix M satisfy the following stability condition:(31)λi<2cosargλi−π2−υυ,argλi>υπ2,i=1,2.
Based on Theorem1, we can get that the zero equilibrium of (29) is globally asymptotically stable, which implies the two maps (25) and (26) are synchronized.
In the numerical simulations, the parameters are fixed asγ=1.25,δ=0.75,b=2.2,andc=0.95 and the order is υ=0.98. The initial conditions of the two systems (25) and (26) are xd0,yd0=0.1,0.1andxr0,yr0=0.8,0.4. The results of numerical simulations are depicted in Figure 14. From which, we can see that the error variables e1ande2 converge to zero rapidly as n increases (Figures 14(a) and 11(b)). Meanwhile, the evolution of the state variables with time n for the two maps (25) and (26) are synchronized under the designed controllers (27) (Figures 14(c) and 14(d)).Figure 14
The simulation results for the synchronization of map (10): (a) the error state variable e1n with the variation of n, (b) the error state variable e2n with the variation of n, (c) the state variables xdnandxrn with the variation n, and (d) the state variables ydnandyrn with the variation n.
(a)(b)(c)(d)


## 7. Conclusions and Discussion

A fractional-order discrete noninvertible map with cubic nonlinearity is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the stability of the equilibrium points for the map is analyzed. Secondly, the dynamics of the map with two different initial conditions is studied by numerical simulation. Bifurcation diagrams and phase plots are obtained as a parameter or the fractional order varies. A series of attractors of the map in different forms, including equilibrium points, limit cycles, and chaotic attractors, are plotted. Furthermore, bifurcations with the simultaneous variation of both parameter and order are also analyzed in the three-dimensional space. From the global dynamics perspective, interior crises occur in the map as a parameter or the order varies. Thirdly, based on the stability theory of fractional-order discrete maps, the chaos of the map is controlled by the stabilization controllers. Finally, the synchronization between the proposed map and a fractional-order discrete Loren map is investigated. Numerical simulations are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the designed controllers. The results obtained in this paper reveal that chaos really exists in the fractional-order formation for the map proposed in [31–33]. More abundant local and global dynamics are found in the fractional-order map.It is worth mentioning that the mechanism of interior crises occur in map (10) cannot be displayed from a global perspective due to the absence of effective global dynamics computation methods for fractional-order discrete maps. Therefore, developing the effective computation methods of global analysis for this kind of systems is our following work.



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