# Transportation Planning through GIS and Multicriteria Analysis: Case Study of Beijing and XiongAn

Authors: Asim Farooq; Mowen Xie; Svetla Stoilova; Firoz Ahmad; Meng Guo; Edward J. Williams; Vimal Kr. Gahlot; Du Yan; Ahmat Mahamat Issa
Journal: Journal of Advanced Transportation
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Urban population growth and urbanization with its impact on urban planning require continuous research in order to address the challenges posed by transportation requirements. Identifying transportation capacity (road and railways) is an important task that can identify whether the network is capable of sustaining the present volume of traffic and whether it can handle the future intended traffic flow. A new city, XiongAn, will be built in the coming years in order to relieve the pressure of population on Beijing and disperse the economic growth, business activity, and opportunities across the country. The focus of this research is to generate a transportation model between Beijing and XiongAn, in order to increase connection and connectivity, reduce travel time, and increase transfer capacity between the two hubs (Beijing-XiongAn). The existing transportation network between two cities is analyzed and a network which can handle future demand has been proposed. The first stage has been the investigation of a variety of options using geographic information system (GIS). Planning and implementing a mass transit system requires choosing among options such as an existing intercity railway line, a new high-speed railway line, and/or motorway options. In the second phase of our analysis, we assess these options relative to multiple criteria, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The options were evaluated using various criteria responsible for selection of alternative; it is found that travel time, cost of travel, safety, reliability, accessibility, and environment are key criteria for selecting the best alternative. The GIS and multicriteria analysis suggested that the best option is to build a new high speed railway line.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The economic growth and urban development of any city depend on its transportation network. Transportation planning is a complex process involving careful forecasting of future needs and study of existing travel pattern in cities. Innovations in transportation planning and development have occurred and emerging challenges put pressure on developers and planners to update their toolkits [1]. They need to develop a more balanced view of accessibility [2] and mobility [3]. Expansion of the transit network and the consequent increase of human activity are a complex process which needs to be integrated with multipurpose land use and minimum effects on the environment [4–6]. Smart sustainable transportation awareness is increasing day by day; hence most planners agree that increased frequency and efficiency of transport options will play a key role in solving problems of congestion. Solving the problem in this way is a continuous long-term process whose impact will be visible only in the long term [7]. Many cities around the world are expanding and the demand for transportation is increasing, placing planners under great pressure [8]. Inadequate knowledge, unjustifiable assumptions in modeling, uncertainty regarding model validation, and lack of transparency have led to considerable skepticism with planning [1]. The lack of suitable integrated approaches strongly affects the quality and reduces the attractiveness of transit networks in developing countries [7]. Lack of robust transportation models, planning and traffic forecasting, inefficient land use and inefficient interfaces between different means of transportation, and inaccurate analysis of supply and demand are basic recurring problems in many developing countries [9]. Due to the different mindsets of transportation planners, many priorities such as cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments remain unresolved and put the overall plan at serious risk [1].


### 1.1. Literature Review

China is leading the world in high-speed rail network capacity, with 16,000km of track in service, annual passenger volume of 2,122,992 million, and annual freight volume of 40.99 billion tons [10]. The passenger has different preferences depending on distance and time [11]. The uncertainty of the time needed to travel by road has become a major concern from the perspective of the traveler, whose experience of the same trip varies from day to day [12–14]. In assessing rail capacity, it is possible to define the maximum number of trains that can pass a bottleneck section in a fixed period of time. The performance of any transportation system is limited by its own capacity [8, 15–17]; Chinese cities are still struggling with air pollution problems. A study found that from 2006 onwards rail transportation has been playing an integral part in environmental recovery and has had a significant positive impact in China [10].Accessibility and connectivity are the most important parameters to consider in establishing an integrated transportation network in a city. The initial step is to analyze and understand the existing transportation network and seek to utilize resources more efficiently rather than just to extend the network [11]. The growth of the Chinese economy places the transportation system under pressure. The tension between increased demands for transport and constraints imposed by environmental protection increases the complexity of the overall transport problem [10]. Land use and passenger volume have a strong correlation in Beijing. The existence of places of interest and the likelihood that large numbers will wish to visit them are important factors to be considered by the urban planner and transportation planner [18]. Transit travel time reliability has become a very hot topic for research in recent decades due to congestion [19]. The best options for travel mode choice, travel time and distance, and safety and comfort are heavily dependent on Beijing passenger volume. The best options for travel mode choice, travel time and distance, and safety and comfort are heavily dependent on Beijing passenger volume [18]. Internal-combustion vehicles on roads emit much more pollution than trains using the railways. Therefore, the environmental cost of railways is markedly less than that of roadways [20]. In the United States, 15%-20% of the land is used by road networks; in China, the corresponding percentage is 19% [21, 22].Urbanization increases the number of automobiles and mileage of road usage and increases the pressure to invest more money in the autoindustry to increase GDP [23]. The rapid expansion of the road network is considered the major factor affecting sustainable development in China [24]. Urbanization is the catalyst in increasing automobile manufacturing, vehicle ownership, expansion of road network and social interaction [23]. Road network effects the social networking and interaction, while social life is widely affected by transportation facility available in the cities [25]. Many research studies have found that the expansion of road transportation results in the increase of vehicle ownership, energy use, and higher emission levels, increasing congestion, ever more complex and intrusive road networks, a vehicle-based society and inefficient usage of available resources [4, 26–32].Every one percent increase in GDP for road transportation is responsible for an increase in energy consumption of 0.33 percent and 1.26 percent of urbanization [23]. Many research studies have found that the road network in Beijing is complex and dense, and continuous expansion in road infrastructure strongly affects the future development of the city along with increased motorization [4, 33, 34]. Road network structure (either single lane or multilane) strongly increases the ecological risk, need for more risk assessment, division, and interference in the regional forest landscape [33, 35–37]. The expansion of the road network has many adverse effects, such as separation effects, greater ecological risk, an increased level of air pollution, faster habitat destruction, and pedestrian safety [4, 38, 39].Various methods are available for route selection; a feasible route will be defined as one reducing the overall cost of transportation (operating cost, construction cost, minimum separation effects, and environmentally friendly) and increasing efficiency, (direct route, shortest travel distance, better accessibility, and mobility options) [40, 41]. The presence of many criteria is common to many areas of scientific research. In transport this method is used, for example, to determine the mode of transportation, to estimate the passenger satisfaction, and to evaluate the transport projects and for other purposes. Transportation planning and modeling with GIS have made analysis convenient and accessible; many real transportation problems can be analyzed, forecast, and simulated with GIS [42]. Launching transportation applications in GIS has increased the usage of GIS for transportation planning and modeling in recent years; now it is referred to by the acronym GIS-T [43]. Technological improvement is continually progressing, and rapid development of geographic information system (GIS) of spatial information technology is now used more widely [44–46]. Studies have found that accessibility, transportation planning, transit network analysis, and social economic and environmental implications can be evaluated [47, 48]. GIS can be used to ascertain the “attraction nodes” (e.g., offices, tourist attractions, and hotels) within a broad area [49], and GIS applications pertinent to the field of transportation engineering were developed [50] to analyze the impact of activity trips on regional transportation patterns. Within GIS it is now possible to analyze, forecast, simulate, and implement an imaginary transportation model, expansion road network analysis, and regional road network design [51, 52]. High-speed rail transit can reinforce the links between cities, provide a reliable and attractive facility for the passenger, and increase the willingness to travel [53]. Furthermore, although the initial cost of rail transit is higher, the operating cost is lower, and there is the prospect of higher passenger comfort, higher safety, a dedicated system, and higher performance compared to other transportation modes (light rail and bus system) [54]. Rail transit can maximize transit ridership, achieve maximum operating speed and higher efficiency, be environmentally friendly, and increase the options open to the traveler by offering higher network efficiency, higher connectivity, and ease of transfer [55].The multicriteria analysis allows assessing criteria and prioritizing alternatives for transport planning. GIS gives the opportunity to preset the real objects as transport networks on maps and to integrate network characteristics into data base. The integration of both methods could serve to make decisions of transport planning. The aim of this study is to investigate the criteria for transport planning and to elaborate methodology to choose the transportation between two cities—megapolis and satellite using GIS and multicriteria analysis. In sum, the development of a methodology for transport planning by applying both multicriteria analysis and GIS data analysis taking into account different economic, infrastructure, environmental, technological, and other factors has been insufficiently investigated. This paper offers an integrated approach to planning the transportation between two big cities by taking into account route analysis and multiple factors relevant for transport.


## 1.1. Literature Review

China is leading the world in high-speed rail network capacity, with 16,000km of track in service, annual passenger volume of 2,122,992 million, and annual freight volume of 40.99 billion tons [10]. The passenger has different preferences depending on distance and time [11]. The uncertainty of the time needed to travel by road has become a major concern from the perspective of the traveler, whose experience of the same trip varies from day to day [12–14]. In assessing rail capacity, it is possible to define the maximum number of trains that can pass a bottleneck section in a fixed period of time. The performance of any transportation system is limited by its own capacity [8, 15–17]; Chinese cities are still struggling with air pollution problems. A study found that from 2006 onwards rail transportation has been playing an integral part in environmental recovery and has had a significant positive impact in China [10].Accessibility and connectivity are the most important parameters to consider in establishing an integrated transportation network in a city. The initial step is to analyze and understand the existing transportation network and seek to utilize resources more efficiently rather than just to extend the network [11]. The growth of the Chinese economy places the transportation system under pressure. The tension between increased demands for transport and constraints imposed by environmental protection increases the complexity of the overall transport problem [10]. Land use and passenger volume have a strong correlation in Beijing. The existence of places of interest and the likelihood that large numbers will wish to visit them are important factors to be considered by the urban planner and transportation planner [18]. Transit travel time reliability has become a very hot topic for research in recent decades due to congestion [19]. The best options for travel mode choice, travel time and distance, and safety and comfort are heavily dependent on Beijing passenger volume. The best options for travel mode choice, travel time and distance, and safety and comfort are heavily dependent on Beijing passenger volume [18]. Internal-combustion vehicles on roads emit much more pollution than trains using the railways. Therefore, the environmental cost of railways is markedly less than that of roadways [20]. In the United States, 15%-20% of the land is used by road networks; in China, the corresponding percentage is 19% [21, 22].Urbanization increases the number of automobiles and mileage of road usage and increases the pressure to invest more money in the autoindustry to increase GDP [23]. The rapid expansion of the road network is considered the major factor affecting sustainable development in China [24]. Urbanization is the catalyst in increasing automobile manufacturing, vehicle ownership, expansion of road network and social interaction [23]. Road network effects the social networking and interaction, while social life is widely affected by transportation facility available in the cities [25]. Many research studies have found that the expansion of road transportation results in the increase of vehicle ownership, energy use, and higher emission levels, increasing congestion, ever more complex and intrusive road networks, a vehicle-based society and inefficient usage of available resources [4, 26–32].Every one percent increase in GDP for road transportation is responsible for an increase in energy consumption of 0.33 percent and 1.26 percent of urbanization [23]. Many research studies have found that the road network in Beijing is complex and dense, and continuous expansion in road infrastructure strongly affects the future development of the city along with increased motorization [4, 33, 34]. Road network structure (either single lane or multilane) strongly increases the ecological risk, need for more risk assessment, division, and interference in the regional forest landscape [33, 35–37]. The expansion of the road network has many adverse effects, such as separation effects, greater ecological risk, an increased level of air pollution, faster habitat destruction, and pedestrian safety [4, 38, 39].Various methods are available for route selection; a feasible route will be defined as one reducing the overall cost of transportation (operating cost, construction cost, minimum separation effects, and environmentally friendly) and increasing efficiency, (direct route, shortest travel distance, better accessibility, and mobility options) [40, 41]. The presence of many criteria is common to many areas of scientific research. In transport this method is used, for example, to determine the mode of transportation, to estimate the passenger satisfaction, and to evaluate the transport projects and for other purposes. Transportation planning and modeling with GIS have made analysis convenient and accessible; many real transportation problems can be analyzed, forecast, and simulated with GIS [42]. Launching transportation applications in GIS has increased the usage of GIS for transportation planning and modeling in recent years; now it is referred to by the acronym GIS-T [43]. Technological improvement is continually progressing, and rapid development of geographic information system (GIS) of spatial information technology is now used more widely [44–46]. Studies have found that accessibility, transportation planning, transit network analysis, and social economic and environmental implications can be evaluated [47, 48]. GIS can be used to ascertain the “attraction nodes” (e.g., offices, tourist attractions, and hotels) within a broad area [49], and GIS applications pertinent to the field of transportation engineering were developed [50] to analyze the impact of activity trips on regional transportation patterns. Within GIS it is now possible to analyze, forecast, simulate, and implement an imaginary transportation model, expansion road network analysis, and regional road network design [51, 52]. High-speed rail transit can reinforce the links between cities, provide a reliable and attractive facility for the passenger, and increase the willingness to travel [53]. Furthermore, although the initial cost of rail transit is higher, the operating cost is lower, and there is the prospect of higher passenger comfort, higher safety, a dedicated system, and higher performance compared to other transportation modes (light rail and bus system) [54]. Rail transit can maximize transit ridership, achieve maximum operating speed and higher efficiency, be environmentally friendly, and increase the options open to the traveler by offering higher network efficiency, higher connectivity, and ease of transfer [55].The multicriteria analysis allows assessing criteria and prioritizing alternatives for transport planning. GIS gives the opportunity to preset the real objects as transport networks on maps and to integrate network characteristics into data base. The integration of both methods could serve to make decisions of transport planning. The aim of this study is to investigate the criteria for transport planning and to elaborate methodology to choose the transportation between two cities—megapolis and satellite using GIS and multicriteria analysis. In sum, the development of a methodology for transport planning by applying both multicriteria analysis and GIS data analysis taking into account different economic, infrastructure, environmental, technological, and other factors has been insufficiently investigated. This paper offers an integrated approach to planning the transportation between two big cities by taking into account route analysis and multiple factors relevant for transport.


## 2. Methodological Approach

The research methodology comprises the following steps:(i)
Step 1: Identifying routes between cities using GIS and route analysis(ii)
Step 2. Defining criteria and prioritization of the routes using the multicriteria methodThe methodology developed to prioritize the variant routes and the second step of methodology involves multicriteria analysis. The present research uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), developed by Saaty in 1980 [56], which assesses the weight to be given to the various criteria and to prioritize the various routes according to their maximum AHP scores. The AHP method is based on the following principles: structure of the model; development of the ratings for each decision alternative for each criterion; synthesis of the priorities. The pairwise comparisons between each criterion and variant routes are performed using Saaty’s scale, [57–59] (shown in Appendix Table 5).


## 3. Case Study and Numerical Testing

The Chinese capital Beijing is one of the world's most populated megacities. For this megacity, it is necessary to solve the problem of choosing a transport connection with the newly formed city satellite XiongAn. This research is a case study of the connection between Beijing and XiongAn. The populations of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei are 22 million, 15.5 million, and 74.3 million, respectively; and their annual growth rates have reached 16.2%, 14.4%, and 11.6%, respectively [60]. So there is a huge gap in the development of these three areas, and Hebei needs to sustain almost four times the population of Tianjin and Beijing. This helps explain why the current project is located in Hebei; it is hoped thereby to close the developmental gap by providing job opportunities and a boost to the local economy. XiongAn is planned to be built between the present counties of Xiong, Rongcheng, and Anxin, from which it obtains the name XiongAn. The newly developed area, also called jing-jin-ji, will connect Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei and is designed to increase the economic activity and reduce the development distance between these 3 provinces.Urbanization in China is at a peak, and most job opportunities are to be found in new urban areas [61]. XiongAn is a satellite town to accommodate the overburdened population of Beijing [62]. Many studies describe the current state of Beijing as “urban disease” or “urban ill” [63, 64]. Beijing has decided to extend its municipal administration to the border with Tongzhou in Hebei province to reduce the population burden on the capital city [62]. The newly built XiongAn will provide population relief for the massive capital city [64]. With the continuous process of integration, Tianjin and Hebei will become more attractive places to work and live [64]. XiongAn is located in Hebei province, which connects the three counties of Xiong, Rongcheng, and Anxin, as shown in Figure 1. The name is derived from the two counties Xiong and Anxin which are XiongAn [65]. The initial developmental plan is for 100km2 (100km west of Tianjin and 100km southwest of Beijing). After completing the initial development plan, the development will further extend for 200 km2 and there is long-term planning for 2000 km2 [63, 66]. XiongAn, located in the southwest of Beijing, is to serve as a developmental hub for Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, creating an economic triangle (Jing-Jin-Ji) or jingjinji. Located in the Baoding area of Hebei province, it completes a triangle between Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei [67].Figure 1
Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei road network map.Step 1 (identifying routes between cities using GIS and route analysis).
According to “Urban Road Engineering Design Code" (cjj37-2012), roads in china are characterized as one of four types. Type 1 has a speed of 100-120km/h and typically has four lanes. Type 2 is trunk roads connecting the districts inside the city and consisting of four or more lanes in each direction with speeds of 40-60km/h. Type 3 is secondary roads having two to four lanes with speeds of 30-50km/h. Type 4 is branch two-lane roads (community roads) with speeds of 20-40km/h. [68–70].The Beijing transportation network is very complex and spreads across the entire city. GIS and Road network analytics suggests that available motorway in the direction of “XiongAn is the only available option. GIS data relating to motorways linking cities in China favored having a motorway route in the direction “XiongAn.” In a case study for the first phase, we subdivide the area within the 50km buffer, to determine how much road infrastructure and rail infrastructure are available in the newly developed area as shown in Figure1.Using study area 1, as depicted in Figure2, a short-route analysis specifies the Beijing to XiongAn as 125km by one route and 167km by another route. A longer route is available from study area 2 via Tianjian and extends to 196km. The expected time in all these routes is more than two hours, as estimated from Baidu ditu and baidu map (which gives real time traffic analytics). The major part of the road consists of express highway where the speed is around 100km/h, while the minor road portion is based on secondary and trunk roads, which mainly pass near residential districts in the city. This proportion of road consists of many intersections and crossings while the speed does not exceed 50km/h.Figure 2
Distribution of Beijing city on the basis of population and ring road.For a detailed analysis, Beijing city is divided into 4 study areas as shown in Figure2, to measure the road infrastructure from a specified area and to analyze the connection and connectivity within the cities and within the newly developed areas. According to Figure 2, the available road network is from “Study Area 1" while there is no connection between study areas 2, 3, and 4. Within the short circular radius study area 2 and area 4 can be connected with study area 1, but there is no connection between study areas 1 and 4.The current system has very weak connections and connectivity in study areas 2, 4, and especially study area 3. Xiongan is located in the north of the city. There is no circular radial connection which gives a short and convenient route for people. Hence Beijing is already facing a higher number of vehicle, air pollution, and environmental problems. This study will propose the construction of a new road line from study area 3, which also facilitates access to/from study areas 2 and 4. Hence the burden from study area 1 will be reduced. The inhabitants of the capital city will have a fast, easy, and convenient route from Beijing to Xiongan. From short route analytics it is measured that the travelling time is two hours each way, and this may not attract many people to work or live there in future. Furthermore, the present research proposes a new road from study area 3, along with a high-speed railroad. The existing road starts from Qianmen east road. Hence the two suggestions will increase the connection and connectivity between study area 3 and study area 1. This case study suggests a route from the second ring road to Qianmen east road which will increase the connection between the two areas.According to Figure3, which represents the transportation route between Beijing and Tianjin, the minimum time needed (analysis from baidu ditu) when traveling by road is more than two hours depending on traffic conditions, and with the intercity railway line according to GIS maps and the Beijing station chart the minimum distance to reach to Baoding the area near to Xiongan is more than three and a half hours, even four hours. A subway line which provides access from the second to the sixth ring road is also shown in the map; it is 26km long and near the Daxing Area in the south of Beijing. There is no direct rail route between Beijing and Xiongan, and the distance between Baoding and Xiongan is around 55km, but the distance from “Xushui” is 40km from the railway line of a tiny town in the same direction.Figure 3
Beijing to Baoding Existing Transportation Network (near XiongAn).


## 4. Results and Discussion

This study recommends the following research suggestions.A radial railway line is proposed to connect the two cities to increase the connectivity, and to generate higher ridership, provide greater passenger convenience, reduce travel time, reduce traffic volume on parallel highways and meet passenger demand. From the Beijing second ring area in the direction “XiongAn", the available rail track length is 26km at line 4, of which the last stop is Tiangongyuan, which is located outside the 6th ring road. Since road network links in Beijing are quite widespread and complex, it is now critical to reduce traffic congestion greatly due to these issues [34].The study recommends a high-speed railway line connecting the two cities. In analysis from a survey using the subway application, GIS map and city short route application demonstrates that it takes more than one hour and twenty-five minutes to arrive at Tiangongyuan (last station at Line 4). So if the distance of 26km is covered in one hour and twenty-six minutes on the only available subway line in that direction, the question arises: will it attract people to travel or make them willing to live in the newly developed area?Another question is how to reach to the newly developing area in a way that is convenient and acceptable to passengers. The total distance between Beijing and XiongAn is around 130km. If this distance is covered within one hour, then most of the people will be willing to travel. Hence the usual travel time in Beijing from home to work is in between forty-five minutes to one hour, plus time spent in transit network (Travel time) [71].A high-speed radial line is needed, one station of which is located inside each of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th ring roads, and the last station lies in the newly built area “XiongAn." The new radial line will follow the major demand directions towards the newly built city. To meet required capacity the circle (beltway) Lines 2 and 10 will play a major role in the distribution of passengers across the city. Furthermore, these circle lines will be effective distributors for subway and bus lines; thereby enabling suburb-to-suburb trips to use a radial-circle-radial path. Connection and connectivity within each ring will increase passenger distribution across the city. The transfer from one line to another will be reduced through offering more connectivity through integrated transit planning. The high-speed railway line is the optimum solution to the case study. There is a huge road network, especially in Beijing. But due to problems such as traffic congestion, traffic jams, unhealthy air, higher CO2 content in the air, and many other environmental issues, the city seeks relief from all these problems [62]. This is the right time for the country to step up its sustainable development. To connect Beijing with “Xiongan," the city needs a regional fast speed railway line, which provides transportation between the two cities in less than 60 minutes [72, 73]. Switzerland provides a model of how this can be done [74].The sole purpose of suggesting the High speed railway line (HSRL) (Figure4) between Beijing and Xiongan is to meet the future needs of inhabitants outside the city. The initial stage is to develop 50km2 area but, in future, the planning can be applied to similar areas in the country. The proposed line for HSRL is shown in the map, where the stations are proposed in 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th ring roads, so the Beijing subway will work as feeder lines and buses as branch lines in the city.Figure 4
Inter-city railway network and proposed high-speed railway line.


### 4.1. Distributed Terminals Network Model for Beijing

The distributed terminals concept is to minimize the adverse impacts of Central and Directional Terminals and maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation. Many countries have the problem of a centrally based transportation network which increases the travel time and burden on the city centre. Every transit mode originates to and from the centre. For example, Munich (Germany) used a central terminal system, but because of a limited population of 1.5 million people [75, 76] 69% of Munich inhabitants use public transit modes [77], so it is only a problem at peak hours and functions effectively in offpeak hours [78, 79]. The set of terminals in this case essentially comprises existing and proposed metro rail connections through the city. Such network can provide more accessibility in the city, which is to transport the inhabitants between two cities in a mode in which they are willing to travel. This mode should offer more and ask for less (less transfer, higher connection through the city, ease of reaching the station). Distributed terminals will provide better access facilities to potential HSR passengers. They will also provide city managers with facilities to handle local and regional traffic more efficiently in future to increase connection and connectivity, reduce the number of transfers, offer direct trips, and increase comfort and convenience.In the case study of Beijing (as shown in Figure2), the city is located in the south of the city; hence as shown in Figure 5, we present the details to connect the new city with Beijing. For the Beijing case study it is assumed that each of the directional corridors will have three access nodes in the HUB area. For example, the corridor connecting the southern parts of the region or other regions in that direction will have its terminal at the northern end of the HUB area and two additional access nodes, one in the centre and the other at the southern end. Likewise, all the other corridors will have their terminals at the respective opposite ends of the hub area. Corridor 1, as shown in Figure 5 (C-1), connects Nodes A and G in the same region as Node A or another passes through Nodes B, C, and D in the hub area and Nodes E and F in the region. The terminal for Corridor C-1 is Node A. Nodes A to D are the locations of existing or proposed terminal locations of transport services in the HUB area. Corridor C-2 connecting Node H in the region can be planned such that its terminal in the hub area is at Node C. Likewise Corridor C-3 may have its terminal in the hub area at Node B. Alternatively, Corridors C-2 and C-3 can have a common terminal at Node B or C. Nodes H and I could be in different regions in their respective directions. Distributed terminals provide uniform accessibility throughout the city, combining directional and central terminals.Figure 5
Distributed terminal network concept.Network integration with well-designed transfer stations is a very important parameter for planning the line between Beijing and “XiongAn.” Furthermore, the inconvenience of transfers can be overcome by (i) the overall perceived reduction of travel time, (ii) the functional design of lines, (iii) passenger attraction/transit attraction factors to be considered, and (iv) network operating efficiency (Figure6).Figure 6
XiongAn satellite images.
(a) (b) (c)The overall perceived reduction of travel time: Travel time with transfer must be less than travel time by the direct service. People perceive walking and waiting time 2.0 to 2.5 times longer compared to in-vehicle time [80, 81]. Perceived time and not actual clock time should be used for the evaluation of whether or not people will accept the transfers. Functional design of lines: high capacity lines are usually independent lines. Independent networks need efficient transfer and feeder services. Heavy investments are being made worldwide to increase speed on transportation networks. Travel time is of course dependent on distance, but for a given distance, travel on a high-speed dedicated railway line is much faster than the equivalent travel by road [82, 83].To analyze the 50 km radius of XiongAn a satellite map was examined as shown in Figure8. The analysis shows that 75% of the study area falls below the 1-22 meter elevation category whereas roughly 80% of slope falls into the category of 0-5%. The land use/land cover classified map derived from Landsat-8 dataset reveals 62% of the area falls under urban/settlement/roads categories whereas 37% area falls under vegetation (forest/agriculture/urban greenery) and contains one percent of all water in the study area.Step 2 (defining criteria and prioritization route using multicriteria method).
The criteria between two cities are evaluated as following:(i)
F1: Cost of travel: This criterion describes the cost of the trip for passengers (ticket price or price of fuel consumption of vehicles when road transport is used).(ii)
F2: Travel time. This includes the time for transportation and change of transport from Beijing to XiongAn.(iii)
F3: Type of infrastructure: This factor shows the category of railway lines and roads. For the railway lines that means high-speed railway or conventional railway; for road transport that means category of road (motorway or railways)(iv)
F4: Connections: This criterion presents the possibilities of connecting with another mode of transport.(v)
F5: Comfort: This shows the convenience of the trip.(vi)
F6: Reliability: This criterion takes into account compliance with the transport timetable, and lack of congestion on highways.(vii)
F7: Level of safety.(viii)
F8: Accessibility: This criterion takes into account the possibilities of passengers obtaining the appropriate mode of transport with convenient connections in transport terminals.(ix)
F9: Type of terminal connection: This criterion presents the type of connection (as shown in Figure5).(x)
F10: Environmentally friendly transport: This means transport with minimal environmental pollution and noise impacts.In this research five routes and different transport modes connection between Beijing and XiongAn are investigated, taking into account the results of ArcGIS analysis:(i)
V1: Existing intercity railway line. There is no direct railway line existing in the study area; the nearest line is in Baoding.(ii)
V2: Metro and new railway line(iii)
V3: Motorway 1 Beijing to XiongAn(iv)
V4: Motorway 2 Beijing to XiongAn(v)
V5: Motorway 3 Beijing to XiongAnThe existing railway intercity line from Beijing West station passes through rural areas. This line is not specifically connected according to GIS Analytics and online Beijing traffic data. Variants with Motorways 1, 2, and 3 (V3; V4; V5) have overall weak connections because they follow the ring road, which is not integrated. The existing railway line (V1) has good integration with other types of transport, bus, road transport, and subway. Table1 presents the characteristics of the various options for transportation between Beijing and XiongAn.Table 1
Characteristics of variants.
Variant Length, km Type of way Time, h Accessibility Connection with another type of transport V1 Existing intercity railway line 157 railway 3h, 30 minute- 4hour no specific connection Bus and Subway, Road  V2 New line 105 Metro, railway(High-speed Line) Should be less than 1 hour. Metro + new railway line; connections in metro station Subway Stations  V3 Motorway-1 125 Trunk road +Motorway 1 hour, 48 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connection  V4 Motorway-2 167 Trunk road +Motorway 2 hour 8 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connection  V5 Motorway-3 160 Trunk road +Motorway 2 hour 24 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connectionThe present study uses the AHP methodology to determine what weight should be given to each criterion and to compare the alternatives Super Decision software used [84]. The super decision software is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The software helps to structure and organize the comparisons, as well as obtaining and analyzing the results. The software also calculates the consistency index (CI) of the judgments and Graphical Sensitivity Analysis.Figure9 presents the structure of the model. A hierarchical decision model has a goal, criteria that are evaluated for their importance to the goal, and alternatives that are evaluated for the level of preferences with respect to each criterion (Figure 7). The highest level of the hierarchy is the overall goal: to determine the best connection between Beijing and XiongAn. Under the overall goal, the second level represents ten criteria affecting transport selection. The alternatives for transportation are on the third level.Figure 7
AHP hierarchical model for goals, criteria, and alternatives for the study area.Figure 8
Weights of criteria.Figure 9
Priorities of alternatives.Pairwise comparison is the process of comparing the relative importance of two criteria with respect to another element (for example, the goal) in the level above to establish priorities for the elements being compared. In this research a group of experts gave an overall score on the scale of Saaty. Table2 shows the prioritization matrix and the weight given to each criterion by AHP method. The value of consistency ratio (CI=0,097) is less than 0,1, according to (A.4) (Appendix) which means that the expert's assessments are adequate.Table 2
Prioritization matrix of criteria and weights.
Criteria F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Weight F1: Cost for travel 1 1/2 3 3 2 1 1 4 4 2 0,15  F2: Travel time 2 1 5 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 0,16  F3: Type of infrastructure 1/3 1/5 1 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/3 1/3 1/3 0,03  F4: Connections 1/3 1/3 3 1 1/3 1/3 1/4 3 3 1/2 0,08  F5: Comfort 1/2 1/3 3 3 1 1/5 1/5 1/3 3 1/2 0,07  F6: Reliability 1 1 4 3 5 1 1/2 1/2 3 1 0,13  F7: Level of safety 1 1 4 2 5 2 1 2 2 1 0,15  F8:Accessibility 1/4 1/2 3 1/3 3 2 1/2 1 3 1 0,10  F9:Type of terminal connection 1/4 1/2 3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/3 1 1 0,04  F10:Environmentaly friendly transport 1/2 1/2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0,10  CI= 0.097It is found that factors affecting prioritization of alternatives include travel time (0,16), cost of travel (0,15), level of safety (0,15), reliability (0,13), accessibility (0,10), and environmental protection (0,10) as shown in Figure8.Table3 presents the important intensity levels for evaluating the alternatives. They are rated as excellent, good, above average, average and below average by the level of influence of the criteria. Table 4 shows the evaluation of alternatives by each criterion. The assessment is made using intensity levels.Table 3
Five intensity levels and their corresponding values.
Super Decisions Ratings Excellent Good Above Average Average Below Average Score Excellent 1 2 3 4 5 0,42  Good 1/2 1 2 3 4 0,26  Above Average 1/3 1/2 1 2 3 0,16  Average 1/4 1/3 1/2 1 2 0,10  Below Average 1/5 1/4 1/3 1/2 1 0,06Table 4
Ratings for alternatives.
Alternatives Criteria Weight F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 V1: AVG B-AVG G A-AVG G Good Good AA Good Good 0,17  V2: AVG ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET 0,27  V3: G G A-AVG G G Good AA G G B- AVG 0,21  V4: G A-AVG A-AVG G AVG A-AVG A-AVG G A- AVG B- AVG 0,18  V5: G A-AVG A-AVG G AVG A- AVG A- AVG G A-AVG B- AVG 0,18 ∗Average (AVG), good (G), above average (A-AVG), below average (B-AVG), above Average (A-AVG), and excellent (ET).Table 5
Saaty’s scale for pairwise comparison.
Intensely of importance Definition 1 Equal importance  3 Moderate importance of one factor over another  5 Strong or essential importance  7 Very strong importance  9 Extreme importance  2,4,6,8 Values for intermediate comparisonFigure9 shows the prioritization of alternatives and priorities. The highest priority is the option of a connection between Beijing and XiongAn with a new railway high-speed line.The sensitivity analysis was also carried out to create the various scenarios based on the priority of the selection criteria. Graphical Sensitivity Analysis enables the researcher to adjust priorities to see the effect of changes in judgments on the overall ranking of decision alternatives. The priority ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 on thex-axis. The assessment is carried out by increasing and decreasing one of the seven criteria, keeping the others proportionally the same. Moving the dotted line and dragging can give different scenarios of projection changes for the alternatives. Figure 10 gives an example for criterion F1 of graphical sensitivity analysis. It shows the upper limit of AHP score whereby the optimal solution is retained. The sensitivity analysis is made for all indicators. The results show that alternative 2 largely retains its position as the best scheme. For the best option, the stability intervals for priority ranges for criteria are F1 (0-0.67%), for all others criteria (0-100%).Figure 10
Graphical sensitivity analysis for criterion F1.The developed approach could also be applied to assess other transport options. The investigated criteria and their weights could be applied to study transport planning for other megapolises. The model could also to work in the case of introducing additional criteria. In this case, the value of consistency ratio CI should be observed for the adequacy of the expert assessments. The application of GIS helps to form different variants of transport connections and their parameters. For this reason, this approach is appropriate when combined with the AHP method to make decisions. The methodology can also to be used to assess existing transport lines. In this case, GIS analysis could not be used. Furthermore, the future research recommendation may be to extend the study, while considering other important planning parameters, while using other methodologies to help the developer and planner, to understand and analyze which parameters and criteria need to be considered for planning between megapolises.


## 4.1. Distributed Terminals Network Model for Beijing

The distributed terminals concept is to minimize the adverse impacts of Central and Directional Terminals and maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation. Many countries have the problem of a centrally based transportation network which increases the travel time and burden on the city centre. Every transit mode originates to and from the centre. For example, Munich (Germany) used a central terminal system, but because of a limited population of 1.5 million people [75, 76] 69% of Munich inhabitants use public transit modes [77], so it is only a problem at peak hours and functions effectively in offpeak hours [78, 79]. The set of terminals in this case essentially comprises existing and proposed metro rail connections through the city. Such network can provide more accessibility in the city, which is to transport the inhabitants between two cities in a mode in which they are willing to travel. This mode should offer more and ask for less (less transfer, higher connection through the city, ease of reaching the station). Distributed terminals will provide better access facilities to potential HSR passengers. They will also provide city managers with facilities to handle local and regional traffic more efficiently in future to increase connection and connectivity, reduce the number of transfers, offer direct trips, and increase comfort and convenience.In the case study of Beijing (as shown in Figure2), the city is located in the south of the city; hence as shown in Figure 5, we present the details to connect the new city with Beijing. For the Beijing case study it is assumed that each of the directional corridors will have three access nodes in the HUB area. For example, the corridor connecting the southern parts of the region or other regions in that direction will have its terminal at the northern end of the HUB area and two additional access nodes, one in the centre and the other at the southern end. Likewise, all the other corridors will have their terminals at the respective opposite ends of the hub area. Corridor 1, as shown in Figure 5 (C-1), connects Nodes A and G in the same region as Node A or another passes through Nodes B, C, and D in the hub area and Nodes E and F in the region. The terminal for Corridor C-1 is Node A. Nodes A to D are the locations of existing or proposed terminal locations of transport services in the HUB area. Corridor C-2 connecting Node H in the region can be planned such that its terminal in the hub area is at Node C. Likewise Corridor C-3 may have its terminal in the hub area at Node B. Alternatively, Corridors C-2 and C-3 can have a common terminal at Node B or C. Nodes H and I could be in different regions in their respective directions. Distributed terminals provide uniform accessibility throughout the city, combining directional and central terminals.Figure 5
Distributed terminal network concept.Network integration with well-designed transfer stations is a very important parameter for planning the line between Beijing and “XiongAn.” Furthermore, the inconvenience of transfers can be overcome by (i) the overall perceived reduction of travel time, (ii) the functional design of lines, (iii) passenger attraction/transit attraction factors to be considered, and (iv) network operating efficiency (Figure6).Figure 6
XiongAn satellite images.
(a) (b) (c)The overall perceived reduction of travel time: Travel time with transfer must be less than travel time by the direct service. People perceive walking and waiting time 2.0 to 2.5 times longer compared to in-vehicle time [80, 81]. Perceived time and not actual clock time should be used for the evaluation of whether or not people will accept the transfers. Functional design of lines: high capacity lines are usually independent lines. Independent networks need efficient transfer and feeder services. Heavy investments are being made worldwide to increase speed on transportation networks. Travel time is of course dependent on distance, but for a given distance, travel on a high-speed dedicated railway line is much faster than the equivalent travel by road [82, 83].To analyze the 50 km radius of XiongAn a satellite map was examined as shown in Figure8. The analysis shows that 75% of the study area falls below the 1-22 meter elevation category whereas roughly 80% of slope falls into the category of 0-5%. The land use/land cover classified map derived from Landsat-8 dataset reveals 62% of the area falls under urban/settlement/roads categories whereas 37% area falls under vegetation (forest/agriculture/urban greenery) and contains one percent of all water in the study area.Step 2 (defining criteria and prioritization route using multicriteria method).
The criteria between two cities are evaluated as following:(i)
F1: Cost of travel: This criterion describes the cost of the trip for passengers (ticket price or price of fuel consumption of vehicles when road transport is used).(ii)
F2: Travel time. This includes the time for transportation and change of transport from Beijing to XiongAn.(iii)
F3: Type of infrastructure: This factor shows the category of railway lines and roads. For the railway lines that means high-speed railway or conventional railway; for road transport that means category of road (motorway or railways)(iv)
F4: Connections: This criterion presents the possibilities of connecting with another mode of transport.(v)
F5: Comfort: This shows the convenience of the trip.(vi)
F6: Reliability: This criterion takes into account compliance with the transport timetable, and lack of congestion on highways.(vii)
F7: Level of safety.(viii)
F8: Accessibility: This criterion takes into account the possibilities of passengers obtaining the appropriate mode of transport with convenient connections in transport terminals.(ix)
F9: Type of terminal connection: This criterion presents the type of connection (as shown in Figure5).(x)
F10: Environmentally friendly transport: This means transport with minimal environmental pollution and noise impacts.In this research five routes and different transport modes connection between Beijing and XiongAn are investigated, taking into account the results of ArcGIS analysis:(i)
V1: Existing intercity railway line. There is no direct railway line existing in the study area; the nearest line is in Baoding.(ii)
V2: Metro and new railway line(iii)
V3: Motorway 1 Beijing to XiongAn(iv)
V4: Motorway 2 Beijing to XiongAn(v)
V5: Motorway 3 Beijing to XiongAnThe existing railway intercity line from Beijing West station passes through rural areas. This line is not specifically connected according to GIS Analytics and online Beijing traffic data. Variants with Motorways 1, 2, and 3 (V3; V4; V5) have overall weak connections because they follow the ring road, which is not integrated. The existing railway line (V1) has good integration with other types of transport, bus, road transport, and subway. Table1 presents the characteristics of the various options for transportation between Beijing and XiongAn.Table 1
Characteristics of variants.
Variant Length, km Type of way Time, h Accessibility Connection with another type of transport V1 Existing intercity railway line 157 railway 3h, 30 minute- 4hour no specific connection Bus and Subway, Road  V2 New line 105 Metro, railway(High-speed Line) Should be less than 1 hour. Metro + new railway line; connections in metro station Subway Stations  V3 Motorway-1 125 Trunk road +Motorway 1 hour, 48 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connection  V4 Motorway-2 167 Trunk road +Motorway 2 hour 8 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connection  V5 Motorway-3 160 Trunk road +Motorway 2 hour 24 minute 6th Ring Road+ Motorway Overall weak connectionThe present study uses the AHP methodology to determine what weight should be given to each criterion and to compare the alternatives Super Decision software used [84]. The super decision software is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The software helps to structure and organize the comparisons, as well as obtaining and analyzing the results. The software also calculates the consistency index (CI) of the judgments and Graphical Sensitivity Analysis.Figure9 presents the structure of the model. A hierarchical decision model has a goal, criteria that are evaluated for their importance to the goal, and alternatives that are evaluated for the level of preferences with respect to each criterion (Figure 7). The highest level of the hierarchy is the overall goal: to determine the best connection between Beijing and XiongAn. Under the overall goal, the second level represents ten criteria affecting transport selection. The alternatives for transportation are on the third level.Figure 7
AHP hierarchical model for goals, criteria, and alternatives for the study area.Figure 8
Weights of criteria.Figure 9
Priorities of alternatives.Pairwise comparison is the process of comparing the relative importance of two criteria with respect to another element (for example, the goal) in the level above to establish priorities for the elements being compared. In this research a group of experts gave an overall score on the scale of Saaty. Table2 shows the prioritization matrix and the weight given to each criterion by AHP method. The value of consistency ratio (CI=0,097) is less than 0,1, according to (A.4) (Appendix) which means that the expert's assessments are adequate.Table 2
Prioritization matrix of criteria and weights.
Criteria F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Weight F1: Cost for travel 1 1/2 3 3 2 1 1 4 4 2 0,15  F2: Travel time 2 1 5 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 0,16  F3: Type of infrastructure 1/3 1/5 1 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/3 1/3 1/3 0,03  F4: Connections 1/3 1/3 3 1 1/3 1/3 1/4 3 3 1/2 0,08  F5: Comfort 1/2 1/3 3 3 1 1/5 1/5 1/3 3 1/2 0,07  F6: Reliability 1 1 4 3 5 1 1/2 1/2 3 1 0,13  F7: Level of safety 1 1 4 2 5 2 1 2 2 1 0,15  F8:Accessibility 1/4 1/2 3 1/3 3 2 1/2 1 3 1 0,10  F9:Type of terminal connection 1/4 1/2 3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/3 1 1 0,04  F10:Environmentaly friendly transport 1/2 1/2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0,10  CI= 0.097It is found that factors affecting prioritization of alternatives include travel time (0,16), cost of travel (0,15), level of safety (0,15), reliability (0,13), accessibility (0,10), and environmental protection (0,10) as shown in Figure8.Table3 presents the important intensity levels for evaluating the alternatives. They are rated as excellent, good, above average, average and below average by the level of influence of the criteria. Table 4 shows the evaluation of alternatives by each criterion. The assessment is made using intensity levels.Table 3
Five intensity levels and their corresponding values.
Super Decisions Ratings Excellent Good Above Average Average Below Average Score Excellent 1 2 3 4 5 0,42  Good 1/2 1 2 3 4 0,26  Above Average 1/3 1/2 1 2 3 0,16  Average 1/4 1/3 1/2 1 2 0,10  Below Average 1/5 1/4 1/3 1/2 1 0,06Table 4
Ratings for alternatives.
Alternatives Criteria Weight F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 V1: AVG B-AVG G A-AVG G Good Good AA Good Good 0,17  V2: AVG ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET 0,27  V3: G G A-AVG G G Good AA G G B- AVG 0,21  V4: G A-AVG A-AVG G AVG A-AVG A-AVG G A- AVG B- AVG 0,18  V5: G A-AVG A-AVG G AVG A- AVG A- AVG G A-AVG B- AVG 0,18 ∗Average (AVG), good (G), above average (A-AVG), below average (B-AVG), above Average (A-AVG), and excellent (ET).Table 5
Saaty’s scale for pairwise comparison.
Intensely of importance Definition 1 Equal importance  3 Moderate importance of one factor over another  5 Strong or essential importance  7 Very strong importance  9 Extreme importance  2,4,6,8 Values for intermediate comparisonFigure9 shows the prioritization of alternatives and priorities. The highest priority is the option of a connection between Beijing and XiongAn with a new railway high-speed line.The sensitivity analysis was also carried out to create the various scenarios based on the priority of the selection criteria. Graphical Sensitivity Analysis enables the researcher to adjust priorities to see the effect of changes in judgments on the overall ranking of decision alternatives. The priority ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 on thex-axis. The assessment is carried out by increasing and decreasing one of the seven criteria, keeping the others proportionally the same. Moving the dotted line and dragging can give different scenarios of projection changes for the alternatives. Figure 10 gives an example for criterion F1 of graphical sensitivity analysis. It shows the upper limit of AHP score whereby the optimal solution is retained. The sensitivity analysis is made for all indicators. The results show that alternative 2 largely retains its position as the best scheme. For the best option, the stability intervals for priority ranges for criteria are F1 (0-0.67%), for all others criteria (0-100%).Figure 10
Graphical sensitivity analysis for criterion F1.The developed approach could also be applied to assess other transport options. The investigated criteria and their weights could be applied to study transport planning for other megapolises. The model could also to work in the case of introducing additional criteria. In this case, the value of consistency ratio CI should be observed for the adequacy of the expert assessments. The application of GIS helps to form different variants of transport connections and their parameters. For this reason, this approach is appropriate when combined with the AHP method to make decisions. The methodology can also to be used to assess existing transport lines. In this case, GIS analysis could not be used. Furthermore, the future research recommendation may be to extend the study, while considering other important planning parameters, while using other methodologies to help the developer and planner, to understand and analyze which parameters and criteria need to be considered for planning between megapolises.


## 5. Conclusion

This paper presents a multicriteria-based transportation planning for satellite towns of the growing cities. The methodology incorporated an analytic hierarchy process to evaluate various criteria from a set of alternative options from among which the optimal decision was made for the study area. Based on the analysis a railway high-speed line is proposed for the study area. The selection criteria based on cost for travel, travel time, type of infrastructure, connections, comfort, reliability, safety, accessibility, type of terminal connection, and environmental friendly transport was evaluated using an analytic hierarchy process tool. It was found that travel time, cost of travel, safety, reliability, accessibility, and environment are the criteria mainly responsible for selecting the best alternative. The sensitivity analysis also supported the selection of the high-speed railway line with the metro line to cope with transportation demand of the study area. The methodology developed can be used for similar cities by varying the selection criteria factors based on the priorities of the requirements.The study suggests that application of GIS and Analytic hierarchy process supports making the best decision for transport planning from a multitude of available different options. The results of this study demonstrate that the combination of both methods can serve as a decision support system for the route selection. The proposed methodology can be used in research on transport connections and for other cities.



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*Source: 2696037-2018-10-18.xml*