# Beamforming for Rotated 3D Multipanel Array Structures for 5G NR MIMO Transmission

Authors: Hyukjun Lee; Wonjae Ryu; Wonjin Sung; Jonghyun Park
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2019)

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## Abstract

5G new radio (NR) provides enhanced transmission capabilities to transceivers by utilizing the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with a significantly increased number of antenna elements. Such transmission requires massive arrays to perform accurate high-gain beamforming over the millimeter-wave frequency band. There is no fixed form of array structures for 5G NR base stations, but they are likely to include multiple subarrays or panels for practicality of implementation and are expected to cover the user equipment (UE) in various locations. In this paper, we propose an array structure to transmit signals over the three-dimensional (3D) space in an isotropic fashion for all types of UEs in ground, aerial, and high-rise building locations, by employing panels on surfaces of a polyhedron. We further derive exact beamforming equations for the proposed array and show the resulting beams provide improved receiver performance over the exiting conventional beamforming. The presented beamforming expressions can be applied to an arbitrary multipanel array with massive antenna elements.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

A massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology enables signal transmission to multiple users at increased bandwidth efficiency, resulting in higher system capacity [1–4]. In 5G new radio (NR), the frequency band extends to the millimeter-wave to accommodate increased traffic over a larger bandwidth. Characteristics of the millimeter-wave frequency band are important in designing transceivers and beamforming strategies, and related study has been conducted to attract a great amount of attention [4–6]. Larger propagation losses occurring at the millimeter-wave frequency carrier need to be compensated by beamforming techniques using a massive antenna array in order to have a sufficient spatial coverage. Shorter wavelengths of millimeter-wave carriers reduce the size of each antenna element, making the utilization of arrays with a larger number of antenna elements practically feasible. Using such arrays, improved beamforming and beam management schemes can be performed [7].A massive array can be decomposed into multiple subarrays in a smaller size for easier implementation, and studies have been conducted to propose efficient beamforming schemes for such subarray-based antenna structures [8–10]. Although full digital beamforming via baseband precoding provides accurate and controllable management of signal beams, it requires a separate RF chain to be connected to each antenna element which makes the array larger in size and more expensive to build. To overcome this problem, hybrid beamforming using analog beamforming to steer beams to the target direction for each subarray in addition to the digital precoding has been proposed [11, 12]. Subarrays are usually in the form of a uniform linear array (ULA) or a uniform rectangular array (URA), and beamforming vectors are required to steer beams to the desired direction. These beamforming vectors can be used as a part of baseband precoding for the case of full digital beamforming and applied to control phase shifters for the case of hybrid beamforming. Codebooks for ULAs and URAs have been studied for the limited feedback environment [13–15], and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based codebooks have been standardized to be used in 3GPP specifications [16, 17].Attempts have been made to improve the beamforming and transmission efficiency by using antenna arrays in different shapes. In [18–20], uniform circular arrays (UCAs) to mitigate the interference at the sector boundary have been investigated, which are extended to the cylindrical shape to conduct vertical beamforming in addition to horizontal beamforming [21, 22]. Vertical beamforming for small cells using the millimeter-wave has been studied in [23–25]. Signal transmission using spherically shaped arrays including geodesic domes was researched in [26–29]. Although an ultimate form of 3D arrays would be in spherical shape, such arrays do not only incur implementation complexity but cause difficulty to include subarrays. They also make the utilization of existing beamformers and codebooks difficult.In this paper, we propose a 3D antenna array structure based on polyhedrons, which is composed of rectangular subarrays so that existing codebooks are applicable as a part of array beamforming. Due to the polyhedron-based nature of the array, it is capable of forming beams to all directions of the entire 3D space to cover a variety of moving objects as well as UEs with severe vertical tilting, both in upward and downward directions. A particular example of the polyhedron-based array in consideration is shown in Figure1(a), where 12 rectangular subarrays are located on the surfaces of dodecahedron. The proposed antenna structure consisting of 12 URAs can be compared to the conventional hexagonal antenna structure with 6 subarrays shown in Figure 1(b), which is usually used to cover 6-sector cells. We use the method of coordinate transformation to derive exact beamforming equations for the proposed antenna structure and apply the resulting beamforming vectors to evaluate the transmission performance, to demonstrate the advantage of the proposal over the conventional array. Although the derivation and evaluation are conducted for the array as shown in the figure, the proposal can be generalized to many different forms of 3D arrays based on polyhedrons and geodesic structures.Figure 1
Antenna array structures: (a) polyhedron-based array and (b) hexagonal 6-sector array.
(a) (b)The proposed BS architecture equipped with a massive array can increase the deployment cost for operators due to the hardware complexity required for the antennas and RF circuitry. This hardware cost, however, may be a small price to pay to obtain a high bandwidth efficiency and spatial multiplexing gain required for 5G radio access network (RAN) [30]. Since acquiring new spectrum and having them available for 5G NR is a key factor which increases the deployment cost, transceivers with the full utilization capability of the spectrum are desired [31, 32]. Furthermore, the subarray structure proposed here limits the number of RF chains to the number of subarrays, which maintains the cost of the radio unit at a reasonable level.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the system model is described and related parameters are introduced. In Section 3, the method of coordinate transmission is explained to combine subarray beamforming formulas for the 3D antenna structure, followed by the resulting derivation of beamforming equations for the proposed system in Section 4. Beamforming performance in terms of the receiver power distribution is evaluated in Section 5, to quantify the amount of gain over the conventional case. Conclusions are given in Section 6.


## 2. System Model

We consider an antenna structure consisting ofM subarrays oriented in arbitrary directions in the 3D space. Each subarray includesN1 xN2 antenna elements withN1 horizontal rows andN2 vertical columns, thus the total number of antenna elements in the array becomesMT =MN1N2. We assume that all antenna elements in the entire array are used to transmit a beam to the target user equipment (UE), requiring coherent combining of the signals from individual subarrays. Under the situation where only a subset of the subarrays is used form a beam to the target direction and the remaining subarrays are used for beams to other directions, the signal model used here can be modified accordingly. An extreme case of noncoherent operation is theM-sector model, for which each subarray is separately used to transmit the signal to the UE in its own sector.Figure2 shows the array structure with 4x4 rectangular subarrays located at the equal distance from the origin, i.e., the center of the whole array. The center point of them-th surface of the dodecahedron is denoted by Am,m = 1, 2,..., 12. As shown in Figure 2(a), the azimuth and zenith angles in polar coordinate which determine the location of Am are denoted by ϕm and θm, respectively. Also, the azimuth and zenith angles for the location of the target UE are denoted by Φ and Θ, respectively. The distance between the UE and the origin isd0, and the distance between Am and the UE isdm. In Figure 2(b), the location of then-th element of them-th subarray is denoted by Am,n, and the distance between adjacent elements is denoted by ε1 for horizontal spacing and ε2 for vertical spacing. The distance between Am,n and the UE is dm,n. The angles defined above are based on the global coordinate system (GCS), with thex-y plane parallel to the ground and thez-axis vertically upward from the ground. To derive beamforming equations, we introduce the local coordinate system (LCS) for each subarray. The LCS for them-th subarray is centered at Am, with the subarray panel included in itsx-y plane and thez-axis directing the boresight of antenna elements. The azimuth and zenith angles of the UE location based on the LCS for them-th array are denoted by Φm and Θm, respectively. ParameterR denotes the distance between the origin and Am for allm. Table 1 includes the parameters defined here and lists several more parameters used for the derivation of beamforming equations.Table 1
Location and beam path parameters.
Symbols Meaning A m Center point of them-th subarray A m , n n-th antenna element of m-th subarray ϕ m Azimuth angle ofAm in GCS θ m Zenith angle ofAm in GCS Φ UE azimuth angle in GCS Θ UE zenith angle in GCS Φ m UE azimuth angle in LCS for them-th subarray Θ m UE zenith angle in LCS for them-th subarray d 0 Distance between the origin and the UE d m Distance betweenAm and the UE d m , n Distance betweenAm,n and the UE d ’ m , n d m , n - d m l m d m - d 0 l m , n d m , n - d 0 (=lm+d’m,n) R Distance between the origin and the array centerFigure 2
Antenna structure and parameters: (a) 12 subarrays and (b) single subarray.
(a) (b)The signal transmitted from the transmit antenna array of sizeMT to the receive antenna array of sizeMR can be represented by(1)yi=HiWisi+∑j≠iHiWjsj+Ii+niwhere yi=y1y2…yMRT is the received vector for thei-th UE and Hi=h1Th2T…hMRTT is theMR xMT channel matrix with hr=hr,1hr,2⋯hr,MT denoting the channel vector for itsr-th receive antenna. Precoding matrix Wi=w1w2⋯wK includes beamforming vector wk=wk,1wk,2⋯wk,MTT for thek-th layer and si=s1s2⋯sKT is the transmitted data vector. SymbolsIi and ni respectively denoteMR x 1 vectors for the interference and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). For the single-rank transmission, precoding matrixWi reduces to beamforming vector w=w1w2⋯wMTT. Note that UE indexi is omitted in the beamforming vector symbol for notational simplicity.The elements ofw can be divided intoM groups ofN1N2 elements as in w=u1Tu2T⋯uMTT, whereum is the beamforming subvector for them-th subarray determined as (2)um=umum′for m=1,2,…,M. Here um is a scalar parameter which compensates for the location of them-th subarray within the whole array structure and determined by the relative distances of the subarray centers from the target UE. We obtain um=exp⁡-j2πlm/λ, wherelm is the beam path difference between Am and the origin as shown in Figure 2(a) and λ is the carrier wavelength. Then we construct vector u of compensation terms for all subarrays as (3)u=u1u2⋯uMT=1Me-j2π/λl1e-j2π/λl2⋯e-j2π/λlMT.The vector component um′ in Equation (2) is the beamforming subvector for them-th subarray without the location compensation and is expressed as(4)um′=u1mu2m⋯uN1N2mT=1N1N2e-j2π/λd′m,1e-j2π/λd′m,2⋯e-j2π/λd′m,N1N2Twhere d′m,n is the beam path difference dm,n-dm as illustrated in Figure 2(b).


## 3. Coordinate Transformation

Coordinate transformation refers to the rotation of the axes of the GCS, to determine new axes to form the LCS for them-th subarray. This process is needed to apply the existing beamformers and code vectors for the URA to the subarrays facing different directions in the 3D space. By performing the transformation, conventional beamforming vectors can easily be converted to find subvector um′ in Equation (4).Figure3 shows the coordinate transformation process via axis rotations in azimuth and zenith angles. In Figure 3(a), the unit vectors in the direction ofx,y, andz axes of the GCS, the original coordinate system, are respectively denoted byi,j, andk. Rotation of the coordinate system by angle ϕm in the azimuth direction results in the movement ofx andy axes in the in thex-y plane, as shown in Figure 3(b), where the new axes are labeled asx’,y’, andz’ axes. The unit vectors in the direction of the rotated axes are denoted asi’,j’, andk’. By the azimuth rotation, the unit vectors in two systems are related by the matrix linear transformation formula (5)i′j′k′=cos⁡ϕmsin⁡ϕm0-sin⁡ϕmcos⁡ϕm0001ijkwhere it can be verified thatk’ =k since thez-axis does not change due to this rotation. The second rotation of the coordinate system is in the zenith direction by angle θm, resulting in the movement ofx’ andz’ axes in thex’-z’ plane. The new coordinate axes are namedx’’,y’’, andz’’ as indicated in Figure 3(c). The corresponding unit vectors along these axes are denoted byi’’,j’’,k’’ and can be determined by the second matrix transformation formula (6)i′′j′′k′′=cos⁡θm0-sin⁡θm010sin⁡θm0cos⁡θmi′j′k′for whichj’’ =j’ holds due to no movement of they’ axis. Combining (5) and (6), we obtain(7)i′′j′′k′′=cosθm⁡cos⁡ϕmcos⁡θmsin⁡ϕm-sin⁡θm-sin⁡ϕmcos⁡ϕm0sin⁡θmcos⁡ϕmsinθm⁡sin⁡ϕmcos⁡θmijk,and unit vectorsi’’,j’’, andk’’ can be written as (8)i′′=cos⁡θm⁡cos⁡ϕm,cos⁡θmsin⁡ϕm,-sin⁡θm,j′′=-sin⁡ϕm,cos⁡ϕm,0,k′′=sin⁡θmcos⁡ϕm,sin⁡θmsin⁡ϕm,cos⁡θm.The azimuth and zenith angles indicating the position of the UE are Φ and Θ as given in Table 1. Denoting the UE distance from the origin by ρ, the Cartesian coordinate of the UE in the GCS is represented by vector (9)e=ρcos⁡Φsin⁡Θ,ρsin⁡Φsin⁡Θ,ρcos⁡Θ.Using the coordinate transformation, we can represent the UE location in the LCS for them-th subarray by the new Cartesian coordinate em=[α,β,γ], which is the vector from Am to the UE. The elements ofem can be obtained by(10)α=e∙i′′,β=e∙j′′,γ=e∙k′′where (∙) represents the dot product of two vectors. Using (8), (9), and (10), the element values are calculated as (11)α=ρcos⁡θmcos⁡ϕmcos⁡Φsin⁡Θ+cos⁡θmsin⁡ϕmsin⁡Φsin⁡Θ-sin⁡θmcos⁡Θ=ρ(cos⁡θmsin⁡Θcos⁡Φ-ϕm-sin⁡θmcos⁡Θ,β=ρ-sin⁡ϕmcos⁡Φsin⁡Θ+cos⁡ϕmsin⁡Φsin⁡Θ=ρsin⁡Θsin⁡Φ-ϕm,γ=ρsin⁡θmcos⁡ϕmcos⁡Φsin⁡Θ+sin⁡θmsin⁡ϕmsin⁡Φsin⁡Θ+cos⁡θmcos⁡Θ=ρsin⁡θmsin⁡Θcos⁡Φ-ϕm+cos⁡θmcos⁡Θ.From the calculation results, zenith angle Θm and azimuth angle Φm of the UE in the LCS for them-th subarray can be determined as (12)Θm=cos-1⁡γρ=cos-1⁡sin⁡θmsin⁡Θcos⁡Φ-ϕm+cos⁡θmcos⁡Θ,Φm=tan-1⁡βα=tan-1⁡sin⁡Θsin⁡Φ-ϕmcos⁡θmsin⁡Θcos⁡Φ-ϕm-sin⁡θmcos⁡Θ.These transformed angles obtained by the coordinate transformation are illustrated in Figure 4. Also, the unit vector in the direction ofem is defined as fm=em/em, expressed by(13)fm=cos⁡Φmsin⁡Θm,sin⁡Φmsin⁡Θm,cos⁡Θm.The unit vector in (13) indicating the direction of the UE in the LCS can be used to determine the beam path difference for different antenna elements in them-th subarray. The antenna elements represented in the Cartesian coordinate exist on thex’’-y’’ plane of the LCS and are given by Am,1=xm,1,ym,1,0,Am,2=xm,2,ym,2,0,⋯,Am,N1N2=xm,N1N2,ym,N1N2,0.Figure 3
Coordinate transformation process.
(a) (b) (c)Figure 4
Angle parameters for the GCS and the LCS.We further denote the vector originating fromAm and ending at Am,n by (14)am,n=xm,n,ym,n,0for m=1,2,…,N1N2. Using these location vectors {am,n} for antenna elements and the direction vector fm for the UE in (13), we derive the path difference and the compensation terms for the phase rotation.


## 4. Subarray Beamforming

To obtain beamforming subvectoru’m for them-th subarray, we use positioning vectors in the LCS to determine the beam path difference for each of the antenna arrays. As shown in Figure 5, vectoram,n points antenna element Am,n from subarray center Am, and vectorfm points the target UE from subarray center Am. The differencedm,n −dm of the beam distance from each antenna element to the UE, with the array center Am as the reference point, can be calculated as (15)d′m,n=-am,n∙fm.Using (13), (14), and (15), we obtain (16)d′m,n=-xm,nsin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm+ym,nsin⁡Θmsin⁡Φm.The difference of the beam distance causes the phase rotation of the transmit/receive signals, which needs to be compensated by the beamforming subvector um′. The phase components of the subvector elements are expressed as (17)∠u′m=-2πλd′m,1,d′m,2,…,d′m,N1N2T.As discussed in Section 2, the beamforming subvector um including the subarray location compensation term um is represented as um=umum′, and its phase components can be written as (18)∠um=-2πλlm,1,lm,2,…,lm,N1N2Twhere lm,n=dm,n-d0 is the difference of the beam distances from Am,n and from the origin. The path difference lm,n can be described as the sum (19)lm,n=lm+dm,n′where lm=dm-d0 is the difference of the beam distances from the subarray center Am and from the origin. Using Equation (3.1) of [33], we obtain (20)lm=-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm.Combining Equations (16), (19), and (20), the path difference lm,n is computed as (21)lm,n=-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm-xm,nsin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm+ym,nsin⁡Θmsin⁡Φmwhich can be applied to (18) to determine um. Finally, the beamforming vector for the entire array including all subarrays is obtained as w=u1Tu2T⋯uMTT by using (22)um=e-2π/λlm,1,e-2π/λlm,2,…,e-2π/λlm,N1N2T.As an example, consider subarrays of size 2 x 2 with interelement spacing ε1 = ε2 = ε applied to the dodecahedron structure in Figure 2(a). In this case, position vectors for antenna elements in them-th subarray are am,1=[-ε/2,ε/2,0], am,2=[ε/2,ε/2,0], am,3=[ε/2,-ε/2,0], and am,4=[-ε/2,-ε/2,0]. Using our result in (21), the phase components of the beamforming subvector um are given as(23)∠um=-2πλ-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm-ε2-sin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm+sin⁡Θmsin⁡Φm-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm-ε2+sin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm+sin⁡Θmsin⁡Φm-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm-ε2+sin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm-sin⁡Θmsin⁡Φm-Rsin⁡Θsin⁡θmcos⁡Φ-Φm+cos⁡Θcos⁡θm-ε2-sin⁡Θmcos⁡Φm-sin⁡Θmsin⁡Φmwhich can be applied to (22). Beamforming vector w is then obtained to coherently direct the signal to the target UE.Figure 5
Inner product of two positioning vectors.


## 5. Evaluation

To evaluate the beamforming performance, we use two different UE distribution models shown in Figure6. The first model is the conventional two-dimensional (2D) UE distribution within a cell shown in Figure 2(a). We consider the cell radii in the range from 20 to 100m to reflect the small cell nature of the 5G NR transmission. The second model shown in Figure 2(b) uses the 3D UE distribution which may become more prominent in the near future, with the advent of various moving internet-of-things (IoT) devices such as drones. For both models, UEs are randomly generated in a uniform fashion within the defined range of appearance, i.e., inside the circle for the 2D model and on the surface of the sphere for the 3D model. Performance is evaluated for the proposed dodecahedron structure with 12 subarrays of size 4x4 shown in Figure 1(a), which is compared to that of the hexagonal structure with 6 subarrays of the same 4x4 size shown in Figure 1(b). For both array structures, the height of the array, from the ground level to the center of the array, is set to 25m. The height of the UE in 2D model is set to 1.5m.Figure 6
: Performance evaluation models: (a) 2D UE distribution and (b) 3D UE distribution.
(a) (b)Although both the large- and small-scale fading are important factors determining the link performance of wireless communication systems, the focus of evaluation in this section is the effect of the line-of-sight (LoS) component for the array structures in comparison. This can be justified by the fact that we are more interested in understanding the performance for small cell environments utilizing millimeter-wave with the sparsity of few dominant paths. The effect of the LoS component is especially important in the 3D model, for which less reflectors exist for the upper hemisphere region.The deviation angle and the normalized received power are used as key performance measures. The deviation angle is the angle between the boresight of each subarray panel and the target UE. The received power is expected to increase for a smaller value of the deviation angle, due to the antenna gain pattern of the subarray. For a given location of the target UE, deviation angles can be determined for allM subarrays which are then sorted in an ascending order, denoted by symbols Θ1,Θ(2),…,Θ(M). The normalized received power from each subarray is determined by the corresponding deviation angle and the antenna gain pattern, with 0dB denoting the maximum power for the UE located at the exact boresight of the subarray panel. The normalized received power values from all subarrays are sorted in a descending order as P1,P2,…,PM. The antenna gain pattern follows the 3GPP model in [34] given as (24)Gφv,φh=-min⁡-Gvφv+Ghφh,30dBwhere Gvφv=-min⁡φv/65°2,30 and Gh=-min⁡φh/65°2,30 are respectively called the vertical and horizontal gains. Arguments φv and φh represent the vertical and horizontal deviation angles from the antenna boresight.Figure7 shows the performance comparison results for the proposed array structure and the conventional hexagonal array structure using the 2D UE distribution model with cell radii 20, 40, and 60m. The probability density function (PDF) of deviation angle Θ(1) from the most significant subarray panel is indicated in Figure 7(a) for two structures. It can be verified from the figure that the deviation angle for the proposed array becomes substantially smaller than that of the conventional array as the cell radius decreases. This is due to the structural advantage of the proposal for downward beamforming to UEs located close to the base station. When the cell radius is 20m, the average deviation angle difference between two arrays is 36°, which results in a great amount of difference in the received power as shown in Figure 7(b). The PDF of the normalized received powerP1 from the most significant subarray is obtained from Θ(1) and the antenna gain formula in (24). As can be seen from the figure, the power distribution for the hexagonal array is clearly shifted to the lower Rx levels, providing inferior receiver performance compared to the case of proposed array. The performance difference between two arrays is more striking for receiver locations close to the base; for the cell radius of 20m, the received power distribution for the hexagonal array ranges from -25 to -7dB, in comparison to -20 to 0dB for the polyhedron-based array. The average power difference amounts to 10dB in this case. Performance advantage of the proposal can be seen for other cell radius vales, and the average gain of about 7dB is obtained for three radius values used for performance evaluation.Figure 7
Performance for the 2D UE distribution: (a) deviation angles and (b) the received power.
(a) (b)In Figure8, the average of normalized received power values is shown for the 2D cell radius of 20 to 100m. Although the performance gap between two array structures decreases as the cell size increases, a significant amount of power gain can be observed over the entire range of cell radii. Digital beamforming only in the figure refers to the case when subarray beam tilting is not applied, showing a severe performance degradation compared to the hybrid beamforming with full phase compensation described in (22) applied. The amount of power gain of the proposed structure over the conventional array is in the range from 5 to 10dB when hybrid beamforming is used for cell size 60m or less. For digital beamforming only case, the gain ranges from 8 to 15dB.Figure 8
Average received power for the 2D UE distribution.The performance comparison results based on the 3D UE distribution model are shown in Figure9. The PDF of deviation angle Θ(1) for the proposed array structure is more highly concentrated in smaller values, resulting in higher received power values. The conventional array has a widespread power distribution for the 3D UE model, producing very large deviation angle values and thus small received power for a significant portion of UEs. On the average, the deviation angle decreased by 16° and the received power increases by 4dB by using the dodecahedron array.Figure 9
Performance for the 3D UE distribution: (a) deviation angles and (b) the received power.
(a) (b)Assumptions and approximations considered here can be either logically justified or experimentally verified as follows. First, the channel model with the dominant LoS path has been put into use for MIMO transmission under various circumstances including the 3D channel [35, 36] and its empirical verification has been performed to validate the usefulness of the model using the measured field data over a wide range of the carrier frequency [37]. Comparison of the measured and modelled data has also been made using a prototype to confirm the accuracy of the model in [38]. Second, the antenna gain pattern in (24) which we applied for performance evaluation has been adopted by the 3GPP specification after the field test and calibration of multiple vendor sources [34]. The uniform UE distribution assumption is widely used for cellular performance evaluation as in the standard document for the 5G NR radio access network [39]. The hybrid beamforming operation via digital beam generation and analog beam tilting considered here is one of the most commonly proposed methods for massive MIMO transmission as discussed in [11, 12, 40].


## 6. Conclusions

A new class of antenna array structures with subarray panels on polyhedrons is proposed to cope with wider UE distributions in the 3D space, and a design example based on the dodecahedron is discussed. Presented beamforming equations can be applied to various antenna structures with subarrays facing arbitrary directions. For both the small cell and 3D UE distribution models, our proposal provides desirable performance measures as confirmed by the simulation results.



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