# Vibrational Spectral Studies of Pure and Doped TGSP Crystals

Authors: N. Kartheeswari; K. Viswanathan
Journal: Journal of Spectroscopy
 (2013)

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## Abstract

Triglycine sulfate crystals (TGS) are an important class of ferroelectric materials. TGS have attracted many researches because of thier room temperature ferroelectric nature. TGS found wide applications in electronic and optical fields. In present work, pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP crystals are grown from solution growth method. Grown crystals are subjected to UV-Vis, IR, and Raman spectral studies. Crystal structure of grown crystals is obtained from powder XRD pattern. Ferroelectric nature of grown crystals is tested using homemade Sawyer-Tower circuit. Electrical conductivity measurements are carried out for pure and doped TGSP crystals.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Triglycine sulfate is a ferroelectric material and belongs to the pyroelectric family. It plays a major role in FT-IR instrumentation and infrared detector. It exhibits order-disorder phase transition at the Curie point 49°C. The crystal structure of TGS was reported by Hoshino et al. [1]. The unit cell of TGS contains three types of glycines GI, GII, and GIII. Glycine I is in the form of zwitterion. GII and GIII are two planar glycines. They have protonated carboxyl groups which have taken protons from the sulfuric acid. They form chain-like system with SO42- group. The neighbouring chains are connected by SO42- groups of adjacent chains and GI group. Such configuration of TGS is regarded as particularly important for the ferroelectric behavior of TGS crystal. The orientation of positively charged NH3 groups determines the direction of spontaneous polarization in TGS. The spontaneous polarization reversal in TGS is due to the proton transfer between glycine and glycinium ions [2]. TGS exhibits order-disorder phase transition at the Curie point. Above Curie temperature, it is in the Paraelectric phase with space group symmetry P21/m and below Curie it is in the ferroelectric phase with space group symmetry P21 with two formula units per unit cell [3]. The unit cell parameters of TGS are a=9.15 Å, b=12.6445 Å, c=5.725 Å, and β=105.53° [4]. In TGS, majority of domains were found in the form of rod shapped with lenticular cross-sections elongated in the direction perpendicular to c-axis [5]. TGS provides rich lattice vibration spectrum below 300 cm−1 [6]. The main disadvantage of TGS is its lower Curie temperature and easy depolarization by time, electrical, mechanical, and thermal means. Because glycine has no asymmetric carbon and it is optically inactive, it is believed that doping of TGS with an optically active molecule will keep permanent polarization in TGS lattice. There are a large number of researches going on TGS to minimize the depolarization effect and to keep permanent polarization in TGS lattice. There is no change in crystal structure for Nd-doped TGS and it is reported that Nd is coordinated with glycine [2]. But in the case of ADP, L-Asparagine- and L-tryptophan-doped samples’ change in crystal morphology is observed [7–9]. Tc value is higher for l-threonine-, dl-threonine-, l-methionine-doped crystals and TGSP crystals [10, 11]. Spectral investigation of TGS doped with ADP, L-tryptophan, phosphoric acid, L-lysine, L-cystine reveals that doped samples have lower spontaneous polarization values Ps and higher coercive field values compared to pure TGS. Higher coercive field value implies that the crystal is in the monodomain state [7, 9, 11–13]. Pyroelectric coefficient is increased for thiourea-, L-alanine- and DL-alanine-, L-lysine-doped samples. [14–16]. Incorporation of nitric acid and EDTA into TGS crystal increases the dielectric constant value [17, 18]. The substitution of amino acids l-threonine, dl-threonine, l-methionine, and L-cystine results in the decrease of dielectric constant value compared to pure TGS crystal [10, 13]. Zinc chloride- and urea-doped samples exhibit nonlinear optical property and have SHG efficiency very much greater than standard KDP crystal [19, 20]. In case of LGLM, La-, Ce-, Nd-, L-lysine-doped TGS crystal strong internal bias field is created, indicating that the dopant reduces the depolarizing effects in TGS crystals. The internal bias field fixes the polarization in a preferential direction with minimum possibility of polarization reversal [16, 21, 22]. Doping of TGS with metal ions Fe3+, Cr3+, and Co2+ decreased the indirect band gap [23]. Investigation of TGS samples previously influenced by electric field E perpendicular to ferroelectric b-axis reveals that there are rigid stripped domains parallel to c-axis [24]. Vickers’ microhardness study reveals that hardness value is increased for TGS when doping with L-lysine and imino diacetic acid [25, 26]. But hardness value of crystal is decreased for doping TGS with l-threonine, dl-threonine and l-methionine, L-cystine, thiourea, and EDTA [10, 13, 14, 18]. In present work, pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP crystals are grown from solution.


## 2. Crystal Growth and Characterization

Pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP crystals were grown by solution growth method [4]. Pure TGSP crystal is grown by taking 3 moles of Analar grade Glycine, 0.5 mol of sulphuric acid, and 0.5 mol of phosphoric acid 100 mL of distilled water. The solution is stirred well for 3 hrs. Then the solution is filtered and left to slow evaporation. ADP- and KDP-(0.2 mol) doped crystals are grown by the same method. Good-quality crystals are obtained within the growth period of 1–3 months. Grown crystals are shown in Figure 1. UV-Vis absorption spectra of grown crystals are recorded in the wavelength range from 200 to 800 nm using UV-Vis 2450 Make Shimadzu model spectrophotometer. FT-IR spectra are recorded in the frequency range from 400 to 4000 cm−1 using IR Affinity Make Shimadzu model spectrophotometer. FT-Raman spectra were recorded in the frequency range from 0 to 3500 cm−1 using the excitation radiation of 5145 A° using Lab Ram HR 800 model spectrophotometer. Ferroelectric hysteresis study was carried out using homemade Sawyer-Tower circuit [27].Figure 1
Grown crystals of pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. UV-Vis Spectral Investigation of Grown Crystals

Figure2 shows UV-Vis absorption spectra of pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP crystals. For TGSP crystal, λmax=232 nm. For TGSP + ADP, λmax=233 nm and for TGSP + KDP, λmax=233.5 nm. For doped crystals, there is slight shift in wavelength of maximum absorption λmax. This is referred to as bathochromic shift. From this, it is observed that there is change in energy levels to effect transition. For doped samples, the energy required to effect the electron promotion is lesser than that of pure TGSP so that the wavelength that provides this energy is increased for doped crystals. Absorption at lower wavelength reveals that there must be higher energy transition corresponding to C=C–NO2 group. It is observed that all these crystals have transmission percentage of above 90%. Energy band gap values were found out using the relation E=1240/λmax eV [28]. Also energy band gap values are obtained from Urbach plot and results are shown in Table 1. Figure 3 shows Urbach plots for grown crystals.Table 1
Energy band gap values of grown crystals.
Crystal
Eg (calculated from Eg = 1240/λmax eV)  eV
Eg (obtained from Urbach Plot)   eV
TGSP
5.34
5.1496
TGSP + ADP
5.32
5.1606
TGSP + KDP
5.3
5.1496UV-Vis absorption spectra of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)Urbach plot of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.2. FT-IR Spectral Analysis

Figure4 shows FT-IR spectra of pure and ADP-, KDP-doped TGSP crystals. FT-IR spectrum of pure TGSP crystal matches very well with the earlier reported values of pure TGS crystal [17]. All expected characteristic vibrations are observed and assignments were tabulated in Table 2. IR bands at 1425 cm−1 and 1622 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of COO− indicate the zwitterion configuration of glycine [17]. IR bands observed in the region between 1683 cm−1 to 1869 cm−1 corresponding to stretching vibration of C=O indicate the presence of glycinium ion configuration [17]. Degenerate modes of NH3 bending and C=O, NH4, C–H, and O–H stretching vibrations are observed. FT-IR spectra of ADP-, KDP doped samples provide very similar features as those of pure TGSP. More bands were located at the same positions as those of pure TGSP. There is a very slight shift observed in band positions compared to pure TGSP. But doped samples provide less resolution of bands. Some bands are broadened and some are narrowed. Degeneracy is more for doped samples than that of pure TGSP.Table 2
FT-IR analysis.
Pure TGSP
TGSP + ADP
TGSP + KDP
Assignment
401 w–472 w(8 lines)
412 w–455 w(5 lines)
403 w–472 w(7 lines)
ν(PO4),ν(SO4)
503 w
501 w–536 w(4 lines)
501 w
τ(C–N)
572 w
571 w
569 w
ν(SO4-)
615 m646 w
615 m–646 w(3 lines)
615 m646 w
δ(C–N), NH3+ oscillation
669 m678 w
667 m680 w
669 m678 w
ν(S–H)
866 m898 m
866 m
866 m
ν(C–C)
908 w
908 w
906 w
ν(P–O–H), ρ(NH3)
979 s
979 s
978 s
ν(C–C–N), ν(SO4-)
1018 w
—
1018 w
ω(CH2), δ(C–C), ν(C–N)
1051 w
1051 w
1051 w
ν(P–O–H)
1083 w
1083 w
1082 w
ν(P–O–H), ν(C=O)
1111 m1124 s
1109 m
1109 m1130 s
ρ(CH2), ν(C–C), ν(SO4)
1309 m
1309 m
1309 m
δ(CH2) of glycine, ν(C–C)
1338 w
1338 w
—
ν(NO2)
1363 w
1363 w
—
ν(C–N)
1375 m
1375 m
1377 m
δ(CH2)
1386 w
1386 w
1388 w
ν(NH4)
1398 w
1396 w
—
ν(C=O), ν(NH4)
1404 w
1404
—
δ(NH4)
1409 w
—
—
ν
as(COO−), δ(NH4)
1417 m1425 m
1417 m1423 m
1421 m1427 m
ν(COO−), δ(CH2)
1435 w1448 w
1435 w
1435 w
δ(NH3)
1456 m–1498 w(5 lines)
1456 m–1496 w(5 lines)
1458 m–1490 w(3 lines)
ν(NH4), ν(COO−)
1506 m–1558 w(5 lines)
1506 m–1558 w(7 lines)
1506 m–1558 w(4 lines)
δ(NH3)
1570 m–1595 w(3 lines)
1568 m1575 w
1570 m1575 w
ν(COO−)
1616 w1622 w
1616 w1622 w
1622 w
ν
as(COO−), δ(NH3)
1635 w1647 w1653 w
1633 w1645 w1653 w
1635 w1647 w1653 w
ν(O=P–OH), ν(C=C)
1662 w1670 w
1662 w–1674 w(3 lines)
1662 w1672 w
δ(H2O), ν(C=C)
1683 w–1869 w(12 lines)
1683 w–1867 w(19 lines)
1685 w–1869 w(12 lines)
ν(C=O), ν(C=NH4)
1942 w–2360 w(5 lines)
1942 w–2358 w(4 lines)
2017 w2357 w
Overtone and combination bands
3502 w–3547 w(5 lines)
3502 w–3545 w(5 lines)
3502 w–3545 w(4 lines)
ν(O–H), ν(N–H)
3566 w–3701 w(11 lines)
3550 w–3701 w(13 lines)
3566 w–3701 w(9 lines)
ν(O–H), ν(C–H), ν(C=O), δ(P–O–H)
3711 w–3947 w(24 lines)
3711 w–3961 w(24 lines)
3711 w–3963 w(25 lines)
ν(O–H) of water
ν
s: symmetric stretching,
νas: asymmetric stretching, δ: bending, ρ: rocking, ω: wagging, and τ: torsional vibrations.FT-IR spectra of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.3. FT-Raman Spectral Analysis

Figure5 shows FT-Raman spectra of pure and doped TGSP crystals. FT-Raman spectrum of pure TGSP matches very well with the earlier reported values of pure TGS [2, 17]. Obtained Raman bands and their assignments are tabulated in Table 3. Raman band observed at 1414 cm−1 and 1605 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of COO− group confirms the zwitterion configuration of glycine [2, 17]. The band at 1683 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric vibration of C=O group confirms the presence of glycinium ion configuration [17]. In FT-Raman spectra of ADP- and KDP-doped samples, some peaks were shifted to a considerable range compared to pure TGS. A change in intensity of all peaks was observed. The amount of polarisability change will determine the Raman scattering intensity. So, it can be concluded that the change in intensity of peaks may be due to incorporation of dopants.Table 3
FT-RAMAN analysis.
Pure TGSP
TGSP + ADP
TGSP + KDP
Assignment
74 m103 m
74 m–340 m(4 lines)
73 m–234 m(5 lines)
Lattice-mode vibration of glycine
—
466 m
451 m
Lattice-mode vibration of SO4, δ(C–N) out of plane, ν(PO4)
—
506 w–590 w(3 lines)
506 w590 w
τ(C–N), ν(PO4), δ(C–CO), ν(SO4–)
632 w633 w
614 w
628 w
ν(SO4), δ(C–N) in plane, NH3+ oscillation
—
678 m
677 m
ν(C–C)
869 m
871 m
—
ν(C–C)
889 w
890 w
890 w
ρ(CH2), ρ(NH3), ν(C–C), ν(P–O–H)
978 s
978 s
978 s
ν(C–C–N), ν(SO4–)
1051 w
1042 w
1045 w
ω(CH2), δ(C–C), ν(C–N), ν(C–N–H), ν(P–O–H)
1114 w1122 w
1123 w1128 w
1124 w1157 w
ρ(CH2), ν(C–C), ν(SO4)
1304 w1314 w
1306 w
1309 w
δ(C–H), ν(C–C)
1414 w
1416 w
1413 w
ν
s(COO−), δ(CH2)
1439
14411496
1443
ν(NH4), δ(CH2)
1605
1607
1606
ν(COO−), ν(NH4), ν(P–O–H), ν(C=C)
1683 w
1678
16831762
ν(C=O), ν(O–H–O)
2648
—
—
δ(H2O), ν(COOH)
2982
29582980
29582982
ν(C–H)
3014 w3057 w
3019 w3140 w
3017 w3143 w
ν(NH4)
ν
s:symmetric stretching,
νas: asymmetric stretching, δ: bending, ρ: rocking, ω: wagging, and  τ: torsional vibrations.FT-Raman spectra of (a) TGSP (b) TGSP + ADP (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.4. Powder XRD Study

Figure6 shows powder XRD pattern of pure and doped TGSP crystals. All crystals belong to monoclinic structure. XRD pattern of grown crystals differ from each other in intensity of reflection. Sharp and high intensity of reflection planes revealed that all crystals have good crystalline nature. Changes in Intensity of peaks for doped samples compared to pure TGSP revealed that there must be some changes in electron density in reflection planes due to the incorporation of dopants. Small change in 2θ value is observed for doped samples. So, pure and doped samples have different morphologies. Lattice parameter values are shown in Table 4. Obtained lattice parameter values for pure and doped crystals slightly differ from each other. Because of doping, there may be some defects or strains in grown crystals.Table 4
Lattice parameter values of grown crystals.
Crystal
a (nm)
b (nm)
c (nm)
β (deg)
TGSP
9.4173
12.6449
5.7734
110.36
TGSP + ADP
9.5786
12.58434
5.8198
110.36
TGSP + KDP
9.4566
12.67908
5.7222
110.36Powder XRD pattern of (a), TGSP (b), TGSP + ADP (c), and TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.5. Ferroelectric Hysteresis Study

Homemade Sawyer-Tower circuit is constructed [27]. Sample capacitors were prepared by using aluminium foils and the pure and doped TGSP samples as dielectric in between the aluminium foils [29]. Spontaneous polarization values (Ps) for all samples were obtained by using the equation P=Q/A micro coulomb/cm2. Here, Q is charge measured on sample capacitor (coulomb) and A is area of capacitor plate (cm2) [29]. Results are shown in Table 5. Figure 7 shows obtained ferroelectric hysteresis loops of grown crystals.Table 5
Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement values.
Crystal
Spontaneous polarization Ps (µC/cm2)
Remnant polarization Pr (µC/cm2)
Coercive field value (kV/cm)
TGSP
1.712
1.04
6
TGSP + ADP
3.1388
1.5023
6.01
TGSP + KDP
3.6804
1.8731
6.02Ferroelectric hysteresis loops of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 3.6. Electrical Measurement

Grown crystals are subjected to electrical characterization using IMPEDENCE ANALYSER IM3570. All crystals conduct electricity linearly. Doped crystals have higher electrical conductivity than pure TGSP crystal. Results are shown in Table6. Figure 8 shows electrical conductivity graphs of grown crystals. Electrical conductivity graphs of pure and doped TGSP crystals contain two regions: frequency-independent Ac conductivity region in low-frequency range and frequency-dependent dc conductivity region in high-frequency range. Conductivity graphs obey Arrhenius’ relation and Jonscher’s power law [30–33]. For all grown crystals, dc conductivity linearly increases with an increase in frequency. This indicates that electrical conductivity of these crystals is due to hopping mechanism. Electrical conductivity σdc is obtained by nonlinear fitting for the conductivity graphs. Then, hopping frequency ωp is obtained by using the relation ωp=(σdc/A)1/n. Here, n is frequency exponent. A is temperature-dependent parameter. Charge carrier concentration is obtained by N=σdcT/ωp. Mobility of charge carriers is obtained by μ=σdc/Ne. Here, e is charge of electron [32]. From electrical conductivity analysis, TGSP + KDP crystal has maximum dc electrical conductivity. It has higher hopping frequency value. Though TGSP + KDP has less charge carrier concentration compared to pure TGSP, it has higher value of mobility of charge carrier. This may contribute to the increase of dc electrical conductivity for TGSP + KDP crystal.Table 6
Electrical conductivity Analysis.
Crystal
Electrical conductivity Ec (Siemen/cm)
Hopping frequencyωp (Hz)
Charge carrier concentration N/cm−3
Mobility µ (cm2/Vs)
TGSP
1.3048
e
-
6
12690.11
0.3290
e
-
8
24.787
e
+
20
TGSP + ADP
2.5054
e
-
6
27080.365
0.2961
e
-
8
52.8833
e
+
20
TGSP + KDP
8.5078
e
-
6
102880.996
0.2646
e
-
8
200.95899
e
+
20Frequency versus conductivity graphs of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.1. UV-Vis Spectral Investigation of Grown Crystals

Figure2 shows UV-Vis absorption spectra of pure and ADP-, KDP- (0.2 mol) doped TGSP crystals. For TGSP crystal, λmax=232 nm. For TGSP + ADP, λmax=233 nm and for TGSP + KDP, λmax=233.5 nm. For doped crystals, there is slight shift in wavelength of maximum absorption λmax. This is referred to as bathochromic shift. From this, it is observed that there is change in energy levels to effect transition. For doped samples, the energy required to effect the electron promotion is lesser than that of pure TGSP so that the wavelength that provides this energy is increased for doped crystals. Absorption at lower wavelength reveals that there must be higher energy transition corresponding to C=C–NO2 group. It is observed that all these crystals have transmission percentage of above 90%. Energy band gap values were found out using the relation E=1240/λmax eV [28]. Also energy band gap values are obtained from Urbach plot and results are shown in Table 1. Figure 3 shows Urbach plots for grown crystals.Table 1
Energy band gap values of grown crystals.
Crystal
Eg (calculated from Eg = 1240/λmax eV)  eV
Eg (obtained from Urbach Plot)   eV
TGSP
5.34
5.1496
TGSP + ADP
5.32
5.1606
TGSP + KDP
5.3
5.1496UV-Vis absorption spectra of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)Urbach plot of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.2. FT-IR Spectral Analysis

Figure4 shows FT-IR spectra of pure and ADP-, KDP-doped TGSP crystals. FT-IR spectrum of pure TGSP crystal matches very well with the earlier reported values of pure TGS crystal [17]. All expected characteristic vibrations are observed and assignments were tabulated in Table 2. IR bands at 1425 cm−1 and 1622 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of COO− indicate the zwitterion configuration of glycine [17]. IR bands observed in the region between 1683 cm−1 to 1869 cm−1 corresponding to stretching vibration of C=O indicate the presence of glycinium ion configuration [17]. Degenerate modes of NH3 bending and C=O, NH4, C–H, and O–H stretching vibrations are observed. FT-IR spectra of ADP-, KDP doped samples provide very similar features as those of pure TGSP. More bands were located at the same positions as those of pure TGSP. There is a very slight shift observed in band positions compared to pure TGSP. But doped samples provide less resolution of bands. Some bands are broadened and some are narrowed. Degeneracy is more for doped samples than that of pure TGSP.Table 2
FT-IR analysis.
Pure TGSP
TGSP + ADP
TGSP + KDP
Assignment
401 w–472 w(8 lines)
412 w–455 w(5 lines)
403 w–472 w(7 lines)
ν(PO4),ν(SO4)
503 w
501 w–536 w(4 lines)
501 w
τ(C–N)
572 w
571 w
569 w
ν(SO4-)
615 m646 w
615 m–646 w(3 lines)
615 m646 w
δ(C–N), NH3+ oscillation
669 m678 w
667 m680 w
669 m678 w
ν(S–H)
866 m898 m
866 m
866 m
ν(C–C)
908 w
908 w
906 w
ν(P–O–H), ρ(NH3)
979 s
979 s
978 s
ν(C–C–N), ν(SO4-)
1018 w
—
1018 w
ω(CH2), δ(C–C), ν(C–N)
1051 w
1051 w
1051 w
ν(P–O–H)
1083 w
1083 w
1082 w
ν(P–O–H), ν(C=O)
1111 m1124 s
1109 m
1109 m1130 s
ρ(CH2), ν(C–C), ν(SO4)
1309 m
1309 m
1309 m
δ(CH2) of glycine, ν(C–C)
1338 w
1338 w
—
ν(NO2)
1363 w
1363 w
—
ν(C–N)
1375 m
1375 m
1377 m
δ(CH2)
1386 w
1386 w
1388 w
ν(NH4)
1398 w
1396 w
—
ν(C=O), ν(NH4)
1404 w
1404
—
δ(NH4)
1409 w
—
—
ν
as(COO−), δ(NH4)
1417 m1425 m
1417 m1423 m
1421 m1427 m
ν(COO−), δ(CH2)
1435 w1448 w
1435 w
1435 w
δ(NH3)
1456 m–1498 w(5 lines)
1456 m–1496 w(5 lines)
1458 m–1490 w(3 lines)
ν(NH4), ν(COO−)
1506 m–1558 w(5 lines)
1506 m–1558 w(7 lines)
1506 m–1558 w(4 lines)
δ(NH3)
1570 m–1595 w(3 lines)
1568 m1575 w
1570 m1575 w
ν(COO−)
1616 w1622 w
1616 w1622 w
1622 w
ν
as(COO−), δ(NH3)
1635 w1647 w1653 w
1633 w1645 w1653 w
1635 w1647 w1653 w
ν(O=P–OH), ν(C=C)
1662 w1670 w
1662 w–1674 w(3 lines)
1662 w1672 w
δ(H2O), ν(C=C)
1683 w–1869 w(12 lines)
1683 w–1867 w(19 lines)
1685 w–1869 w(12 lines)
ν(C=O), ν(C=NH4)
1942 w–2360 w(5 lines)
1942 w–2358 w(4 lines)
2017 w2357 w
Overtone and combination bands
3502 w–3547 w(5 lines)
3502 w–3545 w(5 lines)
3502 w–3545 w(4 lines)
ν(O–H), ν(N–H)
3566 w–3701 w(11 lines)
3550 w–3701 w(13 lines)
3566 w–3701 w(9 lines)
ν(O–H), ν(C–H), ν(C=O), δ(P–O–H)
3711 w–3947 w(24 lines)
3711 w–3961 w(24 lines)
3711 w–3963 w(25 lines)
ν(O–H) of water
ν
s: symmetric stretching,
νas: asymmetric stretching, δ: bending, ρ: rocking, ω: wagging, and τ: torsional vibrations.FT-IR spectra of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.3. FT-Raman Spectral Analysis

Figure5 shows FT-Raman spectra of pure and doped TGSP crystals. FT-Raman spectrum of pure TGSP matches very well with the earlier reported values of pure TGS [2, 17]. Obtained Raman bands and their assignments are tabulated in Table 3. Raman band observed at 1414 cm−1 and 1605 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of COO− group confirms the zwitterion configuration of glycine [2, 17]. The band at 1683 cm−1 corresponding to symmetric vibration of C=O group confirms the presence of glycinium ion configuration [17]. In FT-Raman spectra of ADP- and KDP-doped samples, some peaks were shifted to a considerable range compared to pure TGS. A change in intensity of all peaks was observed. The amount of polarisability change will determine the Raman scattering intensity. So, it can be concluded that the change in intensity of peaks may be due to incorporation of dopants.Table 3
FT-RAMAN analysis.
Pure TGSP
TGSP + ADP
TGSP + KDP
Assignment
74 m103 m
74 m–340 m(4 lines)
73 m–234 m(5 lines)
Lattice-mode vibration of glycine
—
466 m
451 m
Lattice-mode vibration of SO4, δ(C–N) out of plane, ν(PO4)
—
506 w–590 w(3 lines)
506 w590 w
τ(C–N), ν(PO4), δ(C–CO), ν(SO4–)
632 w633 w
614 w
628 w
ν(SO4), δ(C–N) in plane, NH3+ oscillation
—
678 m
677 m
ν(C–C)
869 m
871 m
—
ν(C–C)
889 w
890 w
890 w
ρ(CH2), ρ(NH3), ν(C–C), ν(P–O–H)
978 s
978 s
978 s
ν(C–C–N), ν(SO4–)
1051 w
1042 w
1045 w
ω(CH2), δ(C–C), ν(C–N), ν(C–N–H), ν(P–O–H)
1114 w1122 w
1123 w1128 w
1124 w1157 w
ρ(CH2), ν(C–C), ν(SO4)
1304 w1314 w
1306 w
1309 w
δ(C–H), ν(C–C)
1414 w
1416 w
1413 w
ν
s(COO−), δ(CH2)
1439
14411496
1443
ν(NH4), δ(CH2)
1605
1607
1606
ν(COO−), ν(NH4), ν(P–O–H), ν(C=C)
1683 w
1678
16831762
ν(C=O), ν(O–H–O)
2648
—
—
δ(H2O), ν(COOH)
2982
29582980
29582982
ν(C–H)
3014 w3057 w
3019 w3140 w
3017 w3143 w
ν(NH4)
ν
s:symmetric stretching,
νas: asymmetric stretching, δ: bending, ρ: rocking, ω: wagging, and  τ: torsional vibrations.FT-Raman spectra of (a) TGSP (b) TGSP + ADP (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.4. Powder XRD Study

Figure6 shows powder XRD pattern of pure and doped TGSP crystals. All crystals belong to monoclinic structure. XRD pattern of grown crystals differ from each other in intensity of reflection. Sharp and high intensity of reflection planes revealed that all crystals have good crystalline nature. Changes in Intensity of peaks for doped samples compared to pure TGSP revealed that there must be some changes in electron density in reflection planes due to the incorporation of dopants. Small change in 2θ value is observed for doped samples. So, pure and doped samples have different morphologies. Lattice parameter values are shown in Table 4. Obtained lattice parameter values for pure and doped crystals slightly differ from each other. Because of doping, there may be some defects or strains in grown crystals.Table 4
Lattice parameter values of grown crystals.
Crystal
a (nm)
b (nm)
c (nm)
β (deg)
TGSP
9.4173
12.6449
5.7734
110.36
TGSP + ADP
9.5786
12.58434
5.8198
110.36
TGSP + KDP
9.4566
12.67908
5.7222
110.36Powder XRD pattern of (a), TGSP (b), TGSP + ADP (c), and TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.5. Ferroelectric Hysteresis Study

Homemade Sawyer-Tower circuit is constructed [27]. Sample capacitors were prepared by using aluminium foils and the pure and doped TGSP samples as dielectric in between the aluminium foils [29]. Spontaneous polarization values (Ps) for all samples were obtained by using the equation P=Q/A micro coulomb/cm2. Here, Q is charge measured on sample capacitor (coulomb) and A is area of capacitor plate (cm2) [29]. Results are shown in Table 5. Figure 7 shows obtained ferroelectric hysteresis loops of grown crystals.Table 5
Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement values.
Crystal
Spontaneous polarization Ps (µC/cm2)
Remnant polarization Pr (µC/cm2)
Coercive field value (kV/cm)
TGSP
1.712
1.04
6
TGSP + ADP
3.1388
1.5023
6.01
TGSP + KDP
3.6804
1.8731
6.02Ferroelectric hysteresis loops of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 3.6. Electrical Measurement

Grown crystals are subjected to electrical characterization using IMPEDENCE ANALYSER IM3570. All crystals conduct electricity linearly. Doped crystals have higher electrical conductivity than pure TGSP crystal. Results are shown in Table6. Figure 8 shows electrical conductivity graphs of grown crystals. Electrical conductivity graphs of pure and doped TGSP crystals contain two regions: frequency-independent Ac conductivity region in low-frequency range and frequency-dependent dc conductivity region in high-frequency range. Conductivity graphs obey Arrhenius’ relation and Jonscher’s power law [30–33]. For all grown crystals, dc conductivity linearly increases with an increase in frequency. This indicates that electrical conductivity of these crystals is due to hopping mechanism. Electrical conductivity σdc is obtained by nonlinear fitting for the conductivity graphs. Then, hopping frequency ωp is obtained by using the relation ωp=(σdc/A)1/n. Here, n is frequency exponent. A is temperature-dependent parameter. Charge carrier concentration is obtained by N=σdcT/ωp. Mobility of charge carriers is obtained by μ=σdc/Ne. Here, e is charge of electron [32]. From electrical conductivity analysis, TGSP + KDP crystal has maximum dc electrical conductivity. It has higher hopping frequency value. Though TGSP + KDP has less charge carrier concentration compared to pure TGSP, it has higher value of mobility of charge carrier. This may contribute to the increase of dc electrical conductivity for TGSP + KDP crystal.Table 6
Electrical conductivity Analysis.
Crystal
Electrical conductivity Ec (Siemen/cm)
Hopping frequencyωp (Hz)
Charge carrier concentration N/cm−3
Mobility µ (cm2/Vs)
TGSP
1.3048
e
-
6
12690.11
0.3290
e
-
8
24.787
e
+
20
TGSP + ADP
2.5054
e
-
6
27080.365
0.2961
e
-
8
52.8833
e
+
20
TGSP + KDP
8.5078
e
-
6
102880.996
0.2646
e
-
8
200.95899
e
+
20Frequency versus conductivity graphs of (a) TGSP, (b) TGSP + ADP, and (c) TGSP + KDP crystals.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 4. Conclusion

From UV-Vis spectra of grown crystals, it is confirmed that all these crystals have excellent optical quality. This property makes these crystals useful for applications in lasers, holographic recording, optical filters, and nonlinear optical applications and electrooptic applications. From FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral investigations, molecular structures of pure and doped TGSP crystals are verified. Less resolution of peaks and change in intensity of peaks for doped samples compared to pure TGSP are due to interaction between parent and dopants. It is concluded that ADP and KDP were well incorporated into the lattice of TGSP crystal. From powder XRD pattern, it is confirmed that all crystals are crystallizes in monoclinic structure. Ferroelectric hysteresis study reveals that for ADP- and KDP-doped samples spontaneous polarization values were slightly increased. So doped crystals have improved ferroelectric behavior than pure TGSP. So it can be concluded that ADP- and KDP-doped TGSP crystals are most suitable for infrared detector applications. From electrical conductivity measurements, it is observed that all crystals conduct electricity linearly and doped crystals have higher electrical conductivity than pure TGSP crystal.



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*Source: 272069-2013-05-02.xml*