# Signal Denoising Method Based on Adaptive Redundant Second-Generation Wavelet for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis

Authors: Na Lu; Guangtao Zhang; Yuanchu Cheng; Diyi Chen
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

Vibration signal of rotating machinery is often submerged in a large amount of noise, leading to the decrease of fault diagnosis accuracy. In order to improve the denoising effect of the vibration signal, an adaptive redundant second-generation wavelet (ARSGW) denoising method is proposed. In this method, a new index for denoising result evaluation (IDRE) is constructed first. Then, the maximum value of IDRE and the genetic algorithm are taken as the optimization objective and the optimization algorithm, respectively, to search for the optimal parameters of the ARSGW. The obtained optimal redundant second-generation wavelet (RSGW) is used for vibration signal denoising. After that, features are extracted from the denoised signal and then input into the support vector machine method for fault recognition. The application result indicates that the proposed ARSGW denoising method can effectively improve the accuracy of rotating machinery fault diagnosis.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

At present, rotating machinery has been widely applied in industrial field. Meanwhile, its safety and stability operating problems have gained comprehensive attention [1, 2]. Rotating machinery failure often causes equipment damage, significant economic losses, and even causalities. Therefore, its fault diagnosis is of great significance for ensuring the safety and stability operation as well as the prevention of catastrophe accidents. Vibration signal processing and analysis are one of the most favored means to diagnose the rotating machinery fault [3, 4]. However, because of the complicated operating conditions and harsh operating environment, the vibration signal is often submerged in a large amount of noise, which may decrease the accuracy of the fault diagnosis [5–7]. Therefore, it is necessary to study an effective vibration signal denoising method to improve the accuracy of the rotating machinery fault diagnosis.Signal denoising problem has always been the hotspot in signal processing field. Up to now, various signal denoising methods have been developed to analyze the vibration signals, such as finite impulse response filter (FIR) [8], time-frequency manifold [9], empirical mode decomposition (EMD) [10], curvelet transform [11], quantum Hadamard transformation [12], wavelet [13], and multiwavelets [14]. Among these methods, FIR and wavelet are two of the most popular time-frequency analysis tools. However, the frequency response of FIR depends on its coefficients, which is related to the cut-off frequency and the order of the filter [15]. Hence, the choice of cut-off frequency and order may have a great impact on the denoising result. Wavelet has been widely applied for mechanical vibration signal denoising [16–18]. However, the denoising effect is influenced by the wavelet base function selection to a large extent [19]. Inappropriate base function may lead to unsatisfactory denoising result. Furthermore, the existing wavelet base functions cannot change adaptively according to the characteristics of the acquired vibration signal. This may degrade the denoising result [20].Second-generation wavelet (SGW) is a new wavelet theory that emerged in recent years. Compared with the traditional wavelet, the construction of SGW avoids Fourier transform. In addition, it has fast computational speed [21]. Because of the advantages of SGW, it has been widely applied in vibration signal processing field. For example, Li et al. [22, 23] combined lifting wavelet with morphological wavelet to construct an adaptive morphological gradient lifting wavelet, which is used for bearing and gear vibration signal denoising and feature extraction; Bao et al. [24] adopted lifting wavelet for weak fault feature extraction from vibration signal; Fan et al. [25] applied SGW to decompose bearing vibration signal and then input the result to independent component analysis (ICA) approach for fault diagnosis; Chen et al. [26] employed SGW to test and diagnose crack location of rotor; Bao et al. [27] applied two-dimensional lifting wavelet for rotating mechanical vibration data compression, and so forth. Even though multiple achievements have been obtained, SGW suffers from some defects. Because the split and merge operations are needed in the SGW transformation process, frequency aliasing problem often emerged. This makes the decomposition result contain fake frequency components and decreases the fault diagnosis accuracy.To overcome the frequency aliasing problem, [24] analyzed the reason why it appears and proposed a redundant second-generation wavelet (RSGW) method. RSGW transform does not include split and merge operations and thus can overcome the frequency aliasing problem to a large extent. Therefore, RSGW is superior to SGW in application to signal denoising. However, similar to the base function of wavelet, the prediction operator length, update operator length, and decomposition level of RSGW should be predetermined. In general, these parameters have a great impact on signal denoising performance. But it is difficult to select them properly.In order to select the optimal parameters of RSGW according to the characteristics of signal and obtain a favorable denoising result, an adaptive redundant second-generation wavelet (ARSGW) denoising method for rotating machinery fault diagnosis is proposed in this paper. This method is mainly composed of three phases. In the first phase, parameters like the prediction operator length, update operator length, and decomposition level of RSGW are initialized to some default values within their certain range. In the second phase, the optimal value of an index for signal denoising result evaluation and the genetic algorithm are taken as the optimization objective and the optimization algorithm, respectively, to search for the optimal values of these parameters. After that, the RSGW with optimal parameters is applied to vibration signal denoising for rotating machinery in the last phase. It can be seen that an effective index for signal denoising result evaluation is essential for optimal parameters searching in the second phase of this method. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [28] is a commonly used index for evaluation of noise intensity in signal. However, it can only be used in the circumstance that the real signal without noise component is known beforehand. Because the real signal component in the actual vibration signal is unavailable, SNR is not applicable for its denoising result evaluation. Therefore, a new index for rotating machinery signal denoising result evaluation (IDRE) is constructed in this paper. Based on IDRE, the newly proposed method can enable the parameters of RSGW to change adaptively with the characteristics of the acquired vibration signal and improve the signal denoising performance effectively.The rest of this paper is arranged as follows. In Section2, theory of SGW and RSGW is reviewed briefly. In Section 3, a new IDRE is constructed and the ARSGW denoising method is proposed. Then this method is applied for a hydroturbine unit vibration simulation signal denoising in Section 4 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the IDRE and the ability of ASGW to obtain an optimal denoising result. In Section 5, vibration signals of a rotating machinery system are denoised. Features in both time and frequency domains are extracted from the denoised signals and then input into the support vector machine method for fault recognition to validate the ability of ARSGW denoising method to improve the accuracy of rotating machinery fault diagnosis. Conclusions are given in Section 6.


## 2. Redundant Second-Generation Wavelet

### 2.1. Summary of Second-Generation Wavelet Theory

As a branch of wavelet theory, SGW inherited its excellent characteristics of time-frequency location. Furthermore, SGW has higher calculation efficiency and more clear principle and needs lower space [24]. SGW transform includes decomposition and reconstruction processes demonstrated in Figure 1. The decomposition process of SGW includes the following steps:(1)
Split: the signalX
=
{
x
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} is divided into two subsets: the odd sample set X
o
=
{
x
o
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and the even sample set X
e
=
{
x
e
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
}:(1)
x
o
n
=
x
2
n
+
1
,
x
e
n
=
x
2
n
.
(2)
Predict: the prediction operatorP is used to predict the odd sample set X
o based on the even sample set X
e. Then, the prediction error between x
o
[
n
] and P
(
X
e
) gives the detail coefficients d
[
n
]: (2)
d
n
=
x
o
n
-
P
X
e
.
(3)
Update: use the update operatorU to update the detail coefficients D
=
{
d
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and add the result U
(
D
) to x
e
[
n
]; the approximation coefficients c
[
n
] can be obtained:(3)
c
n
=
x
e
n
+
U
D
.Figure 1
Principle of SGW transform. (a) Decomposition of SGW. (b) Reconstruction of SGW.
(a)
(b)After the above three steps, the detail coefficientsD
=
{
d
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and the approximation coefficients C
=
{
c
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} are obtained. Multilayer decomposition of SGW can be carried out through the iteration of these three steps. Here, the prediction operator P
=
[
p
(
1
)
,
p
(
2
)
,
…
,
p
(
M
)
] and update operator U
=
[
u
(
1
)
,
u
(
2
)
,
…
,
u
(
N
)
] are vectors with length of M and N, respectively. They can be designed by the interpolating subdivision method [29]. The obtained SGW is denoted as (
M
,
N
) SGW.With the decomposition transform of SGW, the reconstruction transform of SGW can be implemented easily by inversing (1), (2), and (3).


### 2.2. Summary of Redundant Second-Generation Wavelet Theory

Although SGW has got extensive application, it suffers from some defects. Because of the split and merge operations in SGW transformation processes, frequency aliasing problem may be encountered. This will cause wrong estimation of the noise intensity in signal and degrade the denoising result.RSGW does not need split and merge in its transformation processes and thus can overcome the frequency aliasing problem to a large extent. Assume thatP
U
j and U
U
j are the prediction operator and the update operator of RSGW at the 2
j scale, respectively; the initial prediction operator P
U
0
=
[
p
0
(
1
)
,
p
0
(
2
)
,
…
,
p
0
(
M
)
] and the initial update operator U
U
0
=
[
u
0
(
1
)
,
u
0
(
2
)
,
…
,
u
0
(
N
)
] can be calculated according to the prediction operator length M and the update operator length N; then P
U
j and U
U
j can be calculated as [27](4)
P
U
j
=
p
0
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
2
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
3
,
…
,
p
0
M
-
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
M
,
U
U
j
=
u
0
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
2
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
3
,
…
,
u
0
N
-
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
N
.The principle of RSGW transform at2
j scale is shown in Figure 2. And the decomposition equation of RSGW at 2
j scale is expressed as(5)
d
j
n
=
c
j
-
1
n
-
P
U
j
C
j
-
1
,
c
j
n
=
c
j
-
1
n
+
U
U
j
D
j
.Figure 2
Principle of RSWG transform. (a) Decomposition of RSWG. (b) Reconstruction of RSWG.
(a)
(b)Correspondingly, the reconstruction equation of RSGW at2
j scale is expressed as(6)
c
c
j
-
1
n
=
c
j
n
-
U
U
j
D
j
c
d
j
-
1
n
=
d
j
n
+
P
U
j
C
c
j
-
1
c
j
-
1
n
=
1
2
c
c
j
-
1
n
+
1
2
c
d
j
-
1
n
.


## 2.1. Summary of Second-Generation Wavelet Theory

As a branch of wavelet theory, SGW inherited its excellent characteristics of time-frequency location. Furthermore, SGW has higher calculation efficiency and more clear principle and needs lower space [24]. SGW transform includes decomposition and reconstruction processes demonstrated in Figure 1. The decomposition process of SGW includes the following steps:(1)
Split: the signalX
=
{
x
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} is divided into two subsets: the odd sample set X
o
=
{
x
o
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and the even sample set X
e
=
{
x
e
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
}:(1)
x
o
n
=
x
2
n
+
1
,
x
e
n
=
x
2
n
.
(2)
Predict: the prediction operatorP is used to predict the odd sample set X
o based on the even sample set X
e. Then, the prediction error between x
o
[
n
] and P
(
X
e
) gives the detail coefficients d
[
n
]: (2)
d
n
=
x
o
n
-
P
X
e
.
(3)
Update: use the update operatorU to update the detail coefficients D
=
{
d
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and add the result U
(
D
) to x
e
[
n
]; the approximation coefficients c
[
n
] can be obtained:(3)
c
n
=
x
e
n
+
U
D
.Figure 1
Principle of SGW transform. (a) Decomposition of SGW. (b) Reconstruction of SGW.
(a)
(b)After the above three steps, the detail coefficientsD
=
{
d
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} and the approximation coefficients C
=
{
c
[
n
]
,
n
∈
Z
} are obtained. Multilayer decomposition of SGW can be carried out through the iteration of these three steps. Here, the prediction operator P
=
[
p
(
1
)
,
p
(
2
)
,
…
,
p
(
M
)
] and update operator U
=
[
u
(
1
)
,
u
(
2
)
,
…
,
u
(
N
)
] are vectors with length of M and N, respectively. They can be designed by the interpolating subdivision method [29]. The obtained SGW is denoted as (
M
,
N
) SGW.With the decomposition transform of SGW, the reconstruction transform of SGW can be implemented easily by inversing (1), (2), and (3).


## 2.2. Summary of Redundant Second-Generation Wavelet Theory

Although SGW has got extensive application, it suffers from some defects. Because of the split and merge operations in SGW transformation processes, frequency aliasing problem may be encountered. This will cause wrong estimation of the noise intensity in signal and degrade the denoising result.RSGW does not need split and merge in its transformation processes and thus can overcome the frequency aliasing problem to a large extent. Assume thatP
U
j and U
U
j are the prediction operator and the update operator of RSGW at the 2
j scale, respectively; the initial prediction operator P
U
0
=
[
p
0
(
1
)
,
p
0
(
2
)
,
…
,
p
0
(
M
)
] and the initial update operator U
U
0
=
[
u
0
(
1
)
,
u
0
(
2
)
,
…
,
u
0
(
N
)
] can be calculated according to the prediction operator length M and the update operator length N; then P
U
j and U
U
j can be calculated as [27](4)
P
U
j
=
p
0
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
2
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
3
,
…
,
p
0
M
-
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
p
0
M
,
U
U
j
=
u
0
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
2
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
3
,
…
,
u
0
N
-
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
︸
2
j
-
1
,
u
0
N
.The principle of RSGW transform at2
j scale is shown in Figure 2. And the decomposition equation of RSGW at 2
j scale is expressed as(5)
d
j
n
=
c
j
-
1
n
-
P
U
j
C
j
-
1
,
c
j
n
=
c
j
-
1
n
+
U
U
j
D
j
.Figure 2
Principle of RSWG transform. (a) Decomposition of RSWG. (b) Reconstruction of RSWG.
(a)
(b)Correspondingly, the reconstruction equation of RSGW at2
j scale is expressed as(6)
c
c
j
-
1
n
=
c
j
n
-
U
U
j
D
j
c
d
j
-
1
n
=
d
j
n
+
P
U
j
C
c
j
-
1
c
j
-
1
n
=
1
2
c
c
j
-
1
n
+
1
2
c
d
j
-
1
n
.


## 3. Signal Denoising Method Based on Adaptive Redundant Second-Generation Wavelet

As mentioned above, RSGW is superior to SGW in the aspect of frequency aliasing problem. However, the prediction operator lengthM, update operator length N, and decomposition level L are often predetermined based on experience in the process of vibration signal denoising. Inappropriate selection of these parameters may lead to unsatisfactory denoising result.To overcome the drawbacks of RSGW, an adaptive redundant second-generation wavelet denoising method is proposed. This section will discuss in detail the new denoising method based on RSGW. To obtain optimal parameters of RSGW, an optimization algorithm is needed. Genetic algorithm can generate near-optimal solutions in complex and nonlinear search spaces with time efficiency [30] and solve large-scale problems [31]. Considerable research has applied genetic algorithm-based methods to machinery fault diagnosis [32–34]. Therefore, in the proposed method, genetic algorithm is taken as the optimization algorithm to search for the optimal parameters of M, N, and L. Because the parameters M, N, and L can change adaptively according to the signal characteristics using ARSGW denoising method, better denoising result can be obtained.


### 3.1. Procedure of the Denoising Method

The flow chart of the proposed method is shown in Figure3, and the specific procedure is given as follows:(1)
Input the acquired vibration signalx
[
n
] and initialize the iteration variable i
=
0.
(2)
Assign some default values to the adaptive parametersM, N, and L.
(3)
Calculate the prediction operator and update operator according to (4).
(4)
According to (5), carry out L-layer RSGW decomposition on the signal x
[
n
].
(5)
Apply thresholding to the obtained detail coefficients to suppress the signal noise.
(6)
Reconstruct the signal with the processed detail coefficients and the approximation coefficients according to (6).
(7)
Calculate the IDRE of the reconstructed signal, and increase the iteration variablei to i
+
1.
(8)
Compare the value of the iteration variable with the evolutional generations. Turn to step (2) if the value of the iteration variable is smaller; otherwise output the optimized parametersM, N, L, and the denoised signal.Figure 3
Flow chart of ARSGW denoising method.


### 3.2. Index for Denoising Result Evaluation

It can be seen from Figure3 that, to realize the optimal denoising of rotating machinery vibration signal, an index for signal denoising result evaluation is essential to be the optimization objective. SNR is a ratio between the real signal and the noise component. A larger SNR means that the denoising result is better. However, because the real signal of rotating machinery vibration signal is unknown beforehand, the SNR could not be calculated. Therefore, IDRE is constructed for the rotating machinery vibration signal.Generally, signal noise is mainly divided into white Gaussian noise, colored noise, and impulsive noise. Among these types, white Gaussian noise, easily aroused by signal recording device and transmission system [35], is commonly contained in vibration signal. Numerous methods have been invited into denoising of the signal contaminated with white Gaussian noise, such as EMD [10], wavelet [13], and multiwavelets [14]. The denoising method proposed in this paper is also mainly applied to denoising of white noise.Assume that the acquired vibration signalx
[
n
] is composed of the real signal f
[
n
] and white Gaussian noise component ε
[
n
]; namely, x
[
n
]
=
f
[
n
]
+
ε
[
n
]; then, the autocorrelation function of x
[
n
] can be expressed as(7)
r
x
m
=
1
N
∑
n
=
1
N
f
n
+
ε
n
f
n
+
m
+
ε
n
+
m
=
r
f
m
+
r
f
ε
m
+
r
ε
f
m
+
r
ε
m
,where r
f
[
m
] and r
ε
[
m
] are the autocorrelation functions of f
[
n
] and ε
[
n
], respectively, and r
f
ε
[
m
] and r
ε
f
[
m
] are the cross correlation functions of f
[
n
] and ε
[
n
], respectively.Analyzing (7), the following can be known:(1)
The noise componentε
[
n
] is random and irrelevant with the real signal f
[
n
]. Hence, r
f
ε
[
m
] and r
ε
f
[
m
] are almost equal to zero; the maximum value of r
ε
[
m
] appears at m
=
0 and as m increases, the value of r
ε
[
m
] decreases rapidly.
(2)
For a rotating machinery signal,f
[
n
] is mainly composed of period signal components, and so is r
f
[
m
]. In addition, when f
[
n
] contains signal component with the period of T, r
f
[
m
] has maximum values at m
=
0
,
T
,
2
T
,
….Considering the above analysis, at the pointm
=
0, r
x
[
m
] has a maximum value r
x
m
a
x
1, and the value of r
x
m
a
x
1 is related to the real signal f
[
n
] and the intensity of the noise component ε
[
n
]. When f
[
n
] is fixed, the more intense the noise, the larger r
x
m
a
x
1 will be. Suppose that r
x
m
a
x
2 is the secondary maximum value of r
x
[
m
]. Since as m increases from 0, the value of r
ε
[
m
] decreases rapidly, r
x
m
a
x
2 mainly depends on r
f
[
m
] and related to the real signal f
[
n
]. Hence, when f
[
n
] is fixed, r
x
m
a
x
2 keeps nearly the same. Therefore, IDRE is constructed as(8)
I
D
R
E
=
r
x
m
a
x
2
r
x
m
a
x
1
.It can be concluded from (8) that the fewer the noise components the signal contains, the better the denoising result, and the larger the value of IDRE.


## 3.1. Procedure of the Denoising Method

The flow chart of the proposed method is shown in Figure3, and the specific procedure is given as follows:(1)
Input the acquired vibration signalx
[
n
] and initialize the iteration variable i
=
0.
(2)
Assign some default values to the adaptive parametersM, N, and L.
(3)
Calculate the prediction operator and update operator according to (4).
(4)
According to (5), carry out L-layer RSGW decomposition on the signal x
[
n
].
(5)
Apply thresholding to the obtained detail coefficients to suppress the signal noise.
(6)
Reconstruct the signal with the processed detail coefficients and the approximation coefficients according to (6).
(7)
Calculate the IDRE of the reconstructed signal, and increase the iteration variablei to i
+
1.
(8)
Compare the value of the iteration variable with the evolutional generations. Turn to step (2) if the value of the iteration variable is smaller; otherwise output the optimized parametersM, N, L, and the denoised signal.Figure 3
Flow chart of ARSGW denoising method.


## 3.2. Index for Denoising Result Evaluation

It can be seen from Figure3 that, to realize the optimal denoising of rotating machinery vibration signal, an index for signal denoising result evaluation is essential to be the optimization objective. SNR is a ratio between the real signal and the noise component. A larger SNR means that the denoising result is better. However, because the real signal of rotating machinery vibration signal is unknown beforehand, the SNR could not be calculated. Therefore, IDRE is constructed for the rotating machinery vibration signal.Generally, signal noise is mainly divided into white Gaussian noise, colored noise, and impulsive noise. Among these types, white Gaussian noise, easily aroused by signal recording device and transmission system [35], is commonly contained in vibration signal. Numerous methods have been invited into denoising of the signal contaminated with white Gaussian noise, such as EMD [10], wavelet [13], and multiwavelets [14]. The denoising method proposed in this paper is also mainly applied to denoising of white noise.Assume that the acquired vibration signalx
[
n
] is composed of the real signal f
[
n
] and white Gaussian noise component ε
[
n
]; namely, x
[
n
]
=
f
[
n
]
+
ε
[
n
]; then, the autocorrelation function of x
[
n
] can be expressed as(7)
r
x
m
=
1
N
∑
n
=
1
N
f
n
+
ε
n
f
n
+
m
+
ε
n
+
m
=
r
f
m
+
r
f
ε
m
+
r
ε
f
m
+
r
ε
m
,where r
f
[
m
] and r
ε
[
m
] are the autocorrelation functions of f
[
n
] and ε
[
n
], respectively, and r
f
ε
[
m
] and r
ε
f
[
m
] are the cross correlation functions of f
[
n
] and ε
[
n
], respectively.Analyzing (7), the following can be known:(1)
The noise componentε
[
n
] is random and irrelevant with the real signal f
[
n
]. Hence, r
f
ε
[
m
] and r
ε
f
[
m
] are almost equal to zero; the maximum value of r
ε
[
m
] appears at m
=
0 and as m increases, the value of r
ε
[
m
] decreases rapidly.
(2)
For a rotating machinery signal,f
[
n
] is mainly composed of period signal components, and so is r
f
[
m
]. In addition, when f
[
n
] contains signal component with the period of T, r
f
[
m
] has maximum values at m
=
0
,
T
,
2
T
,
….Considering the above analysis, at the pointm
=
0, r
x
[
m
] has a maximum value r
x
m
a
x
1, and the value of r
x
m
a
x
1 is related to the real signal f
[
n
] and the intensity of the noise component ε
[
n
]. When f
[
n
] is fixed, the more intense the noise, the larger r
x
m
a
x
1 will be. Suppose that r
x
m
a
x
2 is the secondary maximum value of r
x
[
m
]. Since as m increases from 0, the value of r
ε
[
m
] decreases rapidly, r
x
m
a
x
2 mainly depends on r
f
[
m
] and related to the real signal f
[
n
]. Hence, when f
[
n
] is fixed, r
x
m
a
x
2 keeps nearly the same. Therefore, IDRE is constructed as(8)
I
D
R
E
=
r
x
m
a
x
2
r
x
m
a
x
1
.It can be concluded from (8) that the fewer the noise components the signal contains, the better the denoising result, and the larger the value of IDRE.


## 4. Simulation Signal Denoising

### 4.1. Construction of Hydroturbine Unit Vibration Simulation Signal

Assume the rotating frequencyf of a hydroturbine unit vibration signal is 1.25 Hz. According to the characteristics of hydroturbine unit vibration signal, a signal function, composed of 0.2~0.45
f, f, 2
f, 3
f, and 4
f signal components, is given as(9)
f
t
=
20
sin
⁡
2.5
π
t
+
4.5
sin
⁡
5
π
t
+
2.55
sin
⁡
7.5
π
t
+
1.5
sin
⁡
10
π
t
+
0.4
sin
⁡
0.5
π
t
+
0.3
sin
⁡
0.75
π
t
.Assuming the sampling frequency is 2048 Hz and the measurement time is 10 s, the signal without noise can be obtained as shown in Figure4(a). Adding Gauss white noise ε
(
t
) with S
N
R
i
n = 18 db to this signal, a noisy vibration signal x
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
+
ε
(
t
) can be constructed as shown in Figure 4(b).Figure 4
Hydroturbine unit vibration simulation signal denoising based on ARSGW denoising method. (a) Real signal, (b) noisy signal, and (c) denoised signal.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 4.2. Hydroturbine Unit Vibration Simulation Signal Denoising

The ARSGW denoising method is adopted to denoise the constructed hydroturbine unit vibration simulation signal. In this process, settings of some relevant parameters used in genetic algorithm are listed in Table1.Table 1
Settings of some relevant parameters used in genetic algorithm.
Parameters
Values
Decomposition layerL
Integer within[1, 6]
Prediction operator lengthM
Even number within[2, 14]
Update operator lengthN
Even number within[2, 14]
Population scale
30
Evolution generation
20
Probability of crossover
0.8
Probability of mutation
0.02After performing the procedure illustrated in Section3.1, the optimal denoising result can be obtained as shown in Figure 4(c). The optimal parameters M
=
2, N
=
2, L
=
5, S
N
R
o
u
t = 27.3924, and IDRE = 0.9987.To illustrate the effectiveness of ARSGW and IDRE on getting the optimal signal denoising result and the denoising result evaluation, respectively, the constructed signal is also denoised by RSGW with different values ofM, N, and L. Table 2 shows S
N
R
o
u
t and IDRE of the denoised signal with L setting to the integer within [
1
,
6
] and (
M
,
N
) setting to (
2
,
2
), (
2
,
4
), (
4
,
2
), and (
4
,
4
), respectively.Table 2
Denoising results by RSGW denoising method.
L
M
N
S
N
R
o
u
t
IDRE
1
2
2
21.8930
0.9933
2
4
21.7229
0.9931
4
2
21.7341
0.9931
4
4
21.6737
0.9930
2
2
2
23.3813
0.9965
2
4
22.9608
0.9960
4
2
22.8848
0.9959
4
4
22.6166
0.9956
3
2
2
24.8617
0.9977
2
4
24.2330
0.9972
4
2
24.0670
0.9971
4
4
23.6285
0.9966
4
2
2
26.2169
0.9983
2
4
25.3752
0.9979
4
2
25.1298
0.9977
4
4
24.5158
0.9973
5
2
2
27.3924
0.9987
2
4
26.3497
0.9983
4
2
26.0228
0.9976
4
4
25.2368
0.9971
6
2
2
26.7456
0.9985
2
4
25.8345
0.9981
4
2
25.5388
0.9980
4
4
24.7874
0.9975From Table2, the following conclusions can be reached:(1)
When using RSGW to denoise the constructed signal, the optimal denoising result is obtained when the parametersM
=
2, N
=
2, and L
=
5. In this case, the obtained S
N
R
o
u
t = 27.3924 and IDRE = 0.9987. These values are equal to those obtained by ARSGW denoising method, which indicates that the ARSGW denoising method can find out the optimal denoising result exactly.
(2)
The variation tendency of IDRE is consistent with that ofS
N
R
o
u
t, which indicates the IDRE could be used to evaluate the denoising result.To test the effectiveness of IDRE further, denoising simulation when there is no noise was conducted. To simulate the no-noise condition,S
N
R
i
n was set to 1000, and other parameters were set as the optimal ones obtained above. The result shows that the value of IDRE equals 1. This is consistent with (8) that when there is no noise, r
x
m
a
x
1 and r
x
m
a
x
2 are equal.Compared with SNR, because IDRE can be calculated without needing to know the real signal beforehand, it is suitable not only to simulation signal denoising result evaluation but also to actual vibration signal denoising result evaluation. Therefore, the maximum value of IDRE can be taken as the optimization objective when ARSGW denoising method is adopted for rotating machinery vibration signal denoising.


## 4.1. Construction of Hydroturbine Unit Vibration Simulation Signal

Assume the rotating frequencyf of a hydroturbine unit vibration signal is 1.25 Hz. According to the characteristics of hydroturbine unit vibration signal, a signal function, composed of 0.2~0.45
f, f, 2
f, 3
f, and 4
f signal components, is given as(9)
f
t
=
20
sin
⁡
2.5
π
t
+
4.5
sin
⁡
5
π
t
+
2.55
sin
⁡
7.5
π
t
+
1.5
sin
⁡
10
π
t
+
0.4
sin
⁡
0.5
π
t
+
0.3
sin
⁡
0.75
π
t
.Assuming the sampling frequency is 2048 Hz and the measurement time is 10 s, the signal without noise can be obtained as shown in Figure4(a). Adding Gauss white noise ε
(
t
) with S
N
R
i
n = 18 db to this signal, a noisy vibration signal x
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
+
ε
(
t
) can be constructed as shown in Figure 4(b).Figure 4
Hydroturbine unit vibration simulation signal denoising based on ARSGW denoising method. (a) Real signal, (b) noisy signal, and (c) denoised signal.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 4.2. Hydroturbine Unit Vibration Simulation Signal Denoising

The ARSGW denoising method is adopted to denoise the constructed hydroturbine unit vibration simulation signal. In this process, settings of some relevant parameters used in genetic algorithm are listed in Table1.Table 1
Settings of some relevant parameters used in genetic algorithm.
Parameters
Values
Decomposition layerL
Integer within[1, 6]
Prediction operator lengthM
Even number within[2, 14]
Update operator lengthN
Even number within[2, 14]
Population scale
30
Evolution generation
20
Probability of crossover
0.8
Probability of mutation
0.02After performing the procedure illustrated in Section3.1, the optimal denoising result can be obtained as shown in Figure 4(c). The optimal parameters M
=
2, N
=
2, L
=
5, S
N
R
o
u
t = 27.3924, and IDRE = 0.9987.To illustrate the effectiveness of ARSGW and IDRE on getting the optimal signal denoising result and the denoising result evaluation, respectively, the constructed signal is also denoised by RSGW with different values ofM, N, and L. Table 2 shows S
N
R
o
u
t and IDRE of the denoised signal with L setting to the integer within [
1
,
6
] and (
M
,
N
) setting to (
2
,
2
), (
2
,
4
), (
4
,
2
), and (
4
,
4
), respectively.Table 2
Denoising results by RSGW denoising method.
L
M
N
S
N
R
o
u
t
IDRE
1
2
2
21.8930
0.9933
2
4
21.7229
0.9931
4
2
21.7341
0.9931
4
4
21.6737
0.9930
2
2
2
23.3813
0.9965
2
4
22.9608
0.9960
4
2
22.8848
0.9959
4
4
22.6166
0.9956
3
2
2
24.8617
0.9977
2
4
24.2330
0.9972
4
2
24.0670
0.9971
4
4
23.6285
0.9966
4
2
2
26.2169
0.9983
2
4
25.3752
0.9979
4
2
25.1298
0.9977
4
4
24.5158
0.9973
5
2
2
27.3924
0.9987
2
4
26.3497
0.9983
4
2
26.0228
0.9976
4
4
25.2368
0.9971
6
2
2
26.7456
0.9985
2
4
25.8345
0.9981
4
2
25.5388
0.9980
4
4
24.7874
0.9975From Table2, the following conclusions can be reached:(1)
When using RSGW to denoise the constructed signal, the optimal denoising result is obtained when the parametersM
=
2, N
=
2, and L
=
5. In this case, the obtained S
N
R
o
u
t = 27.3924 and IDRE = 0.9987. These values are equal to those obtained by ARSGW denoising method, which indicates that the ARSGW denoising method can find out the optimal denoising result exactly.
(2)
The variation tendency of IDRE is consistent with that ofS
N
R
o
u
t, which indicates the IDRE could be used to evaluate the denoising result.To test the effectiveness of IDRE further, denoising simulation when there is no noise was conducted. To simulate the no-noise condition,S
N
R
i
n was set to 1000, and other parameters were set as the optimal ones obtained above. The result shows that the value of IDRE equals 1. This is consistent with (8) that when there is no noise, r
x
m
a
x
1 and r
x
m
a
x
2 are equal.Compared with SNR, because IDRE can be calculated without needing to know the real signal beforehand, it is suitable not only to simulation signal denoising result evaluation but also to actual vibration signal denoising result evaluation. Therefore, the maximum value of IDRE can be taken as the optimization objective when ARSGW denoising method is adopted for rotating machinery vibration signal denoising.


## 5. Vibration Fault Diagnosis for Rotating Machinery

### 5.1. Vibration Signal Acquisition

In this paper, the rotating machinery system shown in Figure5 is used to generate vibration signals under different operating conditions. The rotor with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 850 mm is driven by a DC motor controlled by a speed controller. It is composed of two single shafts coupled together and supported by four bearing blocks. Two mass disks with a diameter of 75 mm are fixed on the rotor and two rub screw housings are installed on the rack of the system. The sensors for signal acquisition are composed of two eddy current sensors for displacement measurement, a photoelectric sensor for speed measurement, and a piezoelectric accelerometer for vibration measurement. The signals measured by eddy current sensors and piezoelectric accelerometer are sent to a proximitor for filtering and amplification and then transmitted to the computer for storage and analysis.Figure 5
The rotating machinery system.The considered machine states include normal, unbalance, misalignment, and rotor-to-stator rub state. The unbalance state is simulated by screwing a 2 g mass block into the threaded hole near the edge of mass disk 1, while the misalignment state is simulated by misaligning the coupling of the rotor. In the rotor-to-stator rub case, screw housing 1 is screwed into a rub screw. During the signal acquisition process, the speed of the system is assigned to 1200 rpm, and the sampling frequency is 2048 Hz. A set of signals acquired under these four operating states are shown in Figure6.Figure 6
The acquired vibration signals.


### 5.2. Vibration Signal Denoising

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed denoising method, both ARSGW and SGW denoising method are used to denoise the acquired 40 sets of vibration signals for comparison.


#### 5.2.1. Signal Denoising Using ARSGW Denoising Method

During the process of ARSGW denoising, the decomposition layer is set to an integer within[
1
,
4
]; the other relevant parameters are set to the values, the same as those illustrated in Table 1. A set of denoised signals by ARSGW denoising method is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Denoising results by ARSGW denoising method.


#### 5.2.2. Signal Denoising Using SGW Denoising Method

During the process of SGW denoising, the values of the prediction operator lengthM, the update operator length N, and the decomposition layer L are set to the same values with those assigned in ARSGW denoising method. The waveforms of a set of denoised signals are demonstrated in Figure 8.Figure 8
Denoising results by SGW denoising method.From the denoised signals shown in Figures7 and 8, it can be seen that ARSGW denoising method, compared with SWG denoising method, can suppress more noise components and make the periodic features of the signal more obvious; furthermore, the difference among the signals under the four operating states denoised by ARSGW denoising method becomes larger, which is beneficial to the improvement of the fault diagnosis accuracy.


### 5.3. Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis

To further validate the ability of ARSGW denoising method on improving the accuracy of the rotating machinery fault diagnosis, the commonly used support vector machine method [36] is applied for the four operating states’ classification.Firstly, features, including means, variances,1
f, 2
f, and 3
f, are extracted from the 40 sets of signals denoised by ARSGW and SGW denoising method. Then, features of 20 sets of denoised signals are used to train the support vector machine and those of the other 20 sets are used for test. Table 3 illustrates the classification accuracy of the four operating states using ARSGW and SGW denoising method, respectively.Table 3
Classification accuracy.
Denoising method
Normal
Unbalance
Misalignment
Rub
ARSGW
100%
100%
100%
90%
SGW
90%
95
95%
90%Table3 shows that the classification result adopting ARSGW as the denoising method is better than that adopting SGW as the denoising method. This indicates that the proposed ARSGW denoising method can effectively improve the accuracy of the rotating machinery fault diagnosis.


## 5.1. Vibration Signal Acquisition

In this paper, the rotating machinery system shown in Figure5 is used to generate vibration signals under different operating conditions. The rotor with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 850 mm is driven by a DC motor controlled by a speed controller. It is composed of two single shafts coupled together and supported by four bearing blocks. Two mass disks with a diameter of 75 mm are fixed on the rotor and two rub screw housings are installed on the rack of the system. The sensors for signal acquisition are composed of two eddy current sensors for displacement measurement, a photoelectric sensor for speed measurement, and a piezoelectric accelerometer for vibration measurement. The signals measured by eddy current sensors and piezoelectric accelerometer are sent to a proximitor for filtering and amplification and then transmitted to the computer for storage and analysis.Figure 5
The rotating machinery system.The considered machine states include normal, unbalance, misalignment, and rotor-to-stator rub state. The unbalance state is simulated by screwing a 2 g mass block into the threaded hole near the edge of mass disk 1, while the misalignment state is simulated by misaligning the coupling of the rotor. In the rotor-to-stator rub case, screw housing 1 is screwed into a rub screw. During the signal acquisition process, the speed of the system is assigned to 1200 rpm, and the sampling frequency is 2048 Hz. A set of signals acquired under these four operating states are shown in Figure6.Figure 6
The acquired vibration signals.


## 5.2. Vibration Signal Denoising

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed denoising method, both ARSGW and SGW denoising method are used to denoise the acquired 40 sets of vibration signals for comparison.


### 5.2.1. Signal Denoising Using ARSGW Denoising Method

During the process of ARSGW denoising, the decomposition layer is set to an integer within[
1
,
4
]; the other relevant parameters are set to the values, the same as those illustrated in Table 1. A set of denoised signals by ARSGW denoising method is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Denoising results by ARSGW denoising method.


### 5.2.2. Signal Denoising Using SGW Denoising Method

During the process of SGW denoising, the values of the prediction operator lengthM, the update operator length N, and the decomposition layer L are set to the same values with those assigned in ARSGW denoising method. The waveforms of a set of denoised signals are demonstrated in Figure 8.Figure 8
Denoising results by SGW denoising method.From the denoised signals shown in Figures7 and 8, it can be seen that ARSGW denoising method, compared with SWG denoising method, can suppress more noise components and make the periodic features of the signal more obvious; furthermore, the difference among the signals under the four operating states denoised by ARSGW denoising method becomes larger, which is beneficial to the improvement of the fault diagnosis accuracy.


## 5.2.1. Signal Denoising Using ARSGW Denoising Method

During the process of ARSGW denoising, the decomposition layer is set to an integer within[
1
,
4
]; the other relevant parameters are set to the values, the same as those illustrated in Table 1. A set of denoised signals by ARSGW denoising method is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Denoising results by ARSGW denoising method.


## 5.2.2. Signal Denoising Using SGW Denoising Method

During the process of SGW denoising, the values of the prediction operator lengthM, the update operator length N, and the decomposition layer L are set to the same values with those assigned in ARSGW denoising method. The waveforms of a set of denoised signals are demonstrated in Figure 8.Figure 8
Denoising results by SGW denoising method.From the denoised signals shown in Figures7 and 8, it can be seen that ARSGW denoising method, compared with SWG denoising method, can suppress more noise components and make the periodic features of the signal more obvious; furthermore, the difference among the signals under the four operating states denoised by ARSGW denoising method becomes larger, which is beneficial to the improvement of the fault diagnosis accuracy.


## 5.3. Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis

To further validate the ability of ARSGW denoising method on improving the accuracy of the rotating machinery fault diagnosis, the commonly used support vector machine method [36] is applied for the four operating states’ classification.Firstly, features, including means, variances,1
f, 2
f, and 3
f, are extracted from the 40 sets of signals denoised by ARSGW and SGW denoising method. Then, features of 20 sets of denoised signals are used to train the support vector machine and those of the other 20 sets are used for test. Table 3 illustrates the classification accuracy of the four operating states using ARSGW and SGW denoising method, respectively.Table 3
Classification accuracy.
Denoising method
Normal
Unbalance
Misalignment
Rub
ARSGW
100%
100%
100%
90%
SGW
90%
95
95%
90%Table3 shows that the classification result adopting ARSGW as the denoising method is better than that adopting SGW as the denoising method. This indicates that the proposed ARSGW denoising method can effectively improve the accuracy of the rotating machinery fault diagnosis.


## 6. Conclusions

The vibration signal denoising effect directly affects the rotating machinery fault diagnosis performance. In this paper, a new IDRE is constructed, and based on IDRE, ARSGW denoising method is proposed for rotating machinery vibration signal denoising. The application of ARSGW denoising method on the vibration signal denoising of a rotating machinery system gets a better result than that obtained by SGW denoising method. Moreover, after inputting the extracted features from the denoised signal into support vector machine method for classification, the result shows that the recognition rate using ARSGW denoising method is higher than that using SGW denoising method. Therefore, ARSGW denoising method can effectively improve the accuracy of rotating machinery vibration fault diagnosis.ARSGW denoising method, compared with SGW denoising method, can be applied to denoise rotating machinery vibration signal adaptively and obtain optimal denoising results. The newly constructed IDRE, verified to be effective in evaluating the vibration signal denoising result for rotating machinery, also provides some reference for signal denoising of other kinds of machinery.



---

*Source: 2727684-2016-09-25.xml*