# Coefficients of Meromorphic Bi-Bazilevic Functions

Authors: Jay M. Jahangiri; Samaneh G. Hamidi
Journal: Journal of Complex Analysis
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

A function is said to be bi-Bazilevic in a given domain if both the function and its inverse map are Bazilevic there. Applying the Faber polynomial expansions to the meromorphic Bazilevic functions, we obtain the general coefficient bounds for bi-Bazilevic functions. We also demonstrate the unpredictability of the behavior of early coefficients of bi-Bazilevic functions.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

LetΣ denote the family of meromorphic functions g of the form
(1)
g
(
z
)
=
z
+
b
0
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
b
n
1
z
n
,
which are univalent in Δ
:
=
{
z
:
1
<
|
z
|
<
∞
}. The coefficients of h
=
g
-
1, the inverse map of the function g
∈
Σ, are given by the Faber polynomial expansion:
(2)
h
(
w
)
=
g
-
1
(
w
)
=
w
+
B
0
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
B
n
w
n
=
w
-
b
0
-
∑
n
≥
1
‍
1
n
K
n
+
1
n
(
b
0
,
b
1
,
…
,
b
n
)
1
w
n
;
w
∈
Δ
,
where
(3)
K
n
+
1
n
=
n
b
0
n
-
1
b
1
+
n
(
n
-
1
)
b
0
n
-
2
b
2
+
1
2
n
(
n
-
1
)
(
n
-
2
)
b
0
n
-
3
(
b
3
+
b
1
2
)
+
n
(
n
-
1
)
(
n
-
2
)
(
n
-
3
)
3
!
b
0
n
-
4
(
b
4
+
3
b
1
b
2
)
+
∑
j
≥
5
‍
b
0
n
-
j
V
j
and V
j with 5
≤
j
≤
n is a homogeneous polynomial of degree j in the variables b
1
,
b
2
,
…
,
b
n (see [1], p. 349 or [2–4]).For0
≤
α
<
1, 0
≤
β
<
1, g
∈
Σ, and h
=
g
-
1, let B
(
α
;
β
) denote the class of bi-Bazilevic functions of order α and type β (see Bazilevic [5]) if and only if
(4)
Re
(
(
z
g
(
z
)
)
1
-
β
g
′
(
z
)
)
>
α
;
z
∈
Δ
,
Re
(
(
w
h
(
w
)
)
1
-
β
h
′
(
w
)
)
>
α
;
w
∈
Δ
.Estimates on the coefficients of classes of meromorphic univalent functions were widely investigated in the literature. For example, Schiffer [4] obtained the estimate |
b
2
|
≤
2
/
3 for meromorphic univalent functions g with b
0
=
0 and Duren ([6] or [7]) proved that if b
1
=
b
2
=
⋯
=
b
k
=
0 for 1
≤
k
<
n
/
2, then |
b
n
|
≤
2
/
(
n
+
1
). Schober [8] considered the case where b
0
=
0 and obtained the estimate |
B
2
n
-
1
|
≤
(
2
n
-
2
)
!
/
(
n
!
(
n
-
1
)
!
) for the odd coefficients of the inverse function h
=
g
-
1 subject to the restrictions B
2
=
B
4
=
⋯
=
B
n
-
2
=
0 if n is even or that B
2
=
B
4
=
⋯
=
B
n
-
3
=
0 if n is odd. Kapoor and Mishra [9] considered the inverse function h
=
g
-
1, where g
∈
B
(
α
;
0
), and obtained the bound 2
(
1
-
α
)
/
(
n
+
1
) if (
(
n
-
1
)
/
n
)
≤
α
<
1. This restriction imposed on α is a very tight restriction since the class B
(
α
;
0
) shrinks for large values of n. More recently, Hamidi et al. [10] (also see [11]) improved the coefficient estimate given by Kapoor and Mishra in [9]. The real difficulty arises when the bi-univalency condition is imposed on the meromorphic functions g and its inverse h
=
g
-
1. The unexpected and unusual behavior of the coefficients of meromorphic functions g and their inverses h
=
g
-
1 prove the investigation of the coefficient bounds for bi-univalent functions to be very challenging. In this paper we extend the results of Kapoor and Mishra [9] and Hamidi et al. [10, 11] to a larger class of meromorphic bi-univalent functions, namely, B
(
α
;
β
). We conclude our paper with an examination of the unexpected behavior of the early coefficients of meromorphic bi-Bazilevic functions which is the best estimate yet appeared in the literature.


## 2. Main Results

Applying a result of Airault [12] or [1, 3] to meromorphic functions g of the form (1), for real values of p we can write
(5)
(
g
(
z
)
z
)
p
z
g
′
(
z
)
g
(
z
)
=
1
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
‍
(
1
-
n
+
1
p
)
K
n
+
1
p
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
×
(
b
0
,
b
1
,
b
2
,
…
,
b
n
)
1
z
n
+
1
,
where
(6)
K
n
+
1
p
=
p
!
(
p
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
!
(
n
+
1
)
!
b
0
n
+
1
+
p
!
(
p
-
n
)
!
(
n
-
1
)
!
b
0
n
-
1
b
1
+
p
!
(
p
-
n
+
1
)
!
(
n
-
2
)
!
b
0
n
-
2
b
2
+
p
!
(
p
-
n
+
2
)
!
(
n
-
3
)
!
b
0
n
-
3
[
b
3
+
p
-
n
+
2
2
b
1
2
]
+
p
!
(
p
-
n
+
3
)
!
(
n
-
4
)
!
b
0
n
-
4
[
b
4
+
(
p
-
n
+
3
)
b
1
b
2
]
+
∑
j
≥
5
‍
b
0
n
-
j
V
j
and V
j is a homogeneous polynomial of degree j
:
5
≤
j
≤
n in the variables b
1
,
b
2
,
…
,
b
n. A simple calculation reveals that the first three terms of K
n
+
1
p
(
b
0
,
b
1
,
b
2
,
…
,
b
n
) may be expressed as
(7)
(
1
-
1
p
)
K
1
p
=
(
p
-
1
)
b
0
,
(
1
-
2
p
)
K
2
p
=
(
p
-
2
)
(
p
-
1
2
b
0
2
+
b
1
)
,
(
1
-
3
p
)
K
3
p
=
(
p
-
3
)
×
(
(
p
-
1
)
(
p
-
2
)
6
b
0
3
+
(
p
-
1
)
b
0
b
1
+
b
2
)
.
In general, for any real number p, an expansion of K
n
p
=
K
n
p
(
a
2
,
a
3
,
…
,
a
n
) (e.g., see [2, equation (4)] or [3]) is given by
(8)
K
n
p
=
p
a
n
+
p
(
p
-
1
)
2
D
n
2
+
p
!
(
p
-
3
)
!
3
!
D
n
3
+
⋯
+
p
!
(
p
-
n
)
!
n
!
D
n
n
,
where
(9)
D
s
+
m
m
=
D
s
+
m
m
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
…
,
a
s
+
m
)
=
∑
s
=
1
∞
‍
m
!
(
a
1
)
μ
1
⋯
(
a
s
+
m
)
μ
s
+
m
μ
1
!
⋯
μ
s
+
m
!
and a
1
=
1. Here we note that the sum is taken over all nonnegative integers μ
1
,
…
,
μ
s
+
m satisfying μ
1
+
μ
2
+
⋯
+
μ
s
+
m
=
m and μ
1
+
2
μ
2
+
⋯
+
(
s
+
m
)
μ
s
+
m
=
s
+
m. Evidently, D
n
n
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
…
,
a
s
+
m
)
=
a
1
n, [12]. A similar Faber polynomial expansion formula holds for the coefficients of h, the inverse map of g (e.g., see [1, p. 349]).The Faber polynomials introduced by Faber [13] play an important role in various areas of mathematical sciences, especially in geometric function theory (Gong [14] Chapter III and Schiffer [4]). The recent interest in the calculus of the Faber polynomials, especially when it involves h
=
g
-
1, the inverse of g (see [1, 3, 12, 15]), beautifully fits our case for the meromorphic bi-univalent functions. As a result, we are able to state and prove the following.Theorem 1.
For0
≤
α
<
1 and 0
≤
β
<
1 letg
∈
B
(
α
;
β
) and h
=
g
-
1
∈
B
(
α
;
β
). If b
1
=
b
2
=
⋯
=
b
n
-
1
=
0 for n being odd or if b
0
=
b
1
=
⋯
=
b
n
-
1
=
0 for n being even, then
(10)
|
b
n
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
n
+
1
-
β
.Proof.
Forg
∈
B
(
α
;
β
) and for h
=
g
-
1
∈
B
(
α
;
β
), there exist positive real part functions p
(
z
)
=
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
c
n
z
-
n and q
(
w
)
=
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
d
n
w
-
n in Δ so that
(11)
(
z
g
(
z
)
)
1
-
β
g
′
(
z
)
=
α
+
(
1
-
α
)
p
(
z
)
=
1
+
(
1
-
α
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
c
n
z
n
,
(12)
(
w
h
(
w
)
)
1
-
β
h
′
(
w
)
=
α
+
(
1
-
α
)
q
(
w
)
=
1
+
(
1
-
α
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
‍
d
n
w
n
.
Note that, according to the Caratheodory lemma (e.g., [7]), |
c
n
|
≤
2 and |
d
n
|
≤
2.
On the other hand, by the Faber polynomial expansion, we observe that(13)
(
z
g
(
z
)
)
1
-
β
g
′
(
z
)
=
(
g
(
z
)
z
)
β
(
z
g
′
(
z
)
g
(
z
)
)
=
1
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
‍
(
1
-
n
+
1
β
)
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
×
K
n
+
1
β
(
b
0
,
b
1
,
…
,
b
n
)
1
z
n
+
1
,
(14)
(
w
h
(
w
)
)
1
-
β
h
′
(
w
)
=
(
h
(
w
)
w
)
β
(
w
h
′
(
w
)
h
(
w
)
)
=
1
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
‍
(
1
-
n
+
1
β
)
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
×
K
n
+
1
β
(
B
0
,
B
1
,
…
,
B
n
)
1
w
n
+
1
.
Comparing the corresponding coefficients of (11) and (13) we obtain
(15)
(
1
-
α
)
c
n
+
1
=
(
1
-
n
+
1
β
)
K
n
+
1
β
(
b
0
,
b
1
,
…
,
b
n
)
.
Similarly, from (12) and (14) we obtain
(16)
(
1
-
α
)
d
n
+
1
=
(
1
-
n
+
1
β
)
K
n
+
1
β
(
B
0
,
B
1
,
…
,
B
n
)
.
For the case b
1
=
b
2
=
⋯
=
b
n
-
1
=
0 (n = odd), (15) and (16), respectively, upon using a simple algebraic manipulation and the fact that B
n
=
-
b
n, reduce to
(17)
(
β
-
1
)
⋯
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
(
n
+
1
)
!
b
0
n
+
1
+
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
b
n
=
(
1
-
α
)
c
n
+
1
,
(18)
(
β
-
1
)
⋯
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
(
n
+
1
)
!
b
0
n
+
1
-
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
b
n
=
(
1
-
α
)
d
n
+
1
.
Multiplying (18) by −1 and adding it to (17) we obtain
(19)
+
2
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
b
n
=
(
1
-
α
)
(
c
n
+
1
-
d
n
+
1
)
.
For the other case b
0
=
b
1
=
b
2
=
⋯
=
b
n
-
1
=
0(n = even) (15) and (16), respectively, reduce to
(20)
+
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
b
n
=
(
1
-
α
)
c
n
+
1
,
(21)
-
(
β
-
(
n
+
1
)
)
b
n
=
(
1
-
α
)
d
n
+
1
.
Solving either of (19), (20), or (21) for b
n, taking the absolute values, and applying the Caratheodory lemma we obtain |
b
n
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
/
(
n
+
1
-
β
).Relaxing the coefficient restrictions imposed on Theorem1, we experience the unpredictable behavior of the coefficients of bi-univalent functions.Theorem 2.
Letg
∈
B
(
α
;
β
), 0
≤
α
<
1, 0
≤
β
<
1, be bi-univalent in Δ. Then(i)
(22)
|
b
0
|
≤
{
4
(
1
-
α
)
(
2
-
β
)
(
1
-
β
)
,
0
≤
α
<
1
2
-
β
;
2
(
1
-
α
)
1
-
β
,
1
2
-
β
≤
α
<
1
,
(ii)
(23)
|
b
1
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
2
-
β
,
(iii)
(24)
|
b
1
-
b
0
2
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
2
-
β
-
(
1
-
β
)
(
3
-
β
)
2
|
b
0
|
2
hhhhhhhh
if
5
-
4
β
+
β
2
6
-
5
β
+
β
2
≤
α
<
1
.Proof.
(i) Forn
∈
{
0,1
,
2
} (15) yields
(25)
(
1
-
α
)
c
1
=
(
β
-
1
)
b
0
,
(26)
(
1
-
α
)
c
2
=
(
β
-
1
)
(
β
-
2
)
2
!
b
0
2
+
(
β
-
2
)
b
1
,
(27)
(
1
-
α
)
c
3
=
(
β
-
1
)
(
β
-
2
)
(
β
-
3
)
3
!
b
0
3
+
(
β
-
3
)
(
β
-
1
)
b
0
b
1
+
(
β
-
3
)
b
2
.
Similarly, for n
∈
{
0,1
,
2
} (16) yields
(28)
(
1
-
α
)
d
1
=
-
(
β
-
1
)
b
0
,
(29)
(
1
-
α
)
d
2
=
(
β
-
1
)
(
β
-
2
)
2
!
b
0
2
-
(
β
-
2
)
b
1
,
(30)
(
1
-
α
)
d
3
=
-
(
β
-
1
)
(
β
-
2
)
(
β
-
3
)
3
!
b
0
3
+
(
β
-
3
)
(
β
-
2
)
b
0
b
1
-
(
β
-
3
)
b
2
.
From either of the relations (25) or (28) we obtain
(31)
|
b
0
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
1
-
β
.
On the other hand, adding (26) and (29) yields
(32)
(
1
-
α
)
(
c
2
+
d
2
)
=
(
β
-
1
)
(
β
-
2
)
b
0
2
.
Solve the above equation for b
0, take the absolute values of both sides, and apply the Caratheodory lemma to obtain
(33)
|
b
0
|
≤
(
1
-
α
)
(
|
c
2
|
+
|
d
2
|
)
(
1
-
β
)
(
2
-
β
)
≤
4
(
1
-
α
)
(
1
-
β
)
(
2
-
β
)
.
Now the bounds given in Theorem 2 (i) for |
b
0
| follow upon noting that
(34)
2
(
1
-
α
)
1
-
β
≤
4
(
1
-
α
)
(
1
-
β
)
(
2
-
β
)
if
1
2
-
β
≤
α
<
1
.
(ii) Multiply (29) by −1 and adding it to (26) we obtain
(35)
(
1
-
α
)
(
c
2
-
d
2
)
=
2
(
β
-
2
)
b
1
.
Solve the above equation for b
1, take the absolute values of both sides, and apply the Caratheodory lemma to obtain the bound |
b
1
|
≤
2
(
1
-
α
)
/
(
2
-
β
).
(iii) From (29) we have
(36)
b
1
-
b
0
2
=
1
-
α
2
-
β
(
d
2
-
(
2
-
β
)
(
3
-
β
)
2
(
1
-
α
)
b
0
2
)
.
Substituting forb
0
=
(
(
1
-
α
)
/
(
1
-
β
)
)
d
1 and taking the absolute values of both sides we obtain
(37)
|
b
1
-
b
0
2
|
=
1
-
α
2
-
β
|
d
2
-
(
1
-
α
)
(
2
-
β
)
(
3
-
β
)
2
(
1
-
β
)
d
1
2
|
=
1
-
α
2
-
β
|
d
2
+
λ
d
1
2
|
.
Using the fact|
d
2
+
λ
d
1
2
|
≤
2
+
λ
|
d
1
|
2 if λ
≥
-
1
/
2 which is due to the first author [16, Lemma 1] and noting that λ
≥
-
1
/
2 if α
≥
(
5
-
4
β
+
β
2
)
/
(
6
-
5
β
+
β
2
), we obtain
(38)
|
b
1
-
b
0
2
|
=
1
-
α
2
-
β
(
2
-
(
1
-
α
)
(
2
-
β
)
(
3
-
β
)
2
(
1
-
β
)
|
d
1
|
2
)
.
Now substituting back ford
1
=
(
(
1
-
β
)
/
(
1
-
α
)
)
b
0 we obtain
(39)
|
b
1
-
b
0
2
|
=
1
-
α
2
-
β
(
2
-
(
1
-
β
)
(
2
-
β
)
(
3
-
β
)
2
(
1
-
α
)
|
b
0
|
2
)
.Remark 3.
For the special caseB
(
α
;
0
) we obtain the class of meromorphic bi-starlike functions. Consequently, the bound given for |
b
0
| by our Theorem 2 (i) is an improvement to that given in Hamidi et al. [11, Theorem 2.i.].



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*Source: 263917-2014-03-09.xml*