# Synchronized Hopf Bifurcation Analysis in a Delay-Coupled Semiconductor Lasers System

Authors: Gang Zhu; Junjie Wei
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2012)

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## Abstract

The dynamics of a system of two semiconductor lasers, which are delay coupled via a passive relay within the synchronization manifold, are investigated. Depending on the coupling parameters, the system exhibits synchronized Hopf bifurcation and the stability switches as the delay varies. Employing the center manifold theorem and normal form method, an algorithm is derived for determining the Hopf bifurcation properties. Some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the analysis results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Systems of coupled semiconductor lasers (SLs) are receiving increasing interest, because of their practical importance in more and more complex experimental devices, so coupled system are studied by many researchers [1–3]. Moreover, they are important examples of delay-coupled oscillators in general [4, 5]. The distance between the lasers always results in a time delay in the coupling. In many situations, the time delay has been neglected. However, for semiconductor lasers, this is not always justified due to their large bandwidth and fast time scales of their dynamics. It is well known that delay effects can destabilize a system, furthermore, delay may even result in chaotic dynamics as was shown in [6–8]. On the other hand, time delay in the coupling can also be used to stabilize a chaotic system [9–12]. Synchronization phenomena are common in coupled semiconductor lasers systems. Research shows that even if several individual systems behave chaotically, in the case where the systems are identical, by proper coupling, the systems can be made to evolve toward a situation of isochronal synchronism [13–18].In this paper, we consider the Lang-Kobayashi rate equation [19–22]:
(1.1)E˙j=12(1+iα)njEj+keiφEY(t-τ2),Tn˙j=p-nj-(1+nj)|Ej|2,j=1,2,
which has already been analyzed by many authors during these years from the physics point of views. Here, Ej and EY are the complex electric field amplitudes of the jth system and the relay, respectively, nj is the excess carrier density, α is the linewidth enhancement factor, k is the coupling strength, p is the pump current, and the time scale parameter T=τc/τp is the ratio of the carrier and the photon lifetime, φ is the feedback phase, and all the parameters in system (1.1) are constants.In this paper, for the passive relayEY (realized through a semitransparent mirror, which only receives, reflects, and passes part of the laser from E1 and E2), we consider the algebraic equation:
(1.2)EY(t)=12[E1(t-τ2)+E2(t-τ2)].Noticing the coefficient of the relayEY, we found that since k,e,i, and φ are all positive constants, so similar to [22], we choose the feedback phase φ=0 for simplicity, whose results are different from those of the system with φ≠0 only by a constant multiple. Splitting the complex electric field Ej=xj+iyj and using the vector Xj=(xj,yj,nj), j=1,2, we consider the dynamics within the synchronization manifold (SM), that is, X1(t)=X2(t)=X(t), then we have
(1.3)EY(t-τ2)=E(t-τ),
and (1.1) can be written in the following form:
(1.4)x˙(t)=n(t)2[x(t)-αy(t)]+kx(t-τ),y˙(t)=n(t)2[αx(t)+y(t)]+ky(t-τ),Tn˙(t)=p-n(t)-[1+n(t)][x2(t)+y2(t)].It is found that, under certain conditions, the equilibrium of system (1.4) is unstable when the delay τ varies from zero, and as τ passes through a critical value, the equilibrium becomes asymptotically stable, and after that when τ passes through another critical value, the equilibrium becomes unstable again, which means that there are stability switches as τ is increasing. Hence, a Hopf bifurcation occurs at the equilibrium when τ equals to each critical value, which means system (1.4) has periodic solutions and (1.1) exhibits synchronized periodic oscillation. Since the delay is caused by the distance between the lasers and the receiver, we know that the variety of the distance may result in amplitude death (amplitude tending to zero) or periodic oscillation in the complex electric field.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, using the method presented in [23], we study the stability and the existence of Hopf bifurcation of system (1.4) by analyzing the distribution of the roots of the associated characteristic equation, which is a transcendental equation. In Section 3, we use the normal form method and the center manifold theory presented in Hassard et al. [24] to analyze the direction, stability, and period of the bifurcating periodic solution at critical values of τ. In Section 4, some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the analytical results.


## 2. Stability Analysis

For (1.4), it is straightforward to see that E(0,0,p) is an equilibrium. Linearizing equation (1.4) around (0,0,p), it follows that
(2.1)x˙(t)=p2x(t)-αp2y(t)+kx(t-τ),y˙(t)=αp2x(t)+p2y(t)+ky(t-τ),n˙(t)=-n(t)T,
whose characteristic equation is given by
(2.2)(λ+1T)[(λ-p2-ke-λτ)2+α2p24]=0,
which is equivalent to the following two equations:
(2.3)λ+1T=0,(2.4)(λ-p2-ke-λτ)2+α2p24=0.
So λ=-(1/T) is always a negative root. Next, we study (2.4).Obviously, (2.4) is equivalent to
(2.5)λ-p2-ke-λτ=iαp2,(2.6)λ-p2-ke-λτ=-iαp2.It is easy to see that the roots of (2.5) are conjugatives of (2.6), so we study (2.5) only.Whenτ=0, we get the root of (2.5) easily
(2.7)λ=p2+k+iαp2,
so we haveLemma 2.1.
The equilibriumE(0,0,p) is unstable when τ=0.Letλ=iω(ω≠0) be a root of (2.5) and substitute λ=iω into (2.5) yields
(2.8)p2+kcosωτ=0,ω+ksinωτ=αp2,
which leads to
(2.9)(ω-αp2)2=k2-p24.
Then, one gets
(2.10)ω±=12(αp±4k2-p2).
Hence,
(2.11)cosω+τ=-p2k,sinω+τ=αp-2ω+2k=-4k2-p22k,cosω-τ=-p2k,sinω-τ=αp-2ω-2k=4k2-p22k.
Consequently, for k>(p/2), one has
(2.12)τj-=1ω-(π-arcsin4k2-p22k+2jπ),τj+=1ω+(π+arcsin4k2-p22k+2jπ),j=0,1,2,….
Let
(2.13)λ(τ)=γ(τ)+iω(τ)
be the root of (2.5) satisfying γ(τj±)=0, ω(τj±)=ω±.We have the following conclusion.Lemma 2.2.
It holds that(2.14)(i)γ′(τj+)>0(ii)γ′(τj-){<0,whenp2<k<1+α22p>0,whenk>1+α22p.Proof.
Substitutingλ(τ) into (2.5) and taking the derivative with respect to τ, it follows that
(2.15)dλdτ+λke-λτ+kτe-λτdλdτ=0.
Therefore, noting that ke-λτ=λ-(p/2)-(i/2)αp, we have
(2.16)dλdτ=-λ(λ-(p/2)-(i/2)αp)1+τ(λ-(p/2)-(i/2)αp),
and by a straight computation, we get
(2.17)γ′(τj±)=ω±Δ(ω±-αp2)=±ω±Δk2-p24,
where Δ=(1+(pτ/2))2+τ2(ω-(αp/2))2. Notice that ω->0 when (p/2)<k<(1+α2/2)p and ω-<0 when k>(1+α2/2)p, this completes the proof.As to the order of the sequence{τj±}, we haveLemma 2.3.
Suppose(p/2)<k<(αp/2π). Then, τ0-<τ0+, and there exists an integer m≥0 such that
(2.18)τ0-<τ0+<τ1-<⋯<τm-<τm+<τm+1+<τm+1-.Proof.
Condition(p/2)<k<(αp/2π) implies that τj± are well defined. So it is sufficient to verify that τ0-<τ0+. From
(2.19)arcsinx=x+∑n=1∞‍(2n-1)!!(2n+1)(2n)!!x2n+1=:x+A,x∈[-1,1]
and (2.12), we have
(2.20)τ0-=1ω-(π-4k2-p22k-A),τ0+=1ω+(π+4k2-p22k+A),
and if τ0-<τ0+, then
(2.21)ω+(π-4k2-p22k-A)<ω-(π+4k2-p22k+A),
which is equivalent to
(2.22)(αp+4k2-p2)(π-4k2-p22k-A)<(αp-4k2-p2)(π+4k2-p22k+A),
if and only if
(2.23)π4k2-p2<αp(4k2-p22k+A).
So, from the condition above, we have
(2.24)k<αp2π⇒π4k2-p2<αp4k2-p22k<αp(4k2-p22k+A).
This implies that τ0-<τ0+.
Fromτj+1+-τj+=(2π/ω+), τj+1--τj-=(2π/ω-), and ω+>ω-, we have
(2.25)τj+1+-τj+<τj+1--τj-.
Hence, the conclusion follows.For convenience, we make the following assumption:(H1)
k∈(0,(p/2))∪[(1+α2/2)p,∞),(H2)
(p/2)<k<(αp/2π).From lemmas2.1–2.3 and the fact that (αp/2π)<(1+α2/2)p, then by the Hopf bifurcation theorem for functional differential equations [25], we have the following results on stability and bifurcation to system (1.4).Theorem 2.4.
For system (1.4), the following hold. (i)
If(H1) is satisfied, then E is unstable for all τ≥0.(ii)
If(H2) is satisfied, then system (1.4) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at E when τ=τj±, j=0,1,…. Particularly, there exists an integer m≥0 such that E is unstable when τ∈{0}∪(∪j=0m(τj-1+,τj-))∪(τm+,∞) with τ-1+=0, and asymptotically stable when τ∈∪j=0m(τj-,τj+).Remark 2.5.
From Lemmas2.1–2.3, we have that all other roots, except iω-(Res. iω+), of (2.5) with τ=τj-(resp., τ=τj+) have negative real parts for j=0,1,…,m when (H2) holds.


## 3. The Direction and Stability of Hopf Bifurcation

In Section2, we obtained that, under the assumption (H2), system (1.4) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at some critical values of τ. In this section, we study the direction, stability, and the period of the bifurcating periodic solutions. The method we used is based on the normal-form method and the center manifold theory presented by Hassard et al. [24].TransformE(0,0,p) to the origin O(0,0,0) and rescale the time by t→(t/τ) to normalize the delay so that system (1.4) can be written as the form
(3.1)x˙(t)=τ[p2[x(t)-αy(t)]+kx(t-1)+n(t)2[x(t)-αy(t)]],y˙(t)=τ[p2[αx(t)+y(t)]+ky(t-1)+n(t)2[αx(t)+y(t)]],n˙(t)=τT[-n(t)-(1+p+n(t))(x2(t)+y2(t))].Clearly, the phase space is𝒞=𝒞([-1,0],ℝ3). For convenience, let τ=τ0+μ, μ∈ℝ and τ0 be taken in {τj+}∪{τj-}. From the analysis in Section 2, we know that μ=0 is the Hopf bifurcation value for system (3.1), and iω0τ0 is the root of the characteristic equation associated with the linearization of system (3.1) when τ=τ0, where either ω0=ω+ or ω0=ω-. For ϕ=(ϕ1,ϕ2,ϕ3)∈𝒞, let
(3.2)Lμ(ϕ)=(τ0+μ)Bϕ(0)+(τ0+μ)Cϕ(-1),
where
(3.3)B=(p2-αp20αp2p2000-1T),C=(k000k0000).
By the Rieze representation theorem, there exists a 3×3 matrix, η(θ,μ)(-1≤θ≤0), whose elements are of bounded variation functions such that
(3.4)Lμ(ϕ)=∫-10‍dη(θ,μ)ϕ(θ),ϕ∈𝒞.
In fact, we can choose
(3.5)η(θ,μ)={(τ0+μ)B,θ=0,0,θ∈(-1,0),-(τ0+μ)C,θ=-1.
Then, (3.1) is satisfied.Forϕ∈𝒞, define the operator A(μ) as
(3.6)A(μ)ϕ(θ)={dϕ(θ)dθ,θ∈[-1,0),∫-10‍dη(t,μ)ϕ(t),θ=0,
and R(μ)ϕ as
(3.7)R(μ)ϕ(θ)={0,θ∈[-1,0),f(μ,ϕ),θ=0,
where
(3.8)f(μ,ϕ)=(τ0+μ)(ϕ1(0)ϕ3(0)2-αϕ2(0)ϕ3(0)2(ff+ϕ22)αϕ1(0)ϕ3(0)2+ϕ2(0)ϕ3(0)2(ff+ϕ22)-1T(1+p+ϕ3(0))(ϕ12(0)+ϕ22(0))).
Then, system (3.1) is equivalent to the following operator equation:
(3.9)u˙t=A(μ)ut+R(μ)ut,
where u(t)=(x(t),y(t),n(t))T, ut=u(t+θ), for θ∈[-1,0].Forψ∈𝒞1([0,1],ℝ3), define
(3.10)A*ψ(s)={-dψ(s)ds,s∈(0,1],∫-10‍ψ(-ξ)dη(ξ,0),s=0.Forϕ∈𝒞[-1,0] and ψ∈𝒞[0,1], define the bilinear form
(3.11)〈ψ(s),ϕ(θ)〉=ψ¯(0)ϕ(0)-∫-10‍∫0θ‍ψ¯(ξ-θ)dη(θ)ϕ(ξ)dξ,
where η(θ)=η(θ,0). Then, A(0) and A* are adjoint operators.Letq(θ),q*(s) be the eigenvectors of A(0) and A* associated with iω0τ0 and -iω0τ0, respectively. It is not difficult to verify that
(3.12)q(θ)=(1,β,0)Teiω0τ0θ,q*(s)=1D¯(1,ν,0)eiω0τ0s,
where
(3.13)β=-2αp(iω0-p2-ke-iω0τ0),ν=-2αp(iω0+p2+keiω0τ0),D=(1+βν¯)(1+kτ0e-iω0τ0),
and 〈q*(s),q(θ)〉=1, 〈q*(s),q¯(θ)〉=0.Letut be the solution of (3.9), and define
(3.14)z(t)=〈q*,ut〉,W(t,θ)=ut(θ)-2Re{z(t)q(θ)}.
On the center manifold ℭ0, we have
(3.15)W(t,θ)=W(z(t),z¯(t),θ),
where
(3.16)W(z,z¯,θ)=W20z22+W11zz¯+W02z¯22+⋯,z and z¯ are local coordinates for center manifold ℭ0 in the direction of q* and q*¯. Note that W is real if ut is real. We only consider real solutions.For solutionut in ℭ0, since μ=0, we have
(3.17)z˙(t)=iω0τ0z+〈q*(θ),f(0,W+2Re{z(t)q(θ)})〉=iω0τ0z+q*¯(0),f(0,W(z,z¯,0)+2Re{z(t)q(0)})=iω0τ0z+q*¯(0)f0(z,z¯).
We rewrite this equation as
(3.18)z˙(t)=iω0τ0z+g(z,z¯),
where
(3.19)g(z,z¯)=g20z22+g11zz¯+g02z¯22+g21z2z¯2⋯.By (3.9) and (3.18), we have
(3.20)W˙=u˙t-z˙q-z¯˙q-={AW-2Re{q*¯(0)f0q(θ)},θ∈[-1,0),AW-2Re{q*¯(0)f0q(0)}+f0,θ=0,=AW+H(z,z¯,θ),
where
(3.21)H(z,z¯,θ)=H20(θ)z22+H11(θ)zz¯+H02(θ)z¯22+⋯.
Expanding the above series and comparing the coefficients, we obtain
(3.22)(A-2iω0τ0I)W20(θ)=-H20(θ),AW11(θ)=-H11(θ),….
Noticing that
(3.23)q(θ)=(1,β,0)Teiω0τ0θ,ut(θ)=zq(θ)+z¯q-(θ)+W(z,z¯,θ),
we have
(3.24)x(t)=z+z¯+W(1)(z,z¯,0),y(t)=zβ+z¯β¯+W(2)(z,z¯,0),x(t-1)=ze-iω0τ0+z¯eiω0τ0+W(1)(z,z¯,-1),y(t-1)=zβe-iω0τ0+z¯β¯eiω0τ0+W(2)(z,z¯,-1),n(t)=W(3)(z,z¯,0),
where
(3.25)W(1)(z,z¯,θ)=W20(1)(θ)z22+W11(1)(θ)zz¯+W02(1)(θ)z¯22+⋯,W(2)(z,z¯,θ)=W20(2)(θ)z22+W11(2)(θ)zz¯+W02(2)(θ)z¯22+⋯,
and recalling that
(3.26)f0=τ0(x(t)n(t)2-αy(t)n(t)2(x2(t)+y2)αx(t)n(t)2+y(t)n(t)2(x2(t)+y2)-1T(1+p+n(t))(x2(t)+y2(t))),
we have
(3.27)g(z,z¯)=q*¯(0)f0=τ02D{[x(t)n(t)-αy(t)n(t)]+μ¯[αx(t)n(t)+y(t)n(t)]}=τ02D{(1+αν¯)[z+z¯+W20(1)(0)z22+W11(1)(0)zz¯+W02(1)(0)z¯22+⋯]τ0dd2D×[W20(3)(0)z22+W11(3)(0)zz¯+W02(3)(0)z¯22+⋯]τ0dd2D+(ν¯-α)[zβ+z¯β¯+W20(2)(0)z22+W11(2)(0)zz¯+W02(2)(0)z¯22+⋯]τ0dd2D×[W20(3)(0)z22+W11(3)(0)zz¯+W02(3)(0)z¯22+⋯]}.
We can obtain the coefficients which will be used in determining the important quantities:
(3.28)g20=g11=g02=0,g21=τ0D[W20(3)(0)2(1-αβ¯+αν¯+β¯ν¯)+W11(3)(0)(1-αβ+αν¯+βν¯)].
We still need to compute W20(θ) and W11(θ) for θ∈[-1,0). We have
(3.29)H(z,z¯,θ)=-q¯*(0)f0q(θ)-q*(0)f0¯q¯(θ)=-g(z,z¯)q(θ)-g¯(z,z¯)q¯(θ).
Comparing the coefficients about H(z,z¯,θ) gives that
(3.30)H20(θ)=-g20q(θ)-g¯02q¯(θ)=0,H11=-g11q(θ)-g¯11q¯(θ)=0.
Then, from (3.22), we get
(3.31)W˙20(θ)=2iω0τ0W20(θ),W˙11(θ)=0,
which implies that
(3.32)W20(θ)=Ee2iω0τ0θ,W11(θ)=F,
where E,F are both three-dimensional vectors and can be determined by setting θ=0 in H(z,z¯,θ). In fact, from
(3.33)H(z,z¯,0)=-2Re{q¯*(0)f0q(0)+f0}=-g(z,z¯)q(0)-g¯(z,z¯)q¯(0)+τ02(x(t)n(t)-αy(t)n(t)(x2(t)+y2)αx(t)n(t)+y(t)n(t)(x2(t)+y2)-2T(1+p+n(t))(x2(t)+y2(t)))=-g(z,z¯)q(0)-g¯(z,z¯)q¯(0)+τ02((W(1)+z+z¯)W(3)-α(W(2)+zβ+z¯β¯)W(3)α(W(1)+z+z¯)W(3)+(W(2)+zβ+z¯β¯)W(3)-2T(1+p+W(3))[(W(1)+z+z¯)2+(W(2)+zβ+z¯β¯)2]),
we have
(3.34)H20(0)=-g20q(0)-g¯02q¯(0)+τ0(0,0,-2T(1+p)(1+β2))T=τ0(0,0,-2T(1+p)(1+β2))T,H11(0)=-g11q(0)-g¯11q¯(0)+τ0(0,0,-2T(1+p)(1+|β|2))T=τ0(0,0,-2T(1+p)(1+|β|2))T.
It follows from (3.22) and the definition of A that
(3.35)τ0BW20(0)+τ0CW20(-1)=2iω0τ0W20(0)-H20(0),τ0BW11(0)+τ0CW11(-1)=-H11(0).
Combining the conditions above, we have
(3.36)(B+e-2iω0τ0C-2iω0I)E=(0,0,2T(1+p)(1+β2))T,(B+C)F=(0,0,2T(1+p)(1+|β|2))T,
which implies
(3.37)E=(0,0,-21+2iTω0(1+p)(1+β2))T,F=(0,0,-2(1+p)(1+|β|2)).
Consequently, the above g21 can be expressed by the parameters and delay in system (3.1). Thus, we can compute the following quantities:
(3.38)c1(0)=i2ω0τ0(g20g11-2|g11|2-13|g02|2)+g212=-τ0(1+p)2D[11+2iω0T(1+β2)(1-αβ¯+αν¯+β¯ν¯)-τ0(1+p)2D+2(1+|β|2)(1-αβ+αν¯+βν¯)11+2iω0T],μ2=-Rec1(0)Reλ′(τ0),β2=2Rec1(0),T2=-Imc1(0)+μ2Imλ′(τ0)ω0τ0,
which determine the properties of bifurcating periodic solutions at the critical value τ0. The direction and stability of Hopf bifurcation in the center manifold can be determined by μ2 and β2, respectively. In fact, if μ2>0(μ2<0), then the bifurcating periodic solutions are forward (backward); the bifurcating periodic solutions on the center manifold are stable (unstable) if β2<0(β2>0); T2 determines the period of the bifurcating periodic solutions: the period increases (decreases) if T2>0(T2<0).From the discussion in Section2, we have known that
(3.39)(i)Reλ′(τj+)>0,Reλ′(τj-)ReReλ′(τj-)Reλ′(τj-)(ii)Reλ′(τj-){<0,whenp2<k<1+α22p,>0,whenk>1+α22p.
From Remark 2.5, we have the following results.Theorem 3.1.
For system (1.4), suppose that condition (H2) is satisfied. Then, when 0≤j≤m, one has(i)
the Hopf bifurcation atE(0,0,p) when τ=τj- is backward (forward) and the bifurcation periodic solutions are stable (unstable) if Re(c1(0))<0(>0);(ii)
the Hopf bifurcation atE(0,0,p) when τ=τj+ is forward (backward) and the bifurcation periodic solutions are stable (unstable) if Re(c1(0))<0(>0).Here τj± and m are given in (ii) of Theorem 2.4.


## 4. Numerical Simulations

In this section, we will carry out numerical simulation on system (1.4). Set(A)
α=9.42,k=1,p=1,T=20.Clearly, (H2) is satisfied. We have ω-≐3.845, ω+≐5.575 and
(4.1)τ0-≐0.5448,τ0+≐0.7507,τ1+≐1.8771,τ1-≐2.1782⋯.
Thus, the equilibrium (0,0,1) is stable when τ∈(τ0-,τ0+), and unstable when τ∈[0,τ0-)∪(τ0+,∞). Furthermore, we get
(4.2)Reλ′(τ0-)≐-1.8411,Reλ′(τ0+)≐2.3133.
By the algorithm derived in Section 3, we can obtain
(4.3)Rec1(0)≐-0.7414,μ2≐-0.1027,β2≐-1.4828
at τ=τ0-, and
(4.4)Rec1(0)≐-4.7053,μ2≐2.0340,β2≐-9.4106
at τ=τ0+, respectively. These imply that the direction of Hopf bifurcations is backward when τ=τ0-, and forward when τ=τ0+, respectively, and the bifurcating periodic solutions are orbitally asymptotically stable. These are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3.For system (1.4) with the data (A), the Hopf bifurcation is backward at the first critical value τ0-≐0.5448, and the bifurcating periodic solutions are asymptotically stable, where τ=0.54<0.5448 and the initial value is taken as (0.01,0.01,0.98).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)For system (1.4) with the data (A), the equilibrium E(0,0,1) is asymptotically stable when τ∈(τ0-,τ0+), where τ=0.6 and the initial value is taken as (0.01,0.01,0.98).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)For system (1.4) with the data (A), the Hopf bifurcation is forward at τ0+≐0.7507, and the bifurcating periodic solutions are asymptotically stable, where τ=0.77>τ0+ and the initial value is taken as (0.01,0.01,0.98).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)


## 5. Conclusion

Flunkert et al. [22] explored an experimental system of two semiconductor lasers coupled via a passive relay within the synchronization manifold. They calculated the maximum transversal Lyapunov exponential and got blow-out bifurcations when the coupling strength k passed through critical values.In this paper, we also study the coupled system realized by a passive relay within the synchronization manifold. By analyzing the distribution of eigenvalues, we study the stability of the equilibrium and the existence of periodic solutions. We find that as the coupling strength increases, under the condition(H2), the stability switch for τ occurs, which means that there exists a sequence values of τj± and an integer m satisfying
(5.1)0<τ0-<τ0+<τ1-<⋯<τm-<τm+<τm+1+,
such that the equilibrium E is asymptotically stable when τ∈∪j=0m(τj-,τj+), and unstable when τ∈{0}∪(∪j=0m[τj-1+,τj-))∪(τm+,∞), and the system undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at τ=τj±, where j=1,2,….As a result, the modulation of the coupling strengthk and the delay τ (which is caused by the distance between the lasers and the relay) would be an efficient method to control the system in the complex electric field; the amplitude either vanishes or presents a periodic oscillation.As per the coupled system which is realized by an active relay and the systems without synchronization, we will study in the future.



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