# A New Approach for Solving Fractional Partial Differential Equations

Authors: Fanwei Meng
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2013)

---

## Abstract

We propose a new approach for solving fractional partial differential equations based on a nonlinear fractional complex transformation and the general Riccati equation and apply it to solve the nonlinear time fractional biological population model and the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation. As a result, some new exact solutions for them are obtained. This approach can be suitable for solving fractional partial differential equations with more general forms than the method proposed by S. Zhang and H.-Q. Zhang (2011).


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Fractional differential equations are generalizations of classical differential equations of integer order. In recent decades, fractional differential equations have been the focus of many studies due to their frequent appearance in various applications in physics, biology, engineering, signal processing, systems identification, control theory, finance, and fractional dynamics. Many articles have investigated some aspects of fractional differential equations, such as the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Cauchy-type problems, the methods for explicit and numerical solutions, and the stability of solutions [1–8]. Among the investigations for fractional differential equations, the research for seeking exact solutions and numerical solutions of fractional differential equations is an important topic. Many powerful and efficient methods have been proposed to obtain numerical solutions and exact solutions of fractional differential equations so far. For example, these methods include the Adomian decomposition method [9, 10], the variational iterative method [11–13], the homotopy perturbation method [14, 15], the differential transformation method [16], the finite difference method [17], the finite element method [18], and the fractional Riccati subequation method [19, 20]. Based on these methods, a variety of fractional differential equations have been investigated.Recently, S. Zhang and H.-Q. Zhang [21] proposed a new direct algebraic method named fractional subequation method for solving fractional partial differential equations based on the homogeneous balance principle, the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative by Jumarie [22], and the fractional Riccati equation. The main idea of this method lies in that by a linear transformation ξ=ξ(t,x1,x2,…,xn), a given fractional partial differential equation expressed in independent variables t,x1,x2,…,xn, in which the highest-order derivative and nonlinear term are involved, is turned into another fractional ordinary differential equation, whose solutions are supposed to have the form u(ξ)=∑i=0naiϕi, where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies the fractional Riccati equation Dξαϕ=σ+ϕ2. Based on this concept, the authors established successfully some exact solutions for the nonlinear time fractional biological population model and the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation. We note that as long as a different nonlinear fractional complex transformation form is taken for ξ, then a certain fractional partial differential equation can be turned into another ordinary differential equation of integer order, which permits the use of the Riccati equation of integer order ϕ′=σ+ϕ2 instead of the fractional Riccati equation in the analysis of [21]. Subsequently, new exact solutions for the two equations can be obtained. Furthermore, we notice that the method in [21] is only suitable for solving those fractional partial differential equations involving fractional partial derivatives of certain orders, for example, Dtαu,Dxαu,Dyαu,Dt2αu,Dx2αu,Dy2αu,…, which implies that all of the orders are integer multiples of α. For some fractional partial differential equations involving fractional partial derivatives of arbitrarily different orders with respect to different variables, for example, Dtαu,Dxβu,Dyγu,Dt2αu,Dx2βu,Dy2γu,…, or some involving either fractional partial derivatives or integer order derivatives, for example, Dtαu,ux′,Dyγu,Dt2αu,ux′′,Dy2γu,…, the method in [21] is invalid.The object of this paper is to propose a different way from [21] based on the Riccati equation of integer order and a nonlinear fractional complex transformation ξ=ξ(t,x1,x2,…,xn) for solving fractional partial differential equations. The proposed approach will still be valid in the last two cases mentioned above.


## 2. The Jumarie Modified Riemann-Liouville Derivative and Description of the Proposed Method

The Jumarie modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of orderα is defined by the following expression [22]:
(1)Dxαf(x)=limh→0Δαf(x)hα=limh→0∑k=0∞(-1)k(αk)f(x+(α-k)h)hα.We list some important properties for the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative as follows [19–21]:
(2)Dtαtr=Γ(1+r)Γ(1+r-α)tr-α,(3)Dtα(f(t)g(t))=g(t)Dtαf(t)+f(t)Dtαg(t),(4)Dtαf[g(t)]=fg′[g(t)]Dtαg(t)=Dgαf[g(t)](g′(t))α.In the following, we give the description of our method.Suppose that a fractional partial differential equation, say in the independent variablest,x1,x2,…,xn, is given by
(5)P(u,ut,ux1,…,uxn,Dtαu,Dx1βu,…,Dxnγu,mDt2αu,Dx12βu,…,Dxn2γu,Dt,x1α+βu,…,mDt,xnα+γu,…,Dx1,xnβ+γu,…)=0,
where u=u(t,x1,x2,…,xn) is an unknown function and P is a polynomial in u and its various partial derivatives, in which the highest-order derivative and nonlinear term are involved.Step 1.
Suppose that(6)u(t,x1,x2,…,xn)=U(ξ),ξ=ξ(t,x1,x2,…,xn),
such that (5) can be turned into the following ordinary differential equation of integer order with respect to the variable ξ:
(7)P~(U,U′,U′′,…)=0.Step 2.
Suppose that the solution of (7) can be expressed by a polynomial in ϕ as follows:
(8)U(ξ)=∑‍i=0naiϕi,
where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies the Riccati equation
(9)ϕ′=σ+ϕ2,
and ai, i=0,1,…,n  are all constants to be determined later. The positive integer n can be determined by considering the homogeneous balance between the highest-order derivative and nonlinear term appearing in (7).
We list the exact solutions of (9) as follows, which is known to us as(10)ϕ(ξ)={--σtanh(-σξ),σ<0,--σcoth(-σξ),σ<0,σtan(σξ),σ>0,-σcot(σξ),σ>0,-1ξ+ω,ωisaconstant,σ=0.Step 3.
Substituting (8) into (7) and using (9), the left-hand side of (7) is converted to another polynomial in ϕj after eliminating the denominator. Equating each coefficient of this polynomial to zero yields a set of algebraic equations for ai, i=0,1,…,n.Step 4.
Solving the equations system in Step3, and by using the solutions of (9), we can construct a variety of exact solutions of (5).


## 3. Applications of the Proposed Method

In this section, we will apply the described method in Section2 to the nonlinear time fractional biological population model and the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation.


### 3.1. Nonlinear Time Fractional Biological Population Model

We consider the nonlinear time fractional biological population model:(11)Dtαu=(u2)xx+(u2)yy+h(u2-r),
where h, r are constants.Suppose thatu(x,y,t)=U(ξ), where ξ=kx+iky+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0, k, c, ξ0 are all constants with k, c≠0, and i is the unit of imaginary numbers. Then, by the use of (4), equation (18) can be turned into
(12)cU′=h(U2-r).Suppose that the solution of (12) can be expressed by
(13)U(ξ)=∑‍i=0naiϕi,
where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies (9). By balancing the order between the highest-order derivative term and nonlinear term in (12), we can obtain n=1. So, we have
(14)U(ξ)=a0+a1ϕ.Substituting (14) into (12) and collecting all the terms with the same power of ϕ together, equating each coefficient to zero yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations yields
(15)a0=0,a1=ch,σ=-h2rc-2.Substituting the result above into (14) and combining it with (10), we can obtain the following exact solutions to (11):
(16)u1(x,y,t)=-rtanh[hc-1r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,ta)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aar>0,u2(x,y,t)=-rcoth[hc-1r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)a(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aar>0,u3(x,y,t)=-rtan[hc-1-r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,ta)(x,t)(x,t)aar<0,u4(x,y,t)=--rcot[hc-1-r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aa(x,t)(x,t)ar<0,u5(x,y,t)=-ch(kx+iky+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0+ω),aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaar=0,
where ξ0, k, c are all arbitrary constants.Remark 1.
As one can see, the obtained solutions in (16) for the nonlinear time fractional biological population model are different from the results in [21] and are new exact solutions so far to our best knowledge.


### 3.2. The Space-Time Fractional Fokas Equation

We consider the space-time fractional Fokas equation(17)4∂2αq∂tα∂x1α-∂4αq∂x13α∂x2α+∂4αq∂x23α∂x1α+12∂αq∂x1α∂αq∂x2α+12q∂2αq∂x1α∂x2α-6∂2αq∂y1α∂y2α=0,0<α≤1.Suppose thatq(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=U(ξ), where ξ=(k1x1α/Γ(1+α))+(k2x2α/Γ(1+α))+(l1y1α/Γ(1+α))+(l2y2α/Γ(1+α))+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0, k1, k2, l1, l2, c, ξ0 are all constants with k1, k2, l1, l2, c≠0. Then, by the use of (4), equation (17) can be turned into
(18)4ck1U′′-k13k2U(4)+k23k1U(4)+12k1k2U′2+12k1k2UU′′-6l1l2U′′=0.Suppose that the solution of (18) can be expressed by
(19)U(ξ)=∑‍i=0naiϕi,
where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies (9). By balancing the order between the highest-order derivative term and nonlinear term in (18), we can obtain n=2. So, we have
(20)U(ξ)=a0+a1ϕ+a2ϕ2.Substituting (20) into (18) and collecting all the terms with the same power of ϕ together, equating each coefficient to zero yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations yields
(21)a0=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2,a1=0,a2=k12-k22.Substituting the result above into (19) and combining it with (10), we can obtain the following exact solutions to (17):
(22)q1(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σtanh2[-σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)avv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ<0,q2(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σcoth2[-σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ<0,q3(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2+(k12-k22)×σtan2[σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ>0,q4(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σcot2[σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ>0,q5(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2+(k12-k22)Γ(1+α)k1x1α+k2x2α+l1y1α+l2y2α+ctα+Γ(1+α)(ξ0+ω),aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ=0,
where ξ0, k1, k2, l1, l2, c, ω are all arbitrary constants.Remark 2.
The established solutions in (22) for the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation are different from the results in [21] and also have not been reported by other authors in the literature.Remark 3.
It is worth to notice that if (17) is replaced by the following equation:
(23)4∂α+βq∂tα∂x1β-∂3β+αq∂x13β∂x2α+∂3α+βq∂x23α∂x1β+12∂βq∂x1β∂αq∂x2α+12q∂β+αq∂x1β∂x2α-6∂1+γq∂y1∂y2γ=0,0<α,β,γ≤1,
then one can see that the fractional subequation method in [1] is invalid here, while we can still reduce (23) to (18) if we take the transformation ξ=(k1x1β/Γ(1+β))+(k2x2α/Γ(1+α))+l1y1+(l2y2γ/Γ(1+γ))+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0. So, the method proposed here can be suitable for more general cases.


## 3.1. Nonlinear Time Fractional Biological Population Model

We consider the nonlinear time fractional biological population model:(11)Dtαu=(u2)xx+(u2)yy+h(u2-r),
where h, r are constants.Suppose thatu(x,y,t)=U(ξ), where ξ=kx+iky+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0, k, c, ξ0 are all constants with k, c≠0, and i is the unit of imaginary numbers. Then, by the use of (4), equation (18) can be turned into
(12)cU′=h(U2-r).Suppose that the solution of (12) can be expressed by
(13)U(ξ)=∑‍i=0naiϕi,
where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies (9). By balancing the order between the highest-order derivative term and nonlinear term in (12), we can obtain n=1. So, we have
(14)U(ξ)=a0+a1ϕ.Substituting (14) into (12) and collecting all the terms with the same power of ϕ together, equating each coefficient to zero yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations yields
(15)a0=0,a1=ch,σ=-h2rc-2.Substituting the result above into (14) and combining it with (10), we can obtain the following exact solutions to (11):
(16)u1(x,y,t)=-rtanh[hc-1r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,ta)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aar>0,u2(x,y,t)=-rcoth[hc-1r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)a(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aar>0,u3(x,y,t)=-rtan[hc-1-r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,ta)(x,t)(x,t)aar<0,u4(x,y,t)=--rcot[hc-1-r(kx+iky+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)(x,t)aa(x,t)(x,t)ar<0,u5(x,y,t)=-ch(kx+iky+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0+ω),aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaar=0,
where ξ0, k, c are all arbitrary constants.Remark 1.
As one can see, the obtained solutions in (16) for the nonlinear time fractional biological population model are different from the results in [21] and are new exact solutions so far to our best knowledge.


## 3.2. The Space-Time Fractional Fokas Equation

We consider the space-time fractional Fokas equation(17)4∂2αq∂tα∂x1α-∂4αq∂x13α∂x2α+∂4αq∂x23α∂x1α+12∂αq∂x1α∂αq∂x2α+12q∂2αq∂x1α∂x2α-6∂2αq∂y1α∂y2α=0,0<α≤1.Suppose thatq(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=U(ξ), where ξ=(k1x1α/Γ(1+α))+(k2x2α/Γ(1+α))+(l1y1α/Γ(1+α))+(l2y2α/Γ(1+α))+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0, k1, k2, l1, l2, c, ξ0 are all constants with k1, k2, l1, l2, c≠0. Then, by the use of (4), equation (17) can be turned into
(18)4ck1U′′-k13k2U(4)+k23k1U(4)+12k1k2U′2+12k1k2UU′′-6l1l2U′′=0.Suppose that the solution of (18) can be expressed by
(19)U(ξ)=∑‍i=0naiϕi,
where ϕ=ϕ(ξ) satisfies (9). By balancing the order between the highest-order derivative term and nonlinear term in (18), we can obtain n=2. So, we have
(20)U(ξ)=a0+a1ϕ+a2ϕ2.Substituting (20) into (18) and collecting all the terms with the same power of ϕ together, equating each coefficient to zero yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations yields
(21)a0=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2,a1=0,a2=k12-k22.Substituting the result above into (19) and combining it with (10), we can obtain the following exact solutions to (17):
(22)q1(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σtanh2[-σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)avv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ<0,q2(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σcoth2[-σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ<0,q3(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2+(k12-k22)×σtan2[σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ>0,q4(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2-(k12-k22)×σcot2[σ(k1x1αΓ(1+α)+k2x2αΓ(1+α)+l1y1αΓ(1+α)vv+l2y2αΓ(1+α)+ctαΓ(1+α)+ξ0)],aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ>0,q5(t,x1,x2,y1,y2)=4k13k2σ-4k1k23σ-2ck1+3l1l26k1k2+(k12-k22)Γ(1+α)k1x1α+k2x2α+l1y1α+l2y2α+ctα+Γ(1+α)(ξ0+ω),aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaσ=0,
where ξ0, k1, k2, l1, l2, c, ω are all arbitrary constants.Remark 2.
The established solutions in (22) for the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation are different from the results in [21] and also have not been reported by other authors in the literature.Remark 3.
It is worth to notice that if (17) is replaced by the following equation:
(23)4∂α+βq∂tα∂x1β-∂3β+αq∂x13β∂x2α+∂3α+βq∂x23α∂x1β+12∂βq∂x1β∂αq∂x2α+12q∂β+αq∂x1β∂x2α-6∂1+γq∂y1∂y2γ=0,0<α,β,γ≤1,
then one can see that the fractional subequation method in [1] is invalid here, while we can still reduce (23) to (18) if we take the transformation ξ=(k1x1β/Γ(1+β))+(k2x2α/Γ(1+α))+l1y1+(l2y2γ/Γ(1+γ))+(ctα/Γ(1+α))+ξ0. So, the method proposed here can be suitable for more general cases.


## 4. Conclusions

We have proposed a new subequation method for fractional partial differential equations based on the Riccati equation of integer order and a nonlinear fractional complex transformation and applied it to the nonlinear time fractional biological population model and the (4+1)-dimensional space-time fractional Fokas equation. As a result, some new exact solutions for them are established. As one can see, this method has more general applications than the fractional subequation method and can be applied to other fractional partial differential equations.



---

*Source: 256823-2013-05-09.xml*