# The Activity Concentrations and Radium Equivalent Activity in Soil Samples Collected from the Eastern Part of Basrah Governorate in Southern Iraq

Authors: Rasha S. Ahmed; Raghad S. Mohammed; Rana O. Abdaljalil
Journal: International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Clay soil samples (0, 30, and 60 cm depths) were collected from two districts (Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr) in Basrah governorate in southern Iraq for gamma-ray spectroscopy. The activity concentrations for natural existing radionuclides in 18 soil samples were measured using high-purity germanium detector HPGe. From the obtained results ofγ-ray spectroscopy, the 238U activity concentrations were found to be ranging from 2.4 to 5.6 ppm with an average of 3.5 ppm in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 2.1 to 4.5 ppm with an average of 2.9 ppm in Ad Dayr. 232Th concentrations were ranging from 3.6 to 7.5 ppm with an average of 4.7 ppm in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 3.7 to 7.9 ppm with an average of 5.0 ppm in Ad Dayr. 40K concentration was ranging from 0.1% to 2.0% with an average of 1.2% in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 0.9% to 1.8% with an average of 1.3% in Ad Dayr. High 238U and 226Ra concentration levels were recorded in both study regions. The concentrations of 232Th are within the normal limits in both regions. High levels of 40K were recorded in some locations. Generally, in most locations, 40K activity was within normal ranges. The radium equivalent activity, the external hazard index, the internal hazard index, and the radioactivity level index were calculated to estimate the radiation hazard in Basrah. The estimated radiation hazard indices were within normal limits, except the radioactivity level index, which shows elevated values. The obtained results were compared with other countries and with the worldwide median certified values.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Human beings are exposed to natural radiation sources. The natural sources include the cosmic radiations that come from the sun that start as charged particles, which interact with the earth’s atmosphere to produce gamma and beta radiations. Natural radioactive materials are also included in soil, water, and vegetation known as terrestrial radiation. In addition to the cosmic and terrestrial sources, humans also have radioactive isotopes inside their bodies since childbirth. Humans are also exposed to the man-made radiation used in medical processes such as radiation treatment, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic X-rays. Besides medical applications, man-made radiations are received from nuclear-power reactors and facilities involved in nuclear weapons. The major risky source is the usage of depleted uranium in weapons used in wars, which constitutes a great danger for the population. DU has a half-life of 4.4 billion years and is used in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons.A number of factors affect the terrestrial radiation exposure such as the concentration of radionuclides in soil. The most essential primal radionuclides are238U with half-life of 4.5×109years, 232Th with half-life 1.405×1010years, and 40K with half-life of 1.277 ×109 years [1]. The concentration of radionuclides in air, water, soil, and rock were discussed in several studies [2–5].Basrah, a city in southern Iraq of 1.6 million and 19.070 km2, has suffered from the spread of cancerous injuries and birth defects. High number of cancer cases among whom are children who are more sensitive to radiation than adults were recorded. A complete of 8,748 occasions were accumulated, 72.9% being residents of Basrah governorate, and 27.1% from an exterior. The documented numbers in the years 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 were 1,850, 2,155, 2,410, and 2,333 cases, respectively, males and females accounting for 48.1% and 51.9% of cases [6].Abu Al Khasib (30.2520N, 48.0737 0E, 1152 Km2) and Ad Dayr (30.829 0N, 47.574 0E, 825 Km2) are considered as an important agricultural districts in Basrah. Additionally, Ad Dayer is deemed to be a significant archaeological and religious region and visited by many tourists each day. Formerly, we use the same samples that we will adopt in this work [7] to estimate the activity concentrations in Bq/kg; the average outdoor external dose, average indoor external dose, total average value of the external dose, average annual outdoor effective dose, average annual indoor effective dose, and averaged total annual effective dose have been estimated. Values for total average value of the external dose and averaged total annual effective dose were higher than the worldwide median in both regions. Additionally, the excess lifetime cancer risk has been also assessed and found to be higher than the worldwide averages.As both areas are important and considered as a source to equip the Iraqi provinces with agricultural crops, this work has been adopted to extend the results obtained in previously published work [7], to estimate additional radiation hazard indices that may affect the human health. In the present study, we aim to estimate the activity concentrations for radionuclides in ppm in clay soil samples for 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K and compared the results with the international confirmed surveys. Moreover, to distinguish regions that might be radiologically unsafe, the radium equivalent activity, the external hazard index, the internal hazard index, and the radioactivity level index were estimated and compared with each other and with worldwide estimated values.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

A total of 18 (9 from Abu Al Khasib and 9 from Ad Dayr) clay soil samples were collected from the study regions as shown in Figure1 [7]. As shown in Figure 1, only three sites were indicated in each of the sampling regions, since, from each indicated site, three samples were collected from (0, 30, 60 cm) depths using a plastic hand trowel. In each study region, a 1 m2 sampling site was covered, each site located 1 m straight forward from the other. Samples were positioned in coded black plastic case about 1 kg each. The code’s explanations are listed in Table 1. Samples were air-dried up on a paten for five days until every wetness was dissolved. The moisture-less samples then ground to soften fine powder employing a grinder and sifted through a (2mm) mesh and stored for one month to permit total growth of 226Ra with its daughters 222Rn, 214Pb, and 214Bi before sending to Gamma Laboratory for the Ministry of Environment Radiation Protection Center (RPC) in Iraq, Baghdad.Table 1
Samples regions, depths, and codes indices [7].
Abu Al Khasib  Samples number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Samples codes A-S-1 A-30-2 A-60-3 A-S-4 A-30-5 A-60-6 A-S-7 A-30-8 A-60-9 Depth of samples (cm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60  Ad Dayer  Samples number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Samples codes D-S-1 D-30-2 D-60-3 D-S-4 D-30-5 D-60-6 D-S-7 D-30-8 D-60-9 Depth of samples (cm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60Figure 1
Map of the surveyed area conducted using geomapapp [7].


### 2.2. Measurement by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

In Gamma Laboratory, the activity concentrations for samples were measured using Canberra high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector, including mixed gamma source. The mixed gamma-ray source contains241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 57Co, 139Ce, 113Sn, 137Cs, 88Y, 60Co, 60Co, 85Sr radionuclides with their energies and activities listed in Table 2.Table 2
Mixed gamma source radionuclides used in HPGe detector and its standard properties.
Radionuclide 241Am 109Cd 57Co 57Co 139Ce 113Sn 137Cs 88Y 60Co 60Co 85Sr Energy keV 60 88 122.5 136.9 165.7 392 661.6 898 1173.7 1132.8 513.9 Activity kBq 1.605 0.311 0.240 0.030 0.066 0.145 2.019 0.220 2.272 2.272 0.038As it is arduous to split the recorded low activity samples signal from the background radiation, the calculations were carried out employing a Pb shielding with a settled bottom and portable cover. The results for all samples were estimated using the efficiency as a function of energy, the energy as a function of number of channels, and the full width half maxima FWHM as a function of number of channels calibrations. The efficiency calibration was performed using different energy peaks to cover the energy range from 60 up to 2500 keV (Figure2(a)). The efficiency ϵ of the counting for energies E utilized in the calculations is given by(1)ln⁡ϵ=-1.943×102+1.264×102ln⁡E-3.089×101ln⁡E2+3.309ln⁡E3-1.319×10-1ln⁡E4The energy calibration was established with 512, 1024, 1536, 2048, 2560, 3072, 3584, and 4096 channel numbers (Figure 2(b)) and well fitted with the first degree function as(2)Energy=3.056×10-1+5.001×10-1×ChkeVFinally, the FWHM calibration performed uses the following expression:(3)FWHM=6.013×10-1+3.517×10-2E1/2keVThe calibrations are saved and used in the acquisition program to apply the corrections for each sample.Figure 2
(a) The linear scale of the efficiency calibration curve for HPGe detector (order of the polynomial is 4 withR2=0.709). (b) The energy calibration curve for HPGe detector.
(a) (b)The average activity concentration of238U was measured from the median peak energies of 351.9 keV of 214Pb and 186.2 keV of 226Ra. Correspondingly, the average activity concentration of 232Th was estimated from the median peak energies of 238 keV of 212Pb, 727.2 keV of 212Bi, and 911.6 keV of 228Ac [23]. All other radionuclides concentrations were estimated directly from its known peaks, as seen in Figures 3–5 for 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6 sample numbers. The calculated gamma spectra have been analyzed using Genie 2k Canberra software.Figure 3
The number of counts as a function of energy of the radionuclides in samples 1 and 2, obtained by HPGe detector, and analyzed through Genie 2k Canberra software.Figure 4
Same as Figure3 for samples 3 and 4.Figure 5
Same as Figure3 for samples 5 and 6.


## 2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

A total of 18 (9 from Abu Al Khasib and 9 from Ad Dayr) clay soil samples were collected from the study regions as shown in Figure1 [7]. As shown in Figure 1, only three sites were indicated in each of the sampling regions, since, from each indicated site, three samples were collected from (0, 30, 60 cm) depths using a plastic hand trowel. In each study region, a 1 m2 sampling site was covered, each site located 1 m straight forward from the other. Samples were positioned in coded black plastic case about 1 kg each. The code’s explanations are listed in Table 1. Samples were air-dried up on a paten for five days until every wetness was dissolved. The moisture-less samples then ground to soften fine powder employing a grinder and sifted through a (2mm) mesh and stored for one month to permit total growth of 226Ra with its daughters 222Rn, 214Pb, and 214Bi before sending to Gamma Laboratory for the Ministry of Environment Radiation Protection Center (RPC) in Iraq, Baghdad.Table 1
Samples regions, depths, and codes indices [7].
Abu Al Khasib  Samples number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Samples codes A-S-1 A-30-2 A-60-3 A-S-4 A-30-5 A-60-6 A-S-7 A-30-8 A-60-9 Depth of samples (cm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60  Ad Dayer  Samples number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Samples codes D-S-1 D-30-2 D-60-3 D-S-4 D-30-5 D-60-6 D-S-7 D-30-8 D-60-9 Depth of samples (cm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60Figure 1
Map of the surveyed area conducted using geomapapp [7].


## 2.2. Measurement by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

In Gamma Laboratory, the activity concentrations for samples were measured using Canberra high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector, including mixed gamma source. The mixed gamma-ray source contains241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 57Co, 139Ce, 113Sn, 137Cs, 88Y, 60Co, 60Co, 85Sr radionuclides with their energies and activities listed in Table 2.Table 2
Mixed gamma source radionuclides used in HPGe detector and its standard properties.
Radionuclide 241Am 109Cd 57Co 57Co 139Ce 113Sn 137Cs 88Y 60Co 60Co 85Sr Energy keV 60 88 122.5 136.9 165.7 392 661.6 898 1173.7 1132.8 513.9 Activity kBq 1.605 0.311 0.240 0.030 0.066 0.145 2.019 0.220 2.272 2.272 0.038As it is arduous to split the recorded low activity samples signal from the background radiation, the calculations were carried out employing a Pb shielding with a settled bottom and portable cover. The results for all samples were estimated using the efficiency as a function of energy, the energy as a function of number of channels, and the full width half maxima FWHM as a function of number of channels calibrations. The efficiency calibration was performed using different energy peaks to cover the energy range from 60 up to 2500 keV (Figure2(a)). The efficiency ϵ of the counting for energies E utilized in the calculations is given by(1)ln⁡ϵ=-1.943×102+1.264×102ln⁡E-3.089×101ln⁡E2+3.309ln⁡E3-1.319×10-1ln⁡E4The energy calibration was established with 512, 1024, 1536, 2048, 2560, 3072, 3584, and 4096 channel numbers (Figure 2(b)) and well fitted with the first degree function as(2)Energy=3.056×10-1+5.001×10-1×ChkeVFinally, the FWHM calibration performed uses the following expression:(3)FWHM=6.013×10-1+3.517×10-2E1/2keVThe calibrations are saved and used in the acquisition program to apply the corrections for each sample.Figure 2
(a) The linear scale of the efficiency calibration curve for HPGe detector (order of the polynomial is 4 withR2=0.709). (b) The energy calibration curve for HPGe detector.
(a) (b)The average activity concentration of238U was measured from the median peak energies of 351.9 keV of 214Pb and 186.2 keV of 226Ra. Correspondingly, the average activity concentration of 232Th was estimated from the median peak energies of 238 keV of 212Pb, 727.2 keV of 212Bi, and 911.6 keV of 228Ac [23]. All other radionuclides concentrations were estimated directly from its known peaks, as seen in Figures 3–5 for 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6 sample numbers. The calculated gamma spectra have been analyzed using Genie 2k Canberra software.Figure 3
The number of counts as a function of energy of the radionuclides in samples 1 and 2, obtained by HPGe detector, and analyzed through Genie 2k Canberra software.Figure 4
Same as Figure3 for samples 3 and 4.Figure 5
Same as Figure3 for samples 5 and 6.


## 3. Results and Discussions

### 3.1. The Activity in Clay Soil from Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr

18 clay soil samples were collected from the indicated locations in Figure1 using Global Positioning System (GPS). Three samples were collected from each indicated site at 0, 30, and 60 cm depths. The measured activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K in the clay soil samples were listed in Table 3. The levels of general radioactivity due to isotopes were listed in Bq/kg [7]. The concentrations of specific radioisotope in the samples were also measured in parts per million (ppm). Additionally, the maximum (max.), minimum (min.), average (ave.), standard deviation (stdev.), median (med.), and median absolute deviation (med. abs. div.) for the activity concentrations in Bg/kg and ppm have been included.Table 3
238U, 232Th, 40K activities in Bq/kg [7] and the estimated values in ppm using γ-ray spectroscopy.
Activity concentrations Samples codes 238U 232Th 40K Bq/kg ppm Bq/kg ppm Bq/kg ppm 1 58.6 4.7 26.9 6.6 522.1 2.0 2 57.3 4.6 18.9 4.6 408.1 1.6 3 40 3.2 18.5 4.5 296.6 1.1 4 31.7 2.6 15.4 3.8 298.4 1.2 5 38.3 3.1 17.2 4.2 240 0.9 6 69 5.6 30.8 7.5 528.2 2.0 7 31.3 2.5 16.8 4.1 303.4 1.2 8 36.3 2.9 15.2 3.7 273.2 1.1 9 29.5 2.4 14.7 3.6 25.8 0.1 max. 69.0 5.6 30.8 7.5 528.2 2.0 min. 29.5 2.4 14.7 3.6 25.8 0.1 ave. 43.6 3.5 19.4 4.7 321.8 1.2 stdev. 20.6 1.6 8.6 2.1 350.9 1.3 med. 38.3 3.1 17.2 4.2 298.4 1.2 med. abs. div. 7 0.6 1.8 0.4 58.4 0.3 10 32.5 2.6 21.4 5.2 341.8 1.3 11 27 2.2 17.3 4.2 300 1.2 12 34.2 2.8 18.3 4.5 322 1.2 13 28.9 2.3 17.3 4.2 241.8 0.9 14 56.1 4.5 32.2 7.9 461.4 1.8 15 30.6 2.5 15.3 3.7 321.4 1.2 16 32 2.6 20.8 5.1 309.8 1.2 17 52 4.2 24.1 5.9 450.2 1.7 18 26.5 2.1 16.3 4.0 284.8 1.1 max. 56.1 4.5 32.2 7.9 461.4 1.8 min. 26.5 2.1 15.3 3.7 241.8 0.9 ave. 35.5 2.9 20.3 5.0 337.0 1.3 stdev. 4.2 0.4 3.6 0.8 40.3 0.1 med. 32 2.6 18.3 4.5 321.4 1.2 med. abs. div. 3.1 0.3 2.5 0.6 21.4 0.1The concentrations in ppm of238U, 232Th, 40K were calculated from the measured activities in Bq/kg (Table 3) using the following experimental formula [24]:(4)Appm=CBqkgλ=CMwNln⁡2t1/2×106where C is the activity concentration in Bq/kg, Mw is the molecular weight (g/mol), N is Avogadro’s number, and t1/2 is the half-life in seconds. The measured conversion factors λ for each radionuclide has been listed in Table 4, in addition to half-lives, and atomic masses used in the calculations.Table 4
The half-lives, atomic masses, and the calculated radioactivity conversion factors from Bq/kg to ppm for238U, 232Th, 40K radionuclides.
radionuclide Half-life (years) Atomic mass (u) λ U   238 4.5 × 10 9 238.05 0.080901 T h   232 1.405 × 10 10 232.03 0.246225 K   40 1.277 × 10 9 39.96 3.8585 × 10 - 3Abu Al Khasib had 240,300 inhabitants and Ad Dayr 130,000 citizens in 2012. Statistics recorded a rise at the rate of birth defects from 3.2 cases per 1,000 births in 1990 to 22 cases per 1,000 births in 2000. Basrah witnessed the birth of 300 deformed children within one year [6]. In both Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr, the activity concentration has been measured and analyzed to focus on the radiological environment of both Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr.Uranium can be found spontaneously in the environment in very little magnitudes in air, soil, rocks, and water. In air, the uranium concentrations are very low. In water, most of the uranium is thawed uranium that is obtained from rocks and soil that the water moves over. The quantities of uranium in drinking water are usually low. Uranium is found in soils in changing concentrations that are typically very low. People constantly encounter exposure to a particular magnitude of uranium from food, air, soil, and water, as it spontaneously existed in all these elements. Individuals who settle nearby hazardous waste locations and eat yields farmed in contaminated soil may suffer a stronger exposure than other people. When humans are exposed to uranium radionuclides that are created throughout radioactive decay for a long interval, they possibly will develop cancer. The possibilities of obtaining cancer are much higher when persons are exposed to enriched uranium, since that is a further radioactive form of uranium. This form of uranium provides harmful radiation, which can cause people to evolve cancer within a few years.As shown in Table3, 238U activity concentration is ranging from 29.50 (2.4 ppm) to 69.00 Bq/kg (5.6 ppm) with an average of 43.56 Bq/kg (3.5 ppm) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 26.50 (2.1 ppm) to 56.10 Bq/kg (4.5 ppm) with an average of 35.53 Bq/kg (2.9 ppm) in Ad Dayr. 232Th concentration is ranging from 14.70 (3.6 ppm) to 30.80 Bq/kg (7.5 ppm) with an average of 19.39 Bq/kg (4.7 ppm) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 15.30 (3.7 ppm) to 32.20 Bq/kg (7.9 ppm) with an average of 20.33 Bq/kg (5.0 ppm) in Ad Dayr. 40K concentration is ranging from 25.80 (0.1%) to 528.20 Bq/kg (2.0%) with an average of 321.76 Bq/kg (1.2%) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 241.80 (0.9%) to 461.40 Bq/kg (1.8%) with an average of 337.02 Bq/kg (1.3%) in Ad Dayr. The results of the activity concentrations in Bq/kg (Table 3) were compared with estimated values in the soil of different countries (Table 5). Furthermore, the worldwide average data were also included for comparison. High 238U concentration levels were recorded in both study regions, greater than the world average and greater than some countries listed in the table. The concentrations of 232Th, 40K are within the normal limits in both regions. In some locations (sites 1 and 6) high levels of 40K concentrations were recorded.Table 5
The average activity concentrations of238U, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K radionuclides in Bq/kg evaluated by R. S. Mohammed and R. S. Ahmed [7], compared with different countries and worldwide average.
Country The average activity concentrations (Bq/kg) 238U 232Th 226Ra 40K reference Abu Al Khasib 44 19 58 322 [7] Ad Dayr 36 20 46 337 [7] Italy – 39 323 1,046 [8] Turkey 29 18 – 580 [9] Spain 33 49 45 650 [8] Japan 29 28 68 310 [10] Belgium – 28 28 390 [8] Mexico 23 19 – 530 [11] India 26 51 – 5.6 [12] Oman 30 16 – 225 [13] Algeria – – 80 408 [8] France 37 38 38 599 [8] Taiwan 18 28 – 479 [8] Jordan 49 27 – 291 [4] Egypt 37 18 – 320 [10] Qatar 23 4.5 – 127 [14] Thailand 35 30 – 400 [15] USA 35 35 – 370 [10] The Netherlands – 50 – 495 [8] World 35 30 35 400 [10]R a exists at absolute low levels in the natural environ, substantially, in all rocks, soil, and water; furthermore, it is a decay product of uranium and thorium. Hence, where uranium and thorium appear at fairly elevated grades in rocks or soil, radium is as well found at elevated levels. As shown in Table 5, 226Ra activity ranging from 37.40 to 99.60 Bq/kg with an average of 58.44 Bq/kg in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 32.00 to 75.40 Bq/kg with an average of 45.71 Bq/kg in Ad Dayr. According to UNSCEAR report [10], extreme high levels of radium were recorded in both regions, higher than the world average and some of the countries included. Back to Figures 3, 4, and 5, cesium activities of 4.60 and 1.80 Bq/kg were recorded in Abu Al Khasib (samples 3 and 6) and an activity of 1.10 Bq/kg in Ad Dayr (sample 10).In Table6, the present study massic concentrations in clay soil of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were compared with randomly selected countries evaluations in clay soil around the world and with the worldwide averaged values. The averaged 238U (ppm) concentration attained in this study is greater than the world average value and also greater than some listed countries. The concentration of 232Th (ppm) is lower than the world average but higher than some listed countries. The K(%) concentration is lower than the world average and lower than the listed countries. Both of the study locations are farming areas in which plowing and mixing of the soil take place to prepare it for agriculture; as a result, there is no particular order of contamination with depth.Table 6
A comparison of the mass concentrations of238U, 232Th, and 40K in clay soil samples evaluated in the present study with other locations around the world.
Location 238U (ppm) 232Th (ppm) 40K (%) references Present study (Abu Al Khasib) 2.4-5.6 3.6-7.5 0.1-2.0 Present study (Ad Dayr) 2.1-4.5 3.7-7.9 0.9-1.8 Cyprus 0.08-7.2 0.25-13.1 0.04-2.91 [16] Italy 0.16-5.6 0.25-16.8 0.03-5.14 [17] Bulgaria 0.64-15.2 1.73-39.5 0.05-3.75 [18] Canada (Rock) 0.8-16.4 1.1-41.0 1.0-6.2 [19] Jordan 1.76-8.32 5.18-25.4 0.45-1.96 [20] USA 0.32-11.2 0.98-32.1 0.32-2.28 [18] Egypt 0.48-9.6 0.49-23.7 0.09-2.12 [18] Serbia and Montenegro 1.2-6.24 4.45-21.0 0.88-2.99 [21] Albania 0.48-7.68 0.98-39.5 0.05-3.75 [18] Australia 1.6-3.8 6-19 0.7-1.9 [22] World Average 2.64 11.1 1.37 [21]


### 3.2. The Radiation Hazard Indices

It is significant to evaluate theγ-ray radiation hazards of soil to human beings on Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr. The γ-ray radiation hazards due to the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were assessed by various radiation hazard indices. Radium equivalent activity Raeq is widely used to identify the consistency of radiation exposure; consequently, any radium equivalent activity concentration that passes 370 Bq/Kg may raise radiation hazards. In the present study, Raeq was determined in Bq/kg using the following expression [25]:(5)RaeqBqkg-1=0.077CK+CRa+1.43CThwhere CK, CRa, and CTh are the activities for potassium, radium, and thorium, respectively.The Ra activity concentration andRaeq in (Bq/Kg) calculated for the samples under study are listed in Table 7. The recorded values are ranging from 60.46 to 184.32 (Bq/Kg) with an average 110.94 (Bq/Kg) in Abu Alkhasib and from 77.24 to 156.97 (Bq/Kg) with an average 100.74 (Bq/Kg) in Ad Dayer. These values are less than the approved maximum value in building materials of 350 (Bq/Kg) [26]. Further important criterion used to estimate the level of gamma-ray radiation is defined by the external hazard index (Hex) and the internal hazard index (Hin) which is defined as follows [26–28]:(6)Hex=CU370Bqkg-1+CTh259Bqkg-1+CK4810Bqkg-1(7)Hin=CU185Bqkg-1+CTh259Bqkg-1+CK4810Bqkg-1Hex is used to calculate the indoor radiation dose value due to the outward exposure to γ-radiation released by the natural radionuclides in the formation building substances of the lodging places. Moreover, the internal exposure to 222 Rn and its radioactive progeny are managed by Hin. The radiation hazard considered as insignificant if both Hex and Hin are less than one [29, 30]; this is very significant to keep the concentration levels of radon and its short-lived daughters low enough for the respiratory organs of humans living comparable to the recorded international levels of 40 Bq m−3 [10]. For both Hex and Hin to be less than one, the maximum values of Raeq must be less than 370 Bq/kg and 185 Bq/kg, respectively. The estimated results of Hex for clay soil samples are ranging from 0.5 to 0.16 with an average value of 0.3 (Bq/kg) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 0.21 to 0.42 with an average value of 0.27 (Bq/kg) in Ad Dayer. Also, Hin ranges from 0.26 to 0.77 with an average value of 0.46 (Bq/kg) in Abu Al Khasib and ranges from 0.29 to 0.63 with an average value of 0.40 (Bq/kg) in Ad Dayer (Table 7). This implies that the external and internal hazard indices estimated in this study are below the recommended limit.Table 7
The measured values forRaeq [7], Hext, Hin hazard indices in (Bq/Kg) and the radioactivity level index Iγ for 18 clay soil samples, in addition to its max., min., ave., stdev., med., and med. abs. div. values.
Samplesnumber R a   226  (Bq/Kg) R a e q  (Bq/Kg) H e x t  (Bq/Kg) H i n  (Bq/Kg) I γ 1 76.8 155.50 0.42 0.63 1.13 2 78.4 136.90 0.37 0.58 0.98 3 58 107.29 0.29 0.45 0.77 4 42.8 87.80 0.24 0.35 0.64 5 44.8 87.88 0.24 0.36 0.63 6 99.6 184.32 0.50 0.77 1.32 7 37.4 84.79 0.23 0.33 0.62 8 50.8 93.57 0.25 0.39 0.67 9 37.4 60.41 0.16 0.26 0.41 max. 99.60 184.32 0.50 0.77 1.32 min. 37.40 60.46 0.16 0.26 0.41 ave. 58.44 110.94 0.30 0.46 0.80 stdev. 27.86 67.24 0.18 0.26 0.51 med. 50.8 93.57 0.25 0.39 0.67 med. abs. div. 13.4 13.72 0.04 0.06 0.1 10 39.2 96.12 0.26 0.37 0.70 11 33.8 81.64 0.22 0.31 0.60 12 48.4 99.36 0.27 0.40 0.72 13 36.6 79.96 0.22 0.32 0.58 14 75.4 156.97 0.42 0.63 1.13 15 41.8 88.43 0.24 0.35 0.65 16 41.6 95.20 0.26 0.37 0.69 17 62.6 131.73 0.36 0.53 0.96 18 32 77.24 0.21 0.29 0.57 max. 75.40 156.97 0.42 0.63 1.13 min. 32.00 77.24 0.21 0.29 0.57 ave. 45.71 100.74 0.27 0.40 0.73 stdev. 5.09 13.35 0.04 0.06 0.09 med. 41.6 95.2 0.26 0.37 0.69 med. abs. div. 6.8 13.56 0.04 0.05 0.09The radioactivity level indexIγ is used to monitor radiation inside the human body and to compute the risky level of radionuclides in the human body when exposed to an amount of indoor or outdoor annual effective doses of γ-radiations from radioactive nuclides in soils. The estimated values of Iγ should be less than or equal to one to make sure the soil environment is hazard-free. In this work, Iγ calculated to certify that such radiation does not exceed the world high dose values [31]. Values of Iγ were calculated according to the following formula [32]: (8)Iγ=CU150Bqkg-1+CTh100Bqkg-1+CK1500Bqkg-1As illustrated in Table 7  Iγ is ranging from 0.41 to 1.32 with an average of 0.8 in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 0.57 to 1.13 with an average of 0.73 in Ad Dayer. In most soil samples, the calculated values of Iγ are close to or higher than 1, which implies that these soil samples should be avoided and not used in agriculture or in building materials [31].The results show that the increased incidence of cancer and neonatal abnormalities is related to the higher concentration of radionuclides in the soil, as the rates of cancer and deformities were not so high before the wars and the presence of military barracks in those areas until the time that the samples have been collected.


## 3.1. The Activity in Clay Soil from Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr

18 clay soil samples were collected from the indicated locations in Figure1 using Global Positioning System (GPS). Three samples were collected from each indicated site at 0, 30, and 60 cm depths. The measured activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K in the clay soil samples were listed in Table 3. The levels of general radioactivity due to isotopes were listed in Bq/kg [7]. The concentrations of specific radioisotope in the samples were also measured in parts per million (ppm). Additionally, the maximum (max.), minimum (min.), average (ave.), standard deviation (stdev.), median (med.), and median absolute deviation (med. abs. div.) for the activity concentrations in Bg/kg and ppm have been included.Table 3
238U, 232Th, 40K activities in Bq/kg [7] and the estimated values in ppm using γ-ray spectroscopy.
Activity concentrations Samples codes 238U 232Th 40K Bq/kg ppm Bq/kg ppm Bq/kg ppm 1 58.6 4.7 26.9 6.6 522.1 2.0 2 57.3 4.6 18.9 4.6 408.1 1.6 3 40 3.2 18.5 4.5 296.6 1.1 4 31.7 2.6 15.4 3.8 298.4 1.2 5 38.3 3.1 17.2 4.2 240 0.9 6 69 5.6 30.8 7.5 528.2 2.0 7 31.3 2.5 16.8 4.1 303.4 1.2 8 36.3 2.9 15.2 3.7 273.2 1.1 9 29.5 2.4 14.7 3.6 25.8 0.1 max. 69.0 5.6 30.8 7.5 528.2 2.0 min. 29.5 2.4 14.7 3.6 25.8 0.1 ave. 43.6 3.5 19.4 4.7 321.8 1.2 stdev. 20.6 1.6 8.6 2.1 350.9 1.3 med. 38.3 3.1 17.2 4.2 298.4 1.2 med. abs. div. 7 0.6 1.8 0.4 58.4 0.3 10 32.5 2.6 21.4 5.2 341.8 1.3 11 27 2.2 17.3 4.2 300 1.2 12 34.2 2.8 18.3 4.5 322 1.2 13 28.9 2.3 17.3 4.2 241.8 0.9 14 56.1 4.5 32.2 7.9 461.4 1.8 15 30.6 2.5 15.3 3.7 321.4 1.2 16 32 2.6 20.8 5.1 309.8 1.2 17 52 4.2 24.1 5.9 450.2 1.7 18 26.5 2.1 16.3 4.0 284.8 1.1 max. 56.1 4.5 32.2 7.9 461.4 1.8 min. 26.5 2.1 15.3 3.7 241.8 0.9 ave. 35.5 2.9 20.3 5.0 337.0 1.3 stdev. 4.2 0.4 3.6 0.8 40.3 0.1 med. 32 2.6 18.3 4.5 321.4 1.2 med. abs. div. 3.1 0.3 2.5 0.6 21.4 0.1The concentrations in ppm of238U, 232Th, 40K were calculated from the measured activities in Bq/kg (Table 3) using the following experimental formula [24]:(4)Appm=CBqkgλ=CMwNln⁡2t1/2×106where C is the activity concentration in Bq/kg, Mw is the molecular weight (g/mol), N is Avogadro’s number, and t1/2 is the half-life in seconds. The measured conversion factors λ for each radionuclide has been listed in Table 4, in addition to half-lives, and atomic masses used in the calculations.Table 4
The half-lives, atomic masses, and the calculated radioactivity conversion factors from Bq/kg to ppm for238U, 232Th, 40K radionuclides.
radionuclide Half-life (years) Atomic mass (u) λ U   238 4.5 × 10 9 238.05 0.080901 T h   232 1.405 × 10 10 232.03 0.246225 K   40 1.277 × 10 9 39.96 3.8585 × 10 - 3Abu Al Khasib had 240,300 inhabitants and Ad Dayr 130,000 citizens in 2012. Statistics recorded a rise at the rate of birth defects from 3.2 cases per 1,000 births in 1990 to 22 cases per 1,000 births in 2000. Basrah witnessed the birth of 300 deformed children within one year [6]. In both Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr, the activity concentration has been measured and analyzed to focus on the radiological environment of both Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr.Uranium can be found spontaneously in the environment in very little magnitudes in air, soil, rocks, and water. In air, the uranium concentrations are very low. In water, most of the uranium is thawed uranium that is obtained from rocks and soil that the water moves over. The quantities of uranium in drinking water are usually low. Uranium is found in soils in changing concentrations that are typically very low. People constantly encounter exposure to a particular magnitude of uranium from food, air, soil, and water, as it spontaneously existed in all these elements. Individuals who settle nearby hazardous waste locations and eat yields farmed in contaminated soil may suffer a stronger exposure than other people. When humans are exposed to uranium radionuclides that are created throughout radioactive decay for a long interval, they possibly will develop cancer. The possibilities of obtaining cancer are much higher when persons are exposed to enriched uranium, since that is a further radioactive form of uranium. This form of uranium provides harmful radiation, which can cause people to evolve cancer within a few years.As shown in Table3, 238U activity concentration is ranging from 29.50 (2.4 ppm) to 69.00 Bq/kg (5.6 ppm) with an average of 43.56 Bq/kg (3.5 ppm) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 26.50 (2.1 ppm) to 56.10 Bq/kg (4.5 ppm) with an average of 35.53 Bq/kg (2.9 ppm) in Ad Dayr. 232Th concentration is ranging from 14.70 (3.6 ppm) to 30.80 Bq/kg (7.5 ppm) with an average of 19.39 Bq/kg (4.7 ppm) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 15.30 (3.7 ppm) to 32.20 Bq/kg (7.9 ppm) with an average of 20.33 Bq/kg (5.0 ppm) in Ad Dayr. 40K concentration is ranging from 25.80 (0.1%) to 528.20 Bq/kg (2.0%) with an average of 321.76 Bq/kg (1.2%) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 241.80 (0.9%) to 461.40 Bq/kg (1.8%) with an average of 337.02 Bq/kg (1.3%) in Ad Dayr. The results of the activity concentrations in Bq/kg (Table 3) were compared with estimated values in the soil of different countries (Table 5). Furthermore, the worldwide average data were also included for comparison. High 238U concentration levels were recorded in both study regions, greater than the world average and greater than some countries listed in the table. The concentrations of 232Th, 40K are within the normal limits in both regions. In some locations (sites 1 and 6) high levels of 40K concentrations were recorded.Table 5
The average activity concentrations of238U, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K radionuclides in Bq/kg evaluated by R. S. Mohammed and R. S. Ahmed [7], compared with different countries and worldwide average.
Country The average activity concentrations (Bq/kg) 238U 232Th 226Ra 40K reference Abu Al Khasib 44 19 58 322 [7] Ad Dayr 36 20 46 337 [7] Italy – 39 323 1,046 [8] Turkey 29 18 – 580 [9] Spain 33 49 45 650 [8] Japan 29 28 68 310 [10] Belgium – 28 28 390 [8] Mexico 23 19 – 530 [11] India 26 51 – 5.6 [12] Oman 30 16 – 225 [13] Algeria – – 80 408 [8] France 37 38 38 599 [8] Taiwan 18 28 – 479 [8] Jordan 49 27 – 291 [4] Egypt 37 18 – 320 [10] Qatar 23 4.5 – 127 [14] Thailand 35 30 – 400 [15] USA 35 35 – 370 [10] The Netherlands – 50 – 495 [8] World 35 30 35 400 [10]R a exists at absolute low levels in the natural environ, substantially, in all rocks, soil, and water; furthermore, it is a decay product of uranium and thorium. Hence, where uranium and thorium appear at fairly elevated grades in rocks or soil, radium is as well found at elevated levels. As shown in Table 5, 226Ra activity ranging from 37.40 to 99.60 Bq/kg with an average of 58.44 Bq/kg in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 32.00 to 75.40 Bq/kg with an average of 45.71 Bq/kg in Ad Dayr. According to UNSCEAR report [10], extreme high levels of radium were recorded in both regions, higher than the world average and some of the countries included. Back to Figures 3, 4, and 5, cesium activities of 4.60 and 1.80 Bq/kg were recorded in Abu Al Khasib (samples 3 and 6) and an activity of 1.10 Bq/kg in Ad Dayr (sample 10).In Table6, the present study massic concentrations in clay soil of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were compared with randomly selected countries evaluations in clay soil around the world and with the worldwide averaged values. The averaged 238U (ppm) concentration attained in this study is greater than the world average value and also greater than some listed countries. The concentration of 232Th (ppm) is lower than the world average but higher than some listed countries. The K(%) concentration is lower than the world average and lower than the listed countries. Both of the study locations are farming areas in which plowing and mixing of the soil take place to prepare it for agriculture; as a result, there is no particular order of contamination with depth.Table 6
A comparison of the mass concentrations of238U, 232Th, and 40K in clay soil samples evaluated in the present study with other locations around the world.
Location 238U (ppm) 232Th (ppm) 40K (%) references Present study (Abu Al Khasib) 2.4-5.6 3.6-7.5 0.1-2.0 Present study (Ad Dayr) 2.1-4.5 3.7-7.9 0.9-1.8 Cyprus 0.08-7.2 0.25-13.1 0.04-2.91 [16] Italy 0.16-5.6 0.25-16.8 0.03-5.14 [17] Bulgaria 0.64-15.2 1.73-39.5 0.05-3.75 [18] Canada (Rock) 0.8-16.4 1.1-41.0 1.0-6.2 [19] Jordan 1.76-8.32 5.18-25.4 0.45-1.96 [20] USA 0.32-11.2 0.98-32.1 0.32-2.28 [18] Egypt 0.48-9.6 0.49-23.7 0.09-2.12 [18] Serbia and Montenegro 1.2-6.24 4.45-21.0 0.88-2.99 [21] Albania 0.48-7.68 0.98-39.5 0.05-3.75 [18] Australia 1.6-3.8 6-19 0.7-1.9 [22] World Average 2.64 11.1 1.37 [21]


## 3.2. The Radiation Hazard Indices

It is significant to evaluate theγ-ray radiation hazards of soil to human beings on Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr. The γ-ray radiation hazards due to the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were assessed by various radiation hazard indices. Radium equivalent activity Raeq is widely used to identify the consistency of radiation exposure; consequently, any radium equivalent activity concentration that passes 370 Bq/Kg may raise radiation hazards. In the present study, Raeq was determined in Bq/kg using the following expression [25]:(5)RaeqBqkg-1=0.077CK+CRa+1.43CThwhere CK, CRa, and CTh are the activities for potassium, radium, and thorium, respectively.The Ra activity concentration andRaeq in (Bq/Kg) calculated for the samples under study are listed in Table 7. The recorded values are ranging from 60.46 to 184.32 (Bq/Kg) with an average 110.94 (Bq/Kg) in Abu Alkhasib and from 77.24 to 156.97 (Bq/Kg) with an average 100.74 (Bq/Kg) in Ad Dayer. These values are less than the approved maximum value in building materials of 350 (Bq/Kg) [26]. Further important criterion used to estimate the level of gamma-ray radiation is defined by the external hazard index (Hex) and the internal hazard index (Hin) which is defined as follows [26–28]:(6)Hex=CU370Bqkg-1+CTh259Bqkg-1+CK4810Bqkg-1(7)Hin=CU185Bqkg-1+CTh259Bqkg-1+CK4810Bqkg-1Hex is used to calculate the indoor radiation dose value due to the outward exposure to γ-radiation released by the natural radionuclides in the formation building substances of the lodging places. Moreover, the internal exposure to 222 Rn and its radioactive progeny are managed by Hin. The radiation hazard considered as insignificant if both Hex and Hin are less than one [29, 30]; this is very significant to keep the concentration levels of radon and its short-lived daughters low enough for the respiratory organs of humans living comparable to the recorded international levels of 40 Bq m−3 [10]. For both Hex and Hin to be less than one, the maximum values of Raeq must be less than 370 Bq/kg and 185 Bq/kg, respectively. The estimated results of Hex for clay soil samples are ranging from 0.5 to 0.16 with an average value of 0.3 (Bq/kg) in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 0.21 to 0.42 with an average value of 0.27 (Bq/kg) in Ad Dayer. Also, Hin ranges from 0.26 to 0.77 with an average value of 0.46 (Bq/kg) in Abu Al Khasib and ranges from 0.29 to 0.63 with an average value of 0.40 (Bq/kg) in Ad Dayer (Table 7). This implies that the external and internal hazard indices estimated in this study are below the recommended limit.Table 7
The measured values forRaeq [7], Hext, Hin hazard indices in (Bq/Kg) and the radioactivity level index Iγ for 18 clay soil samples, in addition to its max., min., ave., stdev., med., and med. abs. div. values.
Samplesnumber R a   226  (Bq/Kg) R a e q  (Bq/Kg) H e x t  (Bq/Kg) H i n  (Bq/Kg) I γ 1 76.8 155.50 0.42 0.63 1.13 2 78.4 136.90 0.37 0.58 0.98 3 58 107.29 0.29 0.45 0.77 4 42.8 87.80 0.24 0.35 0.64 5 44.8 87.88 0.24 0.36 0.63 6 99.6 184.32 0.50 0.77 1.32 7 37.4 84.79 0.23 0.33 0.62 8 50.8 93.57 0.25 0.39 0.67 9 37.4 60.41 0.16 0.26 0.41 max. 99.60 184.32 0.50 0.77 1.32 min. 37.40 60.46 0.16 0.26 0.41 ave. 58.44 110.94 0.30 0.46 0.80 stdev. 27.86 67.24 0.18 0.26 0.51 med. 50.8 93.57 0.25 0.39 0.67 med. abs. div. 13.4 13.72 0.04 0.06 0.1 10 39.2 96.12 0.26 0.37 0.70 11 33.8 81.64 0.22 0.31 0.60 12 48.4 99.36 0.27 0.40 0.72 13 36.6 79.96 0.22 0.32 0.58 14 75.4 156.97 0.42 0.63 1.13 15 41.8 88.43 0.24 0.35 0.65 16 41.6 95.20 0.26 0.37 0.69 17 62.6 131.73 0.36 0.53 0.96 18 32 77.24 0.21 0.29 0.57 max. 75.40 156.97 0.42 0.63 1.13 min. 32.00 77.24 0.21 0.29 0.57 ave. 45.71 100.74 0.27 0.40 0.73 stdev. 5.09 13.35 0.04 0.06 0.09 med. 41.6 95.2 0.26 0.37 0.69 med. abs. div. 6.8 13.56 0.04 0.05 0.09The radioactivity level indexIγ is used to monitor radiation inside the human body and to compute the risky level of radionuclides in the human body when exposed to an amount of indoor or outdoor annual effective doses of γ-radiations from radioactive nuclides in soils. The estimated values of Iγ should be less than or equal to one to make sure the soil environment is hazard-free. In this work, Iγ calculated to certify that such radiation does not exceed the world high dose values [31]. Values of Iγ were calculated according to the following formula [32]: (8)Iγ=CU150Bqkg-1+CTh100Bqkg-1+CK1500Bqkg-1As illustrated in Table 7  Iγ is ranging from 0.41 to 1.32 with an average of 0.8 in Abu Al Khasib and ranging from 0.57 to 1.13 with an average of 0.73 in Ad Dayer. In most soil samples, the calculated values of Iγ are close to or higher than 1, which implies that these soil samples should be avoided and not used in agriculture or in building materials [31].The results show that the increased incidence of cancer and neonatal abnormalities is related to the higher concentration of radionuclides in the soil, as the rates of cancer and deformities were not so high before the wars and the presence of military barracks in those areas until the time that the samples have been collected.


## 4. Conclusions

Estimations on clay soil samples were carried elementally for238U, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K. 18 samples were collected in a previous work from Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr districts in Basrah, Iraq, from different depths (0, 30, and 60 cm). The consequences attained indicate obviously that the mean activities of 238U and 226Ra radionuclides examined in the soil are high as compared to median levels documented worldwide. 232Th, 40K activities are low compared to the world’s average levels. In addition to that, the achieved evaluations of the radiation hazard indices due to the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K indicated that the indices are within normal limits, except the radioactivity level index Iγ, which shows elevated values in most samples. Abu Al Khasib and Ad Dayr can be regarded as areas with elevated back radioactive ground radiation.



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