# Internet of Things-Based Home Education Interactive System and Parent-Teacher Relationship Cultivation

Authors: Xiaohan Sun; Haiyan Guo; Lin Zhao
Journal: Security and Communication Networks
 (2022)

---

## Abstract

In today’s society, young parents have no time to take care of their children under the pressure of life and leave their children to their own parents, resulting in less and less interaction between parents and children. At present, the main problem with family education is that the education method is unscientific. The family education interactive system refers to building a platform for parents and children through the Internet to solve communication problems, improve parents’ educational concepts, and improve the overall level of family education. The level of tacit understanding between parents and teachers has a profound impact on children’s learning. Parents and teachers keep the same educational ideas and form a joint force, which makes students’ subjective learning willingness stronger and effectively avoids negative psychology such as confusion and weariness. Compared with the traditional education model, the new education model is more information-based and digital. The Internet of Things is the product of the expansion and extension of the Internet, which refers to the connection of various information-sensing devices with the Internet to form a broader network system. This study takes parents, students, and teachers as the research objects, mainly applies the embedded system technology in the Internet of Things, and aims to solve some problems in family education and poor communication between parents and teachers. This not only improves the original interactive system of family education but also effectively improves the communication efficiency between parents and teachers by using the Internet of Things technology. Overall satisfaction with the improved home education system increased by 19 percent, and communication efficiency between parents and teachers increased by 8 percent. It has practical reference significance for the research on the Internet of Things in family education. At the same time, the structural family therapy model is used to expand the family’s construction of the problem, obtain a family interaction model to maintain symptoms, and explore the influence of family members’ past on the present and the related changes in family members. In the process of implementation, explore and evaluate the structure of the family, create a situation that changes the family structure, and transform the family system.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Education is a broad and complex system, which is mainly composed of family education and school education, and family education and school education are the most important components of the education system. The cooperation between home education and school education can create a good learning atmosphere for children. However, the reality is different. In most cases, family education and school education cannot be well coordinated. There is a serious obstacle to communication between the two, which leads to low learning efficiency for students and is not conducive to children’s education and growth. Family education affects the formation of children’s values and outlook on life. Good family education can help children avoid many detours and make children grow up healthily and actively. However, many families are not qualified for the education of their children, resulting in a situation where parents dislike their children and children hate their parents. Many parent-teacher relationships are also not ideal. Statistics show that only a small number of parents and teachers can communicate well and help each other to improve their children’s performance. Most parents and teachers are alienated or even hostile to each other due to differences in educational experience and cognitive biases. In order to solve the above problems, this study uses the knowledge of the Internet of Things to build an educational interactive platform to improve the bad relationships between parents, students, and teachers, solve the communication barriers between the three, and enable students to have a good educational environment.The application of the Internet of Things in various fields is becoming more and more extensive, and many scholars have joined the research on the Internet of Things, and various research studies achieved remarkable results. Hahm et al. provided a detailed analysis of the specific requirements that an operating system should meet when running on low-end IoT devices and conducted a survey of applicable operating systems. The focus is on candidate operating systems that could become the Linux equivalent of such devices, an open-source operating system suitable for most low-end IoT devices [1]. Mostafa et al. built the Internet of Medical Things. This is achieved by constantly monitoring health indicators in various areas, a task they believe could be performed by wearable devices. These wearable devices and mobile applications are now effectively integrated with telemedicine and telehealth [2]. Using rigorous bibliometric and network analysis tools, Mishra et al. reviewed the IoT literature over the past 16 years while providing future directions for the IoT research community [3]. Lin et al. gave a comprehensive overview of IoT from system architecture, enabling technologies and security and privacy issues and introduced the integration and application of fog/edge computing and IoT. The relationship between cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things, which play an important role in realizing network intelligence, was explored [4]. Singh et al. broke down silos based on applications and technologies, enabling extensive connectivity and data sharing. They noted that IoT work tends to be subsystems, often focusing on specific technical issues or application areas before offloading data to the cloud. From the perspectives of cloud tenants, end users, and cloud providers, they worked across IoT technologies. From the perspectives of cloud tenants, end users, and cloud providers, in the context of massive IoT proliferation, they focused on IoT security considerations [5]. In order to secure IoT devices, Yang et al. carried out a lot of research works to address these issues and find better ways to eliminate these risks or at least minimize their impact on user privacy and security needs [6]. Yaqoob et al. explored IoT architecture in depth and classified IoT architecture. Taxonomies based on important parameters such as applications, enabling technologies, business goals, architectural requirements, network topology, and IoT platform architecture types were designed. Key requirements for future IoT architectures are identified and outlined [7]. Dhillon et al. discussed the need for wide-area M2M wireless networks, especially short-packet communication, to support a large number of IoT devices. It also provides an overview of current and emerging technologies that support wide-area M2M and then discusses fundamental challenges and potential solutions to these networks using communication theoretical principles. Among them, trade-offs and strategies for random and timed access are highlighted [8]. Zhang et al. proposed a new type of IoT RTLS, iLocate, which uses active RFID technology to locate objects with an accuracy of up to 30 cm through ultra-long distance transmission. To obtain fine-grained positioning accuracy, iLocate proposes the concept of virtual reference markers. To overcome signal multipath, iLocate employs frequency hopping technology to schedule RFID communications [9]. Ni et al. reviewed the architecture and characteristics of fog computing, studied the key roles of fog nodes, including real-time services, instantaneous storage, data distribution, and decentralized computing, and also studied fog-assisted IoT applications based on different roles of fog nodes [10]. Luong et al. provided a recent literature review of economic analysis and pricing models for data collection and wireless communication in IoT. A large number of applications in wireless sensor network adaptive algorithms and protocols through the research on economic models and pricing models were developed [11]. Ejaz et al. provided a unified framework for energy-saving optimization and scheduling in IoT-based smart cities and proposed energy harvesting in smart cities as a promising solution to prolong the life of low-power devices, along with associated challenges [12]. He et al. were the first to bring deep learning for IoT to the edge computing environment. Due to the limited processing power of existing edge nodes, they also devised a new offloading strategy to optimize the performance of IoT deep learning applications with edge computing. A new offloading strategy that optimizes the performance of IoT deep learning applications was designed [13]. Khan et al. based on the architecture and framework of CR-based IoT systems found that if the IoT objects do not have cognitive radio capabilities, then the thing-oriented, internet-oriented, and semantic-oriented versions of the IoT are meaningless [14]. Although many scholars have conducted research on the Internet of Things, there are still many gaps in the application of the Internet of Things in education, such as building a family interaction platform and using the Internet of Things to improve the relationship between parents and teachers.This study takes family education interaction and parent-teacher relationship as the research objects and uses Internet of Things technology to build an interactive platform, aiming to solve the problem in the education process. The poor learning environment caused by negative communication and bad relationships allows parents, children, and teachers to cooperate with each other to improve the quality of education.In the field of education, although the degree of informatization of teaching methods has been continuously improved, many typical applications such as distance education and interactive electronic whiteboards have been derived, but they have not been able to improve the interactivity well. Especially after leaving the classroom, there is an obvious vacuum in family education. Parents either do not have enough time or the knowledge structure to guide their children’s learning, and even discussing with classmates or teachers through voice communication is not intuitive and effective. Aiming at the practical limitations in the field of education, combined with the current development trend of the Internet of Things and the thinking of exploring the value-added services of operators in the digital home, this topic develops a set of interactive education systems for the digital home based on the Internet of Things interactive educational resource sharing platform between teachers and students.


## 2. IoT Technology

### 2.1. Overview of the Internet of Things

The concept of the Internet of Things was first proposed by the Auto-ID Research Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Internet of Things is the product of the Internet’s development to a certain stage [15]. Taking the Internet as the core, using radiofrequency identification, bar code information, and sensing equipment to connect items, the essence is the collection of item information. The information is collected through sensing equipment or electronic tags. The sensor senses the surrounding environment of the collection point, and the electronic tag identifies the sensed information and finally uploads it to the Internet to realize mutual identification of items. Practitioners in various industries have different definitions of IoT. The currently generally accepted definition is that information collected through information sensing equipment, infrared induction, and global positioning can identify, locate, control, and manage items [16]. The core of the Internet of Things is still the Internet. Different from the Internet, the Internet of Things can realize the interconnection of all things through the processing of item information. The Internet, in the traditional sense, refers to the exchange of information between people through the user terminal, with people as the main body. The Internet of Things can achieve the interconnection between people and objects at any time and any place and the interconnection and mutual influence between objects and objects, forming a broader network system. The Internet of Things also has certain requirements for items, and items must have a unique number before they can be identified and collected. The information can be processed through a specific algorithm, and the item information can be exchanged using a specific program. It must have a transmission channel and comply with a certain protocol, and the information can be stored. Through the Internet of Things, the status of the items, the overall distribution of the items, and the surrounding conditions of the items can be controlled in real-time, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Concept map of the Internet of Things.


### 2.2. The Basic Structure of the Internet of Things

The basic architecture is divided into the perception layer, the transmission layer, and the application layer, which are implemented in three steps. The application of IoT technology is divided into two layers, namely, the perception layer and the transmission layer. The application of the Internet of Things is completed in the following three steps: the first step is to perceive and collect items. The second step is to connect the items to the network, enter the interconnection system, and share information with each other. The third step uses different algorithms to provide users with customized services, achieving real intelligence and personalization, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Basic architecture of the Internet of Things.The perception layer is at the bottom of the three layers. It is mainly composed of sensors and wireless networks, which can realize the identification and collection of item information, and sensors can perceive items. Networks or systems in different geographical locations can be connected through wireless networks [17]. The perception layer also includes two sublayers, namely, the data acquisition sublayer and the communication extension sublayer. The data acquisition sublayer can perceive the physical world, collect information, and automatically control it. The communication extension sublayer can extend the physical world to the network world by extending the network and realizing the transmission of data. Perception and detection information can be transmitted upwards, and the supervision and control in the transmission process can be realized downwards. There are the following related applications: EPC tags, readers, and RFID.The transport layer is the middle layer among the three layers, which is mainly responsible for the transmission tasks in the Internet of Things and is the transmission center in the Internet of Things [18]. Through the association between different protocols and the fusion of different data, the information collected by the perception layer is processed and transmitted to the application layer, which plays a mediating role. The transport layer includes two sublayers, namely, the access network sublayer and the core network sublayer. The access network sublayer is responsible for transmitting data from the perception layer to the middle layer, and the core network sublayer is responsible for transmitting the processed data to the top layer. There are the following related applications: wireless network technology, embedded system development, and Internet of Things communication.The application layer is at the top of the three layers, and it is the intuitive manifestation of the Internet of Things to users. According to the different needs of users, it provides users with personalized services. Users do not need to understand the operating logic behind the Internet of Things and only need to use it according to their own needs [19]. The application layer includes two sublayers, namely, the supporting technology sublayer and the application service sublayer. The supporting technology sublayer is used to receive the information from the transport layer, and the application service sublayer is responsible for receiving the data from the transport layer. The supporting technology sublayer processes the obtained data, uses different processing methods according to different user needs, and finally presents it to the user. There are the following related applications: cloud computing, data mining, and databases.


## 2.1. Overview of the Internet of Things

The concept of the Internet of Things was first proposed by the Auto-ID Research Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Internet of Things is the product of the Internet’s development to a certain stage [15]. Taking the Internet as the core, using radiofrequency identification, bar code information, and sensing equipment to connect items, the essence is the collection of item information. The information is collected through sensing equipment or electronic tags. The sensor senses the surrounding environment of the collection point, and the electronic tag identifies the sensed information and finally uploads it to the Internet to realize mutual identification of items. Practitioners in various industries have different definitions of IoT. The currently generally accepted definition is that information collected through information sensing equipment, infrared induction, and global positioning can identify, locate, control, and manage items [16]. The core of the Internet of Things is still the Internet. Different from the Internet, the Internet of Things can realize the interconnection of all things through the processing of item information. The Internet, in the traditional sense, refers to the exchange of information between people through the user terminal, with people as the main body. The Internet of Things can achieve the interconnection between people and objects at any time and any place and the interconnection and mutual influence between objects and objects, forming a broader network system. The Internet of Things also has certain requirements for items, and items must have a unique number before they can be identified and collected. The information can be processed through a specific algorithm, and the item information can be exchanged using a specific program. It must have a transmission channel and comply with a certain protocol, and the information can be stored. Through the Internet of Things, the status of the items, the overall distribution of the items, and the surrounding conditions of the items can be controlled in real-time, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Concept map of the Internet of Things.


## 2.2. The Basic Structure of the Internet of Things

The basic architecture is divided into the perception layer, the transmission layer, and the application layer, which are implemented in three steps. The application of IoT technology is divided into two layers, namely, the perception layer and the transmission layer. The application of the Internet of Things is completed in the following three steps: the first step is to perceive and collect items. The second step is to connect the items to the network, enter the interconnection system, and share information with each other. The third step uses different algorithms to provide users with customized services, achieving real intelligence and personalization, as shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Basic architecture of the Internet of Things.The perception layer is at the bottom of the three layers. It is mainly composed of sensors and wireless networks, which can realize the identification and collection of item information, and sensors can perceive items. Networks or systems in different geographical locations can be connected through wireless networks [17]. The perception layer also includes two sublayers, namely, the data acquisition sublayer and the communication extension sublayer. The data acquisition sublayer can perceive the physical world, collect information, and automatically control it. The communication extension sublayer can extend the physical world to the network world by extending the network and realizing the transmission of data. Perception and detection information can be transmitted upwards, and the supervision and control in the transmission process can be realized downwards. There are the following related applications: EPC tags, readers, and RFID.The transport layer is the middle layer among the three layers, which is mainly responsible for the transmission tasks in the Internet of Things and is the transmission center in the Internet of Things [18]. Through the association between different protocols and the fusion of different data, the information collected by the perception layer is processed and transmitted to the application layer, which plays a mediating role. The transport layer includes two sublayers, namely, the access network sublayer and the core network sublayer. The access network sublayer is responsible for transmitting data from the perception layer to the middle layer, and the core network sublayer is responsible for transmitting the processed data to the top layer. There are the following related applications: wireless network technology, embedded system development, and Internet of Things communication.The application layer is at the top of the three layers, and it is the intuitive manifestation of the Internet of Things to users. According to the different needs of users, it provides users with personalized services. Users do not need to understand the operating logic behind the Internet of Things and only need to use it according to their own needs [19]. The application layer includes two sublayers, namely, the supporting technology sublayer and the application service sublayer. The supporting technology sublayer is used to receive the information from the transport layer, and the application service sublayer is responsible for receiving the data from the transport layer. The supporting technology sublayer processes the obtained data, uses different processing methods according to different user needs, and finally presents it to the user. There are the following related applications: cloud computing, data mining, and databases.


## 3. User Resolve

The family is the most basic unit in the social structure. The interactive system theory of family education is a new type of theory, which is the product of the fusion of the family ecological theory and the family education theory. The main body of the family education interaction system is parents, students, and teachers, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
User analysis.Parents are the most important in the whole interactive system. Parents are not only the participants in the educational interactive system but also the leaders who determine the development direction of the entire interactive system. Parents can master their children’s learning dynamics, interests, preferences, diet, and daily needs through the interactive system. When children encounter any problems in learning, parents can quickly understand the problem through the interactive system. The system will automatically analyze the situation, give parents suggestions, and guide parents to use the correct educational methods to deal with problems. Parents can also get feedback from their children. Family education interaction can not only help parents adopt better education methods but also help some parents with low education levels complete homework guidance, learning interaction, and other functions.Students are the objects of education and are the common concern of parents and teachers. Students can get learning advice and planning through the family education interactive system and can see the messages of parents and teachers on the system, which not only increases the frequency of communication between families but also obtains suggestions and evaluations from teachers, making learning more targeted and motivated, improving students’ enthusiasm and initiative in learning. Some students who study actively and consciously have clear thinking and have their own learning rhythm and planning; if the system cannot be humanized and personalized, it will have negative effects on such students. The entire interactive system should be concise and user-friendly, with only some suggestions and no mandatory requirements. It is necessary to avoid troubles in life and study and try to avoid negative effects. Teachers are the mainstay of student education. They can share some learning materials, outstanding students’ homework displays, and schoolwork arrangements on the educational interactive system. The intelligent management of each student can evaluate and guide students’ thinking and learning, grasp the students’ learning progress at any time, and control the teaching progress according to the students’ overall learning situation. Teachers can also interact with parents through the home education interactive system, such as asking students what difficulties they have encountered in learning and whether they can keep up with their learning progress recently.


## 4. Family Education Interactive System Design

### 4.1. Overview of System Design

The system mainly uses embedded system technology and completes the realization of the overall function by implanting the chip into the student’s smartwatch. The whole system model is divided into microsystem, middle system, and outer system. The microsystem is the innermost system, which aims to meet the specific needs of users, and it is the system that students, parents, and teachers have direct contact with. Microsystems can help students find appropriate learning methods, establish correct learning models, and guide students to establish correct values and outlook on life. It can help parents change traditional educational concepts, master scientific educational concepts, and have better educational methods. The microsystem can monitor the learning status of students in real-time through sensing devices and transmit the difficulties encountered in learning to parents and teachers. It can also help teachers to better control students’ learning situations, and it is convenient to adjust the teaching plan. The middle system can mediate interaction and contact between the three, for example, parents can leave messages for students through the application, and the students’ learning situation and geographical location will be automatically recognized and uploaded to the application [20]. The exosystem refers to the individual that does not directly affect but affects the surrounding environment of the microsystem, as shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Functions of the family education system.The system consists of a server and a client. The client includes two applications. One is the student information management system. Parents and teachers can grasp the student’s learning status information in real time through the system. The permission of parents and teachers can be restricted. For example, parents can master students’ diet, exercise status, and health information, but teachers do not have these permissions. The second is the interactive system among students, parents, and teachers, and the three can use the interactive system for real-time interaction. The server uses XAMPP to build a development environment. The system has good compatibility and integrates Apache, PhP, and MySQL. Among them, the PHP language develops the function interface for the client to call, MySQL creates the database to store the data, and Apache publishes the server application. It is important to define a complete architecture prior to system design. If a good architecture is not planned before the design, the system design will encounter obstacles in the middle and late stages, which will lead to the paralysis of the entire system design. Refactoring the system not only wastes resources and effort but also slows down development. The home page needs to build the basic hierarchical relationship between various modules and components, as shown in Figure5. It can be seen from the figure that the client module on the left and the server module on the right use the HTTP text JSON format protocol to communicate. The client uses the HTTP request in the Android application framework to receive data from the API interface of the server and then passes it to the Android UI interface layer to render the interface and finally display it.Figure 5
Overall frame diagram.


## 4.1. Overview of System Design

The system mainly uses embedded system technology and completes the realization of the overall function by implanting the chip into the student’s smartwatch. The whole system model is divided into microsystem, middle system, and outer system. The microsystem is the innermost system, which aims to meet the specific needs of users, and it is the system that students, parents, and teachers have direct contact with. Microsystems can help students find appropriate learning methods, establish correct learning models, and guide students to establish correct values and outlook on life. It can help parents change traditional educational concepts, master scientific educational concepts, and have better educational methods. The microsystem can monitor the learning status of students in real-time through sensing devices and transmit the difficulties encountered in learning to parents and teachers. It can also help teachers to better control students’ learning situations, and it is convenient to adjust the teaching plan. The middle system can mediate interaction and contact between the three, for example, parents can leave messages for students through the application, and the students’ learning situation and geographical location will be automatically recognized and uploaded to the application [20]. The exosystem refers to the individual that does not directly affect but affects the surrounding environment of the microsystem, as shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Functions of the family education system.The system consists of a server and a client. The client includes two applications. One is the student information management system. Parents and teachers can grasp the student’s learning status information in real time through the system. The permission of parents and teachers can be restricted. For example, parents can master students’ diet, exercise status, and health information, but teachers do not have these permissions. The second is the interactive system among students, parents, and teachers, and the three can use the interactive system for real-time interaction. The server uses XAMPP to build a development environment. The system has good compatibility and integrates Apache, PhP, and MySQL. Among them, the PHP language develops the function interface for the client to call, MySQL creates the database to store the data, and Apache publishes the server application. It is important to define a complete architecture prior to system design. If a good architecture is not planned before the design, the system design will encounter obstacles in the middle and late stages, which will lead to the paralysis of the entire system design. Refactoring the system not only wastes resources and effort but also slows down development. The home page needs to build the basic hierarchical relationship between various modules and components, as shown in Figure5. It can be seen from the figure that the client module on the left and the server module on the right use the HTTP text JSON format protocol to communicate. The client uses the HTTP request in the Android application framework to receive data from the API interface of the server and then passes it to the Android UI interface layer to render the interface and finally display it.Figure 5
Overall frame diagram.


## 5. Embedded System Algorithms

A hash function refers to a function that maps the key value of an element in the hash table to the storage location of the element. This study proposes a DRTM-based integrity measurement model. The DIMM adopts a measurement agent to monitor the running process in real-time after the application is loaded to complete the dynamic measurement mechanism.


### 5.1. DIMM Rules

(1)fppi=TrustiffDetpi=true∧Cpi∈TP,SuspiciousiffDetpi=true∧Cpi∉TP,AttackiffDetpi=false,where pi represents the process, pi is detected, and Detpi is used for judgment. If the detection is passed and the characteristic value of pi is in the trusted policy, then pi is Trust, and execution is allowed. If pi passes the test, but the feature value is not in the trusted policy, then pi is suspicious, enter the waiting area, if pi does not pass the test, then pi is attack, and execution is not allowed.(2)fupTP∧fppi=suspicious,ifffvo=false.The trusted process invokes the system integrity detection mechanism to measure the integrity of the system. If the original integrity is destroyed,pi is suspicious, then pi enters the waiting area. If the integrity of the original system is not destroyed, pi is Trust.


### 5.2. DIMM Architecture

The dynamic measurement system can be divided into three parts. The top-level part is the user application layer, which can receive measurement requests sent by users. It sends the received request to the kernel layer, which is responsible for the measurement agent, which is used to measure system operation and kernel modules. Then, the kernel layer returns the measurement results to the user application layer. The hardware layer is responsible for the underlying operations, with a security chip inside, which is the basis for system operation, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Dynamic measurement architecture.


### 5.3. Trusted Integrity Metric Delivery Rules

LetC be the set of all modules in the trusted boot process, b be the TBL module, and ∀CI,CJ∈C, where i,j∈N, and the following deduction rules are established:(3)TrustCapaci,cj,IntegPjb∧TrustCapacj,ck,IntegPkbTrustCapaci,ck,Integ|Pkb,TrustCapaci,cj,Integ|Pjb∧Meascj,ck,IntegIntegValbkTrustedci,ck,Integ.Based on the above propositions and deduction rules, the formal derivation process of the trusted boot process can be given. From the power-on of the system to the start of the application, the user powers on the system, and the modules participating in the boot are TBL, TK, and UK in sequence, that is,c0,c1,c2,c3, respectively. c0 corresponds to the user and c1 corresponds to the TBL. As a credit root, it is solidified in FLASH, embedded with the SHA-1 algorithm, and preset with TK integrity fingerprint data, so c1 is credible and has the ability to measure integrity, so the following formula is established:(4)Trustedc0,c1,Integ,(5)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P1b.After TBL is started, it is first measured and loaded into TK. If TBL’s measurement of TK is consistent with the integrity fingerprint data prestored in BOOTFLASH, it can be considered that TK is credible. The CPU control can be transferred to TK, which can be formally expressed as(6)Measc2,c3,IntegIntegValb3⇒TrustCapac2,c3,IntegP3b.Therefore, when the measurement of TK on UK is consistent with the integrity fingerprint data stored in BOOTFLASH in advance and when formula (1) is established, the following formula can be inferred according to formula (5):(7)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P26Measc2,c3,IntegIntegValb3⇒Trustedc0,c3,Integ.From formula (5), formula (6) can be deduced.(8)TrustCapac0,c1,IntegP26∧TrustCapac2,c3,IntegP3b⇒TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P26.From formulas (4), (7), and (8), it can be deduced that the following formula holds.(9)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|Pib0<i<4,i∈N.Therefore, during the boot process of the system, the trust relationship gradually expands from the core of trust measurement to the application. All modules are credible under the premise that the constraints are satisfied. It can be concluded that the trusted boot process based on the dual-core architecture is credible and meets the requirements of integrity, credibility, and verification.


### 5.4. ECC Cryptographic Algorithm

The elliptic curve equation is similar to the equation for calculating the perimeter of an ellipse, and the cubic equation of the elliptic curve is(10)y2+axy+by=x3+cx2+dx+e.Two types of elliptic curves used in cryptography are defined as prime curves onZp and binary curves constructed on GF2m, respectively. The prime curve is generally used in software, and 2 is generally used in hardware. This article uses the elliptic curve of GF2m, and the formula is as follows:(11)y2+xy=x3+ax2+b.


### 5.5. Point Multiplication Operation Based on Upper Elliptic Curve

(12)αγ=γ+γ+L+Q.Among them,α represents any integer, γ is any point on the elliptic curve, and the cumulative increase is α time. The elements of the GF2m-threshold can be composed of polynomials with degree less than or equal to m−1, which are specifically expressed as(13)fx=am−1xm−1+am−2xm−2+L+a1x+a0=∑i=0m−1aixi,ai∈0,1, so the polynomial can be uniquely represented by m binary coefficients am−1am−2La1a0.


### 5.6. Design of Dot Product Operation Module

Forp=xp,yp, if R=2P=xr,yr, then(14)xR=m2+m+a,yR=xp2+m+1xR,m=ypxp+xp.For the different point P on the elliptic curve, it is required to calculate 13P, and the operation process is as follows:We use the double point operation module to calculate(15)2P=P+P,4P=2P+2P,8P=4P+4P.Use the point-add operation module to calculate(16)5P=4P+P,13P=5P+8P.


### 5.7. Round Function F

(17)FX0,X1,X2,X3,rk=X0⊕TX1⊕X2⊕X3⊕rk,where T is the word-to-word reversible transformation of synthetic permutation, including linear transformation L and nonlinear transformation r, T.=Lr.. The nonlinear transformation r consists of 4 S-boxes in parallel. Set input data A=a0,a1,a2,a3∈Z284 and output data B=b0,b1,b2,b3∈Z284, namely,(18)b0,b1,b2,b3=rA=sboxa0,sboxa1,sboxa2,sboxa3.


### 5.8. Encryption Algorithm

In the SMS4 cipher algorithm, the sender will iteratively generate the ciphertext algorithm of the receiver through 32 generations of the sent data as follows:(19)XI+4=XI⊕TXi+1⊕Xi+1⊕Xi+1⊕RKii=0,1,2,3…31.Set input toA=a0,a1,a2,a3 in synthetic permutation T:(20)C=B⊕B≪<2⊕B≪<10⊕B≪<18⊕B≪<24.


## 5.1. DIMM Rules

(1)fppi=TrustiffDetpi=true∧Cpi∈TP,SuspiciousiffDetpi=true∧Cpi∉TP,AttackiffDetpi=false,where pi represents the process, pi is detected, and Detpi is used for judgment. If the detection is passed and the characteristic value of pi is in the trusted policy, then pi is Trust, and execution is allowed. If pi passes the test, but the feature value is not in the trusted policy, then pi is suspicious, enter the waiting area, if pi does not pass the test, then pi is attack, and execution is not allowed.(2)fupTP∧fppi=suspicious,ifffvo=false.The trusted process invokes the system integrity detection mechanism to measure the integrity of the system. If the original integrity is destroyed,pi is suspicious, then pi enters the waiting area. If the integrity of the original system is not destroyed, pi is Trust.


## 5.2. DIMM Architecture

The dynamic measurement system can be divided into three parts. The top-level part is the user application layer, which can receive measurement requests sent by users. It sends the received request to the kernel layer, which is responsible for the measurement agent, which is used to measure system operation and kernel modules. Then, the kernel layer returns the measurement results to the user application layer. The hardware layer is responsible for the underlying operations, with a security chip inside, which is the basis for system operation, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Dynamic measurement architecture.


## 5.3. Trusted Integrity Metric Delivery Rules

LetC be the set of all modules in the trusted boot process, b be the TBL module, and ∀CI,CJ∈C, where i,j∈N, and the following deduction rules are established:(3)TrustCapaci,cj,IntegPjb∧TrustCapacj,ck,IntegPkbTrustCapaci,ck,Integ|Pkb,TrustCapaci,cj,Integ|Pjb∧Meascj,ck,IntegIntegValbkTrustedci,ck,Integ.Based on the above propositions and deduction rules, the formal derivation process of the trusted boot process can be given. From the power-on of the system to the start of the application, the user powers on the system, and the modules participating in the boot are TBL, TK, and UK in sequence, that is,c0,c1,c2,c3, respectively. c0 corresponds to the user and c1 corresponds to the TBL. As a credit root, it is solidified in FLASH, embedded with the SHA-1 algorithm, and preset with TK integrity fingerprint data, so c1 is credible and has the ability to measure integrity, so the following formula is established:(4)Trustedc0,c1,Integ,(5)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P1b.After TBL is started, it is first measured and loaded into TK. If TBL’s measurement of TK is consistent with the integrity fingerprint data prestored in BOOTFLASH, it can be considered that TK is credible. The CPU control can be transferred to TK, which can be formally expressed as(6)Measc2,c3,IntegIntegValb3⇒TrustCapac2,c3,IntegP3b.Therefore, when the measurement of TK on UK is consistent with the integrity fingerprint data stored in BOOTFLASH in advance and when formula (1) is established, the following formula can be inferred according to formula (5):(7)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P26Measc2,c3,IntegIntegValb3⇒Trustedc0,c3,Integ.From formula (5), formula (6) can be deduced.(8)TrustCapac0,c1,IntegP26∧TrustCapac2,c3,IntegP3b⇒TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|P26.From formulas (4), (7), and (8), it can be deduced that the following formula holds.(9)TrustCapac0,c1,Integ|Pib0<i<4,i∈N.Therefore, during the boot process of the system, the trust relationship gradually expands from the core of trust measurement to the application. All modules are credible under the premise that the constraints are satisfied. It can be concluded that the trusted boot process based on the dual-core architecture is credible and meets the requirements of integrity, credibility, and verification.


## 5.4. ECC Cryptographic Algorithm

The elliptic curve equation is similar to the equation for calculating the perimeter of an ellipse, and the cubic equation of the elliptic curve is(10)y2+axy+by=x3+cx2+dx+e.Two types of elliptic curves used in cryptography are defined as prime curves onZp and binary curves constructed on GF2m, respectively. The prime curve is generally used in software, and 2 is generally used in hardware. This article uses the elliptic curve of GF2m, and the formula is as follows:(11)y2+xy=x3+ax2+b.


## 5.5. Point Multiplication Operation Based on Upper Elliptic Curve

(12)αγ=γ+γ+L+Q.Among them,α represents any integer, γ is any point on the elliptic curve, and the cumulative increase is α time. The elements of the GF2m-threshold can be composed of polynomials with degree less than or equal to m−1, which are specifically expressed as(13)fx=am−1xm−1+am−2xm−2+L+a1x+a0=∑i=0m−1aixi,ai∈0,1, so the polynomial can be uniquely represented by m binary coefficients am−1am−2La1a0.


## 5.6. Design of Dot Product Operation Module

Forp=xp,yp, if R=2P=xr,yr, then(14)xR=m2+m+a,yR=xp2+m+1xR,m=ypxp+xp.For the different point P on the elliptic curve, it is required to calculate 13P, and the operation process is as follows:We use the double point operation module to calculate(15)2P=P+P,4P=2P+2P,8P=4P+4P.Use the point-add operation module to calculate(16)5P=4P+P,13P=5P+8P.


## 5.7. Round Function F

(17)FX0,X1,X2,X3,rk=X0⊕TX1⊕X2⊕X3⊕rk,where T is the word-to-word reversible transformation of synthetic permutation, including linear transformation L and nonlinear transformation r, T.=Lr.. The nonlinear transformation r consists of 4 S-boxes in parallel. Set input data A=a0,a1,a2,a3∈Z284 and output data B=b0,b1,b2,b3∈Z284, namely,(18)b0,b1,b2,b3=rA=sboxa0,sboxa1,sboxa2,sboxa3.


## 5.8. Encryption Algorithm

In the SMS4 cipher algorithm, the sender will iteratively generate the ciphertext algorithm of the receiver through 32 generations of the sent data as follows:(19)XI+4=XI⊕TXi+1⊕Xi+1⊕Xi+1⊕RKii=0,1,2,3…31.Set input toA=a0,a1,a2,a3 in synthetic permutation T:(20)C=B⊕B≪<2⊕B≪<10⊕B≪<18⊕B≪<24.


## 6. Experiment Process of the Family Education Interactive System

The main users of the family education interactive system are parents and students, and the secondary users are teachers. Parents can connect the chip of the student’s smartwatch through a mobile app. Through the educational interactive system designed in this study, parents can monitor students’ learning, leave messages, and update students’ diet, exercise, and other information in real time. The administrator of the system for parents, administrator information, and user information are stored in the MySQL database. By selecting parents of different ages to conduct a questionnaire survey, the user trust analysis report can be obtained. As shown in Figure7, 0–5 represent the ascending order of trust value, which can improve academic performance, improve family atmosphere, and reduce educational pressure. Strengthening communication efficiency is investigated from the abovementioned four aspects, which are represented by L1, L2, L3, and L4, respectively. Users with higher reTrust and intentions were selected from the experiment and compared with the original interactive system in five aspects: the frequency of use, the frequency of interaction, the rate of improvement in performance, the frequency of exercise, and the stable value of diet. Finally, parents, students, and teachers will be surveyed on their satisfaction, and the numerical changes between the original system and this system will be counted, and a statistical graph of satisfaction changes will be made.Figure 7
Trust analysis report.


## 7. Experimental Results

Thirty people were selected from high-intent users for research, and they used the original family education interactive system and the interactive system designed in this study for a week. The background database is used for the frequency of use, the frequency of interaction, the rate of performance improvement, the frequency of exercise, and the rate of dietary stability, which are represented byT1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, as shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from the figure that the frequency of use and interaction has been greatly improved. The frequency of use has increased from 15% to 30%, and the frequency of interaction has increased from 18% to 33%. The family education interactive system designed in this study greatly improves the user’s frequency of use and interaction. The rate of improvement in grades increased from 16% to 25%, and the rate of dietary stability and exercise frequency also increased slightly. The satisfaction survey is divided into two parts, parents and students, as shown in Figures 9 and 10. Compared with the original interactive system, the system designed in this study can better meet the needs of the public. The system is evaluated from five aspects, with a full score of 100, which are ease of operation, page preference, processing efficiency, fault feedback, and update speed, expressed as P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5, respectively.Figure 8
System comparison diagram.Figure 9
Parent satisfaction survey.Figure 10
Student satisfaction survey.In terms of ease of operation and processing efficiency, the system designed in this study is superior to the original interactive system. In terms of page preferences and update speed, it basically maintains the original system. The fault feedback is inferior to the original system because the test time of the system is short, the experimental user base is small, some details still need to be continuously debugged, and there is still a lot of room for improvement. Among them, the students gave high recognition to the system. On the one hand, this system can better protect the privacy of students while achieving family education interaction. On the one hand, it is because the system will not affect the students’ original study plans and study methods, so that the original grades of some outstanding students can be maintained. When the system detects that some students have difficulties in learning, it can provide timely feedback to parents and teachers. With the help of parents and teachers, it helps students keep up with the teaching progress in time, avoids a vicious circle, effectively alleviates the contradiction between parents and teachers, and achieves the purpose of helping students learn together.


## 8. Conclusion

The goal of the digital home network is to turn a resident into a smart home, seamlessly connect many devices with communication capabilities, and automatically form a network to enable different devices in the home to work together, share resources to the greatest extent, and provide users with new businesses and applications to bring a new life experience. This paper studies the family education interactive system and parent-teacher relationship based on the Internet of Things. It is mainly designed by the embedded system in the Internet of Things, aiming to solve various drawbacks of the original family education interactive system, improve the efficiency of family education, relieve the educational pressure of parents, improve student performance, and improve parent-teacher relationship and other purposes. Through the research and innovation of the education of the interactive system of family education, the system has solved some educational problems. By comparing the original family education interaction, experiments and data prove the superiority of the system. However, due to the small base of experimental users, some details were not found and resolved in time, and stability was lacking. With the increase of the experimental user base, more detailed problems can be found and solved, and the system can run more stably. This parent-child relationship study made a new attempt to apply professional social work methods and skills, repaired problematic parent-child relationships, strengthened parent-child communication, and improved problematic parent-child interaction patterns.



---

*Source: 2582953-2022-10-10.xml*