# Clinical Application of Graphene Composite in Internal Fixation of Ankle Fracture in Sports

Authors: Xiaowei Xu; Rongna Wang; Dachao Zhang; Yingge Feng
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

---

## Abstract

The ankle joint consists of the tibia, the fibrous lower end, and the talus. Osteoporotic fractures and deboning are common injuries in orthopaedic surgery, often due to abnormal disorders following an ankle fracture. Various fractures can occur depending on the shape, size, and position of the foot at the time of the injury. With the continuous development of science and the continuous improvement of modern sports level, scientists and sports workers worldwide recognize the importance of applying new materials in sports equipment. Composite material is a combination of multiphase combination material. In short, two or more components with different properties and different forms are used in a multimaterial combination of composite means. The organic combination of related scientific equipment and composite materials promotes the development of sports equipment and the probability of reducing sports injury. The function of the existing graphene composite is analyzed and applied, and the combination of graphene composite and sports is realized theoretically. The clinical application of graphene composite in sports is studied to promote sports development. This article mainly studies the clinical application of graphene composite in ankle fracture internal fixation in sports. It is found that with the increasingly mature application of graphene rubber composite, graphene fiber composite, and other graphene composite materials, it can be widely used in all aspects of sports equipment. Graphene composite materials can be used more easily in sports equipment. In this article, the thermal material conversion algorithm, Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics, and the use method of graphene composite materials are used to study the clinical application of graphene composite in the internal fixation of ankle joint fracture in sports. The frequent injury and instability of ankle and knee joints are signs of ankle and knee joint injury. The main factors that affect the instability of ankle and knee function are the comprehensive effects of motion range, muscle force valgus, and body feeling, and graphene composite materials are widely used in the internal fixation of ankle joint fracture in sports. The results show that graphene composite can be used in sports equipment and has a great space and high feasibility through the analysis of four groups of sports equipment. It shows that advanced materials play a very important role in the research of sports equipment.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal composed of carbon atoms with only one layer of atomic thickness. Since its first discovery in 2004, graphene composites have been a hot research object all over the world. In recent years, the USA, South Korea, Spain, and China have made breakthroughs in the manufacture and application of graphene and its derivatives. Graphene has many properties that other materials do not have. Graphene is light, strong, and tough. It has good strength, flexibility, electrical and thermal conductivity, and other properties. It is the material with the highest thermal conductivity so far and has very good thermal conductivity. Graphene derivatives also attract the great attention of scientists all over the world. There are many kinds of graphene derivatives, and their physical and chemical properties are also different. Graphene oxide, graphene-based nanocomposites, free amino graphene, and graphene rubber have been widely used.Competitive sports has always been the front line of the application of high-tech composite materials, from track and field to swimming, from competition to training, from the electronic timer to “shark skin” swimsuit, from “bird’s nest,” “water cube” to blood lactic acid detector, from electronic science to material science, from architecture to biochemistry. As we all know, scientific composite material is the first productivity, and sports scientific composite material is the first productivity of sports development and progress. Zhang Shan's research shows that China has been in a period of rapid development in sports science since 1992. The coverage of sports science research in China is more and more extensive, the cross integration of sports science and related disciplines is deepening, and new disciplines are emerging. In this context, graphene materials, a new field of science and technology, will be combined with the field of sports.With the invention of various derivatives of graphene, graphene can form a graphene-filled polymer, polymer graphene compound with layered structure, and functional polymer compound composites through the interaction of various polymers, which can be used as a substitute for graphene for carbon fiber modification. It can also be used in rubber to improve many properties of rubber. Wu J thought that under mild conditions, graphene oxide is reduced and self-assembled into a three-dimensional network, while Fe2+ is transformed into Fe2O3 and deposited on the graphene network. This structure is conducive to the diffusion of electrolyte and the electron transfer between Fe2O3 and collector, which makes the composite have high capacitance performance. Fe2O3/chemically transformed graphene composite has a higher specific capacitance than the saturated calomel electrode at the working potential of 0∼1 V, which provides a simple and easy method for the preparation of asymmetric supercapacitor cathode materials, but there is a lack of specific data [1]. Park et al. thought that the uniform aqueous suspension of chemically modified graphite sheet with good conductivity was prepared, and the graphene composite with high conductivity was prepared by reducing chemically modified polystyrene graphene oxide. The graphite oxide was dispersed in water, and the uniform aqueous suspension containing chemically modified graphite sheet was prepared, and the chemical reactions of graphene oxide sheets suspended in water with potassium hydroxide and hydrazine were studied. In the research process, the uniform suspension of conductive graphene sheet was prepared, but the necessary experimental data were lacking [2]. Domantas believed that graphene has high carrier mobility, conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency and is widely used in microelectronics and macroelectronics. This kind of stretchable device is characterized by a serpentine bilayer film composed of gold mesh and gold doped graphene, which forms an effective electrochemical interface for the stable transmission of electrical signals. Temperature, humidity, glucose and pH sensors, and polymer microneedles, which can be proved by thermally activated transdermal drug delivery, lack numerical analysis [3]. According to Mohamadi, a general strategy for synthesizing two-dimensional macromolecular brushes is proposed. They can be dissolved in solvents in the form of single molecules, with strong processability, and their molecular brushes have high density, high solubility, and low features such as viscosity and conductivity. Functional genes such as epoxy groups can also be introduced into the brush arm as needed, which uses a micron-scale flake graphene superplanar monoatomic layer as the macromolecular skeleton, and more than 10 polymer chains are covalently connected to the nanosheets through radical polymerization, resulting in a large 2D brush arm density of 1.59 from polar to nonpolar ×104 arms per hour μ; M2 single-sided graphene has high solubility, low intrinsic viscosity, and good conductivity. If necessary, it can contain a large number of epoxy groups and other functional groups, but some discussions are not accurate [4].The innovation of this article lies in the use of the thermoelectric material conversion algorithm, the Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics, and the use of graphene composite materials to study the clinical application of graphene composite materials in the internal fixation of ankle fractures in sports. Based on this point, the application of graphene composite material in sports equipment and exploring the application scope, mode, and feasibility of graphene composite material in sports will pave the way for future practical applications.


## 2. How to Use Graphene Composites

### 2.1. Graphene

Compared with traditional single materials, composite materials have high specific strength and modulus, high-temperature performance, size stability, and chemical stability. Graphene is a kind of single-layer hybrid carbon atom, arranged in hexagonal form, such as a two-dimensional crystal, in which the carbon atoms are arranged periodically in the form of six-dimensional rings. The length of the C-C bond between the carbon atom and carbon atom is connected by a covalent bond, and the thickness of the graphene monolayer is about 0.335 nm [5]. The special geometry makes graphene show strong physical and chemical properties than other carbon-based materials, mainly in the following aspects: (1) between graphite sheets π-π. The structure makes the electron show excellent conductivity, and the rapid electron conduction speed makes graphene regarded as quasigold [6]. Meanwhile, the unique carrier fluid characteristics make it can observe the quantum Hall effect at room temperature; (2) graphene exhibits excellent mechanical properties due to the small bond length of C-C bond; (3) graphene has good transparency due to its lamellar structure, so it has good optical properties. Graphene absorbs about 2.3% over a wide wavelength range and appears almost transparent. Applying a magnetic field can convert the optical properties of graphene nanoribbons, and the response is tuned to the terahertz range. When the intensity of the incident light exceeds a certain threshold, graphene’s absorption saturates.These have made graphene widely concerned in the fields of supercapacitor, photocatalysis, biosensor, and dye-sensitized cell; graphene is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Graphene materials.


### 2.2. Thermoelectric Material Conversion Algorithm

#### 2.2.1. Performance Test of Composite Membrane

The maximum efficiencyF of thermoelectric conversion is determined by two factors. The first factor is the efficiency of the Carlo cycle; the second factor is determined by the nature of the thermoelectric material itself, which is generally expressed by thermoelectric performance, which depends on Seebeck coefficient, conductivity A, and thermal conductivity (k = B + V) [7, 8]. The performance parameters of these materials determine the thermoelectric performance of the materials. For the case of a small temperature difference, the maximum conversion efficiency F of thermoelectric power generation can be expressed as follows:(1)H=saLk=saLb+v,f=W−ML⋅1+H1/2−11+H+W/M.In order to achieve the optimal thermoelectric performance of thermoelectric materials, multiple mutually restricted parameters must be optimized at the same time [9]. According to the definition of characterization thermoelectric quality factor, the optimal thermoelectric performance requires the following conditions: high Seebeck coefficient, high conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. However, these three parameters restrict and couple with each other and cannot be optimized independently [10]. Therefore, achieving high thermoelectric efficiency in traditional bulk materials is a great challenge. For metals or degenerate semiconductors, the Seebeck coefficient can be calculated by a simple electron transport model:(2)a=mbu,ehere m is the carrier concentration, B is the effective mass of the carrier, e is the charge amount of the elementary charge, and l is the Planck constant [11, 12].


#### 2.2.2. Schrodinger Equation in Quantum Mechanics

In quantum mechanics, the state of a particle can be described by a wave function, which should follow certain rules. According to the motion behavior of particle potential energy fieldv (r), the wave function of the particle is proposed, which should satisfy the following differential equation:(3)−f22n∇2+hr=faat,whereF is the Planck constant and N is the mass of particles. In quantum mechanics, this “simple” equation used to describe the motion law of microparticles has a high position if the electric field acting on the microsystem is independent of time [13]. The separation variable method can be used to solve the following problem:(4)vr,t=krht.


#### 2.2.3. Microparticle

The left side is only related to the coordinateR, while the right side is only related to the time T. R and T are independent variables. Therefore, the equation can be satisfied only when both sides are equal to a constant at the same time. Let the constant be g. The above equation is decomposed into two equations as follows:(5)ht=BliGk.It can be seen from the obtained relationship that the constante represents the energy of the corresponding wave function in the state described by the system. When E has a certain value, the corresponding state is called the constant state, and V (R, t) is called the constant state wave function. Moreover, the probability flux density in the constant state is independent of time and is only a function of the spatial coordinates. For the Schr of the double electrons, the probability flux density in the constant state is not related to the time ö Dinge equation:(6)ΔFGL=GLLΔFG+GΔFL.In general, the materials studied contain a large number of particles, which is the reason why it is difficult to solve the equation of state of multiparticle system through quantum mechanics [14].


### 2.3. Composite Materials

The special process in the preparation of graphite oxide is as follows: put 1.5 g plastic graphite and 9 g potassium permanganate into a 250 ml gold bottle, multiply the prepared mixed acid solution by the same method, and then slowly add it into the bottle. This process is carried out in the refrigerator and bathroom. After a period of time, the bottle will rise and then slowly adjust the accelerator temperature; the mixture was heated to 50°C and stirred at this temperature for 12 hours; then the brownish purple liquid was obtained [15, 16]. After the above work, cool the liquid mixture to room temperature, and add 200 ml of liquid to it, and the color gradually turns yellow. After the second washing with hydrochloric acid and the second washing with water, the pH value will be about 7. Finally, set the time to wait after the completion, and take the oxidized liquid [17]. There is a record. In order to reduce the oxidation process, we prepared a reduction diagram. For the specific operation, see the preparation of the ITO electrode, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Compound material.Chitosan is soluble in rare organic acids and inorganic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, and phosphoric acid but insoluble in sulfuric acid, nitric acid, water, and alkaline solution. Acetic acid is one of the most commonly used solvents. The essence of chitosan dissolution is to dissolve positively charged polyelectrolyte chitosan in acid. Chitosan solution should be used and prepared on-site, which is easily affected by temperature, pH value, concentration, and other factors [18].


### 2.4. Calculate the Forces Acting on All Particles

The force between atoms is calculated by the set cut-off radius and the selected potential function, which is the key to determining the accuracy of the calculation results [19]. The atomic motion in MD is based on Newton’s equation of motion:(7)nd2rdt=−∇m,where m is the potential energy between atoms, generally, the interaction between silicon atoms is described by semiempirical SW potential function, which is specially created by Stillinger and Weber for silicon:(8)m1,⋯N=∑ihi+⋯hN1⋯Nhr=mkr/a.The interaction of the above calculation is repeated to make the system enter the steady state [20]. Then increase the simulation time, repeat the above process, and record the position and velocity of the atom:(9)at+Δt=−∇rt.


## 2.1. Graphene

Compared with traditional single materials, composite materials have high specific strength and modulus, high-temperature performance, size stability, and chemical stability. Graphene is a kind of single-layer hybrid carbon atom, arranged in hexagonal form, such as a two-dimensional crystal, in which the carbon atoms are arranged periodically in the form of six-dimensional rings. The length of the C-C bond between the carbon atom and carbon atom is connected by a covalent bond, and the thickness of the graphene monolayer is about 0.335 nm [5]. The special geometry makes graphene show strong physical and chemical properties than other carbon-based materials, mainly in the following aspects: (1) between graphite sheets π-π. The structure makes the electron show excellent conductivity, and the rapid electron conduction speed makes graphene regarded as quasigold [6]. Meanwhile, the unique carrier fluid characteristics make it can observe the quantum Hall effect at room temperature; (2) graphene exhibits excellent mechanical properties due to the small bond length of C-C bond; (3) graphene has good transparency due to its lamellar structure, so it has good optical properties. Graphene absorbs about 2.3% over a wide wavelength range and appears almost transparent. Applying a magnetic field can convert the optical properties of graphene nanoribbons, and the response is tuned to the terahertz range. When the intensity of the incident light exceeds a certain threshold, graphene’s absorption saturates.These have made graphene widely concerned in the fields of supercapacitor, photocatalysis, biosensor, and dye-sensitized cell; graphene is shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Graphene materials.


## 2.2. Thermoelectric Material Conversion Algorithm

### 2.2.1. Performance Test of Composite Membrane

The maximum efficiencyF of thermoelectric conversion is determined by two factors. The first factor is the efficiency of the Carlo cycle; the second factor is determined by the nature of the thermoelectric material itself, which is generally expressed by thermoelectric performance, which depends on Seebeck coefficient, conductivity A, and thermal conductivity (k = B + V) [7, 8]. The performance parameters of these materials determine the thermoelectric performance of the materials. For the case of a small temperature difference, the maximum conversion efficiency F of thermoelectric power generation can be expressed as follows:(1)H=saLk=saLb+v,f=W−ML⋅1+H1/2−11+H+W/M.In order to achieve the optimal thermoelectric performance of thermoelectric materials, multiple mutually restricted parameters must be optimized at the same time [9]. According to the definition of characterization thermoelectric quality factor, the optimal thermoelectric performance requires the following conditions: high Seebeck coefficient, high conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. However, these three parameters restrict and couple with each other and cannot be optimized independently [10]. Therefore, achieving high thermoelectric efficiency in traditional bulk materials is a great challenge. For metals or degenerate semiconductors, the Seebeck coefficient can be calculated by a simple electron transport model:(2)a=mbu,ehere m is the carrier concentration, B is the effective mass of the carrier, e is the charge amount of the elementary charge, and l is the Planck constant [11, 12].


### 2.2.2. Schrodinger Equation in Quantum Mechanics

In quantum mechanics, the state of a particle can be described by a wave function, which should follow certain rules. According to the motion behavior of particle potential energy fieldv (r), the wave function of the particle is proposed, which should satisfy the following differential equation:(3)−f22n∇2+hr=faat,whereF is the Planck constant and N is the mass of particles. In quantum mechanics, this “simple” equation used to describe the motion law of microparticles has a high position if the electric field acting on the microsystem is independent of time [13]. The separation variable method can be used to solve the following problem:(4)vr,t=krht.


### 2.2.3. Microparticle

The left side is only related to the coordinateR, while the right side is only related to the time T. R and T are independent variables. Therefore, the equation can be satisfied only when both sides are equal to a constant at the same time. Let the constant be g. The above equation is decomposed into two equations as follows:(5)ht=BliGk.It can be seen from the obtained relationship that the constante represents the energy of the corresponding wave function in the state described by the system. When E has a certain value, the corresponding state is called the constant state, and V (R, t) is called the constant state wave function. Moreover, the probability flux density in the constant state is independent of time and is only a function of the spatial coordinates. For the Schr of the double electrons, the probability flux density in the constant state is not related to the time ö Dinge equation:(6)ΔFGL=GLLΔFG+GΔFL.In general, the materials studied contain a large number of particles, which is the reason why it is difficult to solve the equation of state of multiparticle system through quantum mechanics [14].


## 2.2.1. Performance Test of Composite Membrane

The maximum efficiencyF of thermoelectric conversion is determined by two factors. The first factor is the efficiency of the Carlo cycle; the second factor is determined by the nature of the thermoelectric material itself, which is generally expressed by thermoelectric performance, which depends on Seebeck coefficient, conductivity A, and thermal conductivity (k = B + V) [7, 8]. The performance parameters of these materials determine the thermoelectric performance of the materials. For the case of a small temperature difference, the maximum conversion efficiency F of thermoelectric power generation can be expressed as follows:(1)H=saLk=saLb+v,f=W−ML⋅1+H1/2−11+H+W/M.In order to achieve the optimal thermoelectric performance of thermoelectric materials, multiple mutually restricted parameters must be optimized at the same time [9]. According to the definition of characterization thermoelectric quality factor, the optimal thermoelectric performance requires the following conditions: high Seebeck coefficient, high conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. However, these three parameters restrict and couple with each other and cannot be optimized independently [10]. Therefore, achieving high thermoelectric efficiency in traditional bulk materials is a great challenge. For metals or degenerate semiconductors, the Seebeck coefficient can be calculated by a simple electron transport model:(2)a=mbu,ehere m is the carrier concentration, B is the effective mass of the carrier, e is the charge amount of the elementary charge, and l is the Planck constant [11, 12].


## 2.2.2. Schrodinger Equation in Quantum Mechanics

In quantum mechanics, the state of a particle can be described by a wave function, which should follow certain rules. According to the motion behavior of particle potential energy fieldv (r), the wave function of the particle is proposed, which should satisfy the following differential equation:(3)−f22n∇2+hr=faat,whereF is the Planck constant and N is the mass of particles. In quantum mechanics, this “simple” equation used to describe the motion law of microparticles has a high position if the electric field acting on the microsystem is independent of time [13]. The separation variable method can be used to solve the following problem:(4)vr,t=krht.


## 2.2.3. Microparticle

The left side is only related to the coordinateR, while the right side is only related to the time T. R and T are independent variables. Therefore, the equation can be satisfied only when both sides are equal to a constant at the same time. Let the constant be g. The above equation is decomposed into two equations as follows:(5)ht=BliGk.It can be seen from the obtained relationship that the constante represents the energy of the corresponding wave function in the state described by the system. When E has a certain value, the corresponding state is called the constant state, and V (R, t) is called the constant state wave function. Moreover, the probability flux density in the constant state is independent of time and is only a function of the spatial coordinates. For the Schr of the double electrons, the probability flux density in the constant state is not related to the time ö Dinge equation:(6)ΔFGL=GLLΔFG+GΔFL.In general, the materials studied contain a large number of particles, which is the reason why it is difficult to solve the equation of state of multiparticle system through quantum mechanics [14].


## 2.3. Composite Materials

The special process in the preparation of graphite oxide is as follows: put 1.5 g plastic graphite and 9 g potassium permanganate into a 250 ml gold bottle, multiply the prepared mixed acid solution by the same method, and then slowly add it into the bottle. This process is carried out in the refrigerator and bathroom. After a period of time, the bottle will rise and then slowly adjust the accelerator temperature; the mixture was heated to 50°C and stirred at this temperature for 12 hours; then the brownish purple liquid was obtained [15, 16]. After the above work, cool the liquid mixture to room temperature, and add 200 ml of liquid to it, and the color gradually turns yellow. After the second washing with hydrochloric acid and the second washing with water, the pH value will be about 7. Finally, set the time to wait after the completion, and take the oxidized liquid [17]. There is a record. In order to reduce the oxidation process, we prepared a reduction diagram. For the specific operation, see the preparation of the ITO electrode, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Compound material.Chitosan is soluble in rare organic acids and inorganic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, and phosphoric acid but insoluble in sulfuric acid, nitric acid, water, and alkaline solution. Acetic acid is one of the most commonly used solvents. The essence of chitosan dissolution is to dissolve positively charged polyelectrolyte chitosan in acid. Chitosan solution should be used and prepared on-site, which is easily affected by temperature, pH value, concentration, and other factors [18].


## 2.4. Calculate the Forces Acting on All Particles

The force between atoms is calculated by the set cut-off radius and the selected potential function, which is the key to determining the accuracy of the calculation results [19]. The atomic motion in MD is based on Newton’s equation of motion:(7)nd2rdt=−∇m,where m is the potential energy between atoms, generally, the interaction between silicon atoms is described by semiempirical SW potential function, which is specially created by Stillinger and Weber for silicon:(8)m1,⋯N=∑ihi+⋯hN1⋯Nhr=mkr/a.The interaction of the above calculation is repeated to make the system enter the steady state [20]. Then increase the simulation time, repeat the above process, and record the position and velocity of the atom:(9)at+Δt=−∇rt.


## 3. Related Experiments of Ankle Fracture Internal Fixation in Sports

### 3.1. Graphene Rubber

Rubber is an important material, which is indispensable and irreplaceable in the national economy and high technology. It has the characteristics of reversibility and high elasticity. It can produce large deformation under the action of external force and can recover quickly after removing the external force. It has been widely used in many fields. In recent years, the traditional rubber industry has been difficult to meet the high-performance requirements of the high-tech composite industry, transportation, aerospace, and so on. Nanofillers and rubber composites manufacturing nanofillers have become an effective way to obtain high-performance rubber compounds, which also leads to the development of graphene rubber. At present, graphene rubber has been used in general rubber materials and special rubber materials. General rubber is a group of elastic materials first applied in the field of the national economy, also known as special synthetic rubber materials. It is used in harsh application conditions and various special synthetic rubber properties and applications. One of these two rubbers has a wide range of applications and good comprehensive performance, and the other has some special properties, which can be very strong for one situation—applicable, but not universally applicable.


### 3.2. Ankle Fracture in Sports

The data of 130 patients with an ankle fracture and graphene composite fixation in our hospital were collected, including 80 males and 50 females, with an average age of 35 years. The preoperative trauma history, physical examination, imaging data, and intraoperative findings of the patients were collected, and the imaging images were analyzed by Digimizer measurement software, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Ankle fracture in sports.
Baseline dataNumber of peoplexPGender1306.430.991Male807.120.002Female5043.250.005Age3544.350.115Right110410.664Wrong03.30.321The ankle joint is an important load joint and movement joint. The ankle joint is composed of the lower end of the tibia and fibula. The lower end of the tibia is the medial protrusion of the ankle joint, and the lower end of the fibula is the lateral protrusion. Because it is difficult to develop ligaments directly inX-ray and CT films, the diagnosis of ligaments injury should be carried out through indirect manifestations; that is, the talus tilt test is positive, which should be compared with the healthy side, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Lauge–Hansen classification of ankle fractures in sports.
X-ray analysisAnkle fracture fixationSAD2110SER1116PAB4030PRE3226Unable to type3028No fracture1166


### 3.3. Statistical Methods

The mean value of the test data was processed, and SPSS statistical software was used to process and analyze the data in Windows 10.0. The one-way ANOVA method was used to measure the knee proprioception (bending angle, extension angle) and Taekwondo group, walking group, table tennis group, and control group, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Flowchart of sports experiment.


### 3.4. Graphene Fiber

Industry insiders believe that with the growing demand for sports equipment, fiber-reinforced composites will become the mainstream sports equipment industry in the 21st century. People perform a heating step on sic fibers in a vacuum environment and/or an inert gas environment, heat up to the decomposition temperature of silicon, and then keep warm. The graphene fibers are obtained and then applied to various fields. Graphene fibers are a new type of carbon fiber developed in recent years with natural graphite as the initial raw material. The liquid crystal dope of graphene nanosheets is assembled in one-dimensional order by wet spinning. Fiber-reinforced composites have the characteristics of lightweight, high strength, and high performance. Graphene fiber has the characteristics of high strength, high elastic modulus, good corrosion resistance, free design, and convenient processing, which can be widely used in sports equipment, showing a unique charm. The existing fiber materials mainly include ordinary glass fiber, high-strength glass fiber, high-strength polyethylene fiber, and high-strength vini fiber. There are many kinds of sports equipment, including the use of fiber composite materials: golf clubs, tennis rackets, bicycles, and skis. With the continuous expansion of the application of graphene in recent years, the application prospect of graphene fiber in sports equipment is very broad. In addition, since graphene fiber composites can also provide excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation protection, antibacterial, and other functional properties, the graphene/fibers manufactured by the functional composite fibers and related textile products have a wide range of applications in superconducting and conductive clothing materials, antibacterial medical materials, biomedical textile materials, flame retardant materials, and lightweight fiber-based thermal and conductive composite materials. Graphene fiber and carbon fiber are also dominated by carbon, and their physical and chemical properties are very similar to carbon fiber, so they are very comparable.


## 3.1. Graphene Rubber

Rubber is an important material, which is indispensable and irreplaceable in the national economy and high technology. It has the characteristics of reversibility and high elasticity. It can produce large deformation under the action of external force and can recover quickly after removing the external force. It has been widely used in many fields. In recent years, the traditional rubber industry has been difficult to meet the high-performance requirements of the high-tech composite industry, transportation, aerospace, and so on. Nanofillers and rubber composites manufacturing nanofillers have become an effective way to obtain high-performance rubber compounds, which also leads to the development of graphene rubber. At present, graphene rubber has been used in general rubber materials and special rubber materials. General rubber is a group of elastic materials first applied in the field of the national economy, also known as special synthetic rubber materials. It is used in harsh application conditions and various special synthetic rubber properties and applications. One of these two rubbers has a wide range of applications and good comprehensive performance, and the other has some special properties, which can be very strong for one situation—applicable, but not universally applicable.


## 3.2. Ankle Fracture in Sports

The data of 130 patients with an ankle fracture and graphene composite fixation in our hospital were collected, including 80 males and 50 females, with an average age of 35 years. The preoperative trauma history, physical examination, imaging data, and intraoperative findings of the patients were collected, and the imaging images were analyzed by Digimizer measurement software, as shown in Table1.Table 1
Ankle fracture in sports.
Baseline dataNumber of peoplexPGender1306.430.991Male807.120.002Female5043.250.005Age3544.350.115Right110410.664Wrong03.30.321The ankle joint is an important load joint and movement joint. The ankle joint is composed of the lower end of the tibia and fibula. The lower end of the tibia is the medial protrusion of the ankle joint, and the lower end of the fibula is the lateral protrusion. Because it is difficult to develop ligaments directly inX-ray and CT films, the diagnosis of ligaments injury should be carried out through indirect manifestations; that is, the talus tilt test is positive, which should be compared with the healthy side, as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Lauge–Hansen classification of ankle fractures in sports.
X-ray analysisAnkle fracture fixationSAD2110SER1116PAB4030PRE3226Unable to type3028No fracture1166


## 3.3. Statistical Methods

The mean value of the test data was processed, and SPSS statistical software was used to process and analyze the data in Windows 10.0. The one-way ANOVA method was used to measure the knee proprioception (bending angle, extension angle) and Taekwondo group, walking group, table tennis group, and control group, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Flowchart of sports experiment.


## 3.4. Graphene Fiber

Industry insiders believe that with the growing demand for sports equipment, fiber-reinforced composites will become the mainstream sports equipment industry in the 21st century. People perform a heating step on sic fibers in a vacuum environment and/or an inert gas environment, heat up to the decomposition temperature of silicon, and then keep warm. The graphene fibers are obtained and then applied to various fields. Graphene fibers are a new type of carbon fiber developed in recent years with natural graphite as the initial raw material. The liquid crystal dope of graphene nanosheets is assembled in one-dimensional order by wet spinning. Fiber-reinforced composites have the characteristics of lightweight, high strength, and high performance. Graphene fiber has the characteristics of high strength, high elastic modulus, good corrosion resistance, free design, and convenient processing, which can be widely used in sports equipment, showing a unique charm. The existing fiber materials mainly include ordinary glass fiber, high-strength glass fiber, high-strength polyethylene fiber, and high-strength vini fiber. There are many kinds of sports equipment, including the use of fiber composite materials: golf clubs, tennis rackets, bicycles, and skis. With the continuous expansion of the application of graphene in recent years, the application prospect of graphene fiber in sports equipment is very broad. In addition, since graphene fiber composites can also provide excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation protection, antibacterial, and other functional properties, the graphene/fibers manufactured by the functional composite fibers and related textile products have a wide range of applications in superconducting and conductive clothing materials, antibacterial medical materials, biomedical textile materials, flame retardant materials, and lightweight fiber-based thermal and conductive composite materials. Graphene fiber and carbon fiber are also dominated by carbon, and their physical and chemical properties are very similar to carbon fiber, so they are very comparable.


## 4. Experimental Analysis of Clinical Application of Ankle Fracture Internal Fixation in Sports

### 4.1. Comparison of Different Sports

The results showed that there was no significant difference in age and BMI among the three groups; there were significant differences in height and weight between the Taekwondo group and other groups; there was a significant difference in height between the table tennis group and other groups. Due to the different actual training conditions of various sports, the number of years of professional training has not been used as an index for analysis and comparison, as shown in Table3.Table 3
Subject information.
AgeTraining yearsEg weightTaekwondo group20.67 ± 2.404.67 ± 2.1215.12 ± 3.50Walking group23.87 ± 0.397.89 ± 3.313.45 ± 3.86Table tennis group7.67 ± 9.125.43 ± 0.1410.67 ± 1.05Control group9.69 ± 5.101.08 ± 0.4019.44 ± 6.40The blood supply, sensation, and activity of the extremities were examined after anesthesia. The patients with ligament or meniscus injuries should be repaired during the operation. If it is difficult to repair this operation, the patient should be repaired under arthroscopy. After the operation, the affected limb was bandaged and raised routinely. On the third day after the operation, the patient was required to move the injured joint and toe weight-bearing exercise gently on the bed within the tolerable range if the wound healed satisfactorily, as shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Comparison of VEGF content in granulation tissue of two groups before and after treatment.For patients with more bone defects, serious osteoporosis, and serious ligament injury, long leg supports can be fixed for 2 to 3 weeks. From one week after the operation, the injured joints can be restored and trained. According to the imaging review data, the healing of fractures is observed dynamically. The limb joints are partially loaded 8–10 weeks after the operation. Under the condition of no complaints, the injured joints can be partially loaded. The load intensity is gradually increased. After the fracture healing is satisfied, the internal fixator is removed.


### 4.2. Comparison between the Sensory Superior Side and the Nondominant Side of Ankle in Golf

The average sensory mean of the ankle body in the superior and nondominant sides of the Taekwondo group was larger than the rear, and the ankle extended backward. The slope body entered the fibula joint nest, and the bone moved upward and outward to adapt to the change in the width of the ankle fossa slope. The healing of fork bone limits the activity of the ankle joint. Most patients who are cured have no clinical symptoms, even if they are limited in ankle joint activity. They have no influence on daily life. After sports, the ankle function healing needs appropriate treatment significance difference, as shown in Table4.Table 4
Cell proliferation.
Movement directionDominant sideNondominant sideP valueAnkle flexion0.56 ± 0.070.47 ± 0.290.33Ankle extension0.44 ± 0.120.32 ± 0.110.21Ankle varus4.12 ± 0.011.22 ± 0.120.11Ankle valgus5.21 ± 0.073.25 ± 0.530.54According to Table4, the weight, hardness, and balance of the club are the three main factors affecting the handle and distance of the club. Different golf clubs have different effects on the hitting results, which directly affect the performance of the golfer. The weight of the club body is a very important factor for the golfer’s feeling of the club. The lighter the club body is, the smaller the overall weight of the club is. The heavier the club body is, the greater the total weight of the club is. The change in the total weight of the club will directly bring changes to the feel of the club. The weight of the rod is also a very important factor affecting the stroke distance.


### 4.3. Prospects of Application of Graphene Composites in Sports Equipment

The pole vault made of graphene carbon fiber composite and glass fiber composite is light and elastic, which can be used to jump higher. With the continuous development of chemical technology, nylon and metal rod have been used one after another; a lighter and more elastic graphene fiber rod has been developed. The graphene fiber rod has been improved to ensure certain fracture toughness. Alloy rod is a development trend. Based on previous studies, graphene magnesium matrix composites have strong maximum recovery energy and sufficient energy storage capacity, which can ensure the springback of the rod. Graphene carbon fiber composite and glass fiber composite can also be made into high jump crossbars, which will not produce bending deformation, is not easy to break, and is more accurate and safe. Adding graphene carbon fiber composite to the sole of carbon fiber sole running shoes can further reduce the weight of the sole, as shown in Table5.Table 5
Some aspects of graphene composites in sports.
Serial numberProject1Ice and snow2Archery3Track and field4Rowing5Sailing6RacingHalf a year after the graphene production line was put into operation, its main product was multilayer graphene with a thickness of 3 nm. Then the raw material cost of a single shoe was calculated as follows: assuming that the weight of a single shoe was 200 g, in which the proportion of graphene natural rubber composite was 36.8%, and the mass fraction of graphene in graphene natural rubber composite was 0.85%, and the actual amount of graphene in a single shoe was about 0.63 g. It can be seen that the cost has decreased by 99.5%. And with the progress of scientific composite materials, the application of high-tech sports equipment in professional competitions is less and less affected by the cost. Athletes from all over the world are willing to invest a lot of money in the research of training methods and sports equipment. It can be said that there is no cost barrier in the application of graphene composite sports equipment in high-level professional competitions. And for amateur sports enthusiasts and the general public, the cost increase of graphene sports equipment is not obvious. With the continuous improvement of the level of graphene composites, the decline of the cost of graphene composites is the development trend, as shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Formulation quality of graphene materials.With the price of graphene itself declining, the cost of adding graphene rubber composite to a basketball shoe has shown a rapid downward trend. This downward trend is the premise that graphene rubber composite sports equipment can be generally accepted by the public. Only when the general public can afford it can it be widely promoted. The analogy to other sports equipment is the same, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Graphene equipment project.Developing highly skilled systems to assess the effects of the musculoskeletal injury on balance has been attempted to quantify static and dynamic proprioception. The evaluation method is based on the fact that the injury will damage the proprioception of the joint, resulting in decreased feedback from the lateral ligament afferent nerve and increased body swing. The graphene sports equipment that can be used in competitive sports such as basketball shoes can be extended to mass sports, and almost all mass sports can use graphene sports equipment, The prospect of graphene composites is shown in Figure7:Figure 7
Prospect of graphene composites (https://alturl.com/5fuj7).If athletes want to achieve brilliant results in sports, their body control ability and body’s feeling for space are very important. However, the stability of the body depends in part on the body's sensory mechanical receptors on the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsule, and ligaments to transmit the message. Therefore, the mechanical receptors located on the ankle capsule and ligament can reflect the changes in joint position and direction and acceleration of limbs. These receptors also provide messages from static posture, movement, and muscle strength.


## 4.1. Comparison of Different Sports

The results showed that there was no significant difference in age and BMI among the three groups; there were significant differences in height and weight between the Taekwondo group and other groups; there was a significant difference in height between the table tennis group and other groups. Due to the different actual training conditions of various sports, the number of years of professional training has not been used as an index for analysis and comparison, as shown in Table3.Table 3
Subject information.
AgeTraining yearsEg weightTaekwondo group20.67 ± 2.404.67 ± 2.1215.12 ± 3.50Walking group23.87 ± 0.397.89 ± 3.313.45 ± 3.86Table tennis group7.67 ± 9.125.43 ± 0.1410.67 ± 1.05Control group9.69 ± 5.101.08 ± 0.4019.44 ± 6.40The blood supply, sensation, and activity of the extremities were examined after anesthesia. The patients with ligament or meniscus injuries should be repaired during the operation. If it is difficult to repair this operation, the patient should be repaired under arthroscopy. After the operation, the affected limb was bandaged and raised routinely. On the third day after the operation, the patient was required to move the injured joint and toe weight-bearing exercise gently on the bed within the tolerable range if the wound healed satisfactorily, as shown in Figure4.Figure 4
Comparison of VEGF content in granulation tissue of two groups before and after treatment.For patients with more bone defects, serious osteoporosis, and serious ligament injury, long leg supports can be fixed for 2 to 3 weeks. From one week after the operation, the injured joints can be restored and trained. According to the imaging review data, the healing of fractures is observed dynamically. The limb joints are partially loaded 8–10 weeks after the operation. Under the condition of no complaints, the injured joints can be partially loaded. The load intensity is gradually increased. After the fracture healing is satisfied, the internal fixator is removed.


## 4.2. Comparison between the Sensory Superior Side and the Nondominant Side of Ankle in Golf

The average sensory mean of the ankle body in the superior and nondominant sides of the Taekwondo group was larger than the rear, and the ankle extended backward. The slope body entered the fibula joint nest, and the bone moved upward and outward to adapt to the change in the width of the ankle fossa slope. The healing of fork bone limits the activity of the ankle joint. Most patients who are cured have no clinical symptoms, even if they are limited in ankle joint activity. They have no influence on daily life. After sports, the ankle function healing needs appropriate treatment significance difference, as shown in Table4.Table 4
Cell proliferation.
Movement directionDominant sideNondominant sideP valueAnkle flexion0.56 ± 0.070.47 ± 0.290.33Ankle extension0.44 ± 0.120.32 ± 0.110.21Ankle varus4.12 ± 0.011.22 ± 0.120.11Ankle valgus5.21 ± 0.073.25 ± 0.530.54According to Table4, the weight, hardness, and balance of the club are the three main factors affecting the handle and distance of the club. Different golf clubs have different effects on the hitting results, which directly affect the performance of the golfer. The weight of the club body is a very important factor for the golfer’s feeling of the club. The lighter the club body is, the smaller the overall weight of the club is. The heavier the club body is, the greater the total weight of the club is. The change in the total weight of the club will directly bring changes to the feel of the club. The weight of the rod is also a very important factor affecting the stroke distance.


## 4.3. Prospects of Application of Graphene Composites in Sports Equipment

The pole vault made of graphene carbon fiber composite and glass fiber composite is light and elastic, which can be used to jump higher. With the continuous development of chemical technology, nylon and metal rod have been used one after another; a lighter and more elastic graphene fiber rod has been developed. The graphene fiber rod has been improved to ensure certain fracture toughness. Alloy rod is a development trend. Based on previous studies, graphene magnesium matrix composites have strong maximum recovery energy and sufficient energy storage capacity, which can ensure the springback of the rod. Graphene carbon fiber composite and glass fiber composite can also be made into high jump crossbars, which will not produce bending deformation, is not easy to break, and is more accurate and safe. Adding graphene carbon fiber composite to the sole of carbon fiber sole running shoes can further reduce the weight of the sole, as shown in Table5.Table 5
Some aspects of graphene composites in sports.
Serial numberProject1Ice and snow2Archery3Track and field4Rowing5Sailing6RacingHalf a year after the graphene production line was put into operation, its main product was multilayer graphene with a thickness of 3 nm. Then the raw material cost of a single shoe was calculated as follows: assuming that the weight of a single shoe was 200 g, in which the proportion of graphene natural rubber composite was 36.8%, and the mass fraction of graphene in graphene natural rubber composite was 0.85%, and the actual amount of graphene in a single shoe was about 0.63 g. It can be seen that the cost has decreased by 99.5%. And with the progress of scientific composite materials, the application of high-tech sports equipment in professional competitions is less and less affected by the cost. Athletes from all over the world are willing to invest a lot of money in the research of training methods and sports equipment. It can be said that there is no cost barrier in the application of graphene composite sports equipment in high-level professional competitions. And for amateur sports enthusiasts and the general public, the cost increase of graphene sports equipment is not obvious. With the continuous improvement of the level of graphene composites, the decline of the cost of graphene composites is the development trend, as shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Formulation quality of graphene materials.With the price of graphene itself declining, the cost of adding graphene rubber composite to a basketball shoe has shown a rapid downward trend. This downward trend is the premise that graphene rubber composite sports equipment can be generally accepted by the public. Only when the general public can afford it can it be widely promoted. The analogy to other sports equipment is the same, as shown in Figure6.Figure 6
Graphene equipment project.Developing highly skilled systems to assess the effects of the musculoskeletal injury on balance has been attempted to quantify static and dynamic proprioception. The evaluation method is based on the fact that the injury will damage the proprioception of the joint, resulting in decreased feedback from the lateral ligament afferent nerve and increased body swing. The graphene sports equipment that can be used in competitive sports such as basketball shoes can be extended to mass sports, and almost all mass sports can use graphene sports equipment, The prospect of graphene composites is shown in Figure7:Figure 7
Prospect of graphene composites (https://alturl.com/5fuj7).If athletes want to achieve brilliant results in sports, their body control ability and body’s feeling for space are very important. However, the stability of the body depends in part on the body's sensory mechanical receptors on the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsule, and ligaments to transmit the message. Therefore, the mechanical receptors located on the ankle capsule and ligament can reflect the changes in joint position and direction and acceleration of limbs. These receptors also provide messages from static posture, movement, and muscle strength.


## 5. Conclusion

In this article, we use the thermoelectric material conversion algorithm, the Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics, and the use of graphene composite materials to study the clinical application of graphene composite materials in ankle fracture internal fixation in sports. Graphene rubber composite materials and graphene fiber composite materials are used in competitive sports. Archery, racing, and many other projects have great application prospects. In the future, with the mature development of graphene rubber composites, the sports equipment that can be used in rubber materials can be replaced with graphene rubber composites. Through the understanding of the current application direction of graphene and the preliminary calculation of the application cost of graphene, the development direction of graphene composite sports equipment is determined. Graphene composites have broad application prospects in sports equipment. With the development of graphene composites, the cost of graphene is rising. It has gradually developed from 10 times higher than gold to 1000 yuan/kg. In addition, for the professional athletes or sports teams participating in the Olympic Games, world championships, and other international competitions, the cost of sports equipment has not been an obstacle to improving sports performance. Therefore, the application of graphene composites in the field of sports equipment will not be affected by the cost.



---

*Source: 2504511-2022-08-25.xml*