# MHD Analysis of Couple Stress Hybrid Nanofluid Free Stream over a Spinning Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Disc under the Effect of Thermal Radiation

Authors: Muhammad Zubair; Muhammad Jawad; Ebenezer Bonyah; Rashid Jan
Journal: Journal of Applied Mathematics
 (2021)

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## Abstract

This article develops the semianalytical analysis of couple stress hybrid nanofluid free stream past a rotating disc by applying the magnetic flux effects and radiation of thermal energy. The analysis of such kind of mixed convective flow is most important due to numerous industrial applications such as electronic devices, atomic reactors, central solar energy equipment, and heat transferring devices. The impact of variable permeability is also considered in the study. The permeability of the disc obeys the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The hybrid nanofluid is composed of water, titanium dioxide, and aluminum oxide. The set of governing equations in the PDE form are transformed to couple ODEs by applying similarity transformations. The ODE set are solved by applying the technique of HAM. The graphs of impacts of numerous physical parameters over momentum, energy, and concentration profiles are drawn in computer-based application Mathematica 11.0.1. In the sundry physical parameters, the porosity parameter, Reynolds number, inertial parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, couple stress, and quotient of rotational momentum to elongating rate are included. During the analysis, it is found that the momentum profile of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid enhances with local inertial parameter, couple stress parameter, porosity parameter, and Reynolds number but declines for the growth in Hartmann number. Heat transfer rate enhances for radiation parameter but decreases in variable for temperature, thermal stratification parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian parameter.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The era in which we are living the use of machinery and modern technology is too much like in civil, mechanical, and engineering. It is fact that production of heat is associated with machinery. The extra production of heat causes lower efficiency of the machinery and more consumption of energy. To reduce such production of useless heat in the running machinery, we used such technologies and approaches in which the use of such fluids is very common like water, mineral, organic (ethylene glycol, refrigerants, and tri-ethylene-glycol), bio, and herbal oils. The uses of such fluids are in cement, lather, garments, tiles, and rock cutting industries. Such kind of fluids was used in scientific purposes like hydroelectric, thermal electric, and nuclear power stations. But the uses of such common fluids have some limitations, because these common fluids used as a coolant has low heat capacity. Metals (gold, silver, and copper), metal oxides (for example, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), silver oxide (Ag2O), zirconia (ZrO2), titania (TiO2), alloy of metals, metal nitrides (AlN,SiN,andSiN), and metal carbides (SiC) have high heat capacity as compared to the common fluids; thus, by the amalgamation of common fluids and metals, metal oxides and alloy of metals enhance the heat capacity of the common fluids. This concept was presented by the pioneer scientist Choi and Eastman [1]. At the beginning of invention of such new kind of suspension, the particle size in base fluids was in such a range that they were sediment after some time and its efficiency was not up to mark. So, after this, the researched recommended that the particle size should be smaller to enhance the heat capacity of the suspension and reduces the chances of sedimentation of the particles in the base fluids. When magnitude of metal particle inside the common liquid is in the range≤20nm, then, the efficiency of such suspension is better. The solid particles are called nanoparticles, and common fluids in the suspensions are known as base fluids. Therefore, this new kind of suspension is called nanofluid. For the better performance of these nanofluids, the researchers add another kind of solid powder of nanosized particles. In the means due to hybridization of nanoparticles in the nanoliquid, the nanofluid heat capacity enhances. This is the next generation of the nanofluid. The size of the nanoparticles in the nanofluid or in the hybridnaofluid should be so small to flow through the porous medium [2]. Madhesh et al. [3] studied the experimental flow of heat in the hybrid nanofluid of Cu‐TiO2 across a tubular shaped container; the nanoparticles volume fraction during the experiment was 0.1% to 2%. Senthilaraja et al. [4] studied experimentally the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid composed of Cu‐Al2O3/H2O, during the experiment the nanoparticle volume fraction was (0.05,0.1,and0.2%) and temperature variation was 20°C to 60°C. Bhosale and Borse [5] experimentally showed that the hybrid nanofluid is better significantly than conventional fluid in critical heat flux (CHF) by using a Ni‐Cr wire in pool boiling. He et al. [6] prepared a new kind of hybrid nanofluid composed of SWCNTs (single-wall carbon nanotubes) and CuSNPs (copper sulfide nanoparticles) into the base fluid PSS (styrene sulfonate) and analyze this new kind of hybrid nanofluid for production of electricity. Esfe et al. [7] experimentally analyzed the impact of nanoparticle percentage in the base fluid over the thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid. Syam et al. [8] demonstrated experimentally the impact of MHD on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanofluid of ND‐Co3O4 (ND: nanodiamond). The shape of the nanoparticles like spherical, cylindrical, brick, platelet, or blade shape affects the thermal capacity of the nanofluid. The nanofluid emerged as a favorable heat transferring agent from last few decades of years due to contempt of inconsistency in the literature of the nanofluid and lacking of understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms. With regard to the extension of nanofluid study, the researchers invent a new kind of fluid by adding various kinds of nanoparticles in mixture/composite form in the conventional fluid; this type of fluid is identified by a hybrid nanofluid. As compared to the nanofluid, the hybrid nanofluid is the good heat transferring agent due to less disadvantages, enhanced thermal characteristics, and synergistic effect of nanoparticles of multikind of nanoparticles versus single kind of nanoparticle and less pressure drop characteristic. For the industrial use production of nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid is the great challenge for researchers due to selection of suitable nanomaterial which is affordable in cost and fulfills the required needs, long-term stability, and simple in production [9]. Haidera et al. [10] have investigated the stream of hybrid nanofluid across the medium obeying the Darcy-Forchheimer model. They solve this flow by the shooting method by keeping the slip condition of momentum as well as applying thermal radiation and stratification. Acharya et al. [11] have explored the results related to the MHD stream of nanofluid over a spinning disc under the inspirations of Hall current and thermal radiation. They solve the problem through the RK-4 approach and then compare their results with a shooting technique. Farooq et al. [12] have inspected the entropy production in the hybrid nanofluid over a stretched rotting circular disc. They investigated the influence of transportation and viscous effects. TD, MG, and Brinkman models are applied to entropy generation to find the effective thermal conductivity. Islam et al. [13] have scrutinized the flow of the Maxwell nanofluid on an elongating cylinder. For the best analysis, they apply the heat in the form of radiation; the fluid is also heated up due to joule heating. Zubair et al. [14] have explored the results of nanofluid flow inside a couple of spinning discs with Cattaneo-Cristove heat flux; the discs are porous following the Darcy-Forchheimer model. They also analyze the entropy production during the flow of the nanofluid. Khan et al. [15] have explored the stream of couple stress fluid past a stretched surface. This flow on the stretched sheet is due to the periodic oscillations. Hybrid nanofluid with mixed convection boundary layer stream has a lot of practical applications like in electronic devices as a coolant, solar receivers, nuclear reactors, and heat exchangers [16]. Due to these practical applications of mixed convection boundary layer stream, this is mandatory to deeply study its benefits and welfares. Hayat et al. [17] have scrutinized analytically the mixed convection boundary layer stream of the nanofluid past a stretched cylinder. Turkyilmazoglu [18] has examined the heat transfer in the flow of mixed convection nanofluid past a moving flat plate. Haroun et al. [19] have investigated the nanofluid stream over a stretching/shrinking belt with convective boundary condition and solved by applying spectral relaxation method. Mirmasoumi et al. [20] have investigated the nanofluid flow inside a cylindrical tube with convective boundary condition. Mahday [21] explored the numerical results about the heat transfer in the mixed convective boundary layer flow over a vertically standing stretched sheet due to variable thermal conductivity and viscosity. Vasumathi and Rao [22] investigated the laminar flow of mixed convective boundary under MHD past over the nonlinear stretched surface. Sumalatha and Shanker [23] studied the impact of Soret and Dufour effects on the mixed convective boundary layer stream under MHD past a nonuniform heated plate. Kumar et al. [24] explored the nanofluid flow in a vertical channel with robin boundary constrains. Shehzad et al. [25] investigated the viscous fluid flow by keeping interference of viscous dissipation and joule heating. Malvandi et al. [26] have considered the mixed convective flow of Al2O3 and water nanofluid annulus under the impact of the magnetic field. Selimefedigil et al. [27] have reported the result of their studies about the mixed convective flow of the nanofluid made up of SiO2andH2O over a spinning cylinder. Hayat and Nadeem [28] studied the transfer of heat through the hybrid nanofluid composed of Ag,CuO solid nanoparticles, and water; the impact of chemical reaction in the hybrid nanofluid is also encountered. Rashad et al. [29] have explored the outcomes of the hybrid nanofluid composed of Cu,Al2O3, and water; natural convective flow under the impact of magnetic field; and joule heating. Usman et al. [30] investigated the impact of nonlinear thermal radiation over a time-dependent variable conductive hybrid nanofluid past a spinning plate. Mansour et al. [31] analyze the entropy generation in the MHD convective boundary flow inside a square-shaped cavity with heat source/sink. Sheikholeslami et al. [32] investigated the MHD flow of the hybrid nanofluid inside a round-shaped cavity with two heaters. Kumar and Sarkar [33] investigated the transfer of heat and drop of pressure of heat sink experimentally and present results numerically. Boulahia et al. [34] analyzed the entropy production ina convective boundary flow of the hybrid nanofluid inside a closed figure, wavy-shaped heat source placed at the center. Urmi et al. [35] explore experimentally the viscosity and thermal conductivity of hybridnaofluid TiO2‐Al2O3, and ethylene glycol is used as the base fluid. The flow of convective fluid across the porous medium have a lot of practical applications like biomedical engineering, ecofriendly engineering, petroleum engineering, civil engineering, and agrarian sciences. By means of porous medium studies, we can calculate underground water pollution by toxic fluids, collect more and more data about gas and petroleum at underground reservoirs, water seepage in ground during drainage and irrigation, biosensors, to study the infrastructure of concrete construction, as well as in petrochemicals. For the study of these kinds of flows in the porous medium, we adopt Darcy’s law to build a mathematical model for the flow. Darcy’s law is applicable to the flow when the Reynolds number does not exceeds unity, but as the Reynolds number beats unity the pressure drops in the fluid due to inertial effects. Therefore, Forchheimer [36] introduce a nonlinear term in his work to calculate the inertial effects to the flow in permeable medium. Muskat [37] also reported their results about the Forchheimer term. Seddeek [38] investigated the mass and heat transfer through the mixed convective boundary hybrid nanofluid past an isothermal upstanding flat sheet. Sadiq and Hayat [39] studied the 2D MHD flow of the Maxwell nanofluid past a linearly elongating belt. Bakar et al. [40] analyzed the convective boundary layer flow near a stagnation point with slip condition past a Darcy-Forchheimer porous surface. Umavathi et al. [41] studied the natural convective stream inside an upstanding porous medium-filled rectangular duct. Hayat et al. [42] investigated the heat transfer in SWCNTs and MWCNTs over the Darcy-Forchheimer porous disc. Shah et al. [43] explored the 3D micropolar flow past a spinning Darcy-Forchheimer porous disc. Sajjadi et al. [44] analyzed MRT, LBM, and MHD natural convective boundary flow across a porous medium. Muhammad et al. [45] demonstrated the flow of a viscous nanofluid past a curved sheet stretched nonlinearly with the Darcy-Forchheimer model. Sadiq et al. [46] illustrated impacts of slip conditions (thermal and velocity) over the heat transfer in a nanofluid past a Darcy-Forchheimer porous spinning disc. Alghamdi et al. [47] examined the transfer of heat in the Casson biphasic nanofluid through the Darcy-Brinkman porous medium. Khan et al. [48] explored the transfer of heat and mass in a nonaxisymmetric flow over a linearly stretched sheet. Rasool et al. [49] investigated numerically the MHD Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanofluid over a nonlinear stretched sheet. Waqas et al. [50] investigated numerically the Darcy-Forchheimer flow of couple stress bioconvective nanofluid past an inclined porous stretched cylinder.Now, researchers take interest to analyze the nanofluid flow across the medium having variable permeability and porosity. By keeping in mind the above study, we examined the hybrid couple stress nanofluid across the medium having variable permeability and porosity under the impact of MHD. In this study, the rotation of the medium having variable permeability and porosity was also encountered.


## 2. Mathematical Formulation

We assumed the 3D stream of hybrid nanofluid past a rotating circular disc. The angular momentum of the disc is represented byΩ. The disc is made up of a porous medium obeying the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The permeability and porosity of the circular disc are variable. This flow of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid is in a steady state. The fluid is electrically conducted and heated up by applying thermal radiation which is also affected by the magnetic field. The electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid is symbolized by σhnf. The flow of the couple stress fluid past a rotating disc is represented geometrically as below.Here,u,v,w are the momentum components taken in the direction of r,ψ,z. The effect of concentration is also encountered in the study. The principal equations of the assumed stream are as follows:
(1)∂u∂r+ur+∂w∂z=0,(2)u∂u∂r−v2r+w∂u∂z=υhnf∂2u∂r2+1r∂u∂r−ur2+∂2u∂z2−υhnfεzKzu−σhnfβ02ρhnfu−η0ρhnf∂4u∂z4−Cbε2zKzuu2+v2,(3)u∂v∂r+uv2r+w∂u∂z=υhnf∂2v∂r2+1r∂v∂r−vr2+∂2v∂z2−υhnfεzKzv−σhnfβ02ρhnfv−η0ρhnf∂4v∂z4−Cbε2zKzvu2+v2,(4)u∂w∂r+w∂w∂z=υhnf∂2w∂r2+1r∂w∂r+∂2w∂z2−υhnfεzKzw−σhnfβ02ρhnfw−η0ρhnf∂4w∂z4−Cbε2zKzwu2+v2,(5)u∂T∂r+w∂T∂z=αhnf∂2T∂r2+1r∂T∂r+∂2T∂z2+τhnfDBCzΤz+DTΤ∞Tz2−1ρcphnf16σ∗T∞33k∂2T∂z2,(6)u∂C∂r+v∂C∂z=DB∂2C∂z2+DTΤ∞∂2Τ∂z2.The variable permeability and porosity of the disc are given in the mathematical form as(7)Kz=K∞1+de−z/r,(8)εz=ε∞1+d∗e−z/r.The boundary conditions for the problem are(9)u=L∂u∂z,v=rΩ+L∂u∂z,w=0,T=Tw,C=Cw,atz=0,u⟶0,v⟶0,T⟶T∞,C⟶Cw,atz⟶∞.The similarity transformation selected for the problem to transform the governing PDEs given in equation (1) to (6) to ODEs is
(10)u=rΩf′ξ,v=rΩgξ,w=−2Ωυffξ,θξ=T−T∞Tw−T0,ϕξ=C−C∞Cw−C0,Hereξ=2Ωυfz.The theoretical mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid [12] applies to governing equations (2) to (6):
(11)μhnf=μf1−ϕ1−ϕ22.5,υhnf=μhnfρhnf,ρhnf=ρf1−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1ϕ1+ρ2ϕ2,αhnf=κhnfρcphnf,ρcphnf=ρcpf1−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρcp1ϕ1+ρcp2ϕ2,κhnfκbf=ϕ1κ1+ϕ2κ2+2ϕfκf+2ϕfϕ1κ1+ϕ2κ2−2ϕ1+ϕ22κfϕ1κ1+ϕ2κ2+2ϕfκf−ϕfϕ1κ1+ϕ2κ2+ϕ1+ϕ22κf,σhnfσbf=σ2+2σbf−2ϕ2σbf−σ2σ2+2σbf+ϕ2σbf−σ2,whereσbfσf=σ1+2σf−2ϕ1σf−σ1σ1+2σf−2ϕ1σf−σ1.,(12)11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22f‴−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξf′−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξf′2+12g2−f′2+g2+2ff″−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMf′+4ρfρhnfKfv=0,(13)11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ2/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22g″−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξg−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξg2+12f′2−f′g+fg′−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMg+4ρfρhnfKfv=0,(14)11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρcp1/ρcpfϕ1+ρcp2/ρcpfϕ2khnfkf+43Rθθw+st+13θ′′+Prfθ′+ρcphnp/ρcppρcphnf/ρcpfNbθ′ϕ′+Ntθ′2=0,(15)ϕ″−PrScfϕ′+NtNbθ″=0,(16)f=0,f′=γ̇f″,g=1+γg′,θ=1−st,ϕ=1,atξ=0,f′⟶0,g⟶0,θ⟶0,ϕ⟶0,atξ=∞.τ=ρcps/ρcpf represents the quotient of heat capacity of solid nanoparticles to base fluid heat capacity, αhnf=κhnf/ρcphnf is ratio of thermal conductivity to specific heat of the hybrid nanofluid,M=σB02/bρf represents Hartmann number, α=L2Ω/υf indicates the velocity slip parameter with L indicating the velocity slip coefficient, λ=K∞/r2ε∞ shows porosity parameter, K=η0b/ρυf symbolizes the parameter of couple stress, Re=Uwr/υf represents local Reynolds number, Fr=Cbε∞2r/K∞ expresses local inertial parameter with K∞ permeability and ε∞ porosity, γ=α/rPet1/2/r is the parameter where Pet=Re⋅Pr, R=4σ∗T∞3/kκf represents the radiation parameter, θw=T0/A⋅r is the temperature variable, st=B/A is thermal stratification parameter with AandB any dimensional constants, DB indicates Brownian diffusion coefficient, DT demonstrates the coefficient of thermophoretic diffusion, Nt=ρcpsDTTw−T∞/ρcpfT∞υf indicates thermophoresis parameter, and Nb=ρcpsDBCw−C∞/ρcpfυf is the Brownian motion parameter.


## 3. Thermophysical Properties

Thermophysical properties are the properties of the material which is considered very important in the transfer of heat. The thermophysical properties of a substance comprises specific heat capacityρcp, thermal conductivity κ, coefficient of liner and volumetric expansion αtandβt, heat of vaporization ΔHvap, and heat of combustion ΔHcomb. Some of the thermophysical properties of titanium dioxide TiO2, aluminum oxide Al2O3, and water H2O related to our problem are given in the table given below.


## 4. Engineer Interest Quantities

In the modern era, the use of mechanical and electrical equipment is much more; the generation of heat and friction must be associated with running machineries. The production of useless heat and friction reduces the efficiency of equipment. For the reduction of friction and transfer of useless heat, nanofluids are used in the equipment and machineries. For the flow analysis of couple stress hybrid nanofluid through permeable medium, the two terms skin friction and Nusselt number are more important. Skin friction is important to study the friction among the fluid and solid parts of the equipment, and the Nusselt number is calculated to examine the heat transfer rate through fluids. These two terms are explained below.


### 4.1. Skin Friction

The skin friction for the current phenomenon is defined mathematically in the nondimensional differential form as follows:(17)Re1/2Cf=11−ϕ1−ϕ22.5f′′0,Re1/2Cg=11−ϕ1−ϕ22.5g′0,.


### 4.2. Local Nusselt Constant

The Nusselt number for the current problem is defined mathematically in the nondimensional differential form as follows:(18)12Re1/2Nu=−κhnfκf+43Rd1θw+st+13θ′0.


## 4.1. Skin Friction

The skin friction for the current phenomenon is defined mathematically in the nondimensional differential form as follows:(17)Re1/2Cf=11−ϕ1−ϕ22.5f′′0,Re1/2Cg=11−ϕ1−ϕ22.5g′0,.


## 4.2. Local Nusselt Constant

The Nusselt number for the current problem is defined mathematically in the nondimensional differential form as follows:(18)12Re1/2Nu=−κhnfκf+43Rd1θw+st+13θ′0.


## 5. Solution by HAM

The semianalytic technique HAM is applied to our modeled problem given in equations (12)–(15) by utilizing the boundary conditions in equation (16). The schematic representation of the HAM technique is as follows.The linear operatorsLf⌢,Lg⌢,Lθ⌢,andLϕ⌢ for the HAM are demarcated as
(19)Lf⌢f⌢=f⌢v,Lg⌢g⌢=g′′⌢,Lθ⌢θ⌢=θ′′⌢,Lϕ⌢ϕ⌢=ϕ′′⌢.The nonlinear operatorsNf⌢,Ng⌢,Nθ⌢,andNϕ⌢ for the HAM are defined as follows:
(20)Nf⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22f⌢ξξξ−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξf⌢ξ−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξf⌢ξ2+12g⌢2−f⌢ξ2+g⌢2+2f⌢f⌢ξξ−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMf⌢ξ+4ρfρhnfKf⌢ξξξξξ,(21)Ng⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22g⌢ξξ−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξg⌢−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξg⌢2+12f⌢ξ2−f⌢ξg⌢+f⌢g⌢ξ−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMg⌢+4ρfρhnfKf⌢ξξξξξ,(22)Nθ⌢f⌢ξ;p,θ⌢ξ;p,ϕ⌢ξ;p=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρcp1/ρcpfϕ1+ρcp2/ρcpfϕ2khnfkf+43Rθ⌢θw+st+13θ⌢ξ′+Prf⌢θ⌢ξ+ρcphnp/ρcppρcphnf/ρcpfNbθ⌢ξϕ⌢ξ+Ntθ⌢ξ2,(23)Nϕ⌢f⌢ξ;p,θ⌢ξ;p,ϕ⌢ξ;p=ϕ⌢ξξ−PrScf⌢ϕ⌢ξ+NtNbθ⌢ξξ.The 0th order solution is as follows:
(24)1−pLf⌢f⌢ξ;p−f⌢0=pℏNf⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p,(25)1−pLg⌢g⌢ξ;p−g⌢0=pℏNg⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p,(26)1−pLθ⌢θ⌢ξ;p−θ⌢0=pℏNθ⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p;ϕ⌢ξ;p,(27)1−pLϕ⌢ϕ⌢ξ;p−ϕ⌢0=pℏNϕ⌢f⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p;ϕ⌢ξ;p.The conditions at the boundary point for the current phenomenon are transformed to nondimensional form as follows:(28)f⌢ξ;pξ=0=0,∂∂ξf⌢ξ;pξ=0=γ∂2∂ξ2f⌢ξ;pξ=0,θ⌢ξ;pξ=0=1−st,ϕ⌢ξ;pξ=0=1,f⌢ξ;pξ=∞⟶0,g⌢ξ;pξ=∞⟶0,θ⌢ξ;pξ=∞⟶0,ϕ⌢ξ;pξ=0⟶0.In the above system,"p" represents the imbedding parameter lies in the rang 0≤p≤1. To regulate the solution convergence for the problem, we choose the parametershf⌢,hg⌢,hθ⌢,andhϕ⌢ in a best range. At the extreme limits of the embedding parameters "p" that is p=0andp=1, the problem solution reduces to the expressions as
(29)f⌢ξ;0=f⌢0ξ,g⌢ξ;0=g⌢0ξ,θ⌢ξ;0=θ⌢0ξ,ϕ⌢ξ;0=ϕ⌢0ξ,Expand the functionsf⌢ξ;p,g⌢ξ;p,θ⌢ξ;p,andϕ⌢ξ;p by using the Taylor’s series.
(30)fξ;p=f0ξ+∑j=1∞fjξpj,gξ;p=g0ξ+∑j=1∞gjξpj,θξ;p=θ0ξ+∑j=1∞θjξpj,ϕξ;p=ϕ0ξ+∑j=1∞ϕjξpj,Where(31)fjξ=1j!∂∂ξfξ;pp=0,gjξ=1j!∂∂ξgξ;pp=0,θjξ=1j!∂∂ξθξ;pp=0,ϕjξ=1j!∂∂ξϕξ;pp=0.Thejth order solution for the current problem is
(32)Lf⌢f⌢jξ−χjf⌢j−1ξ=ℏf⌢Rjf⌢ξ,Lg⌢g⌢jξ−χjg⌢j−1ξ=ℏg⌢Rjg⌢ξ,Lθ⌢θ⌢jξ−χjθ⌢j−1ξ=ℏθ⌢Rjθ⌢ξ,Lϕ⌢ϕ⌢jξ−χjϕ⌢j−1ξ=ℏϕ⌢Rjϕ⌢ξ.Here,(33)Rjf⌢ξ=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22f⌢r′′′−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξf⌢r′−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξ∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−r′f⌢r′+12∑r=0j−1g⌢j−1−rg⌢r−∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−r′f⌢r′+∑r=0j−1g⌢j−1−rg⌢r+2∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−rf⌢r′′−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMf⌢r′+4ρfρhnfKf⌢r′′′′′,(34)Rjg⌢ξ=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρ1/ρfϕ1+ρ2/ρfϕ22∑r=0j−1g⌢j−1−r′′g⌢r′′−12λRer1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξg⌢r−Fr1+d∗e−ξ1+de−ξ∑r=0j−1g⌢j−1−rg⌢r+12∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−r′f⌢r′−∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−r′g⌢r+∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−r′g⌢r′−σhnf/σfρhnf/ρfMg⌢r+4ρfρhnfKf⌢r′′′′′,(35)Rjθ⌢ξ=11−ϕ1−ϕ21−ϕ1−ϕ2+ρcp1/ρcpfϕ1+ρcp2/ρcpfϕ2khnfkf+43Rθ⌢rθw+st+13θ⌢r′′+Pr∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−rθ⌢r′+ρcphnp/ρcppρcphnf/ρcpfNb∑r=0j−1θ⌢j−1−r′ϕ⌢r′+Nt∑r=0j−1θ⌢j−1−r′θ⌢r′,(36)Rjϕ⌢ξ=ϕ⌢r′′−PrSc∑r=0j−1f⌢j−1−rϕ⌢r′+NtNbθ⌢r′′.


## 6. Result and Discussion

Figure1 shows the physical flow of the couple stress fluid past a rotatory disc. Figures 2–6 show the momentum profile fη for various physical parameters, while Figures 7–9 demonstrate the impact of diverse physical parameters over the momentum profile gη. Figures 10–13 are the representation of concentration against different physical parameters. The impressions of novel physical parameters on the energy profile of the couple stress nanofluid are represented in Figures 14–20. Figure 2 indicates the effect of local inertial parameter Fr on the momentum profile fη. Figure 2 indicates that the momentum profile decreases by enhancing the local inertial parameter Fr. Physically the increase in inertial parameter the increase in resistance in medium means decrease in the permeability of the medium as a result the decrease in momentum of the fluid. Figure 3 displays the impact of couple stress parameter K over the momentum profile fη. This Figure 3 demonstrates that momentum profile boosts with the escalation of couple stress parameter. Physically the increase in couple stress parameter means the decrease in viscosity of the fluid so it is obvious that non-viscous fluid moves rapidly. Figure 4 portrays the relation of porosity parameter λ versus momentum profile fη of the couple stress nanofluid. Figure 4 indicates that there is direct relation of porosity parameter λ with the momentum profile fη of the couple stress nanofluid. Physically, it is understood that the fluid moves fast in a porous medium with more permeability. Figure 5 displays the impression of Hartmann number M over the momentum profile fη. From Figure 5, we noted that as we enhance the Hartmann number the momentum profile declines. Physically, the increase in Hartmann number creates Lorentz force, which provides the opposing force to the flow as a result retardation in the flow. Another very novel physical parameter in the motion of nanofluid is the Reynolds number Re; the impact of this Reynolds number Re on the momentum profile fη of the couple stress nanofluid is portrayed in Figure 6. From this Figure 6, it is observed that as the Reynolds number Re increases, the momentum profile fη upsurges.Figure 1
Pictorial sketch of the spinning flow.Figure 2
Impact of local inertial parameterFr over momentum profile fη.Figure 3
Influence of couple stress parameterK over momentum profile fη.Figure 4
Influence of porosity parameterλ over momentum profile fη.Figure 5
Influence of Hartmann numberM over momentum profile fη.Figure 6
Impact of Reynolds numberRe over momentum profile fη.Figure 7
Impact of local inertial parameterFr over momentum profile gη.Figure 8
Impact of couple stress parameterK over momentum profile gη.Figure 9
Impact of porosity parameterλ over momentum profile gη.Figure 10
Impact of Brownian motion parameterNb over concentration profile ϕη.Figure 11
Impact of thermophoresis parameterNt on the concentration profile fη.Figure 12
Impact of Prandtl numberPr on the concentration profile ϕη.Figure 13
Impact of Schmidt numberSc on the concentration profile ϕη.Figure 14
Influence of local inertial parameterFr over energy profileθη.Figure 15
Impact of couple stress parameterK on the energy profile θη.Figure 16
Impact of Brownian motion parameterNb over energy profile θη.Figure 17
Impact of thermophoresis parameterNt over energy profile θη.Figure 18
Impact of nanoparticle fractionϕ1 over energy profile θη.Figure 19
Influence of nanoparticle fractionϕ2 over energy profile θη.Figure 20
Effect of Prandtl numberPr over momentum profile fη.The impact of local inertial parameterFr on the momentum profile gη is portrayed in Figure 7. From the same figure, it is noted that momentum profile gη declines with escalation of inertial parameter Fr. The impact of couple stress parameter K over the momentum profile gη is demonstrated in Figure 8. From Figure 8, it is distinguished that the momentum profile gη declines by the enhancing of couple stress parameter. Figure 9 portrays the relation of porosity parameter λ versus momentum profile gη of the couple stress nanofluid. Figure 9 indicates that there is direct relation of porosity parameter λ with the momentum profile gη of the couple stress nanofluid.Figure10 indicates the effect of Brownian parameter Nb over the concentration profile ϕη of the couple stress nanofluid past a rotting disc. From Figure 10, it is noted that the concentration profile ϕη of the couple stress nanofluid declines with the escalation of the Brownian parameter Nb. Figure 11 demonstrates the impact of thermophoresis parameter Nt over the concentration profile ϕη of the couple stress nanofluid. From Figure 11, we observed that as the thermophoresis parameter enhances the concentration profile of the nanofluid enhances. From Figure 12, it is noted that the concentration ϕη of the nanoparticles becomes low where the Reynolds number Re is high during the flow. Figure 13 portrayed the influence of Schmidt number Sc over the concentration profile ϕη of the nanofluid. From Figure 13, it is obvious that the concentration ϕη of the couple stress nanofluid declines with the escalation of the Schmidt number Sc.Figure14 is the sketch of energy profile θη against local inertial parameter Fr. From Figure 14, it is very clear that the energy profile θη of the couple stress nanofluid enhances as we increase the inertial parameter Fr of the medium. Physically, the increase in inertial parameter means the decrease in permeability of the medium which reduces the pace of the fluid provides more time to fluid in contact with hot wall which enhances the temperature profile of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid. Figure 15 demonstrates the effect of couple stress parameter K over the energy profile θη of the flowing couple stress nanofluid. It is very clear from Figure 15 that the energy profile θη drops as the couple stress feature of the fluid boosts. Figure 16 is the sketch of energy profile θη of the couple stress nanofluid against the Brownian parameter Nb. Figure 17 demonstrates the effect of thermophoresis parameter Nt over the energy profile θη of the nanofluid. It is obvious from Figure 17 that the energy profile θη boosts as the thermophoresis parameter Nt upsurges. Figure 18 is the plot of energy profile θη of the flowing fluid against the volume fraction ϕ1 of the titanium oxide TiO2. From Figure 18, it is very clear that the energy profile θη enhances with the escalation of nanoparticles volume fraction ϕ1 (9%,10%,11%,and12%) of the titanium oxide TiO2 in the base fluid (H2O). Figure 19 indicates that as we increase the volume fraction ϕ29%,10%,11%,and12% of the nanoparticles, aluminum oxide Al2O3 enhancing the energy profile θη of the couple stress nanofluid declines. Figure 20 indicates the relation of energy profile θη with the Prandtl number Pr. From Figure 20, it is noted that the energy profile enhances as the Prandtl number Pr enhances.Figures21 and 22 show the combine impact of local inertial parameter Fr and couple stress parameter K over the skin friction coefficient Re1/2CfandRe1/2Cg. From Figures 21 and 22, we see clearly that with the increase in inertial parameter Fr the decrease in permeability increase the pressure drop due to this the velocity of the nanofluid decreases this generates the reduction in the skin fraction Re1/2Cg. Also, we see from Figures 21 and 22 that with the increase in couple stress parameter the velocity field enhances due to which the skin fraction Re1/2Cg enhances. Table 1 shows the thermophysical properties of the base fluid (water H2O) and solid nanoparticles (TiO2,Al2O3). Also, Table 2 displays the impact of various physical parameters over the skin friction coefficient when the nanoparticle volume friction in the base fluid is ϕ1=12%TiO2 and ϕ2=13%Al2O3. Table 3 displays the impact of various physical parameters over the heat transfer rate through the couple stress hybrid nanofluid when there is12% volume fraction of the titanium oxide TiO2 nanoparticles and 13% volume fraction of the aluminum oxide Al2O3 nanoparticles in 75% water H2O.Figure 21
Effect of local inertia parameterFr and couple stress parameter K on skin friction f′′0.Figure 22
Impact of local inertia parameterFr and couple stress parameter K on skin friction g′0.Table 1
Thermophysical properties ofH2O, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide.
Physical propertiesBase fluidSolid nanoparticlesH2OTiO2Al2O3Densityρkg/m3997.142304000Thermal conductivityκW/mK0.6138.440Specific heat capacitycpJ/kgK4179692773Electric conductivityσSm−15.5×10−62.38×1065.96×107Table 2
Impact of some physical parameters over skin friction coefficientRe1/2CfandRe1/2Cg when R=0.3,θw=0.4,st=0.7,γ∗=0.3,andγ=0.3whenϕ1=12%andϕ2=13%.
FrMKReλRe1/2CfRe1/2Cg0.50.450.350.250.50.602455200.76339750.60.35331960.49353120.70.086010300.20429810.50.08351440.20173630.60.07852590.19661590.70.07354180.19149990.50.23908410.36748290.60.34720500.48234470.70.46018490.60206530.50.10589020.22470190.60.10921030.22810930.70.11158290.23054430.50.08601030.20429810.60.09262930.21109170.70.09736180.2159489Table 3
Impact of various physical parameters over the Nusselt number1/2Re1/2Nu when R=0.3,γ∗=0.3,andγ=0.3whenϕ1=12%andϕ2=13%.
RdθwstNtNb1/2Re1/2Nu0.40.520.340.230.270.43545490.50.51518670.60.59491840.40.52635480.50.44786000.60.39364890.40.40306970.50.36137870.60.33032480.40.42919290.50.42550940.60.42182590.40.41949300.50.40721450.60.3949361


## 7. Main Findings

(i)
Velocityfη enhances with the increase in local inertial parameter Fr, couple stress parameter K, porosity parameter λ, and Reynolds number Re but declines by the escalation in Hartmann number M. Also, the velocity gη decreases with the increase in local inertial parameter Fr and porosity parameter λ but decreases with an escalation in couple stress parameter K(ii)
Concentration profileϕη decreases with the increase in Nb, Pr, and Sc but enhances with Nt(iii)
Temperature profileθη decreases with the increase inFr, ϕ2, and K but enhances with Nt,Nb,ϕ1, and Pr(iv)
Skin friction enhances with the increase in local inertial parameterFr, couple stress parameter K, Reynolds number Re, and porosity parameter λ but decreases for Hartmann number M. Also, the heat transfer rate 1/2Re1/2Nu enhances for radiation parameter Rd but decreases in θw (variable for temperature), st (the thermal stratification parameter), thermophoresis parameter Nt, and Brownian parameter Nb



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