# Searching for Slip Surface of Disturbed Slope Based on Logistic Function

Authors: Yalin Zhu; Xuefeng Peng; Kun Tan; Ming Shi; Yin Hong; Yixian Wang
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2020)

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## Abstract

In the slope stability analysis, how to make the slip surface of the structure more precise and smoother has been the focus of research when fitting the slip surface with known numerical points. The study found that the logistic function has both advantages in fitting the slip surface. The related parameters (M, A, and K) are derived by the threshold, symmetry, and precision control of its function. Logistic function constructs the slip surface and compares it with the broken-line slip surface; the numerical results show that the slip points on the two slip surfaces are consistent, indicating that the logistic function fits the curve correctly; the logistic function smooths the original polyline curve, which facilitates solving the direction vector of the curve.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

For the study of slope stability, it is important to solve two types of problems: the calculation of the safety factor and the search of the potential slip surface [1–3]. There are many ways to define the safety factor, and the two methods that engineers use the most are the limit balance method and the strength reduction method.Among them, the limit equilibrium method is dominant [4]. It takes the rigid strip on the specific slip surface as the research object and performs static analysis to obtain the corresponding intensity storage value [5, 6]. However, this method cannot calculate the deformation and displacement results of the structure, especially for the slide surfaces [7, 8]. With the development of computers, more scholars use numerical methods to calculate the stability of the slope [9, 10]. This method can not only calculate the safety factor but also obtain the stress-strain field of the slope to solve the potential slip surface. For numerical analysis, the object of calculation is often the model unit, so when searching for the slip surface, it directly obtains the key coordinate point on the slip surface (referred to as the slip point) [11, 12].In geotechnical engineering, a large number of observations show that the sliding surface of a slope is often similar to a cylindrical surface. Therefore, on the side section of the slope, the slip surface can be simplified into a curve [13–15]. This law provides a convenient way for slope stability analysis. It enables the analysis of landslides to be treated approximately as a plane problem, and the sliding surface is regarded as a sliding curve [16, 17]. A general polygonal sliding surface is constructed by using a linear function as a basis function [18]. These slip surfaces are continuous but not smooth enough. This can result in an inaccurate slope at the slip point, which makes it impossible to calculate the direction cosine [19]. Obviously, the unit jump function is not the only way to construct a slip surface. The most common is to use a polynomial to fit the curve because the general function can be expanded into a polynomial using Taylor series [20]. This method is to perform a certain mathematical function repair on the obtained curve. It interferes with the randomness of the slip surface and causes the loss of some slip points [21]. Taking into account the property of the unit jump function, the logistic function is used instead of it as a basis function [22]. This article discusses how the logistic function constructs a slip surface in a two-dimensional space and how to calculate related parameters.


## 2. Sliding Surface Curve Based on the Logistic Function

For any shape of the slip surface, people usually use a series of discrete points to construct [23]. From Figure 1(a), the two points are connected to form a polygonal line-shaped sliding surface.This polygonal-type slip surface is mathematically modeled by a series of jump functions as a basis function. Deriving the slip planes gives their differential functions (Figure1(b)). It is a series of step functions with unit step functions [24]:(1)Ht=1t≥0,0t<0.Figure 1
Polyline slip surface.
(a)
(b)Superimpose formula (1) to obtain the sliding surface differential function expression:(2)gx=∑i=1naiHx−bi,where ai is the slope difference, bi is the slip point coordinate, and n is the number of calculation intervals.Obviously, the function value at each slip point of Figure1(b) is not unique. This function is used to obtain the slip surface curve by integrating, which will result in the inability to solve the direction cosine of each slip point.


### 2.1. Logistic Property Study

The logistic function is a sigmoid function named after Pierre Francois Velul in 1844 or 1845 when studying its relationship with population growth; its function expression is as follows [25, 26]:(3)fx=M1+Ae−Kx,where M, A, and K are the basic parameters.Deriving equation (3) leads to(4)f′x=KMAe−KxAe−Kx+12.LetM = 1, K = 1, and A = 1 and get the corresponding logistic function and the curve graph of its derivative (Figure 2). It has three important characteristics: the logistic function is a threshold function, and the corresponding function value is 0 < Logistic (x) < 1; it has been proved that the logistic function in this graph is strictly symmetric about (0, 0.5); and the logistic function is a smooth curve.Figure 2
Logistic function and its derivative function.Integrate equation (3) to get the following equation:(5)Yx=MKlnAe−Kx+1+x.Figure3 shows a comparison of the graph after logistic integration with the graph obtained by integrating the unit jump function gx. From Figure 3, the two function curves are consistent at the beginning and the end, which can ensure the accuracy of the smoothed surface. When X = 0, the logistic curve is smoother at the turning point, and the unit jump function is connected by a broken line. From this, the logistic function can smooth the curve.Figure 3
Function diagram comparison chart.


### 2.2. The Composition of the Slip Surface Curve of the Logistic Function

In order to facilitate the calculation, the sliding surface differential function needs to be divided into calculation intervals. The assumptions are as follows: there aren + 1 slip points denoted by the corresponding abscissa: u0,u1,u2,…,un. Solve the slope between every two points denoted as v1,v2,v3,…,vn. Taking the midpoint of the two slipping points as the critical point of the division, it is recorded as b1,b2,b3,…,bn, and each interval (b1∼b2, b2∼b3, …, bn-1∼bn) can be regarded as the object of research. As shown in Figure 4(a), the slip surface differential function in the figure has five slip points and is divided into five-segment calculation intervals.Figure 4
Schematic diagram of differential function interval division of the slip surface.
(a)
(b)Each calculation interval is taken apart as a separate calculation object, and the initial coordinateY value is reset to zero, which makes each calculation interval a unit jump function, as shown in Figure 4(b).The logistic function replaces the original unit jump function and translatesu units on the coordinate axis to coincide with the corresponding calculation interval. The logistic function of different intervals is obtained, which is denoted as yi. The formula is(6)yi=Mi1+Aie−Kix−ui,where Mi, Ai, and Ki are the function parameters of each interval segment, i: 1∼n − 1.Figure5 shows the yi function graphs of different intervals. The x values of the translation are 20, 40, and 60, respectively.Figure 5
Diagram of the logistic function after translation.The function of each calculation interval is accumulated to obtain a smoothed sliding surface curve differential function (as shown in Figure6). The formula is(7)zx=∑i=1nyi.Figure 6
Logistic function synthesis diagram.Substituting equation (6) in (7) and adding the slope initial value(8)z=v0+∑i=1nMi1+Aie−Kix−ui,where vi represents the slope of each calculation interval.The differential function (equation (8)) is integrated to obtain the corresponding slip surface curve, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Schematic diagram of the slip surface based on the logistic function.The formula is(9)Z=v0x+Y0+∑i=1nMiKilnAie−Kix−ui+1+x−ui,where y0 is the initial value of the y value of the slip point.


### 2.3. Logistic Parameters

The logistic function is mainly controlled by three parameters: M, K, and A. In this section, the laws and properties of these three parameters are analyzed, and the calculation method for determining the parameters is obtained.


#### 2.3.1. ParameterM

The slip surface differential function is superimposed by the logistic function, so the size of the M parameter is determined by the slope difference between each calculation interval by the following formula:(10)Mi=vi+1−vi.Figure8 shows a logistic function image with parameter M of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (the other two parameters are all 1). As the parameter M increases, the upper limit of the logistic function increases continuously, and the parameter M controls the threshold size of the function.Figure 8
Comparison of different M value function diagram.


#### 2.3.2. ParameterA

The logistic function is a composite function in which the exponential function is constant over (0, 1) points. Then, the slip point (ui, yi) is arbitrarily selected and brought into equation (6) to obtain(11)Mi1+Ai=yi.Then, the deformation is available:(12)Ai=Miyi−1.From the aforementioned equation, the parameterAi is determined by two variables, Mi and yi. Since the value of Mi is a known condition, the key to the calculation of the parameter Ai is to obtain the value of Yi. Figure 9 shows that A is the slip point on the differential equation curve before and after smoothing. In order to keep the value of the differential curve integrated, it is necessary to make the area around point A equal, S1 = S2.Figure 9
Comparison of differential equations.Because of the symmetry of the logistic function, let the ordinate of the O point be the average ofvi and vi+1, that is,(13)yi=vi+1−vi2.Substituting (13) and (10) in (12),(14)Ai=1.When the parameterAi is a constant value of 1, the logistic function can be made symmetric about (ui, vi+vi+1/2.


#### 2.3.3. ParameterK

TheK value mainly affects the speed at which the function value reaches the threshold. The K value is a constant greater than 1, and as the K value increases, the speed at which the function changes in value is faster. As shown in Figure 10, the K value changes from 1 to 4, and the number of corners of the curve is getting smaller.Figure 10
Diagram comparison of differentK value functions.The closer theK value is to 1, the smoother the curve, but the smoother the curve, the greater the deviation at the endpoint of the calculation. In Figure 10, the function with a larger value of K has a larger deviation between the value of the point at both ends and the original value. When x is at both ends (x = −3 or x = 3), the function of K = 4 has the largest deviation from the original value (y = 0 or y = 1). Figure 11 shows the deviation between the function values of the different K values and the original values, where the left endpoint function value is compared to 0 and the right endpoint is compared to 1. When K = 1, the deviation generated is the largest, and the accuracy at this time cannot meet the requirements. If this differential function is integrated, it will cause a large deviation. When K = 2, the deviation is already close to 0, and the deviation becomes smaller and smaller as the value of x increases.Figure 11
Deviation of differentK values at two endpoints.From the above analysis, the accuracy of the endpoint needs to be controlled. For the convenience of calculation, this paper limits the error of the right endpoint of each calculation interval. Let any coordinate point on the right side of the slip pointui be xi, at which point the function value reaches the target value. The formula is(15)limx⟶xiyix=vi+1−vi.Substituting formulas (6) and (10) in (15),(16)limx⟶xiMi1+Aie−Kix−ui=Mi.Simplify:(17)limx⟶xie−Kix−ui=0.If the formula (17) is simplified, we get(18)ki=limx⟶xiln0ui−x.With equation (18), the limit of the values of Ki is inexistent when (x) ⟶ (xi). Therefore, let equation (17) be equal to any value that satisfies accuracy. In order to meet the accuracy requirements in engineering, this article assumes that the value is 1 × 10−4 and (19)Ki=9.21xi−ui.From the aforementioned equation, it is necessary to determine the value ofxi to obtain the size of Ki. In order to ensure the accuracy after the integration, the value of the slip point to the point near the two ends is selected, and the value is equal to xi−ui.Letpi=xi−ui, and the formula is(20)pi=minbi+1−ui,bi−ui,Ki=9.21pi.From Figure12, comparing the bi∼ui segment and the bi+1∼ui segment in the graph, the length of the former is smaller than the latter, so the length of the bi∼ui segment is selected for calculation. If the calculation interval is a symmetric interval, select any endpoint.Figure 12
Calculation interval diagram.


## 2.1. Logistic Property Study

The logistic function is a sigmoid function named after Pierre Francois Velul in 1844 or 1845 when studying its relationship with population growth; its function expression is as follows [25, 26]:(3)fx=M1+Ae−Kx,where M, A, and K are the basic parameters.Deriving equation (3) leads to(4)f′x=KMAe−KxAe−Kx+12.LetM = 1, K = 1, and A = 1 and get the corresponding logistic function and the curve graph of its derivative (Figure 2). It has three important characteristics: the logistic function is a threshold function, and the corresponding function value is 0 < Logistic (x) < 1; it has been proved that the logistic function in this graph is strictly symmetric about (0, 0.5); and the logistic function is a smooth curve.Figure 2
Logistic function and its derivative function.Integrate equation (3) to get the following equation:(5)Yx=MKlnAe−Kx+1+x.Figure3 shows a comparison of the graph after logistic integration with the graph obtained by integrating the unit jump function gx. From Figure 3, the two function curves are consistent at the beginning and the end, which can ensure the accuracy of the smoothed surface. When X = 0, the logistic curve is smoother at the turning point, and the unit jump function is connected by a broken line. From this, the logistic function can smooth the curve.Figure 3
Function diagram comparison chart.


## 2.2. The Composition of the Slip Surface Curve of the Logistic Function

In order to facilitate the calculation, the sliding surface differential function needs to be divided into calculation intervals. The assumptions are as follows: there aren + 1 slip points denoted by the corresponding abscissa: u0,u1,u2,…,un. Solve the slope between every two points denoted as v1,v2,v3,…,vn. Taking the midpoint of the two slipping points as the critical point of the division, it is recorded as b1,b2,b3,…,bn, and each interval (b1∼b2, b2∼b3, …, bn-1∼bn) can be regarded as the object of research. As shown in Figure 4(a), the slip surface differential function in the figure has five slip points and is divided into five-segment calculation intervals.Figure 4
Schematic diagram of differential function interval division of the slip surface.
(a)
(b)Each calculation interval is taken apart as a separate calculation object, and the initial coordinateY value is reset to zero, which makes each calculation interval a unit jump function, as shown in Figure 4(b).The logistic function replaces the original unit jump function and translatesu units on the coordinate axis to coincide with the corresponding calculation interval. The logistic function of different intervals is obtained, which is denoted as yi. The formula is(6)yi=Mi1+Aie−Kix−ui,where Mi, Ai, and Ki are the function parameters of each interval segment, i: 1∼n − 1.Figure5 shows the yi function graphs of different intervals. The x values of the translation are 20, 40, and 60, respectively.Figure 5
Diagram of the logistic function after translation.The function of each calculation interval is accumulated to obtain a smoothed sliding surface curve differential function (as shown in Figure6). The formula is(7)zx=∑i=1nyi.Figure 6
Logistic function synthesis diagram.Substituting equation (6) in (7) and adding the slope initial value(8)z=v0+∑i=1nMi1+Aie−Kix−ui,where vi represents the slope of each calculation interval.The differential function (equation (8)) is integrated to obtain the corresponding slip surface curve, as shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Schematic diagram of the slip surface based on the logistic function.The formula is(9)Z=v0x+Y0+∑i=1nMiKilnAie−Kix−ui+1+x−ui,where y0 is the initial value of the y value of the slip point.


## 2.3. Logistic Parameters

The logistic function is mainly controlled by three parameters: M, K, and A. In this section, the laws and properties of these three parameters are analyzed, and the calculation method for determining the parameters is obtained.


### 2.3.1. ParameterM

The slip surface differential function is superimposed by the logistic function, so the size of the M parameter is determined by the slope difference between each calculation interval by the following formula:(10)Mi=vi+1−vi.Figure8 shows a logistic function image with parameter M of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (the other two parameters are all 1). As the parameter M increases, the upper limit of the logistic function increases continuously, and the parameter M controls the threshold size of the function.Figure 8
Comparison of different M value function diagram.


### 2.3.2. ParameterA

The logistic function is a composite function in which the exponential function is constant over (0, 1) points. Then, the slip point (ui, yi) is arbitrarily selected and brought into equation (6) to obtain(11)Mi1+Ai=yi.Then, the deformation is available:(12)Ai=Miyi−1.From the aforementioned equation, the parameterAi is determined by two variables, Mi and yi. Since the value of Mi is a known condition, the key to the calculation of the parameter Ai is to obtain the value of Yi. Figure 9 shows that A is the slip point on the differential equation curve before and after smoothing. In order to keep the value of the differential curve integrated, it is necessary to make the area around point A equal, S1 = S2.Figure 9
Comparison of differential equations.Because of the symmetry of the logistic function, let the ordinate of the O point be the average ofvi and vi+1, that is,(13)yi=vi+1−vi2.Substituting (13) and (10) in (12),(14)Ai=1.When the parameterAi is a constant value of 1, the logistic function can be made symmetric about (ui, vi+vi+1/2.


### 2.3.3. ParameterK

TheK value mainly affects the speed at which the function value reaches the threshold. The K value is a constant greater than 1, and as the K value increases, the speed at which the function changes in value is faster. As shown in Figure 10, the K value changes from 1 to 4, and the number of corners of the curve is getting smaller.Figure 10
Diagram comparison of differentK value functions.The closer theK value is to 1, the smoother the curve, but the smoother the curve, the greater the deviation at the endpoint of the calculation. In Figure 10, the function with a larger value of K has a larger deviation between the value of the point at both ends and the original value. When x is at both ends (x = −3 or x = 3), the function of K = 4 has the largest deviation from the original value (y = 0 or y = 1). Figure 11 shows the deviation between the function values of the different K values and the original values, where the left endpoint function value is compared to 0 and the right endpoint is compared to 1. When K = 1, the deviation generated is the largest, and the accuracy at this time cannot meet the requirements. If this differential function is integrated, it will cause a large deviation. When K = 2, the deviation is already close to 0, and the deviation becomes smaller and smaller as the value of x increases.Figure 11
Deviation of differentK values at two endpoints.From the above analysis, the accuracy of the endpoint needs to be controlled. For the convenience of calculation, this paper limits the error of the right endpoint of each calculation interval. Let any coordinate point on the right side of the slip pointui be xi, at which point the function value reaches the target value. The formula is(15)limx⟶xiyix=vi+1−vi.Substituting formulas (6) and (10) in (15),(16)limx⟶xiMi1+Aie−Kix−ui=Mi.Simplify:(17)limx⟶xie−Kix−ui=0.If the formula (17) is simplified, we get(18)ki=limx⟶xiln0ui−x.With equation (18), the limit of the values of Ki is inexistent when (x) ⟶ (xi). Therefore, let equation (17) be equal to any value that satisfies accuracy. In order to meet the accuracy requirements in engineering, this article assumes that the value is 1 × 10−4 and (19)Ki=9.21xi−ui.From the aforementioned equation, it is necessary to determine the value ofxi to obtain the size of Ki. In order to ensure the accuracy after the integration, the value of the slip point to the point near the two ends is selected, and the value is equal to xi−ui.Letpi=xi−ui, and the formula is(20)pi=minbi+1−ui,bi−ui,Ki=9.21pi.From Figure12, comparing the bi∼ui segment and the bi+1∼ui segment in the graph, the length of the former is smaller than the latter, so the length of the bi∼ui segment is selected for calculation. If the calculation interval is a symmetric interval, select any endpoint.Figure 12
Calculation interval diagram.


## 2.3.1. ParameterM

The slip surface differential function is superimposed by the logistic function, so the size of the M parameter is determined by the slope difference between each calculation interval by the following formula:(10)Mi=vi+1−vi.Figure8 shows a logistic function image with parameter M of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (the other two parameters are all 1). As the parameter M increases, the upper limit of the logistic function increases continuously, and the parameter M controls the threshold size of the function.Figure 8
Comparison of different M value function diagram.


## 2.3.2. ParameterA

The logistic function is a composite function in which the exponential function is constant over (0, 1) points. Then, the slip point (ui, yi) is arbitrarily selected and brought into equation (6) to obtain(11)Mi1+Ai=yi.Then, the deformation is available:(12)Ai=Miyi−1.From the aforementioned equation, the parameterAi is determined by two variables, Mi and yi. Since the value of Mi is a known condition, the key to the calculation of the parameter Ai is to obtain the value of Yi. Figure 9 shows that A is the slip point on the differential equation curve before and after smoothing. In order to keep the value of the differential curve integrated, it is necessary to make the area around point A equal, S1 = S2.Figure 9
Comparison of differential equations.Because of the symmetry of the logistic function, let the ordinate of the O point be the average ofvi and vi+1, that is,(13)yi=vi+1−vi2.Substituting (13) and (10) in (12),(14)Ai=1.When the parameterAi is a constant value of 1, the logistic function can be made symmetric about (ui, vi+vi+1/2.


## 2.3.3. ParameterK

TheK value mainly affects the speed at which the function value reaches the threshold. The K value is a constant greater than 1, and as the K value increases, the speed at which the function changes in value is faster. As shown in Figure 10, the K value changes from 1 to 4, and the number of corners of the curve is getting smaller.Figure 10
Diagram comparison of differentK value functions.The closer theK value is to 1, the smoother the curve, but the smoother the curve, the greater the deviation at the endpoint of the calculation. In Figure 10, the function with a larger value of K has a larger deviation between the value of the point at both ends and the original value. When x is at both ends (x = −3 or x = 3), the function of K = 4 has the largest deviation from the original value (y = 0 or y = 1). Figure 11 shows the deviation between the function values of the different K values and the original values, where the left endpoint function value is compared to 0 and the right endpoint is compared to 1. When K = 1, the deviation generated is the largest, and the accuracy at this time cannot meet the requirements. If this differential function is integrated, it will cause a large deviation. When K = 2, the deviation is already close to 0, and the deviation becomes smaller and smaller as the value of x increases.Figure 11
Deviation of differentK values at two endpoints.From the above analysis, the accuracy of the endpoint needs to be controlled. For the convenience of calculation, this paper limits the error of the right endpoint of each calculation interval. Let any coordinate point on the right side of the slip pointui be xi, at which point the function value reaches the target value. The formula is(15)limx⟶xiyix=vi+1−vi.Substituting formulas (6) and (10) in (15),(16)limx⟶xiMi1+Aie−Kix−ui=Mi.Simplify:(17)limx⟶xie−Kix−ui=0.If the formula (17) is simplified, we get(18)ki=limx⟶xiln0ui−x.With equation (18), the limit of the values of Ki is inexistent when (x) ⟶ (xi). Therefore, let equation (17) be equal to any value that satisfies accuracy. In order to meet the accuracy requirements in engineering, this article assumes that the value is 1 × 10−4 and (19)Ki=9.21xi−ui.From the aforementioned equation, it is necessary to determine the value ofxi to obtain the size of Ki. In order to ensure the accuracy after the integration, the value of the slip point to the point near the two ends is selected, and the value is equal to xi−ui.Letpi=xi−ui, and the formula is(20)pi=minbi+1−ui,bi−ui,Ki=9.21pi.From Figure12, comparing the bi∼ui segment and the bi+1∼ui segment in the graph, the length of the former is smaller than the latter, so the length of the bi∼ui segment is selected for calculation. If the calculation interval is a symmetric interval, select any endpoint.Figure 12
Calculation interval diagram.


## 3. Case Verification

The paper uses the maximum point of shear strain increment as the structural point of the slip surface of the slope [27]. When the slope is in a critical equilibrium state, the position of the potential slip surface coincides with the position of the maximum point of the shear strain increment, and the paper uses the strength reduction method to search for this state [10, 12].The numerical analysis software used in the paper is FLAC3D, and Figure13(a) shows a simplified diagram of the slope model [28, 29]. There are many geotechnical constitutive models in FLAC3D software, the most widely used of which is the Mohr–Coulomb model. This model has two outstanding advantages: (a) this model is suitable for simulating loose or cemented granular materials; (b) this model is computationally efficient, which can save more memory and time; [30–32]. Therefore, Mohr–Coulomb model is adopted for the side slope, and the corresponding slope parameters are the slope height H: 10 m, the slope ratio i: 1 : 1, the cohesion force c: 12.38 kPa, the internal friction angle φ: 20°, the density: 1800 kg/m−3, the shear modulus G: 10 GPa, and the bulk modulus K: 30 GPa.Figure 13
Slope slip diagram.
(a)
(b)When the slope reaches a critical state, the safety factor is 1.05. The corresponding slope shear strain information is extracted, and the maximum value of the shear strain increment of each layer is obtained by layer-by-layer search using MATLAB software [33]. Figure 13(b) shows the maximum value of the shear strain increment of each layer.The obtained slip surface coordinates are brought into formulas (10), (14), and (19) to obtain the parameters Mi, Ki, and Ai of the logistic function. The slip surface differential function can be obtained by using equation (8), and the corresponding graph is shown in Figure 14(a). From the figure, the curves before and after smoothing are completely consistent in value, indicating the correctness of the calculation. Also, for more clear observation, the red frame area in the figure is enlarged. Figure 14(b) shows the enlarged curve. It can be seen that the smoothed curve is smoother than the original curve. The curve consisting of logistic can be strictly symmetric about the original curve.Figure 14
Sliding surface differential comparison diagram.
(a)
(b)Using formula (9) to integrate the differential image of the slip surface, the curve of the slip surface can be obtained as shown in Figure 15(a). Similarly, the two curves are selected for amplification, see Figure 15(b). In the enlarged graph, the line segment connected by a smooth parabola at the slip point replaces the line segment originally connected by the polyline.Figure 15
Slope slip surface curve comparison diagram.
(a)
(b)


## 4. Conclusions

Through the mathematical analysis of the slip surface of the broken line, the logistic function is used to replace the original unit jump function, and the original polyline is smoothed. The three main parameters (M, A, and K) of the logistic function are numerically analyzed, and the formulas of the three parameters are derived; the following conclusions are obtained:(1)
In addition to accurately reflect the change in slope, the logistic function can also smooth the turning points(2)
The properties of three important parameters (M, A, and K) in the logistic function are analyzed, and the corresponding calculation formula is derived(3)
Through the analysis of the example, it is proved that the constructed curve meets the exact requirements and achieves a good smoothing effect



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