# Speed Sensorless Control Based on Initial Rotor Position Detection for EESM

Authors: Feng Cai; Ke Li; Xiaodong Sun
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

Electrically excited synchronous motor (EESM) is widely used in many large equipment drives because of its strong overload capacity, high efficiency, and adjustable power factor. The research and development of a high-performance EESM control system can realize the high combination of energy-saving speed regulation and green environmental protection and has a high social effect and economic value. In this paper, the signal injection method is used to obtain the initial rotor position information of EESM. Sliding Fourier transform is used to improve the initial position angle detection method based on the rotor signal injection method, and the improved method is compared with the traditional voltage integration method. Rotor high-frequency signal injection method was used to detect the rotor position information of the motor during operation, and the influence of the damping winding on the rotor signal injection method was analyzed. On the premise that the damping winding had no influence on the method, a method of obtaining the rotor position information of EESM without a speed sensor was designed. Finally, the speed sensorless regulation system using the initial rotor position detection method is simulated, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed speed sensorless control scheme.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. Motivation

With the acceleration of industrialization, high-power electric drive system plays an increasingly important role in production. In the early stage of the motor industry, DC electric drive system has the advantages of a wide speed range, good dynamic and static performance, high efficiency, simple structure, and so on, widely used in various high-performance speed control occasions. However, AC drive systems (such as asynchronous motor drive system and synchronous motor drive system) cannot be widely used because of their complicated mathematical model and difficult control. Compared with DC motor, AC motor structure is relatively simple and low cost; operation and maintenance are relatively easy and have the advantages of the strong and durable; and synchronous motor also has the advantage of power factor that can be adjusted, so they are widely used in the early period, and most of them have poor speed control ability [1–3]. With the development of modern power electronic technology, as well as the constant maturity of ac speed regulation theory, AC drive system has become the mainstream of the entire electric drive system, widely used in various applications, especially in the field of high-power drive has played an increasingly important role [4–8].As a multivariable, nonlinear and strongly coupled controlled object, the electromagnetic torque of an electrically excited synchronous motor (EESM) is not only related to the amplitude of the stator flux, but also to the angle between them. In order to obtain the ideal dynamic performance, it is necessary to control the flux linkage amplitude and phase at the same time. By controlling the size and direction of these space vectors, the electromagnetic torque of AC motor can be dynamically controlled in real time.The vector control system began in the middle of the twentieth century. The vector control theory is mainly based on the control principle of induction motor field orientation published by F. Brazchke and other scholars of Siemens in Germany, and the coordinate transformation control of induction motor stator voltage was applied by Custman and Clarke in the United States established by the patent [4, 13, 14]. The magnetic-field-oriented vector control system has decoupled the excitation component and the torque component to obtain the working characteristics such as the DC motor and has a good dynamic and static control effect. However, the direct axis reluctance and quadrature axis reluctance caused by the salient pole rotor are different, which makes the vector generated by the flux linkage different in space and time. Therefore, for the field-oriented vector control system, the real control is impossible to be completely decoupled. In practice, the accurate observation of directional flux and the variation of motor parameters will affect the performance of the magnetic field directional vector control system. These problems are the shortcomings of the magnetic field directional vector control system and need to be further studied. In the mid-1980s, the direct torque control theory was proposed by Professor M. Depenbrock of Ruhr University in Germany and Japanese scholar I. Takahashi. DTC is a new high-performance speed control theory for AC motors, which is fundamentally different from magnetic field directional control theory. DTC directly controls the stator flux and torque of a motor in the stator coordinate system [15–17]. The realization of DTC refers first to establish an off-line optimal switching table, then according to the torque and hysteresis controller designed to select the appropriate voltage space vector from the optimal switching table, and then through the inverter to output the required voltage acting on the motor stator winding.


### 1.2. Related Research

The rotor position of the motor plays an important role in the start and operation of the motor, among which the detection of the initial position angle and the rotor position of the motor operation will affect the performance of the motor speed regulation system [18–21]. The detection methods of the initial position angle of EESM can be divided into two categories: (1) the first type is to determine the initial position angle of the motor by calculating the flux angle by integrating the stator voltage. This method is based on the mathematical model of the motor, so it is suitable for most AC motors including EESM. However, in position detection, if the running time is too long under static conditions, the stator voltage numerical integration deviation will result in inaccurate measurement results [22–24]. (2) The second method uses the asymmetry of the motor to estimate the position of the corresponding induction by the signal injection method. Compared with the first method, the second method can run at rest and very low speed. This method can only be used to meet the rotor asymmetry of a specific AC motor, EESM, to meet the characteristics of rotor asymmetry, so this method can be used [25–27]. The rotor side of EESM is excited by the excitation circuit, so the signal injection method used in EESM can be divided into rotor signal injection method and stator signal injection method. In the stator signal injection method, foreign scholars also inject low-frequency signal into the stator winding of EESM to obtain the rotor initial position, stator low frequency signal injection method can be applied to medium voltage synchronous motor.EESM speed control system mostly adopts double closed-loop control, in which the inner ring is the current ring and the outer ring is the speed ring. The current loop needs to accurately sample the current signal for feedback to form the current closed-loop control, while the speed loop needs to accurately obtain the speed signal for feedback to form the speed closed-loop control. Among them, the speed acquisition method is mainly based on sensors, including rotary transformer, incremental encoder, and so on. In the occasion of higher requirements for speed and rotor position, there are absolute encoders, mixed absolute encoders, and so on. In the use of such devices, the following problems will be encountered in the process of installation and operation: (1) the cost of hardware increases, and the price of encoder increases with the increase of detection accuracy and environmental severity; (2) the work of the encoder will be damaged due to the influence of external environment, increasing the maintenance cost; and (3) the installation accuracy of the encoder will also affect the accuracy of detection. Due to the limitation of the above problems, more and more scholars at home and abroad are devoted to the research of speed sensorless control [28–31].According to the author’s research, the method of obtaining the rotor position of the motor is mainly based on the fundamental model of the motor. The fundamental model-based methods usually extract rotor positions from motor flux or back electromotive force (EMF). This kind of method has the advantages of simplicity and straightforwardness. In this category, there are various approaches to obtaining rotor position information. In [32], the rotor position and speed are both estimated by a sliding mode observer (SMO). In [33], the sliding-mode coefficients are tuned by an adaptive algorithm online. The position estimation error caused by voltage source inverter (VSI) nonlinearity can thus be reduced. In [34], a full-order SMO is designed to obtain the extended EMF (EEMF). Compared to the EMF, the EEMF can be detected even at extremely low speeds. The sensorless scheme based on EEMF can reverse motor speed without any position sensor. In addition to the SMO, the other observers such as Luenberger observer (LO) [35], extended Kalman filter (EKF) [36–38], and model reference adaptive system (MRAS) [39] are also employed for position estimation. In [39], a speed observer that combines artificial intelligence and MRAS is proposed, which is associated with the control scheme as sensorless algorithms for rotor speed and flux estimation under low-speed regions for induction motors.


### 1.3. Contributions

The main contributions of this paper are that the signal injection method is used to obtain the initial rotor position information of EESM, and the sliding Fourier transform is used to improve the initial position angle detection method. At the same time, the improved method is compared with the traditional voltage integration method.On the other hand, the rotor high-frequency signal injection method was used to detect the rotor position information of the motor during operation, and the influence of the damping winding on the rotor signal injection method was analyzed. On the premise that the damping winding had no influence on the method, a method of obtaining the rotor position information of EESM without a speed sensor was designed.


### 1.4. Paper Organization

The paper is organized as follows. First, the mathematical model of EESM is described in Section2. Section 3 describes the principle of speed sensorless control based on initial rotor position detection for EESM. The simulation results are presented in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 5.


## 1.1. Motivation

With the acceleration of industrialization, high-power electric drive system plays an increasingly important role in production. In the early stage of the motor industry, DC electric drive system has the advantages of a wide speed range, good dynamic and static performance, high efficiency, simple structure, and so on, widely used in various high-performance speed control occasions. However, AC drive systems (such as asynchronous motor drive system and synchronous motor drive system) cannot be widely used because of their complicated mathematical model and difficult control. Compared with DC motor, AC motor structure is relatively simple and low cost; operation and maintenance are relatively easy and have the advantages of the strong and durable; and synchronous motor also has the advantage of power factor that can be adjusted, so they are widely used in the early period, and most of them have poor speed control ability [1–3]. With the development of modern power electronic technology, as well as the constant maturity of ac speed regulation theory, AC drive system has become the mainstream of the entire electric drive system, widely used in various applications, especially in the field of high-power drive has played an increasingly important role [4–8].As a multivariable, nonlinear and strongly coupled controlled object, the electromagnetic torque of an electrically excited synchronous motor (EESM) is not only related to the amplitude of the stator flux, but also to the angle between them. In order to obtain the ideal dynamic performance, it is necessary to control the flux linkage amplitude and phase at the same time. By controlling the size and direction of these space vectors, the electromagnetic torque of AC motor can be dynamically controlled in real time.The vector control system began in the middle of the twentieth century. The vector control theory is mainly based on the control principle of induction motor field orientation published by F. Brazchke and other scholars of Siemens in Germany, and the coordinate transformation control of induction motor stator voltage was applied by Custman and Clarke in the United States established by the patent [4, 13, 14]. The magnetic-field-oriented vector control system has decoupled the excitation component and the torque component to obtain the working characteristics such as the DC motor and has a good dynamic and static control effect. However, the direct axis reluctance and quadrature axis reluctance caused by the salient pole rotor are different, which makes the vector generated by the flux linkage different in space and time. Therefore, for the field-oriented vector control system, the real control is impossible to be completely decoupled. In practice, the accurate observation of directional flux and the variation of motor parameters will affect the performance of the magnetic field directional vector control system. These problems are the shortcomings of the magnetic field directional vector control system and need to be further studied. In the mid-1980s, the direct torque control theory was proposed by Professor M. Depenbrock of Ruhr University in Germany and Japanese scholar I. Takahashi. DTC is a new high-performance speed control theory for AC motors, which is fundamentally different from magnetic field directional control theory. DTC directly controls the stator flux and torque of a motor in the stator coordinate system [15–17]. The realization of DTC refers first to establish an off-line optimal switching table, then according to the torque and hysteresis controller designed to select the appropriate voltage space vector from the optimal switching table, and then through the inverter to output the required voltage acting on the motor stator winding.


## 1.2. Related Research

The rotor position of the motor plays an important role in the start and operation of the motor, among which the detection of the initial position angle and the rotor position of the motor operation will affect the performance of the motor speed regulation system [18–21]. The detection methods of the initial position angle of EESM can be divided into two categories: (1) the first type is to determine the initial position angle of the motor by calculating the flux angle by integrating the stator voltage. This method is based on the mathematical model of the motor, so it is suitable for most AC motors including EESM. However, in position detection, if the running time is too long under static conditions, the stator voltage numerical integration deviation will result in inaccurate measurement results [22–24]. (2) The second method uses the asymmetry of the motor to estimate the position of the corresponding induction by the signal injection method. Compared with the first method, the second method can run at rest and very low speed. This method can only be used to meet the rotor asymmetry of a specific AC motor, EESM, to meet the characteristics of rotor asymmetry, so this method can be used [25–27]. The rotor side of EESM is excited by the excitation circuit, so the signal injection method used in EESM can be divided into rotor signal injection method and stator signal injection method. In the stator signal injection method, foreign scholars also inject low-frequency signal into the stator winding of EESM to obtain the rotor initial position, stator low frequency signal injection method can be applied to medium voltage synchronous motor.EESM speed control system mostly adopts double closed-loop control, in which the inner ring is the current ring and the outer ring is the speed ring. The current loop needs to accurately sample the current signal for feedback to form the current closed-loop control, while the speed loop needs to accurately obtain the speed signal for feedback to form the speed closed-loop control. Among them, the speed acquisition method is mainly based on sensors, including rotary transformer, incremental encoder, and so on. In the occasion of higher requirements for speed and rotor position, there are absolute encoders, mixed absolute encoders, and so on. In the use of such devices, the following problems will be encountered in the process of installation and operation: (1) the cost of hardware increases, and the price of encoder increases with the increase of detection accuracy and environmental severity; (2) the work of the encoder will be damaged due to the influence of external environment, increasing the maintenance cost; and (3) the installation accuracy of the encoder will also affect the accuracy of detection. Due to the limitation of the above problems, more and more scholars at home and abroad are devoted to the research of speed sensorless control [28–31].According to the author’s research, the method of obtaining the rotor position of the motor is mainly based on the fundamental model of the motor. The fundamental model-based methods usually extract rotor positions from motor flux or back electromotive force (EMF). This kind of method has the advantages of simplicity and straightforwardness. In this category, there are various approaches to obtaining rotor position information. In [32], the rotor position and speed are both estimated by a sliding mode observer (SMO). In [33], the sliding-mode coefficients are tuned by an adaptive algorithm online. The position estimation error caused by voltage source inverter (VSI) nonlinearity can thus be reduced. In [34], a full-order SMO is designed to obtain the extended EMF (EEMF). Compared to the EMF, the EEMF can be detected even at extremely low speeds. The sensorless scheme based on EEMF can reverse motor speed without any position sensor. In addition to the SMO, the other observers such as Luenberger observer (LO) [35], extended Kalman filter (EKF) [36–38], and model reference adaptive system (MRAS) [39] are also employed for position estimation. In [39], a speed observer that combines artificial intelligence and MRAS is proposed, which is associated with the control scheme as sensorless algorithms for rotor speed and flux estimation under low-speed regions for induction motors.


## 1.3. Contributions

The main contributions of this paper are that the signal injection method is used to obtain the initial rotor position information of EESM, and the sliding Fourier transform is used to improve the initial position angle detection method. At the same time, the improved method is compared with the traditional voltage integration method.On the other hand, the rotor high-frequency signal injection method was used to detect the rotor position information of the motor during operation, and the influence of the damping winding on the rotor signal injection method was analyzed. On the premise that the damping winding had no influence on the method, a method of obtaining the rotor position information of EESM without a speed sensor was designed.


## 1.4. Paper Organization

The paper is organized as follows. First, the mathematical model of EESM is described in Section2. Section 3 describes the principle of speed sensorless control based on initial rotor position detection for EESM. The simulation results are presented in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 5.


## 2. Mathematical Model of EESM

In the control system of electrically excited synchronous motor, the coordinate transformation is needed to realize decoupling and calculation of motor mathematical model. Commonly used coordinate systems are ABC synchronous motor natural coordinate system, the two-phase staticα-β coordinate system, the two-phase rotating d-q coordinate system, and the magnetic field oriented two-phase rotation M-T coordinate system. The relationship between several coordinate systems is shown in Figure 1. θ is the flux linkage angle, and the included angle between axis M and axis d δ is called the load angle. The angle between axis α and axis d γ is the rotor position angle.Figure 1
Reference coordinates of the synchronous motor.The rotor axis of EESM is defined as thed-axis, and the motor model established with the d-q axis as the coordinate system is in the d-q coordinate system, which transforms the relevant variables of the stator of the motor into the rotor position orientation. To obtain a better control effect, the direction of air-gap flux is selected as M-axis, and the M-T coordinate system is established.(1)
The equation of flux in the M-T coordinate system is(1)ψmt=LmtImt,where flux matrix and current matrix inM-T coordinate system are, respectively: ψmt=ψsmψstψf00T and Imt=ismistif00T.Then the inductance coefficient matrix is(2)Lmt=Lsl+Lam−LaoLadcosδLadcosδLaqsinδ−LaoLsl+Lat−Ladsinδ−Ladsinδ−LaqcosδLadcosδ−LadsinδLfLad0Ladcosδ−LadsinδLadLDd0Laqsinδ−Laqcosδ00LDq,whereLam=1/2Lad+Laq+1/2Lad−Laqcos2δ, Lat=1/2Lad+Laq−1/2Lad−Laqcos2δ, and Lao=1/2Lad−Laqsin2δ.(2)
The voltage equation of the motor M-T axis is(3)Umt=RmtImt+pψmt+Yψmt,where the voltage matrix, resistance matrix, and matrix [Y] are described, respectively,Umt=usmustuf00T, Rmt=diagRsRsRfRDdRDqT, and Y=0−ωr+ωδ000ωr+ωδ0000000000000000000.(3)
Mathematical expression of torque is(4)Te=pmψsmist−ψstism,wherepm is the pole logarithm of EESM.(4)
The relationships between electromechanical magnetic torque, load torque, and speed are as follows:(5)Te−TL=Jdωrdt.


## 3. Speed Sensorless Control Based on Initial Rotor Position Detection for EESM

### 3.1. Principle of Initial Rotor Position Detection

The excitation windings of EESM can be regarded as a transformer with a variable coupling coefficient, which is related to the position of the rotor. The excitation windings can be regarded as the primary side of the transformer, and the stator windings of each phase can be regarded as a secondary side of the transformer. The ratio between the primary side and the secondary side is related to the position of the rotor.The principle of the rotor high-frequency signal injection method is to short-circuit the three-phase windings of the stator of an electrically excited synchronous motor, through which alternating current is passed, and the alternating magnetic field will generate induced electromotive force in the three-phase stator windings. The rotor position angle can be indirectly determined by judging the amplitude and phase of the electromotive force of each phase. Assume that the current flowing into the excitation winding is(6)if=Ifmsinωft,where Ifm is the amplitude of the excitation current and ωf is the angular frequency of the excitation current.When the stator side is short-connected, the component of the stator current in thed-q coordinate system is(7)id=−MsffLddif,iq=0,where Msff=Msf−MfDMsD/LD and Ldd=Ld−1.5MsD2/LD.As shown in (7), when the rotor current is constant, the direct axis component of the stator side induced current is related to the rotor position, so the initial position angle of the rotor can be derived directly by analyzing the position of the current vector. According to the coordinate system relationship shown in Figure 1, the stator current in the d-q coordinate system is transformed to the α-β coordinate system, and the transformation relationship is(8)iα=−MsffLddifcosγ,iβ=−MsffLω1ifsinγ.Multiply both sides of equation (8) by the excitation current if as follows:(9)iαif=−MsffLddif2cosγ=−Msff2Lddif2cosγ+Msff2Lddif2cosγcos2ωt,iβif=−MsffLddif2sinγ=−Msff2Lddif2sinγ+Msff2Lddif2sinγcos2ωt..The two equations in equation (9) are composed of two parts. The first part is the DC component related to the rotor’s initial position angle, and the second part is the AC component related to the rotor side excitation current frequency. The low-pass filter can be used to filter out AC components and extract DC components for analysis. The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter used in this paper is 0.2ω. After filtering by a low-pass filter, the following equation can be obtained:(10)LPFiαif=−Msff2Lddif2cosγ,LPFiβif=−Msff2Lddif2sinγ..The initial position angle of the rotor can be easily requested according to equation (10). The principle of the initial position angle of the rotor of the open ring method is shown in Figure 2. In this paper, the stator current value of the stator current and the rotor excitation current value are given by the α-β coordinate system, and the calculation results are obtained by the low-pass filter. Then the DC component of the initial position angle of the rotor is obtained. Finally, the sine and cosine value of the initial rotor position angle is obtained by the operation of the open square and the division method, and the size of the initial angle of the rotor is determined.Figure 2
The principle of the initial rotor position angle of the rotor of the open ring method.It is well known that the design of the filter needs to be selected for the parameters of the various parameters. Therefore, to simplify the calculation and improve the efficiency, the sliding Fourier transition (SDFT) has been proposed to extract the rotor position component in this paper.The discrete Fourier transform of the finite length sequencex(n) can be expressed as follows:(11)Xk=DFTxn=x0+x1e−j2πkN+x2e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xN−1e−j2πk×N−1N,where N is the length of the data.As shown in Figure3, the data graph of SDFT is presented. x(0) is the first group of data collected, and x(1) is the second group of data collected.Figure 3
The data graph of SDFT.The discrete Fourier transform of the two sets of data collected can be obtained as follows:(12)X0k=x0+x1e−j2πkN+x2e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xN−1e−j2πk×N−1N,X1k=x1+x2e−j2πkN+x3e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xNe−j2πk×N−1N..From equation (12), the relation between two sets of discrete Fourier transforms and the expression of SDFT can be obtained as follows:(13)X1k=X0k−x0+xNej2πkN.It can be seen from equation (13) that the Fourier transform the expression of the new sampling sequence can be obtained through the data of the sampling point at the previous moment, which saves a lot of operation time and improves the processing efficiency. The specific process is as follows: by subtracting the DC term x(0) in the sampling sequence from the Fourier transform formula of the sampling point data X0(k) at the previous time and then by adding x(N) to the result obtained by phase shift processing, the Fourier transform of the new sampling sequence X1(k) can be obtained. The whole process only requires simple addition and subtraction and an auxiliary multiplication for the Fourier transform of the sampling sequence at the previous moment. This data processing method is much more efficient than FFT and is very suitable for digital processors to process high-frequency signals. Figure 4 shows the principle of rotor initial position angle detection using SDFT to extract position components.Figure 4
The principle of rotor initial position angle detection using SDFT to extract position components.


### 3.2. Speed Sensorless Control Principle of Rotor Signal Injection Method

EESM speed regulation system is a high-order, strong coupling, nonlinear, multivariable complex system; different from permanent magnet synchronous motor rotor for permanent magnet structure, EESM rotor is powered by the external power supply and provides rotor magnetic field. When the signal injection method is used, the rotor position can be detected by injecting a high-frequency signal at the rotor side, considering the asymmetry of the structure of the salient pole electroexcitation synchronous motor and the structure of the rotor external excitation.Because there are excitation windings on the rotor side of the electrically excited synchronous motor, high-frequency signal can be injected into the rotor side to detect the rotor position. As shown in Figure5, the fixed rotor of EESM can be simplified into the coupling transformer shown in the figure. After the high-frequency current signal is injected into the rotor side, the rotor position can be determined by detecting the high-frequency current signal induced by the stator side.Figure 5
Simplified stator and rotor structure of EESM.Assume that the current flowing into the rotor is(14)if=If+Ihsinωht+φ=if−+if∼,where if- is the DC component of rotor excitation current, if∼ is the AC component of rotor excitation current, If is the magnitude of the DC component, Ih is the amplitude of high-frequency AC component of rotor excitation current, ωh is the angular frequency of the high-frequency AC component of the rotor excitation current, and φ is the phase angle of high-frequency AC component of rotor excitation current.Due to the existence of high-frequency signal in the excitation current, when the current through the rotor, the corresponding high-frequency quantity will be induced on the stator side of the motor. Set the corresponding high-frequency quantity induced by the statorABC as ia∼, ib∼, and ic∼; the following expressions can be obtained according to the fixed rotor and the angle between the fixed rotors:(15)ia∼=if∼cosθ,ib∼=ifcosθ−2π3,ic∼=if∼cosθ+2π3..Substitute high-frequency currentif∼ into equation (15) to obtain the following equation:(16)if∼=Ihsinωht+φ,ia∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ,ib∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ−2π3,ic∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ+2π3..Through Clark transformation,ABC coordinate system is transformed into the α-β coordinate system as follows:(17)iα∼iβ∼=231−12−12032−32iaiaic=32Ihsinωht+φcosθsinθ.To obtain the rotor position, equation (17) is further processed. Multiplying equation (17) by sinωht results in the following formula:(18)sinωhtiα∼iβ∼=32Ihsinωht+φsinωhtcosθsinθ=1232Ihcosφcosθ−cos2ωht+φcosθcosφsinθ−cos2ωht+φsinθ.As shown in equation (18), the result contains constant term and high-frequency term. After the high-frequency part is filtered out by a low-pass filter, the constant term containing rotor position information can be obtained, expressed as follows:(19)LPFiα∼sinωhtLPFiβ∼sinωht=1232Ihcosφcosθsinθ=Khcosθsinθ.where Kh=1/23/2Ihcosφ.Through PLL processing on equation (19), the rotor position can be extracted, and the block diagram is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Block diagram of rotor position detection by high frequency injection method.


### 3.3. Influence of Damping Winding on Speed Sensorless Method of High-Frequency Signal Injection

According to the mathematical model of EESM in Section2, there are damping windings in the d-q axis of EESM, and the existence of damping windings also has a corresponding influence on the high-frequency signals induced from the stator. Since the rotor windings are injected with high-frequency components, the corresponding high-frequency components will also be induced in the damping windings of the d-axis, and since the q-axis is perpendicular to the d-axis, the damping windings on the q-axis will not induce the high-frequency components.The high-frequency current component induced from the damping winding of thed-axis is set as follows:(20)iDd∼=IDdsinωht+φDd,where IDd is the amplitude of the high-frequency component of the damping winding of the d-axis and φDd is the phase angle of the high-frequency component of the damping winding of the d-axis. Then the induced current in the stator winding is(21)iaib∼ic=if∼+iDd∼cosθif+iDd∼cosθ−2π3if∼+iDd∼cosθ+2π3=Ihsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθIhsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθ−2π3Ihsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθ+2π3.According to the signal processing method in Section3.2, equation (21) is transformed from ABC coordinate system to α-β coordinate system, and it can be expressed as follows:(22)iα∼iβ∼=32Ihsinωht+φcosθsinθ+32IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθsinθ.Then multiply equation (22) by sinωht, and the following equation can be obtained through operation and simplification:(23)sinωhtiα∼iβ∼=1232Ihcosφ+IDdhcosφDd−Ihcos2ωht+φ−IDdhcos2ωht+φDdcosθsinθ.As can be seen from the above equation, the last two terms of the equation are high-frequency terms containing twice the angular frequency of the rotor winding injection current, and the DC component can be extracted through the low-pass filter. The formula after passing the low-pass filter is as follows:(24)LPFsinωht×iα∼LPFsinωht×iβ∼=1232Ihcosφ+IDdhcosφDdcosθsinθ.By comparing equations (24) and (19), it can be known that after considering the damping windings, the quantity containing the position signal through the low-pass filter is only different in coefficient. Therefore, the existence of damping windings does not affect the detection results.


### 3.4. Speed Sensorless System Based on High-Frequency Signal Injection

The flux equation of EESM is(25)ψsd=Ldisd+Ladif+LadiDd,ψsq=Ldisq+LadiDq.Under the condition of ignoring the influence of damping windings, the high-frequency flux equation of EESM can be written as follows:(26)ψsd∼=Ldisd∼+Ladif∼,ψsq∼=Ldisq.When the high-frequency component is injected, thed-q axis flux of EESM can be expressed as follows:(27)ψsd=ψsd−+ψsd∼,ψsq=ψsq−+ψsq..where ψsd- and ψsq- is the DC component of the d-q axis of flux linkage and ψsd∼ and ψsq∼ is the high frequency component of the d-q axis of flux.The following equation can be obtained from equation (26):(28)isd∼=ψsdαLd−LadLdif.To make the rotor position information completely in thed-axis component of the motor stator current, it is necessary to control the high-frequency component of the d-axis of the motor flux to be 0. Due to vector control, the flux of EESM is constant, so the equation of flux amplitude can be written as follows:(29)ψ=ψsd−+ψsd∼2+ψsq−+ψsq∼2=C.It can be seen from equation (29) that ψsd∼ = 0 is realized by controlling ψsq∼ = 0. According to equation (26), the high-frequency q-axis component of flux is proportional to the high-frequency q-axis component of stator current, so the above control theory can be realized when isq∼ = 0. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the high-frequency components of the flux linkage.Figure 7
High-frequency component of flux linkage.In the vector control system of EESM, the outer speed loop passes through the PI regulator, and the output is givenTe∗ for electromagnetic torque. The control isq∼ = 0 can be realized by compensating at Te∗. The electromagnetic torque equation of EESM is(30)Te=12npLd−Lqisdisq+Ladisqif+LadisqiDd−LaqisdiDq.Since the damping windings do not affect the judgment of rotor position, the damping windings are ignored, and the electromagnetic torque equation can be written as follows:(31)Te=12npLd−Lqisdisq+Ladisqif.When isq∼ = 0, the expressions of isd and isq are described as follows:(32)isd=isd−+isd∼=isd−−LadLdif∼isq=isq−+isq∼=isq−if=If+Ihsinωt+φ.Then the electromagnetic torque equation can be written as follows:(33)Te=12npLd−Lqisd−−LadLdIhsinωt+φisq−+Ladisq−If+Ihsinωt+φ=12npLd−Lqisd−+LadIfisq−+12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq−=Te∗+12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq−.It can be seen from equation (33) that because of the original output of the speed loop, additional high-frequency quantity needs to be injected into current loop, expressed as follows:(34)Te∼=12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq.The control block diagram of the speed sensorless vector control system of EESM using this method is shown in Figure8. In the figure, torque high-frequency feed quantification is introduced into the speed ring output as the compensation of high frequency signal, and speed feedback is estimated by the speed sensorless method.Figure 8
Speed sensorless vector control system of EESM.


### 3.5. Design of Phase-Locked Loop to Extract Rotor Position

After eliminating the influence of theq-axis, the phase-locked loop (PLL) is designed to obtain the motor position and speed. According to the results obtained from Section 3.2, Park transform is used as a phase detector, and the block diagram of the designed PLL is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Phase-locked loop block diagram in speed sensorless control.The expression of Park transform for the signal after the low-pass filter is as follows:(35)idθiqθ=Khcosθ^sinθ^−sinθ^cosθ^cosθsinθ=Khcosθ^cosθ+Khsinθ^sinθ−Ktsinθ^cosθ+Khcosθ^sinθ,where iqθ=−Khsinθ^cosθ+Khcosθ^sinθ=Khsinθ−θ^.When the difference betweenθ and θ^ is very small, sinθ−θ^≈θ−θ^, then(36)iqθ=Khθ−θ^.Set the expression of PLL PI function askθp+kθi/s; the transfer function between the observed value and the actual value can be derived as follows:(37)Gs=θ^θ=ω^ω=Khkθps+Khkθis2+Khkθps+Khkθi.By substituting the transfer function into the design of the speed ring, a block diagram of the speed ring without a speed sensor can be obtained as shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Speed sensorless closed-loop system diagram.According to Figure10, the speed closed-loop transfer function is(38)ωω∗=Kpns3+KhkθpKpn+Kins2+KhkθiKpn+Khkθps+KhkθiKinJTeq,is5+JTeqiKhkθp+Js4+JTeqiKhkθi+JKhkθps3+JKhkθi+KhkθpKpns2+KhkθiKpn+KhkθpKins+KhkθiKin.


## 3.1. Principle of Initial Rotor Position Detection

The excitation windings of EESM can be regarded as a transformer with a variable coupling coefficient, which is related to the position of the rotor. The excitation windings can be regarded as the primary side of the transformer, and the stator windings of each phase can be regarded as a secondary side of the transformer. The ratio between the primary side and the secondary side is related to the position of the rotor.The principle of the rotor high-frequency signal injection method is to short-circuit the three-phase windings of the stator of an electrically excited synchronous motor, through which alternating current is passed, and the alternating magnetic field will generate induced electromotive force in the three-phase stator windings. The rotor position angle can be indirectly determined by judging the amplitude and phase of the electromotive force of each phase. Assume that the current flowing into the excitation winding is(6)if=Ifmsinωft,where Ifm is the amplitude of the excitation current and ωf is the angular frequency of the excitation current.When the stator side is short-connected, the component of the stator current in thed-q coordinate system is(7)id=−MsffLddif,iq=0,where Msff=Msf−MfDMsD/LD and Ldd=Ld−1.5MsD2/LD.As shown in (7), when the rotor current is constant, the direct axis component of the stator side induced current is related to the rotor position, so the initial position angle of the rotor can be derived directly by analyzing the position of the current vector. According to the coordinate system relationship shown in Figure 1, the stator current in the d-q coordinate system is transformed to the α-β coordinate system, and the transformation relationship is(8)iα=−MsffLddifcosγ,iβ=−MsffLω1ifsinγ.Multiply both sides of equation (8) by the excitation current if as follows:(9)iαif=−MsffLddif2cosγ=−Msff2Lddif2cosγ+Msff2Lddif2cosγcos2ωt,iβif=−MsffLddif2sinγ=−Msff2Lddif2sinγ+Msff2Lddif2sinγcos2ωt..The two equations in equation (9) are composed of two parts. The first part is the DC component related to the rotor’s initial position angle, and the second part is the AC component related to the rotor side excitation current frequency. The low-pass filter can be used to filter out AC components and extract DC components for analysis. The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter used in this paper is 0.2ω. After filtering by a low-pass filter, the following equation can be obtained:(10)LPFiαif=−Msff2Lddif2cosγ,LPFiβif=−Msff2Lddif2sinγ..The initial position angle of the rotor can be easily requested according to equation (10). The principle of the initial position angle of the rotor of the open ring method is shown in Figure 2. In this paper, the stator current value of the stator current and the rotor excitation current value are given by the α-β coordinate system, and the calculation results are obtained by the low-pass filter. Then the DC component of the initial position angle of the rotor is obtained. Finally, the sine and cosine value of the initial rotor position angle is obtained by the operation of the open square and the division method, and the size of the initial angle of the rotor is determined.Figure 2
The principle of the initial rotor position angle of the rotor of the open ring method.It is well known that the design of the filter needs to be selected for the parameters of the various parameters. Therefore, to simplify the calculation and improve the efficiency, the sliding Fourier transition (SDFT) has been proposed to extract the rotor position component in this paper.The discrete Fourier transform of the finite length sequencex(n) can be expressed as follows:(11)Xk=DFTxn=x0+x1e−j2πkN+x2e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xN−1e−j2πk×N−1N,where N is the length of the data.As shown in Figure3, the data graph of SDFT is presented. x(0) is the first group of data collected, and x(1) is the second group of data collected.Figure 3
The data graph of SDFT.The discrete Fourier transform of the two sets of data collected can be obtained as follows:(12)X0k=x0+x1e−j2πkN+x2e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xN−1e−j2πk×N−1N,X1k=x1+x2e−j2πkN+x3e−j2πk×2N+⋯+xNe−j2πk×N−1N..From equation (12), the relation between two sets of discrete Fourier transforms and the expression of SDFT can be obtained as follows:(13)X1k=X0k−x0+xNej2πkN.It can be seen from equation (13) that the Fourier transform the expression of the new sampling sequence can be obtained through the data of the sampling point at the previous moment, which saves a lot of operation time and improves the processing efficiency. The specific process is as follows: by subtracting the DC term x(0) in the sampling sequence from the Fourier transform formula of the sampling point data X0(k) at the previous time and then by adding x(N) to the result obtained by phase shift processing, the Fourier transform of the new sampling sequence X1(k) can be obtained. The whole process only requires simple addition and subtraction and an auxiliary multiplication for the Fourier transform of the sampling sequence at the previous moment. This data processing method is much more efficient than FFT and is very suitable for digital processors to process high-frequency signals. Figure 4 shows the principle of rotor initial position angle detection using SDFT to extract position components.Figure 4
The principle of rotor initial position angle detection using SDFT to extract position components.


## 3.2. Speed Sensorless Control Principle of Rotor Signal Injection Method

EESM speed regulation system is a high-order, strong coupling, nonlinear, multivariable complex system; different from permanent magnet synchronous motor rotor for permanent magnet structure, EESM rotor is powered by the external power supply and provides rotor magnetic field. When the signal injection method is used, the rotor position can be detected by injecting a high-frequency signal at the rotor side, considering the asymmetry of the structure of the salient pole electroexcitation synchronous motor and the structure of the rotor external excitation.Because there are excitation windings on the rotor side of the electrically excited synchronous motor, high-frequency signal can be injected into the rotor side to detect the rotor position. As shown in Figure5, the fixed rotor of EESM can be simplified into the coupling transformer shown in the figure. After the high-frequency current signal is injected into the rotor side, the rotor position can be determined by detecting the high-frequency current signal induced by the stator side.Figure 5
Simplified stator and rotor structure of EESM.Assume that the current flowing into the rotor is(14)if=If+Ihsinωht+φ=if−+if∼,where if- is the DC component of rotor excitation current, if∼ is the AC component of rotor excitation current, If is the magnitude of the DC component, Ih is the amplitude of high-frequency AC component of rotor excitation current, ωh is the angular frequency of the high-frequency AC component of the rotor excitation current, and φ is the phase angle of high-frequency AC component of rotor excitation current.Due to the existence of high-frequency signal in the excitation current, when the current through the rotor, the corresponding high-frequency quantity will be induced on the stator side of the motor. Set the corresponding high-frequency quantity induced by the statorABC as ia∼, ib∼, and ic∼; the following expressions can be obtained according to the fixed rotor and the angle between the fixed rotors:(15)ia∼=if∼cosθ,ib∼=ifcosθ−2π3,ic∼=if∼cosθ+2π3..Substitute high-frequency currentif∼ into equation (15) to obtain the following equation:(16)if∼=Ihsinωht+φ,ia∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ,ib∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ−2π3,ic∼=Ihsinωht+φcosθ+2π3..Through Clark transformation,ABC coordinate system is transformed into the α-β coordinate system as follows:(17)iα∼iβ∼=231−12−12032−32iaiaic=32Ihsinωht+φcosθsinθ.To obtain the rotor position, equation (17) is further processed. Multiplying equation (17) by sinωht results in the following formula:(18)sinωhtiα∼iβ∼=32Ihsinωht+φsinωhtcosθsinθ=1232Ihcosφcosθ−cos2ωht+φcosθcosφsinθ−cos2ωht+φsinθ.As shown in equation (18), the result contains constant term and high-frequency term. After the high-frequency part is filtered out by a low-pass filter, the constant term containing rotor position information can be obtained, expressed as follows:(19)LPFiα∼sinωhtLPFiβ∼sinωht=1232Ihcosφcosθsinθ=Khcosθsinθ.where Kh=1/23/2Ihcosφ.Through PLL processing on equation (19), the rotor position can be extracted, and the block diagram is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Block diagram of rotor position detection by high frequency injection method.


## 3.3. Influence of Damping Winding on Speed Sensorless Method of High-Frequency Signal Injection

According to the mathematical model of EESM in Section2, there are damping windings in the d-q axis of EESM, and the existence of damping windings also has a corresponding influence on the high-frequency signals induced from the stator. Since the rotor windings are injected with high-frequency components, the corresponding high-frequency components will also be induced in the damping windings of the d-axis, and since the q-axis is perpendicular to the d-axis, the damping windings on the q-axis will not induce the high-frequency components.The high-frequency current component induced from the damping winding of thed-axis is set as follows:(20)iDd∼=IDdsinωht+φDd,where IDd is the amplitude of the high-frequency component of the damping winding of the d-axis and φDd is the phase angle of the high-frequency component of the damping winding of the d-axis. Then the induced current in the stator winding is(21)iaib∼ic=if∼+iDd∼cosθif+iDd∼cosθ−2π3if∼+iDd∼cosθ+2π3=Ihsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθIhsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθ−2π3Ihsinωht+φ+IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθ+2π3.According to the signal processing method in Section3.2, equation (21) is transformed from ABC coordinate system to α-β coordinate system, and it can be expressed as follows:(22)iα∼iβ∼=32Ihsinωht+φcosθsinθ+32IDdhsinωht+φDdcosθsinθ.Then multiply equation (22) by sinωht, and the following equation can be obtained through operation and simplification:(23)sinωhtiα∼iβ∼=1232Ihcosφ+IDdhcosφDd−Ihcos2ωht+φ−IDdhcos2ωht+φDdcosθsinθ.As can be seen from the above equation, the last two terms of the equation are high-frequency terms containing twice the angular frequency of the rotor winding injection current, and the DC component can be extracted through the low-pass filter. The formula after passing the low-pass filter is as follows:(24)LPFsinωht×iα∼LPFsinωht×iβ∼=1232Ihcosφ+IDdhcosφDdcosθsinθ.By comparing equations (24) and (19), it can be known that after considering the damping windings, the quantity containing the position signal through the low-pass filter is only different in coefficient. Therefore, the existence of damping windings does not affect the detection results.


## 3.4. Speed Sensorless System Based on High-Frequency Signal Injection

The flux equation of EESM is(25)ψsd=Ldisd+Ladif+LadiDd,ψsq=Ldisq+LadiDq.Under the condition of ignoring the influence of damping windings, the high-frequency flux equation of EESM can be written as follows:(26)ψsd∼=Ldisd∼+Ladif∼,ψsq∼=Ldisq.When the high-frequency component is injected, thed-q axis flux of EESM can be expressed as follows:(27)ψsd=ψsd−+ψsd∼,ψsq=ψsq−+ψsq..where ψsd- and ψsq- is the DC component of the d-q axis of flux linkage and ψsd∼ and ψsq∼ is the high frequency component of the d-q axis of flux.The following equation can be obtained from equation (26):(28)isd∼=ψsdαLd−LadLdif.To make the rotor position information completely in thed-axis component of the motor stator current, it is necessary to control the high-frequency component of the d-axis of the motor flux to be 0. Due to vector control, the flux of EESM is constant, so the equation of flux amplitude can be written as follows:(29)ψ=ψsd−+ψsd∼2+ψsq−+ψsq∼2=C.It can be seen from equation (29) that ψsd∼ = 0 is realized by controlling ψsq∼ = 0. According to equation (26), the high-frequency q-axis component of flux is proportional to the high-frequency q-axis component of stator current, so the above control theory can be realized when isq∼ = 0. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the high-frequency components of the flux linkage.Figure 7
High-frequency component of flux linkage.In the vector control system of EESM, the outer speed loop passes through the PI regulator, and the output is givenTe∗ for electromagnetic torque. The control isq∼ = 0 can be realized by compensating at Te∗. The electromagnetic torque equation of EESM is(30)Te=12npLd−Lqisdisq+Ladisqif+LadisqiDd−LaqisdiDq.Since the damping windings do not affect the judgment of rotor position, the damping windings are ignored, and the electromagnetic torque equation can be written as follows:(31)Te=12npLd−Lqisdisq+Ladisqif.When isq∼ = 0, the expressions of isd and isq are described as follows:(32)isd=isd−+isd∼=isd−−LadLdif∼isq=isq−+isq∼=isq−if=If+Ihsinωt+φ.Then the electromagnetic torque equation can be written as follows:(33)Te=12npLd−Lqisd−−LadLdIhsinωt+φisq−+Ladisq−If+Ihsinωt+φ=12npLd−Lqisd−+LadIfisq−+12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq−=Te∗+12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq−.It can be seen from equation (33) that because of the original output of the speed loop, additional high-frequency quantity needs to be injected into current loop, expressed as follows:(34)Te∼=12npLd−LqLadLdIh+LadIhsinωt+φisq.The control block diagram of the speed sensorless vector control system of EESM using this method is shown in Figure8. In the figure, torque high-frequency feed quantification is introduced into the speed ring output as the compensation of high frequency signal, and speed feedback is estimated by the speed sensorless method.Figure 8
Speed sensorless vector control system of EESM.


## 3.5. Design of Phase-Locked Loop to Extract Rotor Position

After eliminating the influence of theq-axis, the phase-locked loop (PLL) is designed to obtain the motor position and speed. According to the results obtained from Section 3.2, Park transform is used as a phase detector, and the block diagram of the designed PLL is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Phase-locked loop block diagram in speed sensorless control.The expression of Park transform for the signal after the low-pass filter is as follows:(35)idθiqθ=Khcosθ^sinθ^−sinθ^cosθ^cosθsinθ=Khcosθ^cosθ+Khsinθ^sinθ−Ktsinθ^cosθ+Khcosθ^sinθ,where iqθ=−Khsinθ^cosθ+Khcosθ^sinθ=Khsinθ−θ^.When the difference betweenθ and θ^ is very small, sinθ−θ^≈θ−θ^, then(36)iqθ=Khθ−θ^.Set the expression of PLL PI function askθp+kθi/s; the transfer function between the observed value and the actual value can be derived as follows:(37)Gs=θ^θ=ω^ω=Khkθps+Khkθis2+Khkθps+Khkθi.By substituting the transfer function into the design of the speed ring, a block diagram of the speed ring without a speed sensor can be obtained as shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Speed sensorless closed-loop system diagram.According to Figure10, the speed closed-loop transfer function is(38)ωω∗=Kpns3+KhkθpKpn+Kins2+KhkθiKpn+Khkθps+KhkθiKinJTeq,is5+JTeqiKhkθp+Js4+JTeqiKhkθi+JKhkθps3+JKhkθi+KhkθpKpns2+KhkθiKpn+KhkθpKins+KhkθiKin.


## 4. Simulated Analysis

MATLAB/Simulink was used to simulate the proposed speed sensorless control method based on initial rotor position detection and the conventional speed sensorless method, and the motor parameters are shown in Table1.Table 1
EESM parameters.
SpecificationValueSpecificationValuePower (kW)8q-axis armature reaction inductance (mH)51.8DC link voltage (V)380Stator winding leakage inductance (mH)4.5Rated speed (r/min)1500Rotor winding leakage inductance (mH)11.3Number of pole pairs2d-axis damping winding resistance (Ω)3.14Stator resistance (Ω)1.62q-axis damping winding resistance (Ω)4.77Rotor resistance (Ω)1.2d-axis damping winding leakage inductance (mH)7.33d-axis armature reaction inductance (mH)108.6q-axis damping winding leakage inductance (mH)10.15


### 4.1. Initial Rotor Position Detection Simulation

To verify the efficiency of the proposed initial rotor position detection method, comparisons between the traditional voltage integration method and the SDFT method have been conducted, and the simulation waveform is described in Figure11.Figure 11
Simulation waveform of initial rotor position detection. (a) Traditional voltage integration method and (b) improved signal injection method.
(a)(b)Figure11 shows the simulation waveform when the rotor’s initial position angle is 60°. In Figure 11, red is the reference line of 60°, and blue is the waveform of the rotor’s initial position angle measured by simulation. It can be seen from Figure 11(a) that the traditional voltage integration method not only has zero drift at the beginning of measurement but also has more and more DC bias due to integration as time increases. It can be seen from Figure 11(b) that the measurement of the initial position angle of the motor rotor by using the rotor signal injection method is very accurate and will not be offset due to time limitations.To verify that the method in this paper can detect the initial position value and start the EESM at any position, a simulation experiment is carried out every 10°, and the results measured in the simulation experiment are sorted out from the theoretical perspective, as shown in Table2.Table 2
Initial position detection table of EESM.
Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)00.959090.3180181.1270269.11010.610099.3190191.6280281.52019.8110110.9200202.3290290.33030.2120120.5210209.2300300.24040.5130131.2220221.4310311.15050.6140140.7230231.6320320.66061.3150152.1240241.9330330.57071.5160162.5250251.3340341.98080.6170170.8260260.2350350.7With the theoretical angle value as the horizontal axis and the simulated detection value as the vertical axis, the fitting degree diagram between the rotor position obtained by the initial position detection simulation method and the theoretical rotor angle can be compared, as shown in Figure12.Figure 12
Relationship between the actual value and the detection value of rotor initial position angle. (a) Comparison between rotor initial position detection and actual value and (b) error diagram between rotor initial position detection and actual value.
(a)(b)As can be seen from Figure12, the rotor at any position can be obtained through the initial position detection method, and there is good linearity between the tested value and the theoretical value, so the excitation synchronous motor can be started at any position.


### 4.2. Speed Sensorless Control Simulation of EESM

The speed sensorless control method of EESM based on the rotor high-frequency signal injection method is simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation procedure is given as follows: (1) the simulation speed is given as a step signal with a sudden change of 0.5 s to the rated speed of 1,500 rpm; (2) injecting 1,000 Hz high-frequency component into the rotor side of EESM; and (3) collecting the stator current and obtaining the high-frequency component of stator current through the band-pass filter. The local amplification waveform of high-frequency component of stator current of EESM is shown as Figure13.Figure 13
High-frequency component of stator current of EESM.The speed sensorless principle described in Section3.1 is used to process the high-frequency component of stator current, and the calculation principle block diagram of speed and rotor position angle is shown in Figure 14.Figure 14
Speed sensorless signal processing schematic.The speed sensorless simulation is built according to Figure14, and the speed waveform is obtained, as shown in Figure 15. When the motor speed is 0.5 s, it suddenly changes from 0 rpm to a rated speed of 1,500 rpm. In Figure 15(a), the blue waveform is the speed estimation waveform, and the red waveform is the speed given waveform. Figure 15(b) is a partially enlarged view from the moment of a sudden change of speed to stable speed. It can be seen from the simulation waveform that when the speed of the step signal is given, the estimated speed value at the moment of a sudden change of speed will fluctuate. After a short fluctuation, the estimated speed value will fluctuate slightly near the given value, which can well estimate the motor speed.Figure 15
Speed estimation waveform of EESM by high-frequency signal injection method. (a) Comparison between speed estimation waveform and actual waveform and (b) enlarged drawing of comparison between speed estimation waveform and actual waveform.
(a)(b)The estimated waveform of rotor position angle is shown in Figure16. In Figure 16(a), the blue waveform is the estimated rotor position angle waveform, and the red waveform is the actual rotor position angle waveform of the motor. It can be seen from the waveform that the error between the calculated value and the actual value is very small, which shows that the high-frequency signal injection method studied in this paper can accurately estimate the information of motor rotor position angle.Figure 16
Rotor angle estimation waveform of EESM by high-frequency signal injection method. (a) Rotor actual and estimated position angle waveform and (b) partial enlarged view of rotor position angle.
(a)(b)The speed sensorless control using high-frequency signal injection method of the EESM rotor is applied to the vector control system of EESM to estimate the motor speed and rotor position. In the simulation, the ramp signal is given when the speed is given at 0.5 s, the ramp signal finally reaches the rated speed of the motor 1,500 rpm, and the motor runs under a no-load state. The simulation waveform is shown in Figure17.Figure 17
Simulation waveform of speed sensorless for vector control system of EESM. (a) Comparison between actual speed and estimated speed of motor, (b) comparison between actual angle and estimated angle of the rotor, and (c) enlarged view of comparison between actual angle and estimated angle of the rotor.
(a)(b)(c)Figure17(a) shows the speed estimation waveform, the blue waveform in the figure is the actual speed waveform of the motor, and the red waveform is the speed waveform estimated by the high-frequency signal injection method. Figure 17(b) shows the estimated waveform of rotor position angle; the blue waveform in the figure is the actual rotor position angle waveform of the motor; and the red waveform is the rotor position angle waveform estimated by the high-frequency signal injection method. Figure 17(c) shows the locally amplified waveform of rotor position angle estimation. It can be seen from the figure that the estimation of motor speed and rotor position angle is accurate, and there will be bias in the initial estimation of motor speed and rotor position angle, which is caused using an integrator in this high-frequency signal injection method.


## 4.1. Initial Rotor Position Detection Simulation

To verify the efficiency of the proposed initial rotor position detection method, comparisons between the traditional voltage integration method and the SDFT method have been conducted, and the simulation waveform is described in Figure11.Figure 11
Simulation waveform of initial rotor position detection. (a) Traditional voltage integration method and (b) improved signal injection method.
(a)(b)Figure11 shows the simulation waveform when the rotor’s initial position angle is 60°. In Figure 11, red is the reference line of 60°, and blue is the waveform of the rotor’s initial position angle measured by simulation. It can be seen from Figure 11(a) that the traditional voltage integration method not only has zero drift at the beginning of measurement but also has more and more DC bias due to integration as time increases. It can be seen from Figure 11(b) that the measurement of the initial position angle of the motor rotor by using the rotor signal injection method is very accurate and will not be offset due to time limitations.To verify that the method in this paper can detect the initial position value and start the EESM at any position, a simulation experiment is carried out every 10°, and the results measured in the simulation experiment are sorted out from the theoretical perspective, as shown in Table2.Table 2
Initial position detection table of EESM.
Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)Theoretical value (°)Detection value (°)00.959090.3180181.1270269.11010.610099.3190191.6280281.52019.8110110.9200202.3290290.33030.2120120.5210209.2300300.24040.5130131.2220221.4310311.15050.6140140.7230231.6320320.66061.3150152.1240241.9330330.57071.5160162.5250251.3340341.98080.6170170.8260260.2350350.7With the theoretical angle value as the horizontal axis and the simulated detection value as the vertical axis, the fitting degree diagram between the rotor position obtained by the initial position detection simulation method and the theoretical rotor angle can be compared, as shown in Figure12.Figure 12
Relationship between the actual value and the detection value of rotor initial position angle. (a) Comparison between rotor initial position detection and actual value and (b) error diagram between rotor initial position detection and actual value.
(a)(b)As can be seen from Figure12, the rotor at any position can be obtained through the initial position detection method, and there is good linearity between the tested value and the theoretical value, so the excitation synchronous motor can be started at any position.


## 4.2. Speed Sensorless Control Simulation of EESM

The speed sensorless control method of EESM based on the rotor high-frequency signal injection method is simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation procedure is given as follows: (1) the simulation speed is given as a step signal with a sudden change of 0.5 s to the rated speed of 1,500 rpm; (2) injecting 1,000 Hz high-frequency component into the rotor side of EESM; and (3) collecting the stator current and obtaining the high-frequency component of stator current through the band-pass filter. The local amplification waveform of high-frequency component of stator current of EESM is shown as Figure13.Figure 13
High-frequency component of stator current of EESM.The speed sensorless principle described in Section3.1 is used to process the high-frequency component of stator current, and the calculation principle block diagram of speed and rotor position angle is shown in Figure 14.Figure 14
Speed sensorless signal processing schematic.The speed sensorless simulation is built according to Figure14, and the speed waveform is obtained, as shown in Figure 15. When the motor speed is 0.5 s, it suddenly changes from 0 rpm to a rated speed of 1,500 rpm. In Figure 15(a), the blue waveform is the speed estimation waveform, and the red waveform is the speed given waveform. Figure 15(b) is a partially enlarged view from the moment of a sudden change of speed to stable speed. It can be seen from the simulation waveform that when the speed of the step signal is given, the estimated speed value at the moment of a sudden change of speed will fluctuate. After a short fluctuation, the estimated speed value will fluctuate slightly near the given value, which can well estimate the motor speed.Figure 15
Speed estimation waveform of EESM by high-frequency signal injection method. (a) Comparison between speed estimation waveform and actual waveform and (b) enlarged drawing of comparison between speed estimation waveform and actual waveform.
(a)(b)The estimated waveform of rotor position angle is shown in Figure16. In Figure 16(a), the blue waveform is the estimated rotor position angle waveform, and the red waveform is the actual rotor position angle waveform of the motor. It can be seen from the waveform that the error between the calculated value and the actual value is very small, which shows that the high-frequency signal injection method studied in this paper can accurately estimate the information of motor rotor position angle.Figure 16
Rotor angle estimation waveform of EESM by high-frequency signal injection method. (a) Rotor actual and estimated position angle waveform and (b) partial enlarged view of rotor position angle.
(a)(b)The speed sensorless control using high-frequency signal injection method of the EESM rotor is applied to the vector control system of EESM to estimate the motor speed and rotor position. In the simulation, the ramp signal is given when the speed is given at 0.5 s, the ramp signal finally reaches the rated speed of the motor 1,500 rpm, and the motor runs under a no-load state. The simulation waveform is shown in Figure17.Figure 17
Simulation waveform of speed sensorless for vector control system of EESM. (a) Comparison between actual speed and estimated speed of motor, (b) comparison between actual angle and estimated angle of the rotor, and (c) enlarged view of comparison between actual angle and estimated angle of the rotor.
(a)(b)(c)Figure17(a) shows the speed estimation waveform, the blue waveform in the figure is the actual speed waveform of the motor, and the red waveform is the speed waveform estimated by the high-frequency signal injection method. Figure 17(b) shows the estimated waveform of rotor position angle; the blue waveform in the figure is the actual rotor position angle waveform of the motor; and the red waveform is the rotor position angle waveform estimated by the high-frequency signal injection method. Figure 17(c) shows the locally amplified waveform of rotor position angle estimation. It can be seen from the figure that the estimation of motor speed and rotor position angle is accurate, and there will be bias in the initial estimation of motor speed and rotor position angle, which is caused using an integrator in this high-frequency signal injection method.


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, the measurement of motor initial position angle and the acquisition of motor rotor position information without speed sensor were studied. On the one hand, the rotor high-frequency signal injection method for detecting the initial position of the rotor can quickly and accurately obtain the rotor position angle. After introducing SDFT to improve the rotor high-frequency signal injection method, the DC component can be obtained directly, and the computational complexity can be reduced. On the other hand, the working principle of the rotor high-frequency signal injection method to obtain speed and rotor position angle was analyzed; the influence of damping winding on this method was analyzed; and the speed and rotor position angle observer of EESM was designed and realized.Finally, after the above theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation, a series of simulations and experiments verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. As shown in simulation and experimental results, the proposed method can detect the initial rotor position precisely and accurately obtain the motor speed and rotor position signals under different operating conditions.



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*Source: 2638858-2022-01-12.xml*