# Glass Superstrate Nanoantennas for Infrared Energy Harvesting Applications

Authors: Isa Kocakarin; Korkut Yegin
Journal: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 (2013)

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## Abstract

Several nanoantennas for infrared energy harvesting applications at 30 THz are studied. Contrary to usual antenna designs, we implemented glass superstrate as opposed to glass substrate for better antenna performance. We defined a figure of merit (FOM) which includes antenna fractional bandwidth, peak gain, and half-power beamwidth of the antenna under consideration. Three different antenna structures with glass superstrate and one of them with glass substrate are studied in detail. According to our FOM definition, the Archimedean balanced spiral antenna exhibited superior performance among other structures with less sensitivity to the incoming polarization of the electromagnetic wave.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the increasing applications of nanoantennas that can focus electromagnetic energy into small localized area [1–9], energy harvesting gained more attention and considerable research has been devoted to it [10–14]. Energy harvesting at visible spectrum of electromagnetic waves has been mostly achieved using monocrystalline silicon which is an expensive process. On the other hand, thermal radiation which is between 7 and 16 μm falls into infrared (IR) region of the spectrum and provides opportunity for most of the available ambient energy at room temperature. Despite the fact that the amount of energy at IR is smaller than that of the visible spectrum, energy conversion at IR can be more promising due to relatively less expensive and complicated processes involved in the conversion devices. The diode structures utilized in the photon-electron conversion process are usually either metal-oxide-metal or metal-insulator-metal type diodes and can be incorporated within the feed gap of the antenna [15–18].Antennas for IR applications follow quite similar guidelines with those at RF region [19–30]. The radiation efficiency, directivity, and bandwidth play an important role for the overall antenna performance. One important aspect of these antennas is that they must be polarization insensitive simply because incoming electromagnetic signal has no preferred polarization; it is rather arbitrary. Similar to those antennas used in indoor communications, the antennas can be made circularly polarized and they can pick up almost any polarized signal except those with cross-polarization. However, circular polarization is difficult to achieve with external components, and rather the antenna must be inherently built with such polarization. Examples of such antenna structures are abundant in RF applications. Nevertheless, simple structures that are easy to manufacture are primary choices for designers at nanoscale lengths. In that respect, we also considered crossed dipole, bowtie, Archimedean spiral, and balanced crossed dipole geometries for IR detection. Our analysis is based on radiation properties of these antenna structures, but their reception properties are identical to their transmission ones according to Reciprocity theory.In our antenna study, we propose two different structures: one that utilizes glass as a superstrate and the other glass as a substrate. For both geometries, different antenna structures are simulated and a figure of merit which depends on antenna peak gain, half-power beam width, and fractional bandwidth is defined and compared for all structures.


## 2. Antenna Designs

We consider glass superstrate (pyrex) with indium tin oxide (ITO) and gold imprinted on lower side as shown in Figure1.Figure 1
Glass superstrate antenna.Drude model of gold is used in the simulations. CST Microwave studio, a 3D electromagnetic field solver based on finite integration technique, is used for simulations. Drude model of gold has been extensively studied before, and the relative dielectric constant of gold is approximated as(1)εr(ω)=1-ωp2ω2+iγω,
where ωp and γ are the plasma frequency and collusion frequency, respectively. The values of ωp and γ are 1.216×1016 rad/s and 0.2×1014 rad/s. We considered crossed dipole (CD) antenna, bowtie antenna, spiral antenna, and modified crossed dipole (MCD) antenna for infrared applications. The structures are shown in Figure 2.Nanoantenna structures considered for infrared applications, (a) crossed dipole, (b) bowtie, (c) Archimedean spiral, and (d) modified crossed dipole.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)To assess the performance of each antenna structure a figure of merit (FOM) is defined as(2)FOM=HPBWπ×PeakGain(@10μm)×FBW,
where HPBW is the half-power beam width and FBW is the fractional bandwidth, defined as
(3)FBW=(f1-f2)fc,
where fc is the center frequency for the frequency band. The impedance frequency bandwidth is defined as the band of frequencies where the magnitude of the input reflection coefficient drops below −8 dB. This FOM is unitless and is used for all optimized antenna structures for comparison.


## 3. Results and Discussion

Crossed dipole with 50 nm ITO and 50 nm gold thickness on a20×20×5 μm glass substrate is considered first. On half arm length is taken as 950 nm and width of the arm is taken as 80 nm. Normally, resonant antenna length at free space is expected to be around 5 μm for 30 THz radiation, but due to glass superstrate, the resonant dimension is reduced to approximately 2 μm. The magnitude of input reflection coefficient is shown in Figure 3. Corresponding input impedance real and imaginary parts are shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b).Figure 3
Magnitude of input reflection coefficient (in dB).Input impedance of crossed dipole: (a) resistance and (b) reactance.
(a)
(b)Realized gain, that is, mismatch loss subtracted from directivity, is shown in Figures5(a) and 5(b). The peak gain for vertically polarized pattern is 4.9 dBi. The FOM comes about 0.0365.Radiation pattern of crossed dipole: (a) 3D pattern and (b) 2D elevation cuts at phi = 0°.
(a)
(b)Next, we studied bowtie antenna element on20×20×5 μm glass superstrate. The ITO and gold thicknesses are 5 nm and 150 nm, respectively. Bowtie has 74° flare angle, and the length of one arm is 900 nm, again smaller than its free-space counterpart by about 1/5th. The magnitude of input reflection coefficient with 50 Ω reference is given in Figure 6. The input impedance is displayed in Figures 7(a) and 7(b).Figure 6
Input reflection coefficient of bowtie antenna.Input impedance of optimized bowtie antenna: (a) resistance and (b) reactance.
(a)
(b)The radiation patterns of bowtie antenna are shown in Figures8(a) and 8(b). Peak gain is found to be 5.3 dBi and HPBW is 21.9°. Calculated FOM for bowtie antenna is 0.129.Radiation pattern of bowtie: (a) 3D and (b) 2D elevation cuts for phi = 0°.
(a)
(b)Next, we considered balanced Archimedean spiral antenna. The glass superstrate is taken as8×8×4 μm. The ITO and gold antenna thicknesses are 5 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The width and arm length of the spiral arm are 200 nm and 500 nm, respectively. Feed gap of 50 nm is taken in the simulations. The input reflection coefficient magnitude with reference to 50 Ω is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9
Magnitude of input reflection coefficient for balanced Archimedean spiral antenna.The input impedance of spiral antenna is shown in Figures10(a) and 10(b).Input impedance of Archimedean spiral antenna: (a) resistance and (b) reactance.
(a)
(b)The radiation patterns of balanced Archimedean spiral antenna are shown in Figures11(a) and 11(b). The HPBW is about 69° and peak gain is 6.3 dBi. Calculated FOM is 0.41. Balanced spiral antenna has larger bandwidth because its active surface has rotational symmetry at different operation frequencies. While the longest length is resonant at lower end of the frequency band, its active area shrinks as frequency is increased. Because it preserves its structural symmetry as frequency changes, the antenna phase center at the input terminals experiences less variation, which, in turn, makes it more wideband. It is also less sensitive to polarization as rotational structure captures all antenna-plane polarizations compared to bowtie and dipole-like structures.Radiation pattern of Archimedean spiral antenna: (a) 3D and (b) elevation cuts at phi = 0°.
(a)
(b)Last structure we studied is modified crossed dipole (MCD) antenna for dual polarization applications. Contrary to previous structures, the glass is taken as a substrate and its dimensions are taken as10×10×2 μm. The ITO and gold thicknesses are 5 nm and 100 nm, respectively. The dimension of each arm is 1.68 μm. The magnitude of input reflections coefficient is presented in Figure 12.Figure 12
Magnitude of input reflection coefficient for modified crossed-dipole.The impedance of MCD antenna is shown in Figure13.Input impedance of MCD antenna as a function of frequency: (a) resistance and (b) reactance.
(a)
(b)Radiation patterns of MCD antenna are shown in Figures14(a) and 14(b). The HPBW is 56° and the peak gain at 10 μm is 1.6 dBi. The FOM is calculated as 0.051.Radiation patterns of MCD antenna: (a) 3D pattern and (b) 2D elevation cut at phi = 0°.
(a)
(b)


## 4. Conclusions

Glass superstrate as opposed to glass substrate can offer substantial improvement for antenna characteristics, which are measured in terms of antenna match bandwidth, peak realized gain, and half-power beamwidth. We combined all these metrics into a single one and called it FOM. Comparison of FOMs for all structures is shown in Table1. It is obvious that balanced Archimedean spiral antenna performs best among all other structures. In addition, this balanced spiral antenna is almost polarization insensitive for in-plane polarized signals; that is, incoming polarization is arbitrary (no preferred polarization).Table 1
Performance comparison of antennas.
Crossed dipole
Bowtie
Spiral
MCD
f
c (THz)
29.86
31.53
31.3
28.82
FBW
0.094
0.309
0.248
0.111
G (linear)
3.09
3.43
4.29
1.39
HPBW (deg)
22.6
21.9
69
56
FOM
0.036
0.131
0.408
0.046



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*Source: 245960-2013-03-20.xml*