# Stability Analysis for Mutually Delay-Coupled Semiconductor Lasers System

Authors: Rina Su; Chunrui Zhang; Zuolin Shen
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

In this paper, the problem of the stability for mutually delay-coupled semiconductor lasers system is investigated. By analyzing the associated characteristic equation, linear stability is investigated and Hopf bifurcations are demonstrated. The new phenomena such as stability switch is found. TheZ2 equivariant property and the existence of multiple periodic solutions is also discussed. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results in the paper.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

For many years, coupled nonlinear oscillators have been a source of growing interest in different research fields, ranging from physics, chemistry, and engineering to biology, social sciences and so on [1–5].Recently, there has been an increasing activity and interest on the study of delay-coupled semiconductor lasers systems, because of their practical importance. The spatial separation of the lasers always results in a time delay in the coupling due to finite signal propagation times [6]. Time delay is ubiquitous in most physical and biological systems like optical bistable devices, electromechanical systems, predator-prey models, and physiological systems. They can arise from finite propagation speeds of signals or from finite processing times in synapses and so on. In many situations, the time delay in the coupling has been neglected. However, for semiconductor lasers this is not always justified due to their large bandwidth and fast time scales of their dynamics.The objective of [6] is the genetic case of two identical, mutually delay-coupled semiconductor lasers that receive each others light. The authors model the coupled lasers system with rate equations for the normalized complex slowly varying envelope of the optical fields E1,2 and the normalized inversions N1,2 as follows
(1)dE1dt=(1+iα)N1E1+κe-iΩ1τnE2(t-τn),dE2dt=(1+iα)N2E2+κe-iΩ1τnE1(t-τn)+iδE2,TdN1dt=P-N1-(1+2N1)|E1|2,TdN2dt=P-N2-(1+2N2)|E2|2,
where κ>0 is the coupled strength, τn>0 is the delay time, Ω1 is the optical frequency of laser 1 operated solitary at threshold, Ω2 is the optical angular frequency of the second laser operated solitary at threshold, and δ=Ω1-Ω2. The remaining parameters are the line width enhancement factor α>0, the normalized carrier lifetime T(T>0), and the pump parameter P(P>0). The authors obtained experimentally bifurcations and multistabilities between the two lasers.In this paper we consider the lasers system (1) with Ω1=Ω2=Ω>0, then we have
(2)dE1dt=(1+iα)N1E1+κe-iΩτE2(t-τ),dE2dt=(1+iα)N2E2+κe-iΩτE1(t-τ),TdN1dt=P-N1-(1+2N1)|E1|2,TdN2dt=P-N2-(1+2N2)|E2|2.Consider the complex coupled semiconductor lasers model (2) with a single delay τ. Let E1=x1-iy1, E2=x2-iy2, N1=u1+P-iν1, and N2=u2+P-iν2 be a solution of (2). Then (2) can be rewritten as
(3)x˙1=(u1-αν1+P)x1-(ν1+αu1+αP)y1+κcos(Ωτ)x2(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y2(t-τ),y˙1=(ν1+αu1+αP)x1-(u1-αν1+P)y1-κsin(Ωτ)x2(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y2(t-τ),x˙2=(u2-αν2+P)x2-(ν2+αu2+αP)y2+κcos(Ωτ)x1(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y1(t-τ),y˙2=(ν2+αu2+αP)x2+(u2-αν2+P)y2-κsin(Ωτ)x1(t-τ)+κcos(Ωτ)y1(t-τ),u˙1=-1T[u1+x12-y12+2u1x12+2Px12-2u1y12-2Py12-4ν1x1y1],ν˙1=-1T[2ν1y12ν1+2x1y1+4u1x1y1+4Px1y1+2ν1x12-2ν1y12],u˙2=-1T[u2+x22-y22+2u2x22+2Px22-2u2y22-2Py22-4ν2x2y2],ν˙2=-1T[2ν2y22ν2+2x2y2+4u2x2y2+4Px2y2+2ν2x22-2ν2y22].The purpose of this paper is to study the properties of stability and bifurcation in model (3). Because of the optical frequencies are the same, which leads to a detuning between the lasers, for achieving high out-put power, the effect of the time delay between the semiconductor lasers has been more and more importance. In our study, we need to found that when the time delay reach a certain value, arbitrarily small perturbation will make the dynamic performance of the system (3) have changed. That is to say, if the time delay is in a certain range, the out-put power is stable or unstable.We also find some new phenomena such as stability switch for (3) which is not mentioned in [6]. Couple can lead synchronization, phase trapping, phase locking, amplitude death, chaos, bifurcation of oscillators and so on [7–9]. Since two identical oscillators are coupled symmetrically, then the most typical patterns of behavior are perfect synchrony or perfect antisynchrony (in which the oscillators are half a period out of phase with each other). In Section 3, we give the Z2-equivariant property of (3) and the existence of multiple periodic solutions (synchronous respectively, anti-phased).The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we analyze the distribution of the characteristic equation associated with multicoupled, and obtain the existence of the local Hopf bifurcation and stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Base on the symmetric bifurcation theorem of Golubitsky [10], we also discussed the Z2 equivariant property and the existence of multiple periodic solutions in Section 3. To verify the theoretic analysis, numerical simulations are given in Section 4.


## 2. Stability Analysis

It is clear that the origin(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0) is a stationary point of (3). The linearization of (3) at the origin (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0) is
(4)x˙1=Px1-αPy1+κcos(Ωτ)×x2(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y2(t-τ),y˙1=αPx1-Py1-κsin(Ωτ)×x2(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y2(t-τ),x˙2=Px2-αPy2+κcos(Ωτ)×x1(t-τ)+κsin(Ωτ)y1(t-τ),y˙2=αPx2+Py2-κsin(Ωτ)×x1(t-τ)+κcos(Ωτ)y1(t-τ),u˙1=-1Tu1,ν˙1=-1Tν1,u˙2=-1Tu2,ν˙2=-1Tν2.Among them, theκ>0 is a coupling strength, P>0,α>0,Ω>0, and T>0. The zero solution of system (4) is asymptotically stable if and only if all the roots of the characteristic equation associated with system (4) have negative real parts. The characteristic equation of system (4) is
(5)detμ1(λ)·detμ2(λ)=0,
where
(6)detμ1(λ)=|λ-PαP-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)-κe-λτsin(Ωτ)-αPλ-Pκe-λτsin(Ωτ)-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)-κe-λτsin(Ωτ)λ-PαPκe-λτsin(Ωτ)-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)-αPλ-P|,detμ2(λ)=|λ+1Tλ+1Tλ+1Tλ+1T|,
by a direct calculation, and one can obtain that
(7)detμ1(λ)=[(λ-P-κe-λτcos(Ωτ))2+(αP-κe-λτsin(Ωτ))2]×[(λ-P+κe-λτcos(Ωτ))2+(αP+κe-λτsin(Ωτ))2],(8)detμ2(λ)=(λ+1T)4.It is well known from the theory of functional differential equations that characteristic equation (5) determines local stability of the trivial solution of (3). Thus, we need to investigate the distribution of roots of the characteristic equation (5). To achieve this aim, it is convenient to consider the following.Clearly, (7) can be written as
(9)detμ1(λ)=Δ-(λ)·Δ+(λ),
where
(10)Δ-(λ)=(λ-P-κe-λτcos(Ωτ))2+(αP-κe-λτsin(Ωτ))2,Δ+(λ)=(λ-P+κe-λτcos(Ωτ))2+(αP+κe-λτsin(Ωτ))2.Sincedetμ1(λ)·detμ2(λ)=0, then we have detμ1(λ)=0 or detμ2(λ)=0. If detμ2(λ)=0, we have λ=-1/T, and then all roots of the characteristic equation (5) have negative real parts. In this case, they have no influence on the system (3); then system (3) is stable. We will omit it.So, we just consider(11)detμ1(λ)=0.It is easy to verify thatλ is a root of (11) if and only if it is a root of one of the following equations:
(12)λ-P-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=i(αP-κe-λτsin(Ωτ)),(13)λ-P-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=-i(αP-κe-λτsin(Ωτ)),(14)λ-P+κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=i(αP+κe-λτsin(Ωτ)),(15)λ-P+κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=-i(αP+κe-λτsin(Ωτ)),
and it is not difficult to verify that λ=q+iβ is a root of (12) if and only if λ=q-iβ is a root of (13), and λ=q+iβ is a root of (14) if and only if λ=q-iβ is a root of (15). Therefore, it is sufficient to investigate only (12) and (14). We next want to find the conditions which determine that all roots of (12)–(15) satisfy Re(λ)<0.We first consider (12), clearly λ=0 is not a root of (3). Let λ=iβ, (β≠0) be a root of (12), then β satisfies
(16)κcos(βτ+Ωτ)=-P,κsin(βτ+Ωτ)=αP-β,
and it follows that
(17)(αP-β)2=κ2-P2.
Clearly, (17) has no real root if 0<κ<P and has two real roots β± if κ>P, where
(18)β±=αP±κ2-P2.
Consequently by (16), we can state the following results.Lemma 1.
(1) If0<κ<P, then (12) has no purely imaginary root.
(2) Ifκ>P, then we have the following.(i)
ForP<κ<α2P2+P2, define
(19)τ¯j+=π+arccos(P/κ)+2jπβ++Ω,(20)τ¯j-=π-arccos(P/κ)+2jπβ-+Ω,
where j=0,1,2,…, then iβ± are purely imaginary roots of (12), with τ=τ¯j±, respectively.(ii)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then (12) has purely imaginary roots iβ± when τ=τ¯j±, respectively, where τ¯j+ is defined by (19) and
(21)τ¯j-=π+arccos(P/κ)+2jπ-(β-+Ω).(iii)
Ifκ=α2P2+P2, then iβ+ is a purely imaginary root of (12) with τ=τ¯j+, where β+=2αp and τ¯j+ is defined by (19).
(3) Ifκ=P, then iβ+ is a purely imaginary root of (12) with τ=τ¯j+, where β+=αp and τ¯j+=(2(j+1)π)/(αP+Ω),(j=0,1,2,…).Lemma 2.
Ifκ>P, then Re(dλ/dτ)τ=τ¯j+>0, and
(22)Re(dλdτ)τ=τ¯j-{<0,forP<κ<α2P2+P2,>0,forκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0,
where j=0,1,2,….Proof.
Substitutingλ(τ) into (12) and taking the derivative with the respect to τ, we can easily obtain
(23)[dλdτ]-1=1κe-λτ(1+iΩ)(isin(Ωτ)-cos(Ωτ))-τλ+iΩ.
Note that β+>0, and β->0 when P<κ<α2P2+P2, while β-<0∩(β-+Ω)<0 when κ>α2P2+P2. Thus by (16) and (23), we deduce that
(24)Re[dλdτ]τ=τ¯j+-1=β+-αPκ2(β++Ω)>0,Re(dλdτ)τ=τ¯j--1=β--αPκ2(β-+Ω)={<0,P<κ<α2P2+P2,>0,κ>α2P2+P2⋂(β-+Ω)<0.
Since the sign ofRe(dλ/dτ) is same as that of Re(dλ/dτ)-1, this lemma follows immediately.
Combining (12) and (13) as follows:
(25)λ-P-κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=±i(αP-κe-λτsin(Ωτ)).
Then Lemmas1 and 2 allow us to state and prove the following results.Lemma 3.
Assume thatβ± are defined by (18) and τ¯j± are shown as in Lemma 1.(1)
If0<κ<P, then (25) has two roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0.(2)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)>(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, then there exists an integer m such that 0<τ¯0-<τ¯0+<⋯<τ¯m-1-<τ¯m-1+<τ¯m-<τ¯m+<τ¯m+1+<τ¯m+1-. In this case, all roots of (25) have negative real parts when τ∈⋃j=0m‍(τ¯j-τ¯j+), (25) has a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ∈⋃j=0m‍(τ¯(j-1)+τ¯j-) where τ¯(-1)+=0, and (25) has at least a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ>τ¯m+. In addition, when τ=τ¯j+ and τ=τ¯j-,(j=0,1,2,…), all roots of (25) have negative real parts except the purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ and ±iβ-, respectively.(3)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)<(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, then there exists an integer n such that 0<τ¯0+<τ¯0-<⋯<τ¯n-1+<τ¯n-1-<τ¯n+<τ¯n+1+<τ¯n-. In this case, all roots of (25) have negative real parts when τ∈[0τ¯0+)∪⋃j=0n‍(τ¯j-1-τ¯j+), (25) has a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ∈⋃j=0n-1‍(τ¯j+τ¯j-) and (25) has at least a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ>τ¯n+. In addition, when τ=τ¯j+,(j=0,1,2,…,n) and τ=τ¯j-,(j=0,1,2,…,n-1), all roots of (25) have negative real parts except the purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ and ±iβ-, respectively.(4)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then (25) has at least two part roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0.Proof.
(1) Whenτ=0, (25) becomes λ=P+κ±iαP, it is easy to see that (25) with τ=0 has only two roots with positive real parts.
This shows that (25) has no purely imaginary root. Meanwhile, τ=0 is not a root of (25). Thus there is no root appearing on the imaginary axis. Hence (25) has two roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0. The proof is complete.In what follows, we only prove the conclusions in case (2). In case (3), the proof is similar. We just omit it.(2) WhenP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)>(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, it is not difficult to verify that, τ¯0+>τ¯0- and |τ¯(j+1)+-τ¯j+|<|τ¯(j+1)--τ¯j-|,τ0=τ¯0- is the first value of τ≥0 such that (25) has imaginary root. From Lemma 2, we know that
(26)Re(dλdτ)τ=τ¯j+>0,Re(dλdτ)τ=τ¯j-<0,
we have that all the roots of (25) have negative real parts when τ∈⋃j=0m‍(τ¯j-τ¯j+). Therefore, together with Lemmas 1 and 2, means that the lemma is true.In a similar way, for the equation(27)λ-P+κe-λτcos(Ωτ)=±i(αP+κe-λτsin(Ωτ)),
which is the combination of (14) and (15), we can show the lemma below.Lemma 4.
(1) If0<κ<P, then (27) has no purely imaginary root for all τ≥0.
(2) Assume thatκ>P, then we have the following.(i)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2, then (27) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ± when  τ=τ~j±,(j=0,1,2,…), respectively, and
(28)τ~j+=arccos(P/κ)+2jπβ++Ω,(29)τ~j-=2π-arccos(P/κ)+2jπβ-+Ω.(ii)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then (27) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ± when τ=τ~j±, respectively, where β±=αP±κ2-P2,τ~j+ is defined by (28) and
(30)τ~j-=arccos(P/κ)+2jπ-(β-+Ω).(iii)
Ifκ=α2P2+P2, then (27) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ when τ=τ~j+,(j=0,1,2,…), where β+=2αp and τ~j+ is defined by (28).
(3) Ifκ=P, then (27) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ when τ=τ~j+, where β+=αp and τ~j+=((2j+1)π)/(αP+Ω),(j=0,1,2,…).By a direct computation, we can obtain that ifκ>P, then
(31)Re(dλdτ)τ=τ~j+>0,Re(dλdτ)τ=τ~j-{<0,forP<κ<α2P2+P2,>0,forκ>α2P2+P2⋂(β-+Ω)<0.In addition, it is easy to see that (27) has a pair of roots with negative real parts for κ>P and has only two roots with positive real parts for 0<κ<P, with τ=0. Consequently, by Lemma 4 and (31), we can show the lemma below.Lemma 5.
Assume thatβ± are defined by (18) and τ~j± are shown as in Lemma 4.(1)
If0<κ<P, then (27) has two roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0.(2)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2, then there exists an integer ℓ such that 0<τ~0+<τ~0-<⋯<τ~ℓ-1+<τ~ℓ-1-<τ~ℓ+<τ~ℓ+1+<τ~ℓ-. In this case, all roots of (27) have negative real parts when τ∈[0τ~0+)∪τ∈⋃j=1ℓ‍(τ~j-1-τ~j+), (27) has a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ∈⋃j=0ℓ‍(τ~j+τ~j-), and (27) has at least a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ>τ~ℓ+. Moreover, all roots of (27) have negative real parts except the purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ for τ=τ~j+,(j=0,1,2,…,ℓ) and ±iβ- for τ=τ~j-,(j=0,1,2,…,ℓ-1).(3)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then all roots of (27) has at least two part roots with positive real parts for all τ≥τ~0+, and (27) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ± when τ=τ~j±, respectively.Now, we are in a position to study (13). It is easy to see from Lemmas 3 and 5 that (13) has at least one root with positive real part when 0<κ<P or κ>α2P2+P2. However, when P<κ<α2P2+P2, a more interesting phenomenon such as stability switches, the stability of the equilibrium switching from instability to stability and back to instability or from stability to instability and back to stability several times may occur. In this case, for the convenience of statement, by (19) and (28), we can rearrange τ¯j+,τ~j+ as follows:
(32)τj+=π+arccos(P/κ)+jπβ++Ω,
and by (20) and (29), we can rearrange τ¯j-, τ~j- as follows
(33)τj-=π-arccos(P/κ)+jπβ-+Ω,
where j=0,1,2,…. By Lemma 2 and (31), we can easily obtain the following results on the distribution of zeros of the characteristic (11).Lemma 6.
Assume thatβ± are defined by (18) and τj± are defined by (32)-(33), respectively.(1)
If0<κ<P, then (11) has four roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0.(2)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)<((κ2-P2)/(αP+Ω))π, then there exists an integer h such that 0<τ0+<τ0-<⋯<τh-1+<τh-1-<τh+<τh+1+<τh-. Moreover, all roots of (11) has negative real parts when τ∈[0τ¯0+)∪τ∈⋃j=1h‍(τ(j-1)-τj+), (11) has a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ∈⋃j=0h-1‍(τj+τj-), and (11) has at least a pair of roots with positive real parts when τ>τh+. In addition, when τ=τj+,(j=0,1,2,…,h) and τ=τj-,(j=0,1,2,…,h-1), all roots of (11) have negative real parts except the purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ and ±iβ-, respectively.(3)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)>(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, then there exists an integer g such that 0<τ0-<τ0+<⋯<τg-1-<τg-1+<τg-<τg+<τg+1+<τg+1-. Moreover, all roots of (11) has negative real parts for τ∈⋃j=0g‍(τ(j-1)+τj-), where τ-1+=0; and (11) has at least a pair of roots with positive real parts for τ>τj+. In addition, when τ=τj+ and τ=τj-,(j=0,1,2,…,g), all roots of (11) have negative real parts except the purely imaginary roots ±iβ+ and ±iβ-, respectively.(4)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then (11) has at least two roots with positive real parts for all τ≥0. Moreover, when τ=τ¯j± (11) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ±, respectively, and when τ=τ~j± (11) has a pair of purely imaginary roots ±iβ±, respectively. Here τ¯j± and τ~j± are shown as in Lemmas 1 and 4, respectively.Lemmas2 and 6, together with (31), allow us to state the following results on the stability of the zero equilibrium of mutually delay-coupled system (3) and Hopf bifurcations.Theorem 7.
Assume thatβ± are defined by (18) and τj± are defined by (32)-(33), respectively.(1)
If0<κ<P, then the zero equilibrium of system (3) is unstable for all τ≥0.(2)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)>(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, then the zero equilibrium of system (3) is stable for τ∈⋃j=0g‍(τj-τj+), and unstable for τ∈⋃j=0g‍(τ(j-1)+τj-)∪(τg++∞), where τ-1+=0. In this case, system (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the zero equilibrium of system (3) when τ=τj±,(j=0,1,2,…).(3)
IfP<κ<α2P2+P2 and arccos(P/κ)<(κ2-P2/(αP+Ω))π, then the zero equilibrium of system (3) is stable for τ∈[0τ0+)∪τ∈⋃j=1h‍(τ(j-1)-τj+), and unstable for τ∈⋃j=0h-1‍(τj+τj-)∪(τh++∞). In this case, system (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the zero equilibrium of system (3) when τ=τj±,(j=0,1,2,…).(4)
Ifκ>α2P2+P2⋂‍(β-+Ω)<0, then the zero equilibriums is unstable for all τ≥0, and system (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the zero equilibrium when τ=τ¯j± and τ=τ~j±,(j=0,1,2,…). Here τ¯j±,τ~j± are shown as Lemmas 1 and 4, respectively.


## 3. Existence of Multiple Periodic Solutions

In the following, we consider the symmetric properties of (3). Using the theories of functional differential equation, we know that the system (3) is Z2-equivariant with
(34)(ρU)r=Ur+1(mod2),
for any Ur in R2. It is much interesting to consider the spatio-temporal patterns of bifurcating periodic solutions.In the following, we only consider the periodic properties ofx1(t),y1(t),x2(t),y2(t). For this purpose, we give the concepts of some spatiotemporal symmetric periodic solutions. Assume that the state (u1(t),v1(t),u2(t),v2(t)) can possess two different types of symmetry: spatial and temporal. The oscillators (u1(t),v1(t)) and (u2(t),v2(t)) are synchronized if the state taking the form
(35)(u(t),v(t),u(t),v(t)),
for all times t. On the other hand, oscillator (u1(t),v1(t)), is half a period out of phase with (anti-synchronous) oscillator (u2(t),v2(t)) means the state taking the form
(36)(u(t),v(t),u(t+ω2),v(t+ω2)).Now, we explore the possible (spatial) symmetry of the system (3). Consider the action of Z2×S1 on ([-τ,0],R4) with
(37)(r,θ)x(t)=rx(t+θ),(r,θ)∈Z2×S1,
where S1 is the temporal. Let ω=2π/β+ or ω=2π/β-, and denote Pω the Banach space of all continuous ω-periodic function x(t). Denoting SPω the subspace of Pω consisting of all ω-periodic solution of system (3) with τ=τ-j±± or τ=τ~j±±, then for each subgroup Σ⊂Z2×S1,
(38)Fix(Σ,SPω)={x∈SPω,(r,θ)x=x,∀(r,θ)∈Σ},
is a subspace.Theorem 8.
Assume thatβ± satisfy (18), then near τ=τ-j± (τ=τ~j±, resp.) for each j∈N0, a branch of synchronous (anti-synchronous, resp.) periodic solutions of period ω near ω0=β±/2π bifurcates from the zero solution of the system (3).Proof.
Letβ± satisfy (18). From the theorem of [11], we know the corresponding eigenvectors of Δ-(λ) at τ=τ-j± can be chosen as
(39)q1(θ)=(v1(θ)T,v1(θ)T,1,0,0,0)T,
where v1(θ) satisfies [(p-αpαpp)-(κcosΩτ-j±κsinΩτ-j±-κsinΩτ-j±κcosΩτ-j±)]v1(θ)=iβ±v1(θ). The isotropic subgroup of Z2×S1 is z2(ρ), the center space associated to eigenvalues ±iβ± is spanned by q1(θ) and q-1(θ), and the bifurcated periodic solutions are synchronous, taking the form
(40)(u(t),v(t),u(t),v(t)).
Similarly, ifβ± satisfy (18), then the corresponding eigenvectors of Δ+(λ) at τ=τ~j± can be chosen as
(41)q1(θ)=(v1(θ)T,v1(θ)T,1,0,0,0)T,
and v2(θ) satisfies [(p-αpαpp)+(κcosΩτ~j±κsinΩτ~j±-κsinΩτ~j±κcosΩτ~j±)(κosΩτ~j±κsinΩτ~j±-κsinΩτ~j±κcosΩτ~j±)]v1(θ)=iβ±v2(θ).
Z
2
×
S
1 has another isotropic subgroup z2(ρ,π), the center space associated to eigenvalues ±iβ± is spanned by q2(θ), q-2(θ), and the bifurcated periodic solutions are anti-phased, that is, taking the form
(42)(u(t),v(t),u(t+ω2),v(t+ω2)),
where ω is a period.


## 4. Numerical Simulations

As we all know that whenΩ1≠Ω2, model (1) has been studied by Erzgraber et al. According to their results, when changing the detuning between the lasers they observed that the coupled laser system undergoes mode jumps to other stable compound laser mode within the locking region.In this paper, we consider the properties of stability and bifurcation in a mutually delay-coupled semiconductor lasers system. By analyzing the associate characteristic equation, we can determine the stability and bifurcation of the coupled system (3) with a single delay in four cases of Theorem 7. Specifically, we have shown case (2) in Theorem 7 by using some numerical simulations; then the Hopf bifurcation occurs as τ.Letκ=25,P=20,Ω=275, and α=2, through (32) and (33) we have
(43)τ0-=π-arccos(4/5)β-+Ω=0.0188<τ0+=π+arccos(4/5)β++Ω=0.0210<τ1-=2π-arccos(4/5)β-+Ω=0.0293<τ1+=2π+arccos(45)β++Ω=0.0305,….Theorem7 shows that the zero equilibrium of system (3) is unstable for τ∈[0τ0-]∪[τ0+τ1-]∪[τ1+∞] and asymptotically stable for τ∈[τ0-,τ0+]∪[τ1-,τ1+]. This means that as the average delay τ varies, the zero equilibrium of system (3) switches two times from instability to stability, then to instability as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, and finally becomes unstable.Whenτ∈[0,τ0-], the zero equilibrium is unstable. T=1/70 and initial conditions: 0.000000001·(1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1), τ=0.001.
(a)
(b)Whenτ∈[τ0-τ0+], the zero equilibrium is asymptotically stable. T=100 and initial conditions: 30·(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1), τ=0.019.
(a)
(b)Whenτ∈[τ0+τ1-], the zero equilibrium is unstable. T=0.01 and initial conditions: 0.0008·(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1), τ=0.029.
(a)
(b)whenτ∈[τ1-τ1+], the zero equilibrium is asymptotically stable. T=1 and initial conditions: 1.1·(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1), τ=0.0299.
(a)
(b)


## 5. Conclusion

In our study, we give a semiconductor lasers model with coupled delay to describe the exchanges between the two optical fieldsE1,E2 of the lasers. By means of the general symmetric local Hopf bifurcation theorem, we not only investigated the effect of delay of signal transmission on the pattern formation of model (3) but also obtained some important results about the spontaneous bifurcation of multiple branches of periodic solutions and their spatiotemporal patterns. From a practical viewpoint, these means that the time delay could cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and cause the properties in a coupled semiconductor lasers system to fluctuate: if τ<τ0, the output power of the lasers reach equilibrium. If τ increases and crosses the value τ0, then this equilibrium becomes unstable and the output power has a change of periodic and small amplitude.



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*Source: 248379-2013-03-21.xml*