# Remarks on Asymptotic Centers and Fixed Points

Authors: A. Kaewkhao; K. Sokhuma
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2010)

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## Abstract

We introduce a class of nonlinear continuous mappings defined on a bounded closed
convex subset of a Banach spaceX. We characterize the Banach spaces in which every
asymptotic center of each bounded sequence in any weakly compact convex subset is
compact as those spaces having the weak fixed point property for this type of mappings.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

A mappingT on a subset E of a Banach space X is called a nonexpansive mapping if ∥Tx-Ty∥≤∥x-y∥ for all x,y∈E. Although nonexpansive mappings are widely studied, there are many nonlinear mappings which are more general. The study of the existence of fixed points for those mappings is very useful in solving the problems of equations in science and applied science.The technique of employing the asymptotic centers and their Chebyshev radii in fixed point theory was first discovered by Edelstein [1], and the compactness assumption given on asymptotic centers was introduced by Kirk and Massa [2]. Recently, Dhompongsa et al. proved in [3] a theorem of existence of fixed points for some generalized nonexpansive mappings on a bounded closed convex subset E of a Banach space with assumption that every asymptotic center of a bounded sequence relative to E is nonempty and compact. However, spaces or sets in which asymptotic centers are compact have not been completely characterized, but partial results are known (see [4, page 93]).In this paper, we introduce a class of nonlinear continuous mappings in Banach spaces which allows us to characterize the Banach spaces in which every asymptotic center of each bounded sequence in any weakly compact convex subset is compact as those spaces having the weak fixed point property for this type of mappings.


## 2. Preliminaries

LetE be a nonempty closed and convex subset of a Banach space X and {xn} a bounded sequence in X. For x∈X, define the asymptotic radius of {xn} at x as the number(2.1)r(x,{xn})=limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-x‖.
Let(2.2)r≡r(E,{xn}):=inf⁡⁡{r(x,{xn}):x∈E},A≡A(E,{xn}):={x∈E:r(x,{xn})=r}.
The number r and the set A are, respectively, called the asymptotic radius and asymptotic center of {xn} relative to E. It is known that A(E,{xn}) is nonempty, weakly compact, and convex as E is [4, page 90].LetT:E→E be a nonexpansive and z∈E. Then for α∈(0,1), the mapping Tα:E→E defined by setting(2.3)Tαx=(1-α)z+αTx
is a contraction mapping. As we have known, Banach contraction mapping theorem assures the existence of a unique fixed point xα∈E. Since(2.4)lim⁡α→1-‖xα-Txα‖=lim⁡α→1-(1-α)‖z-Txα‖=0,
we have the following.Lemma 2.1.
IfE is a bounded closed and convex subset of a Banach space and if T:E→E is nonexpansive, then there exists a sequence {xn}⊂E such that
(2.5)lim⁡n→∞‖xn-Txn‖=0.


## 3. Main Results

Definition 3.1.
LetE be a bounded closed convex subset of a Banach space X. We say that a sequence {xn} in X is an asymptotic center sequence for a mapping T:E→X if, for each x∈E,
(3.1)limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-Tx‖≤limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-x‖.We say thatT:E→X is a D-type mapping whenever it is continuous and there is an asymptotic center sequence for T.The following observation shows that the concept of D-type mappings is a generalization of nonexpansiveness.Proposition 3.2.
LetT:E→E be a nonexpansive mapping. Then T is a D-type mapping.Proof.
It is easy to see thatT is continuous. By Lemma 2.1, there exists a sequence {xn} such that
(3.2)lim⁡n→∞‖xn-Txn‖=0.
Forx∈E,
(3.3)‖xn-Tx‖≤‖xn-Txn‖+‖Txn-Tx‖≤‖xn-Txn‖+‖xn-x‖.
Then
(3.4)limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-Tx‖≤limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-x‖.
This implies that {xn} is an asymptotic center sequence for T. Thus T is a D-type mapping.Definition 3.3.
We say that a Banach space(X,∥·∥) has the weak fixed point property for D-type mappings if every D-type self-mapping on every weakly compact convex subset of X has a fixed point.Now we are in the position to prove our main theorem.Theorem 3.4.
LetX be a Banach space. Then X has the weak fixed point property for D-type mappings if and only if the asymptotic center relative to each nonempty weakly compact convex subset of each bounded sequence of X is compact.Proof.
Suppose the asymptotic center of any bounded sequence ofX relative to any nonempty weakly compact convex subset of X is compact. Let E be a weakly compact convex subset of X and T:E→E a D-type mapping having {xn} as an asymptotic center sequence. Let r and A, respectively, be the asymptotic radius and the asymptotic center of {xn} relative to E. Since E is weakly compact and convex, A is nonempty weakly compact and convex. For every x∈A, since {xn} is an asymptotic center sequence for T, we have
(3.5)r≤limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-Tx‖≤limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-x‖=r.
Hence T(x)∈A, which implies that A is T-invariant. By the assumption, A is a compact set. By using Schauder's fixed point theorem, we can conclude that T has a fixed point in A and hence T has a fixed point in E.
Now supposeX has the weak fixed point property for D-type mappings, and suppose there exists a weakly compact convex subset K of X and a bounded sequence {xn} in X whose asymptotic center A relative to K is not compact. By Klee's theorem (see [4, page 203]), there exists a continuous, fixed point free mapping T:A→A. We see that {xn} is an asymptotic center sequence for T. Indeed, since Tx∈A for each x∈A, we have
(3.6)limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-Tx‖=r=limsup⁡n→∞‖xn-x‖.
Then T is a D-type mapping. Thus T should have a fixed point which is a contradiction.In 2007, García-Falset et al. [5] introduced another concept of centers of mappings.Definition 3.5.
LetE be a bounded closed convex subset of a Banach space X. A point x0∈X is said to be a center for a mapping T:E→X if, for each x∈E,
(3.7)‖Tx-x0‖≤‖x-x0‖.
A mapping T:E→X is said to be a J-type mapping whenever it is continuous and it has some center x0∈X.Definition 3.6.
We say that a Banach spaceX has the J-weak fixed point property if every J-type self-mapping of every weakly compact subset E of X has a fixed point.Employing the above definitions, the authors proved a characterization of the geometrical property(C) of the Banach spaces introduced in 1973 by Bruck Jr. [6]: a Banach space X has property (C) whenever the weakly compact convex subsets of its unit sphere are compact sets.Theorem 3.7 (see [5, Theorem 16]).
LetX be a Banach space. Then X has property (C) if and only if X has the J-weak fixed point property.It is easy to see that a centerx0∈X of a mapping T:E→X can be seen as an asymptotic center sequence {xn} for the mapping T by setting xn≡x0 for all n∈ℕ. This leads to the following conclusion.Proposition 3.8.
LetT:E→X be a J-type mapping. Then T is a D-type mapping.Consequently, we have the following proposition.Proposition 3.9.
LetX be a Banach space. If X has the weak fixed point property for D-type mappings, then X has the J-weak fixed point property.From Theorems3.4 and 3.7, and Proposition 3.9, we can conclude this paper by the following result.Theorem 3.10.
LetX be a Banach space. If the asymptotic center relative to every nonempty weakly compact convex subset of each bounded sequence of X is compact, then X has property (C).



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