# Two-Dimensional Fredholm Integro-Differential Equation with Singular Kernel and Its Numerical Solutions

Authors: Abeer M. Al-Bugami
Journal: Advances in Mathematical Physics
 (2022)

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## Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equation of the second kind with singular kernel in two-dimensional NT-DFIDE. Furthermore, we study this new equation numerically. The existence of a unique solution of the equation is proved. The numerical results of NT-DFIDE are obtained by the following methods: Toeplitz matrix method (TMM) and product Nystrom method (PNM). The given applications showed the efficiency of these methods.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

There are many well-written texts on the theory and applications of integral equations in different sciences. From 1960 to the present day, many new numerical methods have been developed for the solution of many types of integral equations, such as the Toeplitz matrix method, the product Nystrom method, the Galerkin method, the Runge-Kutta method, and the Block by block method (see Linz [1], Baker et al. [2], and Delves and Mohamed [3]). Authors, in [4], used the iterative method based on quadrature formula to solve T-DNFIEs. Fattahzadeh, in [5], solved T-DLFIE and NFIE of the first kind based on the Haar wavelet. Authors, in [6], solved T-DIE of the first kind by multistep method. Pashazadeh Atabakan et al. [7] solved linear FIDEs using the well-known Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto collocation points. Rabbani and B. Zarali, in [8], solved a system of LIDEs with initial conditions by using modified decomposition method. Arqub et al., in [9], solved the FIDE numerically in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Pandey, in [10], studied the LFIDEs numerically. Erfanian and Zeidabadi, in [11], solved the NFIDE numerically. Saadatmandi and Dehghan, in [12], discussed the higher-order LFIDDE with variable coefficients. In [13], Al-Bugami studied the numerical algorithm for the solution of nonlinear two-dimensional Volterra integral equation arising from torsion problem. In [14], Al-Bugami studied N-FIDE of the second kind in two dimensions with continuous kernel. The authors, in [15–18], studied the different types of integral equations with singular kernel numerically. In [19], Khajehnasiri studied the numerical solution of nonlinear 2D Volterra–Fredholm integro-differential equations by two-dimensional triangular function. The authors, in [20], used bivariate Jacobi polynomials for solving Volterra partial integro-differential equations with the weakly singular kernel.The N-FIDE of the second kind in two dimensions with singular kernel has application as the contact problem in the theory of elasticity with singular kernel, where the coefficient bed of the compressible materials is neglected.Consider(1)Z″m,n+Am,nZ′m,n+Bm,nZm,n=Qm,n−λ∫ab∫cdLm,n,t,sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.Under the boundary conditions,(2)Za,c=q1r1,Zb,d=q2r2.Z is the unknown function, which represents solution of the NT-DIDE (1). Z′ and Z″ are the first and second derivatives of Z, respectively. Also, λ is a constant. Am,n, Bm,n∈Ca,b×Cc,d with its derivatives. pm,n,t,s is the singular kernel.Integrating (1), twice, and then letting m=b and n=d, Equation (1) reduces to
(3)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.Equation (3) represents T-DFIDE in the nonlinear case.


## 2. Existence of a Solution of NT-DFIDE

Consider the following conditions, by using the Picard method:(i)
The kernelpm−n,t−s∈Ca,b×Cc,d and satisfies the discontinuity conditions(4)∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−s2dtds1/2=A<∞Aisaconstant(ii)
fm,n∈Ca,b×Cc,d, and its norm is defined as(5)fm,n=maxm,n∈J∫ab∫cdf2m,ndm1/2dn=M,J=Ca,b×Cc,d(iii)
The unknown functionZm,n satisfies the Lipschitz condition with respect to its argument and its normal is defined as(6)Zm,n=∫ab∫cdZm,n2dmdn1/2≤CZ2Theorem 1.
The solution of the T-DFIE with singular kernels exists and is unique under the condition(7)λ<μA.
We state the following lemmas.Lemma 2.
The infinite series∑i=0∞ψim,n is uniformly convergent to a continuous solution function Zm,n.Proof.
We construct the sequence of the functionsZnm,nas
(8)μZn∗m,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sZn∗−1t,sdtds,with
(9)Z0m,n=fm,n,(10)ψn∗m,n=Zn∗m,n−Zn∗−1m,n,where
(11)Znm,n=∑i=0n∗ψim,n,n∗=1,2,⋯ψ0m,n=fm.n.
Using the properties of the modulus, formula (10) takes the form
(12)ψn∗m,n≤λμ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sZn∗−1t,s−Zn∗−2t,sdtds.
With the aid of formula (10), we have
(13)ψn∗m,n≤λμψn∗−1s,t∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sdtds.
Then,(14)ψn∗m,n≤1μAλψn∗−1t,s,which takes the form
(15)ψn∗m,n≤αψn∗−1,α=1μAλ<1.
Let, in (12), n=1, we get
(16)ψ1m,n≤λμ∫ab∫cdp2m−t,n−sdtds1/2maxm,n∈J∫ab∫cdψ02t,sdt1/2ds.
Using (i) and (ii), we have(17)ψ1m,n≤1μAMλ≤αM.
So, by the mathematical induction method, we get(18)ψn∗m,n≤αn∗M,n∗=0,1,2,⋯
Then, we can write(19)Zm,n=∑i=0∞ψim,n.
The series (19) is uniformly convergent since the terms ψim,n are dominated by
(20)Eyz=12∂ψ∂y+xαx,t,Exz=12∂ψ∂x−yαx,t2.26.Lemma 3.
A continuous functionϕx,y represents a unique solution of Equation (3).Proof.
We first prove thatϕx,y defined by (19) satisfies Equation (3), and then, we set
(21)Zm,n=Zn′m,n+qn′m,n,qn′m,n⟶0asn′⟶∞.
Then, we get(22)Zm,n−qn′m,n=1μfm,n+λμ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sZt,s−qn−1t,sdtds.
Then, we have(23)maxm,n∈JZm,n−1μfm,n−λμ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sZt,sdtds≤maxm,n∈Jqn′m,n+λμ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−smaxm,n∈Jqn′−1t,sdtds.
The previous inequality takes the form(24)Zm,n−1μfm,n−λμ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sdtdsZt,sdtds≤qn′m,n+αqn′−1t,s,α=1μAλ.
To show thatϕx,y is the only solution, we assume that ϕx,y is also a continuous solution of (3); then, we get
(25)Zm,n−Z~m,n≤∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sZt,s−Z~t,sdtds.
Equation (25) leads to
(26)Zm,n−Z~m,n≤αZt,s−Z~t,s,α=Aμλ<1.
Since∫x0x1fxdx=hE−1/lnEf01.74, then (26) is true only if ϕx,y=ϕx,y; that is, the solution of (3) is unique.


## 3. Numerical Processors for Solving NT-DFIDE

### 3.1. TMM

The numerical experiments are prepared to illustrate these considerations, and the estimating error is calculated.Consider the linear integral Equation (3), and let the domain of integration Ω=a,b×c,d.
(27)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.We can write the integral term of Equation (27) as
(28)∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑n′=−NN−1∑m′=−MMpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds,where in ∫x0x1fxdx=h/125f0+8f1−f2+h4/24f03δ,δ∈x0,x11.77, we get
(29)∫n′hn′h+h∫m′hm′h+hpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=An′m′m,nZn′h,m′h+Bn′m′n′h+h,m′h+h+R,where An′m′m,n and Bn′m′m,n are two arbitrary functions to be determined and R is the error.Then, we putZt,s=1.1,ts in Equation (29). If the error R is assumed negligible, then we obtain
(30)An′m′m,n=1hn′h+hm′h+hIn′h+m′h+h−Jn′h+m′h+h,(31)Bn′m′m,n=1hJn′h+m′h+h−n′hm′hIn′h+m′h+h.Hence, Equation (28) becomes
(32)∫−aa∫−aaZm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑n′=−NN−1∑m′=−MM−1An′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h+Bn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=∑n′=−NN−1∑n′=−NN−1An′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h+∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMBn′−1m′−1m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h,where
(33)Dn′,m′m,n=A−Nm,nn′=m′=−N,An′m,n+Bn′−1m,n−N<n′=m′<NBN−1m,nn′=m′=N.,Thus, the integral Equation (3) becomes
(34)Zm,n−λ∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=fm,n.If we putm=kh,n=lh, then we get
(35)Zk,l−λ∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′klγn′h,m′h,Zn′m′=fkl−N≤k≤N,−M≤l≤M.


### 3.2. The PNM

Consider the T-DFIE of the second kind.(36)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.When the kernelpm−t,n−s is a singular term, we can often factor out the singularity in k by writing
(37)pm−t,n−s=k~m−t,n−skm−t,n−s,where k~m−t,n−s,km−t,n−s are badly behaved and well-behaved functions of their arguments, respectively. We rewrite (36) in the form
(38)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdk~m−t,n−skm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.We approximate the integral term in (38) when m=mi,n=ni by
(39)∫ab∫abk~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds≈∑j=0N∑l=0Mwijwilkmi−tj,ni−slγtj,sl,Ztj,sl,where wij and wil are the weights. We may write
(40)∫ab∫abk~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds≈∑j=0N−2/2∑l=0M−2/2∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2k~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sdtds,where mi=ti=ni=si=a+ih,i=0,1,⋯,N with h=b−a/N and N even. Now, if we approximate the nonsingular part of the integrand, we find
(41)∫ab∫abpti−t,si−sk~ti−t,si−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑j=0N−2/2∑l=0M−2/2∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2k~ti−t,si−s×t2j+1−ts2l+1−st2j+2−ts2l+2−s2h22h2kti−t2j,si−s2lγt,s,Zt2j,s2l+t−t2js−s2lt2j+2−ts2l+2−sh2h2kti−t2j+1,si−s2l+1γt,s,Zt2j+1,s2l+1+t−t2js−s2lt−t2j+1s−s2l+12h22h2kti−t2j+2,vi−v2l+2γt,s,Zt2j+2,s2l+2dtds=∑j=0N∑l=0Mwijwilkti−sj,ti−slγt,s,Zti,sl,where tj=jh,tj+1=j+1h,sj−sj+1=sl−sl+1=−h, and the weight functions wijwil are given by
(42)wi,0wi,0=14h2∫t0t2∫s0s2kti−t,si−st1−ts1−st2−ts2−sdtds,wi,2j+1wi,2l+1=1h4∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2kti−t,si−st−t2js−s2lt2j+2−ts2l+2−sdtds,wi,2jwi,2l=14h4∫t2j−2t2j∫s2l−2s2lkti−t,si−st−t2j−2s−s2j−2t−t2j−1s−s2j−1dtds+14h4∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2kti−t,si−st2j+1−ts2j+1−st2j+2−ts2j+2−sdtds,wi,Nwi,M=14h4∫tN−2tN∫sM−2sMkti−t,si−st−tN−2s−sM−2t−tN−1s−sM−1dtds.


## 3.1. TMM

The numerical experiments are prepared to illustrate these considerations, and the estimating error is calculated.Consider the linear integral Equation (3), and let the domain of integration Ω=a,b×c,d.
(27)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.We can write the integral term of Equation (27) as
(28)∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑n′=−NN−1∑m′=−MMpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds,where in ∫x0x1fxdx=h/125f0+8f1−f2+h4/24f03δ,δ∈x0,x11.77, we get
(29)∫n′hn′h+h∫m′hm′h+hpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=An′m′m,nZn′h,m′h+Bn′m′n′h+h,m′h+h+R,where An′m′m,n and Bn′m′m,n are two arbitrary functions to be determined and R is the error.Then, we putZt,s=1.1,ts in Equation (29). If the error R is assumed negligible, then we obtain
(30)An′m′m,n=1hn′h+hm′h+hIn′h+m′h+h−Jn′h+m′h+h,(31)Bn′m′m,n=1hJn′h+m′h+h−n′hm′hIn′h+m′h+h.Hence, Equation (28) becomes
(32)∫−aa∫−aaZm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑n′=−NN−1∑m′=−MM−1An′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h+Bn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=∑n′=−NN−1∑n′=−NN−1An′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h+∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMBn′−1m′−1m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h,where
(33)Dn′,m′m,n=A−Nm,nn′=m′=−N,An′m,n+Bn′−1m,n−N<n′=m′<NBN−1m,nn′=m′=N.,Thus, the integral Equation (3) becomes
(34)Zm,n−λ∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′m,nγn′h,m′h,Zn′h,m′h=fm,n.If we putm=kh,n=lh, then we get
(35)Zk,l−λ∑n′=−NN∑m′=−MMDn′,m′klγn′h,m′h,Zn′m′=fkl−N≤k≤N,−M≤l≤M.


## 3.2. The PNM

Consider the T-DFIE of the second kind.(36)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdpm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.When the kernelpm−t,n−s is a singular term, we can often factor out the singularity in k by writing
(37)pm−t,n−s=k~m−t,n−skm−t,n−s,where k~m−t,n−s,km−t,n−s are badly behaved and well-behaved functions of their arguments, respectively. We rewrite (36) in the form
(38)Zm,n=fm,n+λ∫ab∫cdk~m−t,n−skm−t,n−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds.We approximate the integral term in (38) when m=mi,n=ni by
(39)∫ab∫abk~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds≈∑j=0N∑l=0Mwijwilkmi−tj,ni−slγtj,sl,Ztj,sl,where wij and wil are the weights. We may write
(40)∫ab∫abk~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds≈∑j=0N−2/2∑l=0M−2/2∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2k~mi−t,ni−skmi−t,ni−sdtds,where mi=ti=ni=si=a+ih,i=0,1,⋯,N with h=b−a/N and N even. Now, if we approximate the nonsingular part of the integrand, we find
(41)∫ab∫abpti−t,si−sk~ti−t,si−sγt,s,Zt,sdtds=∑j=0N−2/2∑l=0M−2/2∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2k~ti−t,si−s×t2j+1−ts2l+1−st2j+2−ts2l+2−s2h22h2kti−t2j,si−s2lγt,s,Zt2j,s2l+t−t2js−s2lt2j+2−ts2l+2−sh2h2kti−t2j+1,si−s2l+1γt,s,Zt2j+1,s2l+1+t−t2js−s2lt−t2j+1s−s2l+12h22h2kti−t2j+2,vi−v2l+2γt,s,Zt2j+2,s2l+2dtds=∑j=0N∑l=0Mwijwilkti−sj,ti−slγt,s,Zti,sl,where tj=jh,tj+1=j+1h,sj−sj+1=sl−sl+1=−h, and the weight functions wijwil are given by
(42)wi,0wi,0=14h2∫t0t2∫s0s2kti−t,si−st1−ts1−st2−ts2−sdtds,wi,2j+1wi,2l+1=1h4∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2kti−t,si−st−t2js−s2lt2j+2−ts2l+2−sdtds,wi,2jwi,2l=14h4∫t2j−2t2j∫s2l−2s2lkti−t,si−st−t2j−2s−s2j−2t−t2j−1s−s2j−1dtds+14h4∫t2jt2j+2∫s2ls2l+2kti−t,si−st2j+1−ts2j+1−st2j+2−ts2j+2−sdtds,wi,Nwi,M=14h4∫tN−2tN∫sM−2sMkti−t,si−st−tN−2s−sM−2t−tN−1s−sM−1dtds.


## 4. Numerical Problems

### 4.1. Application For a Logarithmic Kernel

Consider(43)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11lnm−tlnn−sZt,skdtds.Under the boundary conditions,
(44)Z−1,−1=1,Z1,1=1.The exact solution isZm,n=m.n; if we set k=1 in (43), we get
(45)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11lnm−tlnn−sZt,sdtds,which is called the LT-DFIDE, and if we setk≥2 in (43), we obtained the NT-DFIDE, of the second kind, with λ=0.01,0.001,A=−2/m+n,B=1. We solve Equation (43) using TMM and PNM. In Tables 1 and 2, we present the exact, numerical solutions and the corresponding errors for some points of m, n, 0≤m,n≤1, at n=20. In Tables 1 and 2, uExact is the exact solution, uTMM is the approximate solution of TMM, ErrorTMM is the absolute error of PNM, uPNM is the approximate solution of PNM, and ErrorPNM is the absolute error of PNM.Table 1
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at linear case k=1.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.991200.0087970.989990.010000-0.8-0.80.64000.627840.0121540.627900.012094-0.6-0.60.36000.350510.0094890.349240.010750-0.4-0.40.16000.155020.0049740.152240.007754-0.2-0.20.04000.038740.0012560.035900.004092000.00000.002290.0002290.000060.0000600.20.20.04000.038740.0012560.439510.0039510.40.40.16000.155020.0049740.167590.0075990.60.60.36000.350510.0094890.370480.0104880.80.80.64000.627840.0121540.651970.0119781.01.01.00000.991200.0087971.009910.0099160.001-1.0-1.01.00000.999120.0008780.998990.001001-0.8-0.80.64000.638790.0012120.638790.001209-0.6-0.60.36000.359050.0009450.358920.001076-0.4-0.40.16000.159500.0004950.159220.000776-0.2-0.20.04000.039870.0001240.039580.000411000.00000.000020.0000230.67×10−50.67×10−50.20.20.04000.039870.0001240.040390.0003930.40.40.16000.159500.0004950.160750.0007590.60.60.36000.359050.0009450.361040.0010480.80.80.64000.638780.0012120.641190.0011971.01.01.00000.999120.0008781.000990.000991Table 2
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at nonlinear case k=2.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.999390.0006050.9981460.0018535-0.8-0.80.64000.638390.0016040.6371790.0028200-0.6-0.60.36000.358810.0011820.3575050.0024945-0.4-0.40.16000.159390.0006050.1582200.0017792-0.2-0.20.04000.039620.0003750.0387200.0012790000.00000.000260.0002600.0010180.00101880.20.20.04000.039620.0003750.0388700.00112900.40.40.16000.159390.0006050.1584570.00154200.60.60.36000.358810.0011820.3576630.00213360.80.80.64000.638390.0016040.6373990.00260001.01.01.00000.999390.0006050.9998170.00190200.001-1.0-1.01.00000.999930.0000600.6397190.0001821-0.8-0.80.64000.639890.0001600.1598210.0002809-0.6-0.60.36000.359880.0001170.3597470.0002527-0.4-0.40.16000.159930.0000600.3598210.0001780-0.2-0.20.04000.039960.0000370.0398710.0001280000.00000.0000250.0000250.0001020.00010210.20.20.04000.0399620.0000370.0398870.00011220.40.40.16000.1599390.0000600.1598450.00015420.60.60.36000.3598820.0001170.3597860.00021330.80.80.64000.6398390.0001600.6397390.00026001.01.01.00000.9999390.0000600.9998090.0001902


### 4.2. Application for the Carleman Kernel

Consider(46)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11m−t−υ1n−s−υ2Zt,skdtds.Under the boundary conditions,
(47)Z−1,−1=1,Z1,1=1.The exact solution isZm,n=m.n; if we set k=1 in (46), one has
(48)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11m−t−υ1n−s−υ2Zt,sdtds,with λ=0.01,0.001,υ1=υ2=0.004,A=−2/m+n,B=1. In Tables 3 and 4, we present the exact, numerical solutions and the corresponding errors for some points of m, n, 0≤m,n≤1, at n=20.Table 3
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at linear case k=1.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00001.000370.0003781.000670.000673-0.8-0.80.64000.640770.0007750.640670.000673-0.6-0.60.36000.360770.0007720.360670.000742-0.4-0.40.16000.160760.0007680.160670.000672-0.2-0.20.04000.040740.0007470.040670.000674000.00000.001160.0011600.000670.0006740.20.20.04000.040740.0007470.040670.0006740.40.40.16000.160760.0007680.160670.0006740.60.60.36000.360770.0007720.360670.0006740.80.80.64000.640770.0007750.640670.0007491.01.01.00001.000370.0003781.000670.0006750.001-1.0-1.01.00001.000030.0000371.000060.000067-0.8-0.80.64000.640070.0000770.640060.000067-0.6-0.60.36000.360070.0000770.360060.000067-0.4-0.40.16000.160070.0000760.160060.000067-0.2-0.20.04000.040070.0000740.040060.000067000.00000.000110.0001150.000060.0000670.20.20.04000.040070.0000740.040060.0000670.40.40.16000.160070.0000760.160060.0000670.60.60.36000.360070.0000770.360060.0000670.80.80.64000.640070.0000770.640060.0000671.01.01.00001.000030.0000371.000060.000067Table 4
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at nonlinear case k=2.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.9959330.0040660.9962240.003775-0.8-0.80.64000.6363150.0036840.6362190.00378-0.6-0.60.36000.3563180.0036810.3562220.003777-0.4-0.40.16000.1563210.0036780.1562260.003773-0.2-0.20.04000.0363070.0036920.0362290.003770000.00000.0032830.0032830.0037690.0037690.20.20.04000.0363070.0036920.0362990.0037700.40.40.16000.1563210.0036780.1562260.0037770.60.60.36000.3563180.0036810.3562220.0037770.80.80.64000.6363150.0036840.6362200.0003771.01.01.00000.9959330.0040660.9962260.0037770.001-1.0-1.01.00000.9995930.0004030.9996230.000376-0.8-0.80.64000.6396320.0003670.6396220.000377-0.6-0.60.36000.3596320.0003670.3596220.000377-0.4-0.40.16000.1596320.0003670.1596230.000376-0.2-0.20.04000.0396310.0003680.3962360.000376000.00000.0003270.0003270.0003760.0003760.20.20.04000.0396310.0003680.0396230.0003760.40.40.16000.1596320.0003670.1596230.0003760.60.60.36000.3596320.0003670.3596220.0003770.80.80.64000.6393220.0003670.6396220.0003771.01.01.00000.9995930.0004060.9996230.000376


## 4.1. Application For a Logarithmic Kernel

Consider(43)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11lnm−tlnn−sZt,skdtds.Under the boundary conditions,
(44)Z−1,−1=1,Z1,1=1.The exact solution isZm,n=m.n; if we set k=1 in (43), we get
(45)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11lnm−tlnn−sZt,sdtds,which is called the LT-DFIDE, and if we setk≥2 in (43), we obtained the NT-DFIDE, of the second kind, with λ=0.01,0.001,A=−2/m+n,B=1. We solve Equation (43) using TMM and PNM. In Tables 1 and 2, we present the exact, numerical solutions and the corresponding errors for some points of m, n, 0≤m,n≤1, at n=20. In Tables 1 and 2, uExact is the exact solution, uTMM is the approximate solution of TMM, ErrorTMM is the absolute error of PNM, uPNM is the approximate solution of PNM, and ErrorPNM is the absolute error of PNM.Table 1
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at linear case k=1.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.991200.0087970.989990.010000-0.8-0.80.64000.627840.0121540.627900.012094-0.6-0.60.36000.350510.0094890.349240.010750-0.4-0.40.16000.155020.0049740.152240.007754-0.2-0.20.04000.038740.0012560.035900.004092000.00000.002290.0002290.000060.0000600.20.20.04000.038740.0012560.439510.0039510.40.40.16000.155020.0049740.167590.0075990.60.60.36000.350510.0094890.370480.0104880.80.80.64000.627840.0121540.651970.0119781.01.01.00000.991200.0087971.009910.0099160.001-1.0-1.01.00000.999120.0008780.998990.001001-0.8-0.80.64000.638790.0012120.638790.001209-0.6-0.60.36000.359050.0009450.358920.001076-0.4-0.40.16000.159500.0004950.159220.000776-0.2-0.20.04000.039870.0001240.039580.000411000.00000.000020.0000230.67×10−50.67×10−50.20.20.04000.039870.0001240.040390.0003930.40.40.16000.159500.0004950.160750.0007590.60.60.36000.359050.0009450.361040.0010480.80.80.64000.638780.0012120.641190.0011971.01.01.00000.999120.0008781.000990.000991Table 2
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at nonlinear case k=2.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.999390.0006050.9981460.0018535-0.8-0.80.64000.638390.0016040.6371790.0028200-0.6-0.60.36000.358810.0011820.3575050.0024945-0.4-0.40.16000.159390.0006050.1582200.0017792-0.2-0.20.04000.039620.0003750.0387200.0012790000.00000.000260.0002600.0010180.00101880.20.20.04000.039620.0003750.0388700.00112900.40.40.16000.159390.0006050.1584570.00154200.60.60.36000.358810.0011820.3576630.00213360.80.80.64000.638390.0016040.6373990.00260001.01.01.00000.999390.0006050.9998170.00190200.001-1.0-1.01.00000.999930.0000600.6397190.0001821-0.8-0.80.64000.639890.0001600.1598210.0002809-0.6-0.60.36000.359880.0001170.3597470.0002527-0.4-0.40.16000.159930.0000600.3598210.0001780-0.2-0.20.04000.039960.0000370.0398710.0001280000.00000.0000250.0000250.0001020.00010210.20.20.04000.0399620.0000370.0398870.00011220.40.40.16000.1599390.0000600.1598450.00015420.60.60.36000.3598820.0001170.3597860.00021330.80.80.64000.6398390.0001600.6397390.00026001.01.01.00000.9999390.0000600.9998090.0001902


## 4.2. Application for the Carleman Kernel

Consider(46)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11m−t−υ1n−s−υ2Zt,skdtds.Under the boundary conditions,
(47)Z−1,−1=1,Z1,1=1.The exact solution isZm,n=m.n; if we set k=1 in (46), one has
(48)Z′′m,n+AZ′m,n+BZm,n=fm,n−λ∫−11∫−11m−t−υ1n−s−υ2Zt,sdtds,with λ=0.01,0.001,υ1=υ2=0.004,A=−2/m+n,B=1. In Tables 3 and 4, we present the exact, numerical solutions and the corresponding errors for some points of m, n, 0≤m,n≤1, at n=20.Table 3
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at linear case k=1.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00001.000370.0003781.000670.000673-0.8-0.80.64000.640770.0007750.640670.000673-0.6-0.60.36000.360770.0007720.360670.000742-0.4-0.40.16000.160760.0007680.160670.000672-0.2-0.20.04000.040740.0007470.040670.000674000.00000.001160.0011600.000670.0006740.20.20.04000.040740.0007470.040670.0006740.40.40.16000.160760.0007680.160670.0006740.60.60.36000.360770.0007720.360670.0006740.80.80.64000.640770.0007750.640670.0007491.01.01.00001.000370.0003781.000670.0006750.001-1.0-1.01.00001.000030.0000371.000060.000067-0.8-0.80.64000.640070.0000770.640060.000067-0.6-0.60.36000.360070.0000770.360060.000067-0.4-0.40.16000.160070.0000760.160060.000067-0.2-0.20.04000.040070.0000740.040060.000067000.00000.000110.0001150.000060.0000670.20.20.04000.040070.0000740.040060.0000670.40.40.16000.160070.0000760.160060.0000670.60.60.36000.360070.0000770.360060.0000670.80.80.64000.640070.0000770.640060.0000671.01.01.00001.000030.0000371.000060.000067Table 4
Numerical values and absolute error values by using TMM and PNM,n=20, at nonlinear case k=2.
λmnuExactTMMPNMUTMMErrorTMMUPNMErrorPNM0.01-1.0-1.01.00000.9959330.0040660.9962240.003775-0.8-0.80.64000.6363150.0036840.6362190.00378-0.6-0.60.36000.3563180.0036810.3562220.003777-0.4-0.40.16000.1563210.0036780.1562260.003773-0.2-0.20.04000.0363070.0036920.0362290.003770000.00000.0032830.0032830.0037690.0037690.20.20.04000.0363070.0036920.0362990.0037700.40.40.16000.1563210.0036780.1562260.0037770.60.60.36000.3563180.0036810.3562220.0037770.80.80.64000.6363150.0036840.6362200.0003771.01.01.00000.9959330.0040660.9962260.0037770.001-1.0-1.01.00000.9995930.0004030.9996230.000376-0.8-0.80.64000.6396320.0003670.6396220.000377-0.6-0.60.36000.3596320.0003670.3596220.000377-0.4-0.40.16000.1596320.0003670.1596230.000376-0.2-0.20.04000.0396310.0003680.3962360.000376000.00000.0003270.0003270.0003760.0003760.20.20.04000.0396310.0003680.0396230.0003760.40.40.16000.1596320.0003670.1596230.0003760.60.60.36000.3596320.0003670.3596220.0003770.80.80.64000.6393220.0003670.6396220.0003771.01.01.00000.9995930.0004060.9996230.000376


## 5. The Conclusion

The goal of this work is to study the T-DFIDE in linear and nonlinear case. This paper proposed an effective two numerical methods to obtain the solution. For this purpose, TMM and PNM have been presented. The given numerical problems showed the efficiency of the TMM and PNM. From the previous results, we deduce in linear and nonlinear case; it was found that TMM converges faster than PNM, where the kernel takes the logarithmic form, while when the kernel takes the Carleman form, PNM converges faster than TMM. In addition, the absolute error values for TMM and PNM were also decreased when the value ofλ was decreased. The codes were written in Maple program.



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*Source: 2501947-2022-12-08.xml*