# Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Ni-Cu-P Ternary Alloy Coatings in Acidic and Neutral Corrosive Mediums

Authors: Mbouillé Cissé; Mohamed Abouchane; Tayeb Anik; Karima Himm; Rida Allah Belakhmima; Mohamed Ebn Touhami; Rachid Touir; Abderrahmane Amiar
Journal: International Journal of Corrosion
 (2010)

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## Abstract

Electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings were deposited on the ordinary steel substrate in an acidic hypophosphite-type plating bath. These coatings were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray diffraction. The micrograph shows that coating presents a nodular aspect and is relatively homogeneous and very smooth. The EDX analysis shows that the coating contains 12 wt.% of phosphorus element with a predominance of nickel element. In addition, the anticorrosion properties of the Ni-Cu-P coatings in 1 M HCl, 1 M H2SO4, and 3% NaCl solutions were investigated using Tafel polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and SEM/EDX analysis. The result showed a marginal improvement in corrosion resistance in 3% NaCl solution compared to acidic medium. It also showed that the corrosion mechanism depends on the nature of the solution.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Interest in electroless plating of nickel-based ternary alloys has increased because of their excellent corrosion, wear, thermal and electrical resistance. They also possess good magnetic properties [1–4].Many metal elements, such as copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium can be codeposited in an Ni-P matrix to improve some properties [5, 6]. The choice of these elements depends on the applications sought after. The applications of Ni-Cu-P in VLSI [7, 8] and in thin-film memory discs [9] were considered.Copper content in electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings depends mainly on pH, temperature, and Cu2+ concentration in electrolyte composition and has a significant effect on the corrosion resistance of the coatings [10]. In order to get the stability and the acceleration role of ion Cu2+, some researchers have achieved developing Ni-Cu-P baths by adding small amount of copper in Ni-P baths [11, 12]. In addition, it was reported that the inclusion of Cu in electroless Ni-P coatings improves their smoothness, brightness, anti-corrosion and also increases the deposit rate and surface hardness [13, 14].Over recent decades, investigations were conducted on the corrosion behaviour of electroless Ni-Cu-P coatings but their corrosion mechanism is still under discussion. However, studies on corrosion resistance of ternary deposits show that the influence of a metallic element codeposited in the matrix Ni-P depends on its ability to form a stable oxide in the media as pH and potential. Thus, studying the behaviour of ternary Ni-X-P alloy (X=Mo,W) showed that in  H2SO4 media, Ni-W-P coating slightly improves its corrosion resistance compared with Ni-P alloy, while the Ni-Mo-P coating had no effect on the corrosion characteristics [15]. The same observations were made on the study of corrosion of electroless Ni-Co-P deposit on aluminum substrate in 5% H2SO4 media, where a deposit of 8.3 wt.% Co represents the best requirements for high corrosion resistance and high electromagnetic shielding effect according to that study [16].Electroless Ni-Cu-P deposits have better corrosion resistance than Ni-P or copper [10, 17], or stainless steel in alkaline 50% NaOH [18]. Similar results were obtained in 5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 media [19].In this paper, the characterisation of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and its anti-corrosion properties in 1 M HCl, 1 M H2SO4, and 3% NaCl solutions were investigated and were compared using electrochemical measurement and SEM/EDX.


## 2. Experimental Procedure

### 2.1. Materials

Ordinary steel (15 mm × 10 mm × 0.35 mm) with a composition (in wt.%) of:C=0.11, Si=0.24, Mn=0.47, Cr=0.12, Mo=0.02, Ni=0.1, Al=0.03, Cu=0.14, W=0.06, Co<0.0012, V<0.003 and the remainder iron was used as the substrates.  The specimen was polished with abrasive emery papers from 400–1000 grade soaked in commercial cleaning solution and dried with pulse air. The deposit rate for plating of one hour was measured from simple weight gains.


### 2.2. Electroless Ni-Cu-P Plating and Corrosion Mediums

Ni-Cu-P coating layer was chemically deposited from electroless bath comprising of NiSO4, 6H2O 0.1 M; CuSO4, 5H2O 0.0008 M; NaH2PO2, H2O 0.28 M; Na3C6H5O7, 2H2O 0.2 M, and CH3COONH4. The pH is fixed at 5 with the addition of acetic acid; the temperature was held at 78°C. The details of the plating process are described elsewhere [20]. To minimise the influence of the thickness of the coating on electrochemical measurement parameters, all the samples were deposited to have a similar thickness of about 8 μm.Molar Sulfuric, hydrochloric acids solutions, and 3% sodium chloride solution were used as corrosive mediums.


### 2.3. Electrochemical Measurements

The electrochemical measurements were performed in a typical three-compartment glass cell consisted of the ordinary  mild steel rod as working electrode and a platinum mesh as a counter electrode. The specimens of working electrode were machined into cylinders and mounted in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) moulds. The area which is in contact with the corrosive solution was 1 cm2. The reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrode with all potentials referred. The potentiodynamic measurements were carried out using VoltaLab PGZ 100, which was controlled by a personal computer. The working electrode was immersed in test solution for 1 hour until a steady state was obtained. The polarization curve was recorded by polarization from −0.9 to 0.2 V/sce under potentiodynamic conditions corresponding to 1 mV/s (sweep rate).The linear Tafel segments of curves were extrapolated to corrosion potential for obtaining the corrosion current density values. The protective efficiencyEI(%) from the  polarization curves was calculated from the following equations:
(1)EI(%)=(1-icorricorr0)×100,
where icorr0 and icorr are the corrosion current values without and with alloy coating of substrate, respectively.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out with a small amplitude ac. Signal (10 mV/rms), over a frequency domain from 100 KHz to 10 mHz. The EIS spectra analysis was performed using Boukamp impedance analysis software [21]. The charge transfer resistance Rct is obtained from the diameter of the semicircle in Nyquist representation. The protective efficiency EZ via the impedance curves of the coating was found from the following relationship:
(2)EZ(%)=(1-Rct∘Rct)×100,
where  Rct0 and Rct are the charge transfer resistance values without and with alloy coating of substrate, respectively.


### 2.4. Scanning Electronic Microscope

The surfaces of ordinary steel without and with alloy coating were immersed for 55 hours in different corrosives media and were analyzed by scanning electronic microscope JEOL JSM-5500 type.


## 2.1. Materials

Ordinary steel (15 mm × 10 mm × 0.35 mm) with a composition (in wt.%) of:C=0.11, Si=0.24, Mn=0.47, Cr=0.12, Mo=0.02, Ni=0.1, Al=0.03, Cu=0.14, W=0.06, Co<0.0012, V<0.003 and the remainder iron was used as the substrates.  The specimen was polished with abrasive emery papers from 400–1000 grade soaked in commercial cleaning solution and dried with pulse air. The deposit rate for plating of one hour was measured from simple weight gains.


## 2.2. Electroless Ni-Cu-P Plating and Corrosion Mediums

Ni-Cu-P coating layer was chemically deposited from electroless bath comprising of NiSO4, 6H2O 0.1 M; CuSO4, 5H2O 0.0008 M; NaH2PO2, H2O 0.28 M; Na3C6H5O7, 2H2O 0.2 M, and CH3COONH4. The pH is fixed at 5 with the addition of acetic acid; the temperature was held at 78°C. The details of the plating process are described elsewhere [20]. To minimise the influence of the thickness of the coating on electrochemical measurement parameters, all the samples were deposited to have a similar thickness of about 8 μm.Molar Sulfuric, hydrochloric acids solutions, and 3% sodium chloride solution were used as corrosive mediums.


## 2.3. Electrochemical Measurements

The electrochemical measurements were performed in a typical three-compartment glass cell consisted of the ordinary  mild steel rod as working electrode and a platinum mesh as a counter electrode. The specimens of working electrode were machined into cylinders and mounted in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) moulds. The area which is in contact with the corrosive solution was 1 cm2. The reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrode with all potentials referred. The potentiodynamic measurements were carried out using VoltaLab PGZ 100, which was controlled by a personal computer. The working electrode was immersed in test solution for 1 hour until a steady state was obtained. The polarization curve was recorded by polarization from −0.9 to 0.2 V/sce under potentiodynamic conditions corresponding to 1 mV/s (sweep rate).The linear Tafel segments of curves were extrapolated to corrosion potential for obtaining the corrosion current density values. The protective efficiencyEI(%) from the  polarization curves was calculated from the following equations:
(1)EI(%)=(1-icorricorr0)×100,
where icorr0 and icorr are the corrosion current values without and with alloy coating of substrate, respectively.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out with a small amplitude ac. Signal (10 mV/rms), over a frequency domain from 100 KHz to 10 mHz. The EIS spectra analysis was performed using Boukamp impedance analysis software [21]. The charge transfer resistance Rct is obtained from the diameter of the semicircle in Nyquist representation. The protective efficiency EZ via the impedance curves of the coating was found from the following relationship:
(2)EZ(%)=(1-Rct∘Rct)×100,
where  Rct0 and Rct are the charge transfer resistance values without and with alloy coating of substrate, respectively.


## 2.4. Scanning Electronic Microscope

The surfaces of ordinary steel without and with alloy coating were immersed for 55 hours in different corrosives media and were analyzed by scanning electronic microscope JEOL JSM-5500 type.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Coating Characterizations

SEM picture of Ni-Cu-P coatings film on ordinary steel surface is presented in Figure1. This micrograph shows that coating presents a nodular structure with same grain size and is relatively homogeneous and very smooth deposit. The nodules diameter is below 5 μm according to copper content 12 wt%. [20]. The EDX analysis shows that the coating contains 12 wt% of phosphorus element with a predominance of nickel element (Figure 2).Figure 1
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy deposit: two magnifications of nodules are shown.Figure 2
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings.The crystalline peaks in Figure3 resulted from the Fe substrate. A broad peak appearing around 0 of 45° indicates that the deposits are amorphous. This is in correspondence that the electroless nickel deposit would become amorphous when its percentage of phosphorus is above 7 wt% [22–24].Figure 3
X-ray diffraction for Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings.


### 3.2. Corrosion Study

#### 3.2.1. Acidic Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The corrosion behaviour of the ordinary steel and the coating was measured at room temperature with polarization curves measurement in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl.
Figure4 shows a typical corrosion behaviour of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in both acid media.The shape of the overall polarization curve of coating obtained in 1 M H2SO4 medium is similar to those found by some authors for electroless NiP alloys in NaCl, HCl Na2SO4, and H2SO4 environments by Carbajal et al. [25], Diegle et al. [26], Niass et al. [27], and Elsener et al. [28]. We observe from this that the cathodic current density is independent of coating. However, in the anodic range, the current density decreases dramatically in the presence of Ni-Cu-P coating. This indicates the good resistance of this coating.
The results also show a slight tendency to passivation in molar sulfuric acid as well as in hydrochloric acid medium by the appearance of a current plateau in the anodic polarization. The existence of this current plateau has been reported on these types of alloys [25–28]. We can note two anodic distinct slopes, one in the field of potential directly below −0.35 V and a second grade between −0.35 and 0.4 V. Beyond −0.35 V/SCE the current exhibited a plateau which may be attributed to a diffusion limited process. It is well known that the phosphorus content is strongly linked to the crystalline state. The formation of a P-rich surface film at the alloy/solution interface is a consequence of rapid and selective nickel dissolution. This dissolution process is controlled via diffusion of nickel through this phosphorus-rich zone [29–32]. Some authors showed that an increase of the copper content promotes a best anticorrosion performance of these electroless coating [17]. Otherwise, Liu et al. [33] have shown that the introduction of Cu element in Ni-P coating plays important roles in enhancing the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P coating. Indeed, the Cu element accelerates the selective dissolution of nickel, resulting in the enrichment of P and Cu elements in the surface layer of Ni-Cu-P coating. However, they describe a passivation process at the surface which blocks the contact of coating surface with corrosive solution. As we can see, the current arrest which is followed by an increase in the polarization curves allows us to rule out the classical passivation mechanism by hydroxide formation recognized for pure nickel [34, 35]. According to other publications, the preferential dissolution of the surface enriched in the external phosphorus reacts with water to form a layer of hypophosphite H2PO2- anions [26, 28, 35]. This layer in turn will block the supply of water to the electrode surface, thereby preventing the hydration of nickel [36, 37] which is considered to be the first step to form soluble Ni2+ species. The presence of phosphorus-rich surface layer in a high-phosphorus electroless nickel deposit has been confirmed even before it is subjected to any corrosive environment [30].Polarization curves of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and steel substrate in both acidic media.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure5 shows the fitting and experimental data of Nyquist diagrams, which are obtained after two hours of immersion in both acidic media for ordinary steel substrate coating and uncoating by electroless Ni-Cu-P. In the absence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating, the plots consist of one semicircle which may be devoted to the response of a combination of resistance transfer (Rct) and capacitance (Cct). In the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, the plots consist of two semicircles: the first which is located between 100 kHz and 100 Hz (at high frequency) may be attributed to the adsorbed film, but the second one is the response of charge transfer resistance Rct. This resistance increases in the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings. These comments were reported in the study of the Ni-P alloy in acid media by other authors [27]. They attributed the first loop to the capacity of an adsorbed film which is due to the oxide layer formation.
To account for the corrosion behaviour of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P coatings in the acidic media at the open circuit potentials, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure6 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and analyze the Nyquist diagrams. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), adsorption capacitance (Cad), adsorption resistance (Rad), charge transfer capacitance (Cct), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct).
From the Table1, we can say that the electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings improve the corrosion resistance of ordinary steel in both acidic media.Table 1
Impedance data of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in acid media.
Rad (Ω·cm²)Cad (μF·cm−2)Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm−2)EZ(%)H2SO4 1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——29051—NiCuP coating51345.610812.543HCl  1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——40560—NiCuP coating86330.573.54653Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in: (a) 1 M H2SO4and (b) 1 M HCl.
(a)(b)Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis: (a) ordinary Steel (b): Ni-Cu-P alloy coating.Rs: Solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; Cct: charge transfer capacitance; Rad: adsorption film resistance; Cad: adsorption film capacitance.
(a)(b)


#### 3.2.2. Neutral Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The polarization curves of ordinary steel substrate coated and uncoated by electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion are presented in Figure7. The examined alloy coating shifted the corrosion potential (Ecorr) towards more anodic potentials. This shift is about 275 mV/Ecorr. In the cathodic range, the Tafel slopes were not changed by the coating.  However, in the anodic range, a significant decrease in the anodic current densities was observed in the presence of alloy. These results further confirmed that these coatings can be used for corrosion protection application in salty environments (Table 2). No passivity tendency was observed in the measurement range, which is consistent with the work of Mimani and Mayanna [38].
In an early investigation on electroless Ni-Cu2,6-P11,3 and Ni-P11 coatings, values of 0.7 μA/cm² and 24 μA/cm² were measured in 5% NaCl, respectively [19]. In NaCl solution with 4–20%, a corrosion rate of the electroless deposits Ni coating is 0.5–2 μm/year [37, 39]. Crobu et al. [28] in their recent work found a range of current density 0.5–0.7 μA/cm² which is in concordance with our work. Similar corrosion rates were also found for Ni-P which has the phosphorus content higher than 16–18 wt.% [40–42], and comparable results were obtained by Liu et al. [17] for stainless steel substrate.Table 2
Electrochemical parameters of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.
Ecorr (mV/sce)icorr (μA·cm−2)EP(%)Uncovered ordinary steel−70343—NiCuP coating−4284.889Figure 7
Polarization curve of ordinary steel substrate covered and uncovered by Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure8 shows the Nyquist diagrams of ordinary steel and   electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, respectively, in 3% sodium chloride solution at their open circuit potentials. The curves appear to be similar, consisting of a single semicircle in the high frequency region. However, it should be noted that although these curves appear to be similar with respect to their shape, they differ considerably in their size. This indicates that the same fundamental processes must be occurring on these coating but over a different effective area in each case.
To account for the corrosion of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating in 3% sodium chloride solution, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure9 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and to analyze the Nyquist plots. A similar analysis has been carried out by Lo et al. [43] to study the impedance behaviour of electroless Ni-P coatings in 1 M NaOH solution. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), constant phase element (CPE), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct). The constant phase element (CPE) resembles a capacitor, but the phase angle is not 90°, which is usually used to explain the inhomogeneous system and some distribution of the value of physical property of the system.
The charge transfer resistanceRct and double layer capacitance Cdl values obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P and steel substrates are compiled in Table 3.
The occurrence of a single semicircle in the Nyquist plots indicates that the corrosion process of Ni-Cu-P coatings involves a single time constant. A similar conclusion of the existence of a single time constant was reported by Zeller [43], Van Der Kouwe [44], and Balaraju et al. [45] for the corrosion of electroless Ni-P coatings in sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at their open circuit potentials.
To further validate this view, the calculatedRct and Cdl values are substituted for the proposed equivalent electrical circuit to obtain theoretical impedance values, which are also plotted along with the experimental impedance values Figure 8.
The degree of deviation resulting in the case of electroless Ni-Cu-P coatings might possibly be due to the decrease in the available metallic area for the charge transfer reaction, although the apparent area (1 cm²) remains equal to that of electroless Ni-Cu-P.
The high values of the charge transfer resistance (Rct), obtained for the coating of the present study, imply a good corrosion protective ability of the Ni-Cu-P coating. The capacitance value obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is very low, of the order of 17 μF/cm². This value is highly comparable to those obtained for similar coating elsewhere [43–46]. The Cdl value is linked to the porosity of the coating [47]. The low Cdl value confirms that the electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is relatively less porous in nature.
The protective efficiency is presented in Table3. It is clear from that the Ni-Cu-P coating elaborated in our study resists better in neutral medium with a protective efficiency of about 96%.Table 3
Impedance data of uncovered ordinary steel and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings after two hours in 3% NaCl.
Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm-2)EZ(%)Uncovered ordinary steel4401290—Ni-Cu-P coating921017.396Figure 8
Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.Figure 9
Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings in 3% NaCl.Rs: solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; CPE: constant phase element.


#### 3.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy

(i) H2SO4 Media
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M H2SO4 for 55 hours is presented in Figure 10. An examination of this micrograph shows a deterioration of the alloy surface. Indeed, we noticed the presence of cracking, the appearance of gaps, and separation of the deposit. However, an EDX spectrum (Figure 11) shows a prevalence of iron which is the substrate. This confirms the dissolution of a large proportion of the alloy deposited. An analysis of the coated part shows an increase of the copper peak. This is probably linked to a selective dissolution of nickel in this environment.Figure 10
SEM of  Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings  immersed for 55 hours in 1 M H2SO4 media.Figure 11
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M H2SO4 media for 55 hours.(ii) HCl Media
The micrographic (Figure12), illustrating electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours, shows the same phenomenon observed in the latter test, thus the appearance of cracks on the surface and the removal of the deposit.
The EDX spectrum shows, as in the case of the solution 1 M H2SO4, a predominance of iron. While the analysis (Figure 13) shows an increase of nickel peak, this is due to a selective dissolution of nickel in this medium.
Therefore, in both acidic media (1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl) the dissolution of nickel is in agreement with other works done in Ni-P and Ni-Cu-P [26, 33].Figure 12
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating immersed for 55 hours in 1 M HCl.Figure 13
EDX spectra for removing range of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours.(iii) 3% NaCl Medium
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating surface, exposed to 3% NaCl solution in Figure14, shows heterogeneous layer of products and pitting corrosion caused by the action of Cl- ions.
EDX analysis of the part of the coating studied (Figure15) shows a decrease in intensity peaks relating to copper; this may be linked to a selective dissolution of this element. However, the comparison between Figures 2 and 15 does not allow us to come to a decision on the mechanism of the dissolution. The dissolution process is not fast enough to make a resolve on its mechanism. A detailed study on this phenomenon will be carried out later.Figure 14
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed for 55 hours in 3% NaCl medium.Figure 15
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 3% NaCl medium for 55 hours.


## 3.1. Coating Characterizations

SEM picture of Ni-Cu-P coatings film on ordinary steel surface is presented in Figure1. This micrograph shows that coating presents a nodular structure with same grain size and is relatively homogeneous and very smooth deposit. The nodules diameter is below 5 μm according to copper content 12 wt%. [20]. The EDX analysis shows that the coating contains 12 wt% of phosphorus element with a predominance of nickel element (Figure 2).Figure 1
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy deposit: two magnifications of nodules are shown.Figure 2
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings.The crystalline peaks in Figure3 resulted from the Fe substrate. A broad peak appearing around 0 of 45° indicates that the deposits are amorphous. This is in correspondence that the electroless nickel deposit would become amorphous when its percentage of phosphorus is above 7 wt% [22–24].Figure 3
X-ray diffraction for Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings.


## 3.2. Corrosion Study

### 3.2.1. Acidic Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The corrosion behaviour of the ordinary steel and the coating was measured at room temperature with polarization curves measurement in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl.
Figure4 shows a typical corrosion behaviour of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in both acid media.The shape of the overall polarization curve of coating obtained in 1 M H2SO4 medium is similar to those found by some authors for electroless NiP alloys in NaCl, HCl Na2SO4, and H2SO4 environments by Carbajal et al. [25], Diegle et al. [26], Niass et al. [27], and Elsener et al. [28]. We observe from this that the cathodic current density is independent of coating. However, in the anodic range, the current density decreases dramatically in the presence of Ni-Cu-P coating. This indicates the good resistance of this coating.
The results also show a slight tendency to passivation in molar sulfuric acid as well as in hydrochloric acid medium by the appearance of a current plateau in the anodic polarization. The existence of this current plateau has been reported on these types of alloys [25–28]. We can note two anodic distinct slopes, one in the field of potential directly below −0.35 V and a second grade between −0.35 and 0.4 V. Beyond −0.35 V/SCE the current exhibited a plateau which may be attributed to a diffusion limited process. It is well known that the phosphorus content is strongly linked to the crystalline state. The formation of a P-rich surface film at the alloy/solution interface is a consequence of rapid and selective nickel dissolution. This dissolution process is controlled via diffusion of nickel through this phosphorus-rich zone [29–32]. Some authors showed that an increase of the copper content promotes a best anticorrosion performance of these electroless coating [17]. Otherwise, Liu et al. [33] have shown that the introduction of Cu element in Ni-P coating plays important roles in enhancing the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P coating. Indeed, the Cu element accelerates the selective dissolution of nickel, resulting in the enrichment of P and Cu elements in the surface layer of Ni-Cu-P coating. However, they describe a passivation process at the surface which blocks the contact of coating surface with corrosive solution. As we can see, the current arrest which is followed by an increase in the polarization curves allows us to rule out the classical passivation mechanism by hydroxide formation recognized for pure nickel [34, 35]. According to other publications, the preferential dissolution of the surface enriched in the external phosphorus reacts with water to form a layer of hypophosphite H2PO2- anions [26, 28, 35]. This layer in turn will block the supply of water to the electrode surface, thereby preventing the hydration of nickel [36, 37] which is considered to be the first step to form soluble Ni2+ species. The presence of phosphorus-rich surface layer in a high-phosphorus electroless nickel deposit has been confirmed even before it is subjected to any corrosive environment [30].Polarization curves of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and steel substrate in both acidic media.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure5 shows the fitting and experimental data of Nyquist diagrams, which are obtained after two hours of immersion in both acidic media for ordinary steel substrate coating and uncoating by electroless Ni-Cu-P. In the absence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating, the plots consist of one semicircle which may be devoted to the response of a combination of resistance transfer (Rct) and capacitance (Cct). In the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, the plots consist of two semicircles: the first which is located between 100 kHz and 100 Hz (at high frequency) may be attributed to the adsorbed film, but the second one is the response of charge transfer resistance Rct. This resistance increases in the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings. These comments were reported in the study of the Ni-P alloy in acid media by other authors [27]. They attributed the first loop to the capacity of an adsorbed film which is due to the oxide layer formation.
To account for the corrosion behaviour of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P coatings in the acidic media at the open circuit potentials, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure6 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and analyze the Nyquist diagrams. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), adsorption capacitance (Cad), adsorption resistance (Rad), charge transfer capacitance (Cct), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct).
From the Table1, we can say that the electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings improve the corrosion resistance of ordinary steel in both acidic media.Table 1
Impedance data of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in acid media.
Rad (Ω·cm²)Cad (μF·cm−2)Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm−2)EZ(%)H2SO4 1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——29051—NiCuP coating51345.610812.543HCl  1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——40560—NiCuP coating86330.573.54653Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in: (a) 1 M H2SO4and (b) 1 M HCl.
(a)(b)Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis: (a) ordinary Steel (b): Ni-Cu-P alloy coating.Rs: Solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; Cct: charge transfer capacitance; Rad: adsorption film resistance; Cad: adsorption film capacitance.
(a)(b)


### 3.2.2. Neutral Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The polarization curves of ordinary steel substrate coated and uncoated by electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion are presented in Figure7. The examined alloy coating shifted the corrosion potential (Ecorr) towards more anodic potentials. This shift is about 275 mV/Ecorr. In the cathodic range, the Tafel slopes were not changed by the coating.  However, in the anodic range, a significant decrease in the anodic current densities was observed in the presence of alloy. These results further confirmed that these coatings can be used for corrosion protection application in salty environments (Table 2). No passivity tendency was observed in the measurement range, which is consistent with the work of Mimani and Mayanna [38].
In an early investigation on electroless Ni-Cu2,6-P11,3 and Ni-P11 coatings, values of 0.7 μA/cm² and 24 μA/cm² were measured in 5% NaCl, respectively [19]. In NaCl solution with 4–20%, a corrosion rate of the electroless deposits Ni coating is 0.5–2 μm/year [37, 39]. Crobu et al. [28] in their recent work found a range of current density 0.5–0.7 μA/cm² which is in concordance with our work. Similar corrosion rates were also found for Ni-P which has the phosphorus content higher than 16–18 wt.% [40–42], and comparable results were obtained by Liu et al. [17] for stainless steel substrate.Table 2
Electrochemical parameters of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.
Ecorr (mV/sce)icorr (μA·cm−2)EP(%)Uncovered ordinary steel−70343—NiCuP coating−4284.889Figure 7
Polarization curve of ordinary steel substrate covered and uncovered by Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure8 shows the Nyquist diagrams of ordinary steel and   electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, respectively, in 3% sodium chloride solution at their open circuit potentials. The curves appear to be similar, consisting of a single semicircle in the high frequency region. However, it should be noted that although these curves appear to be similar with respect to their shape, they differ considerably in their size. This indicates that the same fundamental processes must be occurring on these coating but over a different effective area in each case.
To account for the corrosion of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating in 3% sodium chloride solution, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure9 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and to analyze the Nyquist plots. A similar analysis has been carried out by Lo et al. [43] to study the impedance behaviour of electroless Ni-P coatings in 1 M NaOH solution. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), constant phase element (CPE), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct). The constant phase element (CPE) resembles a capacitor, but the phase angle is not 90°, which is usually used to explain the inhomogeneous system and some distribution of the value of physical property of the system.
The charge transfer resistanceRct and double layer capacitance Cdl values obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P and steel substrates are compiled in Table 3.
The occurrence of a single semicircle in the Nyquist plots indicates that the corrosion process of Ni-Cu-P coatings involves a single time constant. A similar conclusion of the existence of a single time constant was reported by Zeller [43], Van Der Kouwe [44], and Balaraju et al. [45] for the corrosion of electroless Ni-P coatings in sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at their open circuit potentials.
To further validate this view, the calculatedRct and Cdl values are substituted for the proposed equivalent electrical circuit to obtain theoretical impedance values, which are also plotted along with the experimental impedance values Figure 8.
The degree of deviation resulting in the case of electroless Ni-Cu-P coatings might possibly be due to the decrease in the available metallic area for the charge transfer reaction, although the apparent area (1 cm²) remains equal to that of electroless Ni-Cu-P.
The high values of the charge transfer resistance (Rct), obtained for the coating of the present study, imply a good corrosion protective ability of the Ni-Cu-P coating. The capacitance value obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is very low, of the order of 17 μF/cm². This value is highly comparable to those obtained for similar coating elsewhere [43–46]. The Cdl value is linked to the porosity of the coating [47]. The low Cdl value confirms that the electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is relatively less porous in nature.
The protective efficiency is presented in Table3. It is clear from that the Ni-Cu-P coating elaborated in our study resists better in neutral medium with a protective efficiency of about 96%.Table 3
Impedance data of uncovered ordinary steel and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings after two hours in 3% NaCl.
Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm-2)EZ(%)Uncovered ordinary steel4401290—Ni-Cu-P coating921017.396Figure 8
Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.Figure 9
Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings in 3% NaCl.Rs: solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; CPE: constant phase element.


### 3.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy

(i) H2SO4 Media
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M H2SO4 for 55 hours is presented in Figure 10. An examination of this micrograph shows a deterioration of the alloy surface. Indeed, we noticed the presence of cracking, the appearance of gaps, and separation of the deposit. However, an EDX spectrum (Figure 11) shows a prevalence of iron which is the substrate. This confirms the dissolution of a large proportion of the alloy deposited. An analysis of the coated part shows an increase of the copper peak. This is probably linked to a selective dissolution of nickel in this environment.Figure 10
SEM of  Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings  immersed for 55 hours in 1 M H2SO4 media.Figure 11
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M H2SO4 media for 55 hours.(ii) HCl Media
The micrographic (Figure12), illustrating electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours, shows the same phenomenon observed in the latter test, thus the appearance of cracks on the surface and the removal of the deposit.
The EDX spectrum shows, as in the case of the solution 1 M H2SO4, a predominance of iron. While the analysis (Figure 13) shows an increase of nickel peak, this is due to a selective dissolution of nickel in this medium.
Therefore, in both acidic media (1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl) the dissolution of nickel is in agreement with other works done in Ni-P and Ni-Cu-P [26, 33].Figure 12
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating immersed for 55 hours in 1 M HCl.Figure 13
EDX spectra for removing range of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours.(iii) 3% NaCl Medium
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating surface, exposed to 3% NaCl solution in Figure14, shows heterogeneous layer of products and pitting corrosion caused by the action of Cl- ions.
EDX analysis of the part of the coating studied (Figure15) shows a decrease in intensity peaks relating to copper; this may be linked to a selective dissolution of this element. However, the comparison between Figures 2 and 15 does not allow us to come to a decision on the mechanism of the dissolution. The dissolution process is not fast enough to make a resolve on its mechanism. A detailed study on this phenomenon will be carried out later.Figure 14
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed for 55 hours in 3% NaCl medium.Figure 15
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 3% NaCl medium for 55 hours.


## 3.2.1. Acidic Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The corrosion behaviour of the ordinary steel and the coating was measured at room temperature with polarization curves measurement in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl.
Figure4 shows a typical corrosion behaviour of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in both acid media.The shape of the overall polarization curve of coating obtained in 1 M H2SO4 medium is similar to those found by some authors for electroless NiP alloys in NaCl, HCl Na2SO4, and H2SO4 environments by Carbajal et al. [25], Diegle et al. [26], Niass et al. [27], and Elsener et al. [28]. We observe from this that the cathodic current density is independent of coating. However, in the anodic range, the current density decreases dramatically in the presence of Ni-Cu-P coating. This indicates the good resistance of this coating.
The results also show a slight tendency to passivation in molar sulfuric acid as well as in hydrochloric acid medium by the appearance of a current plateau in the anodic polarization. The existence of this current plateau has been reported on these types of alloys [25–28]. We can note two anodic distinct slopes, one in the field of potential directly below −0.35 V and a second grade between −0.35 and 0.4 V. Beyond −0.35 V/SCE the current exhibited a plateau which may be attributed to a diffusion limited process. It is well known that the phosphorus content is strongly linked to the crystalline state. The formation of a P-rich surface film at the alloy/solution interface is a consequence of rapid and selective nickel dissolution. This dissolution process is controlled via diffusion of nickel through this phosphorus-rich zone [29–32]. Some authors showed that an increase of the copper content promotes a best anticorrosion performance of these electroless coating [17]. Otherwise, Liu et al. [33] have shown that the introduction of Cu element in Ni-P coating plays important roles in enhancing the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P coating. Indeed, the Cu element accelerates the selective dissolution of nickel, resulting in the enrichment of P and Cu elements in the surface layer of Ni-Cu-P coating. However, they describe a passivation process at the surface which blocks the contact of coating surface with corrosive solution. As we can see, the current arrest which is followed by an increase in the polarization curves allows us to rule out the classical passivation mechanism by hydroxide formation recognized for pure nickel [34, 35]. According to other publications, the preferential dissolution of the surface enriched in the external phosphorus reacts with water to form a layer of hypophosphite H2PO2- anions [26, 28, 35]. This layer in turn will block the supply of water to the electrode surface, thereby preventing the hydration of nickel [36, 37] which is considered to be the first step to form soluble Ni2+ species. The presence of phosphorus-rich surface layer in a high-phosphorus electroless nickel deposit has been confirmed even before it is subjected to any corrosive environment [30].Polarization curves of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and steel substrate in both acidic media.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure5 shows the fitting and experimental data of Nyquist diagrams, which are obtained after two hours of immersion in both acidic media for ordinary steel substrate coating and uncoating by electroless Ni-Cu-P. In the absence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating, the plots consist of one semicircle which may be devoted to the response of a combination of resistance transfer (Rct) and capacitance (Cct). In the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, the plots consist of two semicircles: the first which is located between 100 kHz and 100 Hz (at high frequency) may be attributed to the adsorbed film, but the second one is the response of charge transfer resistance Rct. This resistance increases in the presence of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings. These comments were reported in the study of the Ni-P alloy in acid media by other authors [27]. They attributed the first loop to the capacity of an adsorbed film which is due to the oxide layer formation.
To account for the corrosion behaviour of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P coatings in the acidic media at the open circuit potentials, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure6 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and analyze the Nyquist diagrams. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), adsorption capacitance (Cad), adsorption resistance (Rad), charge transfer capacitance (Cct), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct).
From the Table1, we can say that the electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings improve the corrosion resistance of ordinary steel in both acidic media.Table 1
Impedance data of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in acid media.
Rad (Ω·cm²)Cad (μF·cm−2)Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm−2)EZ(%)H2SO4 1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——29051—NiCuP coating51345.610812.543HCl  1 MUncovered ordinary Steel——40560—NiCuP coating86330.573.54653Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in: (a) 1 M H2SO4and (b) 1 M HCl.
(a)(b)Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis: (a) ordinary Steel (b): Ni-Cu-P alloy coating.Rs: Solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; Cct: charge transfer capacitance; Rad: adsorption film resistance; Cad: adsorption film capacitance.
(a)(b)


## 3.2.2. Neutral Media

(i) Polarization Curves
The polarization curves of ordinary steel substrate coated and uncoated by electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion are presented in Figure7. The examined alloy coating shifted the corrosion potential (Ecorr) towards more anodic potentials. This shift is about 275 mV/Ecorr. In the cathodic range, the Tafel slopes were not changed by the coating.  However, in the anodic range, a significant decrease in the anodic current densities was observed in the presence of alloy. These results further confirmed that these coatings can be used for corrosion protection application in salty environments (Table 2). No passivity tendency was observed in the measurement range, which is consistent with the work of Mimani and Mayanna [38].
In an early investigation on electroless Ni-Cu2,6-P11,3 and Ni-P11 coatings, values of 0.7 μA/cm² and 24 μA/cm² were measured in 5% NaCl, respectively [19]. In NaCl solution with 4–20%, a corrosion rate of the electroless deposits Ni coating is 0.5–2 μm/year [37, 39]. Crobu et al. [28] in their recent work found a range of current density 0.5–0.7 μA/cm² which is in concordance with our work. Similar corrosion rates were also found for Ni-P which has the phosphorus content higher than 16–18 wt.% [40–42], and comparable results were obtained by Liu et al. [17] for stainless steel substrate.Table 2
Electrochemical parameters of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings and uncovered ordinary steel after two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.
Ecorr (mV/sce)icorr (μA·cm−2)EP(%)Uncovered ordinary steel−70343—NiCuP coating−4284.889Figure 7
Polarization curve of ordinary steel substrate covered and uncovered by Ni-Cu-P alloy in 3% NaCl after two hours of immersion.(ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Figure8 shows the Nyquist diagrams of ordinary steel and   electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings, respectively, in 3% sodium chloride solution at their open circuit potentials. The curves appear to be similar, consisting of a single semicircle in the high frequency region. However, it should be noted that although these curves appear to be similar with respect to their shape, they differ considerably in their size. This indicates that the same fundamental processes must be occurring on these coating but over a different effective area in each case.
To account for the corrosion of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating in 3% sodium chloride solution, an equivalent electrical circuit model given in Figure9 is used to simulate the metal/solution interface and to analyze the Nyquist plots. A similar analysis has been carried out by Lo et al. [43] to study the impedance behaviour of electroless Ni-P coatings in 1 M NaOH solution. It mainly consists of the following elements: solution resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), constant phase element (CPE), and charge transfer resistance of the electrode/solution interface (Rct). The constant phase element (CPE) resembles a capacitor, but the phase angle is not 90°, which is usually used to explain the inhomogeneous system and some distribution of the value of physical property of the system.
The charge transfer resistanceRct and double layer capacitance Cdl values obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P and steel substrates are compiled in Table 3.
The occurrence of a single semicircle in the Nyquist plots indicates that the corrosion process of Ni-Cu-P coatings involves a single time constant. A similar conclusion of the existence of a single time constant was reported by Zeller [43], Van Der Kouwe [44], and Balaraju et al. [45] for the corrosion of electroless Ni-P coatings in sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at their open circuit potentials.
To further validate this view, the calculatedRct and Cdl values are substituted for the proposed equivalent electrical circuit to obtain theoretical impedance values, which are also plotted along with the experimental impedance values Figure 8.
The degree of deviation resulting in the case of electroless Ni-Cu-P coatings might possibly be due to the decrease in the available metallic area for the charge transfer reaction, although the apparent area (1 cm²) remains equal to that of electroless Ni-Cu-P.
The high values of the charge transfer resistance (Rct), obtained for the coating of the present study, imply a good corrosion protective ability of the Ni-Cu-P coating. The capacitance value obtained for electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is very low, of the order of 17 μF/cm². This value is highly comparable to those obtained for similar coating elsewhere [43–46]. The Cdl value is linked to the porosity of the coating [47]. The low Cdl value confirms that the electroless Ni-Cu-P coating is relatively less porous in nature.
The protective efficiency is presented in Table3. It is clear from that the Ni-Cu-P coating elaborated in our study resists better in neutral medium with a protective efficiency of about 96%.Table 3
Impedance data of uncovered ordinary steel and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings after two hours in 3% NaCl.
Rct (Ω·cm²)Cct (μF·cm-2)EZ(%)Uncovered ordinary steel4401290—Ni-Cu-P coating921017.396Figure 8
Experimental and fitting of Nyquist diagrams with and without Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings for two hours of immersion in 3% NaCl.Figure 9
Equivalent circuit for impedance analysis of steel substrate and Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings in 3% NaCl.Rs: solution resistance; Rct: charge transfer resistance; CPE: constant phase element.


## 3.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy

(i) H2SO4 Media
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M H2SO4 for 55 hours is presented in Figure 10. An examination of this micrograph shows a deterioration of the alloy surface. Indeed, we noticed the presence of cracking, the appearance of gaps, and separation of the deposit. However, an EDX spectrum (Figure 11) shows a prevalence of iron which is the substrate. This confirms the dissolution of a large proportion of the alloy deposited. An analysis of the coated part shows an increase of the copper peak. This is probably linked to a selective dissolution of nickel in this environment.Figure 10
SEM of  Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings  immersed for 55 hours in 1 M H2SO4 media.Figure 11
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M H2SO4 media for 55 hours.(ii) HCl Media
The micrographic (Figure12), illustrating electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy surface immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours, shows the same phenomenon observed in the latter test, thus the appearance of cracks on the surface and the removal of the deposit.
The EDX spectrum shows, as in the case of the solution 1 M H2SO4, a predominance of iron. While the analysis (Figure 13) shows an increase of nickel peak, this is due to a selective dissolution of nickel in this medium.
Therefore, in both acidic media (1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl) the dissolution of nickel is in agreement with other works done in Ni-P and Ni-Cu-P [26, 33].Figure 12
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coating immersed for 55 hours in 1 M HCl.Figure 13
EDX spectra for removing range of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 1 M HCl for 55 hours.(iii) 3% NaCl Medium
SEM picture of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating surface, exposed to 3% NaCl solution in Figure14, shows heterogeneous layer of products and pitting corrosion caused by the action of Cl- ions.
EDX analysis of the part of the coating studied (Figure15) shows a decrease in intensity peaks relating to copper; this may be linked to a selective dissolution of this element. However, the comparison between Figures 2 and 15 does not allow us to come to a decision on the mechanism of the dissolution. The dissolution process is not fast enough to make a resolve on its mechanism. A detailed study on this phenomenon will be carried out later.Figure 14
SEM image of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed for 55 hours in 3% NaCl medium.Figure 15
EDX spectra of Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings immersed in 3% NaCl medium for 55 hours.


## 4. Conclusion

Electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy coatings were deposited on the ordinary steel substrate using an autocatalytic plating technique from Ni-P bath containing CuSO4, 5H2O in an acidic medium. The results showed that these coatings are amorphous, contain 11 wt.% Cu and 12 wt.% P, and present a nodular aspect. However, the electrochemical measurements and SEM/EDX analysis show that the mechanism of electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy dissolution depends on the nature of the medium. The protection of the coating substrate is superior in neutral medium than in acidic medium.



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*Source: 246908-2010-12-08.xml*