# Research on Experimental Method for Obtaining Independent Combustion Noise of Internal Combustion Engine

Authors: Yang Xiang; Jiachi Yao; Qiang Zhou; Sichong Qian; Shuai Wang
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2018)

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## Abstract

Internal combustion engine noise sources are complex and changeable. Combustion noise is usually drowned out by mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise. Traditional noise source identification methods can only qualitatively identify combustion noise. In order to quantitatively obtain the independent pure combustion noise of an internal combustion engine, it is necessary to design and build a separate noise source simulation test bench. In this paper, the combustion noise separation test bench based on transfer function method is designed and implemented. In the test, a pressure pulse device is installed in the combustion chamber. When the piston is at top dead center (TDC), pulse pressure is generated to excite the internal combustion engine to radiate noise. The pressure signal and noise signal are utilized to obtain the transfer function of combustion pressure and noise. Then, according to the cylinder pressure and transfer function, the combustion noise can be directly calculated. The test was carried out on 4120SG diesel engine. Experimental results show that when the internal combustion engine is under 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are both mainly concentrated at 1100 Hz, 1400 Hz, and 3000 Hz. Furthermore, the internal combustion engine vibration test method and the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method are both carried out to show accuracy and effectiveness of the obtained independent combustion noise through the combustion noise separation test based on transfer function method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The separation and identification technology of noise sources is an important research field of internal combustion engine. The main noise sources of internal combustion engines are combustion noise, mechanical noise, and aerodynamic noise [1, 2]. When the internal combustion engine is working, the internal combustion engine will inevitably produce very loud noise, and the loud noise can cause harm to people, for example, it makes people irritable and anxious and even cause people diseases [3, 4]. At present, people are paying more and more attention to the influence of noise on the environment. Moreover, many countries have established noise control laws and regulations [5, 6]. Therefore, reducing the noise of internal combustion engine is an urgent problem to be solved.Before formulating the noise reduction plan for internal combustion engine, the first step is to analyse the acoustic characteristic information of independent noise sources. The noise source identification method of internal combustion engine can be divided into the traditional noise source identification method, the noise source identification method based on acoustic array technology, and the noise source identification method based on modern signal processing technology. Traditional noise source identification methods include subjective identification method, lead coverage method, spectrum analysis method, near field test method, and partial operation method. The traditional noise source identification method is simple and easy to operate, but the accuracy and precision of the noise source identification is low. The noise source identification methods based on acoustic array technology are mainly sound intensity method, acoustic holography method, and beam forming method [7]. The noise source identification method based on acoustic array technology is mainly used to determine the distribution of radiation noise on the surface of internal combustion engine, and it is impossible to obtain independent noise sources such as combustion noise and mechanical noise. The noise source identification methods based on modern signal processing technology are mainly included multichannel separation method and single-channel separation method. For multichannel separation method, it mainly includes independent component analysis method [8, 9], filtering method [10, 11], wavelet transform and partial coherence analysis method [12], multiple regression analysis method [13–16], coherence method [17, 18], binaural sound localization method [19], and so on. Multichannel method requires multiple channels of sensors. For single-channel separation method, it mainly includes EMD-based method [20, 21], VMD-based method [22] and so on. Single-channel method requires only one channel of sensor. Compared with the traditional noise source identification method and the noise source identification method based on acoustic array technology, the noise source identification method based on modern signal processing technology can accurately separate the noise sources of internal combustion engine. However, the noise source of the internal combustion engine is complex, and the noise sources are seriously mixed with each other, thus it is impossible to get a completely pure independent noise source signal.Currently, the noise source separation methods mainly adopt the multichannel separation method and the single-channel separation method. The multichannel method requires the separation of noise source signals from signals of two or more channels. Obviously, two or more sensors are needed in this case. However, in engineering and practical applications, researchers often want to achieve the same noise source separation and identification effect with the fewest sensors. Thus, many researchers have studied using a single-channel method to separate noise sources.When the noise sources are separated by the multichannel method or the single-channel method, the obtained noise sources may contain other interference components. In order to obtain more pure independent noise source, it is necessary to improve the performance of the multichannel method and the single-channel method. Considering this situation, the first thing is to obtain each independent pure noise sources of internal combustion engine. Thus, it is necessary to design a separate noise source acquisition experimental platform to obtain independent pure noise source signal. Among the noise sources of internal combustion engine, combustion noise is the main noise source of internal combustion engine, thus this paper is focused on the design and implementation of an independent combustion noise test bench for internal combustion engine.To the knowledge of the authors, Shu et al. [23] employed a single cylinder internal combustion engine test bench to separate the combustion noise in 2005. Since 2005, there are very few studies on independent pure noise source test bench of internal combustion engine. This is because it is usually limited by experimental conditions, and it is very difficult to obtain independent pure independent noise sources. For the noise research field of internal combustion engine, it is important to design independent noise source test bench for internal combustion engine. On the one hand, by obtaining independent pure combustion noise and analysing its acoustic characteristic information, it can provide theoretical reference for internal combustion engine fault monitoring diagnosis [24–26]. On the other hand, if the independent pure noise sources of internal combustion engine can be obtained and made into a unified database, such as TIMIT database and noise database [27], it can provide convenience for analysing the acoustic characteristics of noise sources of internal combustion engine.In this paper, the test object is a multicylinder internal combustion engine. Compared with previous research work [23], the design and implementation of the test platform are researched in more detail. In the process of the test, considering that internal combustion engine is a compression ignition mode without ignition device and the ignition device needs to be installed in the position of the original fuel injector, the self-designed ignition system device is similar to the shape of the injector. It has simple and practical features, and it can provide reference for further research. Before test, the internal combustion engine is worked enough time to ensure the state of internal combustion engine parameters is close to normal working conditions as far as possible. Then, a pressure pulse device is installed in the combustion chamber. When the piston is at top dead center, pulse pressure is generated to excite the internal combustion engine to radiate noise. The in-cylinder pulse pressure signal and its radiated noise signal are measured at the same time, and they are used to calculate the combustion noise transfer function. Finally, when the internal combustion engine is operating under normal conditions, the measured cylinder pressure signals and the calculated combustion noise transfer function are directly utilized to calculate the independent pure combustion noise. Moreover, the internal combustion engine vibration test method and the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method are further carried out to show accuracy and effectiveness of the obtained independent pure combustion noise.The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, generation mechanism of combustion noise is described. In Section 3, the internal combustion engine test bench is analysed and introduced. In Section 4, results and discussion are explained. Finally, Section 5 presents conclusions.


## 2. Generation Mechanism of Combustion Noise

The combustion noise of internal combustion engine is caused by the sharp rise of cylinder pressure in the combustion chamber. Due to high compression ratio and high pressure increase rate of internal combustion engine, the combustion noise generated by internal combustion engine at the same speed is much larger than the gasoline engine.The generation mechanism of combustion noise can be described in the following two aspects [28]. On the one hand, when the combustible mixture is compressed and burned in the combustion chamber, the gas pressure will be intensely changed and will cause impact dynamic load to all the contacted components. These contacted components will produce complex structural coupling vibration under intense transient excitation. Then, the vibration can be transferred to the external surface structure of internal combustion engine through cylinder cover, cylinder liner, crank connecting rod mechanism, and so forth. Finally, the external surface structure vibration of internal combustion engine generates radiation noise to the surrounding environment. On the other hand, the fuel injection has a certain order, and the cylinder wall temperature is different, thus the combustion chamber is usually fired in multiple places. Then, the local pressure at several fire places will be increased sharply and spread to the surroundings. These generated pressure shock waves will be reflected in the combustion chamber wall, and the medium-high-frequency gas oscillation can be produced. Finally, it will further stimulate the internal combustion engine body vibration, and the medium-high-frequency noise can be radiated. The combustion noise generation and transfer path are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Combustion noise generation and transfer path in an internal combustion engine.Because the medium-high-frequency vibration attenuation is smaller than the low frequency part, the frequency of combustion noise is mainly concentrated at the medium-high-frequency range. The combustion process of internal combustion engine can be divided into four stages: fire delay period, rapid burning period, slow burning period, and after burning period. Only in the rapid burning period and slow burning period, the gas dynamic load will have enough energy to stimulate internal combustion engine body to vibrate and radiate the combustion noise. The gas dynamic load is closely related to the cylinder pressure rise rate.


## 3. Internal Combustion Engine Test Platform

### 3.1. Calculation Principle of Combustion Noise Based on Transfer Function Method

When the combustible mixture burns in the cylinder, the combustion pressure will act on the inner surface of internal combustion engine structure and incite the external surface of internal combustion engine to vibrate and radiate noise. This is defined as the combustion noise. Thus, the combustion noise can be considered as the response function based on the cylinder combustion pressure and internal combustion engine body structure. The combustion noise can be calculated by cylinder pressure and combustion noise transfer function. The specific calculation principle of combustion noise is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Calculation principle of combustion noise.From Figure2, the calculation principle of combustion noise based on transfer function method can be divided into two steps:(1)
The first step is as follows. Firstly, the in-cylinder pulse pressureFf and its radiation pulse sound pressure Yf are measured by the independent combustion noise simulation test bench. Then, the internal combustion engine body structure combustion noise transfer function Hf can be calculated. It is defined as follows:(1)Hf=PYFfPFFf.Through the first step, the combustion noise transfer functionHf can be accurately obtained.(2)
The second step is as follows. When the internal combustion engine is operating in normal conditions, the cylinder pressurePf is measured. Then, the measured cylinder pressure Pf and the combustion noise transfer function Hf are utilized to calculate the combustion noise Cf. The calculation formula of combustion noise is defined as follows:(2)Cf=Hf×Pf.Through the second step, the independent pure combustion noiseCf can be calculated.


### 3.2. Test Bench

The test bench is mainly included the 4120SG diesel engine, ignition system, accelerometer, microphone, cylinder pressure sensor, computer, and so forth. The main technical parameters of 4120SG diesel engine are shown in Table1.Table 1
Main technical parameters of 4120SG diesel engine.
Characteristics
Parameters
Number of cylinders
4
Ignition sequence
1-3-4-2
Rated power
48.5 kW
Rated speed
1500 rpm
Stroke number
4
Cylinder diameter
120 mm
Piston stroke
140 mm
Compression ratio
17:1
Single cylinder displacement
1.58 L
Cylinder burst pressure
75 bar
Minimum distance between piston top and cylinder head bottom
1.0∼1.3 mmIn the test, the ignition system is a key part. The traditional battery ignition system contains power supply, ignition switch, ignition coil, distributor, and spark plug. In this test, because the internal combustion engine is in a shutdown state, the ignition system does not need to achieve the automatic ignition and continuous ignition. It is mainly requires the power supply, ignition coil, and injector-shaped spark plug. The self-designed ignition system device is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Self-designed ignition system device. (a) Ignition system structure diagram and (b) ignition system physical diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure3, the 12 V battery supplies power to the ignition system. When the manual switch is closed, the current is generated in the primary winding of ignition coil. As the current increases, the ignition coil will store the magnetic field energy. Then, when the manual switch is cut off, the stored magnetic field energy in the primary winding of ignition coil can quickly disappear, and the secondary winding will produce a high induced voltage. The produced high voltage is applied to the spark plug. It can strike the clearance between spark plug electrodes and generate spark. Finally, the combustible mixture in the cylinder can be ignited.In the process of the test, considering that internal combustion engine is a compression ignition mode without ignition device and the ignition device needs to be installed in the position of the original fuel injector, the self-designed ignition system device is similar to the shape of the injector. The injector-shaped spark plug is mainly composed of central electrode, side electrode, sealed insulating layer, metal shell, and copper washer. The injector-shaped spark plug can bring the high voltage in the secondary winding of ignition coil into the cylinder. Then, the spark can be created between the central electrode and side electrode to ignite the combustible mixture. The injector-shaped spark plug is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
The injector-shaped spark plug. (a) Physical diagram. (b) Spark plug head.
(a)
(b)The test equipment mainly contains 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor, 5018A1000 charge amplifier, B&K 4189 capacitive microphone, PXIE-1078 chassis, PXIe-4492 ultra-wideband data acquisition card, Labview integrated data acquisition system, and computer. The range of 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor is 25 MPa. Due to the high resistance of 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor, the output signal is very weak. Therefore, the 5018A1000 charge amplifier is added at the end of the 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor. The sensitivity of 5018A1000 charge amplifier is 50 mV/bar. The B&K 4189 capacitive microphone diameter is 1/2 inch, the frequency response range is 6.3 Hz–20 kHz, and the sensitivity is 50 mV/Pa. The PXIe-1078 chassis has five hybrid slots and three PXI Express slots. The PXIe-4492 ultra-wideband data acquisition card has 24-bit analog-to-digital converter resolution, and the maximum voltage range is ±10 V. In the test, the sampling frequency of the signal is 204800 Hz. The PXIe-1078 chassis has a built-in fan to enhance heat dissipation effect. The sound pressure level (SPL) of the fan is up to 49.96 dB(A). In order to reduce the influence of fan noise on the test results, the data acquisition system is arranged in the internal combustion engine control room. The internal combustion engine control room and the internal combustion engine test bench laboratory are isolated through the soundproof door. The test equipment is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Test equipment. (a) Test system and (b) test site.
(a)
(b)According to the national standard GB/T1859-2000 “Reciprocating internal combustion engine–Measurement of emitted airborne noise–Engineering method and survey method,” the three B&K 4189 capacitive microphones are arranged 1 meter distance away from internal combustion engine. They are located on the longitudinal side of the no. 4 cylinder. It can be seen in Figure6.Figure 6
Microphone layout. (a) Test site diagram and (b) schematic diagram.
(a)
(b)From the free end to the flywheel end of internal combustion engine, the left microphone corresponds to the main slap side of the internal combustion engine, named as the main slap microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the main slap side sound pressure. The upper microphone corresponds to the cylinder head top, named as the cylinder head top microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the cylinder head top sound pressure. The right microphone corresponds to the internal combustion engine vice slap side, named as the vice slap side microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the vice slap side sound pressure.


### 3.3. Combustible Mixture

Combustible, oxidizing agent, and ignition source are the three essential elements of combustion. In the test, the evaporated no. 97 gasoline is utilized as the combustible. The high concentration oxygen is employed as the oxidizing agent. The ignition system is used to ignite the combustible mixture.It is required to determine the amount of oxygen and gasoline in the combustible mixture. According to the parameters of 4120SG diesel engine, the single cylinder displacement is 1.58 L. Thus, assuming that the oxygen volume in the cylinder is 1.58 L, the temperature is 100°C, and the initial pressure is a standard atmospheric pressure. According to the ideal gas state equation, the amount of oxygen can be calculated. The ideal gas state equation is shown in the following equation:(3)PV=nRT,where P is gas pressure and the unit is Pa. V is gas volume, and the unit is m3. n is the amount of substance of ideal gas, and the unit is mol. R is gas constant, and in general, R = 8.31441 ± 0.00026 J/(mol·K). T is the system temperature, and the unit is K.Through calculation, the amount of oxygen in the cylinder is 0.052 mol.The main components of gasoline are C4–C12 aliphatic hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons. In this test, C8H18 is selected as the molecular formula of gasoline. In the ideal state, the evaporated gasoline is fully burned, and the chemical equation is as follows:(4)2C8H18+25O2=16CO2+18H2OThrough calculation, the required quantity of gasoline is640μL.


### 3.4. Test Preparation

In the test, the internal combustion engine is in a static state. In order to obtain accurate combustion noise transfer function, the internal combustion engine system parameters in a static state should be close to normal working conditions as far as possible. In this test, the cooling water system, lubricating oil lubrication system, and fuel system should be worked normally to reduce the effect of structural elasticity and damping changes on the internal combustion engine test results. Therefore, before test, the internal combustion engine should work enough time to ensure that the cooling water temperature, oil temperature, and other parts’ temperature are in balance. Then, stop the running internal combustion engine.In addition, the charge amplifier should be preheated for 2 hours before the test. The measuring equipment needs to be calibrated. After the internal combustion engine is shut down, the injector of no. 4 cylinder needs to be removed. At this time, the total volume of no. 4 cylinder is directly connected to the external atmosphere. According to the rocker movement state and the gas distribution phase diagram (Figure7), the position of the piston can be judged. Moreover, in order to avoid the influence of multiple reflections of sound waves in the cylinder head cover, the cylinder head cover of no. 4 cylinder needs to be removed.Figure 7
Gas distribution phase diagram.First, the internal combustion engine needs to be turned a cycle to remove the exhaust gas in the combustion chamber. Then, the no. 4 cylinder piston is moved to the bottom dead center (TDC) position. The valve clearance is adjusted to make the inlet and exhaust valves closed. At this time, the total volume of the cylinder is 1.58 L.Through the fuel injector hole, the pure oxygen can be injected into the cylinder. At this moment, it can be considered that inside the cylinder is a standard atmospheric pressure of pure oxygen. The640μL no. 97 gasoline is injected into the combustion chamber through an injector hole with a microinjector. Then, install the injector-shaped spark plug. After the liquid gasoline is completely evaporated in the sealed cylinder, the ignition system is utilized to ignite the combustible mixture in the cylinder. Through the data acquisition system, the cylinder pulse pressure signal Ff and its radiation pulse sound pressure signal Yf are measured at the same time.When the internal combustion engine is running under normal working conditions, the cylinder pressurePf of no. 4 cylinder can be measured.


## 3.1. Calculation Principle of Combustion Noise Based on Transfer Function Method

When the combustible mixture burns in the cylinder, the combustion pressure will act on the inner surface of internal combustion engine structure and incite the external surface of internal combustion engine to vibrate and radiate noise. This is defined as the combustion noise. Thus, the combustion noise can be considered as the response function based on the cylinder combustion pressure and internal combustion engine body structure. The combustion noise can be calculated by cylinder pressure and combustion noise transfer function. The specific calculation principle of combustion noise is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Calculation principle of combustion noise.From Figure2, the calculation principle of combustion noise based on transfer function method can be divided into two steps:(1)
The first step is as follows. Firstly, the in-cylinder pulse pressureFf and its radiation pulse sound pressure Yf are measured by the independent combustion noise simulation test bench. Then, the internal combustion engine body structure combustion noise transfer function Hf can be calculated. It is defined as follows:(1)Hf=PYFfPFFf.Through the first step, the combustion noise transfer functionHf can be accurately obtained.(2)
The second step is as follows. When the internal combustion engine is operating in normal conditions, the cylinder pressurePf is measured. Then, the measured cylinder pressure Pf and the combustion noise transfer function Hf are utilized to calculate the combustion noise Cf. The calculation formula of combustion noise is defined as follows:(2)Cf=Hf×Pf.Through the second step, the independent pure combustion noiseCf can be calculated.


## 3.2. Test Bench

The test bench is mainly included the 4120SG diesel engine, ignition system, accelerometer, microphone, cylinder pressure sensor, computer, and so forth. The main technical parameters of 4120SG diesel engine are shown in Table1.Table 1
Main technical parameters of 4120SG diesel engine.
Characteristics
Parameters
Number of cylinders
4
Ignition sequence
1-3-4-2
Rated power
48.5 kW
Rated speed
1500 rpm
Stroke number
4
Cylinder diameter
120 mm
Piston stroke
140 mm
Compression ratio
17:1
Single cylinder displacement
1.58 L
Cylinder burst pressure
75 bar
Minimum distance between piston top and cylinder head bottom
1.0∼1.3 mmIn the test, the ignition system is a key part. The traditional battery ignition system contains power supply, ignition switch, ignition coil, distributor, and spark plug. In this test, because the internal combustion engine is in a shutdown state, the ignition system does not need to achieve the automatic ignition and continuous ignition. It is mainly requires the power supply, ignition coil, and injector-shaped spark plug. The self-designed ignition system device is shown in Figure3.Figure 3
Self-designed ignition system device. (a) Ignition system structure diagram and (b) ignition system physical diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure3, the 12 V battery supplies power to the ignition system. When the manual switch is closed, the current is generated in the primary winding of ignition coil. As the current increases, the ignition coil will store the magnetic field energy. Then, when the manual switch is cut off, the stored magnetic field energy in the primary winding of ignition coil can quickly disappear, and the secondary winding will produce a high induced voltage. The produced high voltage is applied to the spark plug. It can strike the clearance between spark plug electrodes and generate spark. Finally, the combustible mixture in the cylinder can be ignited.In the process of the test, considering that internal combustion engine is a compression ignition mode without ignition device and the ignition device needs to be installed in the position of the original fuel injector, the self-designed ignition system device is similar to the shape of the injector. The injector-shaped spark plug is mainly composed of central electrode, side electrode, sealed insulating layer, metal shell, and copper washer. The injector-shaped spark plug can bring the high voltage in the secondary winding of ignition coil into the cylinder. Then, the spark can be created between the central electrode and side electrode to ignite the combustible mixture. The injector-shaped spark plug is shown in Figure4.Figure 4
The injector-shaped spark plug. (a) Physical diagram. (b) Spark plug head.
(a)
(b)The test equipment mainly contains 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor, 5018A1000 charge amplifier, B&K 4189 capacitive microphone, PXIE-1078 chassis, PXIe-4492 ultra-wideband data acquisition card, Labview integrated data acquisition system, and computer. The range of 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor is 25 MPa. Due to the high resistance of 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor, the output signal is very weak. Therefore, the 5018A1000 charge amplifier is added at the end of the 7013C/CA piezoelectric pressure sensor. The sensitivity of 5018A1000 charge amplifier is 50 mV/bar. The B&K 4189 capacitive microphone diameter is 1/2 inch, the frequency response range is 6.3 Hz–20 kHz, and the sensitivity is 50 mV/Pa. The PXIe-1078 chassis has five hybrid slots and three PXI Express slots. The PXIe-4492 ultra-wideband data acquisition card has 24-bit analog-to-digital converter resolution, and the maximum voltage range is ±10 V. In the test, the sampling frequency of the signal is 204800 Hz. The PXIe-1078 chassis has a built-in fan to enhance heat dissipation effect. The sound pressure level (SPL) of the fan is up to 49.96 dB(A). In order to reduce the influence of fan noise on the test results, the data acquisition system is arranged in the internal combustion engine control room. The internal combustion engine control room and the internal combustion engine test bench laboratory are isolated through the soundproof door. The test equipment is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Test equipment. (a) Test system and (b) test site.
(a)
(b)According to the national standard GB/T1859-2000 “Reciprocating internal combustion engine–Measurement of emitted airborne noise–Engineering method and survey method,” the three B&K 4189 capacitive microphones are arranged 1 meter distance away from internal combustion engine. They are located on the longitudinal side of the no. 4 cylinder. It can be seen in Figure6.Figure 6
Microphone layout. (a) Test site diagram and (b) schematic diagram.
(a)
(b)From the free end to the flywheel end of internal combustion engine, the left microphone corresponds to the main slap side of the internal combustion engine, named as the main slap microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the main slap side sound pressure. The upper microphone corresponds to the cylinder head top, named as the cylinder head top microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the cylinder head top sound pressure. The right microphone corresponds to the internal combustion engine vice slap side, named as the vice slap side microphone, and the measured radiation pulse noise is named as the vice slap side sound pressure.


## 3.3. Combustible Mixture

Combustible, oxidizing agent, and ignition source are the three essential elements of combustion. In the test, the evaporated no. 97 gasoline is utilized as the combustible. The high concentration oxygen is employed as the oxidizing agent. The ignition system is used to ignite the combustible mixture.It is required to determine the amount of oxygen and gasoline in the combustible mixture. According to the parameters of 4120SG diesel engine, the single cylinder displacement is 1.58 L. Thus, assuming that the oxygen volume in the cylinder is 1.58 L, the temperature is 100°C, and the initial pressure is a standard atmospheric pressure. According to the ideal gas state equation, the amount of oxygen can be calculated. The ideal gas state equation is shown in the following equation:(3)PV=nRT,where P is gas pressure and the unit is Pa. V is gas volume, and the unit is m3. n is the amount of substance of ideal gas, and the unit is mol. R is gas constant, and in general, R = 8.31441 ± 0.00026 J/(mol·K). T is the system temperature, and the unit is K.Through calculation, the amount of oxygen in the cylinder is 0.052 mol.The main components of gasoline are C4–C12 aliphatic hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons. In this test, C8H18 is selected as the molecular formula of gasoline. In the ideal state, the evaporated gasoline is fully burned, and the chemical equation is as follows:(4)2C8H18+25O2=16CO2+18H2OThrough calculation, the required quantity of gasoline is640μL.


## 3.4. Test Preparation

In the test, the internal combustion engine is in a static state. In order to obtain accurate combustion noise transfer function, the internal combustion engine system parameters in a static state should be close to normal working conditions as far as possible. In this test, the cooling water system, lubricating oil lubrication system, and fuel system should be worked normally to reduce the effect of structural elasticity and damping changes on the internal combustion engine test results. Therefore, before test, the internal combustion engine should work enough time to ensure that the cooling water temperature, oil temperature, and other parts’ temperature are in balance. Then, stop the running internal combustion engine.In addition, the charge amplifier should be preheated for 2 hours before the test. The measuring equipment needs to be calibrated. After the internal combustion engine is shut down, the injector of no. 4 cylinder needs to be removed. At this time, the total volume of no. 4 cylinder is directly connected to the external atmosphere. According to the rocker movement state and the gas distribution phase diagram (Figure7), the position of the piston can be judged. Moreover, in order to avoid the influence of multiple reflections of sound waves in the cylinder head cover, the cylinder head cover of no. 4 cylinder needs to be removed.Figure 7
Gas distribution phase diagram.First, the internal combustion engine needs to be turned a cycle to remove the exhaust gas in the combustion chamber. Then, the no. 4 cylinder piston is moved to the bottom dead center (TDC) position. The valve clearance is adjusted to make the inlet and exhaust valves closed. At this time, the total volume of the cylinder is 1.58 L.Through the fuel injector hole, the pure oxygen can be injected into the cylinder. At this moment, it can be considered that inside the cylinder is a standard atmospheric pressure of pure oxygen. The640μL no. 97 gasoline is injected into the combustion chamber through an injector hole with a microinjector. Then, install the injector-shaped spark plug. After the liquid gasoline is completely evaporated in the sealed cylinder, the ignition system is utilized to ignite the combustible mixture in the cylinder. Through the data acquisition system, the cylinder pulse pressure signal Ff and its radiation pulse sound pressure signal Yf are measured at the same time.When the internal combustion engine is running under normal working conditions, the cylinder pressurePf of no. 4 cylinder can be measured.


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Combustion Noise Transfer Function

Through the internal combustion engine test, the measured cylinder pulse pressure signalFf and each side radiation pulse sound pressure signal Yf are shown in Figures 8 and 9.Figure 8
Cylinder pulse pressure. (a) Time domain signal and (b) amplitude-frequency curve.
(a)
(b)Figure 9
The PSD of each side pulse sound pressure. (a) Main slap side sound pressure PSD, (b) cylinder head top sound pressure PSD, and (c) vice slap side sound pressure PSD.
(a)
(b)
(c)From Figure8(a), in the time domain signal, the pulse pressure rise rate is up to dp/dt = 5 MPa/s. It is caused by the rapid combustion of combustible mixture. From Figure 8(b), the low frequency band (below 600 Hz) is corresponded to the high sound pressure level (SPL), and this segment is relatively flat that is associated with the highest pulse pressure. The medium frequency band (600–2000 Hz) sound pressure level is decreased faster than low frequency band. This segment is closely related to the maximum pulse pressure rise rate. The high frequency band (above 2000 Hz) sound pressure level is declined rapidly. This segment is closely related to the high frequency pulse pressure oscillation.From Figure9(a), the power spectrum density (PSD) of main slap side sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 3238 Hz, 4513 Hz, 5150 Hz, and 6519 Hz. From Figure 9(b), the power spectrum density of cylinder head top sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 1538 Hz, 2463 Hz, 3306 Hz, 4144 Hz, and 5969 Hz. From Figure 9(c), the power spectrum density of vice slap side sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 1519 Hz, 3000 Hz, and 4163 Hz. From Figure 9, the power spectrum density of cylinder head top sound pressure is both rich and complex. This is because the cylinder head top microphone does not only receives the pulse pressure from the cylinder head top but also receives a portion of radiation pulse pressure from the main slap side and the vice slap side.In order to evaluate the degree of reliability between the pulse pressure and each side radiation pulse sound pressure, the correlation coefficient is calculated. The higher the correlation coefficient is, the more reliable the measured signal is. The higher correlation coefficient means that the calculation result of combustion noise transfer function is more accurate.Assuming that the input function isxt and the response function is yt, the correlation coefficient is defined as follows:(5)γxy2ω=pxyω2pxωpyω,where pxω and pyω are the self-power spectral density of input function xt and output function yt, respectively, and pxyω is the cross power spectral density of the input and output functions.The correlation coefficient between the pulse pressure and each side radiation pulse sound pressure is calculated. It is shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Correlation coefficient calculation results. (a) Main slap side correlation coefficient, (b) cylinder head top correlation coefficient, and (c) vice slap side correlation coefficient.
(a)
(b)
(c)From Figure10, it can be clearly seen that the correlation coefficient of vice slap side is greater than 0.5, and it is obviously larger than the other two sides. As for the main slap side, it is close to the wall, and there is a certain degree of reflection and reverberation. Thus, there are many interference noises when the main slap side microphone is used to measure the radiation pulse sound pressure, resulting in low correlation coefficient. As for the cylinder head top, because the cylinder head top microphone can receive the noise from main slap side and vice slap side, the correlation coefficient is low. Therefore, the vice slap side sound pressure Yf and the pulse pressure Ff are employed to calculate the combustion noise transfer function Hf. The calculated results are shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Calculated combustion noise transfer function by test.From Figure11, the calculated combustion noise transfer function reflects the combustion noise transfer characteristics from cylinder pressure signal to the combustion noise signal through the internal combustion engine body structure. The response value of the combustion noise transfer function is relatively high in the frequency range of 2000 Hz–5000 Hz and 7000 Hz–10000 Hz. Below 2000 Hz and 5000 Hz–7000 Hz, the response value of the combustion noise transfer function is relatively low.


### 4.2. 1500 rpm and No-Load Condition (Normal Case)

When the internal combustion engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition, the measured cylinder pressure is shown in Figure12.Figure 12
Cylinder pressure. (a) Time domain signal and (b) amplitude-frequency curve.
(a)
(b)From Figure12, the low frequency band (below 600 Hz) corresponds to the high sound pressure level (SPL). The SPL of 600 Hz reaches to 186.5 dB. The change in low frequency band is relatively flat. The low frequency band occupies most of the total cylinder pressure energy, but the attenuation of the low frequency through the internal combustion engine body structure is large, thus the radiation noise is small. The SPL of medium frequency band (600–2000 Hz) is relatively low. The high frequency band (above 2000 Hz) is fluctuated obviously compared to low frequency band and medium frequency band.Through the measured cylinder pressure signal and the calculated combustion noise transfer function, the independent pure combustion noise is calculated. It is shown in Figure13.Figure 13
Calculated combustion noise of internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm and no-load condition. (a) Spectrum and (b) time-frequency diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure13, the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are mainly concentrated in the vicinity of 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz (medium frequency band) and 3000 Hz (high frequency band). The amplitude of 1400 Hz is approximately four times the amplitude of 1100 Hz and 3000 Hz. In addition, the independent pure combustion noise has almost no other frequency components.


### 4.3. 800 rpm and No-Load Condition

When the internal combustion engine is running at 800 rpm and no-load condition, the cylinder pressure can be measured. Combining the calculated combustion noise transfer function, the independent pure combustion noise is calculated. It is shown in Figure14.Figure 14
Calculated combustion noise of internal combustion engine at 800 rpm and no-load condition. (a) Spectrum and (b) time-frequency diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure14, the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are still mainly concentrated in the vicinity of 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz (medium frequency band) and 3000 Hz (high frequency band). The amplitude at 1400 Hz is the largest. Compared with Figure 13, on the whole, the amplitude of the frequency in Figure 14 is smaller than that in Figure 13. It is shown that the independent pure combustion noise of internal combustion engine at low speed is lower than that of high speed.


### 4.4. Mechanical Noise

The main noise sources of internal combustion engine include combustion noise, mechanical noise, and aerodynamic noise. Combustion noise and mechanical noise account for a large proportion of the total noise of internal combustion engine. Aerodynamic noise is relatively small. When the combustion noise is calculated, the mechanical noise can be obtained by subtracting combustion noise from the total noise of the internal combustion engine. When the internal combustion engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the calculated mechanical noise is shown in Figure15.Figure 15
Mechanical noise. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure15, it can be seen the mechanical noise has many frequency components. When the diesel engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency components of mechanical noise are mainly focused on 711 Hz, 1244 Hz, 1600 Hz, 2222 Hz, and 2933 Hz. When the diesel engine is at 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency components of mechanical noise are mainly focused on 355 Hz, 1156 Hz, 1956 Hz, 3022 Hz, and 3644 Hz. The mechanical noise includes piston slap noise, air valve knock noise, gear meshing noise, fuel injection pump noise, etc. The piston slap noise is mainly caused by the impact between the piston and the cylinder liner. The air valve knock noise is mainly caused by the impact of valve opening and closing. The gear meshing noise is generated by the collision and friction between teeth and teeth during the gear meshing process. The fuel injection pump noise is related to the oil injection pressure and burning time of internal combustion engine. When the diesel engine is in different conditions, the frequency component of mechanical noise will have a certain difference. It needs to be further researched.


### 4.5. Verification Analysis

The internal combustion engine vibration test method and the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method are further carried out to verify the calculation results of independent pure combustion noise.


#### 4.5.1. Internal Combustion Engine Vibration Test Method

In the combustion process, the cylinder pressure stimulates the cylinder liner to vibrate, and the vibration is transmitted to internal combustion engine body vice slap side. Then the vice slap side outer surface vibration can produce the vice slap side combustion noise to the surrounding environment. Therefore, the vice slap side vibration is related to the vice slap side combustion noise. The power spectral density of vice slap side vibration can be utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.The lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is utilized to measure the vice slap side vibration signal. The sensitivity of lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is 30 mV/g, the maximum range is 166 g, the resolution is 0.0007 g, and the frequency response range is 0–10000 Hz. The vice slap side vibration test point is shown in Figure16.Figure 16
Vice slap side vibration test point.In the test, in order to retain the useful components and eliminate the high frequency components, the low-pass filter is used to remove high-frequency components above 10 kHz in the vibration signals.The vice slap side vibration signals are respectively measured at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, respectively. Because the unit of vibration signal is g and the unit of combustion noise is Pa, the normalization needs to be carried out. Through calculation, the spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise is shown in Figure17.Figure 17
Spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure17, when the internal combustion engine is, respectively, at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency of independent pure combustion noise is basically consistent with the frequency of the measured vibration signal. Especially near 1400 Hz and 3000 Hz, the frequency amplitude of independent pure combustion noise and the measured vibration signal are both prominent. However, in Figure 17(a), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 6000 Hz, 7000 Hz, and 9000 Hz has frequency components. In Figure 17(b), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 8500–9500 Hz has frequency components. These frequency components are mainly caused by the mechanical excitation from other parts. Independent pure combustion noise does not have these frequency components. Thus, through the internal combustion engine vibration test method, the measured vice slap side vibration signal showed accuracy and effectiveness of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.


#### 4.5.2. Combustion Noise Empirical Formula Calculation Method

The combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is mainly refers to combustion noise measurement principle of combustion noise meter. The calculation formula is as follows:(6)C=201gRMSPtPref+A+CAV,where C represents combustion noise signal, and the unit is dB. RMSPt represents the root mean square value of the filtered cylinder pressure, and the unit is bar. Pref represents reference sound pressure, the unit is bar, and Pref=2×10−10bar. A represents the frequency characteristic parameters of A weighted network. CAV represents the empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.The frequency characteristic parameters ofA weighted network are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Frequency characteristic parameter ofA weighted network.
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
100
−19.1
1000
0
125
−16.1
1250
0.6
160
−13.4
1600
1.0
200
−10.9
2000
1.2
250
−8.6
2500
1.3
315
−6.6
3150
1.2
400
−4.8
4000
1.0
500
−3.2
5000
0.5
630
−1.9
6300
−0.1
800
−0.8
8000
−1.1The empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation are shown in Table3.Table 3
Empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
100
−143.0
1000
−96.5
125
−137.5
1250
−93.3
160
−132.4
1600
−90.8
200
−127.8
2000
−89.7
250
−122.3
2500
−89.5
315
−117.2
3150
−90.6
400
−112.3
4000
−94.2
500
−108.2
5000
−99.2
630
−103.8
6300
−105.6
800
−100.0
8000
−116.0The cylinder pressure signal is measured by test. Then, the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is utilized to calculate the experience value of combustion noise. The calculation results are shown in Figure18.Figure 18
Comparison of combustion noise calculation results. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure18, it can be seen that the combustion noise calculation results of empirical formula calculation method and simulation test bench method are in good agreement below 2000 Hz. Combined with Figures 13 and 14, the frequency of calculated combustion noise by simulation test bench is mainly concentrated at 1100 Hz, 1400 Hz, and 3000 Hz. The 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are below 2000 Hz. Therefore, the combustion noise calculation results at 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are very good. However, from Figure 18, it can be seen that there are some differences in the combustion noise calculation results above 2000 Hz. The combustion noise at 3000 Hz has a certain degree of error. The reason for the error is that the engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method have a certain degree of difference with the engine body structure attenuation parameters of the 4120SG diesel engine in the high frequency part (above 2000 Hz). The engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method are empirical parameter values, and they have some difference with a specific type of 4120SG diesel engine. The combustion noise calculation results have a certain difference in 3000 Hz frequency component. But the overall trend of the calculation results is consistent. Therefore, the independent pure combustion noise obtained is accurate.


## 4.1. Combustion Noise Transfer Function

Through the internal combustion engine test, the measured cylinder pulse pressure signalFf and each side radiation pulse sound pressure signal Yf are shown in Figures 8 and 9.Figure 8
Cylinder pulse pressure. (a) Time domain signal and (b) amplitude-frequency curve.
(a)
(b)Figure 9
The PSD of each side pulse sound pressure. (a) Main slap side sound pressure PSD, (b) cylinder head top sound pressure PSD, and (c) vice slap side sound pressure PSD.
(a)
(b)
(c)From Figure8(a), in the time domain signal, the pulse pressure rise rate is up to dp/dt = 5 MPa/s. It is caused by the rapid combustion of combustible mixture. From Figure 8(b), the low frequency band (below 600 Hz) is corresponded to the high sound pressure level (SPL), and this segment is relatively flat that is associated with the highest pulse pressure. The medium frequency band (600–2000 Hz) sound pressure level is decreased faster than low frequency band. This segment is closely related to the maximum pulse pressure rise rate. The high frequency band (above 2000 Hz) sound pressure level is declined rapidly. This segment is closely related to the high frequency pulse pressure oscillation.From Figure9(a), the power spectrum density (PSD) of main slap side sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 3238 Hz, 4513 Hz, 5150 Hz, and 6519 Hz. From Figure 9(b), the power spectrum density of cylinder head top sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 1538 Hz, 2463 Hz, 3306 Hz, 4144 Hz, and 5969 Hz. From Figure 9(c), the power spectrum density of vice slap side sound pressure is mainly concentrated at 1519 Hz, 3000 Hz, and 4163 Hz. From Figure 9, the power spectrum density of cylinder head top sound pressure is both rich and complex. This is because the cylinder head top microphone does not only receives the pulse pressure from the cylinder head top but also receives a portion of radiation pulse pressure from the main slap side and the vice slap side.In order to evaluate the degree of reliability between the pulse pressure and each side radiation pulse sound pressure, the correlation coefficient is calculated. The higher the correlation coefficient is, the more reliable the measured signal is. The higher correlation coefficient means that the calculation result of combustion noise transfer function is more accurate.Assuming that the input function isxt and the response function is yt, the correlation coefficient is defined as follows:(5)γxy2ω=pxyω2pxωpyω,where pxω and pyω are the self-power spectral density of input function xt and output function yt, respectively, and pxyω is the cross power spectral density of the input and output functions.The correlation coefficient between the pulse pressure and each side radiation pulse sound pressure is calculated. It is shown in Figure10.Figure 10
Correlation coefficient calculation results. (a) Main slap side correlation coefficient, (b) cylinder head top correlation coefficient, and (c) vice slap side correlation coefficient.
(a)
(b)
(c)From Figure10, it can be clearly seen that the correlation coefficient of vice slap side is greater than 0.5, and it is obviously larger than the other two sides. As for the main slap side, it is close to the wall, and there is a certain degree of reflection and reverberation. Thus, there are many interference noises when the main slap side microphone is used to measure the radiation pulse sound pressure, resulting in low correlation coefficient. As for the cylinder head top, because the cylinder head top microphone can receive the noise from main slap side and vice slap side, the correlation coefficient is low. Therefore, the vice slap side sound pressure Yf and the pulse pressure Ff are employed to calculate the combustion noise transfer function Hf. The calculated results are shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Calculated combustion noise transfer function by test.From Figure11, the calculated combustion noise transfer function reflects the combustion noise transfer characteristics from cylinder pressure signal to the combustion noise signal through the internal combustion engine body structure. The response value of the combustion noise transfer function is relatively high in the frequency range of 2000 Hz–5000 Hz and 7000 Hz–10000 Hz. Below 2000 Hz and 5000 Hz–7000 Hz, the response value of the combustion noise transfer function is relatively low.


## 4.2. 1500 rpm and No-Load Condition (Normal Case)

When the internal combustion engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition, the measured cylinder pressure is shown in Figure12.Figure 12
Cylinder pressure. (a) Time domain signal and (b) amplitude-frequency curve.
(a)
(b)From Figure12, the low frequency band (below 600 Hz) corresponds to the high sound pressure level (SPL). The SPL of 600 Hz reaches to 186.5 dB. The change in low frequency band is relatively flat. The low frequency band occupies most of the total cylinder pressure energy, but the attenuation of the low frequency through the internal combustion engine body structure is large, thus the radiation noise is small. The SPL of medium frequency band (600–2000 Hz) is relatively low. The high frequency band (above 2000 Hz) is fluctuated obviously compared to low frequency band and medium frequency band.Through the measured cylinder pressure signal and the calculated combustion noise transfer function, the independent pure combustion noise is calculated. It is shown in Figure13.Figure 13
Calculated combustion noise of internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm and no-load condition. (a) Spectrum and (b) time-frequency diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure13, the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are mainly concentrated in the vicinity of 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz (medium frequency band) and 3000 Hz (high frequency band). The amplitude of 1400 Hz is approximately four times the amplitude of 1100 Hz and 3000 Hz. In addition, the independent pure combustion noise has almost no other frequency components.


## 4.3. 800 rpm and No-Load Condition

When the internal combustion engine is running at 800 rpm and no-load condition, the cylinder pressure can be measured. Combining the calculated combustion noise transfer function, the independent pure combustion noise is calculated. It is shown in Figure14.Figure 14
Calculated combustion noise of internal combustion engine at 800 rpm and no-load condition. (a) Spectrum and (b) time-frequency diagram.
(a)
(b)From Figure14, the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are still mainly concentrated in the vicinity of 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz (medium frequency band) and 3000 Hz (high frequency band). The amplitude at 1400 Hz is the largest. Compared with Figure 13, on the whole, the amplitude of the frequency in Figure 14 is smaller than that in Figure 13. It is shown that the independent pure combustion noise of internal combustion engine at low speed is lower than that of high speed.


## 4.4. Mechanical Noise

The main noise sources of internal combustion engine include combustion noise, mechanical noise, and aerodynamic noise. Combustion noise and mechanical noise account for a large proportion of the total noise of internal combustion engine. Aerodynamic noise is relatively small. When the combustion noise is calculated, the mechanical noise can be obtained by subtracting combustion noise from the total noise of the internal combustion engine. When the internal combustion engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the calculated mechanical noise is shown in Figure15.Figure 15
Mechanical noise. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure15, it can be seen the mechanical noise has many frequency components. When the diesel engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency components of mechanical noise are mainly focused on 711 Hz, 1244 Hz, 1600 Hz, 2222 Hz, and 2933 Hz. When the diesel engine is at 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency components of mechanical noise are mainly focused on 355 Hz, 1156 Hz, 1956 Hz, 3022 Hz, and 3644 Hz. The mechanical noise includes piston slap noise, air valve knock noise, gear meshing noise, fuel injection pump noise, etc. The piston slap noise is mainly caused by the impact between the piston and the cylinder liner. The air valve knock noise is mainly caused by the impact of valve opening and closing. The gear meshing noise is generated by the collision and friction between teeth and teeth during the gear meshing process. The fuel injection pump noise is related to the oil injection pressure and burning time of internal combustion engine. When the diesel engine is in different conditions, the frequency component of mechanical noise will have a certain difference. It needs to be further researched.


## 4.5. Verification Analysis

The internal combustion engine vibration test method and the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method are further carried out to verify the calculation results of independent pure combustion noise.


### 4.5.1. Internal Combustion Engine Vibration Test Method

In the combustion process, the cylinder pressure stimulates the cylinder liner to vibrate, and the vibration is transmitted to internal combustion engine body vice slap side. Then the vice slap side outer surface vibration can produce the vice slap side combustion noise to the surrounding environment. Therefore, the vice slap side vibration is related to the vice slap side combustion noise. The power spectral density of vice slap side vibration can be utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.The lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is utilized to measure the vice slap side vibration signal. The sensitivity of lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is 30 mV/g, the maximum range is 166 g, the resolution is 0.0007 g, and the frequency response range is 0–10000 Hz. The vice slap side vibration test point is shown in Figure16.Figure 16
Vice slap side vibration test point.In the test, in order to retain the useful components and eliminate the high frequency components, the low-pass filter is used to remove high-frequency components above 10 kHz in the vibration signals.The vice slap side vibration signals are respectively measured at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, respectively. Because the unit of vibration signal is g and the unit of combustion noise is Pa, the normalization needs to be carried out. Through calculation, the spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise is shown in Figure17.Figure 17
Spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure17, when the internal combustion engine is, respectively, at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency of independent pure combustion noise is basically consistent with the frequency of the measured vibration signal. Especially near 1400 Hz and 3000 Hz, the frequency amplitude of independent pure combustion noise and the measured vibration signal are both prominent. However, in Figure 17(a), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 6000 Hz, 7000 Hz, and 9000 Hz has frequency components. In Figure 17(b), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 8500–9500 Hz has frequency components. These frequency components are mainly caused by the mechanical excitation from other parts. Independent pure combustion noise does not have these frequency components. Thus, through the internal combustion engine vibration test method, the measured vice slap side vibration signal showed accuracy and effectiveness of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.


### 4.5.2. Combustion Noise Empirical Formula Calculation Method

The combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is mainly refers to combustion noise measurement principle of combustion noise meter. The calculation formula is as follows:(6)C=201gRMSPtPref+A+CAV,where C represents combustion noise signal, and the unit is dB. RMSPt represents the root mean square value of the filtered cylinder pressure, and the unit is bar. Pref represents reference sound pressure, the unit is bar, and Pref=2×10−10bar. A represents the frequency characteristic parameters of A weighted network. CAV represents the empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.The frequency characteristic parameters ofA weighted network are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Frequency characteristic parameter ofA weighted network.
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
100
−19.1
1000
0
125
−16.1
1250
0.6
160
−13.4
1600
1.0
200
−10.9
2000
1.2
250
−8.6
2500
1.3
315
−6.6
3150
1.2
400
−4.8
4000
1.0
500
−3.2
5000
0.5
630
−1.9
6300
−0.1
800
−0.8
8000
−1.1The empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation are shown in Table3.Table 3
Empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
100
−143.0
1000
−96.5
125
−137.5
1250
−93.3
160
−132.4
1600
−90.8
200
−127.8
2000
−89.7
250
−122.3
2500
−89.5
315
−117.2
3150
−90.6
400
−112.3
4000
−94.2
500
−108.2
5000
−99.2
630
−103.8
6300
−105.6
800
−100.0
8000
−116.0The cylinder pressure signal is measured by test. Then, the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is utilized to calculate the experience value of combustion noise. The calculation results are shown in Figure18.Figure 18
Comparison of combustion noise calculation results. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure18, it can be seen that the combustion noise calculation results of empirical formula calculation method and simulation test bench method are in good agreement below 2000 Hz. Combined with Figures 13 and 14, the frequency of calculated combustion noise by simulation test bench is mainly concentrated at 1100 Hz, 1400 Hz, and 3000 Hz. The 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are below 2000 Hz. Therefore, the combustion noise calculation results at 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are very good. However, from Figure 18, it can be seen that there are some differences in the combustion noise calculation results above 2000 Hz. The combustion noise at 3000 Hz has a certain degree of error. The reason for the error is that the engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method have a certain degree of difference with the engine body structure attenuation parameters of the 4120SG diesel engine in the high frequency part (above 2000 Hz). The engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method are empirical parameter values, and they have some difference with a specific type of 4120SG diesel engine. The combustion noise calculation results have a certain difference in 3000 Hz frequency component. But the overall trend of the calculation results is consistent. Therefore, the independent pure combustion noise obtained is accurate.


## 4.5.1. Internal Combustion Engine Vibration Test Method

In the combustion process, the cylinder pressure stimulates the cylinder liner to vibrate, and the vibration is transmitted to internal combustion engine body vice slap side. Then the vice slap side outer surface vibration can produce the vice slap side combustion noise to the surrounding environment. Therefore, the vice slap side vibration is related to the vice slap side combustion noise. The power spectral density of vice slap side vibration can be utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.The lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is utilized to measure the vice slap side vibration signal. The sensitivity of lance acceleration sensor LC0158T is 30 mV/g, the maximum range is 166 g, the resolution is 0.0007 g, and the frequency response range is 0–10000 Hz. The vice slap side vibration test point is shown in Figure16.Figure 16
Vice slap side vibration test point.In the test, in order to retain the useful components and eliminate the high frequency components, the low-pass filter is used to remove high-frequency components above 10 kHz in the vibration signals.The vice slap side vibration signals are respectively measured at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, respectively. Because the unit of vibration signal is g and the unit of combustion noise is Pa, the normalization needs to be carried out. Through calculation, the spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise is shown in Figure17.Figure 17
Spectrum of measured vibration signal and independent pure combustion noise. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure17, when the internal combustion engine is, respectively, at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the frequency of independent pure combustion noise is basically consistent with the frequency of the measured vibration signal. Especially near 1400 Hz and 3000 Hz, the frequency amplitude of independent pure combustion noise and the measured vibration signal are both prominent. However, in Figure 17(a), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 6000 Hz, 7000 Hz, and 9000 Hz has frequency components. In Figure 17(b), the vibration signal in the vicinity of 2000–2600 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 8500–9500 Hz has frequency components. These frequency components are mainly caused by the mechanical excitation from other parts. Independent pure combustion noise does not have these frequency components. Thus, through the internal combustion engine vibration test method, the measured vice slap side vibration signal showed accuracy and effectiveness of the calculated independent pure combustion noise.


## 4.5.2. Combustion Noise Empirical Formula Calculation Method

The combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is mainly refers to combustion noise measurement principle of combustion noise meter. The calculation formula is as follows:(6)C=201gRMSPtPref+A+CAV,where C represents combustion noise signal, and the unit is dB. RMSPt represents the root mean square value of the filtered cylinder pressure, and the unit is bar. Pref represents reference sound pressure, the unit is bar, and Pref=2×10−10bar. A represents the frequency characteristic parameters of A weighted network. CAV represents the empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.The frequency characteristic parameters ofA weighted network are shown in Table 2.Table 2
Frequency characteristic parameter ofA weighted network.
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
A weighted value (dB)
100
−19.1
1000
0
125
−16.1
1250
0.6
160
−13.4
1600
1.0
200
−10.9
2000
1.2
250
−8.6
2500
1.3
315
−6.6
3150
1.2
400
−4.8
4000
1.0
500
−3.2
5000
0.5
630
−1.9
6300
−0.1
800
−0.8
8000
−1.1The empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation are shown in Table3.Table 3
Empirical parameters of engine body structure attenuation.
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
Center frequency (Hz)
Transfer function value (dB)
100
−143.0
1000
−96.5
125
−137.5
1250
−93.3
160
−132.4
1600
−90.8
200
−127.8
2000
−89.7
250
−122.3
2500
−89.5
315
−117.2
3150
−90.6
400
−112.3
4000
−94.2
500
−108.2
5000
−99.2
630
−103.8
6300
−105.6
800
−100.0
8000
−116.0The cylinder pressure signal is measured by test. Then, the combustion noise empirical formula calculation method is utilized to calculate the experience value of combustion noise. The calculation results are shown in Figure18.Figure 18
Comparison of combustion noise calculation results. (a) 1500 rpm and no-load condition and (b) 800 rpm and no-load condition.
(a)
(b)From Figure18, it can be seen that the combustion noise calculation results of empirical formula calculation method and simulation test bench method are in good agreement below 2000 Hz. Combined with Figures 13 and 14, the frequency of calculated combustion noise by simulation test bench is mainly concentrated at 1100 Hz, 1400 Hz, and 3000 Hz. The 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are below 2000 Hz. Therefore, the combustion noise calculation results at 1100 Hz and 1400 Hz are very good. However, from Figure 18, it can be seen that there are some differences in the combustion noise calculation results above 2000 Hz. The combustion noise at 3000 Hz has a certain degree of error. The reason for the error is that the engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method have a certain degree of difference with the engine body structure attenuation parameters of the 4120SG diesel engine in the high frequency part (above 2000 Hz). The engine body structure attenuation parameters in the empirical formula calculation method are empirical parameter values, and they have some difference with a specific type of 4120SG diesel engine. The combustion noise calculation results have a certain difference in 3000 Hz frequency component. But the overall trend of the calculation results is consistent. Therefore, the independent pure combustion noise obtained is accurate.


## 5. Conclusions

In order to ignite the combustible mixture (pure oxygen and no. 97 gasoline), considering that internal combustion engine is a compression ignition mode without ignition device and the ignition device needs to be installed in the position of the original fuel injector, the ignition device which is similar to the shape of the injector is self-designed and implemented in detail. It has simple and practical features, and it is very useful and reliable in the test.Before test, the internal combustion engine needs to work enough time to ensure the internal combustion engine parameters in a static state are close to normal working conditions as far as possible. Then, in the test, the in-cylinder pulse pressure signal and its radiated pulse sound pressure signal are measured at the same time. They are used for calculating the combustion noise transfer function. Thus, the combustion noise transfer function can be calculated accurately.When the internal combustion engine is at 1500 rpm and no-load condition and 800 rpm and no-load condition, the independent pure combustion noise is calculated by the measured cylinder pressure and the calculated transfer function. Experimental results show that the frequency components of independent pure combustion noise are both concentrated at 1100 Hz, 1400 Hz, and 3000 Hz. In addition, the two verification methods are further carried out to show accuracy and effectiveness of the obtained independent pure combustion noise.Independent pure combustion noise acquisition experimental platform can provide reference for the acquisition of other independent noise sources. In addition, the obtained independent pure combustion noise can provide a theoretical reference for fault diagnosis and noise reduction plan of internal combustion engines.



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*Source: 2413831-2018-11-01.xml*