# Chaotic-Search-Based Cultural Algorithm for Solving Unconstrained Optimization Problem

Authors: Jianjia He; Fuyuan Xu
Journal: Modelling and Simulation in Engineering
 (2011)

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## Abstract

For premature convergence and instability of cultural algorithm in solving function optimization problem, based on cultural algorithm and chaos search optimization, a chaos cultural algorithm (CCA) is proposed. The algorithm model consists of a chaos-based population space and a knowledge-storing belief space, uses normative knowledge and situational knowledge for chaos search and chaos perturbation, respectively, effectively avoids premature convergence of cultural algorithm, and overcomes chaos search optimization's sensitivity to initial values and poor efficiency. Test results show that this algorithm is strong in global search and has good performance in searching efficiency, precision, and stability, especially in solving high-dimensional optimization problem.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Since the found of the bionics in the 1950s, people began to simulate the evolution mechanism of creatures and proposed such evolutionary computation approaches as the genetic programming and immune algorithm to solve the optimization problem. These algorithm researches are mainly focused on the level of natural choice. Many practical cases show that culture can make population evolve and adapt to the environment at certain speed beyond the evolutionary speed which is merely based on the genetic inheritance [1]. In the human society, culture is regarded as the store carrier of information which is widely delivered among and inside the social groups and can be inherited by all the social members so as to effectively guide them to solve problems. Enlightened from this, Reynolds put forward a brand-new evolutionary computation of cultural algorithm [1].The cultural algorithm simulates the evolution from both the macroscopic and microscopic levels which stimulate and influence each other mutually. This algorithm provides a kind of explicit mechanism for acquiring, preserving, and integrating the solution knowledge so as to improve the search efficiency. Nowadays, the cultural algorithm, as the hotspot of the algorithm research, has been successfully applied to many fields and achieved better results at certain problems than the traditional evolution algorithm [2–4]. As for the function optimization, the cultural algorithm possesses high solution efficiency, but it has such deficiencies as premature convergence, instability, and so on. The chaotic search optimization is characterized with high global search ability, but it is sensitive to the initial values and poor in searching efficiency. Therefore, this study puts forward the chaos cultural algorithm (CCA) by introducing the chaotic search optimization into the cultural algorithm model. Because of taking advantage of the stochastic and ergodic properties of the chaotic search optimization, this algorithm increases the global search ability and avoids the premature convergence; by making use of the knowledge guidance of the cultural algorithm, it improves the search efficiency and precision.


## 2. The Principle of the Cultural Algorithm

The cultural algorithm framework consists of the population space and the belief space which simulate the evolutionary process from the microscopic and macroscopic levels separately as shown in Figure1. The former is the solution space of questions, while the latter is used for forming, storing, and delivering knowledge experiences. They are mutually independent and interrelated and exchange information with each other through specific protocol. First of all, the function of accept () delivers the excellent individual experience in the evolution of the population space to the belief space, then the function of update () renews the population experience or knowledge based on the existing and new experiences in the belief space; subsequently, the function of influence () guides the evolution of the population space by means of population experience or knowledge. Furthermore, the objective function of objective () is utilized to evaluate the individual fitness values in the population space. The function of generate () forms the next-generation individuals in light of the population experience. And based on certain rules, the function of select () selects part of the newly generated individuals as their own parent. The pseudocode of the cultural algorithm is illustrated in Algorithm 1 [5].Algorithm 1
Begint=0;Initialize Population POP(t);Initialize Belief Space BLF(t);RepeatEvaluate Population POP(t);Update (BLF(t), Accept (POP(t)));Variation (POP(t), Influence (BLF(t)));t = t + 1;Select(POP(t)from POP(t-1));Until termination condition achievedEndFigure 1
The framework of cultural algorithm.


## 3. The Design of the Chaos Cultural Algorithm

In this study, the chaotic search optimization [6] is embedded into the cultural algorithm model, and then, the chaos cultural algorithm comes into being by using the interval schemata proposed by Chung [7] and Chung and Reynolds [8] to express the knowledge in the belief space. In this way, the global search ability of the chaotic search and the experience knowledge from the iterative process are used to direct the efficient search of the algorithm to improve the search efficiency. In addition, this algorithm adopts the parallel structure of the chaotic search to efficiently reduce its sensitivity to the initial values. Without loss of generality, the issue of the nonlinear functions optimization can be described as follows:(1)min⁡f(xi),s.t.ai≤xi≤bi,i=1,…,n.


### 3.1. Chaotic Search Optimization

As a universal nonlinear phenomenon, chaos is of stochastic, ergodic, and regular properties, where ergodicity means that the chaotic serial traverses all the states nonrepeatedly in a certain range. In optimization, ergodicity can be used as a kind of optimization mechanism to effectively avoid the local optimum, just on which the chaotic search optimization is proposed. Bing and Weisun [6] raised a chaotic search algorithm by use of the logistic chaos mapping (see (2)) and the second carrier wave, which attracts widespread attention and causes numerous researches. This algorithm is strong in global search, but it is sensitive to the initial values and poor in the search efficiency. Some papers are aimed to improve the chaotic search optimization method, just like P-Chaos presented by Liang and Gu [9]. It starts parallel computing from groups of initial points and conducts double frequency carrier after searching to some extent to find the optimal solution as soon as possible. But P-chaos can hardly ensure a point is in the neighborhood of real optimal solution after first carrier, which is the foundation of the second carrier. Also, the initial searching range is relatively large, while the precise search is required later on. Last but not least, the searching is always along one side of previous one, equally one-side search failing in global search. As a result, there is still more work in improving the chaotic search optimization(2)zk+1=u*zk(1-zk),k=0,1,2,…,0≤zk≤1,u=4.In the above formula, whenu=4, the logistic mapping is chaotic and the interval (0,1) is the chaos invariant set [10].The underlying idea of the chaos search optimization is to transform the chaotic state into the optimization variables by means of similar carrier, enlarge the traversing scope of the chaotic motion to the value range of the optimization variable, and then search by using the chaotic variable [6]. The basic steps are as follows.Step 1.
Initialization. Setk=1, i=1,2,…,n, the maximum times of chaotic motion as M. Assign n different initial values zi0to the chaotic variable z in (2) (the value cannot be the fixed points of the logistic mapping: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75). The chaotic variable zi0is mapped to the value range of the optimization variables according to (3) and the initial optimization variable xi0is obtained. Set x*=x0,f*=f(x0). 									(3)xi=ai+zi*|bi-ai|.Step 2.
Calculate the chaotic variable sequencezikand the optimization variable sequencexik.Step 3.
Ifk≤M, then judgef(xk)≤f*: if the inequality holds, setx*=xk, f*=f(xk); vice versa, keep x*and f*invariant and set k=k+1, and then turn to Step 2. Ifk>M, end the chaotic search.After a certain number of iteration, the logistic mapping (u=4) distributes a large number of track points (chaotic sequence) in the interval (0,1) and its probability density functionρ(z)is [10]:(4)ρ(z)=1πz(1-z).
This formula is the Chebyshev distribution as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Probability density function of chaotic sequence of logistic map.It can be seen from Figure2 that the distribution features of logistic mapping chaotic sequence is that it is even at the middle, plenty at both sides, and up to the infinite many at the two ends. By applying this distribution feature and combining with the cultural algorithm superior interval (discussed later), each decision variable of the individuals in the population space can distribute near to the two ends of the superior interval so as to reduce the blindness search and improve the search efficiency.


### 3.2. The Structure of Belief Space

The structural definition of belief space is very important in the cultural algorithm framework. The primary function is to provide a definite mechanism for acquiring, storing, and delivering knowledge experience. The two kinds of most fundamental knowledge of the cultural algorithm is applied into this paper: situational knowledge and normative knowledge, that is,B=〈S,N[n]〉.In the algorithm of this study, S is a schedule which stores the set of excellent individuals chosen from the population space at present which are the other individuals’ model, that is,S=〈E1,E2,…,Ee〉. The data structure is shown in the Figure 3 [11]. Here, every excellent individual involves its own value of decision variable and the responding adaptive value, and F(E1)≥F(E2)≥⋯≥F(Ee) In this paper, e reads values directly from the scale popsize of the population space. When initializing, the best individual set reads from all the individuals of the initial Population Space.Figure 3
Data structure of situational knowledge.There storesn sets of variation intervals of decision variables, namely, superior intervals in N[n]. These intervals present the most possible range of the optimal solution, which leads the chaotic iteration to arrive at the optimal solution as soon as possible. The data structure is described in Figure 4.(5)N[j]=〈Ij,Lj,Uj〉,Ij=[lj,uj]={x∣lj≤x≤uj,x∈R},j=1,2,…,n.Figure 4
Data structure of normative knowledge.Therein,ljand ujrepresent the upper and lower boundaries of the jth decision variable separately.LjandUjstand for the responding fitness values of the upper and lower boundaries, respectively. In the initial situation,ljandujare set as the definition domain intervals, andLjandUjas+∞. During the evolutionary process, these four values will adjust themselves continuously in light of the intervals of the excellent individuals.


### 3.3. Renovation of Belief Space

The situational knowledge in the belief space renovates twice in each generation: one happens after the chaotic search, and the other happens following the chaotic disturbance. The normative knowledge renovates once in each generation.


#### 3.3.1. Renovation of the Situational Knowledge

The approach of renovating the situational knowledge in this paper learns from the tournament method. The specific approach is as follows.(i)
After each iteration, combine all the individual sets and the optimal individual sets represented by the situational knowledge into a new set (the scale of the new set in this algorithm is2* popsize).(ii)
Randomly selectc competitors in the new set (generallyc=popsize/2). Compare the fitness values of each individual in the new set and the c competitors. Record the number of success for each individual. And set the number of success of the optimal fitness individual as the highest so as to make sure the optimal individual stored in the situational knowledge.(iii)
According to the number, select the tope individuals (here, e=popsize) as the new situational knowledge.


#### 3.3.2. Renovation of Normative Knowledge

Suppose theith individual effect the lower boundary of the jth decision variable and the kth individual effect the upper boundary of the jth decision variable, and then, the upper and lower boundaries of j and the responding fitness values are separately showed as follows:(6)ljk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,ljkotherwise,Ljk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,Ljkotherwise,ujk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,ujkotherwise,Ujk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,Ujkotherwise.


### 3.4. Accept Function

The population space delivers the individual experience to the belief space by the accept function. In this way, it actually provides a group of optimal subsets to the belief space. In the case of optimization, it is usual to select the top several individuals in a linear order by a certain percentage (generally 20%–25%). Also, set the dynamic accept function [12] and fuzzy accept function  [13, 14] according to different questions. Because of the application of tournament method to the renovation of the situational knowledge in this study, the processing of the accept function has also been changed to some extent. In the renovation of the situational knowledge, the accept function accepts all the individuals at present; in the renovation of the normative knowledge, the accept function acquires the TOP several of the situational knowledge (here, TOP=popsize*25%).


### 3.5. Influence Function

In the iterative process, the knowledge in the belief space influences the optimization variables in two ways: (1) The chaotic search at the superior interval represented by the normative knowledge; (2) The chaotic disturbance at the excellent individuals represented by the situational knowledge.


#### 3.5.1. Chaotic Search by Using the Normative Knowledge

The normative knowledge stores the most possible range of the optimal solution which is described with the superior interval(lj,uj). The chaotic variable caused by the logistic map is owned with the characteristics of “many at the two sides, few at the middle” at the interval (0,1). In this paper, based on the responding superior interval(lj,uj), every decision variable j of the individuals is  the value range of(aj,bj) is classified into three intervals: (aj,lj), (lj,uj), (uj,bj). And then, the chaotic variables are randomly mapped to one of the three intervals. By doing this, any decision variable of the new individuals will be mainly distributed near the superior interval so as to direct the chaotic search by using the normative knowledge(7)xi,j={aj+zi*|aj-lj|ifrandom()=0,lj+zi*|lj-uj|ifrandom()=1,uj+zi*|uj-bj|ifrandom()=2.


#### 3.5.2. Chaotic Disturbance by Using the Situational Knowledge

The situational knowledge is a list storing the excellent individuals at present that is the model of the other individuals so as to be able to direct the generation of the other individuals. The length of the list is just the scale of the population space. In the algorithm of this study, the situational knowledge is the excellent individual experience formed from the chaotic iteration and stores the specific position of the excellent individuals. Therefore, it makes up for the loss of global superiority because of the restriction of the normative knowledge to the chaotic variables, so the situational knowledge possesses strong global guidance ability and plays the escaping role in the searching process.This study firstly carries on the chaotic search, secondly renovates the situational knowledge and obtains some excellent individuals, then conducts the chaotic disturbance near the excellent individuals which is helpful for picking out better individuals and acquires the global distribution information of the optimal solution at present. As a result, it is effective to avoid being trapped in the local optimal solution. The specific description is as follows:(8)xi,j=ei+(zi-0.5)*|uj-lj|.


### 3.6. Process of the Chaos Cultural Algorithm

In summary, this section describes the process of the proposed chaos cultural algorithm in this study to solve the optimization problem of the nonlinear function as follows.Step 1.
t=0.Step 2.
Initialize the chaotic variable and generate randomly the initial chaotic variable which cannot be the fixed point of the logistic mapping: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75.Step 3.
Initialize the population space and the relevant parameters.Step 4.
Initialize the situational knowledge and normative knowledge in Belief Space.Step 5.
Evaluate the individual fitness in the population space: if meeting the requirement, terminate the process; if not, continue the process.Step 6.
Renovate the situational knowledge and normative knowledge in the belief space.Step 7.
Iterative search of the chaotic variables. Generate the new chaotic variables according to (2).Step 8.
Under the lead of the normative knowledge in the belief space, conduct the chaotic search according to (7).Step 9.
Evaluate the fitness of individuals in the population space and renovates the situational knowledge in the belief space.Step 10.
Under the guidance of the situational knowledge in the Belief Space, conduct the chaotic disturbance according to (8).Step 11.
t=t+1.Step 12.
Turn to Step5 until meeting the terminating conditions.


## 3.1. Chaotic Search Optimization

As a universal nonlinear phenomenon, chaos is of stochastic, ergodic, and regular properties, where ergodicity means that the chaotic serial traverses all the states nonrepeatedly in a certain range. In optimization, ergodicity can be used as a kind of optimization mechanism to effectively avoid the local optimum, just on which the chaotic search optimization is proposed. Bing and Weisun [6] raised a chaotic search algorithm by use of the logistic chaos mapping (see (2)) and the second carrier wave, which attracts widespread attention and causes numerous researches. This algorithm is strong in global search, but it is sensitive to the initial values and poor in the search efficiency. Some papers are aimed to improve the chaotic search optimization method, just like P-Chaos presented by Liang and Gu [9]. It starts parallel computing from groups of initial points and conducts double frequency carrier after searching to some extent to find the optimal solution as soon as possible. But P-chaos can hardly ensure a point is in the neighborhood of real optimal solution after first carrier, which is the foundation of the second carrier. Also, the initial searching range is relatively large, while the precise search is required later on. Last but not least, the searching is always along one side of previous one, equally one-side search failing in global search. As a result, there is still more work in improving the chaotic search optimization(2)zk+1=u*zk(1-zk),k=0,1,2,…,0≤zk≤1,u=4.In the above formula, whenu=4, the logistic mapping is chaotic and the interval (0,1) is the chaos invariant set [10].The underlying idea of the chaos search optimization is to transform the chaotic state into the optimization variables by means of similar carrier, enlarge the traversing scope of the chaotic motion to the value range of the optimization variable, and then search by using the chaotic variable [6]. The basic steps are as follows.Step 1.
Initialization. Setk=1, i=1,2,…,n, the maximum times of chaotic motion as M. Assign n different initial values zi0to the chaotic variable z in (2) (the value cannot be the fixed points of the logistic mapping: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75). The chaotic variable zi0is mapped to the value range of the optimization variables according to (3) and the initial optimization variable xi0is obtained. Set x*=x0,f*=f(x0). 									(3)xi=ai+zi*|bi-ai|.Step 2.
Calculate the chaotic variable sequencezikand the optimization variable sequencexik.Step 3.
Ifk≤M, then judgef(xk)≤f*: if the inequality holds, setx*=xk, f*=f(xk); vice versa, keep x*and f*invariant and set k=k+1, and then turn to Step 2. Ifk>M, end the chaotic search.After a certain number of iteration, the logistic mapping (u=4) distributes a large number of track points (chaotic sequence) in the interval (0,1) and its probability density functionρ(z)is [10]:(4)ρ(z)=1πz(1-z).
This formula is the Chebyshev distribution as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Probability density function of chaotic sequence of logistic map.It can be seen from Figure2 that the distribution features of logistic mapping chaotic sequence is that it is even at the middle, plenty at both sides, and up to the infinite many at the two ends. By applying this distribution feature and combining with the cultural algorithm superior interval (discussed later), each decision variable of the individuals in the population space can distribute near to the two ends of the superior interval so as to reduce the blindness search and improve the search efficiency.


## 3.2. The Structure of Belief Space

The structural definition of belief space is very important in the cultural algorithm framework. The primary function is to provide a definite mechanism for acquiring, storing, and delivering knowledge experience. The two kinds of most fundamental knowledge of the cultural algorithm is applied into this paper: situational knowledge and normative knowledge, that is,B=〈S,N[n]〉.In the algorithm of this study, S is a schedule which stores the set of excellent individuals chosen from the population space at present which are the other individuals’ model, that is,S=〈E1,E2,…,Ee〉. The data structure is shown in the Figure 3 [11]. Here, every excellent individual involves its own value of decision variable and the responding adaptive value, and F(E1)≥F(E2)≥⋯≥F(Ee) In this paper, e reads values directly from the scale popsize of the population space. When initializing, the best individual set reads from all the individuals of the initial Population Space.Figure 3
Data structure of situational knowledge.There storesn sets of variation intervals of decision variables, namely, superior intervals in N[n]. These intervals present the most possible range of the optimal solution, which leads the chaotic iteration to arrive at the optimal solution as soon as possible. The data structure is described in Figure 4.(5)N[j]=〈Ij,Lj,Uj〉,Ij=[lj,uj]={x∣lj≤x≤uj,x∈R},j=1,2,…,n.Figure 4
Data structure of normative knowledge.Therein,ljand ujrepresent the upper and lower boundaries of the jth decision variable separately.LjandUjstand for the responding fitness values of the upper and lower boundaries, respectively. In the initial situation,ljandujare set as the definition domain intervals, andLjandUjas+∞. During the evolutionary process, these four values will adjust themselves continuously in light of the intervals of the excellent individuals.


## 3.3. Renovation of Belief Space

The situational knowledge in the belief space renovates twice in each generation: one happens after the chaotic search, and the other happens following the chaotic disturbance. The normative knowledge renovates once in each generation.


### 3.3.1. Renovation of the Situational Knowledge

The approach of renovating the situational knowledge in this paper learns from the tournament method. The specific approach is as follows.(i)
After each iteration, combine all the individual sets and the optimal individual sets represented by the situational knowledge into a new set (the scale of the new set in this algorithm is2* popsize).(ii)
Randomly selectc competitors in the new set (generallyc=popsize/2). Compare the fitness values of each individual in the new set and the c competitors. Record the number of success for each individual. And set the number of success of the optimal fitness individual as the highest so as to make sure the optimal individual stored in the situational knowledge.(iii)
According to the number, select the tope individuals (here, e=popsize) as the new situational knowledge.


### 3.3.2. Renovation of Normative Knowledge

Suppose theith individual effect the lower boundary of the jth decision variable and the kth individual effect the upper boundary of the jth decision variable, and then, the upper and lower boundaries of j and the responding fitness values are separately showed as follows:(6)ljk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,ljkotherwise,Ljk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,Ljkotherwise,ujk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,ujkotherwise,Ujk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,Ujkotherwise.


## 3.3.1. Renovation of the Situational Knowledge

The approach of renovating the situational knowledge in this paper learns from the tournament method. The specific approach is as follows.(i)
After each iteration, combine all the individual sets and the optimal individual sets represented by the situational knowledge into a new set (the scale of the new set in this algorithm is2* popsize).(ii)
Randomly selectc competitors in the new set (generallyc=popsize/2). Compare the fitness values of each individual in the new set and the c competitors. Record the number of success for each individual. And set the number of success of the optimal fitness individual as the highest so as to make sure the optimal individual stored in the situational knowledge.(iii)
According to the number, select the tope individuals (here, e=popsize) as the new situational knowledge.


## 3.3.2. Renovation of Normative Knowledge

Suppose theith individual effect the lower boundary of the jth decision variable and the kth individual effect the upper boundary of the jth decision variable, and then, the upper and lower boundaries of j and the responding fitness values are separately showed as follows:(6)ljk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,ljkotherwise,Ljk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≤ljkorF(xik)<Ljk,Ljkotherwise,ujk+1={xi,jkifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,ujkotherwise,Ujk+1={f(xik)ifxi,jk≥ujkorF(xik)<Ujk,Ujkotherwise.


## 3.4. Accept Function

The population space delivers the individual experience to the belief space by the accept function. In this way, it actually provides a group of optimal subsets to the belief space. In the case of optimization, it is usual to select the top several individuals in a linear order by a certain percentage (generally 20%–25%). Also, set the dynamic accept function [12] and fuzzy accept function  [13, 14] according to different questions. Because of the application of tournament method to the renovation of the situational knowledge in this study, the processing of the accept function has also been changed to some extent. In the renovation of the situational knowledge, the accept function accepts all the individuals at present; in the renovation of the normative knowledge, the accept function acquires the TOP several of the situational knowledge (here, TOP=popsize*25%).


## 3.5. Influence Function

In the iterative process, the knowledge in the belief space influences the optimization variables in two ways: (1) The chaotic search at the superior interval represented by the normative knowledge; (2) The chaotic disturbance at the excellent individuals represented by the situational knowledge.


### 3.5.1. Chaotic Search by Using the Normative Knowledge

The normative knowledge stores the most possible range of the optimal solution which is described with the superior interval(lj,uj). The chaotic variable caused by the logistic map is owned with the characteristics of “many at the two sides, few at the middle” at the interval (0,1). In this paper, based on the responding superior interval(lj,uj), every decision variable j of the individuals is  the value range of(aj,bj) is classified into three intervals: (aj,lj), (lj,uj), (uj,bj). And then, the chaotic variables are randomly mapped to one of the three intervals. By doing this, any decision variable of the new individuals will be mainly distributed near the superior interval so as to direct the chaotic search by using the normative knowledge(7)xi,j={aj+zi*|aj-lj|ifrandom()=0,lj+zi*|lj-uj|ifrandom()=1,uj+zi*|uj-bj|ifrandom()=2.


### 3.5.2. Chaotic Disturbance by Using the Situational Knowledge

The situational knowledge is a list storing the excellent individuals at present that is the model of the other individuals so as to be able to direct the generation of the other individuals. The length of the list is just the scale of the population space. In the algorithm of this study, the situational knowledge is the excellent individual experience formed from the chaotic iteration and stores the specific position of the excellent individuals. Therefore, it makes up for the loss of global superiority because of the restriction of the normative knowledge to the chaotic variables, so the situational knowledge possesses strong global guidance ability and plays the escaping role in the searching process.This study firstly carries on the chaotic search, secondly renovates the situational knowledge and obtains some excellent individuals, then conducts the chaotic disturbance near the excellent individuals which is helpful for picking out better individuals and acquires the global distribution information of the optimal solution at present. As a result, it is effective to avoid being trapped in the local optimal solution. The specific description is as follows:(8)xi,j=ei+(zi-0.5)*|uj-lj|.


## 3.5.1. Chaotic Search by Using the Normative Knowledge

The normative knowledge stores the most possible range of the optimal solution which is described with the superior interval(lj,uj). The chaotic variable caused by the logistic map is owned with the characteristics of “many at the two sides, few at the middle” at the interval (0,1). In this paper, based on the responding superior interval(lj,uj), every decision variable j of the individuals is  the value range of(aj,bj) is classified into three intervals: (aj,lj), (lj,uj), (uj,bj). And then, the chaotic variables are randomly mapped to one of the three intervals. By doing this, any decision variable of the new individuals will be mainly distributed near the superior interval so as to direct the chaotic search by using the normative knowledge(7)xi,j={aj+zi*|aj-lj|ifrandom()=0,lj+zi*|lj-uj|ifrandom()=1,uj+zi*|uj-bj|ifrandom()=2.


## 3.5.2. Chaotic Disturbance by Using the Situational Knowledge

The situational knowledge is a list storing the excellent individuals at present that is the model of the other individuals so as to be able to direct the generation of the other individuals. The length of the list is just the scale of the population space. In the algorithm of this study, the situational knowledge is the excellent individual experience formed from the chaotic iteration and stores the specific position of the excellent individuals. Therefore, it makes up for the loss of global superiority because of the restriction of the normative knowledge to the chaotic variables, so the situational knowledge possesses strong global guidance ability and plays the escaping role in the searching process.This study firstly carries on the chaotic search, secondly renovates the situational knowledge and obtains some excellent individuals, then conducts the chaotic disturbance near the excellent individuals which is helpful for picking out better individuals and acquires the global distribution information of the optimal solution at present. As a result, it is effective to avoid being trapped in the local optimal solution. The specific description is as follows:(8)xi,j=ei+(zi-0.5)*|uj-lj|.


## 3.6. Process of the Chaos Cultural Algorithm

In summary, this section describes the process of the proposed chaos cultural algorithm in this study to solve the optimization problem of the nonlinear function as follows.Step 1.
t=0.Step 2.
Initialize the chaotic variable and generate randomly the initial chaotic variable which cannot be the fixed point of the logistic mapping: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75.Step 3.
Initialize the population space and the relevant parameters.Step 4.
Initialize the situational knowledge and normative knowledge in Belief Space.Step 5.
Evaluate the individual fitness in the population space: if meeting the requirement, terminate the process; if not, continue the process.Step 6.
Renovate the situational knowledge and normative knowledge in the belief space.Step 7.
Iterative search of the chaotic variables. Generate the new chaotic variables according to (2).Step 8.
Under the lead of the normative knowledge in the belief space, conduct the chaotic search according to (7).Step 9.
Evaluate the fitness of individuals in the population space and renovates the situational knowledge in the belief space.Step 10.
Under the guidance of the situational knowledge in the Belief Space, conduct the chaotic disturbance according to (8).Step 11.
t=t+1.Step 12.
Turn to Step5 until meeting the terminating conditions.


## 4. Case Study

The chaos cultural algorithm combines the advantages of both the chaotic search optimization and the cultural algorithm. For convenient comparison, this paper selects 6 functions from [15, 16] to make the optimization design and make comparisons with the parallel chaotic optimization algorithm (Algorithm  1) based on the information exchange of competition-cooperation in [16] and with the cultural algorithm (Algorithm  2) based on the evolution planning in [15]. Both Algorithms  1 and 2 are forefront in their respective fields and able to solve the optimization problem of functions effectively. The algorithm in this study takes the scale of the population space as popsize = 20. Each algorithm runs 30 times independently. The optimization function is as follows [15–18]:(9)F1=-0.002-∑j=1251j+∑i=12(xi-aij)6,-65536≤xi≤65536,[aij]=[-32-1601632-32⋯1632-32-32-32-32-32-16⋯3232],F2=sin2⁡x12+x22-0.5(1+0.001(x12+x22))2-0.5,-100≤xi≤100,F3=(x12+x22)0.25[sin2⁡50((x12+x22)0.1)+1],-100≤xi≤100,F4=-20exp⁡(-0.21n*∑i=1nxi2)-exp⁡(1n*∑i=1ncos⁡2πxi)+20+e,-32.768≤xi≤32.768,F5=14000∑i=1nxi4-∏i=1ncos⁡⁡(xii)+1,-600≤xi≤600,F6=∑i=130(∑j=15(jaij-1xj+1)-[∑j=16(aij-1xj)]2-1)2+x12,ai=i-129,-2≤xi≤2.Here,F1 is the large-variable interval function; F2 and F3 are the functions with local extreme points; F4 and F5 are high-dimension complex functions with the dimension up to 30. F6 is a complex function whose optimization point is difficult to obtain by the general methods. The comparative results between the chaos cultural algorithm and the other algorithms are shown in the Table 1 (f* is the real optimal value; f*¯stands for the average optimal value of the 30 operations; t¯is the average time of the 30 operations with millisecond as the unit; v is the superiority ratio, that is, the frequency percentage of obtaining the optimal values).Table 1
Comparison of CAA and others.
Functionf*Algorithm  1Algorithm  2This algorithmf*¯t¯vf*¯t¯vf*¯t¯vF1−1.002−0.154877286540−0.526565162653−1.002451100F2−1−0.99874596580−0.99643744576−180100F300.1481571824730.01944752890059693F400.284856647800573310006547100F5068962.5515600.014398106755606189100F60.0022880.3845782515700.0068742534500.0028462524710It is shown in Table1 that the algorithm adopted in this paper is much better than the other two algorithms. Algorithm  1 takes long time and has difficulty in dealing with the high-dimension and large-variable intervals. Algorithm  2 is easy to be trapped in the local extreme points so that the stability is not high. The chaos cultural algorithm not only overcomes such deficiencies, but also is superior to the other algorithms in search efficiency and precision.


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, the authors introduce the chaotic behavior in chaotic search optimization to cultural algorithm and presents a new type of Intelligent optimization algorithms — chaos cultural algorithm, the marriage of chaotic search and cultural algorithm. The chaos cultural algorithm makes use of the ergodic and stochastic properties of the chaotic search optimization so as to increase the global search ability and makes use of knowledge guidance of the cultural algorithm to decrease the frequency of the blindness search to improve the search efficiency and precision and to increase the generality. Based on the parallel structure, this algorithm adopts the chaotic search led by the normative knowledge and the chaotic disturbance led by the situational knowledge, both of which perform interactively. Therefore, this algorithm is effective to reduce the sensitivity to the initial values and enhance the stability and improve the overall performance.In solving chaos-cultural-algorithm-based unconst-rained optimization problem, the authors come up with phenomenological approach, solution procedures and algorithm flow, which is tested and verified from and experimental viewpoint. The result shows that the chaos cultural algorithm takes the advantages of both chaotic search and cultural algorithm in solving optimization problem to achieve mutual complementation. The algorithm boasts not only higher solving efficiency and precision overall, but also successfully avoiding search converge to local optimal solution prematurely.



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*Source: 239743-2011-08-29.xml*