# An Investment and Consumption Problem with CIR Interest Rate and Stochastic Volatility

Authors: Hao Chang; Xi-min Rong
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

We are concerned with an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest
rate and stochastic volatility, in which interest rate dynamic is described by the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model
and the volatility of the stock is driven by Heston’s stochastic volatility model. We apply stochastic optimal control
theory to obtain the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation for the value function and choose power utility and
logarithm utility for our analysis. By using separate variable approach and variable change technique, we obtain
the closed-form expressions of the optimal investment and consumption strategy. A numerical example is given
to illustrate our results and to analyze the effect of market parameters on the optimal investment and consumption
strategies.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The first treatment of the investment and consumption problem in a continuous-time framework originated in the seminal papers of Merton [1, 2]. Merton used dynamic programming principle to construct an explicit optimal portfolio for power and logarithm utility. Later on, this problem attracted more and more attention and inspired literally hundreds of extensions and applications. For example, Fleming and Zariphopoulou [3] and Vila and Zariphopoulou [4] studied optimal consumption and portfolio decisions with borrowing constraints to maximize the total expected discounted utility coming from consumption; Duffie et al. [5] investigated the optimal investment and consumption strategy in incomplete markets; Dumas and Luciano [6], Shreve and Soner [7], Liu and Loewenstein [8], and Dai et al. [9] focused on the investment and consumption problem with transaction costs under different market assumptions. But these models were investigated under the assumption that risk-free interest rate and the volatility of the stock were supposed to be constants.However, two aspects are worthy to be further explored based on the above-mentioned literature. On the one hand, risk-free interest rate in most of the above-mentioned literature is assumed to be constant, which is contrary to the fact. Interest rate is not always fixed in our real life. There is much literature documenting the term structure of interest rate, such as Ho and Lee [10], Vasicek [11], and Cox et al. [12]. Therefore, many investors find that the optimal portfolios with stochastic interest rates are more practical. In recent years, many scholars have studied the portfolio selection problem under stochastic interest rate models. Korn and Kraft [13] and Grasselli [14] considered the optimal portfolios under Ho-Lee model and Vasicek model and CIR interest rate dynamics, respectively, and obtained the explicit solutions under the expected utility criterion. Deelstra et al. [15], Josa-Fombellida and Rincón-Zapatero [16], and Gao [17] investigated the investment strategies for pension funds with stochastic interest rate in different situations. Deelstra et al. [18] analyzed the optimal investment problem in a CIR framework and derived the closed-form solution of the optimal investment and consumption strategy by assuming the completeness of financial markets. Fleming and Pang [19] applied stochastic optimal control theory to an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate and wished to maximize the total expected discounted utility of consumption but have no ways to obtain the explicit expressions and only prove the existence of solution by using subsupersolution method. Munk and Sørensen [20] characterized the solution to the investment and consumption problem with stochastic changes in the opportunity set and suggested that the hedge portfolio is more sensitive to the form of the term structure than to the dynamics of interest rate.On the other hand, there is more and more attention paid to the portfolio selection problem with stochastic volatility (SV). Stochastic volatility has been recognized as an important factor of stock dynamics and can demonstrate many well-known empirical features, such as volatility smile and volatility clustering. Heston's SV model [21] is the simplest but important one. Kraft [22] studied the optimal portfolio with stochastic volatility and obtained the closed-form solution. Fleming and Hernández-Hernández [23] and Chacko and Viceira [24] analyzed an investment and consumption problem with SV in different market models, respectively. Li et al. [25] considered SV model in the insurance market and obtained the closed-form solution to the optimal investment and insurance strategies in a mean-variance framework. Sasha and Zariphopoulou [26], Castañeda-leyva and Hernández-Hernández [27], and Liu [28] applied different methods to investigate an investment and consumption model in different stochastic environments, where interest rate and return rate and volatility are supposed to be stochastic. Michelbrink and Le [29] proposed a martingale approach to tackle a consumption model with jump diffusions and obtained the optimal investment and consumption strategies. Li and Wu [30] assumed that risk-free interest rate is driven by the CIR model and the volatility of the stock is described by Heston's SV model and obtained the optimal investment strategy to maximize the power utility of terminal wealth. Noh and Kim [31] investigated an investment and consumption model with stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility, where interest rate model and the volatility model are correlated with the stock price. Noh and Kim analyzed the existence of the optimal portfolio, but did not obtain the closed-form solution. This paper considers one optimal consumption problem based on Li and Wu's model and uses the same approach as Liu [28] to solve corresponding nonlinear partial different equation. In addition, we obtain the explicit expressions of the optimal investment and consumption strategy in the power and logarithm utility cases.As far as we know, there is little work in the literature on the investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility, and only Noh and Kim [31] studied this problem so far and choose the total expected discounted utility coming from consumption as the objective function. Therefore, in this paper, we assume that risk-free interest rate is driven by the CIR model and the volatility of stock is described by Heston's stochastic volatility model. Our objective is to maximize the expected discounted utility of consumption and terminal wealth. Firstly, we use dynamic programming principle to obtain the HJB equation for the value function and choose power utility and logarithm utility as our analysis. Secondly, by applying separate variable approach and variable change technique, we obtain the closed-form solutions to the optimal investment and consumption strategy. A numerical example is given to illustrate the results obtained and analyze the impact of market parameters on the optimal investment and consumption strategy. This paper has three main contributions: (i) the optimal investment and consumption strategies under stochastic interest rate model and stochastic volatility model are studied, which is the more important extension of the work of Li and Wu [30]; (ii) the expected discounted utility of consumption and terminal wealth is chosen as the objective function, which is different from Noh and Kim [31], and our objective function is more practical; (iii) we use the same approach as Liu [28] to solve the nonlinear second-order partial different equation such that the closed-form solutions are obtained, which is the most important innovation of this paper.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The financial market and wealth process and optimization criterion are presented in Section2. In Section 3, we use dynamic programming principle to derive the HJB equation for the value function and obtain the closed-form solutions to the optimal investment and consumption strategy in the power and logarithm cases. In Section 4, we propose numerical illustration and sensitivity analysis. Section 5 concludes the paper.


## 2. Problem Formulation

Assume that there are no transaction costs or taxes in the financial market and all assets can be traded continuously.(W1(t),W2(t)) is a two-dimensional well-defined and independent adapted Brownian motion in a given filtered complete probability space (Ω,ℱ,{ℱt}t∈[0,T],P), where T is a positive constant representing fixed and finite investment horizon; {ℱt}t∈[0,T] is an information filtration generated by (W1(t),W2(t)).


### 2.1. The Financial Market

Assume that the financial market is composed of two assets: one risk-free asset (e.g., a bank account) and one risky asset (e.g., a stock). The price process of the risk-free asset at timet is denoted by B(t), which satisfies
(1)dB(t)=r(t)B(t)dt,
where r(t) is the stochastic process and is supposed to be driven by the CIR model
(2)dr(t)=(θ-cr(t))dt+σ0r(t)dW1(t),r(0)=r0>0,
where θ, c, and σ0 are positive constants satisfying 2θ>σ02. It is well known that r(t)>0 for all t≥0 (see Cox et al. [12]).The price processS(t) of the risky asset is as follows:
(3)dS(t)=S(t)[(r(t)+kη(t))dt+σ1η(t)dW2(t)],S(0)=s0>0,
where k and σ1 are positive constants, and η(t) is driven by another CIR model
(4)dη(t)=(b-aη(t))dt+σ2η(t)dW2(t),η(0)=η0>0,
where b, a, and σ2 are positive constants satisfying 2b>σ22. We have also η(t)>0 for all t≥0.


### 2.2. The Wealth Process

During the time horizon[0,T], we suppose that the initial wealth of an investor is denoted by x0>0, and the wealth process at time t is denoted by X(t). A trading strategy is a pair of stochastic processes denoted by (π(t),C(t)), where π(t) is the amount invested in the stock, and C(t) is the consumption rate. The amount invested in the risk-free asset is X(t)-π(t). Therefore, wealth process evolves according to the following stochastic differential equation:
(5)dX(t)=(X(t)-π(t))dB(t)B(t)+πtdS(t)S(t)-C(t)dt,X(0)=x0>0.
Considering (1) and (3), we get
(6)dX(t)=(r(t)X(t)+π(t)kη(t)-C(t))dt+π(t)σ1η(t)dW2(t),X(0)=x0>0.


### 2.3. The Optimization Criterion

Definition 1 (admissible strategy).
An investment and consumption strategy(π(t),C(t)) is said to be admissible if the following conditions are satisfied.(i)
(π(t),C(t)) is progressively measurable.(ii)
E[∫0T‍(π(t)σ1η(t))2dt]<∞.(iii)
For all initial conditions(t0,r0,η0,x0)∈[0,T]×(0,∞)3, the wealth process X(t) with X(0)=x0>0 has a pathwise unique solution.Assume that the set of all admissible strategies is denoted byΓ={(π(t),C(t)):t∈[0,T]}. The investor wishes to maximize the expected discounted utility of the intermediate consumption and terminal wealth. Mathematically, the objective function is expressed as
(7)Maximize(π(t),C(t))∈ΓE[α∫0T‍e-βtU1(C(t))dt+(1-α)e-βTU2(X(T))∫0T‍],
where U1(·) and U2(·) are all utility functions, which satisfy the following conditions: the first-order derivative is greater than zero and the second-order derivative is less than zero. The parameter β is the subjective discount rate and α determines the relative importance of the intermediate consumption and the bequest. When α=0, the expected utility only depends on the terminal wealth and the problem (7) is reduced to an asset allocation problem.


## 2.1. The Financial Market

Assume that the financial market is composed of two assets: one risk-free asset (e.g., a bank account) and one risky asset (e.g., a stock). The price process of the risk-free asset at timet is denoted by B(t), which satisfies
(1)dB(t)=r(t)B(t)dt,
where r(t) is the stochastic process and is supposed to be driven by the CIR model
(2)dr(t)=(θ-cr(t))dt+σ0r(t)dW1(t),r(0)=r0>0,
where θ, c, and σ0 are positive constants satisfying 2θ>σ02. It is well known that r(t)>0 for all t≥0 (see Cox et al. [12]).The price processS(t) of the risky asset is as follows:
(3)dS(t)=S(t)[(r(t)+kη(t))dt+σ1η(t)dW2(t)],S(0)=s0>0,
where k and σ1 are positive constants, and η(t) is driven by another CIR model
(4)dη(t)=(b-aη(t))dt+σ2η(t)dW2(t),η(0)=η0>0,
where b, a, and σ2 are positive constants satisfying 2b>σ22. We have also η(t)>0 for all t≥0.


## 2.2. The Wealth Process

During the time horizon[0,T], we suppose that the initial wealth of an investor is denoted by x0>0, and the wealth process at time t is denoted by X(t). A trading strategy is a pair of stochastic processes denoted by (π(t),C(t)), where π(t) is the amount invested in the stock, and C(t) is the consumption rate. The amount invested in the risk-free asset is X(t)-π(t). Therefore, wealth process evolves according to the following stochastic differential equation:
(5)dX(t)=(X(t)-π(t))dB(t)B(t)+πtdS(t)S(t)-C(t)dt,X(0)=x0>0.
Considering (1) and (3), we get
(6)dX(t)=(r(t)X(t)+π(t)kη(t)-C(t))dt+π(t)σ1η(t)dW2(t),X(0)=x0>0.


## 2.3. The Optimization Criterion

Definition 1 (admissible strategy).
An investment and consumption strategy(π(t),C(t)) is said to be admissible if the following conditions are satisfied.(i)
(π(t),C(t)) is progressively measurable.(ii)
E[∫0T‍(π(t)σ1η(t))2dt]<∞.(iii)
For all initial conditions(t0,r0,η0,x0)∈[0,T]×(0,∞)3, the wealth process X(t) with X(0)=x0>0 has a pathwise unique solution.Assume that the set of all admissible strategies is denoted byΓ={(π(t),C(t)):t∈[0,T]}. The investor wishes to maximize the expected discounted utility of the intermediate consumption and terminal wealth. Mathematically, the objective function is expressed as
(7)Maximize(π(t),C(t))∈ΓE[α∫0T‍e-βtU1(C(t))dt+(1-α)e-βTU2(X(T))∫0T‍],
where U1(·) and U2(·) are all utility functions, which satisfy the following conditions: the first-order derivative is greater than zero and the second-order derivative is less than zero. The parameter β is the subjective discount rate and α determines the relative importance of the intermediate consumption and the bequest. When α=0, the expected utility only depends on the terminal wealth and the problem (7) is reduced to an asset allocation problem.


## 3. The Optimal Portfolios

In this section, we apply dynamic programming principle to obtain the HJB equation of the value function and study the optimal investment and consumption strategy under power utility and logarithm utility function. By using variable change technique, we obtain the closed-form solutions of the optimal portfolios.The value function is defined as(8)H(t,r,η,x)=Sup(πt,Ct)∈ΓE[α∫0T‍e-βtU1(C(t))dt+(1-α)e-βTU2(X(T))∣X(t)=x,r(t)=r,η(t)=η∫0T‍]
with boundary condition H(T,r,η,x)=(1-α)e-βTU2(x).Dynamic programming principle leads to the following HJB equation forH(t,r,η,x):
(9)Sup(πt,Ct)∈Γ{αe-βtU1(C(t))Ht+(rx+π(t)kη-C(t))Hx+12π2(t)σ12ηHxx+(θ-cr)Hr+12σ02rHrr+(b-aη)Hη+12σ22ηHηη+π(t)σ1σ2Hxη+αe-βtU1(C(t))}=0,
where Ht, Hx, Hxx, Hr, Hrr, Hη, Hηη, and Hxη denote partial derivatives of first-order and second-order with respect to the time t, wealth process X(t), interest rate r(t), and volatility η(t). We also use similar notation for higher derivatives and the derivatives of other functions.The first-order maximizing conditions for the optimal investment and consumption strategy are(10)π*(t)=-kσ12·HxHxx-σ2σ1·HxηHxx,U1′(C*(t))=Hxαe-βt.
Putting (10) in (9), we obtain the HJB equation as follows:
(11)Ht+rxHx+(θ-cr)Hr+12σ02rHrr+(b-aη)Hη+12σ22ηHηη-k2η2σ12·Hx2Hxx-kησ2σ1·HxHxηHxx-12σ22ηHxη2Hxx-C*(t)Hx+αe-βtU1(C*(t))=0.In the following subsection, we choose power utility and logarithm utility function as our analysis and apply variable change technique to solve (11).


### 3.1. Power Utility

Power utility is given by(12)U1(x)=U2(x)=xδδ,δ<1,δ≠0,
where δ is the risk aversion factor.We conjecture a solution to (11) with the following form:
(13)H(t,r,η,x)=e-βtxδδf(t,r,η),f(T,r,η)=1-α.
Then the partial derivatives are as follows:
(14)Ht=-βe-βtxδδf+e-βtxδδft,Hxx=(δ-1)e-βtxδ-2f,Hx=e-βtxδ-1f,Hr=e-βtxδδfr,Hrr=e-βtxδδfrr,Hη=e-βtxδδfη,Hηη=e-βtxδδfηη,Hxη=e-βtxδ-1fη.
Therefore, the optimal consumption strategy is given by
(15)C*(t)=α-1/(δ-1)f1/(δ-1)x.Introducing (14) and (15) into (11), we obtain
(16)e-βtxδδ[ft+(rδ-β-δk2η2(δ-1)σ12)f+(θ-cr)fr+12σ02rfrr+(b-aη-δkησ2(δ-1)σ1)fη+12σ22ηfηη-δσ22η2(δ-1)fη2f+(1-δ)α1/(δ-1)fδ/(δ-1)δk2η2(δ-1)σ12]=0.
Eliminating the dependence on x, we get
(17)ft+(rδ-β-δk2η2(δ-1)σ12)f+(θ-cr)fr+(b-aη-δkησ2(δ-1)σ1)fη+12σ02rfrr+12σ22ηfηη-δσ22η2(δ-1)fη2f+(1-δ)α1/(δ-1)fδ/(δ-1)=0.Suppose that the solution structure of (17) is of the form
(18)f(t,r,η)=g(t,r,η)1-δ,g(T,r,η)=(1-α)1/(δ-1).
Then, we have
(19)ft=(1-δ)g-δgt,fr=(1-δ)g-δgr,fη=(1-δ)g-δgη,frr=(1-δ)(-δ)g-δ-1gr2+(1-δ)g-δgrr,fηη=(1-δ)(-δ)g-δ-1gη2+(1-δ)g-δgηη.Substituting (19) into (17), after some simplification, we have
(20)(1-δ)g-δ[gt+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη+α1/(1-δ)k2η2σ12]=0.
This leads to another equation for g as
(21)gt+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη+α1/(1-δ)=0.Equation (21) is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation which is difficult to solve directly, for there exists the term α1/(1-δ). Inspired by the paper of Liu [28], we assume that g is of the following form:
(22)g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du+(1-α)1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η).
One can prove that (21) is reduced to
(23)g^t+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g^+(θ-cr)g^r+12σ02rg^rr-12σ02rδg^r2g^+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)g^η+12σ22ηg^ηη=0,g^(T,r,η)=1.In fact, if we define a differential operator∇ on any function g by
(24)∇g=(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη.
Then (23) can be rewritten as
(25)∂g^∂t+∇g^=0,g^(T,r,η)=1.Furthermore, we find(26)∂g∂t+∇g=∂∂t(α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du)+∇(α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du)+(1-α)1/(1-δ)(∂∂tg^(t,r,η)+∇g^(t,r,η)).
Taking (25) into consideration, we have
(27)∂g∂t+∇g=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)+α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍∇g^(u,r,η)du=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)-α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍∂g^(u,r,η)∂udu=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)-α1/(1-δ)[g^(T,r,η)-g^(t,r,η)]=-α1/(1-δ).Therefore, we obtain(28)∂g∂t+∇g+α1/(1-δ)=0,g(T,r,η)=(1-α)1/(1-δ).
This is to say that (21) holds.For (23), we can fit a solution of the following form:
(29)g^(t,r,η)=exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}
with boundary condition ϕ(T)=h(T)=Ψ(T)=0.Introducing (29) into (23) yields
(30)g^{η[ϕ′(t)+δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12-(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+12σ22ϕ2(t)δ(δ-1)2]+r[h′(t)+δ1-δ-ch(t)+12(1-δ)σ02h2(t)]+Ψ′(t)+bϕ(t)+θh(t)-β1-δδ(δ-1)2}=0.
We can decompose (30) into the following three equations in order to eliminate the dependence on r and η:
(31)ϕ′(t)+δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12-(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+12σ22ϕ2(t)=0,ϕ(T)=0,(32)h′(t)+δ1-δ-ch(t)+12(1-δ)σ02h2(t)=0,h(T)=0,(33)Ψ′(t)+bϕ(t)+θh(t)-β1-δ=0,Ψ(T)=0.Rewritting (31), we have
(34)ϕ′(t)=-12σ22[ϕ2(t)-2σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+2σ22·δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12].
Let Δϕ denote the discriminant of the quadratic equation
(35)ϕ2(t)-2σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+2σ22·δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12=0
and then we have
(36)Δϕ=4σ24[-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2].
Suppose that Δϕ>0, that is,
(37)δ<a2(a+(kσ2/σ1))2<1.Under the condition (37), integrating (34) on both sides with respect to t, we obtain
(38)1λ1-λ2∫tT‍(1ϕ(t)-λ1-1ϕ(t)-λ2)dϕ(t)=-12σ22(T-t),
where λ1 and λ2 are two real roots of (35), namely,
(39)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2.
Solving (38) with boundary condition ϕ(T)=0, we derive
(40)ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)}.For (32), using the same analysis as ϕ(t), we obtain
(41)h(t)=λ3λ4(1-exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)})λ3-λ4exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)}
under the condition
(42)δ<c22σ02,
where λ3 and λ4 are two real roots of the equation
(43)h2(t)-2c(1-δ)σ02h(t)+δ1-δ·2(1-δ)σ02=0.
Easy calculation leads to
(44)λ3,4=1(1-δ)σ02±c2-2δσ02(1-δ)σ02.For (33), we have
(45)Ψ(t)=b∫tT‍ϕ(s)ds+θ∫tT‍h(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t).
Combining (37) with (42), we find that the risk aversion factor δ should satisfy
(46)δ<Min{a2σ12(aσ1+kσ2)2,c22σ02},δ≠0.According to (14) and (19), we have
(47)HxHxx=1δ-1x,HxηHxx=-gηgx.Finally, taking (10) and (15) into consideration, we obtain the optimal investment and consumption strategy under the power utility function.Proposition 2.
If utility functionU1(x)=U2(x)=xδ/δ, with the conditions δ<Min{a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2,c2/2σ02} and δ≠0, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) is given by
(48)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·gηgXt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt,
where
(49)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}.
In addition, ϕ(t), h(t), and Ψ(t) are determined by (40), (41) and (45), respectively.In order to compare the results obtained by Proposition2 with those in the existing literatures, we consider the following five special cases in the power utility case.Special Case 1.
Ifθ=c=σ0=0, this is to say that risk-free interest rate r(t) will become a constant. Then the problem (7) is degenerated into an investment and consumption problem with stochastic volatility. After easy calculation, we obtain
(50)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·gηgXt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2 and δ≠0, where
(51)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2,ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)},h(t)=δ1-δ(T-t),Ψ(t)=b∫tT‍ϕ(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t),g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}.Special Case 2.
Ifa=b=σ2=0, namely, volatility term η(t) reduces to a constant, then the problem (7) becomes an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate. Therefore, we have
(52)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<Min{c2/2σ02,1} and δ≠0, where
(53)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}
with
(54)ϕ(t)=δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12(T-t),Ψ(t)=θ∫tT‍h(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t),λ3,4=1(1-δ)σ02±c2-2δσ02(1-δ)σ02,h(t)=λ3λ4(1-exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)})λ3-λ4exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)}.Special Case 3.
Ifθ=c=σ0=0 and a=b=σ2=0, that is, risk-free interest rate r(t) and volatility term η(t) of the stock become the constants, then the problem (7) is reduced to an investment and consumption problem with constant interest rate and constant volatility rate. In addition, we get
(55)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<1 and δ≠0, where
(56)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)eω(T-t)-1ω+(1-α)1/(1-δ)eω(T-t),ω=δη(δ-1)2·k22σ12+δr1-δ-β1-δ.Special Case 4.
Ifα=0 and β=0, the problem (7) is degenerated into a dynamic asset allocation problem with stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility. Therefore, the optimal investment strategy is given by
(57)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·ϕ(t)Xt
with the conditions δ<Min{a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2,c2/2σ02} and δ≠0, where
(58)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2,ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)}.Special Case 5.
Ifδ=0, power utility will degenerate into a logarithmic utility. After easy calculation, we get
(59)ϕ(t)=0,h(t)=0,Ψ(t)=-β(T-t),g=g(t,r,η)=αβ(1-e-β(T-t))+(1-α)e-β(T-t).As a result, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) in the logarithm utility case is given by
(60)πt*=kσ12Xt,C*(t)=α(α/β)(1-e-β(T-t))+(1-α)e-β(T-t)Xt.
The above results are in accordance with those under the logarithm utility maximizing criterion in the following subsection.


### 3.2. Logarithm Utility

Assume that the logarithm utility is given by(61)U1(x)=U2(x)=lnx.
Then we conjecture a solution to (11) with the following form;
(62)H(t,r,η,x)=u(t)e-βtlnx+v(t,r,η),
where boundary conditions are given by u(T)=1-α and v(T,r,η)=0.Putting (62) in (11), we get
(63)e-βxlnx(u′(t)-βu(t)+α)+vt+ru(t)e-βt+(θ-cr)vr+12σ02rvrr+(b-aη)vη+12σ22ηvηη+k2η2σ12u(t)e-βt+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.
Eliminating the dependence on x, we have
(64)u′(t)-βu(t)+α=0,u(T)=1-α,(65)vt+ru(t)e-βt+(θ-cr)vr+12σ02rvrr+(b-aη)vη+12σ22ηvηη+k2η2σ12u(t)e-βt+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.Solving (64), we get
(66)u(t)=(1-α)e-β(T-t)-αβ(e-β(T-t)-1).Suppose that the solution to (65) is of the structure
(67)v(t,r,η)=D(t)+E(t)r+F(t)η,D(T)=E(T)=F(T)=0.
Putting (67) in (65), we derive
(68)r[E′(t)-cE(t)+u(t)e-βt]+η[F′(t)-aF(t)+k22σ12u(t)e-βt]+D′(t)+θE(t)+bF(t)+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.
By matching coefficients, we obtain the following three equations:
(69)E′(t)-cE(t)+u(t)e-βt=0,E(T)=0,(70)F′(t)-aF(t)+k22σ12u(t)e-βt=0,F(T)=0,(71)D′(t)+θE(t)+bF(t)+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0,D(T)=0.Solving the above three equations (69)–(71), we obtain
(72)E(t)=α+αβ-ββce-βT(e-c(T-t)-1)-αβ(β+c)e-βT(e-c(T-t)-eβ(T-t)),F(t)=k22σ12·αβ+α-βaβe-βT(e-a(T-t)-1)-k22σ12·α(a+β)βe-βT(e-a(T-t)-eβ(T-t)),D(t)=θ∫tT‍E(s)ds+b∫tT‍F(s)ds+(lnα-1)α∫tT‍e-βsds-α∫tT‍e-βslnu(s)ds.
Taking (62) into considering, we obtain
(73)HxHxx=-x,HxηHxx=0,C*(t)=αu(t)x.Therefore, we can summarize the optimal investment and consumption strategy in the logarithm utility case as the following proposition.Proposition 3.
If utility function is given byU1(x)=U2(x)=lnx, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) is
(74)π*(t)=kσ12Xt,C*(t)=α(1-α)e-β(T-t)-(α/β)(e-β(T-t)-1)Xt.Remark 4.
According to Proposition3, we find the following. (i) The parameters θ, c, and σ1 in the stochastic interest rate model have no influence on π*(t) and C*(t), (ii) The parameters b, a, and σ2 in the stochastic volatility model have no impact on π*(t) and C*(t) as well, (iii) The optimal amount π*(t) invested in the stock depends only on the parameters k and σ1. In addition, π*(t) increases with respect to k and decreases with respect to σ1, (iv) The optimal consumption rate C*(t) increases with respect to α, for we can obtain
(75)dC*(t)dα=e-β(T-t)[(1-α)e-β(T-t)-(α/β)(e-β(T-t)-1)]2Xt>0.


## 3.1. Power Utility

Power utility is given by(12)U1(x)=U2(x)=xδδ,δ<1,δ≠0,
where δ is the risk aversion factor.We conjecture a solution to (11) with the following form:
(13)H(t,r,η,x)=e-βtxδδf(t,r,η),f(T,r,η)=1-α.
Then the partial derivatives are as follows:
(14)Ht=-βe-βtxδδf+e-βtxδδft,Hxx=(δ-1)e-βtxδ-2f,Hx=e-βtxδ-1f,Hr=e-βtxδδfr,Hrr=e-βtxδδfrr,Hη=e-βtxδδfη,Hηη=e-βtxδδfηη,Hxη=e-βtxδ-1fη.
Therefore, the optimal consumption strategy is given by
(15)C*(t)=α-1/(δ-1)f1/(δ-1)x.Introducing (14) and (15) into (11), we obtain
(16)e-βtxδδ[ft+(rδ-β-δk2η2(δ-1)σ12)f+(θ-cr)fr+12σ02rfrr+(b-aη-δkησ2(δ-1)σ1)fη+12σ22ηfηη-δσ22η2(δ-1)fη2f+(1-δ)α1/(δ-1)fδ/(δ-1)δk2η2(δ-1)σ12]=0.
Eliminating the dependence on x, we get
(17)ft+(rδ-β-δk2η2(δ-1)σ12)f+(θ-cr)fr+(b-aη-δkησ2(δ-1)σ1)fη+12σ02rfrr+12σ22ηfηη-δσ22η2(δ-1)fη2f+(1-δ)α1/(δ-1)fδ/(δ-1)=0.Suppose that the solution structure of (17) is of the form
(18)f(t,r,η)=g(t,r,η)1-δ,g(T,r,η)=(1-α)1/(δ-1).
Then, we have
(19)ft=(1-δ)g-δgt,fr=(1-δ)g-δgr,fη=(1-δ)g-δgη,frr=(1-δ)(-δ)g-δ-1gr2+(1-δ)g-δgrr,fηη=(1-δ)(-δ)g-δ-1gη2+(1-δ)g-δgηη.Substituting (19) into (17), after some simplification, we have
(20)(1-δ)g-δ[gt+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη+α1/(1-δ)k2η2σ12]=0.
This leads to another equation for g as
(21)gt+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη+α1/(1-δ)=0.Equation (21) is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation which is difficult to solve directly, for there exists the term α1/(1-δ). Inspired by the paper of Liu [28], we assume that g is of the following form:
(22)g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du+(1-α)1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η).
One can prove that (21) is reduced to
(23)g^t+(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g^+(θ-cr)g^r+12σ02rg^rr-12σ02rδg^r2g^+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)g^η+12σ22ηg^ηη=0,g^(T,r,η)=1.In fact, if we define a differential operator∇ on any function g by
(24)∇g=(δr-β1-δ+δ(δ-1)2·k2η2σ12)g+(θ-cr)gr+12σ02rgrr-12σ02rδgr2g+(b-aη-δδ-1·kησ2σ1)gη+12σ22ηgηη.
Then (23) can be rewritten as
(25)∂g^∂t+∇g^=0,g^(T,r,η)=1.Furthermore, we find(26)∂g∂t+∇g=∂∂t(α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du)+∇(α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍g^(u,r,η)du)+(1-α)1/(1-δ)(∂∂tg^(t,r,η)+∇g^(t,r,η)).
Taking (25) into consideration, we have
(27)∂g∂t+∇g=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)+α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍∇g^(u,r,η)du=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)-α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍∂g^(u,r,η)∂udu=-α1/(1-δ)g^(t,r,η)-α1/(1-δ)[g^(T,r,η)-g^(t,r,η)]=-α1/(1-δ).Therefore, we obtain(28)∂g∂t+∇g+α1/(1-δ)=0,g(T,r,η)=(1-α)1/(1-δ).
This is to say that (21) holds.For (23), we can fit a solution of the following form:
(29)g^(t,r,η)=exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}
with boundary condition ϕ(T)=h(T)=Ψ(T)=0.Introducing (29) into (23) yields
(30)g^{η[ϕ′(t)+δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12-(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+12σ22ϕ2(t)δ(δ-1)2]+r[h′(t)+δ1-δ-ch(t)+12(1-δ)σ02h2(t)]+Ψ′(t)+bϕ(t)+θh(t)-β1-δδ(δ-1)2}=0.
We can decompose (30) into the following three equations in order to eliminate the dependence on r and η:
(31)ϕ′(t)+δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12-(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+12σ22ϕ2(t)=0,ϕ(T)=0,(32)h′(t)+δ1-δ-ch(t)+12(1-δ)σ02h2(t)=0,h(T)=0,(33)Ψ′(t)+bϕ(t)+θh(t)-β1-δ=0,Ψ(T)=0.Rewritting (31), we have
(34)ϕ′(t)=-12σ22[ϕ2(t)-2σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+2σ22·δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12].
Let Δϕ denote the discriminant of the quadratic equation
(35)ϕ2(t)-2σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)ϕ(t)+2σ22·δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12=0
and then we have
(36)Δϕ=4σ24[-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2].
Suppose that Δϕ>0, that is,
(37)δ<a2(a+(kσ2/σ1))2<1.Under the condition (37), integrating (34) on both sides with respect to t, we obtain
(38)1λ1-λ2∫tT‍(1ϕ(t)-λ1-1ϕ(t)-λ2)dϕ(t)=-12σ22(T-t),
where λ1 and λ2 are two real roots of (35), namely,
(39)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2.
Solving (38) with boundary condition ϕ(T)=0, we derive
(40)ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)}.For (32), using the same analysis as ϕ(t), we obtain
(41)h(t)=λ3λ4(1-exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)})λ3-λ4exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)}
under the condition
(42)δ<c22σ02,
where λ3 and λ4 are two real roots of the equation
(43)h2(t)-2c(1-δ)σ02h(t)+δ1-δ·2(1-δ)σ02=0.
Easy calculation leads to
(44)λ3,4=1(1-δ)σ02±c2-2δσ02(1-δ)σ02.For (33), we have
(45)Ψ(t)=b∫tT‍ϕ(s)ds+θ∫tT‍h(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t).
Combining (37) with (42), we find that the risk aversion factor δ should satisfy
(46)δ<Min{a2σ12(aσ1+kσ2)2,c22σ02},δ≠0.According to (14) and (19), we have
(47)HxHxx=1δ-1x,HxηHxx=-gηgx.Finally, taking (10) and (15) into consideration, we obtain the optimal investment and consumption strategy under the power utility function.Proposition 2.
If utility functionU1(x)=U2(x)=xδ/δ, with the conditions δ<Min{a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2,c2/2σ02} and δ≠0, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) is given by
(48)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·gηgXt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt,
where
(49)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}.
In addition, ϕ(t), h(t), and Ψ(t) are determined by (40), (41) and (45), respectively.In order to compare the results obtained by Proposition2 with those in the existing literatures, we consider the following five special cases in the power utility case.Special Case 1.
Ifθ=c=σ0=0, this is to say that risk-free interest rate r(t) will become a constant. Then the problem (7) is degenerated into an investment and consumption problem with stochastic volatility. After easy calculation, we obtain
(50)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·gηgXt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2 and δ≠0, where
(51)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2,ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)},h(t)=δ1-δ(T-t),Ψ(t)=b∫tT‍ϕ(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t),g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}.Special Case 2.
Ifa=b=σ2=0, namely, volatility term η(t) reduces to a constant, then the problem (7) becomes an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate. Therefore, we have
(52)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<Min{c2/2σ02,1} and δ≠0, where
(53)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)∫tT‍exp{ϕ(s)η+h(s)r+Ψ(s)}ds+(1-α)1/(1-δ)exp{ϕ(t)η+h(t)r+Ψ(t)}
with
(54)ϕ(t)=δ(δ-1)2·k22σ12(T-t),Ψ(t)=θ∫tT‍h(s)ds-β1-δ(T-t),λ3,4=1(1-δ)σ02±c2-2δσ02(1-δ)σ02,h(t)=λ3λ4(1-exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)})λ3-λ4exp{-((1-δ)/2)σ02(λ3-λ4)(T-t)}.Special Case 3.
Ifθ=c=σ0=0 and a=b=σ2=0, that is, risk-free interest rate r(t) and volatility term η(t) of the stock become the constants, then the problem (7) is reduced to an investment and consumption problem with constant interest rate and constant volatility rate. In addition, we get
(55)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt,C*(t)=α1/(1-δ)g-1Xt
under the conditions δ<1 and δ≠0, where
(56)g=g(t,r,η)=α1/(1-δ)eω(T-t)-1ω+(1-α)1/(1-δ)eω(T-t),ω=δη(δ-1)2·k22σ12+δr1-δ-β1-δ.Special Case 4.
Ifα=0 and β=0, the problem (7) is degenerated into a dynamic asset allocation problem with stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility. Therefore, the optimal investment strategy is given by
(57)πt*=k(1-δ)σ12Xt+σ2σ1·ϕ(t)Xt
with the conditions δ<Min{a2σ12/(aσ1+kσ2)2,c2/2σ02} and δ≠0, where
(58)λ1,2=1σ22(a+δδ-1·kσ2σ1)±1σ22-a2δ-1+δδ-1(a+kσ2σ1)2,ϕ(t)=λ1λ2(1-exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)})λ1-λ2exp{-(1/2)σ22(λ1-λ2)(T-t)}.Special Case 5.
Ifδ=0, power utility will degenerate into a logarithmic utility. After easy calculation, we get
(59)ϕ(t)=0,h(t)=0,Ψ(t)=-β(T-t),g=g(t,r,η)=αβ(1-e-β(T-t))+(1-α)e-β(T-t).As a result, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) in the logarithm utility case is given by
(60)πt*=kσ12Xt,C*(t)=α(α/β)(1-e-β(T-t))+(1-α)e-β(T-t)Xt.
The above results are in accordance with those under the logarithm utility maximizing criterion in the following subsection.


## 3.2. Logarithm Utility

Assume that the logarithm utility is given by(61)U1(x)=U2(x)=lnx.
Then we conjecture a solution to (11) with the following form;
(62)H(t,r,η,x)=u(t)e-βtlnx+v(t,r,η),
where boundary conditions are given by u(T)=1-α and v(T,r,η)=0.Putting (62) in (11), we get
(63)e-βxlnx(u′(t)-βu(t)+α)+vt+ru(t)e-βt+(θ-cr)vr+12σ02rvrr+(b-aη)vη+12σ22ηvηη+k2η2σ12u(t)e-βt+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.
Eliminating the dependence on x, we have
(64)u′(t)-βu(t)+α=0,u(T)=1-α,(65)vt+ru(t)e-βt+(θ-cr)vr+12σ02rvrr+(b-aη)vη+12σ22ηvηη+k2η2σ12u(t)e-βt+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.Solving (64), we get
(66)u(t)=(1-α)e-β(T-t)-αβ(e-β(T-t)-1).Suppose that the solution to (65) is of the structure
(67)v(t,r,η)=D(t)+E(t)r+F(t)η,D(T)=E(T)=F(T)=0.
Putting (67) in (65), we derive
(68)r[E′(t)-cE(t)+u(t)e-βt]+η[F′(t)-aF(t)+k22σ12u(t)e-βt]+D′(t)+θE(t)+bF(t)+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0.
By matching coefficients, we obtain the following three equations:
(69)E′(t)-cE(t)+u(t)e-βt=0,E(T)=0,(70)F′(t)-aF(t)+k22σ12u(t)e-βt=0,F(T)=0,(71)D′(t)+θE(t)+bF(t)+(lnα-1)αe-βt-αe-βtlnu(t)=0,D(T)=0.Solving the above three equations (69)–(71), we obtain
(72)E(t)=α+αβ-ββce-βT(e-c(T-t)-1)-αβ(β+c)e-βT(e-c(T-t)-eβ(T-t)),F(t)=k22σ12·αβ+α-βaβe-βT(e-a(T-t)-1)-k22σ12·α(a+β)βe-βT(e-a(T-t)-eβ(T-t)),D(t)=θ∫tT‍E(s)ds+b∫tT‍F(s)ds+(lnα-1)α∫tT‍e-βsds-α∫tT‍e-βslnu(s)ds.
Taking (62) into considering, we obtain
(73)HxHxx=-x,HxηHxx=0,C*(t)=αu(t)x.Therefore, we can summarize the optimal investment and consumption strategy in the logarithm utility case as the following proposition.Proposition 3.
If utility function is given byU1(x)=U2(x)=lnx, the optimal investment and consumption strategy of the problem (7) is
(74)π*(t)=kσ12Xt,C*(t)=α(1-α)e-β(T-t)-(α/β)(e-β(T-t)-1)Xt.Remark 4.
According to Proposition3, we find the following. (i) The parameters θ, c, and σ1 in the stochastic interest rate model have no influence on π*(t) and C*(t), (ii) The parameters b, a, and σ2 in the stochastic volatility model have no impact on π*(t) and C*(t) as well, (iii) The optimal amount π*(t) invested in the stock depends only on the parameters k and σ1. In addition, π*(t) increases with respect to k and decreases with respect to σ1, (iv) The optimal consumption rate C*(t) increases with respect to α, for we can obtain
(75)dC*(t)dα=e-β(T-t)[(1-α)e-β(T-t)-(α/β)(e-β(T-t)-1)]2Xt>0.


## 4. Numerical Analysis

In this section, we will provide a numerical example to illustrate how market parameters affect the dynamic behavior of the optimal investment and consumption strategy in the power utility case. Throughout the numerical analysis, unless otherwise stated, the basic parameters are given byc=0.15, σ0=0.2, θ=0.25, r(0)=0.05, σ1=1.2, k=0.6, η(0)=0.36, σ2=0.8, b=1.0, a=0.6, t=0, T=1, α=0.4, β=0.1, δ=-1, and x0=100.


### 4.1. The Impact on the Optimal Investment Strategy

It can be seen from Figures1 and 2 that we can summarize the effect of market parameters on the optimal investment strategy and provide some economic implications.(a1)
The optimal investment strategyπ*(t) increases with respect to the parameter k. Recalling (3), kη(t) can be taken as the appreciation rate of the stock. Hence, as the parameter k increases, then the expected income of the stock increases, which leads to the fact that the investor wishes to invest more amount of his wealth in the stock.(a2)
π*(t) increases with respect to the parameter a. The larger the value of a, the smaller the expected value of η(t). This leads to the fact that the expected appreciation rate of the stock becomes less and the volatility of the stock will become much smaller. Due to the much less risk of the investment, the investor would invest more money in the stock.(a3)
π*(t) is decreasing in σ2. In fact, the larger the value of σ2, the higher the volatility term of η(t), which leads to that the volatility of the stock is increasing. Therefore, the risk of investment is increasing accordingly and the investor invests the less amount in the stock.(a4)
π*(t) is increasing in δ. According to the condition of Proposition 2, the value of δ should be less than 0.28. In the power utility case, the coefficient of risk aversion is denoted by 1-δ. It indicates that the investor can take less risk as the parameter δ is increasing. Therefore, the larger the value of δ, the more amount the investor wishes to invest in the stock. On the other hand, when δ=0, power utility is degenerated to logarithm utility. Therefore, we can summarize that the optimal investment strategy in the power utility case will be less than that in the logarithm utility case when δ<0, while the optimal investment policy for power utility will be more than that for logarithm utility when 0<δ<0.28.The impact ofk and a on the optimal investment strategy.
(a)
(b)The impact ofσ2 and δ on the optimal investment strategy.
(a)
(b)


### 4.2. The Impact on the Optimal Consumption Strategy

From Figures3 and 4, we can summarize the following conclusions.(b1)
The optimal consumption strategyC*(t) increases with respect to the parameter k. In fact, when the value of k becomes larger, the expected appreciation of the stock becomes larger as well. Therefore, the wealth of the investor will become much larger, which leads to the fact that the investor can consume the more amount of the wealth.(b2)
C*(t) is slowly decreasing in a. As the value of a is increasing, the expected value of η(t) is decreasing. It leads to the fact that the expected value of the wealth is decreasing. Therefore, the investor should consume less money.(b3)
C*(t) will slowly decrease as the parameter σ2 increases. As a matter of fact, the bigger the value of σ2, the less the amount invested in the stock. It means that the wealth of the investor is decreasing. Therefore, the investor should keep less consumption.(b4)
C*(t) will decrease with the parameter δ. That is to say, the bigger the value of δ, the less the risk aversion the investor needs to take and the less the investor can consume. Moreover, we conclude that the amount the investor can consume in the power utility case is more than that in the logarithm utility case when δ<0, while the investor with power utility preference can consume less amount than the one with logarithm utility preference when 0<δ<0.28.The impact ofk and a on the optimal consumption strategy.
(a)
(b)The impact ofσ2 and δ on the optimal consumption strategy.
(a)
(b)


## 4.1. The Impact on the Optimal Investment Strategy

It can be seen from Figures1 and 2 that we can summarize the effect of market parameters on the optimal investment strategy and provide some economic implications.(a1)
The optimal investment strategyπ*(t) increases with respect to the parameter k. Recalling (3), kη(t) can be taken as the appreciation rate of the stock. Hence, as the parameter k increases, then the expected income of the stock increases, which leads to the fact that the investor wishes to invest more amount of his wealth in the stock.(a2)
π*(t) increases with respect to the parameter a. The larger the value of a, the smaller the expected value of η(t). This leads to the fact that the expected appreciation rate of the stock becomes less and the volatility of the stock will become much smaller. Due to the much less risk of the investment, the investor would invest more money in the stock.(a3)
π*(t) is decreasing in σ2. In fact, the larger the value of σ2, the higher the volatility term of η(t), which leads to that the volatility of the stock is increasing. Therefore, the risk of investment is increasing accordingly and the investor invests the less amount in the stock.(a4)
π*(t) is increasing in δ. According to the condition of Proposition 2, the value of δ should be less than 0.28. In the power utility case, the coefficient of risk aversion is denoted by 1-δ. It indicates that the investor can take less risk as the parameter δ is increasing. Therefore, the larger the value of δ, the more amount the investor wishes to invest in the stock. On the other hand, when δ=0, power utility is degenerated to logarithm utility. Therefore, we can summarize that the optimal investment strategy in the power utility case will be less than that in the logarithm utility case when δ<0, while the optimal investment policy for power utility will be more than that for logarithm utility when 0<δ<0.28.The impact ofk and a on the optimal investment strategy.
(a)
(b)The impact ofσ2 and δ on the optimal investment strategy.
(a)
(b)


## 4.2. The Impact on the Optimal Consumption Strategy

From Figures3 and 4, we can summarize the following conclusions.(b1)
The optimal consumption strategyC*(t) increases with respect to the parameter k. In fact, when the value of k becomes larger, the expected appreciation of the stock becomes larger as well. Therefore, the wealth of the investor will become much larger, which leads to the fact that the investor can consume the more amount of the wealth.(b2)
C*(t) is slowly decreasing in a. As the value of a is increasing, the expected value of η(t) is decreasing. It leads to the fact that the expected value of the wealth is decreasing. Therefore, the investor should consume less money.(b3)
C*(t) will slowly decrease as the parameter σ2 increases. As a matter of fact, the bigger the value of σ2, the less the amount invested in the stock. It means that the wealth of the investor is decreasing. Therefore, the investor should keep less consumption.(b4)
C*(t) will decrease with the parameter δ. That is to say, the bigger the value of δ, the less the risk aversion the investor needs to take and the less the investor can consume. Moreover, we conclude that the amount the investor can consume in the power utility case is more than that in the logarithm utility case when δ<0, while the investor with power utility preference can consume less amount than the one with logarithm utility preference when 0<δ<0.28.The impact ofk and a on the optimal consumption strategy.
(a)
(b)The impact ofσ2 and δ on the optimal consumption strategy.
(a)
(b)


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, we investigate an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility, in which interest rate dynamic is assumed to be driven by the CIR model and the volatility of stock price is described by Heston's stochastic volatility model. The financial market consists of one risk-free asset and one risky asset. Our objective is to maximize the expected discounted utility of consumption and terminal wealth in the fixed finite investment horizon. By applying dynamic programming principle, we obtain the explicit expressions of the optimal investment and consumption strategies in the power and logarithm utility cases. We have also given a numerical example to illustrate the results obtained and analyzed the effect of market parameters on the optimal trading strategies.In recent years, there has been much attention to the portfolio selection problems in stochastic environments. This is due to the facts that risk-free interest rate and volatility of the stock is not always fixed in most of real-world situations and the optimal portfolios in stochastic environments will make it more practical. Under some special assumptions, we obtain the closed-form solutions of the optimal trading strategies in stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility situations. These assumptions include the following: (i) interest rate has no correlation with risky asset dynamics; (ii) Heston's stochastic volatility and risky asset dynamics are driven by the same Brownian motion; (iii) stock price is assumed to follow geometric Brownian motion, which is a special case of the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model. If we relax these assumptions and consider some more general cases, it will lead to more sophisticated HJB equations and will have no ways to get the closed-form solutions of the optimal trading strategy. In future research, we will explore new approaches to tackle these problems.



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*Source: 219397-2013-05-29.xml*