# Multiscale Asymptotic Analysis and Parallel Algorithm of Parabolic Equation in Composite Materials

Authors: Xin Wang; Xi-liang Duan; Yang Gao
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2014)

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## Abstract

An efficient parallel multiscale numerical algorithm is proposed for a parabolic equation with rapidly oscillating coefficients representing heat conduction in composite material with periodic configuration. Instead of following the classical multiscale asymptotic expansion method, the Fourier transform in time is first applied to obtain a set of complex-valued elliptic problems in frequency domain. The multiscale asymptotic analysis is presented and multiscale asymptotic solutions are obtained in frequency domain which can be solved in parallel essentially without data communications. The inverse Fourier transform will then recover the approximate solution in time domain. Convergence result is established. Finally, a novel parallel multiscale FEM algorithm is proposed and some numerical examples are reported.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Consider the parabolic equation with rapidly oscillating coefficients as follows:(1)∂uε(x,t)∂t-∂∂xi(aij(xε)∂uε(x,t)∂xj)=f(x,t),(x,t)∈Ω×(0,T),uε(x,t)=0,(x,t)∈∂Ω×(0,T),uε(x,0)=u¯(x),x∈Ω,
where Ω∈ℛn is a bounded smooth domain or a bounded polygonal convex domain with a periodic microstructure and (0,T) denotes the time domain. The unknown is the temperature increment uε(x,t). f(x,t) and u¯(x) are some given functions which denote heat source and initial temperature, respectively. ε>0 is a small parameter and it represents the relative size of a periodic cell.Letξ=x/ε and the heat conductivity coefficient (aij(ξ))1≤i,j≤n is assumed to satisfy the following.(A1)
aij(x/ε)=aij(ξ) is Q-periodic in ξ, ∀i,j=1,…,n, where Q=(0,1)n is the reference cell.(A2)
(aij(ξ))1≤i,j≤n is symmetric and satisfies the uniform elliptic condition; that is,
(2)aij(ξ)=aji(ξ),∀i,j=1,…,n,λ1|η|2≤aij(ξ)ηiηj≤λ2|η|2,a.e.ξ∈Q;where isη=(η1,…,ηn) an arbitrary vector in ℛn, and λ1,λ2>0 are some constants independent of ε.(A3)
LetQ⊂⊂Q′ and Q′=(⋃m=1LD¯m)∖∂Q′. Suppose that the boundaries ∂Dm∈C1,γ for some 0<γ<1 and aij(ξ)∈Cμ(D¯m), ∀i,j=1,…,n for some 0<μ<1; see [1, 2].In (1), the rapid spatial oscillations in the coefficients translate the periodic structure of the body which comes from assembling ε-scaled versions of the reference cell Q. This body has to be thought of as being made of a composite material.An efficient analysis approach to such a problem induces a need for homogenization. The mathematical theory has been presented in a lot of works; see, for example, [3–6]. Several efficient numerical methods have been proposed and analyzed; for instance, see [7–9]. From these literatures, we found that the homogenized equation happens to be a system of the same type with constant coefficients. So the normal step-by-step time-marching algorithms such as the backward-Euler, Crank-Nicolson methods, or any higher order methods need to be applied to solve the homogenized equation step by step in time. Although these algorithms are effective in solving many practical problems, one of major drawbacks is that they are not easily parallelizable along the time axis, since they require the information of the solutions at previous time steps in order to advance to the next time step.In this work, in order to propose a parallelizable multiscale numerical algorithm, we apply the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform to present the multiscale asymptotic analysis for (1). Numerical methods for time-dependent problems based on the use of Fourier transform have been considered in [10, 11], providing us with the starting point for using Fourier transform in multiscale asymptotic analysis. In [10, 11], Douglas et al. introduced an efficient parallel method for solving wave equations in the space-time domain after taking the Fourier transforms. The parallel method had been further developed and extended to viscoelasticity, parabolic problems, and Navier-Stokes equations; see [12, 13]. Later Sheen et al. also applied Laplace transform to solve parabolic problems; see [14, 15]. In addition, the early study of homogenization by employing means of integral transformation is [16], where Fourier and Laplace transforms were applied to prove the weak convergence theorems of the homogenization procedure for the time-dependent equations.The main procedures in this paper are now briefly described. First, we take the Fourier transform with respect to the time variable in the parabolic equation and then present the multiscale asymptotic expansions of the solutions for the resulting equations in space-frequency domain at specific frequency points of interest, which are independent and may therefore be done in parallel. Finally, the approximate solution of parabolic equation in space-time domain is retrieved by the discrete inverse Fourier transform. It should be stated that our purpose of using Fourier transform is not just to prove the homogenization convergence theorems as done in [16], but to propose a parallelizable multiscale numerical algorithm. The new contributions presented in this study are the following. The strong convergence theorem of the second-order multiscale asymptotic solution in space-frequency domain is derived where we carefully estimate the bounds associated with frequency variable ω as it has a singularity for both zero and infinity in inverse Fourier transform. The convergence result for the approximate solution in time domain is obtained. A novel parallel multiscale FEM algorithm and numerical examples in 3D composite materials are given.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the original parabolic equation is transformed to a set of complex-valued elliptic problems. The multiscale asymptotic expansions in space-frequency domain are then discussed. In Section 3, the multiscale truncation error estimates in space-frequency domain are derived under some assumptions. The approximate solution in space-time domain is inverted back by discrete inverse Fourier transform and the convergence result is proved in Section 4. Finally, a multiscale algorithm is proposed and numerical simulations are carried out to validate the presented method.Throughout the paper, letC denote a positive constant independent of ε and ω. All complex-valued functions are assumed to have values in the complex field 𝒞 and standard notations for function spaces and their associated norms will be used in this paper.


## 2. Fourier Transform and Multiscale Asymptotic Expansions

Denote the Fourier transform of a functionρ(·,t) by ρ^(·,ω), where
(3)ρ^(·,ω)=∫-∞+∞‍ρ(·,t)e-iωtdt.In order to take the Fourier transform of (1), we first extend uε and f by zero when t<0 and then we transfer (1) into the following complex-valued elliptic problem in space-frequency domain,
(4)iωu^ε(x,ω)-∂∂xi(aij(ξ)∂u^ε(x,ω)∂xj)=f^(x,ω)+u¯(x),x∈Ω,u^ε(x,ω)=0,x∈∂Ω,
where ω is some fixed parameter in frequency domain.It is not difficult to check the existence and uniqueness of the problem (4) with an application of the Lax-Milgram lemma; see [17].Proposition 1.
Letω>0, under the assumptions (A1)-(A2); then, for any f^(·,ω), u¯∈H-1(Ω), (4) has a unique weak solution u^ε(·,ω).The method requires solving a finite set of problem (4) at specific frequency point ω. It is natural to treat them simultaneously because they are independent. Moreover, observe that (4) is an equation with rapidly oscillating coefficients in spatial domain. The direct accurate numerical computation of the solution is difficult especially in 3D problems because it would require huge computational cost. We will apply the method of multiscale asymptotic expansion. Let the derivative with respect to x be
(5)∂∂xi=∂∂zi+ε-1∂∂ξi,i=1,…,n,
where z denotes the macroscopic variable and ξ describes the microscopic one. Two scales describe the model: z gives the position of a point in domain Ω while ξ gives its position in the reference cell Q. On expanding u^ε in asymptotic expansion of the form
(6)u^ε(x,ω)=∑i=0∞‍εiu^i(z,ξ,ω),
where u^i(z,ξ,ω) is Q-periodic in ξ, the space-frequency (4) becomes
(7)-ε-2[∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂u^0(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj)]-ε-1[∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)(∂u^0(z,ξ,ω)∂zj+∂u^1(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj))+∂∂zi(aij(ξ)∂u^0(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj)]+iωu^0(z,ξ,ω)-∂∂zi(aij(ξ)(∂u^0(z,ξ,ω)∂zj+∂u^1(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj))-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)(∂u^1(z,ξ,ω)∂zj+∂u^2(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj))+O(ε1)=f^(z,ω)+u¯(z),(z,ξ)∈Ω×Rn,∑i=0∞‍εiu^i(z,ξ,ω)=0,(z,ξ)∈∂Ω×Rn,u^i(z,ξ,ω)Q-periodicinξ.On equating orders atO(ε-2), with the well-known theorem of the existence and uniqueness of the solutions in quotient space, we deduce that
(8)u^0(z,ξ,ω)=u^0(z,ω).Equating terms atO(ε-1), we have
(9)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂u^1(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj)=∂aij(ξ)∂ξi∂u^0(z,ω)∂zj,(z,ξ)∈Ω×Rn,u^1(z,ξ,ω)Q-periodicinξ,
with the method of separation of variables and we can obtain
(10)u^1(z,ξ,ω)=Nk(ξ)∂u^0(z,ω)∂zk,
where Nk(ξ)(k=1,…,n) are the solutions of the following problems:
(11)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂Nk(ξ)∂ξj)=∂aik(ξ)∂ξi,ξ∈Rn,Nk(ξ)Q-periodic.At(ε0), we have
(12)iωu^0(z,ω)-aij(ξ)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zi∂zj-aij(ξ)∂Nk(ξ)∂ξj∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zi∂zk-∂(aij(ξ)Nk(ξ))∂ξi∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zj∂zk-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂u^2(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj)=f^(z,ω)+u¯(z),(z,ξ)∈Ω×Rn,u^2(z,ξ,ω)Q-periodicinξ.
On averaging (12) over Q, we get the homogenized equation
(13)iωu^0(z,ω)-∂∂zi(a^ij∂u^0(z,ω)∂zj)=f^(z,ω)+u¯(z),z∈Ω,u^0(z,ω)=0,z∈∂Ω,
where the homogenized coefficients are defined by
(14)a^ij=1|Q|∫Q‍aij(ξ)+aik(ξ)∂Nj(ξ)∂ξkdξ.Remark 2.
Under the assumptions (A1)-(A2) of the coefficients for the parabolic equation, one can prove that the homogenized coefficients a^ij are also symmetric and uniform elliptic for some constants γ1,γ2>0; see, for example, [3, 5]. Therefore the existence and uniqueness of the solution u^0 for the homogenized (13) can be established.Subtracting (13) from (12), we have
(15)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂u^2(z,ξ,ω)∂ξj)=(aij(ξ)-a^ij)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zi∂zj+aij(ξ)∂Nk(ξ)∂ξj∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zi∂zk+∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)Nk(ξ))∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zj∂zk,(z,ξ)∈Ω×Rn,u^2(z,ξ,ω)Q-periodicinξ,
and using the method of separation of variables, we can obtain
(16)u^2(z,ξ,ω)=Nkl(ξ)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zk∂zl,
where Nkl(ξ)(k,l=1,…,n) are the solutions of the following problems:
(17)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂Nkl(ξ)∂ξj)=akl(ξ)-a^kl+akj(ξ)∂Nl(ξ)∂ξj+∂∂ξi(aik(ξ)Nl(ξ)),ξ∈Rn,Nkl(ξ)Q-periodic.Remark 3.
Note thatNk(ξ), Nkl(ξ)(k,l=1,…,n) defined in (11) and (17) can be obtained by resolving the following cell problems in Q:
(18)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂Nk(ξ)∂ξj)=∂aik(ξ)∂ξi,ξ∈Q,(∂Nk(ξ)∂ξj),ξ∈QNk(ξ)Q-periodic.(19)-∂∂ξi(aij(ξ)∂Nkl(ξ)∂ξj)=akl(ξ)-a^kl+akj(ξ)∂Nl(ξ)∂ξj+∂∂ξi(aik(ξ)Nl(ξ)),ξ∈Q,Nkl(ξ)Q-periodic.and then extending their solutions by periodicity (see, e.g., [5]), so they are called cell functions as usual.Therefore, we can obtain the first-order and second-order multiscale asymptotic solution for the space-frequency (4) as
(20)U^1ε(x,ω)=u^0(z,ω)+εNk(ξ)∂u^0(z,ω)∂xk,U^2ε(x,ω)=u^0(z,ω)+εNk(ξ)∂u^0(z,ω)∂xk+ε2Nkl(ξ)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂xk∂xl.Remark 4.
It is worthwhile to note that all the cell problems are real valued, while the homogenized equation is complex valued. Therefore, when we do numerical computation, we need to repeatedly solve the homogenized problem at a set of specific frequency points but solve all the cell problems only once.


## 3. Multiscale Truncation Error Estimate in Frequency Domain

In order to derive the truncation error estimate for multiscale asymptotic solutions, we first discuss the regularity for the homogenized solutionu^0. The key point is to derive precise estimates for the regularity bounds associated with ω since the behavior of these bounds as ω approaches zero and infinity is of critical importance in obtaining the multiscale truncation error estimate and when inverting the multiscale asymptotic solution back to time domain by the inverse Fourier transform.Proposition 5.
Letu^0(·,ω) be the weak solution of the homogenized equation (13) whose coefficients are constants defined in (14). Then,(i)
for anyf^(·,ω),u¯∈L2(Ω), it holds(21)∥u^0(·,ω)∥0,Ω≤min⁡{C,1ω}∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥0,Ω,∥u^0(·,ω)∥1,Ω≤C∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥0,Ω,where the constantC depending only on Ω and the coefficients;(ii)
for anyf^(·,ω),u¯∈Hm(Ω)and any subdomainΩ*⊂⊂Ω, it holds(22)∥u^0(·,ω)∥m+2,Ω*≤C∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥m,Ω,m∈𝒵+,where the constantC is depending only on Ω*, Ω and the coefficients. Moreover, if ∂Ω is Cm+2, then we have the global estimate (22) on Ω*=Ω.Proof.
Define the conjugate bilinear forma^(·,·):H1(Ω)×H1(Ω)→𝒞:
(23)a^(u,v)=∫Ω‍a^ij∂u∂zj∂v~∂zidz,
where v~ denotes the complex conjugate of v. Then the variational formulation of the homogenized equation (13) is to find u^0∈H01(Ω) such that
(24)iω(u^0,v)+a^(u^0,v)=(f^+u¯,v),v∈H01(Ω).
Setv=u^0 in (24) and take the imaginary part; one obtains
(25)ω∥u^0∥0,Ω2=Im⁡〈f^+u¯,u^0〉≤∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω∥u^0∥0,Ω,
which yields
(26)∥u^0∥0,Ω≤1ω∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω.
Letv=u^0 in (24) and consider the real part; with the coercivity of a^ij and the Poincare’s inequality, we have
(27)γ1∥∇u^0∥0,Ω2≤a^(u^0,u^0)=Re(f^+u¯,u^0)≤∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω∥u^0∥0,Ω≤C∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω∥∇u^0∥0,Ω,
and thus
(28)∥u^0∥1,Ω≤C∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω,
together with (26); we have
(29)∥u^0∥0,Ω≤min⁡{C,1ω}∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω.
Next we investigate the interior regularity of the homogenized solution. Fix any open setΩ*⊂⊂Ω, and choose an open set W such that Ω*⊂⊂W⊂⊂Ω. Then select a cutoff function ζ∈C0∞(Rn) satisfying
(30)ζ=1,z∈Ω*;ζ=0,z∈Rn-W;0≤ζ≤1.
Rewrite (24) as
(31)a^(u^0,v)=(f^+u¯,v)-iω(u^0,v)≡B,
and set v=-Dk-h(ζ2Dkhu^0),k∈{1,…,N}, where Dkh denotes the difference quotient,
(32)Dkhu(z)=u(z+hek)-u(z)h,h∈R,h≠0.
By a standard regularity technique (see, e.g., [18], pages 310–313), we have
(33)a^(u^0,v)≥γ12∫Ω‍ζ2|Dkh∇u^0|2dz-C∫Ω‍|∇u^0|2dz.
Cauchy’s inequality with ϵ yields
(34)|B|≤C∫Ω‍(|f^+u¯|+ω|u^0|)|v|dz≤ϵ∫Ω‍|v|2dz+Cϵ∫Ω‍(|f^+u¯|2+ω2|u^0|2)dz,
and use the properties of the difference quotient for v,
(35)∫Ω‍|v|2dz≤C∫Ω‍(|∇u^0|2+ζ2|Dkh∇u^0|2)dz,
and choose ϵ=γ1/4 that yields the bound
(36)|B|≤γ14∫Ω‍ζ2|Dkh∇u^0|2dz+C∫Ω‍|f^+u¯|2+ω2|u^0|2+|∇u^0|2dz.
Combining (33) and (36) implied
(37)∫Ω*‍|Dkh∇u^0|2dz≤C∫Ω‍ζ2|Dkh∇u^0|2dz≤C∫Ω‍(|f^+u¯|2+ω2|u^0|2+|∇u^0|2)dz.
In view of the properties of the difference quotient, with (29) and (28), we deduce u^0∈Hloc⁡2, with the estimate
(38)∥u^0∥2,Ω*≤C(∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω+ω∥u^0∥0,Ω+∥∇u^0∥0,Ω)≤C∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω.
For higher regularity ofu^0, insert v=-∂w/∂zk into (24), k=1,…,n, where w∈C∞(Ω), and perform integration by parts; we have
(39)iω(∂u^0∂zk,w)+a^(∂u^0∂zk,w)=(∂(f^+u¯)∂zk,w).
In view of (38), applying the interior H2 regularity result to ∂u^0/∂zk, then
(40)∥∂u^0∂zk∥2,Ω*≤C∥∂(f^+u¯)∂zk∥0,Ω,k=1,…,n,
which yields
(41)∥u^0∥3,Ω*≤C∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω.
Finally we can obtain (22) by induction on m. Given ∂Ω∈Cm+2, following the standard boundary regularity technique we get the global estimate
(42)∥u^0(·,ω)∥m+2,Ω≤C∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥m,Ω.
Next we can derive the truncation error estimate for multiscale asymptotic solutions (20) in frequency domain.Theorem 6.
Letu^ε(x,ω) be the weak solution of (4), and let U^sε(x,ω)(s=1,2) be the multiscale asymptotic solutions given in (20). Under the assumptions (A1)–(A3), with f^(·,ω)∈H1(Ω), u¯∈H1(Ω), u^0(·,ω)∈H3(Ω), there exists a constant C independent of ε and ω such that
(43)∥u^ε(·,ω)-U^2ε(·,ω)∥1,Ω≤C(1+ω)ε1/2∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥1,Ω,s=1,2.Proof.
Fors=2, set Zε(x,ω)=u^ε(x,ω)-U^2ε(x,ω); one can check Zε(x,ω) that satisfy
(44)iωZε(x,ω)-∂∂xi(aij(xε)∂Zε(x,ω)∂xj)=εFε(x,ω),x∈Ω,Zε(x,ω)=εGε(x,ω),x∈∂Ω,
where
(45)Fε≡F0ε+ε∂Fiε∂xi,F0ε=(ail(ξ)Nk(ξ)+aij(ξ)∂Nkl(ξ)∂ξj)∂3u^0(z,ω)∂zi∂zk∂zl-iωNk(ξ)∂u^0(z,ω)∂zk-iωεNkl(ξ)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zk∂zl,Fiε=aij(ξ)Nkl(ξ)∂3u^0(z,ω)∂zj∂zk∂zl,Gε=-Nk(ξ)∂u^0(z,ω)∂zk-εNkl(ξ)∂2u^0(z,ω)∂zk∂zl.
Under the assumptions(A1)–(A3), it follows from Theorem 1.1 of [2] (also see [1]) that
(46)∥Nk∥1,∞,Q≤C,∥Nkl∥1,∞,Q≤C,k,l=1,…,n.
Together with the regularity estimate of u^0, one can obtain
(47)∥F0ε∥0,Ω≤C(1+ω)∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω,∥Fiε∥0,Ω≤C∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω,
and therefore, we get Fε∈H-1(Ω) and
(48)∥Fε∥-1,Ω≤C(1+ω)∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω.
In order to get the boundary estimate, introducing the following cutoff functionmε∈C0∞(Ω) such that
(49)mε=1,ifdist⁡(x,∂Ω)≤ε,mε=0,ifdist⁡(x,∂Ω)≥2ε,∥∇mε∥L∞(Ω)≤Cε-1;
and setting Ψε=mεGε, Ωε=supp⁡Ψε, with the regularity estimate of u^0, we can obtain
(50)∥Ψε∥0,Ωε≤C∥f^+u¯∥0,Ω,∥∂Ψε∂xi∥0,Ωε≤Cε-1∥u^0∥1,Ωε+C∥u^0∥3,Ωε.
Using the following estimate on boundary layer Ωε, (see [6])
(51)∥u^0∥1,Ωε≤Cε1/2∥∇u^0∥1,Ω,
we have
(52)∥Ψε∥1,Ωε≤Cε-1/2∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω.
By the trace theorem, we know
(53)∥Gε∥1/2,∂Ω=∥Ψε∥1/2,∂Ω≤C∥Ψε∥1,Ωε≤Cε-1/2∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω.
Similar to Proposition5 for (44) with nonhomogeneous boundary condition, we can drive the following estimate:
(54)∥Zε∥1,Ω≤Cε∥Fε∥-1,Ω+C(1+ω)ε∥Gε∥1/2,∂Ω,
together with (48) and (53) and we have
(55)∥u^ε(·,ω)-U^2ε(·,ω)∥1,Ω≤C(1+ω)ε1/2∥f^+u¯∥1,Ω,
where C is independent of ε and ω.
Fors=1, by means of Theorem  1.2 in [6], we can also derive the estimate (43). Therefore the proof is complete.Remark 7.
It is worth noting that, for anyΩ*⊂⊂Ω, it is well known that homogenized solution u^0∈H3(Ω*) if f^(·,ω), and u¯∈H1(Ω). If u^0 does not have the local H3 regularity near the boundary ∂Ω, follow the way in [19]; we can use the asymptotic expansion in the interior subdomain and construct the boundary layer near ∂Ω.


## 4. Inverse Fourier Transform

In this section, we will construct the approximate solution of the parabolic equation (1) in space-time domain by the inverse Fourier transform. Recall the formula of the inverse Fourier transform as
(56)v(·,t)=12π∫-∞+∞‍v^(·,ω)eiωtdω=1πRe∫0∞‍v^(·,ω)eiωtdω,
provided that v(·,t) is a real function.Fix a sufficiently largeω*>0 such that uε(·,ω) is negligible for |ω|>ω*. Set Δω=ω*/M, where M∈𝒵+ is a selected segment number for the interval (0,ω*) and the space-time solution uε of (1) can be approximated by
(57)Us,ω*,Δωε(x,t)=1πRe∑j=1M‍U^sε(x,ωj-1/2)eitωj-1/2Δω,
where ωj-1/2=(j-1/2)Δω, j=1,…,M.In order to get an estimate foruε-Us,ω*,Δωε, let
(58)uω*ε(x,t)=1πRe∫0ω*‍u^ε(x,ω)eiωtdω,uω*,Δωε(x,t)=1πRe∑j=1M‍u^ε(x,ωj-1/2)eitωj-1/2Δω,
and we get
(59)uε(x,t)-Us,ω*,Δωε(x,t)=(uε(x,t)-uω*ε(x,t))+(uω*ε(x,t)-uω*,Δωε(x,t))++(uω*,Δωε(x,t)-Us,ω*,Δωε(x,t))≡E1(x,t)+E2(x,t)+E3(x,t).ForE1, from Proposition 5, we can check
(60)∥E1(·,t)∥0,Ω≤1π∫ω*∞‍∥u^ε(·,ω)∥0,Ωdω≤1π∫ω*∞‍1ω∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥0,Ωdω.For the estimate ofE2, the following lemma was proved in [17].Lemma 8.
Let(61)Fk0(t)=(∫0t‍et-σ∥σkf(x,σ)∥2dσ)1/2,Fkl(t)=(∫0t‍∫0σl‍⋯∫0σ1‍et-σ∥σk-lf(x,σ)∥2dσdσ1⋯dσl)1/2,
and suppose that for k=0,1,2, Fkl(t)∈L2(J) for all k≥l≥0. Then
(62)∥E2(·,t)∥0,Ω≤CΔω2∑k=02‍t2-k∑l=0k‍∥Fkl(t)∥0,Ω.ForE3, by Theorem 6, we have
(63)∥E3(·,t)∥0,Ω=∥1πRe∑j=1M‍(u^ε(x,ωj-1/2)-U^sε(x,ωj-1/2))eitωj-1/2Δω∥0,Ω≤CΔω∑j=1M‍(1+ωj-1/2)ε1/2∥f^(·,ωj-1/2)+u¯∥1,Ω≤Cε1/2∫0ω*‍(1+ω)∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥1,Ωdω.Combining (60), (62), and (63), we have the following theorem for the full error estimate.Theorem 9.
Letuε(·,t) be the solution of (1), and let Us,ω*,Δωε(·,t)  (s=1,2) be the approximate solution given in (57). Under the assumptions (A1)–(A3), f^(·,ω), u¯∈H1(Ω), u^0(·,ω)∈H3(Ω), and suppose that for k=0,1,2, Fkl(t) defined in (61) belong to L2(J) for all k≥l≥0; there exists a constant C independent of ε and ω such that
(64)∥uε(·,t)-Us,ω*,Δωε(·,t)∥0,Ω≤1π∫ω*∞‍1ω∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥0,Ωdω+CΔω2∑k=02‍t2-k∑l=0k‍∥Fkl(t)∥0,Ω+Cε1/2∫0ω*‍(1+ω)∥f^(·,ω)+u¯∥1,Ωdω.


## 5. Parallel Multiscale FEM Algorithm and Numerical Tests

In simulation, we will apply the following first-order and second-order difference quotients of some functionsf(x) given by
(65)δxjfh(Np)=1τ(Np)∑e∈σ(Np)‍[∂fh∂xj]e(Np),δxlxm2fh(Np)=1τ(Np)∑e∈σ(Np)‍[∑j=1d‍δxlfh(Pj)∂χj∂xm]e(Np),j,l,m=1,…,n,
where σ(Np), the set of elements with the node Np; τ(Np), is the number of elements of σ(Np); d is the number of nodes on the element e; Pj are the nodes of the element e; χj(x) are the Lagrangian shape functions; fh denotes the FEM solution of f; [∂f/∂xj]e(Np) is the value of ∂f/∂xj at the node Np associated with the element e.The following parallel multiscale FEM algorithm are presented to solve (1).Step 1.
Solve the first-order cell problems ofNk defined in (18) for k=1,…,n and the second-order cell problems of Nkl defined in (19) for k,l=1,…,n in local fine grid of the periodic cell Q by FEM.Step 2.
Compute the homogenized coefficientsa^ij defined in (14) in the local fine grid of the periodic cell Q by numerical integration.Step 3.
Fix a sufficiently largeω*>0 and set Δω=ω*/M, M∈𝒵+ and simultaneously solve the complex-valued homogenized equation (13) in the whole domain Ω in a coarse mesh at ωj-1/2=(j-1/2)Δω, j=1,…,M. Then compute the first-order and second-order partial derivatives of the homogenized solutions by high order difference quotients in the same coarse mesh.Step 4.
Extend all the cell functions by periodicity from the local fine grid of the periodic cellQ to the gird of the whole domain Ω. Then compute the multiscale asymptotic solutions given by (20) at frequency points ωj-1/2, j=1,…,M.Step 5.
Calculate the approximation solutions for any fixed timet=t* for the original equation (1) according to the formula (57).Remark 10.
Notice that cell problems are independent of the time variablet or the frequency variable ω, so they only need to be solved once.Remark 11.
It should be stated that Step1 to Step 5 in the algorithm are serial. However, for the time-dependent problems, the main computation of the existing multiscale algorithms is in computing the time-dependent homogenized equation step by step. In our presented algorithm, we can simultaneously solve the homogenized equations at different frequent points, so the main computation of the algorithm is parallel. Also, notice that each step can be done simultaneously. In this respect, different from other multiscale algorithms for the time-dependent equation, we called it parallel algorithm.Remark 12.
If some conditions of the geometric symmetry are satisfied (see [19]), then we can employ the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on the boundary ∂Q for the cell problems (18) and (19). Following the way in [19], one can also obtain a similar convergence result to that of Theorem 6.Now we discuss the finite element computation for the complex-valued homogenized Equation (13) in Ω. Let u^0,i=u^0,R+u^0,I and f^=f^R+f^I, where the subscript R denotes the real part of a function and the subscript I denotes the imaginary part.The variational form of (13) is to find that (u^0,R,u^0,I)∈H01(Ω)×H01(Ω) satisfied
(66)-ω(u^0,I,v)+a^(u^0,R,v)=(f^R+u¯,v),ω(u^0,R,v)+a^(u^0,I,v)=(f^I,v),
for any v∈H01(Ω), and a^(·,·) is given by (23). Let Sh⊂H01(Ω) be the finite element space, the discrete variational form of (66) is to find that (u^0,Rh,u^0,Ih)∈Sh×Sh satisfied
(67)-ω(u^0,Ih,vh)+a^(u^0,Rh,vh)=(f^R+u¯,vh),ω(u^0,Rh,vh)+a^(u^0,Ih,vh)=(f^I,vh),
for any vh∈Sh. Let {ϕj(x)}j=1Nh be a set of basis of Sh, and set
(68)u^0,Rh(x,P)=∑j=1Nh‍ΓRjϕj(x),u^0,Ih(x,P)=∑j=1Nh‍ΓIjϕj(x),
and therefore, we solve the linear system in dimension 2*Nh as follows:
(69)(A-ωBωBA)(ΓRΓI)=(FRFI),
where
(70)A={a^(ϕj,ϕk)}1≤j,k≤Nh,B={(ϕj,ϕk)}1≤j,k≤Nh,ΓR≔(ΓR1,…,ΓRNh)T,ΓI≔(ΓI1,…,ΓINh)T,FR:=((f^R+u¯,ϕ1),…,(f^R+u¯,ϕNh))T,FI:=((f^I,ϕ1),…,(f^I,ϕNh))T.To validate the proposed method and to confirm the theoretical analysis reported in this paper, we present numerical simulations for the following cases.Example. Consider the parabolic equation (1) in 3D composite materials, where whole domain Ω and the periodic cell Q are illustrated in Figures 1(a) and 1(b). In the configuration, we take ε=1/8 and the blue cube [0.25,0.75]3 denotes the inclusion and other parts are the matrix. The parameters of the composite materials for two cases will be considered,
(71)Case1:aij(ξ)={10δijininclusion500δijinmatrix,Case2:aij(ξ)={500δijininclusion10δijinmatrix,
where ξ=ε-1x. Let f(x)=e-t and u¯(x)=0.(a) A whole domainΩ, (b) the reference cell Q.
(a)
(b)To assess the validity of the presented method, the exact solutionuε of the original parabolic equation (1) must be available. It is extremely difficult and even impossible to find the exact solution; we replace it by the numerical solution fully resolved by FEM in space and FDM in time using fine meshes (FD-FE method). It should be noted that more considerable computing time will be required to solve (1) using fully resolved FD-FE method when ε is small, so we only present numerical results for ε=1/8. Here, the linear tetrahedral elements are employed for the semidiscrete problem of (1) using fine meshes, and the solution is computed by the Euler midpoint scheme.Without confusion, letuε denote the numerical solution for the original problem (1) using the fully resolved FD-FE method. Let U1ε, U2ε denote the numerical solutions inverted back by the first-order and second-order multiscale asymptotic solutions in accordance with (57), respectively. Also, let U0 denote the numerical solution inverted back by the homogenized solutions according to the following formula:
(72)U0,ω*,Δω(x,t)=1πRe∑j=1M‍u^0(x,ωj-1/2)eitωj-1/2Δω.All the codes are implemented on parallel hierarchical grid (PHG), which is a toolbox for developing parallel adaptive finite element programs. PHG is currently under active development at State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing of CAS. We use linear tetrahedron elements to solve the related problems numerically.The numerical results in the cross-sectionz=0.5625 and at time t=0.1 for Case  1 and Case  2 are displayed in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Although the first-order and second-order multiscale asymptotic solutions have the same convergence rate as stated in Theorem 9, numerical results displayed in Figure 2 confirm that the second-order corrector terms are crucial in some cases.Case  1: The solutions in the cross-sectionz=0.5625, t=0.1, ω*=100, and M=100. (a) The homogenized solution U0; (b) the first-order multiscale solution U1ε; (c) the second-order multiscale solution U2ε; (d) the reference solution uε.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Case  2: The solutions in the cross-sectionz=0.5625, t=0.1, ω*=100, and M=100. (a) The homogenized solution U0; (b) the first-order multiscale solution U1ε; (c) the second-order multiscale solution U2ε; (d) the reference solution uε.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)The relative errors vary with the segment numberM in the numerical integration formula (57) for homogenized method (HM), first-order multiscale method (1st MsM), and second-order multiscale method (2nd MsM) corresponding to U0, U1ε, and U2ε that are listed in Figure 4. We observe that the relative errors become stable after M=80. Also, the relative errors evolution over time is listed in Figure 5. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed method especially the 2nd MsM is in good agreement with the fully resolved case. It is worthwhile to note that the relative errors do not grow rapidly as time increases.L
2-norm relative errors vary with the segment number M at t=0.1, ω*=100 (a) Case  1; (b) Case  2.
(a)
(b)L
2-norm relative errors evolution over time at ω*=100, M=100 (a) Case  1; (b) Case  2.
(a)
(b)The costs required by the developed multiscale finite element method are not sensitive to the time variable but lie on the number of space-frequency equations which is determined by the segment numberM, and each space-frequency equation is solved by multiscale finite element method with the computational cost listed in Table 1; for the fully resolved case, we need to compute T/Δt steps and the cost for each time step is also listed in Table 1. This clearly demonstrates that the present algorithm is very effective and tremendous saving in computing time is achieved.Table 1
Computational cost for Case 1 and Case 2.
Original Eqs.
Cell Eqs.
Homogenized Eqs.
Elements
3145728
393216
393216
Dof
536769
68705
137410
Time step
Δ
t
=
0.001



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*Source: 217869-2014-04-08.xml*