# Successful Treatment in Children with Hodgkin Lymphoma in Greece; A 20-Year Experience in a Single Institution

Authors: Apostolos Pourtsidis; Dimitrios Doganis; Margarita Baka; Despina Bouhoutsou; Maria Varvoutsi; Maria Synodinou; Katerina Strantzia; Helen Kosmidis
Journal: Lymphoma
 (2012)

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## Abstract

During the last 30 years, combined chemotherapy regimens with radiotherapy or not significantly improved the prognosis for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. We retrospectively studied 58 children (35 boys and 23 girls) with Hodgkin lymphoma who were treated at our institution during the period 1987–2006 and we correlated age, sex, stage, histology, and therapy with the outcome of patients. Of our patients, 9 children were 8 years old or younger. Nodular sclerosis was the predominant histology subtype (69%), whereas 26 patients (45%) had advanced disease (stage III or IV). Chemotherapy (CT) with various drug combinations, according to the period of treatment plus low-dose involved field radiation therapy (IFRT), was used in all patients. Five children experienced relapse and in 3 other patients second or third malignancies were documented. The overall survival was found to be 98%. No factors related to the outcome could be detected. The prognosis of children with Hodgkin lymphoma is excellent with CT combined with low dose IFRT but in long-time survivors late effects of the combined modality treatment are still issues of major concern. Longer followup of a greater number of patients is necessary to detect prognostic factors related to the outcome of children with Hodgkin lymphoma and to identify some patients who would be treated without radiation.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In Europe and USA Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the sixth most common type of cancer in children following leukemia, CNS tumors, neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, and non Hodgkin lymphomas, accounting for approximately 5% of all childhood malignancies. The prevalence of disease varies considerably with age, gender, nationality, and histology subtype. According to data of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for children younger than 15 years, the incidence is 5.5 cases per million but for those aged 15–20 years the incidence reaches 12.1 cases per million. In Western Asia (extending from the Mediterranean to Northwest India) the incidence in children <15 years old is consistently higher than 7 cases per million [1]. In Greece, the annual incidence is 7.2 per million children [2]. The disease presents a characteristically bimodal curve with an early peak in adolescence and a second peak in adults aged above 50 years old, whereas is very rare in children under 5 years of age. Patients (pts) with HL commonly present with cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and with mediastinal involvement in most of them. Treatment is largely determined by disease stage, patient’s age at diagnosis, the presence or absence of “B” symptoms, the presence of bulky nodal disease, and the rapidity of response to therapy [3]. During the last 20 years the introduction of combined chemotherapy (CT) protocols with or without radiotherapy (RT) improved significantly the outcome of children with HL. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) in childhood and adolescence exceeds 90% for patients with early-stage disease [4] and 70 to 80% for those with advanced stage [5, 6]. However, several pts mainly with advanced stage still relapse and in some the outcome is dismal. The purpose of our retrospective study was to report the treatment results, prognostic, factors, and final outcome of childhood pts less than 15 years of age with HL treated with CT followed by low-dose RT from January 1987 to December 2006 in the Oncology Department of Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou Children’s Hospital of Athens, Greece.


## 2. Material and Methods

A retrospective study of children diagnosed as suffering from Hodgkin Lymphoma from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 2006, was conducted in the Oncology Department of our hospital. All children underwent physical examination, blood testing, and imaging studies (X-ray, sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) as clinically indicated. Staging was carried out according to the Ann Arbor system [7], whereas histopathology subtypes were defined according to Rye classification system [8].From 1987 to 1993 our patients were treated according to French Society of Paediatric Oncology protocol MDH82 [9]: those with early stage (stage I or IIA) received four cycles of Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine (ABVD) plus radiotherapy (20 Gy) in initially involved fields, whereas those with advanced stage IIB, III, and IV were treated with alternating three cycles of Mustine, Vincristine, Procarbazine, Prednisone (MOPP)/ABVD plus radiotherapy (20 Gy) in initially involved fields plus spleen and paraaortic lymph nodes. During the second period (1994 to 2006) our patients were treated as follows: pts with early stage (stage I or II) received four cycles of Vinblastine, Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Prednisone (VBVP) plus radiotherapy (20 Gy) in initially involved fields according to French Society of Pediatric Oncology protocol MDH90 study [10]. Pts with stage III were treated with alternating two cycles of MOPP/ABVP plus radiotherapy (20 Gy) in initially involved fields, spleen, and paraaortic lymph nodes. Pts with stage IV received 2 cycles of Vincristine, Prednisone, Procarbazine, and Doxorubicin (OPPA), and four cycles of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Procarbazine, Prednisone (COPP) plus radiotherapy (20 Gy) as above in initially involved lymph nodes and organs. Especially for stage IV disease, pts received 12 Gy to the liver and 20–30 Gy to the bones for active disease at diagnosis. Also, lungs were irradiated (12 Gy) only if there was no complete lung remission following two cycles of OPPA. In all, treatment response was assessed by imaging initially involved areas after completion of the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. A good response was defined as either complete remission or more than a 70% reduction in tumour size. Good responders received 20 Gy of RT to initially involved fields. The remaining (poor responders) were given one or two cycles of OPPA. Poor responders to OPPA received radiotherapy in dose of 40 Gy. In all cases RT fields were limited to involved sites, as identified by the initial physical examination and imaging.Epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings at diagnosis as well as the treatment modalities were analyzed. Prognostic factors studied were age, sex, stage, B symptoms (present versus absent), hemoglobin (<10.5 g/dL versus >10.5 g/dL), histology, and bulky mediastinal disease (Mediastinum/Thorax ratio >1/3 versus <1/3). Overall, event- or disease-free survival was estimated with Kaplan-Meier’s curves. As events, death, relapse, and second malignancy were defined. For statistical analysis the following tests were used: (1) nonparametric Mann-Witney test, (2) chi-square test, (3) fisher’s exact test. The study was approved by the local Institutional Research and Ethics Committee.


## 3. Results and Outcome

During the study period 58 children (35 boys and 23 girls at a 1.5/1 ratio) were treated in our institution. Age at diagnosis ranged between 4.5 to 15 years (median 12 years). Three were 5 years old or younger and all aged 7 years or less (7 pts) were boys. Main laboratory findings of our pts at diagnosis are shown in Table1. The time interval from first clinical symptom/sign until diagnosis ranged from 3 days to 7 months (median 1.5 months) without any correlation with gender and age. The most common presenting symptom at diagnosis was lymphadenopathy (44 patients, 76%), whereas in 4 patients HL was diagnosed during investigation for fever, 2 for chronic cough, 3 during random imaging examination, and 5 during evaluation for other symptoms or signs. In two children the diagnosis was established during investigation for nephrotic syndrome which was a paraneoplastic manifestation of HL. In 21 pts (36.2%) apart from the main symptom/sign the initial clinical presentation included cough, pleurodynia, fever, lymphadenopathy, dyspnea, or a combination of them. B symptoms were present in 18 pts (31%) mainly in nodular sclerosis subtype 12/40 (30%). Moreover, B symptoms were detected in 6/25 (24%) of stage II pts, in 9/15 (60%) of stage III, and in 3/11 (27%) of stage IV (P=0.028).Table 1
Epidemiologic and laboratory findings of patients.
Total
gender
boys
girls
median
Range
median
median
P
Age  (years)
12
4.5–15
10.3
12.9
0.009
WBC (×103/mm3)
10.4
4.2–25
9.4
11.1
ns#
Neutrophils (%)
67
41–91
65.5
75
ns
Lymphocytes  (%)
22
1–52
24
16
ns
Eosinophils  (%)
2.8
0–11
3
2.2
ns
Hb (g/dL)
11
7.6–14.5
11
10.9
ns
ESR (mm/h)
63
5–150
57.5
82
ns
PLT (×103/mm3)
387
200–820
384
387
ns
CRP (mg/L)
72
0–173
51.8
81
ns
LDH (mg/dL)
380
186–1300
380
335
ns
#non-significant.


### 3.1. Imaging Investigations

Computed tomography of the neck, chest X-ray, and chest computed tomography were abnormal in 84%, 67%, and 76% of pts, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography detected abnormal findings in 39% and 37.5% pts, respectively. Hepatomegaly was detected in 6, splenomegaly in 13, and infiltration of liver, spleen, and kidney in 3, 14, and 1 pts respectively.


### 3.2.  Clinical Staging

Seven pts (12%) were classified as stage I disease, 25 (43.1%) as stage II (IIA: 12, IIB: 13), 15 (25.9%) as stage III (IIIA: 3, IIIB: 12), and 11 (19%) as stage IV (IVA: 5, IVB: 6). Lung infiltration was detected in 3 and bone disease in 2. Lymphangiogram revealed abnormal findings in one of 9 pts having the examination performed whereas abnormal bone scanning and bone marrow involvement was found each in 2.


### 3.3. Histology Subtypes

Nodural sclerosis was the most common subtype (40/58, 69%). Mixed cellularity subtype was found more frequently in stages II and III, nodular sclerosis in stage II whereas the child with lymphocyte depletion subtype had advanced disease (stage IV). In Table2 the correlation between histology subtype and stage of disease with epidemiologic and laboratory findings is shown.Table 2
Epidemiology and laboratory findings of patients and stage and  histology of the disease.
Stage
Histology***
I
II
III
IV
P
MC
LD
LP
NS
Gender  (boys : girls)
4 : 3*
14 : 11
10 : 5
7 :  4
ns#
12 : 1
1 : 0
4 : 0
18 : 22
Age  (years)
9.8**
12.1
12.3
12.9
ns
10.2
10.2
10.5
12.5
WBC (×103/mm3)
7.3
11.68
9.5
10.8
0.026
7.2
4.7
7.05
11.4
Neutrophils  (%)
55
73.9
62
78
0.001
65
67
54.5
72
Eosinophils  (%)
3.5
2
3
2.7
ns
2
4
3
2.6
Hb (g/dL)
12.7
11
10.9
10.7
0.029
11
9.2
13.8
11.1
PLT (×103/mm3)
342
394
440
385
ns
383
422
301
400
ESR (mm 1st h)
14
63
80
118
0.007
66
45
13
70
CRP (mg/dL)
20
57
80
110
ns
57
—
27
74
LDH (mg/dL)
498
319
380
404
ns
324
—
446
381
*
number of patients, **median values, ***MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphocytic depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominance, NS: nodular sclerosis,#non-significant.


### 3.4. Treatment Periods

Twenty-one and 37 patients with HL were treated during the first (1987 to 1993) and the second period (1994 to 2006), respectively.


### 3.5. Response and Outcome

Complete Remission (CR) was achieved in all patients and both chemotherapy and radiotherapy were well tolerated and without significant toxicity. All chemotherapy was given as outpatient therapy. Patients received full doses of chemotherapy with occasional delays for low blood counts. Patients experienced occasional myelosuppression, mucositis, and nausea managed by supportive care. Fifty-two pts live in their first complete remission with a DFS (disease free survival) of 90%. In 5 (8.6%) relapse occurred 20–65 months from diagnosis (median 25). All received salvage aggressive chemotherapeutic treatment in combination with high dose CT and autologous stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Additional radiotherapy was given to involved areas using individualized doses in two of them. Characteristics of pts with relapse are shown in Table3. Of the five relapsed all live in second CR 63–249 months (median 117) from the diagnosis of the relapse and 83–274 months (median 141) from the diagnosis of the disease. Three pts developed thyroid cancer, 71–144 months after 20 Gy to a field that included the thyroid gland, presumably radiation induced. All were treated and believed to be cured after subtotal thyroidectomy and (131I) thyroid ablation. Unfortunately the third patient developed osteosarcoma as third malignancy 94 months after primary treatment, outside and unrelated to her prior radiation field. She died of refractory metastatic disease. Characteristics of pts who developed second and third malignancy are presented in Table 4. With a median followup of 187 months (range, 67 to 306), the overall survival rate is 98% and the event-free survival 86.2% (50/58 pts). The correlation between epidemiologic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and treatment parameters is shown in Table 5.Table 3
Characteristics of patients with relapse.
Time
Gender
Age(years)
Initial  stage
Histology
Treatment  adequate
Treatment
CT
RT
Outcome
Time
Adequate
Dose
1
20*
Girl
13.5
IV
NS
yes
CT & RT
OPPA + COPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
83*
2
24
Boy
8
II
MC
yes
CT & RT
VBVP
yes
20 Gy
NED
101
3
30
Boy
13.2
III
NS
yes
CT & RT
ABVD + MOPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
175
4
25
Boy
6
IV
NS
no
CT & RT
ABVD + MOPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
274
5
65
Boy
14
IV
LP
no
CT & RT
OPPA + COPP
no
20 Gy
NED
129
*months from diagnosis, MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphopenic depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominant, NS: nodular sclerosis.
CT: chemotherapy, RT: radiotherapy, NED: no evidence of disease.Table 4
Characteristics of patients with second or third malignancy.
1
2
3
Time from Dx
144
48
71
Gender
Boy
Girl
Girl
Age at Dx(years)
4.9
12.2
11.2
Initial stage
I
II
III
Histologicsubtype
NS
NS
NS
Treatmentadequate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Treatment
CT & RT
CT & RT
CT & RT
CT
ABVD
VBVP + OPPA
ABVD + MOPP
Radiotherapy
In initially irradiated  field
Yes
Yes
Yes
Dose
20 Gy
20 Gy
20 Gy
Outcome
NED
NED
Deceased
Time
229*
112
—
∗months from diagnosis, MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphocyte depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominant, NS: nodular sclerosis.
CT: chemotherapy, RT: radiotherapy, NED: no evidence of disease.
(1) Thyroid cancer.
(2) Thyroid cancer.
(3) Thyroid cancer (2nd) and Osteosarcoma (3rd) 94 months from diagnosis.Table 5
Prognostic factors for the outcome.
Patients
%
%
P
DFS
EFS
OS
DFS
EFS
OS
Age (years)
≤8
9
15.5
77.8
66.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>8
49
84.5
91.8
89.8
98
Gender
Boys
35
60
88.6
85.7
100
ns
ns
ns
Girls
23
40
91.3
87
95.7
Stage
I
7
12
100
85.7
100
ns
ns
ns
II
25
43
92
92
96
III
15
26
93.3
86.7
100
IV
11
19
72.7
72.7
100
Histologic subtype
Mixed cellularity
13
22
92.3
92.3
100
ns
ns
ns
Lymphopenic depletion
1
2
100
100
100
Lymphocytic predominant
4
7
75
75
100
Nodular sclerosis
40
69
90
85
97.5
B-symptoms
Present
18
31
94.4
94.4
100
ns
ns
ns
Absent
40
69
87.5
82.5
97.5
Mediastinum
Great widening
12
21
91.7
83.3
100
ns
ns
ns
Intermediate widening
33
57
87.9
87.9
97
Normal
13
22
92.3
84.6
100
White blood cells (×103/mm3)*
≤10.4
29
51
93.1
89.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>10.4
28
49
89.3
85.7
96.4
Hemoglobin (g/dL)*
≤11
29
51
89.6
82.8
96.5
ns
ns
ns
>11
28
49
92.9
92.9
100
ESR (mm 1st h)*
≤63
29
51
93.1
89.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>63
28
49
89.3
85.7
96.4
*no values for one patient.


## 3.1. Imaging Investigations

Computed tomography of the neck, chest X-ray, and chest computed tomography were abnormal in 84%, 67%, and 76% of pts, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography detected abnormal findings in 39% and 37.5% pts, respectively. Hepatomegaly was detected in 6, splenomegaly in 13, and infiltration of liver, spleen, and kidney in 3, 14, and 1 pts respectively.


## 3.2.  Clinical Staging

Seven pts (12%) were classified as stage I disease, 25 (43.1%) as stage II (IIA: 12, IIB: 13), 15 (25.9%) as stage III (IIIA: 3, IIIB: 12), and 11 (19%) as stage IV (IVA: 5, IVB: 6). Lung infiltration was detected in 3 and bone disease in 2. Lymphangiogram revealed abnormal findings in one of 9 pts having the examination performed whereas abnormal bone scanning and bone marrow involvement was found each in 2.


## 3.3. Histology Subtypes

Nodural sclerosis was the most common subtype (40/58, 69%). Mixed cellularity subtype was found more frequently in stages II and III, nodular sclerosis in stage II whereas the child with lymphocyte depletion subtype had advanced disease (stage IV). In Table2 the correlation between histology subtype and stage of disease with epidemiologic and laboratory findings is shown.Table 2
Epidemiology and laboratory findings of patients and stage and  histology of the disease.
Stage
Histology***
I
II
III
IV
P
MC
LD
LP
NS
Gender  (boys : girls)
4 : 3*
14 : 11
10 : 5
7 :  4
ns#
12 : 1
1 : 0
4 : 0
18 : 22
Age  (years)
9.8**
12.1
12.3
12.9
ns
10.2
10.2
10.5
12.5
WBC (×103/mm3)
7.3
11.68
9.5
10.8
0.026
7.2
4.7
7.05
11.4
Neutrophils  (%)
55
73.9
62
78
0.001
65
67
54.5
72
Eosinophils  (%)
3.5
2
3
2.7
ns
2
4
3
2.6
Hb (g/dL)
12.7
11
10.9
10.7
0.029
11
9.2
13.8
11.1
PLT (×103/mm3)
342
394
440
385
ns
383
422
301
400
ESR (mm 1st h)
14
63
80
118
0.007
66
45
13
70
CRP (mg/dL)
20
57
80
110
ns
57
—
27
74
LDH (mg/dL)
498
319
380
404
ns
324
—
446
381
*
number of patients, **median values, ***MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphocytic depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominance, NS: nodular sclerosis,#non-significant.


## 3.4. Treatment Periods

Twenty-one and 37 patients with HL were treated during the first (1987 to 1993) and the second period (1994 to 2006), respectively.


## 3.5. Response and Outcome

Complete Remission (CR) was achieved in all patients and both chemotherapy and radiotherapy were well tolerated and without significant toxicity. All chemotherapy was given as outpatient therapy. Patients received full doses of chemotherapy with occasional delays for low blood counts. Patients experienced occasional myelosuppression, mucositis, and nausea managed by supportive care. Fifty-two pts live in their first complete remission with a DFS (disease free survival) of 90%. In 5 (8.6%) relapse occurred 20–65 months from diagnosis (median 25). All received salvage aggressive chemotherapeutic treatment in combination with high dose CT and autologous stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Additional radiotherapy was given to involved areas using individualized doses in two of them. Characteristics of pts with relapse are shown in Table3. Of the five relapsed all live in second CR 63–249 months (median 117) from the diagnosis of the relapse and 83–274 months (median 141) from the diagnosis of the disease. Three pts developed thyroid cancer, 71–144 months after 20 Gy to a field that included the thyroid gland, presumably radiation induced. All were treated and believed to be cured after subtotal thyroidectomy and (131I) thyroid ablation. Unfortunately the third patient developed osteosarcoma as third malignancy 94 months after primary treatment, outside and unrelated to her prior radiation field. She died of refractory metastatic disease. Characteristics of pts who developed second and third malignancy are presented in Table 4. With a median followup of 187 months (range, 67 to 306), the overall survival rate is 98% and the event-free survival 86.2% (50/58 pts). The correlation between epidemiologic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and treatment parameters is shown in Table 5.Table 3
Characteristics of patients with relapse.
Time
Gender
Age(years)
Initial  stage
Histology
Treatment  adequate
Treatment
CT
RT
Outcome
Time
Adequate
Dose
1
20*
Girl
13.5
IV
NS
yes
CT & RT
OPPA + COPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
83*
2
24
Boy
8
II
MC
yes
CT & RT
VBVP
yes
20 Gy
NED
101
3
30
Boy
13.2
III
NS
yes
CT & RT
ABVD + MOPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
175
4
25
Boy
6
IV
NS
no
CT & RT
ABVD + MOPP
yes
20 Gy
NED
274
5
65
Boy
14
IV
LP
no
CT & RT
OPPA + COPP
no
20 Gy
NED
129
*months from diagnosis, MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphopenic depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominant, NS: nodular sclerosis.
CT: chemotherapy, RT: radiotherapy, NED: no evidence of disease.Table 4
Characteristics of patients with second or third malignancy.
1
2
3
Time from Dx
144
48
71
Gender
Boy
Girl
Girl
Age at Dx(years)
4.9
12.2
11.2
Initial stage
I
II
III
Histologicsubtype
NS
NS
NS
Treatmentadequate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Treatment
CT & RT
CT & RT
CT & RT
CT
ABVD
VBVP + OPPA
ABVD + MOPP
Radiotherapy
In initially irradiated  field
Yes
Yes
Yes
Dose
20 Gy
20 Gy
20 Gy
Outcome
NED
NED
Deceased
Time
229*
112
—
∗months from diagnosis, MC: mixed cellularity, LD: lymphocyte depletion, LP: lymphocytic predominant, NS: nodular sclerosis.
CT: chemotherapy, RT: radiotherapy, NED: no evidence of disease.
(1) Thyroid cancer.
(2) Thyroid cancer.
(3) Thyroid cancer (2nd) and Osteosarcoma (3rd) 94 months from diagnosis.Table 5
Prognostic factors for the outcome.
Patients
%
%
P
DFS
EFS
OS
DFS
EFS
OS
Age (years)
≤8
9
15.5
77.8
66.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>8
49
84.5
91.8
89.8
98
Gender
Boys
35
60
88.6
85.7
100
ns
ns
ns
Girls
23
40
91.3
87
95.7
Stage
I
7
12
100
85.7
100
ns
ns
ns
II
25
43
92
92
96
III
15
26
93.3
86.7
100
IV
11
19
72.7
72.7
100
Histologic subtype
Mixed cellularity
13
22
92.3
92.3
100
ns
ns
ns
Lymphopenic depletion
1
2
100
100
100
Lymphocytic predominant
4
7
75
75
100
Nodular sclerosis
40
69
90
85
97.5
B-symptoms
Present
18
31
94.4
94.4
100
ns
ns
ns
Absent
40
69
87.5
82.5
97.5
Mediastinum
Great widening
12
21
91.7
83.3
100
ns
ns
ns
Intermediate widening
33
57
87.9
87.9
97
Normal
13
22
92.3
84.6
100
White blood cells (×103/mm3)*
≤10.4
29
51
93.1
89.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>10.4
28
49
89.3
85.7
96.4
Hemoglobin (g/dL)*
≤11
29
51
89.6
82.8
96.5
ns
ns
ns
>11
28
49
92.9
92.9
100
ESR (mm 1st h)*
≤63
29
51
93.1
89.7
100
ns
ns
ns
>63
28
49
89.3
85.7
96.4
*no values for one patient.


## 4. Discussion

The third most common cancer in children ≤15 years of age is lymphoma with Hodgkin accounting for 40%. The recent World Health Organization classification adopted the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms, which classifies HL into two disease entities according to recent clinical and biologic data: the classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL, 95% of cases) which incorporates the four histology subtypes: nodular sclerosis (NS), mixed cellularity (MC), lymphocyte-depleted (LD), and lymphocyte-rich (LR) and the Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL, 5% of cases) which is a distinct entity compared to classical disease [11]. In children, mixed cellularity, nodular lymphocyte predominant, and nodular sclerosis are the subtypes more commonly seen. Patients with NLPHL usually present with early stage, cervical or inguinal involvement, are predominantly male and most frequently 25–45 years old [12]. In CHL lymphocyte predominant and nodular sclerosis subtype correlates with early-stage disease, whereas lymphocyte depletion subtype with advanced stage and mixed cellularity with intermediate stage [13]. All our patients had classical HL with nodular sclerosis subtype being the most common (69%). Analysis of data showed correlation of histology subtype with the gender. No correlation of histology to outcome was found in agreement to the findings of other studies [14]. It is obvious that after the introduction of current treatment modalities, histology has less important prognostic significance. Between industrialized and developing countries a difference concerning the age of patients is noted [15, 16].The median age of our patients was 12 years, whereas the number of children with age of 5 years or less was of importance (5%, 3 patients). Regarding gender, the literature reports a slight male predominance (1.5 : 1) but as pts grow, males and females are equally involved [3]. In this study as well, we detected a predominance of males whereas girls were diagnosed at a significant older age.HL in childhood has been shown to be related to various factors such as higher socioeconomic status in industrialized countries, viral infections (EBV, HHV-6, CMV), and immunodeficiency [3]. A significant proportion of patients with HL have elevated antibody titers to EBV [17]. In Western countries the correlation between disease and EBV infection exceeds 50% [18]. Our patients had EBV-IgG antibodies in 72.5% as do many healthy children and adolescents in our country. HL has also been associated with autoimmune diseases [19].Presence of B-symptoms (unexplained fever with temperature above 38°C, drenching night sweats, weight loss of 10%) is considered to be of prognostic significance and correlate with more aggressive disease [20]. Among our patients nonspecific general symptoms were documented in 31% rising to 46% in pts with stage III or IV. Nevertheless, no correlation was found between the presence of B-symptoms and outcome of our patients as also shown by others [5]. On the contrary, other investigators have shown unfavorable prognosis among patients with B-symptoms [13].Also in our study, outcome of patients was not related to laboratory findings at diagnosis as leukocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, anemia (<10.5 g/dL), elevated ESR (>70 mm/h) high LDH. Moreover, in the present study, we could not detect any correlation between imaging findings (bulky mediastinal disease) and outcome. However, in the literature this was correlated with advanced disease, worse prognosis and requires more aggressive treatment [21]. It has also been shown that patients with hemoglobin of 11 g/dL or less, mediastinal bulky disease, advanced stage, presence of B-symptoms, age greater than 7 years, extranodal disease, and greater number of involved nodal sites had worse prognosis [4–6, 12–14]. Nevertheless, the lack of prognostic factors detected in our study may be attributed to the small study population combined with the very small number of events.The vast majority of children with HL nowadays have an excellent chance of definite cure. The high curative rates as well as the prevention of late effects (cardiac toxicity, endocrine sequelae, bone growth alterations, pulmonary sequelae, and secondary malignancy) have to be among primary goals when managing children with HL [22]. During the last twenty-five years 58 children in our institution were treated with the combined use of chemotherapy and low-dose involved field radiotherapy. In 1987 we adopted the treatment approach of the SFOP MDH82 protocol [9] in order to reduce the therapy-related morbidity and mortality due to high-dose extended field irradiation, staging laparotomy, and toxic chemotherapy which were the treatment strategy before 1980s in adults and children. Later in 1994 we substituted ABVD with a less toxic combination VBVP for early-stage HL as per the MDH90 protocol [10].In 1990s it became clear that the majority of children with clinical stages I and II can be cured without alkylating agents accused for second malignancies and sterility, and anthracyclines accused for cardiac toxicity. With this treatment policy over the last 20 years our patients had an excellent outcome. With an overall survival rate of 98% and an event-free survival of 86.2% it becomes evident that less toxic chemotherapy regimens and low-dose involved-field radiotherapy can effectively treat the majority of children with HL. The reported survival rate after relapse ranges between 50 to 80%. Relapses of Hodgkin lymphoma occur more frequently during the first 3 years but some patients experienced very late relapses (10 years) [23]. For this group of pts aggressive chemotherapy followed by ASCT has shown to improve survival [24, 25]. In our cohort of pts there have been 5 cases of disease relapse; all are disease free after salvage therapy with a median followup after relapse of 117 months (range 63 to 249).Although we did not present toxicity data for our pts, our impression for late effects is encouraging. There has been a small number with documented abnormal cardiopulmonary testing but none require ongoing medical management and all show good exercise tolerance. Hypothyroidism was detected in about 30% of our survivors, requiring only replacement hormone therapy. Gonadotoxicity is an important late effect in the management of HL but we do not have enough data to anticipate that gonadal function is substantially influenced. Second malignancies are attributed to both radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors appear to be highly mutagenic [26]. Among our patients, three developed second (thyroid cancer) and one of them a third malignancy (osteosarcoma). At the time of data analysis (end of 2011), there have been no cases of secondary leukaemia and no cases of breast cancer; however, the risk increases steadily with extended followup and continuing surveillance of our patients for secondary malignancies will determine whether reduced-intensity treatment has effectively decreased their incidence.Presently, Hodgkin lymphoma in children can be cured in at least 80% of pts. Accumulating evidence suggests that the vast majority of children with HL can be cured with the minimal required therapy by reducing the number of cycles and number of agents and using drugs with low risk of infertility, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, or second malignancies [27]. The new treatment strategies will be less toxic for favorable cases (without alkylating agents and anthracyclines) and more effective for high risk patients. The treatment of patients with relapsed HL depends on previous therapies with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous SCT [28]. In conclusion combined-modality therapy remains the standard of care for children and adolescents with HL. However, there may be a significant number of children and adolescents who can be cured with chemotherapy alone. On the other hand, using LD-IFRT in conjunction with decreased intensity CT may produce the best results for certain patients [29].At this moment the main question is “who can be cured without RT?” In ongoing trials positron emission tomography (PET) and especially 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) plus computed tomography (PET-CT) is increasingly used to determine response to initial CT, complete versus partial response and to detect relapse [30]. A FDG-PET scan after 2 cycles of chemotherapy may help in selecting good-prognosis HL pts who with less intensive and less morbid chemotherapy and without radiotherapy can be cured.



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