# Minimizing the Total Service Time of Discrete Dynamic Berth Allocation Problem by an Iterated Greedy Heuristic

Authors: Shih-Wei Lin; Kuo-Ching Ying; Shu-Yen Wan
Journal: The Scientific World Journal
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

Berth allocation is the forefront operation performed when ships arrive at a port and is a critical task in container port optimization. Minimizing the time ships spend at berths constitutes an important objective of berth allocation problems. This study focuses on the discrete dynamic berth allocation problem (discrete DBAP), which aims to minimize total service time, and proposes an iterated greedy (IG) algorithm to solve it. The proposed IG algorithm is tested on three benchmark problem sets. Experimental results show that the proposed IG algorithm can obtain optimal solutions for all test instances of the first and second problem sets and outperforms the best-known solutions for 35 out of 90 test instances of the third problem set.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

Containerization has been widely adopted in global freight transportation since the 1950s. Containerization significantly reduces shipping costs and accelerates cargo handling at ports. According to UNCTAD [1], maritime transportation is an important component of the global supply chain, with more than 8.7 billion tons of goods shipped annually. Shippers and carriers benefit from their ships spending as little time harbored in port as possible. Therefore, terminal authorities strive to provide efficient and cost-effective services that maximize terminal efficiency.The operations of a container terminal include seaside operations, yard operations, and land-side operations [2, 3]. One important issue in seaside operations is the assignment of berthing position to a defined set of ships that must be served within a defined planning horizon. This is esteemed as a key process for container terminals. Due to operational correlation, container terminal operators and ocean carrier share the common objective in minimizing the time ships spend in port. The berth allocation problem (BAP) thus arises in dealing with terminal assignments of berths to ships, and one of its major aims is to minimize the total service time, that is, waiting time plus handling time. Various types of aims/objectives pursued by the BAP exist and can be referred to as in the excellent reviews of the literature [3] for the corresponding objective functions.The BAP can be categorized using temporal and spatial constraints [3]. In terms of temporal constraints, BAP can be static or dynamic, while in terms of spatial constraints BAP can be for discrete, continuous, or hybrid berthing spaces. The static berth allocation problem (SBAP) disregards ship arrival time. That is, ships arrive before berth allocation is planned. The dynamic berth allocation problem (DBAP) assumes ships can arrive at any time with future arrival information being known; ships cannot be berthed before their arrival time. It should be mentioned that the DBAP solved assumes all data (including arrival times) are known in advance and therefore no reoptimization is required.In the discrete BAP, the quay is divided into a set of berths, each of which can harbor only one ship at a time. In the continuous BAP, the quay is not partitioned into definitive berths, and a vessel can occupy any arbitrary position on the quay. This improves utilization of quay space at the cost of greater computational complexity. In the hybrid BAP, the quay is partitioned into berths, but large ships may need multiple berths, while small ships require only one berth.The DBAP is known to be NP-hard [4] and thus is generally solved using metaheuristics. The iterated greedy (IG) algorithm is a very effective and efficient metaheuristic algorithm [5]. The major advantages of the IG algorithm are its simplicity and its extension property to be applicable to different problems. IG has exhibited state-of-the-art performance for numerous problems [6–8]. Therefore, this study proposes an IG algorithm to solve the discrete DBAP.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section2 describes the discrete DBAP and reviews the relevant literature. Section 3 presents the proposed IG algorithm for tackling the discrete DBAP. Section 4 depicts computational experiments and discusses the results. Finally, Section 5 presents concluding remarks.


## 2. Literature Review

Several mixed integer programming (MIP) models for discrete DBAP have been proposed in the literature. Imai et al. [9] were the first to present a discrete DBAP model which was an extension of an SBAP. Decision variables were used to assign ships to berths and scheduled their processing sequence in each assigned berth. Cordeau et al. [4] formulated the problem as a multidepot vehicle routing problem with time windows (MDVRPTW). Their model included different positions along the berth that resulted in different handling times for each ship.Christensen and Holst [10] modeled the discrete DBAP as a generalized set-partitioning problem (GSPP) which assumed that the time measurements were integers (discrete time periods). In their model a column represented a feasible assignment of a single ship to a specific berth at a specific time. Buhrkal et al. [11] proposed a heterogeneous vehicle routing problem with time window (HVRPTW) model which was a simplified version of MDVRPTW. The HVRPTW model defined the problem on a graph rather than on a multigraph as shown in Cordeau et al. [4] and left the complexity of the problem unchanged. Furthermore, Buhrkal et al. [11] proposed an improved HVRPTW model, denoted as HVRPTW+, by considering break symmetry, variable fixing, and adding valid inequalities to reduce the computation time of HVRPTW. Based on various existing models, the GSPP model optimized solutions of the ship assignment problem [11]. However, the GSPP was still NP-hard. The number of columns became excessive when a large number of berthing time and ship were involved [11]. Furthermore, Vacca et al. [12] developed an exact algorithm for the integrated planning of berth allocation and quay crane assignment. Their exact algorithm could solve the BAP + QCAP (berth allocation problem and quay crane assignment problem) to optimality on the same set of instances of [4] using branch-and-price. Because of the complex nature of the problem, global optimal solutions may be difficult to obtain when the problem involves a large amount of variables. Therefore, researchers have been seeking efficient approximation algorithms that obtain near-optimal solutions reasonably fast.Lai and Shih [13] developed a heuristic algorithm for solving the DBAP by considering the first-come-first-served rule and evaluated three different berthing policies using simulation experiments. Brown et al. [14, 15] explored berth allocation models that allow multiple ships to occupy a single berthing position. Imai et al. [16] formulated an SBAP as a nonlinear integer programming model to minimize the weighted objective of two conflicting criteria: berth performance and berthing satisfaction. Imai et al. [9] introduced a dynamic version of the problem, where each ship had a given arrival time and could only receive service after arrival. The objective was to minimize the accumulative service time of all ships.Nishimura et al. [17] extended the DBAP to the multiwater depth configuration in a public berth system and proposed a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the problem. Imai et al. [18] extended the DBAP to assign service priorities to ships and developed a GA-based algorithm to solve the extended problem. Cordeau et al. [4] considered a DBAP with time windows and proposed a Tabu search algorithm to solve it. Monaco and Sammarra [19] derived a more compact formulation than that of Imai et al. [9] and solved it by using a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm and a nonstandard multiplier adjustment method. Imai et al. [20] formulated a BAP that allowed a single berth to simultaneously serve two ships and solved it using GAs. Imai et al. [21] used the Lagrangian relaxation with subgradient optimization and the GA to identify noninferior solutions in a biobjective BAP model which minimized the service and delay time.Mauri et al. [22] proposed a population training algorithm with linear programming (PTA/LP) to solve discrete DBAP. PTA/LP improved incoming columns in the column generation problem. Hansen et al. [23] presented a minimum cost berth allocation problem (MCBAP) based on an extension of the model previously proposed by Imai et al. [18] and developed a variable neighborhood search algorithm to solve the problem. Imai et al. [24] studied a variant of the DBAP in which an external terminal could be available when the port ran out of berth capacity.Barros et al. [25] formulated a berth allocation model with tidal time windows, where berths could only be operated when the tide allowed. Their simulation model was based on the dynamic berth allocation model of Imai et al. [9]. De Oliveira et al. [26] proposed an approach based on clustering search (CS) with simulated annealing mechanism. CS was an iterative method which divided the search space into clusters and comprised a metaheuristic for solution generation, a grouping process, and a local search algorithm. Lalla-Ruiz et al. [27] proposed a Tabu search (T
2
S
*) approach and a Tabu search with path relinking (T
2
S
* + PR) approach to solve the discrete DBAP. T
2
S
* was an improved version of T
2
S [4] that employed different neighborhood structure, and T
2
S
* + PR added the path-relink techniques to the T
2
S
*. T
2
S, T
2
S
*, and T
2
S
* + PR were tested using the instances from Cordeau et al. [4] and the newly generated problem set. The experimental results showed that the T
2
S
* + PR approach was competitive with GSPP in small-scale problems and outperformed T
2
S and T
2
S
*. Lin and Ting [28] proposed two versions of simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to solve the discrete DBAP. The results showed that both versions obtained the same solutions as those of GSPP and outperformed the T
2
S, PTA/LP, and CS approaches. Furthermore, the version of SA algorithm with restarting strategy (SARS) outperformed that without restarting strategy (SAWRS).


## 3. Development of the Proposed Iterated Greedy Heuristic

A generic IG algorithm usually starts from an initial solutionπ
0 and then generates a sequence of solutions by iterating the greedy method through thedestruction andconstruction phases [5]. Thedestruction phase obtains a partial candidate solution π
P by removing a fixed number (α) of elements from the current candidate solution π. In the subsequentconstruction phase, a greedy constructive approach is used to sequentially insert the removed elements into the partial solution (π
P) until a full solution is reconstructed. Once a complete solution is reconstructed, an acceptance criterion is applied to determine whether the new solution should replace the existing one. The process iterates through thedestruction andconstruction phases until reaching the termination conditions. Additionally, another local search method may be applied before both the main loop and acceptance test to improve the initial solution and the reconstructed solution.Based on the framework of the generic IG algorithm, the following subsection further discusses the solution representation, the objective function calculation, and the main steps of the proposed IG algorithm.


### 3.1. Solution Representation and Objective Function Calculation

A solution can be represented by a numerical sequence that consists of a permutation ofn ships and m
-
1 zeros, where m denotes the number of berths. That is, the numerical sequence contains m segments separated by “zeros,” where each segment corresponds to the service sequence of certain ships on an assigned berth. Figure 1 represents an example of a solution, which is explained as follows: 15 ships are to be processed on three berths, and the service sequences of the ships on berths 1, 2, and 3 are 3-8-10-9-7, 2-4-15-12-11-5, and 13-14-6-1, respectively.Figure 1
An example of the solution representation with 3-berth and 15-ship.The completion time of each ship on an assigned berth is calculated according to its arrival time, the sequence in the berth, and the availability of the berth. The service time of each ship is obtained by subtracting its arrival time from its completion time. Finally, the total service time can be calculated by summing up the service times of all ships.


### 3.2. Main Steps of the Proposed IG Algorithm

The main steps of the proposed IG algorithm are as follows.Step 1 (generate the initial solution).
The initial solutionπ is generated using the first-come-first-served rule, which is usually implemented in real world operations. That is, the ships are sorted in ascending order of their arrival times. Each ship is then sequentially assigned to the berth with the earliest completion time of the ship that has been assigned to it. In the event of a tie, the berth with the shortest waiting time of the assigned ship is chosen. If the tie persists, the berth with the smallest number will be selected. The obtained initial solution is set as the incumbent solution π
* and the best solution π
best
*.Step 2 (destruction and construction phases).
Consider the following.(a)
Randomly chooseα distinct ships from the n ships of π
*. The value of α is selected randomly between α
min
⁡ and α
max
⁡, where α
min
⁡ and α
max
⁡ are the minimal and maximal numbers of unrepeated ships to be removed, respectively. Subtract these numbers from π
* and add them to π
D
* in the order in which they are chosen, where π
D
* is a permutation list of the α removed ships.
(b)
Sequentially reinsert the ships ofπ
D
* into π
P
* until a complete solution π
new
* is obtained, where π
P
* is the partial sequence of π
* obtained after removing α ships. When inserting a ship into π
P
*, all possible positions in all berths of the incumbent partial solution are considered. The best position is then chosen and recorded as the incumbent partial solution.
(c)
IFTST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
best
*
)
<
0, THEN set π
best
*
:
=
π
new
* and π
*
:
=
π
new
*;
ELSE_IFTST
(
π
new
*
)
≤
TST
(
π
*
), THEN set π
*
:
=
π
new
*
ELSE_IFr
<
e
(
-
Δ
E
/
T
), THEN set π
*
:
=
π
new
*, where r
∈
[
0,1
] is a random number, Δ
E
=
TST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
*
), and T is the temperature.Step 3 (stopping criteria).
If the computational time exceeds a specified threshold, stop the algorithm.In Step1, an initial solution π is generated according to the first-come-first-served rule. Steps 2(a) and 2(b) are thedestruction andconstruction phases, which comprise a perturbation mechanism. In Step 2(c), the Boltzmann function that is commonly used in the annealing process of SA algorithms is applied to enable the proposed IG algorithm to escape the local minimum. This is achieved by generating a random number r
∈
[
0,1
] and replacing the incumbent solution π
* with π
new
* if r
<
e
(
-
Δ
E
/
T
), where Δ
E
=
TST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
*
)
>
0. If TST
(
π
new
*
)
≤
TST
(
π
*
), the probability of replacing π
* with π
new
* is set to one. Subsequently, the incumbent solution π
* can be improved by the destruction and construction phases of Step 2 iteratively until the computational time reaching a predetermined limit. To clearly illustrate the process, Tables 1 and 2 together give a small discrete DBAP instance with 15-ship and 3-berth. The start time of berth k
(
s
k
) and finish time of berths k
(
e
k
) are listed in Table 1. The arrival time of ship i (a
i), the end of the service time window on ship i
(
b
i
), and the handling time of ship i at each berth k
(
t
i
1
,
t
i
2
,
t
i
3
) are given in Table 2. Figure 2 presents an iteration of the proposed IG algorithm.Table 1
Information of 3 berths.
k
s
k
e
k
1
12
300
2
12
300
3
12
300Table 2
Information of 15 ships.
i
a
i
b
i
t
1
i
t
2
i
t
3
i
1
71
300
20
20
40
2
90
300
44
44
88
3
39
300
22
22
44
4
17
300
34
34
68
5
12
300
12
12
24
6
117
300
30
30
60
7
94
300
28
28
56
8
29
300
6
6
12
9
43
300
26
26
52
10
79
300
22
22
44
11
2
300
20
20
40
12
129
300
16
16
32
13
123
300
26
26
52
14
43
300
14
14
28
15
5
300
18
18
36Figure 2
An example of IG destruction phase and construction phase.The computational complexity of the proposed IG algorithm is as follows. In Step1, the time complexity needed for sorting the n ships in ascending order of their arrival times is O
(
n
lo
g
2
n
). When trying to assign each ship to the berth, there are at most m berths to be considered. In each iteration of Step 2, α distinct ships are removed from the n ships of current solution in the destruction phase. The computational complexity is linear. In addition, in each iteration of Step 2, α ships are needed to be reinserted to the partial solution in the construction phase. When trying to find the best position to reinsert the first one of α removed ships, there are (
n
+
m
-
α
) possible positions to be tested. Therefore, there are (
n
+
m
-
α
) times to calculate objective function value. In a similar fashion, when trying to find the best position to reinsert the ith ship of α removed ships, there are (
n
+
m
-
1
-
α
+
i
) possible positions to be tested. Therefore, the total number of calculating objective function is ∑
i
=
1
α
(
n
+
m
-
1
-
α
+
i
). It should be noted that recalculation of the objective function is localized. That is, only the ships whose orders are affected by the inserted ship on the same berth are taken into account for recalculating the objective function. The proposed IG algorithm is thus adaptive and efficient.


## 3.1. Solution Representation and Objective Function Calculation

A solution can be represented by a numerical sequence that consists of a permutation ofn ships and m
-
1 zeros, where m denotes the number of berths. That is, the numerical sequence contains m segments separated by “zeros,” where each segment corresponds to the service sequence of certain ships on an assigned berth. Figure 1 represents an example of a solution, which is explained as follows: 15 ships are to be processed on three berths, and the service sequences of the ships on berths 1, 2, and 3 are 3-8-10-9-7, 2-4-15-12-11-5, and 13-14-6-1, respectively.Figure 1
An example of the solution representation with 3-berth and 15-ship.The completion time of each ship on an assigned berth is calculated according to its arrival time, the sequence in the berth, and the availability of the berth. The service time of each ship is obtained by subtracting its arrival time from its completion time. Finally, the total service time can be calculated by summing up the service times of all ships.


## 3.2. Main Steps of the Proposed IG Algorithm

The main steps of the proposed IG algorithm are as follows.Step 1 (generate the initial solution).
The initial solutionπ is generated using the first-come-first-served rule, which is usually implemented in real world operations. That is, the ships are sorted in ascending order of their arrival times. Each ship is then sequentially assigned to the berth with the earliest completion time of the ship that has been assigned to it. In the event of a tie, the berth with the shortest waiting time of the assigned ship is chosen. If the tie persists, the berth with the smallest number will be selected. The obtained initial solution is set as the incumbent solution π
* and the best solution π
best
*.Step 2 (destruction and construction phases).
Consider the following.(a)
Randomly chooseα distinct ships from the n ships of π
*. The value of α is selected randomly between α
min
⁡ and α
max
⁡, where α
min
⁡ and α
max
⁡ are the minimal and maximal numbers of unrepeated ships to be removed, respectively. Subtract these numbers from π
* and add them to π
D
* in the order in which they are chosen, where π
D
* is a permutation list of the α removed ships.
(b)
Sequentially reinsert the ships ofπ
D
* into π
P
* until a complete solution π
new
* is obtained, where π
P
* is the partial sequence of π
* obtained after removing α ships. When inserting a ship into π
P
*, all possible positions in all berths of the incumbent partial solution are considered. The best position is then chosen and recorded as the incumbent partial solution.
(c)
IFTST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
best
*
)
<
0, THEN set π
best
*
:
=
π
new
* and π
*
:
=
π
new
*;
ELSE_IFTST
(
π
new
*
)
≤
TST
(
π
*
), THEN set π
*
:
=
π
new
*
ELSE_IFr
<
e
(
-
Δ
E
/
T
), THEN set π
*
:
=
π
new
*, where r
∈
[
0,1
] is a random number, Δ
E
=
TST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
*
), and T is the temperature.Step 3 (stopping criteria).
If the computational time exceeds a specified threshold, stop the algorithm.In Step1, an initial solution π is generated according to the first-come-first-served rule. Steps 2(a) and 2(b) are thedestruction andconstruction phases, which comprise a perturbation mechanism. In Step 2(c), the Boltzmann function that is commonly used in the annealing process of SA algorithms is applied to enable the proposed IG algorithm to escape the local minimum. This is achieved by generating a random number r
∈
[
0,1
] and replacing the incumbent solution π
* with π
new
* if r
<
e
(
-
Δ
E
/
T
), where Δ
E
=
TST
(
π
new
*
)
-
TST
(
π
*
)
>
0. If TST
(
π
new
*
)
≤
TST
(
π
*
), the probability of replacing π
* with π
new
* is set to one. Subsequently, the incumbent solution π
* can be improved by the destruction and construction phases of Step 2 iteratively until the computational time reaching a predetermined limit. To clearly illustrate the process, Tables 1 and 2 together give a small discrete DBAP instance with 15-ship and 3-berth. The start time of berth k
(
s
k
) and finish time of berths k
(
e
k
) are listed in Table 1. The arrival time of ship i (a
i), the end of the service time window on ship i
(
b
i
), and the handling time of ship i at each berth k
(
t
i
1
,
t
i
2
,
t
i
3
) are given in Table 2. Figure 2 presents an iteration of the proposed IG algorithm.Table 1
Information of 3 berths.
k
s
k
e
k
1
12
300
2
12
300
3
12
300Table 2
Information of 15 ships.
i
a
i
b
i
t
1
i
t
2
i
t
3
i
1
71
300
20
20
40
2
90
300
44
44
88
3
39
300
22
22
44
4
17
300
34
34
68
5
12
300
12
12
24
6
117
300
30
30
60
7
94
300
28
28
56
8
29
300
6
6
12
9
43
300
26
26
52
10
79
300
22
22
44
11
2
300
20
20
40
12
129
300
16
16
32
13
123
300
26
26
52
14
43
300
14
14
28
15
5
300
18
18
36Figure 2
An example of IG destruction phase and construction phase.The computational complexity of the proposed IG algorithm is as follows. In Step1, the time complexity needed for sorting the n ships in ascending order of their arrival times is O
(
n
lo
g
2
n
). When trying to assign each ship to the berth, there are at most m berths to be considered. In each iteration of Step 2, α distinct ships are removed from the n ships of current solution in the destruction phase. The computational complexity is linear. In addition, in each iteration of Step 2, α ships are needed to be reinserted to the partial solution in the construction phase. When trying to find the best position to reinsert the first one of α removed ships, there are (
n
+
m
-
α
) possible positions to be tested. Therefore, there are (
n
+
m
-
α
) times to calculate objective function value. In a similar fashion, when trying to find the best position to reinsert the ith ship of α removed ships, there are (
n
+
m
-
1
-
α
+
i
) possible positions to be tested. Therefore, the total number of calculating objective function is ∑
i
=
1
α
(
n
+
m
-
1
-
α
+
i
). It should be noted that recalculation of the objective function is localized. That is, only the ships whose orders are affected by the inserted ship on the same berth are taken into account for recalculating the objective function. The proposed IG algorithm is thus adaptive and efficient.


## 4. Computational Results and Discussion

This section discusses the computational tests used to evaluate the performance of the proposed IG algorithm. The details of the test problems, parameters selection, and the computational results of the proposed IG algorithm are compared with those of the state-of-the-art algorithms, includingT
2
S [4], PTA/LP [22], CS [26], T
2
S
* [27], T
2
S
* + PR [27], and SARS [28].


### 4.1. Test Problems

Three benchmark problem sets were used in this study. Cordeau et al. [4] provided two sets (I2 and I3) of instances that were randomly generated based on data from the port of Gioia Tauro (Italy). The I2 set includes five instance sizes: 25 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; 35 ships with 7 and 10 berths; and 10 instances generated for each size. The I3 set includes 30 instances with 60 ships and 13 berths. Lalla-Ruiz et al. [27] provided a new set of instances that was generated according to Cordeau et al. [4] with longer time horizon, higher traffic, and fewer available berths. New instances can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/gciports/berth-allocation-problem. This site provided nine instance sizes: 30 ships with 3 and 5 berths; 40 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; 55 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; and 60 ships with 5 and 7 berths. Ten instances are generated for each problem size.


### 4.2. Parameter Selection

The proposed IG algorithm was implemented using the C language on the Windows XP operating system and run on a personal computer with an Intel Core 2 2.66 GHz CPU and 2 G RAM. Parameter selection may influence the quality of the results. One instance was randomly selected from each size in the I2 problem set and the new problem set, and three instances were randomly selected in the I3 problem set for preliminary testing. The following combinations of parameters were tested on these instances:T
=
{
0.03
,
0.05
,
0.10
,
0.15
,
0.20
,
0.25
}
×
TP
/
NBS; α
min
⁡
=
3,4
,
5,6, α
max
⁡
=
5,6
,
7,8; and Max
⁡
T
=
{
0.03
,
0.05
,
0.10
,
0.15
,
0.20
,
0.25
}
×
n seconds, where TP denotes total processing time (∑
i
=
1
n
∑
j
=
1
m
P
i
j), the summation of handling times that each ship i can be assigned to berth j, NBS is the total number of allowable ship and berth assignments, and n is the number of ships. For each berth, if the ship can be served, it is an allowable ship for the berth. Based on the preliminary tests, the following parameter values exhibit the best performance within a reasonable computational time: α
min
⁡
=
4; α
max
⁡
=
7; T
=
0.05
×
TP
/
NBS; Max
⁡
T is set to 0.2
×
n seconds for sets I2 and I3, while Max
⁡
T is set to 0.05
×
n seconds for the new problem set of Lalla-Ruiz et al. [27]. Therefore, these parameter values were used for all subsequent experiments in this study. For comparison with other state-of-the-art algorithms on the same base, each problem in sets I2 and I3 is solved based on 10 trials, while each problem in the new problem set of Lalla-Ruiz et al. is solved based on 30 trials.


### 4.3. Results and Discussion

Tables3–6 list the computational results for the discrete DBAP. The optimal solution was provided by the GSPP model using CPLEX 11 [10]. CPLEX was able to get optimal solutions for all small-sized problem instances of the three benchmark problem sets. However, for part of medium-sized and all large-sized problem instances, CPLEX is terminated with memory depletion and no solution was found [27]. Tables 3, 4, and 5 list the required computation times for the GSPP model. The proposed IG algorithm is compared with SARS for the I2 problem set and results are listed in Table 3. Table 4 lists the results of the PTA/LP, CS, SARS, and IG algorithms for the I3 problem set. Furthermore, Table 5 compares the proposed IG algorithm with T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS for the new problem set with known optimal solutions, while Table 6 lists the results of T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG for the new problem set with unknown optimal solutions.Table 3
Computational result for I2 problem set.
Instance
GSPP
SARS
IG
Optimal
Time
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
2
5
×
5
_
1
759
5.99
759
0.04
759
0.01
25
×
5
_
2
964
3.70
964
0.16
964
0.08
25
×
5
_
3
970
2.95
970
0.63
970
0.10
25
×
5
_
4
688
2.72
688
0.10
688
0.03
25
×
5
_
5
955
6.97
955
0.32
955
0.38
25
×
5
_
6
1129
3.10
1129
0.01
1129
0.01
25
×
5
_
7
835
2.31
835
0.01
835
0.00
25
×
5
_
8
627
1.92
627
0.03
627
0.03
25
×
5
_
9
752
4.76
752
0.07
752
0.20
25
×
5
_
10
1073
6.38
1073
0.59
1073
0.20
25
×
7
_
1
657
3.62
657
0.00
657
0.01
25
×
7
_
2
662
3.15
662
0.03
662
0.00
25
×
7
_
3
807
4.28
807
0.20
807
0.56
25
×
7
_
4
648
3.78
648
0.59
648
0.14
25
×
7
_
5
725
3.85
725
0.02
725
0.19
25
×
7
_
6
794
3.60
794
0.01
794
0.02
25
×
7
_
7
734
3.54
734
0.21
734
0.03
25
×
7
_
8
768
3.93
768
0.07
768
0.05
25
×
7
_
9
749
3.73
749
0.02
749
0.00
25
×
7
_
10
825
3.82
825
0.02
825
0.01
25
×
10
_
1
713
5.83
713
0.04
713
0.02
25
×
10
_
2
727
6.99
727
0.15
727
0.01
25
×
10
_
3
761
6.12
761
0.24
761
0.16
25
×
10
_
4
810
5.38
810
0.19
810
0.20
25
×
10
_
5
840
6.77
840
0.10
840
0.06
25
×
10
_
6
689
5.57
689
0.01
689
0.04
25
×
10
_
7
666
5.83
666
0.00
666
0.00
25
×
10
_
8
855
5.87
855
0.01
855
0.01
25
×
10
_
9
711
5.38
711
0.15
711
0.01
25
×
10
_
10
801
5.96
801
0.04
801
0.09
35
×
7
_
1
1000
12.57
1000
11.59
1000
0.37
35
×
7
_
2
1192
15.93
1192
9.07
1192
1.35
35
×
7
_
3
1201
7.16
1201
3.81
1201
0.47
35
×
7
_
4
1139
13.59
1139
1.65
1139
0.47
35
×
7
_
5
1164
11.50
1164
2.25
1164
1.26
35
×
7
_
6
1686
29.16
1686
8.31
1686
2.02
35
×
7
_
7
1176
12.89
1176
1.40
1176
0.41
35
×
7
_
8
1318
17.52
1318
4.95
1318
0.34
35
×
7
_
9
1245
8.41
1245
0.59
1245
0.25
35
×
7
_
10
1109
14.39
1109
7.30
1109
0.80
35
×
10
_
1
1124
19.98
1124
0.19
1124
0.30
35
×
10
_
2
1189
11.37
1189
4.47
1189
0.87
35
×
10
_
3
938
8.97
938
0.13
938
0.34
35
×
10
_
4
1226
10.28
1226
5.63
1226
0.50
35
×
10
_
5
1349
22.31
1349
0.52
1349
0.27
35
×
10
_
6
1188
10.92
1188
0.29
1188
0.14
35
×
10
_
7
1051
9.74
1051
0.21
1051
0.77
35
×
10
_
8
1194
9.39
1194
0.08
1194
0.06
35
×
10
_
9
1311
29.45
1311
0.90
1311
0.53
35
×
10
_
10
1189
14.28
1189
0.05
1189
0.08
Average
953.7
8.60
953.7
1.35
953.7
0.28Table 4
Computational result for I3 problem set.
Instance
GSPP
PTA/LP
CS
SARS
IG
Optimal
Time
Best objective
Time
Best objective
Time
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
i01
1409
17.92
1409
74.61
1409
12.47
1409
0.51
1409
1.53
i02
1261
15.77
1261
60.75
1261
12.59
1261
0.05
1261
0.11
i03
1129
13.54
1129
135.45
1129
12.64
1129
0.17
1129
0.28
i04
1302
14.48
1302
110.17
1302
12.59
1302
0.09
1302
0.32
i05
1207
17.21
1207
124.70
1207
12.68
1207
0.07
1207
0.07
i06
1261
13.85
1261
78.34
1261
12.56
1261
0.00
1261
0.00
i07
1279
14.60
1279
114.20
1279
12.63
1279
0.40
1279
0.54
i08
1299
14.21
1299
57.06
1299
12.57
1299
0.29
1299
0.71
i09
1444
16.51
1444
96.47
1444
12.58
1444
0.21
1444
0.57
i10
1213
14.16
1213
99.41
1213
12.61
1213
0.11
1213
0.18
i11
1368
14.13
1369
99.34
1368
12.58
1368
1.11
1368
3.29
i12
1325
15.60
1325
80.69
1325
12.56
1325
1.49
1325
3.90
i13
1360
13.87
1360
89.94
1360
12.61
1360
0.04
1360
0.07
i14
1233
15.60
1233
73.95
1233
12.67
1233
0.05
1233
0.09
i15
1295
13.52
1295
74.19
1295
13.80
1295
0.00
1295
0.10
i16
1364
13.68
1365
170.36
1364
14.46
1364
1.86
1364
2.89
i17
1283
13.37
1283
46.58
1283
13.73
1283
0.02
1283
0.07
i18
1345
13.51
1345
84.02
1345
12.72
1345
0.00
1345
0.10
i19
1367
14.59
1367
123.19
1367
13.39
1367
3.67
1367
4.24
i20
1328
16.64
1328
82.30
1328
12.82
1328
1.00
1328
6.37
i21
1341
13.37
1341
108.08
1341
12.68
1341
2.06
1341
4.27
i22
1326
15.24
1326
105.38
1326
12.62
1326
0.50
1326
1.18
i23
1266
13.65
1266
43.72
1266
12.62
1266
0.06
1266
0.12
i24
1260
15.58
1260
78.91
1260
12.64
1260
0.07
1260
0.39
i25
1376
15.80
1376
96.58
1376
12.62
1376
3.60
1376
6.45
i26
1318
15.38
1318
101.11
1318
12.62
1318
0.45
1318
1.33
i27
1261
15.52
1261
82.86
1261
12.64
1261
0.09
1261
0.28
i28
1359
16.22
1360
52.91
1359
12.71
1359
11.41
1359
11.57
i29
1280
15.30
1280
203.36
1280
12.62
1280
1.07
1280
5.25
i30
1344
16.52
1344
71.02
1344
12.58
1344
1.86
1344
2.33
Avg.
1306.8
14.98
1306.9
93.99
1306.8
12.79
1306.8
1.08
1306.8
1.95Table 5
Computational result for new problem set with known optimal solutions.
Size
Instance
GSPP
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
IG
Optimal
T (s)
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
3
0
*
03
1
1763
11.25
1763
0.25
0.00
1763
0.25
0.00
1763
1763.00
0.04
0.00
1763
1763.00
0.03
0.00
2
2090
22.59
2090
0.26
0.00
2090
0.26
0.00
2090
2090.00
0.03
0.00
2090
2090.00
0.05
0.00
3
2186
13.68
2186
0.26
0.00
2186
0.26
0.00
2186
2186.00
0.04
0.00
2186
2186.00
0.06
0.00
4
1538
12.98
1538
0.28
0.00
1538
0.28
0.00
1538
1538.00
0.03
0.00
1538
1538.00
0.02
0.00
5
2114
16.12
2114
0.22
0.00
2114
0.22
0.00
2114
2114.00
0.05
0.00
2114
2114.00
0.01
0.00
6
2185
36.97
2187
0.34
0.09
2185
0.34
0.00
2185
2185.00
0.05
0.00
2185
2185.00
0.09
0.00
7
1845
23.29
1847
0.34
0.11
1845
0.34
0.00
1845
1845.00
0.31
0.00
1845
1845.60
0.89
0.00
8
1271
9.77
1271
0.31
0.00
1271
0.31
0.00
1271
1271.00
0.14
0.00
1271
1271.00
0.13
0.00
9
1595
28.25
1595
0.25
0.00
1595
0.25
0.00
1595
1595.00
0.06
0.00
1595
1595.00
0.09
0.00
10
2195
9.64
2195
0.29
0.00
2195
0.29
0.00
2195
2195.00
0.05
0.00
2195
2195.00
0.05
0.00
30
*
05
1
1149
17.93
1149
0.47
0.00
1149
0.47
0.00
1149
1149.53
1.02
0.00
1149
1149.27
0.37
0.00
2
1475
30.59
1476
0.47
0.07
1475
0.47
0.00
1475
1475.53
1.08
0.00
1475
1475.00
0.33
0.00
3
1542
26.43
1542
0.50
0.00
1542
0.50
0.00
1542
1542.00
0.12
0.00
1542
1542.00
0.07
0.00
4
1075
15.72
1075
0.48
0.00
1075
0.48
0.00
1075
1075.00
0.14
0.00
1075
1075.00
0.12
0.00
5
1463
23.60
1463
0.40
0.00
1463
0.40
0.00
1463
1463.00
0.43
0.00
1463
1463.00
0.03
0.00
6
1580
30.84
1581
0.48
0.06
1580
0.48
0.00
1580
1580.00
0.22
0.00
1580
1580.00
0.19
0.00
7
1276
19.39
1276
0.46
0.00
1276
0.46
0.00
1276
1276.00
0.25
0.00
1276
1276.00
0.15
0.00
8
870
22.06
870
0.42
0.00
870
0.42
0.00
870
870.00
0.47
0.00
870
870.00
0.16
0.00
9
1134
22.31
1153
0.50
1.68
1134
0.50
0.00
1134
1136.80
0.90
0.00
1134
1134.00
0.26
0.00
10
1527
18.80
1527
0.46
0.00
1527
0.46
0.00
1527
1527.00
0.10
0.00
1527
1527.00
0.07
0.00
40
*
05
1
2301
41.51
2307
0.90
0.26
2303
0.90
0.09
2301
2302.87
1.09
0.00
2301
2301.27
1.01
0.00
2
2829
59.89
2835
1.09
0.21
2834
1.09
0.18
2829
2829.00
0.40
0.00
2829
2829.27
0.97
0.00
3
2880
99.20
2880
0.50
0.00
2880
0.50
0.00
2880
2880.67
1.75
0.00
2880
2880.17
1.33
0.00
4
2001
39.78
2001
0.84
0.00
2001
0.84
0.00
2001
2001.03
0.64
0.00
2001
2002.33
1.24
0.00
5
2815
74.14
2815
0.76
0.00
2815
0.76
0.00
2815
2816.03
1.00
0.00
2815
2820.63
1.59
0.00
6
2934
66.46
2934
0.87
0.00
2934
0.87
0.00
2934
2934.00
0.22
0.00
2934
2934.00
0.20
0.00
7
2632
40.97
2632
0.79
0.00
2632
0.79
0.00
2632
2632.07
0.64
0.00
2632
2632.00
0.48
0.00
8
1835
40.11
1836
1.28
0.05
1835
1.28
0.00
1835
1835.40
1.18
0.00
1835
1835.00
0.93
0.00
9
2086
47.70
2095
1.07
0.43
2089
1.07
0.14
2086
2089.57
1.54
0.00
2086
2089.37
1.22
0.00
10
2962
52.28
2964
1.06
0.07
2962
1.06
0.00
2962
2962.03
0.49
0.00
2962
2962.00
0.20
0.00Table 6
Computational result for new problem set with unknown optimal solution.
Size
Instance
BKS
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
IG
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
4
0
*
10
1
1458
1467
1.20
0.62
1460
1.11
0.14
1458
1464.13
1.79
0.00
1458
1458.13
1.33
0.00
2
1375
1381
1.01
0.44
1375
1.32
0.00
1375
1376.87
1.45
0.00
1375
1375.00
0.56
0.00
3
2119
2119
0.84
0.00
2119
1.17
0.00
2119
2128.07
1.98
0.00
2119
2119.00
0.56
0.00
4
1591
1600
1.18
0.57
1597
1.78
0.38
1591
1597.23
1.52
0.00
1591
1592.37
0.36
0.00
5
1847
1849
1.11
0.11
1847
1.45
0.00
1847
1848.53
1.68
0.00
1847
1847.13
1.04
0.00
6
2080
2080
0.86
0.00
2080
1.37
0.00
2080
2080.00
0.21
0.00
2080
2080.00
0.11
0.00
7
1841
1845
1.25
0.22
1841
1.56
0.00
1841
1841.80
1.36
0.00
1841
1841.00
0.65
0.00
8
2025
2026
1.18
0.05
2026
1.70
0.05
2025
2025.87
0.57
0.00
2025
2025.63
0.49
0.00
9
1880
1888
1.06
0.43
1880
1.48
0.00
1880
1880.47
0.78
0.00
1880
1880.00
0.25
0.00
10
1883
1905
0.71
1.17
1892
1.59
0.48
1884
1889.27
0.99
0.05
1883
1883.10
0.26
0.00
55
*
05
1
4689
4693
1.65
0.09
4689
2.82
0.00
4689
4689.13
1.02
0.00
4689
4689.07
1.21
0.00
2
5467
5483
1.37
0.29
5467
2.81
0.00
5467
5467.13
0.98
0.00
5467
5472.53
2.01
0.00
3
5499
5499
1.92
0.00
5499
2.67
0.00
5499
5499.00
0.37
0.00
5499
5499.00
0.23
0.00
4
4165
4189
1.76
0.58
4179
3.65
0.34
4165
4170.37
1.32
0.00
4165
4171.80
1.79
0.00
5
5478
5484
1.39
0.11
5478
2.73
0.00
5478
5478.00
0.67
0.00
5478
5478.07
0.80
0.00
6
5595
5599
1.45
0.07
5595
2.56
0.00
5595
5595.27
0.90
0.00
5595
5595.00
0.22
0.00
7
4870
4902
1.90
0.66
4882
3.82
0.25
4870
4878.47
1.34
0.00
4870
4877.57
1.32
0.00
8
3552
3565
1.54
0.37
3552
2.79
0.00
3552
3552.50
1.25
0.00
3552
3562.40
2.40
0.00
9
4273
4277
1.67
0.09
4275
2.75
0.05
4273
4276.20
2.46
0.00
4273
4273.47
1.41
0.00
10
5739
5739
1.85
0.00
5739
2.65
0.00
5739
5739.00
0.40
0.00
5739
5739.00
0.22
0.00
55
*
07
1
2846
2846
3.60
0.00
2846
4.78
0.00
2846
2853.73
2.56
0.00
2846
2846.97
2.09
0.00
2
2883
2887
3.03
0.14
2883
4.94
0.00
2883
2888.63
2.70
0.00
2883
2883.13
1.63
0.00
3
3825
3840
4.31
0.39
3833
5.57
0.21
3831
3837.07
2.57
0.16
3825
3829.70
1.33
0.00
4
2953
2977
2.51
0.81
2971
4.31
0.61
2953
2966.73
1.64
0.07
2951
2955.50
0.70
0.00
5
3797
3803
3.75
0.16
3801
3.56
0.11
3797
3799.73
1.49
0.00
3797
3797.40
0.44
0.00
6
3783
3783
2.59
0.00
3783
3.70
0.00
3783
3783.00
0.68
0.00
3783
3783.00
0.72
0.00
7
3774
3774
2.43
0.00
3774
3.84
0.00
3774
3774.00
1.10
0.00
3774
3774.00
0.63
0.00
8
3862
3864
2.09
0.05
3863
3.95
0.03
3862
3864.17
2.18
0.00
3862
3862.93
1.85
0.00
9
3591
3597
3.03
0.17
3591
5.26
0.00
3591
3592.93
2.39
0.00
3591
3591.93
2.27
0.00
10
3623
3658
2.61
0.97
3635
4.73
0.33
3630
3638.07
2.33
0.19
3623
3633.60
1.42
0.00
55
*
10
1
2742
2745
8.09
0.11
2745
7.31
0.11
2744
2747.70
2.50
0.07
2742
2744.90
1.70
0.00
2
2527
2549
8.23
0.87
2534
6.10
0.28
2527
2535.20
1.98
0.00
2527
2528.90
1.06
0.00
3
2544
2545
6.20
0.04
2545
6.53
0.04
2544
2549.57
2.38
0.00
2544
2552.17
2.36
0.00
4
3315
3315
7.00
0.00
3315
5.59
0.00
3315
3316.13
1.83
0.00
3315
3321.23
2.63
0.00
5
3109
3147
7.66
1.22
3123
6.12
0.45
3111
3120.10
1.57
0.06
3109
3109.20
0.24
0.00
6
2283
2283
6.48
0.00
2283
6.54
0.00
2283
2283.07
0.84
0.00
2283
2283.00
0.38
0.00
7
2144
2146
5.04
0.09
2146
9.17
0.09
2144
2150.67
2.70
0.00
2144
2144.00
0.83
0.00
8
2720
2743
4.98
0.85
2726
5.18
0.22
2720
2725.13
1.38
0.00
2720
2720.03
0.73
0.00
9
2149
2162
6.50
0.60
2162
6.50
0.60
2152
2158.53
1.35
0.14
2149
2154.13
0.42
0.00
10
2814
2815
5.45
0.04
2815
6.05
0.04
2814
2814.57
1.08
0.00
2814
2820.07
1.86
0.00
60
*
05
1
5753
5761
1.99
0.14
5753
3.12
0.00
5753
5753.70
1.57
0.00
5753
5753.00
0.96
0.00
2
6884
6884
2.67
0.00
6884
3.20
0.00
6884
6884.00
0.81
0.00
6884
6884.00
0.42
0.00
3
6780
6782
2.17
0.03
6780
4.25
0.00
6780
6780.00
0.82
0.00
6780
6780.00
0.74
0.00
4
5092
5105
2.30
0.26
5105
2.30
0.26
5092
5101.87
1.75
0.00
5092
5100.57
2.08
0.00
5
6715
6715
2.47
0.00
6715
3.18
0.00
6715
6715.00
0.60
0.00
6715
6715.00
0.66
0.00
6
6616
6618
2.45
0.03
6616
3.53
0.00
6616
6616.33
1.36
0.00
6616
6616.00
0.50
0.00
7
6011
6011
2.66
0.00
6011
4.75
0.00
6011
6011.00
0.60
0.00
6011
6014.53
1.73
0.00
8
4385
4406
2.64
0.48
4385
3.77
0.00
4385
4385.00
0.54
0.00
4385
4396.90
2.36
0.00
9
5235
5235
2.17
0.00
5235
3.99
0.00
5235
5238.20
2.84
0.00
5235
5235.73
1.93
0.00
10
7255
7281
2.22
0.36
7281
3.62
0.36
7255
7255.00
0.12
0.00
7255
7255.00
0.06
0.00
60
*
07
1
3707
3724
4.40
0.46
3715
9.26
0.22
3709
3714.73
2.12
0.05
3707
3707.77
0.74
0.00
2
4147
4191
6.39
1.06
4172
6.70
0.60
4150
4166.30
1.64
0.07
4147
4151.87
0.94
0.00
3
4273
4290
6.78
0.40
4281
5.90
0.19
4275
4282.30
2.14
0.05
4273
4274.90
1.56
0.00
4
3910
3916
5.32
0.15
3916
7.15
0.15
3911
3914.00
1.68
0.03
3910
3911.67
0.73
0.00
5
4251
4264
3.99
0.31
4261
6.23
0.24
4251
4259.67
1.86
0.00
4251
4261.93
2.20
0.00
6
5727
5731
6.56
0.07
5729
4.39
0.03
5727
5729.07
1.87
0.00
5727
5727.57
0.78
0.00
7
3719
3749
6.61
0.81
3743
8.28
0.65
3721
3739.57
1.71
0.05
3719
3726.47
0.42
0.00
8
4582
4600
6.96
0.39
4586
6.96
0.09
4582
4588.17
2.34
0.00
4582
4584.97
1.49
0.00
9
3979
4011
5.39
0.80
4004
5.39
0.63
3985
3995.47
1.04
0.15
3979
3985.07
0.47
0.00
10
4107
4125
5.66
0.44
4115
7.37
0.19
4107
4116.83
2.60
0.00
4107
4109.67
1.20
0.00In Table3, column one represents the name of the instance, while columns two and three are the optimal solutions and the computational time required by the GSPP, respectively. Furthermore, columns four to five display the best solutions obtained by SARS in 10 trials and the computational times required for SARS to obtain the optimal solutions, respectively. Columns six and seven show similar information for IG. As shown in Table 3, both the IG and SARS can obtain the optimal solutions for all instances of the I2 problem set.Table4 lists the computational results for the discrete case of the I3 problem set. Besides the above columns in Table 3, Table 4 lists information for PTA/LP and CS. The CS, SARS, and IG obtain all optimal solutions, whereas PTA/LP cannot reach the optimal solution for all instances. In such case, PTA/LP is only 1 time unit away from optimality. Notably, if the optimal solution cannot be obtained within a certain number of trials, the computational time is de facto the maximum computational time (Max
⁡
T
=
0.2
×
n seconds) for these trials. This table indicates that the proposed IG algorithm is as effective as CS and SARS in optimally solving small-scale problems.In Table5, columns one and two represent the problem size and instance number. Columns three and four show the optimal solutions and the computational time using the GSPP. Furthermore, columns five to seven display the best solutions obtained by T
2
S
* in 30 trials, the required time, and the gaps relative to the optimal solutions for T
2
S
*, respectively. The gap is calculated as (Sol
h
-
Sol
GSPP)/SolGSPP  × 100%, where Sol
h is the solution obtained by algorithm h and SolGSPP is the optimal solution obtained by GPSS. Columns 8–10 listed similar information (best solutions obtained in 30 trails, the required time, and the gaps relative to the optimal solution) for T
2
S
* + PR. Columns 11 to 14 show the best solutions, the average solutions, the relative gaps between best solutions to the optimal solutions, the time required to obtain the optimal solutions, and the maximal computation time for SARS in 30 trials. Similar information for the proposed IG algorithm is listed in Columns 15 to 18. The table shows that 20, 27, 30, and 30 out of 30 optimal solutions are obtained by T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG, respectively. The SARS and the proposed IG algorithm perform best for new problem sets with known optimal solutions.Table6 lists similar information to Table 5, except that the optimal solution is unknown and replaced by the BKS, which exhibits the best solution among the T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG approaches. For 60 problems, all solutions obtained by the proposed IG algorithm are equal to BKS, while the 13, 28, and 47 solutions obtained by T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS heuristic are equal to BKS.The running time of the IG algorithm depends on various factors, including CPU, operating system, compiler, computer program, and the precision used during execution. Therefore, the relative efficiency of the algorithms is hard to determine. Tables3–6 show the time required for GSPP, PTA/LP, CS, T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG. The GSPP formulation was implemented by generating all columns a priori using a Java program and solving the resulting integer program using CPLEX 11 (32-bit version) on a PC with an Intel Xeon 5430 (2.66 GHz) processor. T
2
S was implemented in ANSI C, and computational experiments were performed on a Sun workstation (900 MHz). Both the PTA/LP and CS were implemented using C++ and run on a PC with an AMD Athlon 64 3500 with a 2.2 GHz processor and 1 GB of RAM. T
2
S
* and T
2
S
* + PR were coded in Ansi C and the experiments were performed on a PC with a T4300 processor at 2.10 GHz. The computational time and results for GSPP, PTA/LP, CS, T
2
S
*, and T
2
S
* + PR are cited from their original papers, while the SARS is recalculated by setting the maximal computational time to be the same as that of the proposed IG algorithm. As shown in Tables 3–6, the computational time is within the acceptable range for the proposed IG algorithm.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed IG algorithm, the proposed algorithm is compared with PTA/LP, CS, SARS, T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and IG by conducting paired t-tests on the RER (relative error rate). The RER is calculated as (
TST
h
-
BKS
*
)
/
BKS
*
×
100, where TST
h denotes the total service time from algorithm h. The BKS
* is obtained from all the compared algorithms, including those of Cordeau et al.[4], Mauri et al. [22], Buhrkal et al. [11], de Oliveira et al. [26], Lin and Ting [28], and the proposed IG approach.At a confidence level of 95%, Tables7 and 8 show that the proposed IG algorithm outperforms the PTA/LP in terms of the best objective value obtained for discrete DBAP (PTA/LP for the I3 set). However, IG is not statistically better than SARS and CS on the best objective value obtained, probably because these state-of-the-art algorithms are equally able to obtain the best solutions as IG. For the new data set, the proposed IG algorithm outperforms the T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS approaches, as shown in Table 9. This outperformance demonstrates the superiority of the proposed IG algorithm.Table 7
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for I2 problem set.
IG vs.
SARS
Difference
0.0000
Degree of freedom
49
t-value
0.0000
One-tailed significance
0.5000Table 8
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for I3 problem set.
IG vs.
PTA/LP
CS
SARS
Difference
2.5212
0.7791
0.0000
Degree of freedom
29
29
29
t-value
13.2444
6.5597
0.0000
One-tailed significance
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.5000Table 9
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for new problem set.
IG vs.
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
Difference
0.2403
0.0984
0.0128
Degree of freedom
89
89
89
t-value
6.6505
5.3869
3.3017
One-tailed significance
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0007


## 4.1. Test Problems

Three benchmark problem sets were used in this study. Cordeau et al. [4] provided two sets (I2 and I3) of instances that were randomly generated based on data from the port of Gioia Tauro (Italy). The I2 set includes five instance sizes: 25 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; 35 ships with 7 and 10 berths; and 10 instances generated for each size. The I3 set includes 30 instances with 60 ships and 13 berths. Lalla-Ruiz et al. [27] provided a new set of instances that was generated according to Cordeau et al. [4] with longer time horizon, higher traffic, and fewer available berths. New instances can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/gciports/berth-allocation-problem. This site provided nine instance sizes: 30 ships with 3 and 5 berths; 40 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; 55 ships with 5, 7, and 10 berths; and 60 ships with 5 and 7 berths. Ten instances are generated for each problem size.


## 4.2. Parameter Selection

The proposed IG algorithm was implemented using the C language on the Windows XP operating system and run on a personal computer with an Intel Core 2 2.66 GHz CPU and 2 G RAM. Parameter selection may influence the quality of the results. One instance was randomly selected from each size in the I2 problem set and the new problem set, and three instances were randomly selected in the I3 problem set for preliminary testing. The following combinations of parameters were tested on these instances:T
=
{
0.03
,
0.05
,
0.10
,
0.15
,
0.20
,
0.25
}
×
TP
/
NBS; α
min
⁡
=
3,4
,
5,6, α
max
⁡
=
5,6
,
7,8; and Max
⁡
T
=
{
0.03
,
0.05
,
0.10
,
0.15
,
0.20
,
0.25
}
×
n seconds, where TP denotes total processing time (∑
i
=
1
n
∑
j
=
1
m
P
i
j), the summation of handling times that each ship i can be assigned to berth j, NBS is the total number of allowable ship and berth assignments, and n is the number of ships. For each berth, if the ship can be served, it is an allowable ship for the berth. Based on the preliminary tests, the following parameter values exhibit the best performance within a reasonable computational time: α
min
⁡
=
4; α
max
⁡
=
7; T
=
0.05
×
TP
/
NBS; Max
⁡
T is set to 0.2
×
n seconds for sets I2 and I3, while Max
⁡
T is set to 0.05
×
n seconds for the new problem set of Lalla-Ruiz et al. [27]. Therefore, these parameter values were used for all subsequent experiments in this study. For comparison with other state-of-the-art algorithms on the same base, each problem in sets I2 and I3 is solved based on 10 trials, while each problem in the new problem set of Lalla-Ruiz et al. is solved based on 30 trials.


## 4.3. Results and Discussion

Tables3–6 list the computational results for the discrete DBAP. The optimal solution was provided by the GSPP model using CPLEX 11 [10]. CPLEX was able to get optimal solutions for all small-sized problem instances of the three benchmark problem sets. However, for part of medium-sized and all large-sized problem instances, CPLEX is terminated with memory depletion and no solution was found [27]. Tables 3, 4, and 5 list the required computation times for the GSPP model. The proposed IG algorithm is compared with SARS for the I2 problem set and results are listed in Table 3. Table 4 lists the results of the PTA/LP, CS, SARS, and IG algorithms for the I3 problem set. Furthermore, Table 5 compares the proposed IG algorithm with T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS for the new problem set with known optimal solutions, while Table 6 lists the results of T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG for the new problem set with unknown optimal solutions.Table 3
Computational result for I2 problem set.
Instance
GSPP
SARS
IG
Optimal
Time
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
2
5
×
5
_
1
759
5.99
759
0.04
759
0.01
25
×
5
_
2
964
3.70
964
0.16
964
0.08
25
×
5
_
3
970
2.95
970
0.63
970
0.10
25
×
5
_
4
688
2.72
688
0.10
688
0.03
25
×
5
_
5
955
6.97
955
0.32
955
0.38
25
×
5
_
6
1129
3.10
1129
0.01
1129
0.01
25
×
5
_
7
835
2.31
835
0.01
835
0.00
25
×
5
_
8
627
1.92
627
0.03
627
0.03
25
×
5
_
9
752
4.76
752
0.07
752
0.20
25
×
5
_
10
1073
6.38
1073
0.59
1073
0.20
25
×
7
_
1
657
3.62
657
0.00
657
0.01
25
×
7
_
2
662
3.15
662
0.03
662
0.00
25
×
7
_
3
807
4.28
807
0.20
807
0.56
25
×
7
_
4
648
3.78
648
0.59
648
0.14
25
×
7
_
5
725
3.85
725
0.02
725
0.19
25
×
7
_
6
794
3.60
794
0.01
794
0.02
25
×
7
_
7
734
3.54
734
0.21
734
0.03
25
×
7
_
8
768
3.93
768
0.07
768
0.05
25
×
7
_
9
749
3.73
749
0.02
749
0.00
25
×
7
_
10
825
3.82
825
0.02
825
0.01
25
×
10
_
1
713
5.83
713
0.04
713
0.02
25
×
10
_
2
727
6.99
727
0.15
727
0.01
25
×
10
_
3
761
6.12
761
0.24
761
0.16
25
×
10
_
4
810
5.38
810
0.19
810
0.20
25
×
10
_
5
840
6.77
840
0.10
840
0.06
25
×
10
_
6
689
5.57
689
0.01
689
0.04
25
×
10
_
7
666
5.83
666
0.00
666
0.00
25
×
10
_
8
855
5.87
855
0.01
855
0.01
25
×
10
_
9
711
5.38
711
0.15
711
0.01
25
×
10
_
10
801
5.96
801
0.04
801
0.09
35
×
7
_
1
1000
12.57
1000
11.59
1000
0.37
35
×
7
_
2
1192
15.93
1192
9.07
1192
1.35
35
×
7
_
3
1201
7.16
1201
3.81
1201
0.47
35
×
7
_
4
1139
13.59
1139
1.65
1139
0.47
35
×
7
_
5
1164
11.50
1164
2.25
1164
1.26
35
×
7
_
6
1686
29.16
1686
8.31
1686
2.02
35
×
7
_
7
1176
12.89
1176
1.40
1176
0.41
35
×
7
_
8
1318
17.52
1318
4.95
1318
0.34
35
×
7
_
9
1245
8.41
1245
0.59
1245
0.25
35
×
7
_
10
1109
14.39
1109
7.30
1109
0.80
35
×
10
_
1
1124
19.98
1124
0.19
1124
0.30
35
×
10
_
2
1189
11.37
1189
4.47
1189
0.87
35
×
10
_
3
938
8.97
938
0.13
938
0.34
35
×
10
_
4
1226
10.28
1226
5.63
1226
0.50
35
×
10
_
5
1349
22.31
1349
0.52
1349
0.27
35
×
10
_
6
1188
10.92
1188
0.29
1188
0.14
35
×
10
_
7
1051
9.74
1051
0.21
1051
0.77
35
×
10
_
8
1194
9.39
1194
0.08
1194
0.06
35
×
10
_
9
1311
29.45
1311
0.90
1311
0.53
35
×
10
_
10
1189
14.28
1189
0.05
1189
0.08
Average
953.7
8.60
953.7
1.35
953.7
0.28Table 4
Computational result for I3 problem set.
Instance
GSPP
PTA/LP
CS
SARS
IG
Optimal
Time
Best objective
Time
Best objective
Time
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
Best objective
Time to obtain the optimal
i01
1409
17.92
1409
74.61
1409
12.47
1409
0.51
1409
1.53
i02
1261
15.77
1261
60.75
1261
12.59
1261
0.05
1261
0.11
i03
1129
13.54
1129
135.45
1129
12.64
1129
0.17
1129
0.28
i04
1302
14.48
1302
110.17
1302
12.59
1302
0.09
1302
0.32
i05
1207
17.21
1207
124.70
1207
12.68
1207
0.07
1207
0.07
i06
1261
13.85
1261
78.34
1261
12.56
1261
0.00
1261
0.00
i07
1279
14.60
1279
114.20
1279
12.63
1279
0.40
1279
0.54
i08
1299
14.21
1299
57.06
1299
12.57
1299
0.29
1299
0.71
i09
1444
16.51
1444
96.47
1444
12.58
1444
0.21
1444
0.57
i10
1213
14.16
1213
99.41
1213
12.61
1213
0.11
1213
0.18
i11
1368
14.13
1369
99.34
1368
12.58
1368
1.11
1368
3.29
i12
1325
15.60
1325
80.69
1325
12.56
1325
1.49
1325
3.90
i13
1360
13.87
1360
89.94
1360
12.61
1360
0.04
1360
0.07
i14
1233
15.60
1233
73.95
1233
12.67
1233
0.05
1233
0.09
i15
1295
13.52
1295
74.19
1295
13.80
1295
0.00
1295
0.10
i16
1364
13.68
1365
170.36
1364
14.46
1364
1.86
1364
2.89
i17
1283
13.37
1283
46.58
1283
13.73
1283
0.02
1283
0.07
i18
1345
13.51
1345
84.02
1345
12.72
1345
0.00
1345
0.10
i19
1367
14.59
1367
123.19
1367
13.39
1367
3.67
1367
4.24
i20
1328
16.64
1328
82.30
1328
12.82
1328
1.00
1328
6.37
i21
1341
13.37
1341
108.08
1341
12.68
1341
2.06
1341
4.27
i22
1326
15.24
1326
105.38
1326
12.62
1326
0.50
1326
1.18
i23
1266
13.65
1266
43.72
1266
12.62
1266
0.06
1266
0.12
i24
1260
15.58
1260
78.91
1260
12.64
1260
0.07
1260
0.39
i25
1376
15.80
1376
96.58
1376
12.62
1376
3.60
1376
6.45
i26
1318
15.38
1318
101.11
1318
12.62
1318
0.45
1318
1.33
i27
1261
15.52
1261
82.86
1261
12.64
1261
0.09
1261
0.28
i28
1359
16.22
1360
52.91
1359
12.71
1359
11.41
1359
11.57
i29
1280
15.30
1280
203.36
1280
12.62
1280
1.07
1280
5.25
i30
1344
16.52
1344
71.02
1344
12.58
1344
1.86
1344
2.33
Avg.
1306.8
14.98
1306.9
93.99
1306.8
12.79
1306.8
1.08
1306.8
1.95Table 5
Computational result for new problem set with known optimal solutions.
Size
Instance
GSPP
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
IG
Optimal
T (s)
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
3
0
*
03
1
1763
11.25
1763
0.25
0.00
1763
0.25
0.00
1763
1763.00
0.04
0.00
1763
1763.00
0.03
0.00
2
2090
22.59
2090
0.26
0.00
2090
0.26
0.00
2090
2090.00
0.03
0.00
2090
2090.00
0.05
0.00
3
2186
13.68
2186
0.26
0.00
2186
0.26
0.00
2186
2186.00
0.04
0.00
2186
2186.00
0.06
0.00
4
1538
12.98
1538
0.28
0.00
1538
0.28
0.00
1538
1538.00
0.03
0.00
1538
1538.00
0.02
0.00
5
2114
16.12
2114
0.22
0.00
2114
0.22
0.00
2114
2114.00
0.05
0.00
2114
2114.00
0.01
0.00
6
2185
36.97
2187
0.34
0.09
2185
0.34
0.00
2185
2185.00
0.05
0.00
2185
2185.00
0.09
0.00
7
1845
23.29
1847
0.34
0.11
1845
0.34
0.00
1845
1845.00
0.31
0.00
1845
1845.60
0.89
0.00
8
1271
9.77
1271
0.31
0.00
1271
0.31
0.00
1271
1271.00
0.14
0.00
1271
1271.00
0.13
0.00
9
1595
28.25
1595
0.25
0.00
1595
0.25
0.00
1595
1595.00
0.06
0.00
1595
1595.00
0.09
0.00
10
2195
9.64
2195
0.29
0.00
2195
0.29
0.00
2195
2195.00
0.05
0.00
2195
2195.00
0.05
0.00
30
*
05
1
1149
17.93
1149
0.47
0.00
1149
0.47
0.00
1149
1149.53
1.02
0.00
1149
1149.27
0.37
0.00
2
1475
30.59
1476
0.47
0.07
1475
0.47
0.00
1475
1475.53
1.08
0.00
1475
1475.00
0.33
0.00
3
1542
26.43
1542
0.50
0.00
1542
0.50
0.00
1542
1542.00
0.12
0.00
1542
1542.00
0.07
0.00
4
1075
15.72
1075
0.48
0.00
1075
0.48
0.00
1075
1075.00
0.14
0.00
1075
1075.00
0.12
0.00
5
1463
23.60
1463
0.40
0.00
1463
0.40
0.00
1463
1463.00
0.43
0.00
1463
1463.00
0.03
0.00
6
1580
30.84
1581
0.48
0.06
1580
0.48
0.00
1580
1580.00
0.22
0.00
1580
1580.00
0.19
0.00
7
1276
19.39
1276
0.46
0.00
1276
0.46
0.00
1276
1276.00
0.25
0.00
1276
1276.00
0.15
0.00
8
870
22.06
870
0.42
0.00
870
0.42
0.00
870
870.00
0.47
0.00
870
870.00
0.16
0.00
9
1134
22.31
1153
0.50
1.68
1134
0.50
0.00
1134
1136.80
0.90
0.00
1134
1134.00
0.26
0.00
10
1527
18.80
1527
0.46
0.00
1527
0.46
0.00
1527
1527.00
0.10
0.00
1527
1527.00
0.07
0.00
40
*
05
1
2301
41.51
2307
0.90
0.26
2303
0.90
0.09
2301
2302.87
1.09
0.00
2301
2301.27
1.01
0.00
2
2829
59.89
2835
1.09
0.21
2834
1.09
0.18
2829
2829.00
0.40
0.00
2829
2829.27
0.97
0.00
3
2880
99.20
2880
0.50
0.00
2880
0.50
0.00
2880
2880.67
1.75
0.00
2880
2880.17
1.33
0.00
4
2001
39.78
2001
0.84
0.00
2001
0.84
0.00
2001
2001.03
0.64
0.00
2001
2002.33
1.24
0.00
5
2815
74.14
2815
0.76
0.00
2815
0.76
0.00
2815
2816.03
1.00
0.00
2815
2820.63
1.59
0.00
6
2934
66.46
2934
0.87
0.00
2934
0.87
0.00
2934
2934.00
0.22
0.00
2934
2934.00
0.20
0.00
7
2632
40.97
2632
0.79
0.00
2632
0.79
0.00
2632
2632.07
0.64
0.00
2632
2632.00
0.48
0.00
8
1835
40.11
1836
1.28
0.05
1835
1.28
0.00
1835
1835.40
1.18
0.00
1835
1835.00
0.93
0.00
9
2086
47.70
2095
1.07
0.43
2089
1.07
0.14
2086
2089.57
1.54
0.00
2086
2089.37
1.22
0.00
10
2962
52.28
2964
1.06
0.07
2962
1.06
0.00
2962
2962.03
0.49
0.00
2962
2962.00
0.20
0.00Table 6
Computational result for new problem set with unknown optimal solution.
Size
Instance
BKS
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
IG
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
Best objective
Average objective
T (s)
Gap
4
0
*
10
1
1458
1467
1.20
0.62
1460
1.11
0.14
1458
1464.13
1.79
0.00
1458
1458.13
1.33
0.00
2
1375
1381
1.01
0.44
1375
1.32
0.00
1375
1376.87
1.45
0.00
1375
1375.00
0.56
0.00
3
2119
2119
0.84
0.00
2119
1.17
0.00
2119
2128.07
1.98
0.00
2119
2119.00
0.56
0.00
4
1591
1600
1.18
0.57
1597
1.78
0.38
1591
1597.23
1.52
0.00
1591
1592.37
0.36
0.00
5
1847
1849
1.11
0.11
1847
1.45
0.00
1847
1848.53
1.68
0.00
1847
1847.13
1.04
0.00
6
2080
2080
0.86
0.00
2080
1.37
0.00
2080
2080.00
0.21
0.00
2080
2080.00
0.11
0.00
7
1841
1845
1.25
0.22
1841
1.56
0.00
1841
1841.80
1.36
0.00
1841
1841.00
0.65
0.00
8
2025
2026
1.18
0.05
2026
1.70
0.05
2025
2025.87
0.57
0.00
2025
2025.63
0.49
0.00
9
1880
1888
1.06
0.43
1880
1.48
0.00
1880
1880.47
0.78
0.00
1880
1880.00
0.25
0.00
10
1883
1905
0.71
1.17
1892
1.59
0.48
1884
1889.27
0.99
0.05
1883
1883.10
0.26
0.00
55
*
05
1
4689
4693
1.65
0.09
4689
2.82
0.00
4689
4689.13
1.02
0.00
4689
4689.07
1.21
0.00
2
5467
5483
1.37
0.29
5467
2.81
0.00
5467
5467.13
0.98
0.00
5467
5472.53
2.01
0.00
3
5499
5499
1.92
0.00
5499
2.67
0.00
5499
5499.00
0.37
0.00
5499
5499.00
0.23
0.00
4
4165
4189
1.76
0.58
4179
3.65
0.34
4165
4170.37
1.32
0.00
4165
4171.80
1.79
0.00
5
5478
5484
1.39
0.11
5478
2.73
0.00
5478
5478.00
0.67
0.00
5478
5478.07
0.80
0.00
6
5595
5599
1.45
0.07
5595
2.56
0.00
5595
5595.27
0.90
0.00
5595
5595.00
0.22
0.00
7
4870
4902
1.90
0.66
4882
3.82
0.25
4870
4878.47
1.34
0.00
4870
4877.57
1.32
0.00
8
3552
3565
1.54
0.37
3552
2.79
0.00
3552
3552.50
1.25
0.00
3552
3562.40
2.40
0.00
9
4273
4277
1.67
0.09
4275
2.75
0.05
4273
4276.20
2.46
0.00
4273
4273.47
1.41
0.00
10
5739
5739
1.85
0.00
5739
2.65
0.00
5739
5739.00
0.40
0.00
5739
5739.00
0.22
0.00
55
*
07
1
2846
2846
3.60
0.00
2846
4.78
0.00
2846
2853.73
2.56
0.00
2846
2846.97
2.09
0.00
2
2883
2887
3.03
0.14
2883
4.94
0.00
2883
2888.63
2.70
0.00
2883
2883.13
1.63
0.00
3
3825
3840
4.31
0.39
3833
5.57
0.21
3831
3837.07
2.57
0.16
3825
3829.70
1.33
0.00
4
2953
2977
2.51
0.81
2971
4.31
0.61
2953
2966.73
1.64
0.07
2951
2955.50
0.70
0.00
5
3797
3803
3.75
0.16
3801
3.56
0.11
3797
3799.73
1.49
0.00
3797
3797.40
0.44
0.00
6
3783
3783
2.59
0.00
3783
3.70
0.00
3783
3783.00
0.68
0.00
3783
3783.00
0.72
0.00
7
3774
3774
2.43
0.00
3774
3.84
0.00
3774
3774.00
1.10
0.00
3774
3774.00
0.63
0.00
8
3862
3864
2.09
0.05
3863
3.95
0.03
3862
3864.17
2.18
0.00
3862
3862.93
1.85
0.00
9
3591
3597
3.03
0.17
3591
5.26
0.00
3591
3592.93
2.39
0.00
3591
3591.93
2.27
0.00
10
3623
3658
2.61
0.97
3635
4.73
0.33
3630
3638.07
2.33
0.19
3623
3633.60
1.42
0.00
55
*
10
1
2742
2745
8.09
0.11
2745
7.31
0.11
2744
2747.70
2.50
0.07
2742
2744.90
1.70
0.00
2
2527
2549
8.23
0.87
2534
6.10
0.28
2527
2535.20
1.98
0.00
2527
2528.90
1.06
0.00
3
2544
2545
6.20
0.04
2545
6.53
0.04
2544
2549.57
2.38
0.00
2544
2552.17
2.36
0.00
4
3315
3315
7.00
0.00
3315
5.59
0.00
3315
3316.13
1.83
0.00
3315
3321.23
2.63
0.00
5
3109
3147
7.66
1.22
3123
6.12
0.45
3111
3120.10
1.57
0.06
3109
3109.20
0.24
0.00
6
2283
2283
6.48
0.00
2283
6.54
0.00
2283
2283.07
0.84
0.00
2283
2283.00
0.38
0.00
7
2144
2146
5.04
0.09
2146
9.17
0.09
2144
2150.67
2.70
0.00
2144
2144.00
0.83
0.00
8
2720
2743
4.98
0.85
2726
5.18
0.22
2720
2725.13
1.38
0.00
2720
2720.03
0.73
0.00
9
2149
2162
6.50
0.60
2162
6.50
0.60
2152
2158.53
1.35
0.14
2149
2154.13
0.42
0.00
10
2814
2815
5.45
0.04
2815
6.05
0.04
2814
2814.57
1.08
0.00
2814
2820.07
1.86
0.00
60
*
05
1
5753
5761
1.99
0.14
5753
3.12
0.00
5753
5753.70
1.57
0.00
5753
5753.00
0.96
0.00
2
6884
6884
2.67
0.00
6884
3.20
0.00
6884
6884.00
0.81
0.00
6884
6884.00
0.42
0.00
3
6780
6782
2.17
0.03
6780
4.25
0.00
6780
6780.00
0.82
0.00
6780
6780.00
0.74
0.00
4
5092
5105
2.30
0.26
5105
2.30
0.26
5092
5101.87
1.75
0.00
5092
5100.57
2.08
0.00
5
6715
6715
2.47
0.00
6715
3.18
0.00
6715
6715.00
0.60
0.00
6715
6715.00
0.66
0.00
6
6616
6618
2.45
0.03
6616
3.53
0.00
6616
6616.33
1.36
0.00
6616
6616.00
0.50
0.00
7
6011
6011
2.66
0.00
6011
4.75
0.00
6011
6011.00
0.60
0.00
6011
6014.53
1.73
0.00
8
4385
4406
2.64
0.48
4385
3.77
0.00
4385
4385.00
0.54
0.00
4385
4396.90
2.36
0.00
9
5235
5235
2.17
0.00
5235
3.99
0.00
5235
5238.20
2.84
0.00
5235
5235.73
1.93
0.00
10
7255
7281
2.22
0.36
7281
3.62
0.36
7255
7255.00
0.12
0.00
7255
7255.00
0.06
0.00
60
*
07
1
3707
3724
4.40
0.46
3715
9.26
0.22
3709
3714.73
2.12
0.05
3707
3707.77
0.74
0.00
2
4147
4191
6.39
1.06
4172
6.70
0.60
4150
4166.30
1.64
0.07
4147
4151.87
0.94
0.00
3
4273
4290
6.78
0.40
4281
5.90
0.19
4275
4282.30
2.14
0.05
4273
4274.90
1.56
0.00
4
3910
3916
5.32
0.15
3916
7.15
0.15
3911
3914.00
1.68
0.03
3910
3911.67
0.73
0.00
5
4251
4264
3.99
0.31
4261
6.23
0.24
4251
4259.67
1.86
0.00
4251
4261.93
2.20
0.00
6
5727
5731
6.56
0.07
5729
4.39
0.03
5727
5729.07
1.87
0.00
5727
5727.57
0.78
0.00
7
3719
3749
6.61
0.81
3743
8.28
0.65
3721
3739.57
1.71
0.05
3719
3726.47
0.42
0.00
8
4582
4600
6.96
0.39
4586
6.96
0.09
4582
4588.17
2.34
0.00
4582
4584.97
1.49
0.00
9
3979
4011
5.39
0.80
4004
5.39
0.63
3985
3995.47
1.04
0.15
3979
3985.07
0.47
0.00
10
4107
4125
5.66
0.44
4115
7.37
0.19
4107
4116.83
2.60
0.00
4107
4109.67
1.20
0.00In Table3, column one represents the name of the instance, while columns two and three are the optimal solutions and the computational time required by the GSPP, respectively. Furthermore, columns four to five display the best solutions obtained by SARS in 10 trials and the computational times required for SARS to obtain the optimal solutions, respectively. Columns six and seven show similar information for IG. As shown in Table 3, both the IG and SARS can obtain the optimal solutions for all instances of the I2 problem set.Table4 lists the computational results for the discrete case of the I3 problem set. Besides the above columns in Table 3, Table 4 lists information for PTA/LP and CS. The CS, SARS, and IG obtain all optimal solutions, whereas PTA/LP cannot reach the optimal solution for all instances. In such case, PTA/LP is only 1 time unit away from optimality. Notably, if the optimal solution cannot be obtained within a certain number of trials, the computational time is de facto the maximum computational time (Max
⁡
T
=
0.2
×
n seconds) for these trials. This table indicates that the proposed IG algorithm is as effective as CS and SARS in optimally solving small-scale problems.In Table5, columns one and two represent the problem size and instance number. Columns three and four show the optimal solutions and the computational time using the GSPP. Furthermore, columns five to seven display the best solutions obtained by T
2
S
* in 30 trials, the required time, and the gaps relative to the optimal solutions for T
2
S
*, respectively. The gap is calculated as (Sol
h
-
Sol
GSPP)/SolGSPP  × 100%, where Sol
h is the solution obtained by algorithm h and SolGSPP is the optimal solution obtained by GPSS. Columns 8–10 listed similar information (best solutions obtained in 30 trails, the required time, and the gaps relative to the optimal solution) for T
2
S
* + PR. Columns 11 to 14 show the best solutions, the average solutions, the relative gaps between best solutions to the optimal solutions, the time required to obtain the optimal solutions, and the maximal computation time for SARS in 30 trials. Similar information for the proposed IG algorithm is listed in Columns 15 to 18. The table shows that 20, 27, 30, and 30 out of 30 optimal solutions are obtained by T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG, respectively. The SARS and the proposed IG algorithm perform best for new problem sets with known optimal solutions.Table6 lists similar information to Table 5, except that the optimal solution is unknown and replaced by the BKS, which exhibits the best solution among the T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG approaches. For 60 problems, all solutions obtained by the proposed IG algorithm are equal to BKS, while the 13, 28, and 47 solutions obtained by T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS heuristic are equal to BKS.The running time of the IG algorithm depends on various factors, including CPU, operating system, compiler, computer program, and the precision used during execution. Therefore, the relative efficiency of the algorithms is hard to determine. Tables3–6 show the time required for GSPP, PTA/LP, CS, T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, SARS, and IG. The GSPP formulation was implemented by generating all columns a priori using a Java program and solving the resulting integer program using CPLEX 11 (32-bit version) on a PC with an Intel Xeon 5430 (2.66 GHz) processor. T
2
S was implemented in ANSI C, and computational experiments were performed on a Sun workstation (900 MHz). Both the PTA/LP and CS were implemented using C++ and run on a PC with an AMD Athlon 64 3500 with a 2.2 GHz processor and 1 GB of RAM. T
2
S
* and T
2
S
* + PR were coded in Ansi C and the experiments were performed on a PC with a T4300 processor at 2.10 GHz. The computational time and results for GSPP, PTA/LP, CS, T
2
S
*, and T
2
S
* + PR are cited from their original papers, while the SARS is recalculated by setting the maximal computational time to be the same as that of the proposed IG algorithm. As shown in Tables 3–6, the computational time is within the acceptable range for the proposed IG algorithm.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed IG algorithm, the proposed algorithm is compared with PTA/LP, CS, SARS, T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and IG by conducting paired t-tests on the RER (relative error rate). The RER is calculated as (
TST
h
-
BKS
*
)
/
BKS
*
×
100, where TST
h denotes the total service time from algorithm h. The BKS
* is obtained from all the compared algorithms, including those of Cordeau et al.[4], Mauri et al. [22], Buhrkal et al. [11], de Oliveira et al. [26], Lin and Ting [28], and the proposed IG approach.At a confidence level of 95%, Tables7 and 8 show that the proposed IG algorithm outperforms the PTA/LP in terms of the best objective value obtained for discrete DBAP (PTA/LP for the I3 set). However, IG is not statistically better than SARS and CS on the best objective value obtained, probably because these state-of-the-art algorithms are equally able to obtain the best solutions as IG. For the new data set, the proposed IG algorithm outperforms the T
2
S
*, T
2
S
* + PR, and SARS approaches, as shown in Table 9. This outperformance demonstrates the superiority of the proposed IG algorithm.Table 7
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for I2 problem set.
IG vs.
SARS
Difference
0.0000
Degree of freedom
49
t-value
0.0000
One-tailed significance
0.5000Table 8
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for I3 problem set.
IG vs.
PTA/LP
CS
SARS
Difference
2.5212
0.7791
0.0000
Degree of freedom
29
29
29
t-value
13.2444
6.5597
0.0000
One-tailed significance
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.5000Table 9
Pairedt-tests on the average RER for new problem set.
IG vs.
T2S*
T2S* + PR
SARS
Difference
0.2403
0.0984
0.0128
Degree of freedom
89
89
89
t-value
6.6505
5.3869
3.3017
One-tailed significance
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0007


## 5. Conclusion

This paper studies the berth allocation problem with dynamic arrival time. Because the berth allocation problem is NP-hard, exact solution approaches cannot optimally solve realistic large-scale problems while maintaining acceptable computational complexity. An IG algorithm is proposed as an alternative method to the problem. The proposed IG algorithm is tested using three benchmark problem sets and compared with the optimal solutions (or best known solutions) from the literature. Computational results indicate that the proposed IG algorithm is effective. The proposed IG algorithm obtains all the optimal solutions of the discrete DBAP instances for the first and the second problem sets, as well as exhibiting best-known solutions for 35 out of 90 test instances in the third problem set. Future research can further examine the integration of the berth allocation and quay crane assignment problems.



---

*Source: 218925-2014-09-08.xml*