# The Influence of Spherical Nano-SiO2 Content on the Thermal Protection Performance of Thermal Insulation Ablation Resistant Coated Fabrics

Authors: Guoyi Liu; Yuanjun Liu; Xiaoming Zhao
Journal: Journal of Nanomaterials
 (2017)

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## Abstract

In the high temperatures experienced in fire, radiant heat accounts for 80% of the total heat flow; therefore, improving the radiation protection is the best way to enhance the thermal protective performance of thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics. To achieve this goal, the coating process and the ingredients used were optimized, spherical nano-SiO2 and other particles were added, and thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics with high radiant heat reflectivity were prepared. The influence of the spherical nano-SiO2 content on the thermal protection performance of the prepared coated fabrics was investigated. Research showed that (1) the radiant heat reflectivity of the prepared coated fabrics improves significantly with increasing content of spherical nano-SiO2; when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the reflectivity of coated fabrics is at its largest, and its average value was 74.30%. At present, the average size of grains in samples increased 1.9 times; (2) after adding the spherical nano-SiO2, the thermal stability of the thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics is significantly improved; the residual mass is as high as 88.49% at 1200°C, which is 18.77% higher than the residual mass of the coated fabrics with no spherical nano-SiO2 added at the same temperature.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the high temperature fire scene, very severe thermal degradation and carbonation of common coatings will occur; since the coated fabric system cannot withstand the ablation due to high temperature flame, it will be destroyed finally. Thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics can tolerate the licking of high temperature flame in the short term, with no burning, no bubbles, and no peeling, and, at the same time, good heat insulation and mechanical properties are maintained [1–3]. Therefore, these types of fabrics offer excellent thermal protection in a high temperature fire environment, but there has been more focus on their ablation resistance and other aspects of thermal stability performance. At present, there are very few mechanisms and experimental studies when combining ablation resistance with other demands of fire protection [4, 5].In the heat flow of high temperature fire, radiant heat accounts for more than 80%, and the wavelength range is 0.4–2 microns, which is also called the heat ray [6–8]. Because the proportion of thermal radiation in the heat flow of high temperature fire is very large, emphasis needs to be aimed at the heat source when considering protection [9, 10].A research done by Zhu et al. showed that the introduction of nano-SiO2 aerogel with phosphorus flame retardants had a significantly synergistic effect on improving the flame retardancy and inhibiting the release of smoke and toxic gases [11]. A study by Wang et al. reported that the prepared nanocomposite to which more nanosilicon dioxide was added had larger thermal storage capacity, better reliability and stability [12]. Nguyen et al. demonstrated that adding nanosilicon dioxide increased glass transition temperature and the impact strength of the prepared nanocomposite [13]. Li et al. proposed that the material with more nano-SiO2 content displayed an increased thermodynamic stability, an increased high temperature resistance, an increased tensile strength, and a decreased elongation at break [14]. Yang et al. found that silica nanoparticles based fresh water drilling muds had good thermal stability up to 160°C [15]. Lee et al. reported that the proton conductivity as well as thermal stability was found to be higher for composite membranes which suggested that both properties are highly contingent on mesoporous SiO2 [16]. Loka et al. found that the prepared SiO2 deposited films showed a high infrared reflectance (72%) which was recorded by using the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer [17]. Krimmer et al. prepared a broadband multilayer dielectric mirror coating of TiO2/SiO2 which had a mean specular reflectivity approaching 98% over the wavelength range of 450–670 nm [18]. Fu et al. measured the spectral normal-hemispherical reflectance, transmittances, and normal emittances of silica aerogel and silica fiber samples and compared the two materials in the wavelengths of 0.38–15 μm [19]. In conclusion, scholars have done a more in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental research of the SiO2 application in thermal protective performances, especially in infrared reflectivity.In view of current researches and realistic fire protection requirements, nano-SiO2 and other selected nanoparticles were added to the coating system, and coated fabric composite materials with good reflection properties for thermal radiation and ablation resistance were prepared. In this article, the influence of the SiO2 particles on the reflectivity of thermal radiation for thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics was investigated, the aim of which was to prolong the protection time of coated fabrics in the high temperature fire scene. Better and more effective methods are provided, and their protective mechanism is explained.


## 2. Experiments

### 2.1. Materials and Reagents

(1)
Base Cloth. Glass fiber bulk yarn plain fabrics, gram weight 1000 g/m2, provided by Zibo Sichuang Fiberglass Co., Ltd.
(2)
Resin. Benzyl silicon resin, Type 1153, provided by the Shanghai Resin Factory.
(3)
Functional Packing. Spherical nano-SiO2, provided by the Shanghai Naiou Nano Science Technology Co., Ltd.; rutile type TiO2, provided by Nanjing Tianxing New Materials Co., Ltd.; ZnO, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and talcum powder were supplied as analytically pure reagents by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute.
(4)
Solvent and Coupling Agent. Anhydrous ethanol, analytically pure reagent, provided by the Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Coupling agent KH550, analytically pure reagent, provided by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute.


### 2.2. Instruments

Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) near-infrared spectrophotometer, Type: Lambda 750, PerkinElmer Company, USA; field emission-scanning electron microscopy, Type: Gemini SEM500, ZEISS Company, Germany; X-ray diffractometer, Type: D8 DISCOVER, BRUKER Company, Germany; Thermogravimetric Analyzer, Type: STA 409 PC, NETZSCH Companies, Germany; X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, Type: K-alpha, ThermoFisher Company, USA; Ice characteristic X-ray spectrometer, Type: APOLLO XL, EDAX Company, USA were used.


### 2.3. The Preparation Process of Spherical Nano-SiO2 Coated Fabrics

The preparation process of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics, which was divided into the following three steps, is shown in Figure 1:(1)
Anhydrous ethanol was used to clean the base cloth, which was dried and put into the sample bag.(2)
Organic silicon resin was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol and fully stirred, before adding calcium carbonate, talcum powder, Fe2O3, and ZnO. Mass fractions of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% of spherical nano-SiO2 were added, and mass fraction of 0.5% of the coupling agent was added, and then they were fully mixed using a magnetic stirrer to prepare the coating agent, sealing preservation.(3)
The coating thickness of 0.5 mm was confirmed (coated with the small sample coating machine), before baking for 1 hour at 180°C. The coated fabric sample was placed in the sample bag, after marking, and preparation of coated fabric was complete.Figure 1
Flow diagram of spherical nano-SiO2 fabric coating process.Figure2 was the micrograph of prepared spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics by the preparation process in Figure 1.Figure 2
The micrograph of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.


### 2.4. Test Indexes and Methods

(
1) The Determination of Spherical Nano-SiO
2
Coated Fabrics’ Surface Microstructures. The determination of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics’ surface microstructures was performed using a field emission-scanning electron microscopy.(2) The Performance Test for the Reflectivity of Thermal Radiation. The reflectivity of thermal radiation of the coated fabrics in the wavelength range 400–2000 nm was tested using a Lambda 750 UV-Vis near-infrared spectrophotometer, with step length 2 nm.(3) The Measurement of X-Ray Diffraction Spectra (XRD). The microscopic composition and crystalline state of coated fabrics were analyzed using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (copper target, tube voltage 40 KV, tube current 40 mA, and scanning range 10–80°) produced by BRUKER Company.(4) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG). The thermal stability properties of the coated fabrics were analyzed using a STA 409 PC thermogravimetric analyzer; the temperature range was 36–1200°C, the heating rate was 10 K/min, and the test environment was atmospheric air.(5) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis (XPS). The elemental compositions and chemical states of the relevant elements of the treated sample which had been heated at 1200°C were measured by K-alpha X-ray photoelectron spectroscope.(6) Energy Dispersive Spectrometer Analysis (EDS). The elemental distribution on the surface of the coated fabric at magnification of 60,000 times was analyzed qualitatively using an APOLLO XL ice characteristic X-ray spectrometer.


## 2.1. Materials and Reagents

(1)
Base Cloth. Glass fiber bulk yarn plain fabrics, gram weight 1000 g/m2, provided by Zibo Sichuang Fiberglass Co., Ltd.
(2)
Resin. Benzyl silicon resin, Type 1153, provided by the Shanghai Resin Factory.
(3)
Functional Packing. Spherical nano-SiO2, provided by the Shanghai Naiou Nano Science Technology Co., Ltd.; rutile type TiO2, provided by Nanjing Tianxing New Materials Co., Ltd.; ZnO, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and talcum powder were supplied as analytically pure reagents by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute.
(4)
Solvent and Coupling Agent. Anhydrous ethanol, analytically pure reagent, provided by the Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Coupling agent KH550, analytically pure reagent, provided by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute.


## 2.2. Instruments

Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) near-infrared spectrophotometer, Type: Lambda 750, PerkinElmer Company, USA; field emission-scanning electron microscopy, Type: Gemini SEM500, ZEISS Company, Germany; X-ray diffractometer, Type: D8 DISCOVER, BRUKER Company, Germany; Thermogravimetric Analyzer, Type: STA 409 PC, NETZSCH Companies, Germany; X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, Type: K-alpha, ThermoFisher Company, USA; Ice characteristic X-ray spectrometer, Type: APOLLO XL, EDAX Company, USA were used.


## 2.3. The Preparation Process of Spherical Nano-SiO2 Coated Fabrics

The preparation process of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics, which was divided into the following three steps, is shown in Figure 1:(1)
Anhydrous ethanol was used to clean the base cloth, which was dried and put into the sample bag.(2)
Organic silicon resin was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol and fully stirred, before adding calcium carbonate, talcum powder, Fe2O3, and ZnO. Mass fractions of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% of spherical nano-SiO2 were added, and mass fraction of 0.5% of the coupling agent was added, and then they were fully mixed using a magnetic stirrer to prepare the coating agent, sealing preservation.(3)
The coating thickness of 0.5 mm was confirmed (coated with the small sample coating machine), before baking for 1 hour at 180°C. The coated fabric sample was placed in the sample bag, after marking, and preparation of coated fabric was complete.Figure 1
Flow diagram of spherical nano-SiO2 fabric coating process.Figure2 was the micrograph of prepared spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics by the preparation process in Figure 1.Figure 2
The micrograph of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.


## 2.4. Test Indexes and Methods

(
1) The Determination of Spherical Nano-SiO
2
Coated Fabrics’ Surface Microstructures. The determination of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics’ surface microstructures was performed using a field emission-scanning electron microscopy.(2) The Performance Test for the Reflectivity of Thermal Radiation. The reflectivity of thermal radiation of the coated fabrics in the wavelength range 400–2000 nm was tested using a Lambda 750 UV-Vis near-infrared spectrophotometer, with step length 2 nm.(3) The Measurement of X-Ray Diffraction Spectra (XRD). The microscopic composition and crystalline state of coated fabrics were analyzed using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (copper target, tube voltage 40 KV, tube current 40 mA, and scanning range 10–80°) produced by BRUKER Company.(4) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG). The thermal stability properties of the coated fabrics were analyzed using a STA 409 PC thermogravimetric analyzer; the temperature range was 36–1200°C, the heating rate was 10 K/min, and the test environment was atmospheric air.(5) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis (XPS). The elemental compositions and chemical states of the relevant elements of the treated sample which had been heated at 1200°C were measured by K-alpha X-ray photoelectron spectroscope.(6) Energy Dispersive Spectrometer Analysis (EDS). The elemental distribution on the surface of the coated fabric at magnification of 60,000 times was analyzed qualitatively using an APOLLO XL ice characteristic X-ray spectrometer.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. The Reflectivity of the Thermal Radiation of the Coated Fabrics

To explore the influence of the spherical nano-SiO2 mass fraction on the thermal radiation reflectivity of coated fabrics, the values of reflectivity for each sample in the wavelength range 400–2000 nm were tested using a Lambda 750 ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) near-infrared spectrophotometer, and the test results are displayed in Figure 3.Figure 3
The UV-Vis spectra of different mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.As shown in Figure3, in the wavelength range 400–2500 nm, the reflectivity of coated fabrics increases as the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 increases; when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the reflectivity of coated fabrics is at its greatest. The data for the reflectivity of the thermal radiation with different mass fractions of spherical nano-SiO2 are summarized in Table 1.Table 1
The reflectivity of the thermal radiation for different mass fractions of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.
Mass fraction
Reflectivity of each sample in each different wavelength range (%)
Visible region400–760 nm
Near-infrared region760–2000 nm
Thermal radiation400–2000 nm
0%
13.57
54.55
45.32
3%
16.45
56.31
47.33
6%
20.09
62.46
52.91
9%
29.09
70.15
60.89
12%
47.00
78.55
71.44
15%
52.16
80.75
74.30As shown in Table1, as the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 increases, the values of reflectivity for thermal radiation of the coated fabrics in the visible and near-infrared regions improve markedly. When the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the average value of reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics was 74.30%; within this, the average values of reflectivity in the visible and near-infrared bands were 52.16% and 80.75%, respectively. Compared to the coated fabrics with no added packing (0% SiO2), when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 was 15%, the average values of reflectivity in the visible and near-infrared regions increased by 38.59% and 26.20%, respectively. As a result, the average values of the reflectivity over the whole range increased by 28.98%.Figure4 shows the change trend for the reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics as the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is increased. It shows that, with increasing spherical nano-SiO2 content, the average values of reflectivity initially improve significantly, and after the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 reaches 12%, the growth rate of the reflectivity gradually slows and the curve tends to flatten.Figure 4
Change of reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.The main cause of the phenomena is the regular changes in coated fabrics’ surfaces with the increase of SiO2 content. As shown in Figures 5(a)–5(f), there are a certain growing number of nanoscale bulbiform bulges in coated fabrics’ surfaces. Since the surface flatness of the coated fabrics drops gradually and the number of surface deformation increases, the contact surfaces between incoming lights and coated fabrics’ surfaces expand, and thermal radiation reflectivity effect improves.Figure 5
SEM photographs of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics’ surface microstructures. (a) Mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 0%; (b) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 3%; (c) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 6%; (d) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 9%; (e) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 12%; (f) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)According to the theory of photon scattering, after incident light reaches the surface of the material, the energy is divided by three different mechanisms simultaneously: some photons hitting the surface of materials undergo reflection, refraction, and other scattering processes and return to the space of the incident radiation; other photons are absorbed by the material, and the energy is converted into molecular vibrational and rotational energy; the remaining photons go through the material, by transmission, and continue to transmit into the next medium [20–22]. The thickness of the prepared coated fabrics was about 2 mm and the transmission rate of photons was almost zero. Therefore, the smaller the absorption rate of photons by the coated fabrics in the range 400–2000 nm, the higher the reflectivity of the thermal radiation. The absorption mechanism for the photons is mainly decided by the width of the forbidden band of the material itself; as long as the photon energy is larger than the width of the forbidden band of the material, then the material can undergo the transition between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band [23–25].For the absorption of photons by this band, the energy of the photons representing the region of the width of the forbidden band can be calculated using(1)Eg=hv=hcλ,where Eg is the energy gap, v is the frequency occurring in the transition, and λ is the wavelength of the corresponding photons [26–28].According to the calculation, the width range of the forbidden band corresponding to the absorption wavelength range 400–2000 nm is 0.62–3.1 eV [29, 30]; the width of the forbidden band of particles themselves for materials located in this range will show the absorption for the thermal radiation. The width of the forbidden band for spherical nano-SiO2 adopted by the experimental group is up to 8.8 eV, indicating it is optically inert and has no absorption effect on the thermal radiation [31, 32]. Therefore, the reflectivity of thermal radiation for prepared coated fabrics increases significantly with increasing mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2.At the same time, because the nano-SiO2 used in the experiment is spherical, based on the theories of tightness and stacking of KM (Kubelka and Munk), the maximum stacking density and apparent density (apparent density of powders) of standard spherical objects can be achieved [12]. When using similar particle sizes, the surface area is largest when packing spherical particles, and the reflection intensity of particles of light is the strongest. In the coating system used here, the gaps between particles of spherical nano-SiO2 are very small and the degree of chaos of stacking is small. The viscosity of powders is strong and the liquidity of powders is stronger when preparing the coating, which results in a coating with excellent properties. Therefore, when compared with other morphologies of SiO2 packing, spherical nano-SiO2 results in functional packing which reflects the thermal radiation most efficiently [33].In addition, in the visible light region of 400–760 nm, the reflectivity of thermal radiation by coated fabrics is significantly improved. This may be due to the increase of the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 with an average particle size of 20 nm, which gradually fill the pores in the coating system. Particles in the coating system with each function produce a synergistic effect, and the ability of coated fabrics to reflect thermal radiation is significantly increased [34].To explore the influence of spherical nano-SiO2, and other functional packing, on the reflectivity of thermal radiation by coated fabrics, further work needs to be carried out on the microstructure and the structure of particles and their influence on the packing of coated fabrics.


### 3.2. Analysis of the XRD Test Results for the Coated Fabrics

By analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns, the internal micrograin varieties of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics were identified and their crystalline states were further analyzed. Also, a microlevel explanation of the ability of coated fabrics to reflect thermal radiation was proposed.The X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics were measured using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, and results are presented in Figure 6.Figure 6
X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.Figure6 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics, comparing the sample atlas with the standard atlas of SiO2. There is a strong diffraction peak at 2θ = 34.44°, and the peak shape is clear, sharp, and symmetrical. Through analysis of the diffraction pattern using the MDI Jade 6 software, the interplanar spacing of spherical nano-SiO2 in the samples is found to be 2.60 nm, which is equal to the value of the response interplanar spacing of 2.60 nm in the standard atlas of SiO2. Therefore, according to results for the characteristic peak and the data for the interplanar spacing, the SiO2 crystal structure contained in the coated fabrics is thought to be the same as SiO2 (PDF#46-1242).As shown in Figure7, the strengths of the SiO2 diffraction peaks of the coated fabrics increase with the rises of mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 at 34.44°. This demonstrates the content increase of nano-SiO2 on the surface of coated fabrics.Figure 7
Change of the SiO2 diffraction intensities against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.When thermal radiation is incident on the crystals, the reflection and the refraction occur on the crystal boundary, and the larger the grain size and the closer the grains, the greater the extent of reflection and refraction and the stronger the ability to reflect the thermal radiation [35]. A fitting analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern of spherical nano-SiO2 coating using MDI Jade 6 software was carried out, and the average grain sizes in the samples of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics are summarized in Figure 8.Figure 8
Change of the average grain size of coated fabrics against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.Figure8 shows that, with the increasing of spherical nano-SiO2 content, the average grain sizes are on the rise. When the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the average grain size in the samples of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics was 33 nm, which is 15.6 nm larger than when no spherical nano-SiO2 is added. So, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the average grain size increased by 89.66%, and the ability to reflect thermal radiation increased by 63.95%. This could be because, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, a synergistic effect occurs among particles in the coating, influenced by the preparation method and other external factors, and the crystal bridge at points of mutual contact among grains, and the grain size increases; as the combination of the grains becomes closer, the ability to reflect the thermal radiation improves significantly [36].


### 3.3. Analysis of the TG Test Results of the Coated Fabrics

Thermal stability at high temperature is one of the most important indicators to assess the ablation resistance of coated fabrics. To test the thermal stability of prepared spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics at high temperature, the thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the prepared coated fabrics were carried out using an STA 409 PC thermogravimetric analyzer. The temperature range tested was 36–1200°C, the heating rate was 10 K/min, and the test atmosphere was air. Figure 9 shows the TG-DTA curve test results for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.Figure 9
TG-DTA curves for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.From Figure9, it can be seen that, in the process of the temperature increasing to 1200°C, there is no apparent phase where the weight is constant. The weight reduces gradually until 1200°C, and the residual mass is 88.49%, displaying excellent thermal stability. At 112.50°C, the weight loss of the coating is 0.92%, most likely due to evaporation of moisture in the coating matrix and the decomposition of a small amount of solvent, silicon hydroxyl, and small molecule polymers in the organic silicon resin, corresponding to the endothermic peak in the DTA curve at 53.22°C. At 285.37°C there is a relatively wide exothermic peak in the DTA curve, due to the oxidation reaction of the coating matrix of silicone resin with oxygen in the testing atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of coated fabrics is the most intense when the temperature is gradually increased to 463.79°C; at this temperature the predominant process is the thermal decomposition of C-C bonds, C-H bonds, benzene pyrolysis, and other organic groups on the silicone resin as the coating matrix [37]. At this temperature, the weight loss of the coated fabric is 5.14% and when the temperature is 1138.72°C an unapparent exothermic peak occurred in the DTA curve. This is due to the exothermic reaction of spherical nano-SiO2 with the CaO which occurs at high temperature and generates CaSiO3. The CaO is produced by the exothermic decomposition of CaCO3 filler around 900°C. The high-resolution XPS spectra of the treated sample heated at 1200°C are shown in Figure 10. From the high-resolution spectra of Ca 2p, it is observed that Ca is mainly present in the form of CaSiO3, with binding energy of approximately 347.05 eV, indicating a Ca-O bond of CaSiO3 [38]. In addition, two small peaks with binding energy of 351.2 eV and 350.3 eV are detected for the coated fabric, which is ascribed to a small amount of CaO. Figure 10(c) shows the Si 2p XPS spectra. It could be divided into two components with binding energies of 102.1 eV and 103.3 eV, which are, respectively, ascribed to CaSiO3 and a small amount of SiO2 [39]. The XPS survey spectra analysis results prove the existence of CaSiO3 in the treated sample which has been heated at 1200°C.Figure 10
XPS survey spectra of treated sample. (a) XPS survey spectra; (b) Ca 2p XPS spectra; (c) Si 2p XPS spectra.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figures11(a)–11(f) show the contrast between the TG curves of coated fabrics before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with different mass fractions. It can be seen from Figures 11(a)–11(f) that, after adding the functional packing, the weight loss of the coated fabrics is decreased gradually with the mass fraction growth of the spherical nano-SiO2. When the temperature is increased to 1200°C, the coated fabric without added packing is found to have lost 30.26% of its weight, whereas the coated fabric with added 15% of the packing loses 11.49%. The difference in these values, of 18.77%, is because, after adding the spherical nano-SiO2, the thermal stability of the coated fabric is greatly improved. This may be because spherical nano-SiO2 has high surface activity, which has an affinity for moisture in the air, forming hydroxyl groups. Also, there may be physical or chemical crosslinking such as hydrogen bonds between spherical nano-SiO2 and the coating matrix or other functional packing, which serves to enhance the binding force of each functional particle in the coating system, and it slows down the decomposition of other active monomers, small molecules, and other constituent parts in the coatings system [40]. At the same time, because spherical nano-SiO2 has excellent high temperature resistance, it serves to shield oxygen and heat in the external environment and hinders the transfer of volatile degradation products on the surface of coated fabrics. Due to the reasons outlined, adding spherical nano-SiO2 has a positive effect in significantly improving the thermal stability of coated fabrics at high temperature [41].Figure 11
TG curves for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics. (a) Mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 0%; (b) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 3%; (c) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 6%; (d) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 9%; (e) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 12%; (f) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


### 3.4. EDS Analysis of the Surface of Coated Fabrics

To explore the influence of elemental changes of coated fabrics on the reflectivity of thermal radiation before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2, an X-ray spectrometer with the characteristic of cooling the fields was used. The coated fabrics were imaged at magnification of 60,000 times, and the distribution of elements in the same areas was established. Figure 12 shows the distribution of Si in the coated fabric samples before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with mass fraction of 15%.Figure 12
Distribution of Si in the coated fabrics before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with mass fraction of 15%.
(a)
Before adding nano-SiO2
(b)
After adding nano-SiO2Figure12 shows that, before adding spherical nano-SiO2 to the coated fabric, the Si element is relatively evenly distributed in the coating system; the main source of the Si is from talcum powder used as the packing. After adding spherical nano-SiO2, the distribution intensity of Si is increased significantly; the Si source is now from the two types of packing—talcum powder and spherical nano-SiO2. However, before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the contents of Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn in the samples are not changing. Therefore, the EDS qualitative analysis shows that, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the content of Si in the system is increased significantly. This helps to explain that the increase in ability to reflect the thermal radiation and the increased Si content in the system are closely linked. In essence, the increase in reflectivity of thermal radiation for coated fabrics is mainly due to the addition of spherical nano-SiO2.


## 3.1. The Reflectivity of the Thermal Radiation of the Coated Fabrics

To explore the influence of the spherical nano-SiO2 mass fraction on the thermal radiation reflectivity of coated fabrics, the values of reflectivity for each sample in the wavelength range 400–2000 nm were tested using a Lambda 750 ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) near-infrared spectrophotometer, and the test results are displayed in Figure 3.Figure 3
The UV-Vis spectra of different mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.As shown in Figure3, in the wavelength range 400–2500 nm, the reflectivity of coated fabrics increases as the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 increases; when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the reflectivity of coated fabrics is at its greatest. The data for the reflectivity of the thermal radiation with different mass fractions of spherical nano-SiO2 are summarized in Table 1.Table 1
The reflectivity of the thermal radiation for different mass fractions of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.
Mass fraction
Reflectivity of each sample in each different wavelength range (%)
Visible region400–760 nm
Near-infrared region760–2000 nm
Thermal radiation400–2000 nm
0%
13.57
54.55
45.32
3%
16.45
56.31
47.33
6%
20.09
62.46
52.91
9%
29.09
70.15
60.89
12%
47.00
78.55
71.44
15%
52.16
80.75
74.30As shown in Table1, as the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 increases, the values of reflectivity for thermal radiation of the coated fabrics in the visible and near-infrared regions improve markedly. When the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the average value of reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics was 74.30%; within this, the average values of reflectivity in the visible and near-infrared bands were 52.16% and 80.75%, respectively. Compared to the coated fabrics with no added packing (0% SiO2), when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 was 15%, the average values of reflectivity in the visible and near-infrared regions increased by 38.59% and 26.20%, respectively. As a result, the average values of the reflectivity over the whole range increased by 28.98%.Figure4 shows the change trend for the reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics as the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is increased. It shows that, with increasing spherical nano-SiO2 content, the average values of reflectivity initially improve significantly, and after the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 reaches 12%, the growth rate of the reflectivity gradually slows and the curve tends to flatten.Figure 4
Change of reflectivity for the thermal radiation of coated fabrics against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.The main cause of the phenomena is the regular changes in coated fabrics’ surfaces with the increase of SiO2 content. As shown in Figures 5(a)–5(f), there are a certain growing number of nanoscale bulbiform bulges in coated fabrics’ surfaces. Since the surface flatness of the coated fabrics drops gradually and the number of surface deformation increases, the contact surfaces between incoming lights and coated fabrics’ surfaces expand, and thermal radiation reflectivity effect improves.Figure 5
SEM photographs of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics’ surface microstructures. (a) Mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 0%; (b) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 3%; (c) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 6%; (d) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 9%; (e) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 12%; (f) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)According to the theory of photon scattering, after incident light reaches the surface of the material, the energy is divided by three different mechanisms simultaneously: some photons hitting the surface of materials undergo reflection, refraction, and other scattering processes and return to the space of the incident radiation; other photons are absorbed by the material, and the energy is converted into molecular vibrational and rotational energy; the remaining photons go through the material, by transmission, and continue to transmit into the next medium [20–22]. The thickness of the prepared coated fabrics was about 2 mm and the transmission rate of photons was almost zero. Therefore, the smaller the absorption rate of photons by the coated fabrics in the range 400–2000 nm, the higher the reflectivity of the thermal radiation. The absorption mechanism for the photons is mainly decided by the width of the forbidden band of the material itself; as long as the photon energy is larger than the width of the forbidden band of the material, then the material can undergo the transition between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band [23–25].For the absorption of photons by this band, the energy of the photons representing the region of the width of the forbidden band can be calculated using(1)Eg=hv=hcλ,where Eg is the energy gap, v is the frequency occurring in the transition, and λ is the wavelength of the corresponding photons [26–28].According to the calculation, the width range of the forbidden band corresponding to the absorption wavelength range 400–2000 nm is 0.62–3.1 eV [29, 30]; the width of the forbidden band of particles themselves for materials located in this range will show the absorption for the thermal radiation. The width of the forbidden band for spherical nano-SiO2 adopted by the experimental group is up to 8.8 eV, indicating it is optically inert and has no absorption effect on the thermal radiation [31, 32]. Therefore, the reflectivity of thermal radiation for prepared coated fabrics increases significantly with increasing mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2.At the same time, because the nano-SiO2 used in the experiment is spherical, based on the theories of tightness and stacking of KM (Kubelka and Munk), the maximum stacking density and apparent density (apparent density of powders) of standard spherical objects can be achieved [12]. When using similar particle sizes, the surface area is largest when packing spherical particles, and the reflection intensity of particles of light is the strongest. In the coating system used here, the gaps between particles of spherical nano-SiO2 are very small and the degree of chaos of stacking is small. The viscosity of powders is strong and the liquidity of powders is stronger when preparing the coating, which results in a coating with excellent properties. Therefore, when compared with other morphologies of SiO2 packing, spherical nano-SiO2 results in functional packing which reflects the thermal radiation most efficiently [33].In addition, in the visible light region of 400–760 nm, the reflectivity of thermal radiation by coated fabrics is significantly improved. This may be due to the increase of the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 with an average particle size of 20 nm, which gradually fill the pores in the coating system. Particles in the coating system with each function produce a synergistic effect, and the ability of coated fabrics to reflect thermal radiation is significantly increased [34].To explore the influence of spherical nano-SiO2, and other functional packing, on the reflectivity of thermal radiation by coated fabrics, further work needs to be carried out on the microstructure and the structure of particles and their influence on the packing of coated fabrics.


## 3.2. Analysis of the XRD Test Results for the Coated Fabrics

By analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns, the internal micrograin varieties of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics were identified and their crystalline states were further analyzed. Also, a microlevel explanation of the ability of coated fabrics to reflect thermal radiation was proposed.The X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics were measured using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, and results are presented in Figure 6.Figure 6
X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.Figure6 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics, comparing the sample atlas with the standard atlas of SiO2. There is a strong diffraction peak at 2θ = 34.44°, and the peak shape is clear, sharp, and symmetrical. Through analysis of the diffraction pattern using the MDI Jade 6 software, the interplanar spacing of spherical nano-SiO2 in the samples is found to be 2.60 nm, which is equal to the value of the response interplanar spacing of 2.60 nm in the standard atlas of SiO2. Therefore, according to results for the characteristic peak and the data for the interplanar spacing, the SiO2 crystal structure contained in the coated fabrics is thought to be the same as SiO2 (PDF#46-1242).As shown in Figure7, the strengths of the SiO2 diffraction peaks of the coated fabrics increase with the rises of mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 at 34.44°. This demonstrates the content increase of nano-SiO2 on the surface of coated fabrics.Figure 7
Change of the SiO2 diffraction intensities against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.When thermal radiation is incident on the crystals, the reflection and the refraction occur on the crystal boundary, and the larger the grain size and the closer the grains, the greater the extent of reflection and refraction and the stronger the ability to reflect the thermal radiation [35]. A fitting analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern of spherical nano-SiO2 coating using MDI Jade 6 software was carried out, and the average grain sizes in the samples of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics are summarized in Figure 8.Figure 8
Change of the average grain size of coated fabrics against mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2.Figure8 shows that, with the increasing of spherical nano-SiO2 content, the average grain sizes are on the rise. When the mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the average grain size in the samples of spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics was 33 nm, which is 15.6 nm larger than when no spherical nano-SiO2 is added. So, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the average grain size increased by 89.66%, and the ability to reflect thermal radiation increased by 63.95%. This could be because, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, a synergistic effect occurs among particles in the coating, influenced by the preparation method and other external factors, and the crystal bridge at points of mutual contact among grains, and the grain size increases; as the combination of the grains becomes closer, the ability to reflect the thermal radiation improves significantly [36].


## 3.3. Analysis of the TG Test Results of the Coated Fabrics

Thermal stability at high temperature is one of the most important indicators to assess the ablation resistance of coated fabrics. To test the thermal stability of prepared spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics at high temperature, the thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the prepared coated fabrics were carried out using an STA 409 PC thermogravimetric analyzer. The temperature range tested was 36–1200°C, the heating rate was 10 K/min, and the test atmosphere was air. Figure 9 shows the TG-DTA curve test results for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.Figure 9
TG-DTA curves for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics.From Figure9, it can be seen that, in the process of the temperature increasing to 1200°C, there is no apparent phase where the weight is constant. The weight reduces gradually until 1200°C, and the residual mass is 88.49%, displaying excellent thermal stability. At 112.50°C, the weight loss of the coating is 0.92%, most likely due to evaporation of moisture in the coating matrix and the decomposition of a small amount of solvent, silicon hydroxyl, and small molecule polymers in the organic silicon resin, corresponding to the endothermic peak in the DTA curve at 53.22°C. At 285.37°C there is a relatively wide exothermic peak in the DTA curve, due to the oxidation reaction of the coating matrix of silicone resin with oxygen in the testing atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of coated fabrics is the most intense when the temperature is gradually increased to 463.79°C; at this temperature the predominant process is the thermal decomposition of C-C bonds, C-H bonds, benzene pyrolysis, and other organic groups on the silicone resin as the coating matrix [37]. At this temperature, the weight loss of the coated fabric is 5.14% and when the temperature is 1138.72°C an unapparent exothermic peak occurred in the DTA curve. This is due to the exothermic reaction of spherical nano-SiO2 with the CaO which occurs at high temperature and generates CaSiO3. The CaO is produced by the exothermic decomposition of CaCO3 filler around 900°C. The high-resolution XPS spectra of the treated sample heated at 1200°C are shown in Figure 10. From the high-resolution spectra of Ca 2p, it is observed that Ca is mainly present in the form of CaSiO3, with binding energy of approximately 347.05 eV, indicating a Ca-O bond of CaSiO3 [38]. In addition, two small peaks with binding energy of 351.2 eV and 350.3 eV are detected for the coated fabric, which is ascribed to a small amount of CaO. Figure 10(c) shows the Si 2p XPS spectra. It could be divided into two components with binding energies of 102.1 eV and 103.3 eV, which are, respectively, ascribed to CaSiO3 and a small amount of SiO2 [39]. The XPS survey spectra analysis results prove the existence of CaSiO3 in the treated sample which has been heated at 1200°C.Figure 10
XPS survey spectra of treated sample. (a) XPS survey spectra; (b) Ca 2p XPS spectra; (c) Si 2p XPS spectra.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figures11(a)–11(f) show the contrast between the TG curves of coated fabrics before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with different mass fractions. It can be seen from Figures 11(a)–11(f) that, after adding the functional packing, the weight loss of the coated fabrics is decreased gradually with the mass fraction growth of the spherical nano-SiO2. When the temperature is increased to 1200°C, the coated fabric without added packing is found to have lost 30.26% of its weight, whereas the coated fabric with added 15% of the packing loses 11.49%. The difference in these values, of 18.77%, is because, after adding the spherical nano-SiO2, the thermal stability of the coated fabric is greatly improved. This may be because spherical nano-SiO2 has high surface activity, which has an affinity for moisture in the air, forming hydroxyl groups. Also, there may be physical or chemical crosslinking such as hydrogen bonds between spherical nano-SiO2 and the coating matrix or other functional packing, which serves to enhance the binding force of each functional particle in the coating system, and it slows down the decomposition of other active monomers, small molecules, and other constituent parts in the coatings system [40]. At the same time, because spherical nano-SiO2 has excellent high temperature resistance, it serves to shield oxygen and heat in the external environment and hinders the transfer of volatile degradation products on the surface of coated fabrics. Due to the reasons outlined, adding spherical nano-SiO2 has a positive effect in significantly improving the thermal stability of coated fabrics at high temperature [41].Figure 11
TG curves for spherical nano-SiO2 coated fabrics. (a) Mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 0%; (b) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 3%; (c) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 6%; (d) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 9%; (e) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 12%; (f) mass percentage of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)


## 3.4. EDS Analysis of the Surface of Coated Fabrics

To explore the influence of elemental changes of coated fabrics on the reflectivity of thermal radiation before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2, an X-ray spectrometer with the characteristic of cooling the fields was used. The coated fabrics were imaged at magnification of 60,000 times, and the distribution of elements in the same areas was established. Figure 12 shows the distribution of Si in the coated fabric samples before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with mass fraction of 15%.Figure 12
Distribution of Si in the coated fabrics before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2 with mass fraction of 15%.
(a)
Before adding nano-SiO2
(b)
After adding nano-SiO2Figure12 shows that, before adding spherical nano-SiO2 to the coated fabric, the Si element is relatively evenly distributed in the coating system; the main source of the Si is from talcum powder used as the packing. After adding spherical nano-SiO2, the distribution intensity of Si is increased significantly; the Si source is now from the two types of packing—talcum powder and spherical nano-SiO2. However, before and after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the contents of Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn in the samples are not changing. Therefore, the EDS qualitative analysis shows that, after adding spherical nano-SiO2, the content of Si in the system is increased significantly. This helps to explain that the increase in ability to reflect the thermal radiation and the increased Si content in the system are closely linked. In essence, the increase in reflectivity of thermal radiation for coated fabrics is mainly due to the addition of spherical nano-SiO2.


## 4. Conclusions

(1)
In the wavelength range 400–2000 nm, the reflectivity of thermal radiation for coated fabrics is evidently increased as the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 is increased; when the mass fraction of added spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the reflectivity of coated fabrics is the greatest, with an average value of 74.30%.
(2)
The average size of grains in prepared coated fabrics was 33 nm, which was 15.6 nm larger than those with no added spherical nano-SiO2. After adding the spherical nano-SiO2, the average grain size in the samples increased by 89.66%, and the ability to reflect thermal radiation increased by 63.95%.
(3)
When heating the coating system to 1200°C, there was no apparent weight loss stage. The residual mass in the coating system was as high as 88.49% after adding 15% spherical nano-SiO2, exhibiting excellent thermal stability.



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*Source: 2176795-2017-07-20.xml*