# Outage Probability Analysis in Power-Beacon Assisted Energy Harvesting Cognitive Relay Wireless Networks

Authors: Ngoc Phuc Le
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2017)

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## Abstract

We study the performance of the secondary relay system in a power-beacon (PB) assisted energy harvesting cognitive relay wireless network. In our system model, a secondary source node and a relay node first harvest energy from distributed PBs. Then, the source node transmits its data to the destination node with the help of the relay node. Also, fading coefficients of the links from the PBs to the source node and relay node are assumed independent but not necessarily identically distributed (i.n.i.d) Nakagami-m random variables. We derive exact expressions for the power outage probability and the channel outage probability. Based on that, we analyze the total outage probability of the secondary relay system. Asymptotic analysis is also performed, which provides insights into the system behavior. Moreover, we evaluate impacts of the primary network on the performance of the secondary network with respect to the tolerant interference threshold at the primary receiver as well as the interference introduced by the primary transmitter at the secondary source and relay nodes. Simulation results are provided to validate the analysis.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Energy harvesting (EH) has recently emerged as a promising approach to enable self-sustaining operation of energy-constrained wireless systems [1]. In EH-based communication systems, wireless devices scavenge energy from ambient energy sources, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and vibration sources [2]. In addition to these alternative energy sources, radio frequency (RF) signals have been considered as another promising energy source since it owns several favorable properties including availability and controllability. As RF signal is capable of carrying both information and energy at the same time, the authors in [3] devised receiver architectures for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems. However, due to a huge gap regarding the operational sensitivity level between an information decoder and an energy harvester, SWIPT systems are only suitable for short-range transmission. To overcome this disadvantage, the authors in [4] proposed a novel wireless-powered system architecture in which power-beacons (PBs) are deployed to power wireless devices. Several PB-assisted energy harvesting systems have been then proposed and investigated in the literature; see, for example, [5–10].Since EH-based point-to-point systems have been well investigated in the literature, many research works have recently focused on investigating energy harvesting in complicated system architectures, such as relay/cooperative systems, cognitive radios, and cognitive relaying networks. For relay systems, two EH relaying protocols, namely, time switching-based relaying (TSR) and power splitting-based relaying (PSR), are frequently used for energy harvesting and signal processing at a relay node [11]. In particular, in the TSR protocol, the relay node harvests energy from the received signal in a portion of time and spends the rest of the time period for information receiving and processing. Meanwhile, for the PSR protocol, the relay splits the received signal from the source into two streams, one of which is used for energy harvesting operation and the other for information decoding. Throughput analysis of amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying systems was performed in [11] and [9], [12], respectively. In addition, several aspects associated with EH relay systems have been examined, including EH-based relaying networks in the presence of interference [13], EH-based cooperative systems with spatially random relays [14], relay selection for trade-off between quality of information transfer and average transferred energy [15], and two-way EH-based relay systems [16].With respect to cognitive radio (CR), it is well established that CR networks could offer a significant improvement in terms of spectrum utilization efficiency by allowing unlicensed secondary network (SN) users to share the same spectrum licensed to the primary network [17]. Among different cognitive paradigms, an underlay mode in which SN users transmit in the same band with the primary transmitters simultaneously subject to an interference constraint at the primary receiver is the simplest and is easy to implement in practice. Therefore, many studies have considered energy harvesting for underlay CR networks; see, for example, [18–22]. In [18], the authors analyzed the outage probability and spatial throughput of the SN users. They also derived the optimal transmission power and density of SN nodes, which provides insights into optimal network design. In [19], a harvested energy-throughput trade-off optimization problem was formulated and a closed-form solution was obtained. Optimal resource allocation (i.e., time sharing and power) for EH-based CR networks was considered in [20, 21]. Also, an extension to joint time and power allocation for maximal sum-throughput in multiuser EH-based CR networks was studied in [22].Recently, some research works have considered energy harvesting for cognitive relay networks (CRN). The motivation behind this approach is to exploit the advantages of cognitive radio and relay techniques [23]. In [24], the authors investigated EH-based underlay CRN with DF relaying and the TSR protocol. In their system model, secondary source and relay nodes harvest energy from multiple primary users that are closely located. They performed exact analysis of the outage probability as well as asymptotic analysis when the number of primary nodes goes to infinity. An analysis of outage probability in EH-based CRN with the PSR protocol was investigated in [25]. CRN with the PSR protocol was further investigated in [26] in which outage performance, energy-rate trade-off, and energy efficiency metrics were analyzed and optimized. In addition, analysis of the outage probability in multihop CRN and CRN with opportunistic relay selection was studied in [27] and [28], respectively. It is worth noting that these studies assume that the energy harvesting circuitry at receivers is always activated. Fading channel coefficients are assumed to follow independent and identical distribution (i.i.d). Moreover, instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of the links between SN nodes and a primary receiver (PR) is available. In many practical scenarios, it might be hard to access the instantaneous CSI since the collaboration between SN nodes and primary receiver is very limited.Unlike the existing works, we consider in this study a distributed power-beacons (PBs) assisted energy harvesting cognitive relay wireless network. Some distinguished features of our system model are as follows: (i) simple PBs equipped with single-antenna are deployed to broadcast energy and they perform no additional information processing tasks; (ii) secondary source node and relay node need to harvest energy from PBs (and a primary transmitter if available) to sustain information transmission operations but they might be inactive if the harvested power is not sufficient, (iii) fading coefficients of the channels from PBs to secondary nodes follow i.n.i.d Nakagami-m distributions; and (iv) instantaneous CSI of the links between SN nodes and PR might be available or not (i.e., only statistical CSI). Our aim is to comprehensively analyze the outage probability of the secondary relay system under a spectrum sharing context with energy harvesting capability. The main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows:(i)
Derivation of analytical expressions for thepower outage probability (i.e., the probability that the harvested power at the source node and/or relay node is below the minimum circuit activation power threshold) and thechannel outage probability (i.e., the probability that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal at the destination node is below the SNR threshold).(ii)
Derivation of thetotal outage probability of the secondary network in bothnoise-limited scenario (i.e., the primary transmitter is far away from the secondary network) andinterference-limited scenario (i.e., the primary transmitter is near to the secondary network).(iii)
Derivation of the total outage probability of the secondary network subject to the availability of theinstantaneous CSI orstatistical CSI of the links between the secondary network and the primary receiver.(iv)
Asymptotic analysis of the outage probability of the secondary relay system under different scenarios, which provides important insights into the behavior of the outage performance.(v)
Evaluation of impacts of the transmit power of power-beacons, the tolerant interference threshold at the primary receiver, and the transmit power of the primary transmitter on the outage probability of the secondary relay system.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we describe the cognitive relay system model with RF energy harvesting. In Section 3, we analyze the power outage probability. Exact and asymptotic analysis of the total outage probability of the secondary relay system are carried out in Section 4. Simulation results and discussions are provided in Section 5. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 6.


## 2. System Model

We consider a distributed PB-assisted energy harvesting cognitive relay wireless network as depicted in Figure1. All nodes are equipped with single-antenna. The secondary network consists of a source node (SS), a decode-and-forward (DF) relay node (SR), and a destination node (SD). The source node and relay node are energy-constrained devices that need to harvest energy from N PBs for data transmission. Also, the direct link between SS and SD is assumed not to exist due to poor fading conditions or obstacles. Hence, data transmission from SS to SD is accomplished with the help of SR. In this work, we consider an underlay cognitive paradigm, in which the secondary nodes can perform data transmission in the same spectrum band licensed to the primary network subject to interference constraint at the primary receiver.Figure 1
System model.We consider one frame of durationT, where the fading channels are assumed unchanged. In the first phase of duration αT,(0<α<1), SS and SR harvest energy from PBs. In the second phase (1-α)T/2, SS transmits its data to SR, and in the third phase (1-α)T/2, SR forwards the information to SD. For convenience, we denote parameters of the links between nodes in the network as in Table 1. Due to short distance between PBs and SS and SR, the line-of-sight (LoS) path is likely to exist. To this end, we assume that his and hir,(i=1,2,…,N), follow i.n.i.d Nakagami-m distribution with fading parameters mis and mir and squared means Ωis=ε{his2} and Ωir=ε{hir2}, respectively, where ε{·} denotes an expectation operation. For the other links, we assume that the fading coefficients follow i.n.i.d Rayleigh distribution.Table 1
Symbol notations.
Links
Fading coefficient
Distance
Squared mean
Path-loss at 1 m
P
B
i
-
S
S
h
i
s
d
i
s
Ω
i
s
L
i
s
0
P
B
i
-
S
R
h
i
r
d
i
r
Ω
i
r
L
i
r
0
S
S
-
S
R
h
s
r
d
s
r
Ω
s
r
L
s
r
0
S
R
-
S
D
h
r
d
d
r
d
Ω
r
d
L
r
d
0
S
S
-
P
R
h
s
p
d
s
p
Ω
s
p
L
s
p
0
S
R
-
P
R
h
r
p
d
r
p
Ω
r
p
L
r
p
0
P
T
-
S
S
h
t
s
d
t
s
Ω
t
s
L
t
s
0
P
T
-
S
R
h
t
r
d
t
r
Ω
t
r
L
t
r
0
P
T
-
S
D
h
t
d
d
t
d
Ω
t
d
L
t
d
0


### 2.1. Primary Transmitter Is Far Away from the Secondary Network

We first consider a scenario in which the primary transmitter (PT) is located far away from the secondary network (SN). Therefore, PT does not introduce interference to both SR and SD (i.e., anoise-limited scenario). Also, the energy harvested at SS and SD associated with the RF signal radiated by the primary transmitter is negligible.The total energy harvested at the SS node at the end of the energy harvesting phase can be expressed as(1)EsF=ηαTP∑i=1NLis0his2disθ=ηαTP∑i=1NLis=ηαTPΥsF,where η∈(0,1) is the efficiency of an energy harvester, P is the transmit power of PB, dis is the distance between the ith PB and the source node SS, Lis0 is the path-loss at reference distance of 1 m, and θ is the path-loss exponent. Also, Lis≜Lis0his2/disθ and ΥsF≜∑i=1NLis. We note that the probability distribution function (PDF) of Lis is given as(2)fx,mis,χis=xmis-1χismismis-1!e-x/χis,x>0,where χis≜Lis0Ωis/(misdisθ). Thus, the PDF of ΥsF can be expressed by [29](3)fΥsFy=∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jfy,j,χis,where ΦsF(i,j) is a weighting factor defined similar to that in [29, Eq. (7)]. In particular, the recursive formula for evaluating Φs(i,j) can be expressed as(4)ΦsFi,mis=χismis∏h=1Nχhsmhs∏k=1,k≠iN1χks-1χis-mks,ΦsFi,mis-l=1l∑q=1,q≠iN∑k=1lmqsχisk1χis-1χqs-kΦsFi,mis-l+k,l=1,2,…,mis-1.Similarly, the energy harvested at the SR node is given as(5)ErF=ηαTP∑i=1NLir0hir2dirθ=ηαTPΥrF,where ΥrF≜∑i=1NLir0hir2/dirθ and the PDF of ΥrF is expressed as(6)fΥrFy=∑i=1N∑j=1mirΦrFi,jfy,j,χir,where χir≜Lir0Ωir/(mirdirθ) and ΦrF(i,j) is computed similar to ΦsF(i,j).For an underlay cognitive paradigm, the spectrum licensed to the primary network is utilized by the secondary network. However, the transmit powers of both SS and SR nodes need to be adjusted subject to the interference constraint at the primary receiver. We note that the transmit powers of SS and SR are governed by the availability of the channel state information (CSI) of the SS-PR and SR-PR links at SS and SR nodes, respectively. Thus, in this work, we consider two cases depending on whether the instantaneous CSI is available or not.


#### 2.1.1. Instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

When the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available, the SS and SR can adjust their transmit powers to guarantee that the interference at PR is always below the maximum acceptable valueI. Therefore, the transmit powers at SS and SR can be computed, respectively, as(7)PsF,ins=min⁡EsF1-αT/2,ILsp0hsp2/dspθ=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILsp,PrF,ins=min⁡ErF1-αT/2,ILrp0hrp2drpθ=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrp,where Ξ≜1-α/2ηαP, Lsp≜Lsp0hsp2/dspθ, and Lrp≜Lrp0hrp2/drpθ. Given that the primary transmitter is located far away from the secondary network, we can express the SNR at SR and SD as(8)γRF,ins=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILspLsrN0,(9)γDF,ins=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrpLrdN0,respectively, where Lsr≜Lsr0hsr2/dsrθ, Lrd≜Lrd0hrd2/drdθ, and N0 is the noise power of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at SR and SD. Finally, the end-to-end SNR at the SD node in the DF relay system is obtained as(10)γe2eF,ins=min⁡γRF,ins,γDF,ins.


#### 2.1.2. Statistical CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

Let us now consider the case when only statistical CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We note that a focus on the statistical CSI case is useful from a practical viewpoint. This is due to the fact that the collaboration between secondary nodes and PR is limited. Thus, it is hard to obtain perfect instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links at SS and SR, respectively. Under this condition, the interference constraint at PR due to SS transmission can be formulated as [30](11)Pr⁡PT,sLsp>I≤ϵ,Where Pr stands for probability, PT,s is the transmit power of SS, and ϵ is the tolerated error. Given that Lsp follows an exponent distribution with mean χsp≜Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, the transmit power by SS needs to satisfy(12)PT,s≤Iχspln⁡1/ϵ.Similarly, the transmit power of SR is constrained by(13)PT,r≤Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ,where χrp≜Lrp0Ωrp/drpθ.Thus, the actual transmit powers of SS and SR are obtained, respectively, as(14)PsF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵ,(15)PrF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ.Also, the end-to-end SNR is given as(16)γe2eF,ave=min⁡γRF,ave,γDF,ave,where(17)γRF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵLsrN0,(18)γDF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵLrdN0.


### 2.2. Primary Transmitter Is Near to the Secondary Network

We next consider a scenario where the primary transmitter is near to the secondary network. In this case, SS and SR can further harvest energy from the RF signal radiated by PT. However, it is worth noting that PT will introduce interference to both SR and SD during the information transmission period. For analytical simplicity, we assume that the interference dominates the noises at SR and SD nodes (i.e., aninterference-limited scenario).LetP0 denote the transmit power of the primary transmitter. In this scenario, the energy harvested by SS and SR during the energy harvesting phase consists of the energy broadcasted by PBs and the energy radiated by PT. Similar to the previous case, we can express the harvested energy at SS as(19)EsN=ηαTP∑i=1NLis0his2disθ+P0Lts0hts2dtsθ=ηαTPΥsN,where ΥsN≜∑i=1NLis0his2/disθ+Lts0hts2/dtsθ(P/P0). It is worth noting that Lts0hts2/dtsθ(P/P0) follows the Rayleigh distribution which can be interpreted as a Nakagami-m variable with a parameter m=1. Therefore, ΥsN is a sum of (N+1) Nakagami-m variables and its PDF can be evaluated in a similar manner as ΥsF (cf. (6)). Also, the harvested energy at SR is given as(20)ErN=ηαTP∑i=1NLir0hir2dirθ+P0Ltr0htr2dtrθ=ηαTPΥrN,where ΥrN≜∑i=1NLir0hir2/dirθ+Ltr0htr2/dtrθ(P/P0). Similar to the previous scenario, the end-to-end SNR when PT is near to SN is obtained as(21)γe2eN=min⁡γRN,γDN,where, in the presence of the instantaneous CSI,(22)γRN,ins=min⁡ΥsNΞ,ILspLsrP0Ltr,γDN,ins=min⁡ΥrNΞ,ILrpLrdP0Ltd,where Ltr≜Ltr0htr2/dtrθ and Ltd≜Ltd0htd2/dtdθ. Also, when only statistical CSI is available, we have(23)γRN,ave=min⁡ΥsNΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵLsrP0Ltr,(24)γDN,ave=min⁡ΥrNΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵLrdP0Ltd.


## 2.1. Primary Transmitter Is Far Away from the Secondary Network

We first consider a scenario in which the primary transmitter (PT) is located far away from the secondary network (SN). Therefore, PT does not introduce interference to both SR and SD (i.e., anoise-limited scenario). Also, the energy harvested at SS and SD associated with the RF signal radiated by the primary transmitter is negligible.The total energy harvested at the SS node at the end of the energy harvesting phase can be expressed as(1)EsF=ηαTP∑i=1NLis0his2disθ=ηαTP∑i=1NLis=ηαTPΥsF,where η∈(0,1) is the efficiency of an energy harvester, P is the transmit power of PB, dis is the distance between the ith PB and the source node SS, Lis0 is the path-loss at reference distance of 1 m, and θ is the path-loss exponent. Also, Lis≜Lis0his2/disθ and ΥsF≜∑i=1NLis. We note that the probability distribution function (PDF) of Lis is given as(2)fx,mis,χis=xmis-1χismismis-1!e-x/χis,x>0,where χis≜Lis0Ωis/(misdisθ). Thus, the PDF of ΥsF can be expressed by [29](3)fΥsFy=∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jfy,j,χis,where ΦsF(i,j) is a weighting factor defined similar to that in [29, Eq. (7)]. In particular, the recursive formula for evaluating Φs(i,j) can be expressed as(4)ΦsFi,mis=χismis∏h=1Nχhsmhs∏k=1,k≠iN1χks-1χis-mks,ΦsFi,mis-l=1l∑q=1,q≠iN∑k=1lmqsχisk1χis-1χqs-kΦsFi,mis-l+k,l=1,2,…,mis-1.Similarly, the energy harvested at the SR node is given as(5)ErF=ηαTP∑i=1NLir0hir2dirθ=ηαTPΥrF,where ΥrF≜∑i=1NLir0hir2/dirθ and the PDF of ΥrF is expressed as(6)fΥrFy=∑i=1N∑j=1mirΦrFi,jfy,j,χir,where χir≜Lir0Ωir/(mirdirθ) and ΦrF(i,j) is computed similar to ΦsF(i,j).For an underlay cognitive paradigm, the spectrum licensed to the primary network is utilized by the secondary network. However, the transmit powers of both SS and SR nodes need to be adjusted subject to the interference constraint at the primary receiver. We note that the transmit powers of SS and SR are governed by the availability of the channel state information (CSI) of the SS-PR and SR-PR links at SS and SR nodes, respectively. Thus, in this work, we consider two cases depending on whether the instantaneous CSI is available or not.


### 2.1.1. Instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

When the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available, the SS and SR can adjust their transmit powers to guarantee that the interference at PR is always below the maximum acceptable valueI. Therefore, the transmit powers at SS and SR can be computed, respectively, as(7)PsF,ins=min⁡EsF1-αT/2,ILsp0hsp2/dspθ=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILsp,PrF,ins=min⁡ErF1-αT/2,ILrp0hrp2drpθ=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrp,where Ξ≜1-α/2ηαP, Lsp≜Lsp0hsp2/dspθ, and Lrp≜Lrp0hrp2/drpθ. Given that the primary transmitter is located far away from the secondary network, we can express the SNR at SR and SD as(8)γRF,ins=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILspLsrN0,(9)γDF,ins=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrpLrdN0,respectively, where Lsr≜Lsr0hsr2/dsrθ, Lrd≜Lrd0hrd2/drdθ, and N0 is the noise power of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at SR and SD. Finally, the end-to-end SNR at the SD node in the DF relay system is obtained as(10)γe2eF,ins=min⁡γRF,ins,γDF,ins.


### 2.1.2. Statistical CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

Let us now consider the case when only statistical CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We note that a focus on the statistical CSI case is useful from a practical viewpoint. This is due to the fact that the collaboration between secondary nodes and PR is limited. Thus, it is hard to obtain perfect instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links at SS and SR, respectively. Under this condition, the interference constraint at PR due to SS transmission can be formulated as [30](11)Pr⁡PT,sLsp>I≤ϵ,Where Pr stands for probability, PT,s is the transmit power of SS, and ϵ is the tolerated error. Given that Lsp follows an exponent distribution with mean χsp≜Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, the transmit power by SS needs to satisfy(12)PT,s≤Iχspln⁡1/ϵ.Similarly, the transmit power of SR is constrained by(13)PT,r≤Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ,where χrp≜Lrp0Ωrp/drpθ.Thus, the actual transmit powers of SS and SR are obtained, respectively, as(14)PsF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵ,(15)PrF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ.Also, the end-to-end SNR is given as(16)γe2eF,ave=min⁡γRF,ave,γDF,ave,where(17)γRF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵLsrN0,(18)γDF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵLrdN0.


## 2.1.1. Instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

When the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available, the SS and SR can adjust their transmit powers to guarantee that the interference at PR is always below the maximum acceptable valueI. Therefore, the transmit powers at SS and SR can be computed, respectively, as(7)PsF,ins=min⁡EsF1-αT/2,ILsp0hsp2/dspθ=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILsp,PrF,ins=min⁡ErF1-αT/2,ILrp0hrp2drpθ=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrp,where Ξ≜1-α/2ηαP, Lsp≜Lsp0hsp2/dspθ, and Lrp≜Lrp0hrp2/drpθ. Given that the primary transmitter is located far away from the secondary network, we can express the SNR at SR and SD as(8)γRF,ins=min⁡ΥsFΞ,ILspLsrN0,(9)γDF,ins=min⁡ΥrFΞ,ILrpLrdN0,respectively, where Lsr≜Lsr0hsr2/dsrθ, Lrd≜Lrd0hrd2/drdθ, and N0 is the noise power of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at SR and SD. Finally, the end-to-end SNR at the SD node in the DF relay system is obtained as(10)γe2eF,ins=min⁡γRF,ins,γDF,ins.


## 2.1.2. Statistical CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR Links Is Available

Let us now consider the case when only statistical CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We note that a focus on the statistical CSI case is useful from a practical viewpoint. This is due to the fact that the collaboration between secondary nodes and PR is limited. Thus, it is hard to obtain perfect instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links at SS and SR, respectively. Under this condition, the interference constraint at PR due to SS transmission can be formulated as [30](11)Pr⁡PT,sLsp>I≤ϵ,Where Pr stands for probability, PT,s is the transmit power of SS, and ϵ is the tolerated error. Given that Lsp follows an exponent distribution with mean χsp≜Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, the transmit power by SS needs to satisfy(12)PT,s≤Iχspln⁡1/ϵ.Similarly, the transmit power of SR is constrained by(13)PT,r≤Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ,where χrp≜Lrp0Ωrp/drpθ.Thus, the actual transmit powers of SS and SR are obtained, respectively, as(14)PsF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵ,(15)PrF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵ.Also, the end-to-end SNR is given as(16)γe2eF,ave=min⁡γRF,ave,γDF,ave,where(17)γRF,ave=min⁡ΥsFΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵLsrN0,(18)γDF,ave=min⁡ΥrFΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵLrdN0.


## 2.2. Primary Transmitter Is Near to the Secondary Network

We next consider a scenario where the primary transmitter is near to the secondary network. In this case, SS and SR can further harvest energy from the RF signal radiated by PT. However, it is worth noting that PT will introduce interference to both SR and SD during the information transmission period. For analytical simplicity, we assume that the interference dominates the noises at SR and SD nodes (i.e., aninterference-limited scenario).LetP0 denote the transmit power of the primary transmitter. In this scenario, the energy harvested by SS and SR during the energy harvesting phase consists of the energy broadcasted by PBs and the energy radiated by PT. Similar to the previous case, we can express the harvested energy at SS as(19)EsN=ηαTP∑i=1NLis0his2disθ+P0Lts0hts2dtsθ=ηαTPΥsN,where ΥsN≜∑i=1NLis0his2/disθ+Lts0hts2/dtsθ(P/P0). It is worth noting that Lts0hts2/dtsθ(P/P0) follows the Rayleigh distribution which can be interpreted as a Nakagami-m variable with a parameter m=1. Therefore, ΥsN is a sum of (N+1) Nakagami-m variables and its PDF can be evaluated in a similar manner as ΥsF (cf. (6)). Also, the harvested energy at SR is given as(20)ErN=ηαTP∑i=1NLir0hir2dirθ+P0Ltr0htr2dtrθ=ηαTPΥrN,where ΥrN≜∑i=1NLir0hir2/dirθ+Ltr0htr2/dtrθ(P/P0). Similar to the previous scenario, the end-to-end SNR when PT is near to SN is obtained as(21)γe2eN=min⁡γRN,γDN,where, in the presence of the instantaneous CSI,(22)γRN,ins=min⁡ΥsNΞ,ILspLsrP0Ltr,γDN,ins=min⁡ΥrNΞ,ILrpLrdP0Ltd,where Ltr≜Ltr0htr2/dtrθ and Ltd≜Ltd0htd2/dtdθ. Also, when only statistical CSI is available, we have(23)γRN,ave=min⁡ΥsNΞ,Iχspln⁡1/ϵLsrP0Ltr,(24)γDN,ave=min⁡ΥrNΞ,Iχrpln⁡1/ϵLrdP0Ltd.


## 3. Analysis of Power Outage Probability

In RF-powered wireless communication systems, the received power at EH-enabled devices must be larger than the minimum power thresholdξ to activate the energy harvesting circuitry. A typical value of ξ is in the range from −30 dBm to −10 dBm in practice [1]. In the considered system, if the received power is below ξ, the source node and relay node are inactive and thus no information transmission can occur. Thus, in this section, we evaluate the power outage probability of the system, that is, the probability that the harvested power is smaller than ξ.Let us first consider the scenario where PT is far away from SN. The received power at the source node and relay node can be expressed asPRX=ηTPΥXF, where X∈{s,r} (cf. (1) and (5)). Thus, the power outage probability due to insufficient harvested power at SS is calculated as(25)pout,XFξ=Pr⁡PRX<ξ=FΥXFξηTP,where FΥXF(·) is the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of ΥXF that can be obtained based on (2) and (3). Consequently, (25) can be further expressed as(26)pout,XFξ=1-∑i=1N∑j=1miXΦXFi,je-ξ/ηTPχiX∑k=0j-11k!ξηTPχiXk,X∈s,r.The power outage due to the insufficient harvested power in the system happens when SS or SR or both of them experience the power outage. Consequently, the power outage probability of the SN network can be computed as(27)pout,EHF=1-1-pout,sFξ1-pout,rFξ=pout,sFξ+pout,rFξ-pout,rFξpout,rFξ.In case that PT is near to SN, we obtain a similar expression for the power outage probability; that is,(28)pout,EHN=pout,sNξ+pout,rNξ-pout,rNξpout,rNξ,where(29)pout,XNξ=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1miXΦXNi,je-ξ/ηTPχiX∑k=0j-11k!ξηTPχiXk,X∈s,r.Numerical results based on these expressions are provided in Section 5.


## 4. Analysis of Total Outage Probability

In the considered system, the information outage at the destination node can occur due to (i) the power outage at SS and/or SR node since the harvested power is not sufficient; (ii) SS and SR being active but the channel conditions of SS-SR and SR-SD links are poor so that the SNR of the received signal at the SD node is below the SNR threshold (hereafter we refer to this condition as the channel outage). Therefore, the total outage probability of the secondary network can be computed as(30)pout=pout,EH+1-pout,EHpout,C,where pout,EH and pout,C are the power outage probability and the channel outage probability, respectively. In what follows, we derive expressions for the channel outage probability in two scenarios subjecting to the location of PT relative to the SN network.


### 4.1. Primary Transmitter Is Far Away from the Secondary Network

The channel outage probability of the secondary DF relay system can be expressed as [9](31)pout,CF=FγRFγth+FγDFγth-FγRFγthFγDFγth,where γth is the SNR threshold and FγRF(·) and FγDF(·) are the CDF of γRF and γDF, respectively.


#### 4.1.1. Instantaneous CSI

Let us first consider the case in which the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We have the following results.Proposition 1.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ins when the instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links is available is shown in (32), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, and Kν(·) is the νth order modified Bessel function of the second kind [31, Eq. (8.407.1)].(32)FγRF,insγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,j×2j-1!γthΞN0χsrχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis-IΞχspχis∑k=0j-12k!IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis.Proof.
See AppendixA.Based on the result in Proposition1, we can easily deduce the CDF of γDF,ins by replacing the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins (i.e., mis→mir, ΦsF(i,j)→ΦrF(i,j), χis→χir, χsp→χrp, and χsr→χrd). Then, by substituting the CDF expressions of γRF,ins and γDF,ins into (31), we obtain the closed-form expression of the channel outage probability.Asymptotic Analysis. In the high SNR regime (i.e., P→+∞ or, equivalently, Ξ→0) and assuming that I is fixed and independent of P, γRF and γDF in (8) and (9) can be approximated to(33)γR∞,F,ins=ILspLsrN0,γD∞,F,ins=ILrpLrdN0.By evaluating Pr(γR∞,F,ins<γth) and Pr(γD∞,F,ins<γth), we obtain the following result.Corollary 2.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRF,ins and γDF,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(34)FγRF,ins∞γth=γthN0χspγthN0χsp+Iχsr,FγDF,ins∞γth=γthN0χrpγthN0χrp+Iχrd.Proof.
The proof is straightforward and is thus omitted to save space.In cases that the interference thresholdI is proportional to transmit power P, that is, I=λP, where λ is a positive constant, we obtain the following asymptotic result.Corollary 3.
The asymptotic expression for the CDF ofγRF,ins at the high SNR when I is proportional to P is given as(35)FγRF,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthN02ηαχsr∑i=1N∑j=2misΦsFi,jj-1χis-∑i=1NΦsFi,1χisln⁡1-αγthN02ηαχsrχisP.Also, the asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ins is obtained by exchanging the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins.Proof.
See AppendixB.It is worth noting that the condition ofI=λP implies that the impact of the interference is nonnegligible regardless of the transmit power of secondary nodes [25].


#### 4.1.2. Statistical CSI

For the case that only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic expressions as shown below.Proposition 4.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ave is shown in (36), where Q(a,n,b)≜∫0axn-1e-x-b/xdx and Γ(·,·) is the upper incomplete Gamma function [31, Eq. (8.350.2)]:(36)FγRF,aveγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×QIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthN0Ξχsrχis+e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/IχsrΓj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixC.Corollary 5.
The asymptotic expressions for CDFs ofγRF,ave and γDF,ave at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are obtained as(37)FγRF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/Iχsr,FγDF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χrpln⁡1/ϵ/Iχrd.Proof.
WhenP→∞ and I is fixed, the above result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (36) by using the approximation of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsF(i,j)=1.Corollary 6.
The asymptotic expression for CDF ofγRF,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(38)FγRF,ave∞γth=1P×γthN0χsr∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.The asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ave is obtained by replacing the parameters in γRF,ave by their counterparts in γDF,ave.Proof.
The result is obtained by approximating the exact CDF expression in (36). Please see Appendix D for details.


### 4.2. Primary Transmitter Is Near to the Secondary Network

The channel outage probability of the system in this scenario can be expressed as(39)pout,CN=FγRNγth+FγDNγth-FγRNγthFγDNγth,where FγRN(·) and FγDN(·) are the CDFs of γRN and γDN, respectively.


#### 4.2.1. Instantaneous CSI

In scenarios that instantaneous CSI is available, we obtain the following results.Proposition 7.
The exact CDF expression ofγRN,ins is given in (40), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, χsp=Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, A=γthΞP0χtr/(χsrχis), B=IΞ/(χspχis), I(a,n,b)≜∫a∞xn/2e-bxKn(2x)dx, and Wk,m(x) denotes the Whittaker function [31, Eq. (6.643.3)].(40)FγRN,insγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,j×jAj-1/2eA/2W-j+1/2,j/2A+2j-1!×Bj/2Kj2B-2j-1!1A×eIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,j,1A-B∑k=0j-12k!Bk-1/2Kk-12B-1AeIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,k-1,1A.Proof.
See AppendixE.Corollary 8.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRN,ins and γDN,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(41)FγRN,ins∞γth=1+IχsrγthP0χspχtreIχsr/γthP0χspχtrEi-IχsrγthP0χspχtr,(42)FγDN,ins∞γth=1+IχrdγthP0χrpχtdeIχrd/γthP0χrpχtdEi-IχrdγthP0χrpχtd,where Ei(·) denotes the exponential integral function [31, Eq. (8.211.1)].Proof.
See AppendixF.Corollary 9.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ins when I is proportional to P is obtained as(43)FγRN,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=2misΦsNi,jj-1χis-∑i=1N+1ΦsNi,1χisψ2+ln⁡1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsrχisP,where ψ(·) is the Psi function [31, Eq. (8.360.1)].Proof.
See AppendixG.


#### 4.2.2. Statistical CSI

When only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic CDF expressions as below.Proposition 10.
The exact CDF ofγRN,ave is shown in (44), where Θ(a,n,b)≜∫0axne-x/x+bdx,(44)FγRN,aveγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×ΘIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthP0Ξχtrχsrχis+IχsrγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr×Γj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
As a sketch of the proof, we first calculate the unconditional CDF ofFγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) (cf. (23)). Then, the unconditional CDF expression is obtained by taking the expectation of FγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) with respect to Ltr.Corollary 11.
The asymptotic CDF expressions ofγRN,ave and γDN,ave when I is fixed and independent of P are, respectively, given as(45)FγRN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr,FγDN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵ+Iχrd.Proof.
The result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (44) by using the approximated formula of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsN(i,j)=1.Corollary 12.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(46)FγRN,ave∞γth=1P×γthP0χtrχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixH.Remarks 1.
From the derived asymptotic expressions above, we have some remarks in the high SNR regime as follows:(1)
From Corollaries2, 5, 8, and 11, it is observed that when the interference threshold I is fixed and independent of the transmit power P, an outage probability floor occurs in the high SNR regime. The larger the value I is, the lower the floor appears. In addition, this outage probability behavior also implies that no diversity gain is achieved in the high SNR region under these scenarios.(2)
In scenarios that PT is near to the secondary network, a smaller transmit power of the primary transmitter results in lower outage probability. When only statistical CSI is available, a higher tolerated errorϵ also leads to lower outage probability (see, e.g., Corollary 11).(3)
WhenI is proportional to P, it can be concluded from Corollaries 6 and 12 that a diversity order equal to one is attained.Numerical results based on the derived expressions will be presented in Section 5.


## 4.1. Primary Transmitter Is Far Away from the Secondary Network

The channel outage probability of the secondary DF relay system can be expressed as [9](31)pout,CF=FγRFγth+FγDFγth-FγRFγthFγDFγth,where γth is the SNR threshold and FγRF(·) and FγDF(·) are the CDF of γRF and γDF, respectively.


### 4.1.1. Instantaneous CSI

Let us first consider the case in which the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We have the following results.Proposition 1.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ins when the instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links is available is shown in (32), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, and Kν(·) is the νth order modified Bessel function of the second kind [31, Eq. (8.407.1)].(32)FγRF,insγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,j×2j-1!γthΞN0χsrχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis-IΞχspχis∑k=0j-12k!IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis.Proof.
See AppendixA.Based on the result in Proposition1, we can easily deduce the CDF of γDF,ins by replacing the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins (i.e., mis→mir, ΦsF(i,j)→ΦrF(i,j), χis→χir, χsp→χrp, and χsr→χrd). Then, by substituting the CDF expressions of γRF,ins and γDF,ins into (31), we obtain the closed-form expression of the channel outage probability.Asymptotic Analysis. In the high SNR regime (i.e., P→+∞ or, equivalently, Ξ→0) and assuming that I is fixed and independent of P, γRF and γDF in (8) and (9) can be approximated to(33)γR∞,F,ins=ILspLsrN0,γD∞,F,ins=ILrpLrdN0.By evaluating Pr(γR∞,F,ins<γth) and Pr(γD∞,F,ins<γth), we obtain the following result.Corollary 2.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRF,ins and γDF,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(34)FγRF,ins∞γth=γthN0χspγthN0χsp+Iχsr,FγDF,ins∞γth=γthN0χrpγthN0χrp+Iχrd.Proof.
The proof is straightforward and is thus omitted to save space.In cases that the interference thresholdI is proportional to transmit power P, that is, I=λP, where λ is a positive constant, we obtain the following asymptotic result.Corollary 3.
The asymptotic expression for the CDF ofγRF,ins at the high SNR when I is proportional to P is given as(35)FγRF,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthN02ηαχsr∑i=1N∑j=2misΦsFi,jj-1χis-∑i=1NΦsFi,1χisln⁡1-αγthN02ηαχsrχisP.Also, the asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ins is obtained by exchanging the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins.Proof.
See AppendixB.It is worth noting that the condition ofI=λP implies that the impact of the interference is nonnegligible regardless of the transmit power of secondary nodes [25].


### 4.1.2. Statistical CSI

For the case that only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic expressions as shown below.Proposition 4.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ave is shown in (36), where Q(a,n,b)≜∫0axn-1e-x-b/xdx and Γ(·,·) is the upper incomplete Gamma function [31, Eq. (8.350.2)]:(36)FγRF,aveγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×QIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthN0Ξχsrχis+e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/IχsrΓj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixC.Corollary 5.
The asymptotic expressions for CDFs ofγRF,ave and γDF,ave at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are obtained as(37)FγRF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/Iχsr,FγDF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χrpln⁡1/ϵ/Iχrd.Proof.
WhenP→∞ and I is fixed, the above result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (36) by using the approximation of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsF(i,j)=1.Corollary 6.
The asymptotic expression for CDF ofγRF,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(38)FγRF,ave∞γth=1P×γthN0χsr∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.The asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ave is obtained by replacing the parameters in γRF,ave by their counterparts in γDF,ave.Proof.
The result is obtained by approximating the exact CDF expression in (36). Please see Appendix D for details.


## 4.1.1. Instantaneous CSI

Let us first consider the case in which the instantaneous CSI of the SS-PR and SR-PR links is available. We have the following results.Proposition 1.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ins when the instantaneous CSI of SS-PR and SR-PR links is available is shown in (32), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, and Kν(·) is the νth order modified Bessel function of the second kind [31, Eq. (8.407.1)].(32)FγRF,insγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,j×2j-1!γthΞN0χsrχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisj/2Kj2γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis-IΞχspχis∑k=0j-12k!IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12IΞχspχis-γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχisk-1/2×Kk-12γthΞN0χsrχis+IΞχspχis.Proof.
See AppendixA.Based on the result in Proposition1, we can easily deduce the CDF of γDF,ins by replacing the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins (i.e., mis→mir, ΦsF(i,j)→ΦrF(i,j), χis→χir, χsp→χrp, and χsr→χrd). Then, by substituting the CDF expressions of γRF,ins and γDF,ins into (31), we obtain the closed-form expression of the channel outage probability.Asymptotic Analysis. In the high SNR regime (i.e., P→+∞ or, equivalently, Ξ→0) and assuming that I is fixed and independent of P, γRF and γDF in (8) and (9) can be approximated to(33)γR∞,F,ins=ILspLsrN0,γD∞,F,ins=ILrpLrdN0.By evaluating Pr(γR∞,F,ins<γth) and Pr(γD∞,F,ins<γth), we obtain the following result.Corollary 2.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRF,ins and γDF,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(34)FγRF,ins∞γth=γthN0χspγthN0χsp+Iχsr,FγDF,ins∞γth=γthN0χrpγthN0χrp+Iχrd.Proof.
The proof is straightforward and is thus omitted to save space.In cases that the interference thresholdI is proportional to transmit power P, that is, I=λP, where λ is a positive constant, we obtain the following asymptotic result.Corollary 3.
The asymptotic expression for the CDF ofγRF,ins at the high SNR when I is proportional to P is given as(35)FγRF,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthN02ηαχsr∑i=1N∑j=2misΦsFi,jj-1χis-∑i=1NΦsFi,1χisln⁡1-αγthN02ηαχsrχisP.Also, the asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ins is obtained by exchanging the parameters in γRF,ins by their counterparts in γDF,ins.Proof.
See AppendixB.It is worth noting that the condition ofI=λP implies that the impact of the interference is nonnegligible regardless of the transmit power of secondary nodes [25].


## 4.1.2. Statistical CSI

For the case that only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic expressions as shown below.Proposition 4.
The exact CDF expression ofγRF,ave is shown in (36), where Q(a,n,b)≜∫0axn-1e-x-b/xdx and Γ(·,·) is the upper incomplete Gamma function [31, Eq. (8.350.2)]:(36)FγRF,aveγth=1-∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×QIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthN0Ξχsrχis+e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/IχsrΓj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixC.Corollary 5.
The asymptotic expressions for CDFs ofγRF,ave and γDF,ave at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are obtained as(37)FγRF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χspln⁡1/ϵ/Iχsr,FγDF,ave∞γth=1-e-γthN0χrpln⁡1/ϵ/Iχrd.Proof.
WhenP→∞ and I is fixed, the above result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (36) by using the approximation of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsF(i,j)=1.Corollary 6.
The asymptotic expression for CDF ofγRF,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(38)FγRF,ave∞γth=1P×γthN0χsr∑i=1N∑j=1misΦsFi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.The asymptotic CDF expression of γDF,ave is obtained by replacing the parameters in γRF,ave by their counterparts in γDF,ave.Proof.
The result is obtained by approximating the exact CDF expression in (36). Please see Appendix D for details.


## 4.2. Primary Transmitter Is Near to the Secondary Network

The channel outage probability of the system in this scenario can be expressed as(39)pout,CN=FγRNγth+FγDNγth-FγRNγthFγDNγth,where FγRN(·) and FγDN(·) are the CDFs of γRN and γDN, respectively.


### 4.2.1. Instantaneous CSI

In scenarios that instantaneous CSI is available, we obtain the following results.Proposition 7.
The exact CDF expression ofγRN,ins is given in (40), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, χsp=Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, A=γthΞP0χtr/(χsrχis), B=IΞ/(χspχis), I(a,n,b)≜∫a∞xn/2e-bxKn(2x)dx, and Wk,m(x) denotes the Whittaker function [31, Eq. (6.643.3)].(40)FγRN,insγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,j×jAj-1/2eA/2W-j+1/2,j/2A+2j-1!×Bj/2Kj2B-2j-1!1A×eIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,j,1A-B∑k=0j-12k!Bk-1/2Kk-12B-1AeIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,k-1,1A.Proof.
See AppendixE.Corollary 8.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRN,ins and γDN,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(41)FγRN,ins∞γth=1+IχsrγthP0χspχtreIχsr/γthP0χspχtrEi-IχsrγthP0χspχtr,(42)FγDN,ins∞γth=1+IχrdγthP0χrpχtdeIχrd/γthP0χrpχtdEi-IχrdγthP0χrpχtd,where Ei(·) denotes the exponential integral function [31, Eq. (8.211.1)].Proof.
See AppendixF.Corollary 9.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ins when I is proportional to P is obtained as(43)FγRN,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=2misΦsNi,jj-1χis-∑i=1N+1ΦsNi,1χisψ2+ln⁡1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsrχisP,where ψ(·) is the Psi function [31, Eq. (8.360.1)].Proof.
See AppendixG.


### 4.2.2. Statistical CSI

When only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic CDF expressions as below.Proposition 10.
The exact CDF ofγRN,ave is shown in (44), where Θ(a,n,b)≜∫0axne-x/x+bdx,(44)FγRN,aveγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×ΘIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthP0Ξχtrχsrχis+IχsrγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr×Γj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
As a sketch of the proof, we first calculate the unconditional CDF ofFγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) (cf. (23)). Then, the unconditional CDF expression is obtained by taking the expectation of FγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) with respect to Ltr.Corollary 11.
The asymptotic CDF expressions ofγRN,ave and γDN,ave when I is fixed and independent of P are, respectively, given as(45)FγRN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr,FγDN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵ+Iχrd.Proof.
The result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (44) by using the approximated formula of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsN(i,j)=1.Corollary 12.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(46)FγRN,ave∞γth=1P×γthP0χtrχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixH.Remarks 1.
From the derived asymptotic expressions above, we have some remarks in the high SNR regime as follows:(1)
From Corollaries2, 5, 8, and 11, it is observed that when the interference threshold I is fixed and independent of the transmit power P, an outage probability floor occurs in the high SNR regime. The larger the value I is, the lower the floor appears. In addition, this outage probability behavior also implies that no diversity gain is achieved in the high SNR region under these scenarios.(2)
In scenarios that PT is near to the secondary network, a smaller transmit power of the primary transmitter results in lower outage probability. When only statistical CSI is available, a higher tolerated errorϵ also leads to lower outage probability (see, e.g., Corollary 11).(3)
WhenI is proportional to P, it can be concluded from Corollaries 6 and 12 that a diversity order equal to one is attained.Numerical results based on the derived expressions will be presented in Section 5.


## 4.2.1. Instantaneous CSI

In scenarios that instantaneous CSI is available, we obtain the following results.Proposition 7.
The exact CDF expression ofγRN,ins is given in (40), where χsr=Lsr0Ωsr/dsrθ, χsp=Lsp0Ωsp/dspθ, A=γthΞP0χtr/(χsrχis), B=IΞ/(χspχis), I(a,n,b)≜∫a∞xn/2e-bxKn(2x)dx, and Wk,m(x) denotes the Whittaker function [31, Eq. (6.643.3)].(40)FγRN,insγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,j×jAj-1/2eA/2W-j+1/2,j/2A+2j-1!×Bj/2Kj2B-2j-1!1A×eIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,j,1A-B∑k=0j-12k!Bk-1/2Kk-12B-1AeIχsr/γthP0χspχtrIB,k-1,1A.Proof.
See AppendixE.Corollary 8.
The asymptotic CDFs ofγRN,ins and γDN,ins at the high SNR regime when I is independent of P are, respectively, given as(41)FγRN,ins∞γth=1+IχsrγthP0χspχtreIχsr/γthP0χspχtrEi-IχsrγthP0χspχtr,(42)FγDN,ins∞γth=1+IχrdγthP0χrpχtdeIχrd/γthP0χrpχtdEi-IχrdγthP0χrpχtd,where Ei(·) denotes the exponential integral function [31, Eq. (8.211.1)].Proof.
See AppendixF.Corollary 9.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ins when I is proportional to P is obtained as(43)FγRN,ins∞γth=1P×1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=2misΦsNi,jj-1χis-∑i=1N+1ΦsNi,1χisψ2+ln⁡1-αγthP0χtr2ηαχsrχisP,where ψ(·) is the Psi function [31, Eq. (8.360.1)].Proof.
See AppendixG.


## 4.2.2. Statistical CSI

When only statistical CSI is available, we obtain the exact and asymptotic CDF expressions as below.Proposition 10.
The exact CDF ofγRN,ave is shown in (44), where Θ(a,n,b)≜∫0axne-x/x+bdx,(44)FγRN,aveγth=1-∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×ΘIΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ,j,γthP0Ξχtrχsrχis+IχsrγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr×Γj,IΞχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
As a sketch of the proof, we first calculate the unconditional CDF ofFγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) (cf. (23)). Then, the unconditional CDF expression is obtained by taking the expectation of FγRN,ave∣Ltr(γth,Ltr) with respect to Ltr.Corollary 11.
The asymptotic CDF expressions ofγRN,ave and γDN,ave when I is fixed and independent of P are, respectively, given as(45)FγRN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtrχspln⁡1/ϵ+Iχsr,FγDN,ave∞γth=γthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵγthP0χtdχrpln⁡1/ϵ+Iχrd.Proof.
The result is obtained based on the exact CDF expression in (44) by using the approximated formula of Γ(n,x)≈Γ(n), when x→0, and the property of ∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsN(i,j)=1.Corollary 12.
The asymptotic CDF expression ofγRN,ave when I is proportional to P is obtained as(46)FγRN,ave∞γth=1P×γthP0χtrχsr∑i=1N+1∑j=1misΦsNi,jj-1!×1-α2ηαχisγj-1,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ+χspln⁡1/ϵλΓj,1-αλ2ηαχspχisln⁡1/ϵ.Proof.
See AppendixH.Remarks 1.
From the derived asymptotic expressions above, we have some remarks in the high SNR regime as follows:(1)
From Corollaries2, 5, 8, and 11, it is observed that when the interference threshold I is fixed and independent of the transmit power P, an outage probability floor occurs in the high SNR regime. The larger the value I is, the lower the floor appears. In addition, this outage probability behavior also implies that no diversity gain is achieved in the high SNR region under these scenarios.(2)
In scenarios that PT is near to the secondary network, a smaller transmit power of the primary transmitter results in lower outage probability. When only statistical CSI is available, a higher tolerated errorϵ also leads to lower outage probability (see, e.g., Corollary 11).(3)
WhenI is proportional to P, it can be concluded from Corollaries 6 and 12 that a diversity order equal to one is attained.Numerical results based on the derived expressions will be presented in Section 5.


## 5. Results and Discussions

In this section, we provide simulation results to validate the derived expressions in the previous section. Also, we evaluate impacts of the transmit power of power-beacons, transmit power of the primary transmitter, and the interference threshold at the primary receiver on the outage probability of the secondary relay system. We examine two scenarios, namely,Scenario1 (N=3 PBs) andScenario2 (N=5 PBs). Without loss of generality, we assume that the coordinates of the SS, SR, SD, and PR nodes in the xy-plane are (0,0), (1,4), (7,10), and (8,2), respectively. ForScenario1, the PBs are located at (0,2), (5,3), and (-1,2). InScenario2, the locations of the two additional PBs are at (0,5) and (-2,-2). In case that PT is located near the secondary network, we assume that the coordinate of PT is (20,30). We consider mis=i, mir=i+1, Ωis=Ωir=0.5i for simple presentation given that listing out all the values is lengthy. Other simulation parameters are T=1, α=0.3, η=0.8, L0=10-3, θ=3.5, ϵ=0.1, γth = 0 dB, N0=10-11 W, Ωsr=0.5, Ωsp=0.5, Ωrd=1, and Ωrp=1.In Figure2, we plot the power outage probability versus the transmit power of power-beacons. The power threshold for EH circuitry activation ξ is set to −30 dBm [1]. It can be seen that when the transmit power of PBs is 20 dBm, the probability that the outage occurs due to insufficient harvested energy is very low. Moreover, when the number of PBs is increased (i.e., inScenario2), the power outage is reduced significantly since a larger amount of energy is harvested. Another observation is that when the primary transmitter (PT) is near to SN, the outage probability is smaller as additional energy is harvested from PT. However, this benefit becomes less significant when the number of PBs is increased.Figure 2
Power outage probability versus transmit power of PBs.In Figures3 and 4, we plot the channel outage probability versus P when the instantaneous CSI is available. When there is only the statistical CSI, the results are shown in Figures 5 and 6. It can be seen from all the figures that the curves based on analysis match exactly with the simulation curves in all cases, which confirms the accuracy of the derived expressions. Moreover, as expected, the asymptotic curves are close to the exact curves in the high SNR regime. We have some other important observations from these results as follows:(1)
InScenario2, the outage probability is lower than that inScenario1 since higher energy is harvested due to a larger number of employed PBs.(2)
When PT is located close to the secondary network, the outage probability is higher compared to its counterparts. This is because, under this condition, the benefit of increased energy harvesting at SS and SR nodes thanks to the signal radiated by PT is not significant compared to the disadvantages due to the interference that this signal introduces at SR and SD nodes.(3)
WhenI is fixed and independent of P, the outage probability floor appears at the high SNR region. This is due to the fact that, for a fixed value I, increasing P does not necessarily lead to higher transmit power of SS and SR nodes since the transmit power is now determined by I (cf. (7), (14)-(15)). Note that this behavior of the outage probability suggests that cognitive relay systems are not applicable in the high SNR regime.(4)
WhenI is proportional to P, a full diversity order can be attained. A similar conclusion was made in [25], where a different EH-based CRN system was investigated.Figure 3
Channel outage probability versusP (I=-80dB and P0=100mW).Figure 4
Channel outage probability versusP (I=λP, λ=10-8, and P0=100mW).Figure 5
Channel outage probability versusP (I=-70dB and P0=100mW).Figure 6
Channel outage probability versusP (I=λP, λ=10-10, and P0=100mW).To further investigate impacts of the primary network on the outage probability of the secondary relay network, we plot in Figures7 and 8 the total outage probability versus the tolerant interference threshold I and the transmit power P0, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 7 that the outage probability is decreased when the interference threshold I is higher. This is because larger I implies that higher transmit power of SS and SR can be allowed, which in turns leads to lower outage probability. However, the outage probability exhibits an error floor when I is sufficiently large. This is due to the fact that, in this region, the maximum transmit power of SS and SR depends on the harvested energy only since the interference constraints are relaxed (cf. (7), (14)-(15)). This also explains why in Figure 7 the error floors inScenario2 are lower than those inScenario1. In Figure 8, we notice that higher P0 results in higher outage probability in all scenarios. This can be explained similar toComment2 regarding the location of PT relative to SN nodes presented in the previous paragraph.Figure 7
Outage probability versus interference thresholdI (γth=-10dB and PT is located at (80,120)).Figure 8
Outage probability versus transmit power of primary transmitterP0 (γth=-10dB and P=1W).


## 6. Conclusions

In this paper, we have studied distributed power-beacon-assisted energy harvesting cognitive relay wireless networks. We have considered practical scenarios that (i) secondary nodes might be inactive due to insufficient harvested energy; (ii) the fading channels from PBs to secondary nodes undergo i.n.i.d Nakagami-m fading distribution, and (iii) the instantaneous CSI of the links between SN nodes and PR might not be available. The exact expressions for the outage probability of the secondary network under difference scenarios have been derived. Asymptotic analysis for the outage probability has also been performed, which provides insights into the system behavior. We have evaluated the impacts of the transmit power P of PBs, the interference threshold I at the primary receiver, and the transmit power P0 of the primary transmitter on the outage probability. The results show that when I is fixed and independent of P, the outage probability floor exhibits at the high SNR region. On the other hand, if I is proportional to P, a full diversity order could be achieved. Our future work would be a consideration of a general system model where nodes are equipped with multiple antennas.



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