# On the Existence and Stability of Periodic Solutions for a Nonlinear Neutral Functional Differential Equation

Authors: Yueding Yuan; Zhiming Guo
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2013)

---

## Abstract

This paper deals with the existence and stability of periodic solutions for the following nonlinear neutral functional differential equation(d/dt)Dut=p(t)-au(t)-aqu(t-r)-h(u(t),u(t-r)). By using Schauder-fixed-point theorem and Krasnoselskii-fixed-point theorem, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of asymptotic periodic solutions. Main results in this paper extend the related results due to Ding (2010) and Lopes (1976).


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, the existence and stability of periodic solutions for differential equation has been extensively studied. Many researchers used the Lyapunov functional method, Hopf bifurcation techniques, and Mawhin continuation theorems to obtain the existence and stability of periodic solutions for neutral functional differential equation (NFDE); see papers [1–14] and their references therein. However, researches on the existence and stability of periodic solutions for NFDE by using fixed-point theorem are relatively rare [15, 16]. The reason lies in the fact that it is difficult to construct an appropriate completely continuous operator and an appropriate bounded closed convex set.In this paper, we will investigate the existence and stability of periodic solutions for the following nonlinear NFDE(1)ddtDut=p(t)-au(t)-aqu(t-r)-h(u(t),u(t-r)),
where Dut=u(t)-qu(t-r),|q|〈1,a〉0,h∈C(ℝ×ℝ,ℝ), and p∈C(ℝ,ℝ). Such a kind of NFDE has been used for the study of distributed networks containing a transmission line [17, 18]. For example, suppose a system consists of a long electrical cable of length l, and one end of which isconnected to a power source E(t) with resistance R0, while the other end is connected to an oscillating circuit formed of a condenser C0 and a nonlinear element, the volt-ampere characteristic of which is i=f(u). Let L,C,R,andG be the parameters of the transmission line, respectively, Z0 the characteristic impedance of the line, v=1/LC the propagation velocity and assume the losses can not be disregarded. The process of the final end volt u(t) in such a system can be described by the following NFDES:
(2)u′(t)-qu′(t-r)=p(t)-au(t)-aqu(t-r)-bf(u(t))+bqf(u(t-r))
or
(3)C0(u′(t)-ku′(t-r))=p(t)-Zu(t)-Zku(t-r)-f(u(t)-ku(t-r)),
where a=1/Z0C0, b=1/C0, q=(Z0-R0)/A2(Z0+R0), k=(1-ZR0)/(1+ZR0), p(t)=2E(t-(r/2))/A(Z0+R0)C0, r=2l/v, A=eRl/Z0, Z=C/L, and f(u) is a given nonlinear function. If R0>0, then |q|<1, |k|<1. Obviously, we see that (2) (or (3)) is a special case of (1). The aim of this paper is to establish some criteria to guarantee the existence and stability of periodic solution for (1) by using Schauder's fixed-point theorem and Krasnoselskii's fixed-point theorem. The interesting is that main results obtained in this paper extend the related existing results. Furthermore, our results can also be applied to solve the problem of the existence and stability of periodic solutions for (2) and (3).


## 2. Main Results and Proofs

In this section, letC1(ℝN) (C(ℝN)) denote the set of all continuously differentiable functions (all continuous functions) ϕ:ℝN→ℝ, where N=1,2.Cω={ϕ∣ϕ∈C(ℝ),ϕ(t+ω)=ϕ(t)} is a Banach space with the supremum norm ∥·∥0, Cω1=C1(ℝ)∩Cω with the norm ∥ϕ∥1=∥ϕ∥0+∥ϕ′∥0 in a period interval, and ω is a positive constant. The next lemma will be used in the sequel.Lemma 1.
Ifa≠0, f∈Cω, then the scalar equation x′(t)=ax(t)+f(t) has a unique ω-periodic solution:
(4)x(t)=(1-eaω)-1∫tt+ω‍ea(t+ω-s)f(s)ds.Proof.
It is easy to prove. We can find it in many ODE textbooks (e.g., see Example  2 on page 35 of [19]).Theorem 2.
Suppose thath∈C(ℝ2) and p∈CT. If there exists a constant H>0 such that
(5)∥p∥0<(1-3|q|)aH-sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|,
then (1) has a T-periodic solution.Proof.
According to the condition (5), we can find a sufficiently small L>0 such that
(6)(2L+1a)[∥p∥0+2a|q|H+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|]+|q|H≤H.
Let v(t)=u(Lt), τ=r/L, p1(t)=p(Lt), and ω=T/L; then (1) can be rewritten as
(7)v′(t)-qv′(t-τ)=Lp1(t)-aLv(t)-aqLv(t-τ)-Lh(v(t),v(t-τ)),
where p1(t)∈Cω with ∥p∥0=∥p1∥0. It suffices to prove that (7) has a ω-periodic solution. Let
(8)M={ϕ∣ϕ∈Cω1,∥ϕ∥1≤H}.
Then M is a bounded closed convex set of the Banach space C1(ℝ). For any given ϕ∈M, consider the nonhomogeneous equation:
(9)v′(t)=-aLv(t)+Lp1(t)-aqLϕ(t-τ)-Lh(ϕ(t),ϕ(t-τ))+qϕ′(t-τ).
According to Lemma1, (9) has a unique ω-periodic solution:
(10)v(t)=(1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))Lp1(s)-aqLϕ(s-τ)-Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))+qϕ′(s-τ)]ds.
Define an operatorA by
(11)(Aϕ)(t)=(1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[-Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))+qϕ′(s-τ)Lp1(s)-aqLϕ(s-τ)-Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))+qϕ′(s-τ)]ds=(1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[-Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))]Lp1(s)-2aqLϕ(s-τ)-Lh(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-τ))]ds+qϕ(t-τ).
In order to prove that (7) has a periodic solution, we shall make sure that A satisfies the conditions of Schauder's fixed-point theorem (see Lemma  2.2.4 on page 40 of [20]).
Note that for anyx∈M, we have x(t+ω)=x(t) and ∥x∥1≤H(12)(Ax)(t+ω)=(1-e-aLω)-1×∫t+ωt+2ω‍e-aL(t+2ω-s)×[Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)]ds+qx(t+ω-τ)=(1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)]ds+qx(t-τ)=(Ax)(t);
Therefore, (Ax)(t+ω)=(Ax)(t). Meanwhile, we get
(13)(Ax)′(t)=(1-e-aLω)-1×{∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)(-aL)×[Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)]ds+(1-e-aLω)[Lp1(t)-2aqLx(t-τ)-Lh(x(t),x(t-τ))Lp1(t)-2aqLx(t-τ)]∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)}+qx′(t-τ)=(1-e-aLω)-1(-aL)×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)]ds+[Lp1(t)-2aqLx(t-τ)-Lh(x(t),x(t-τ))]+qx′(t-τ).
By (6), we have
(14)∥Ax∥1=∥Ax∥0+∥(Ax)′∥0≤supt∈ℝ|[Lp1(t)-2aqLx(t-τ)-Lh(x(t),x(t-τ))](1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)(1-e-aLω)-1∫tt+ω‍-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))[-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)]ds∫|∫tt+ω‍+supt∈ℝ|∫(1-e-aLω)-1(-aL)×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))Lp1(s)-2aqLx(s-τ)(1-e-aLω)-1∫tt+ω‍-Lh(x(s),x(s-τ))]ds+[Lp1(t)-2aqLx(t-τ)-Lh(x(t),x(t-τ))]×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)|+|q|∥x∥1≤(2+1aL)×[L∥p1∥0+2a|q|LH+Lsup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|]+|q|H=(2L+1a)×[∥p1∥0+2a|q|H+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|]+|q|H≤H.
Thus, Ax∈M.
For anyx∈M, ∥Ax∥0≤H, ∥(Ax)′∥0≤H. According to Arzela-Ascoli Theorem (see Theorem 4.9.6 on page 84 of [21]), the subset AM of Cω is a precompact set; therefore, A:M⊂C1(ℝ)→Cω is a compact operator.
Suppose that{xn}∈M, xn→x, then ∥xn-x∥0→0 and ∥xn′-x′∥0→0 as n→∞. Also, we have
(15)∥Axn-Ax∥0=supt∈ℝ|(1-e-aLω)-1×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[(h(xn(s),xn(s-τ))-h(x(s),x(s-τ)))-2aqL(xn(s-τ)-x(s-τ))-L(h(xn(s),xn(s-τ))-h(x(s),x(s-τ)))]ds+q(xn(t-τ)-x(t-τ))(1-e-aLω)-1∫tt+ω‍|≤1aL[+Lsupt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))-h(x(t),x(t-τ)xn(t),xn(t-τ))|2a|q|L∥xn-x∥0+Lsupt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))-h(x(t),x(t-τ)xn(t),xn(t-τ))|+Lsupt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))]+|q|∥xn-x∥0=3|q|∥xn-x∥0+1asupt∈[0,ω]×|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))-h(x(t),x(t-τ))|,∥(Axn)′-(Ax)′∥0=supt∈ℝ|(x′n(t-τ)-x′(t-τ))(1-e-aLω)-1(-aL)×∫tt+ω‍e-aL(t+ω-s)×[(h(xn(s),xn(s-τ))-h(x(s),x(s-τ)))-2aqL×(xn(s-τ)-x(s-τ))-L(h(xn(s),xn(s-τ))-h(x(s),x(s-τ))ef22xn(s-τ))]ds-2aqL(xn(t-τ)-x(t-τ))-L(h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))-h(x(t),x(t-τ))h(xn(t),xn(t-τ)))+q(x′n(t-τ)-x′(t-τ))∫tt+ω‍|≤2L[supt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))2a|q|∥xn-x∥0+supt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))-h(x(t),x(t-τ))h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))|2a|q|∥xn-x∥0+supt∈[0,ω]|h(xn(t),xn(t-τ))]+|q|∥xn′-x′∥0.
When∥xn-x∥1→0 as n→∞, |xn(t)-x(t)|→0 for t∈[0,ω] uniformly. And since h is continuous, ∥Axn-Ax∥0→0, ∥(Axn)′-(Ax)′∥0→0. Consequently, A is continuous.
Thus, by Schauder-fixed-point theorem (see Lemma  2.2.4 on page 40 of [20]), there is a ϕ∈M such that ϕ=Aϕ. Therefore, (7) has at least one ω-periodic solution. Since v(t)=u(Lt) and p(Lt)=p1(t), (1) has at least one T-periodic solution. The proof is completed.Next, we explore the stability of thisT-periodic solution u*(t) for (1). We assume that theconditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied. Therefore, (1) has at least one T-periodic solution u*(t). Let v(t)=u(t)-u*(t) then (1) is transformed as
(16)ddtDvt=-av(t)-aqv(t-r)-g(v(t),v(t-r)),
where Dvt=v(t)-qv(t-r) and g(v(t),v(t-r))=h(u*(t)+v(t),u*(t-r)+v(t-r))-h(u*(t),u*(t-r)). Clearly, (16) has trivial solution v(t)≡0. Now we use Krasnoselskiis-fixed-point theorem (see [22] or [15, Lemma  2.2]) to prove that trivial solution v(t)≡0 to (16) is asymptotically stable.SetS as the Banach space of bounded continuous function ϕ:[-r,∞)→R with the supremum norm ∥·∥. Also, Given the initial function ψ, denote the norm of ψ by ∥ψ∥=supt∈[-r,0]|ψ(t)|, which should not cause confusion with the same symbol for the norm in S.Theorem 3.
LetH be as in Theorem 2. Assume that all conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied. Suppose that h satisfies the Lipschitz condition and
(17)sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|≤aH(1+|q|).
If there exists Q>0 such that
(18)∥ψ∥≤Q-3|q|Q1+|q|-H-1a(1+|q|)sup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|,
then the solution v(ψ)(t) to (16) through ψ satisfies limt→∞v(ψ)(t)=0.Proof.
By (18), we have
(19)(1+|q|)∥ψ∥+3|q|Q+1asup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+H(1+|q|)≤Q.
Given the initial functionψ, by [20, Theorem  12.2.3], there exists a unique solution v(ψ)(t) for (16). Let
(20)Mψ={ϕ∣ϕ∈S,∥ϕ∥≤Q,ϕ0=ψ,ϕ(t)⟶0ast⟶∞};
then Mψ is a bounded convex closed set of S. We write (16) as
(21)[v(t)-qv(t-r)]′=-a[v(t)-qv(t-r)]-2aqv(t-r)-g(v(t),v(t-r));
then we have
(22)v(t)=[ψ(0)-qψ(-r)]e-at+qv(t-r)+∫0t‍[-2aqv(s-r)-g(v(s),v(s-r))]e-a(t-s)ds.
For allϕ∈Mψ, define the operators A and B by
(23)(Aϕ)(t)={0,t∈[-r,0],∫0t[-2aqϕ(s-r)-g(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-r))]e-a(t-s)ds,∫0t‍[-2aqϕ(s-r)-g(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-r))]t≥0,(Bϕ)(t)={ψ(t),t∈[-r,0],(ψ(0)-qψ(-r))e-at+qϕ(t-r),t≥0.
For anyx,y∈Mψ, x(t)→0, y(t)→0 as t→∞, and ∥x∥≤Q, ∥y∥≤Q. Therefore, we have
(24)limt→∞(Ax)(t)=limt→∞∫0t‍[-2aqx(s-r)-g(x(s),x(s-r))]easdseat=limt→∞1a[-2aqx(t-r)-g(x(t),x(t-r))]=0,limt→∞(By)(t)=limt→∞[(ψ(0)-qψ(-r))e-at+qy(t-r)]=0.
Thus, limt→∞(Ax+By)(t)=0. Again by (17) and (19), we have
(25)∥Ax+By∥≤∥Ax∥+∥By∥=supt≥0|∫0t‍[-2aqx(s-r)-g(x(s),x(s-r))]e-a(t-s)ds|+supt≥-r|(By)(t)|≤[2a|q|Q+sup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|]×supt≥0|∫0t‍e-a(t-s)ds|+max{∥ψ∥,supt≥0|(ψ(0)-qψ(-r))e-at+qy(t-r)|}≤(1+|q|)∥ψ∥+3|q|Q+1asup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+1asup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|≤(1+|q|)∥ψ∥+3|q|Q+1asup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+H(1+|q|)≤Q.
Thus, Ax+By∈Mψ.
Since|(Ax)′(t)|=0,t∈[-r,0], and
(26)|(Ax)′(t)|=|-a∫0t‍[-2aqx(s-r)-g(x(s),x(s-r))]e-a(t-s)ds-2aqx(t-r)-g(x(t),x(t-r))∫0t‍|≤a[2a|q|Q+sup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|]×supt≥0|∫0t‍e-a(t-s)ds|+2a|q|Q+sup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|=2[2a|q|Q+sup|x|,|y|≤H+Q|h(x,y)|+sup|x|,|y|≤H|h(x,y)|],t≥0;
here, the derivative of (Ax)′(t) at zero means the left-hand side derivative when t≤0 and the right-hand side derivative when t≥0, one can see (Ax)′(t) is bounded for all x∈Mψ. Therefore, AMψ is a precompact set of S. Thus, A is compact.
Suppose that{xn}⊂Mψ, x∈S, xn→x as n→∞; then |xn(t)-x(t)|→0 uniformly for t≥-r as n→∞. Since
(27)∥Axn-Ax∥=supt≥0|∫0t‍{-2aq[xn(s-r)-x(s-r)]-g(xn(s),xn(s-r))+g(x(s),x(s-r))[xn(s-r)-x(s-r)]}e-a(t-s)ds∫0t‍|≤[|h(u*(t)+xn(t),u*(t-r)+xn(t-r))2a|q|∥xn-x∥+supt≥0|h(u*(t)+xn(t),u*(t-r)+xn(t-r))-h(u*(t)+x(t),u*(t-r)+x(t-r))|2a|q|∥xn-x∥|h(u*(t)+xn(t),u*(t-r)+xn(t-r))]×supt≥0|∫0t‍e-a(t-s)ds|=2|q|∥xn-x∥+1asupt≥0|h(u*(t)+xn(t),u*(t-r)+xn(t-r))-h(u*(t)+x(t),u*(t-r)+x(t-r))|,
and h is continuous, we have ∥Axn-Ax∥→0 as n→∞. Thus, A is continuous. Due to the fact that
(28)∥Bx-By∥=supt≥0|qx(t-r)-qy(t-r)|≤|q|∥x-y∥,∀x,y∈Mψ,
and |q|<1, we know that B is a contractive operator.
According to Krasnoselskii's fixed-point theorem (see [22] or [15, Lemma  2.2]), there is a ϕ∈Mψ such that (A+B)ϕ=ϕ. Therefore, ϕ(t) is a solution for (16). Because the solution through ψ for the equation is unique, the solution v(ψ)(t)=ϕ(t)→0 as t→∞.Whenh satisfies the Lipschitz condition, then there is a constant L>0 such that
(29)|h(u(t)+u*(t),u(t-r)+u*(t-r))-h(u*(t),u*(t-r))|≤L|u(t)|2+|u(t-r)|2,∀u∈S.
Since ϕ satisfies
(30)ϕ(t)=[ψ(0)-qψ(-r)]e-at+qϕ(t-r)+∫0t‍[-2aqϕ(s-r)-g(ϕ(s),ϕ(s-r))]e-a(t-s)ds,
then
(31)∥ϕ∥≤(1+|q|)∥ψ∥+3|q|∥ϕ∥+2La∥ϕ∥,
that is
(32)(1-3|q|-2La)∥ϕ∥≤(1+|q|)∥ψ∥.
Therefore, if 1-3|q|-(2L/a)>0, then there clearly exists a δ>0 for any ε>0 such that |ϕ(t)|<ε for all t≥-r if ∥ψ∥<δ. Thus, we have the following.Theorem 4.
If the Lipschitz constantL for h corresponding to ℝ2 satisfies
(33)1-3|q|-2La>0,
then the zero solution for (16) is stable.Whenp is constant and the equation p-a(1+q)u=h(u,u) has only one solution u*, then u* is an equilibrium of (1) and (1) can be transformed to the following equation:
(34)ddtDut=-au(t)-aqu(t-r)-g(u(t),u(t-r)),
where Dut=u(t)-qu(t-r) and g(u(t),u(t-r))=h(u*+u(t),u*+u(t-r))-h(u*,u*). Now, we consider the stability of the zero solution for (34).Theorem 5.
Suppose that ish∈C1(ℝ2) and (hx(u*,u*),hy(u*,u*))=(0,0); then the zero solution of (34) is exponentially asymptotically stable.Proof.
For allϕ in C=C([-r,0],ℝ), let
(35)Dϕ=ϕ(0)-qϕ(-r),Lϕ=-aϕ(0)-aqϕ(-r),Fϕ=-g(ϕ(0),ϕ(-r)).
Then D is stable, and D and L are linear and continuous. Consider the equation (d/dt)Dut=Lut. Let
(36)V(ϕ)=(Dϕ)2+2aq2∫-r0‍ϕ2(θ)dθ.
Then
(37)V˙(ϕ)=2(Dϕ)(-aϕ(0)-aqϕ(-r))+2aq2(ϕ2(0)-ϕ2(-r))=-2a(1-q2)ϕ2(0).
Thus, according to the last conclusion of Theorem  12.7.1 in [20, Page 297], the zero solution of u′(t)-qu′(t-r)=-au(t)-aqu(t-r) is uniformly asymptotically stable. On the other hand, one can see that
(38)Fϕu=(-gx(u(0),u(-r)),-gy(u(0),u(-r))).
Thus, F(0)=Fϕ(0)=0. According to [20, Theorem  12.9.1], the zero solution of (34) is exponentially asymptotically stable.


## 3. Examples

In this section, we present two examples to illustrate the applicability of our main results.Example 6 (Lopes et al. [8, 9, 13, 15, 23]).
Consider the NFDE (2) which arises from a transmission line model, where a>0,b>0,r>0,|q|<1,p∈C(ℝ), and f is a given nonlinear function. Now, let h(u(t),u(t-r))=bf(u(t))-bqf(u(t-r)). It is not difficult to see that (2) is a special case of (1). Therefore, by Theorems 2–5, we have the following.Theorem 7.
Suppose thatf∈C(ℝ) and p∈CT. If there exists a constant H>0 such that
(39)∥p∥0<(1-3|q|)aH-b(1+|q|)sup|x|≤H|f(x)|,
then (2) has a T-periodic solution.Remark 8.
Theorem7 implies that the conditions in [15]
(40)l<1,|q|<1-l3+l,
where l=(b/aH)sup|x|≤H|f(x)|, are unnecessary for the existence of periodic solutions for (2).Theorem 9.
LetH be as in Theorem 7. Assume that all conditions of Theorem 7 are satisfied. If f satisfies the Lipschitz condition, (b/aH)sup|x|≤H|f(x)|≤1 and there exists Q>0 such that
(41)∥ψ-u*∥≤Q-3|q|Q1+|q|-H-basup|x|≤H+Q|f(x)|,
then the solution u(ψ)(t) through ψ to (2) satisfying u(ψ)(t)→u*(t) as t→∞, where u*(t) is a T-periodic solution of (2).Remark 10.
The sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions in [15] are very complicated. For example, they need extra condition Q>H, m<Q-H and
(42)|q|<Q-H-m3Q+H+m,∥ψ-u*∥≤Q-3|q|Q1+|q|-H-m1+|q|,
where m=(b/a)sup|x|≤H+Q|f(x)|.Theorem 11.
If all conditions of Theorem7 are satisfied, and the Lipschitz constant L for f corresponding to (-∞,+∞) satisfies 1-3|q|-(b/a)(1+|q|)L>0, then the T-periodic solution u*(t) of (2) is stable.Theorem 12.
Suppose thatp is constant, the equation p-a(1+q)u=b(1-q)f(u) has only one solution u*, f∈C1(ℝ), and f′(u*)=0; then the equilibrium u* of (2) is exponentially asymptotically stable.Example 13 (Lopes [9]).
Consider the NFDE (3) which arises from a transmission line model, where C0>0,Z>0,r>0,|k|<1,p∈C(ℝ) and f is a given nonlinear function. Let p~(t)=(1/C0)p(t), a~=Z/C0, and f~(u)=(1/C0)f(u); then (3) can be rewritten as
(43)u′(t)-ku′(t-r)=p~(t)-a~u(t)-a~ku(t-r)-f~(u(t)-ku(t-r)).
Now, let h(u(t),u(t-r))=f~(u(t)-ku(t-r)). It is not difficult to see that (43) is a special case of (1). Therefore, by Theorems 2–5, we have the following.Theorem 14.
Suppose thatf∈C(ℝ) and p∈CT. If there exists a constant H>0 such that
(44)∥p∥0<(1-3|k|)ZH-sup|x|≤(1+|k|)H|f(x)|,
then (3) has a T-periodic solution.Theorem 15.
LetH be as in Theorem 14. Assume that all conditions of Theorem 14 are satisfied. If f satisfies the Lipschitz condition, sup|x|≤(1+|k|)H|f(x)|≤ZH(1+|k|), and there exists Q>0 such that
(45)∥ψ-u*∥≤Q-3|k|Q1+|k|-H-1Z(1+|k|)sup|x|≤(1+|k|)(H+Q)|f(x)|,
then the solution through ψ of (3) u(ψ)(t)→u*(t) as t→∞, where u*(t) is a T-periodic solution of (3).Theorem 16.
If all conditions of Theorem14 are satisfied, and the Lipschitz constant L for f corresponding to (-∞,+∞) satisfies 1-3|k|-(L/Z)(1+|k|)>0, then T-periodic solution u*(t) of (3) is stable.Theorem 17.
Suppose thatp is constant, the equation p-Z(1+k)u=f(u-ku) has only one solution u*, f∈C1(ℝ), and f′(u*-ku*)=0, then the equilibrium u* of (3) is exponentially asymptotically stable.



---

*Source: 175479-2013-03-31.xml*