# Effect of Aluminum Powder Content on Air Blast Performance of RDX-Based Explosive Grenade Charge

Authors: Kun Zhang; Xuesong Feng; Juan Zhao; Bo Feng; Xiao jun Feng; Xiaofeng Wang
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2022)

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## Abstract

For aluminized explosive, the charge performance of explosive grenade is very significant for promoting their application. Firstly, the detonation performance of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) based explosives with different aluminum powder (0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%, respectively) content was investigated. Next, the air blast tests of RDX-based aluminized explosives were carried out. Then, RDX-based explosive grenade charges of L-1 and L-2 where the aluminum powder content was 20% and 25% were selected for air blast and static blasting fragments velocity tests. Finally, the energy release mechanism of the air blast was deduced via calculation. The results show that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume when the aluminum powder content is 20%, and the shock wave over pressure as well as impulse keep a high level at the same time within 4.5 m. The air blast performance of L-1 is better than L-2 within 2.2 m. As the distance increases, the air blast energy of L-1 is mainly used for shell rupture and fragment acceleration, while the contribution of L-2 is less than that of L-1. This study demonstrated that the explosion power of RDX-based explosive grenade charge is the most powerful where the content of aluminum powder is about 20%.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Since metal powder with high calorific value (e.g., Al, Mg, etc.) can further release a large amount of energy with the explosive products (e.g., H2O and CO2), adding metal powder to the explosive is one of the effective methods to improve the energy of the explosive, which is called metalized explosive [1–3]. Aluminum powder, a commonly used fuel additive with low cost and high energy density, is widely used to increase the calorimetric heat of explosion and expansion work of aluminized explosive [4–9]. Moreover, adding aluminum powder to the explosive within a certain range can provide energy upon the shock wave energy and bubble energy for the underwater explosion [10, 11]. The weight content, particle size, particle distribution, and particle morphology of aluminum can have a great influence on the detonation performance of aluminized explosives [12–19]. Trzciñski et al. [14] carried out the effect of aluminum content and of its particle size on detonation characteristics of RDX-based aluminized explosives, and the results showed that when the Al content was 15%, the explosive had better detonation performance. Wang et al. [20, 21] studied the performance of aluminized explosives based on the particle size, shape, and explosive environment of aluminum powder, revealing the role and influence of aluminum powder. Feng et al. [22]studied the effect of aluminum powder content and particle size on the air blast performances of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) based explosives.Although many studies have been done on the effect of aluminum powder on the detonation performance of aluminized explosive, there are few studies on the charging performance of aluminized explosive grenade. The charge performance and energy release mechanism of aluminized explosive grenade are very significant for the application of aluminized explosives. Thus, in this work, the detonation performance and air blast performance of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content were tested, respectively. Based on the above results analysis, RDX-based explosive grenade charges with different aluminum powder content were studied intensively, and energy release mechanism was deduced, correspondingly.


## 2. Experimental Section

### 2.1. Materials and Explosive Formula

Materials: RDX is produced by Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., with a particle size of 130μm. The type of aluminum is FLQT-4, and the particle size is 4∼5 μm. The binder is ethylene vinylacetate copolymer (EVA).Explosive formula: the aluminum powder content is 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40%, respectively. The binder content is 5%, and the RDX content is75, 70, 65, 60, and 55%, respectively.Preparation of explosive samples: the binder was solved, and the RDX and other components were mixed with the solvent. The mixture was stirred for solvent evaporation. Then, the residuals were screened by sifter with mesh number of 10 and put into a vacuum oven at 50°C for 24 h.Sample molding: the powders were placed in the certain mould with cylindrical bore, and the sample molding condition was defined according to the sample density values.Explosive grenade charge: the compressed explosives are directly loaded into the 45# steel cylindrical shell that the diameter and height are 100 and 250.20 mm, respectively. The mass of the explosive charge and the shell material are 3.2 kg and 17.16 kg, respectively. Figure1 is the schematic diagram of the preparation process of explosive grenade charges.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the preparation process of explosive grenade charges.


### 2.2. Explosive Detonation Parameters Test

#### 2.2.1. The Detonation Heat Test

Firstly, the calorimetric standard material benzoic acid with known calorific value is used to measure the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter. Secondly, the sample is assembled into a detonation calorimeter. Then, close the cover and vacuum until the pressure is not greater than −0.095 MPa; next, slowly fill the nitrogen to 1.0–1.5 MPa; after checking the tightness, evacuate the nitrogen to the pressure not greater than −0.095 MPa, and repeat twice. Next, using the 8# detonator to detonate the sample, and measuring the temperature rise of the distilled water in the barrel of the detonation calorimeter. Finally, according to the heat capacity and temperature rise value of the calorimeter, the detonation heat is calculated as follows:(1)Q=CΔTe−qem,where Q is the detonation heat of the sample, C is the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter, △Te is the temperature rise value, qe is the detonation heat value of the detonator, and m is the sample mass.


#### 2.2.2. The Detonation Velocity Test

The method 702.1 of GJB772A-97 was used to test the detonation velocity [23]. Based on the characteristics of ionization and conductivity of detonation wave front, the detonation wave propagation time in a certain length of grain is measured using a TSN632M32 channel detonation velocity meter, and the detonation velocity of explosive is calculated. There are 7 samples in each group, and the average detonation velocity is regarded as the detonation velocity of explosives. The assembly diagram of explosives grain is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of explosive assembly. 1 is wooden trough, 2 is explosive grain, 3 is probe, 4 is sponge pad, 5 is wooden column, and 6 is jacking press.


#### 2.2.3. The Detonation Volume Test

According to the pressure and temperature of the detonation product of the sample in a certain volume of the explosion bomb in a vacuum environment, the ideal gas state equation (PV = nRT) is used to calculate the volume of the gas explosion product (V1) which excludes water vapor after cooling. Then, the mass of water in the product is measured and converted it to the volume (V2) of water vapor in the standard state. The sum of V1 and V2 is the detonation volume (V) of the sample.


### 2.3. Air Blast Test

#### 2.3.1. Instrument

The instruments used are as follows: American PCB company Kistler wall pressure sensor, Chengdu Huatai HC-1210 multichannel waveform recorder, 50 Ω low-noise cable.


#### 2.3.2. Test Layout

RDX-based aluminized explosives: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the explosives are 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 4.5 m, respectively. Figure3 is the schematic diagram of the air blast layout.Figure 3
Schematic diagram of air blast layout.RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the charges are 2.2, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.3 m, respectively.


## 2.1. Materials and Explosive Formula

Materials: RDX is produced by Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., with a particle size of 130μm. The type of aluminum is FLQT-4, and the particle size is 4∼5 μm. The binder is ethylene vinylacetate copolymer (EVA).Explosive formula: the aluminum powder content is 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40%, respectively. The binder content is 5%, and the RDX content is75, 70, 65, 60, and 55%, respectively.Preparation of explosive samples: the binder was solved, and the RDX and other components were mixed with the solvent. The mixture was stirred for solvent evaporation. Then, the residuals were screened by sifter with mesh number of 10 and put into a vacuum oven at 50°C for 24 h.Sample molding: the powders were placed in the certain mould with cylindrical bore, and the sample molding condition was defined according to the sample density values.Explosive grenade charge: the compressed explosives are directly loaded into the 45# steel cylindrical shell that the diameter and height are 100 and 250.20 mm, respectively. The mass of the explosive charge and the shell material are 3.2 kg and 17.16 kg, respectively. Figure1 is the schematic diagram of the preparation process of explosive grenade charges.Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the preparation process of explosive grenade charges.


## 2.2. Explosive Detonation Parameters Test

### 2.2.1. The Detonation Heat Test

Firstly, the calorimetric standard material benzoic acid with known calorific value is used to measure the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter. Secondly, the sample is assembled into a detonation calorimeter. Then, close the cover and vacuum until the pressure is not greater than −0.095 MPa; next, slowly fill the nitrogen to 1.0–1.5 MPa; after checking the tightness, evacuate the nitrogen to the pressure not greater than −0.095 MPa, and repeat twice. Next, using the 8# detonator to detonate the sample, and measuring the temperature rise of the distilled water in the barrel of the detonation calorimeter. Finally, according to the heat capacity and temperature rise value of the calorimeter, the detonation heat is calculated as follows:(1)Q=CΔTe−qem,where Q is the detonation heat of the sample, C is the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter, △Te is the temperature rise value, qe is the detonation heat value of the detonator, and m is the sample mass.


### 2.2.2. The Detonation Velocity Test

The method 702.1 of GJB772A-97 was used to test the detonation velocity [23]. Based on the characteristics of ionization and conductivity of detonation wave front, the detonation wave propagation time in a certain length of grain is measured using a TSN632M32 channel detonation velocity meter, and the detonation velocity of explosive is calculated. There are 7 samples in each group, and the average detonation velocity is regarded as the detonation velocity of explosives. The assembly diagram of explosives grain is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of explosive assembly. 1 is wooden trough, 2 is explosive grain, 3 is probe, 4 is sponge pad, 5 is wooden column, and 6 is jacking press.


### 2.2.3. The Detonation Volume Test

According to the pressure and temperature of the detonation product of the sample in a certain volume of the explosion bomb in a vacuum environment, the ideal gas state equation (PV = nRT) is used to calculate the volume of the gas explosion product (V1) which excludes water vapor after cooling. Then, the mass of water in the product is measured and converted it to the volume (V2) of water vapor in the standard state. The sum of V1 and V2 is the detonation volume (V) of the sample.


## 2.2.1. The Detonation Heat Test

Firstly, the calorimetric standard material benzoic acid with known calorific value is used to measure the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter. Secondly, the sample is assembled into a detonation calorimeter. Then, close the cover and vacuum until the pressure is not greater than −0.095 MPa; next, slowly fill the nitrogen to 1.0–1.5 MPa; after checking the tightness, evacuate the nitrogen to the pressure not greater than −0.095 MPa, and repeat twice. Next, using the 8# detonator to detonate the sample, and measuring the temperature rise of the distilled water in the barrel of the detonation calorimeter. Finally, according to the heat capacity and temperature rise value of the calorimeter, the detonation heat is calculated as follows:(1)Q=CΔTe−qem,where Q is the detonation heat of the sample, C is the heat capacity of the detonation calorimeter, △Te is the temperature rise value, qe is the detonation heat value of the detonator, and m is the sample mass.


## 2.2.2. The Detonation Velocity Test

The method 702.1 of GJB772A-97 was used to test the detonation velocity [23]. Based on the characteristics of ionization and conductivity of detonation wave front, the detonation wave propagation time in a certain length of grain is measured using a TSN632M32 channel detonation velocity meter, and the detonation velocity of explosive is calculated. There are 7 samples in each group, and the average detonation velocity is regarded as the detonation velocity of explosives. The assembly diagram of explosives grain is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Schematic diagram of explosive assembly. 1 is wooden trough, 2 is explosive grain, 3 is probe, 4 is sponge pad, 5 is wooden column, and 6 is jacking press.


## 2.2.3. The Detonation Volume Test

According to the pressure and temperature of the detonation product of the sample in a certain volume of the explosion bomb in a vacuum environment, the ideal gas state equation (PV = nRT) is used to calculate the volume of the gas explosion product (V1) which excludes water vapor after cooling. Then, the mass of water in the product is measured and converted it to the volume (V2) of water vapor in the standard state. The sum of V1 and V2 is the detonation volume (V) of the sample.


## 2.3. Air Blast Test

### 2.3.1. Instrument

The instruments used are as follows: American PCB company Kistler wall pressure sensor, Chengdu Huatai HC-1210 multichannel waveform recorder, 50 Ω low-noise cable.


### 2.3.2. Test Layout

RDX-based aluminized explosives: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the explosives are 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 4.5 m, respectively. Figure3 is the schematic diagram of the air blast layout.Figure 3
Schematic diagram of air blast layout.RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the charges are 2.2, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.3 m, respectively.


## 2.3.1. Instrument

The instruments used are as follows: American PCB company Kistler wall pressure sensor, Chengdu Huatai HC-1210 multichannel waveform recorder, 50 Ω low-noise cable.


## 2.3.2. Test Layout

RDX-based aluminized explosives: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the explosives are 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 4.5 m, respectively. Figure3 is the schematic diagram of the air blast layout.Figure 3
Schematic diagram of air blast layout.RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges: the explosion height is 1.5 m, and the horizontal distances between the wall pressure sensor and the charges are 2.2, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.3 m, respectively.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Detonation Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosives

The detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content are presented in Table1.Table 1
The detonation performance of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content.
Al powder content, %Standards, mmDensity, g·cm−3Detonation heat, J·g−1Detonation velocity, m·s−1Detonation volume, L·kg−10Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.686190880073420Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.756933808765925Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.787192790363330Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.817451784060235Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.857924776053540Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.8878637566456Table1 shows that the detonation heat is on the rise with the increase of aluminum powder content. The detonation heat reaches the maximum when the content of aluminum powder is about 35%. However, with the continuous increase of aluminum powder content, the detonation heat presents a downward trend. That is due to the exothermic of aluminum powder and explosive products through the secondary oxidation reaction. When the energy released via the oxidation of aluminum powder is higher than the energy released via the detonation of explosive replaced by aluminum powder, the detonation heat of aluminized explosives will increase. As the content of aluminum powder increases, until the oxygen contained in the explosive is completely consumed, the excess aluminum powder will no longer undergo oxidation reaction to exothermic, so the detonation heat of aluminized explosives shows a downward trend. In addition, with the content of aluminum powder increase and the decrease of the RDX explosive content as well as gas products produced by detonation, the detonation velocity and detonation volume will decrease. The detonation velocity is highest (8800 m·s−1) where the aluminum powder content is 0%. While within the range of aluminum powder content of 20∼30%, the detonation velocity almost has no decrease. When the aluminum powder content is greater than 30%, the detonation velocity begins to decrease significantly. Because the RDX-based explosive has a high detonation velocity, and its reaction velocity is faster than that of micron aluminum powder. During the detonation of the RDX-based explosive, the aluminum powder does not or rarely participate in the reaction of the Chapman–Jouguet (C–J) front and acts as an inert substance, even absorbing and consuming part of the heat, thereby reducing the total energy of the detonation wave.The results show that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat, detonation volume, and detonation velocity at the same time where the aluminum powder content is 20%. Therefore, it can be inferred that it has a higher energy output and a stronger working capacity before and after the detonation reaction zone.


### 3.2. Air Blast Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosives

The damage effect and degree of the detonation shock wave on the target are generally assessed via measuring the shock wave overpressure, positive pressure time, and impulse. The shock wave overpressure, impulse, and positive pressure time of RDX-based aluminized explosives at distances of 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 4.5 m, respectively, from the explosion center were measured, and the results are presented in Table2 and Figure 4.Table 2
Air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives with different aluminum powder content.
Al powder content, %Air blast performanceDistance to explosion center, m1.21.82.43.04.520Overpressure (MPa)0.970.540.320.190.092Impulse (MPa·s)22520014611187Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.21.21.63.225Overpressure (MPa)0.860.490.310.190.085Impulse (MPa·s)21919114711487Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.31.41.83.530Overpressure (MPa)0.840.470.290.180.083Impulse (MPa·s)22019614611585Positive pressure (ms)0.81.11.31.93.135Overpressure (MPa)0.830.450.290.190.079Impulse (MPa·s)21418814611684Positive pressure time (ms)0.71.01.31.93.140Overpressure (MPa)0.750.430.270.180.081Impulse (MPa·s)16815713010680Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.21.21.73.0Figure 4
The relationship of the shock wave overpressure, impulse, and distance of RDX-based aluminized explosives. (a) Shock wave overpressure. (b) Impulse.
(a)(b)For the RDX-based aluminized explosive, Table2 and Figure 4 show that, with the increasing distance, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content attenuate rapidly, and the attenuation speed of the low aluminum powder content is faster. At 4.5 m, the shock wave overpressure and impulse drops to about 0.08 MPa and 85 MPa, respectively. A comparison of air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives shows that when the aluminum powder content is 20%, the shock wave overpressure and impulse are the highest, and they maintain high level within the range of 1.2∼4.5 m. The shock wave overpressure and impulse almost do not decrease where the aluminum powder contents are in the range of 25∼30%. As the aluminum powder content increases to 35%, the shock wave overpressure and impulse present a downward trend. This is because only part of the aluminum powder participates in the reaction, and the excess aluminum powder will be endothermic and consume part of the energy, which will eventually decrease the energy of the detonation wave.Generally, the detonation velocity is high and the energy transferred to the shock wave is large, which will produce a high initial shock wave overpressure. This is consistent with the fact that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher initial shock wave overpressure and impulse where the aluminum powder content is 20% in this study. In addition, the initial shock wave attenuates exponentially when the propagation distance increases [24]. When the distance is greater than ten times the diameter of the charge, the shock wave overpressure attenuation speed of the explosive is less than the aluminized explosive which has a subsequent secondary reaction to rise in the amount of explosion energy. This is cause of the shock wave of explosives with high aluminum powder content attenuates slowly. Thus, it can be concluded that the RDX-based explosive has a higher initial energy where the aluminum powder content is 20%, and when the aluminum powder content is 25%, the energy attenuates more slowly.


### 3.3. Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosive Grenade Charges

According to the above results of detonation performance and air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives, RDX-based explosives with aluminum powder content of 20% and 25% (L-1 and L-2, respectively) were selected to complete the grenade charging. Then, the air blast tests were carried out and the static blasting fragments velocity of RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges were measured. The results are shown in Tables3 and 4.Table 3
Air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges.
SamplesAl powder content, %Air blast performanceDistance to explosion center, m2.25.07.510.3L-120Overpressure (MPa)0.3770.1080.0380.027Impulse (MPa·s)176.288.857.740.2Positive pressure time (ms)1.75.010.516.8L-225Overpressure (MPa)0.3640.1180.0550.028Impulse (MPa·s)171.992.164.541.9Positive pressure time (ms)1.65.110.616.9Table 4
Static blasting fragments velocity of RDX-based explosive grenade charges with different aluminum powder content.
SamplesAl powder content, %Fragment velocity, m·s−14.0 m6.0 mL-1201427.51318.5L-2251382.01286.0As seen in Table3, the shock wave overpressure, impulse, and positive pressure time of L-1 are higher than L-2 at the distance of 2.2 m. While the distance is between 5.0 m and 10.3 m, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of L-1 are lower than L-2. The results of Table 4 show that the fragments velocity of L-1 is faster than that of L-2 within 6.0 m. It can be considered that the endothermic effect of aluminum powder on the detonation wave front caused the lower detonation velocity of L-2. The rapid reaction velocity of L-1 releases a higher initial energy, so it has higher shock wave overpressure and impulse within 2.2 m. In addition, it also indicates that when the aluminum powder is 20%, the oxidizing substances (e.g., H2O, CO, and CO2) produced by RDX detonation were consumed over via a secondary reaction with the aluminum powder, and the energy release reaches the highest. With the distance increases, the air blast energy of L-1 is mainly used for shell rupture and fragments acceleration, while the contribution of L-2 is less than that of L-1. Therefore, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of L-1 are lower than L-2 at the range of 5.5∼10.3 m. Thus, it can be concluded that that the RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charge is more powerful where aluminum powder content is 20%.


### 3.4. Mechanism Analysis

The total oxygen oxidation method and the maximum power value method are used to discuss the effect of the amount of aluminum on the RDX-based aluminized explosive formula [25]. The total oxygen oxidation method obtains the theoretically maximum amount of aluminum powder that can be completely oxidized, and the maximum power value method obtains aluminum powder content when the aluminized explosives have the greatest working capability. In the formula, suppose the total mass of the RDX-based aluminized explosive formula is 100 g, the binder content is 5%.The total oxygen oxidation method believes that all the oxygen contained in the explosive is used to oxidize the aluminum powder to Al2O3. The addition of the amount of aluminum powder is calculated via equation (2), and then the theoretical maximum exothermic value is calculated according to Hess’s law. The detonation reaction equation is shown in equation (3). After calculation, the content of aluminum powder and RDX in the formula is 32.7% and 62.3%, respectively. Therefore, the theoretical detonation heat via calculated is 15378 J·g−1.(2)wA1=nA1MA1nA1MA1+MRDX,where wA1 is the content of aluminum powder, nAl is the amount of the substance that aluminum powder reacts with CO2 and H2O, MAl is relative atomic mass of aluminum, and MRDX is relative molecular mass of RDX.(3)C3H6N6O6+4A1®2A12O3+3H2+2N2+3CThe maximum power value method believes that the CO2 and H2O produced by explosives detonation are reduced to CO and H2 via aluminum powder. The addition of the amount of aluminum powder is calculated via equation (2), and then theoretical detonation heat and detonation volume are calculated. In equation (4), firstly, the carbon in RDX is oxidized to CO, and then the remaining oxygen is evenly distributed for the oxidation of CO and H to CO2 and H2O, respectively. Therefore, the amount of CO2 and H2O in the product is the same. Finally, the CO2 and H2O are reduced via aluminum powder. The detonation reaction equation is shown in equation (5). After calculation, the contents of aluminum powder and RDX in the formula are 19.6% and 75.4%, respectively. The detonation heat and detonation volume are 9357.0 J·g−1 and 908 L·kg−1, respectively.(4)C3H6N6O6⟶1.5CO+1.5CO2+1.5H2O+3N2A1+1.5CO2⟶0.5A12O3+1.5COA1+1.5H2O⟶0.5A1203+1.5H2(5)C3H6N606+2A1⟶A1203_3CO+3H2+3N2Comparison of the results of the two methods calculated shows that the maximum power value method is consistent with the results of air blast tests. Since the air blast of the explosive grenade charges is expanded via the explosion, and then ruptured and accelerated the shell of the grenade, it is necessary to have high detonation heat as well as detonation volume to achieve a greater work capability.


## 3.1. Detonation Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosives

The detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content are presented in Table1.Table 1
The detonation performance of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content.
Al powder content, %Standards, mmDensity, g·cm−3Detonation heat, J·g−1Detonation velocity, m·s−1Detonation volume, L·kg−10Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.686190880073420Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.756933808765925Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.787192790363330Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.817451784060235Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.857924776053540Φ60 mm × 60 mm1.8878637566456Table1 shows that the detonation heat is on the rise with the increase of aluminum powder content. The detonation heat reaches the maximum when the content of aluminum powder is about 35%. However, with the continuous increase of aluminum powder content, the detonation heat presents a downward trend. That is due to the exothermic of aluminum powder and explosive products through the secondary oxidation reaction. When the energy released via the oxidation of aluminum powder is higher than the energy released via the detonation of explosive replaced by aluminum powder, the detonation heat of aluminized explosives will increase. As the content of aluminum powder increases, until the oxygen contained in the explosive is completely consumed, the excess aluminum powder will no longer undergo oxidation reaction to exothermic, so the detonation heat of aluminized explosives shows a downward trend. In addition, with the content of aluminum powder increase and the decrease of the RDX explosive content as well as gas products produced by detonation, the detonation velocity and detonation volume will decrease. The detonation velocity is highest (8800 m·s−1) where the aluminum powder content is 0%. While within the range of aluminum powder content of 20∼30%, the detonation velocity almost has no decrease. When the aluminum powder content is greater than 30%, the detonation velocity begins to decrease significantly. Because the RDX-based explosive has a high detonation velocity, and its reaction velocity is faster than that of micron aluminum powder. During the detonation of the RDX-based explosive, the aluminum powder does not or rarely participate in the reaction of the Chapman–Jouguet (C–J) front and acts as an inert substance, even absorbing and consuming part of the heat, thereby reducing the total energy of the detonation wave.The results show that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat, detonation volume, and detonation velocity at the same time where the aluminum powder content is 20%. Therefore, it can be inferred that it has a higher energy output and a stronger working capacity before and after the detonation reaction zone.


## 3.2. Air Blast Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosives

The damage effect and degree of the detonation shock wave on the target are generally assessed via measuring the shock wave overpressure, positive pressure time, and impulse. The shock wave overpressure, impulse, and positive pressure time of RDX-based aluminized explosives at distances of 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 4.5 m, respectively, from the explosion center were measured, and the results are presented in Table2 and Figure 4.Table 2
Air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives with different aluminum powder content.
Al powder content, %Air blast performanceDistance to explosion center, m1.21.82.43.04.520Overpressure (MPa)0.970.540.320.190.092Impulse (MPa·s)22520014611187Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.21.21.63.225Overpressure (MPa)0.860.490.310.190.085Impulse (MPa·s)21919114711487Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.31.41.83.530Overpressure (MPa)0.840.470.290.180.083Impulse (MPa·s)22019614611585Positive pressure (ms)0.81.11.31.93.135Overpressure (MPa)0.830.450.290.190.079Impulse (MPa·s)21418814611684Positive pressure time (ms)0.71.01.31.93.140Overpressure (MPa)0.750.430.270.180.081Impulse (MPa·s)16815713010680Positive pressure time (ms)0.81.21.21.73.0Figure 4
The relationship of the shock wave overpressure, impulse, and distance of RDX-based aluminized explosives. (a) Shock wave overpressure. (b) Impulse.
(a)(b)For the RDX-based aluminized explosive, Table2 and Figure 4 show that, with the increasing distance, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of RDX-based explosives with different aluminum powder content attenuate rapidly, and the attenuation speed of the low aluminum powder content is faster. At 4.5 m, the shock wave overpressure and impulse drops to about 0.08 MPa and 85 MPa, respectively. A comparison of air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives shows that when the aluminum powder content is 20%, the shock wave overpressure and impulse are the highest, and they maintain high level within the range of 1.2∼4.5 m. The shock wave overpressure and impulse almost do not decrease where the aluminum powder contents are in the range of 25∼30%. As the aluminum powder content increases to 35%, the shock wave overpressure and impulse present a downward trend. This is because only part of the aluminum powder participates in the reaction, and the excess aluminum powder will be endothermic and consume part of the energy, which will eventually decrease the energy of the detonation wave.Generally, the detonation velocity is high and the energy transferred to the shock wave is large, which will produce a high initial shock wave overpressure. This is consistent with the fact that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher initial shock wave overpressure and impulse where the aluminum powder content is 20% in this study. In addition, the initial shock wave attenuates exponentially when the propagation distance increases [24]. When the distance is greater than ten times the diameter of the charge, the shock wave overpressure attenuation speed of the explosive is less than the aluminized explosive which has a subsequent secondary reaction to rise in the amount of explosion energy. This is cause of the shock wave of explosives with high aluminum powder content attenuates slowly. Thus, it can be concluded that the RDX-based explosive has a higher initial energy where the aluminum powder content is 20%, and when the aluminum powder content is 25%, the energy attenuates more slowly.


## 3.3. Performance of RDX-Based Aluminized Explosive Grenade Charges

According to the above results of detonation performance and air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosives, RDX-based explosives with aluminum powder content of 20% and 25% (L-1 and L-2, respectively) were selected to complete the grenade charging. Then, the air blast tests were carried out and the static blasting fragments velocity of RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges were measured. The results are shown in Tables3 and 4.Table 3
Air blast performance of RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charges.
SamplesAl powder content, %Air blast performanceDistance to explosion center, m2.25.07.510.3L-120Overpressure (MPa)0.3770.1080.0380.027Impulse (MPa·s)176.288.857.740.2Positive pressure time (ms)1.75.010.516.8L-225Overpressure (MPa)0.3640.1180.0550.028Impulse (MPa·s)171.992.164.541.9Positive pressure time (ms)1.65.110.616.9Table 4
Static blasting fragments velocity of RDX-based explosive grenade charges with different aluminum powder content.
SamplesAl powder content, %Fragment velocity, m·s−14.0 m6.0 mL-1201427.51318.5L-2251382.01286.0As seen in Table3, the shock wave overpressure, impulse, and positive pressure time of L-1 are higher than L-2 at the distance of 2.2 m. While the distance is between 5.0 m and 10.3 m, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of L-1 are lower than L-2. The results of Table 4 show that the fragments velocity of L-1 is faster than that of L-2 within 6.0 m. It can be considered that the endothermic effect of aluminum powder on the detonation wave front caused the lower detonation velocity of L-2. The rapid reaction velocity of L-1 releases a higher initial energy, so it has higher shock wave overpressure and impulse within 2.2 m. In addition, it also indicates that when the aluminum powder is 20%, the oxidizing substances (e.g., H2O, CO, and CO2) produced by RDX detonation were consumed over via a secondary reaction with the aluminum powder, and the energy release reaches the highest. With the distance increases, the air blast energy of L-1 is mainly used for shell rupture and fragments acceleration, while the contribution of L-2 is less than that of L-1. Therefore, the shock wave overpressure and impulse of L-1 are lower than L-2 at the range of 5.5∼10.3 m. Thus, it can be concluded that that the RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charge is more powerful where aluminum powder content is 20%.


## 3.4. Mechanism Analysis

The total oxygen oxidation method and the maximum power value method are used to discuss the effect of the amount of aluminum on the RDX-based aluminized explosive formula [25]. The total oxygen oxidation method obtains the theoretically maximum amount of aluminum powder that can be completely oxidized, and the maximum power value method obtains aluminum powder content when the aluminized explosives have the greatest working capability. In the formula, suppose the total mass of the RDX-based aluminized explosive formula is 100 g, the binder content is 5%.The total oxygen oxidation method believes that all the oxygen contained in the explosive is used to oxidize the aluminum powder to Al2O3. The addition of the amount of aluminum powder is calculated via equation (2), and then the theoretical maximum exothermic value is calculated according to Hess’s law. The detonation reaction equation is shown in equation (3). After calculation, the content of aluminum powder and RDX in the formula is 32.7% and 62.3%, respectively. Therefore, the theoretical detonation heat via calculated is 15378 J·g−1.(2)wA1=nA1MA1nA1MA1+MRDX,where wA1 is the content of aluminum powder, nAl is the amount of the substance that aluminum powder reacts with CO2 and H2O, MAl is relative atomic mass of aluminum, and MRDX is relative molecular mass of RDX.(3)C3H6N6O6+4A1®2A12O3+3H2+2N2+3CThe maximum power value method believes that the CO2 and H2O produced by explosives detonation are reduced to CO and H2 via aluminum powder. The addition of the amount of aluminum powder is calculated via equation (2), and then theoretical detonation heat and detonation volume are calculated. In equation (4), firstly, the carbon in RDX is oxidized to CO, and then the remaining oxygen is evenly distributed for the oxidation of CO and H to CO2 and H2O, respectively. Therefore, the amount of CO2 and H2O in the product is the same. Finally, the CO2 and H2O are reduced via aluminum powder. The detonation reaction equation is shown in equation (5). After calculation, the contents of aluminum powder and RDX in the formula are 19.6% and 75.4%, respectively. The detonation heat and detonation volume are 9357.0 J·g−1 and 908 L·kg−1, respectively.(4)C3H6N6O6⟶1.5CO+1.5CO2+1.5H2O+3N2A1+1.5CO2⟶0.5A12O3+1.5COA1+1.5H2O⟶0.5A1203+1.5H2(5)C3H6N606+2A1⟶A1203_3CO+3H2+3N2Comparison of the results of the two methods calculated shows that the maximum power value method is consistent with the results of air blast tests. Since the air blast of the explosive grenade charges is expanded via the explosion, and then ruptured and accelerated the shell of the grenade, it is necessary to have high detonation heat as well as detonation volume to achieve a greater work capability.


## 4. Conclusion

(1)
When the aluminum powder content is 20%, RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat (6933 J·g−1), detonation volume (659 L·kg−1), and detonation velocity (8087 m·s−1) at the same time, and the overpressure and impulse keep at a high level within a distance of 1.2∼4.5 m from the explosion center.(2)
For RDX-based aluminized bare explosives, when the aluminum powder content is 20∼25%, the shock wave overpressure and impulse are basically stable; continuous increase in the aluminum powder content, the overpressure and impulse will decrease.(3)
For the RDX-based aluminized explosive grenade charge, the charge containing 20% aluminum powder has a faster explosive reaction rate, which can better complete the fragment acceleration in a longer distance, and the impulse value is still higher.



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*Source: 1751182-2022-01-22.xml*