# Lacunary Statistical Limit Points in Random 2-Normed Spaces

Authors: A. Güncan; U. Yamancı; M. Gürdal
Journal: ISRN Mathematical Analysis
 (2013)

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## Abstract

We introduce the notionθ-cluster points, investigate the relation between θ-cluster points and limit points of sequences in the topology induced by random 2-normed spaces, and prove some important results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction and Background

An interesting and important generalization of the notion of metric space was introduced by Menger [1] under the name of statistical metric space, which is now called probabilistic metric space. In this theory, the notion of distance has a probabilistic nature. Namely, the distance between two points x and y is represented by a distribution function Fxy; and for t>0, the value Fxy(t) is interpreted as the probability that the distance from x to y is less than t. In fact the probabilistic theory has become an area of active research for the last forty years. An important family of probabilistic metric spaces are probabilistic normed spaces. The notion of probabilistic normed spaces was introduced in [2] and further it was extended to random/probabilistic 2-normed spaces by Goleţ [3] using the concept of 2-norm of Gähler [4]. Applications of this concept have been investigated by various authors, for example, [5–7].The concept of statistical convergence for sequences of real number was introduced by Fast in [8] and Steinhaus in [9] independently in the same year 1951. A lot of developments have been made in this area after the works of Salat [10] and Fridy [11]. Recently, Mohiuddine and Aiyub [12] studied lacunary statistical convergence as generalization of the statistical convergence and introduced the concept θ-statistical convergence in random 2-normed space. In [13], Mursaleen and Mohiuddine extended the idea of lacunary statistical convergence with respect to the intuitionistic fuzzy normed space. Also lacunary statistically convergent double sequences in probabilistic normed space was studied by Mohiuddine and Savaş in [14].The aim of this work is to introduce and investigate the relation betweenθ-statistical cluster points, θ-statistical limit points, and ordinary limit points of sequence in random 2-normed spaces.First, we recall some of the basic concepts that will be used in this paper. All the concepts listed below are studied in depth in the fundamental book by Schweizer and Sklar [2].Letℝ denote the set of real numbers and ℝ+={x∈ℝ:x≥0}. A mapping f:ℝ→ℝ+ is called a distribution function if it is nondecreasing and left continuous with inft∈ℝf(t)=0 and supt∈ℝf(t)=1.We denote the set of all distribution functions byD+ such that f(0)=0. If a∈ℝ+, then Ha∈D+, where
(1)Ha(t)={1,ift>a,0,ift≤a.
It is obvious that H0≥f for all f∈D+.A triangular norm (t-norm) is a continuous mapping *:[0,1]×[0,1]→[0,1] such that ([0,1],*) is an abelian monoid with unit one and c*d≤a*b if c≤a and d≤b for all a,b,c,d∈[0,1]. A triangle function τ is a binary operation on D+ which is commutative, associative and τ(f,H0)=f for every f∈D+.The concept of 2-normed spaces was first introduced by Gähler [4, 15].LetX be a real vector space of dimension d, where 2≤d<∞. A 2-norm on X is a function ∥·,·∥:X×X→ℝ which satisfies (i) ∥x,y∥=0 if and only if x and y are linearly dependent; (ii) ∥x,y∥=∥y,x∥; (iii) ∥αx,y∥=|α|∥x,y∥, α∈ℝ; (iv) ∥x,y+z∥≤∥x,y∥+∥x,z∥. The pair (X,∥·,·∥) is then called a 2-normed space.As an example of a 2-normed space we may takeX=ℝ2 being equipped with the 2-norm ∥x,y∥:= the area of the parallelogram spanned by the vectors x and y, which may be given explicitly by the formula
(2)∥x,y∥=|x1y2-x2y1|,x=(x1,x2),y=(y1,y2).In 2006, Goleţ [3] introduced the notion of random 2-normed space.LetX be a linear space of dimension greater than one, τ a triangle, and F:X×X→D+. Then F is called a probabilistic 2-norm and (X,F,τ) a probabilistic 2-normed space if the following conditions are satisfied:(i)
F(x,y;t)=H0(t) if x and y are linearly dependent, where F(x,y;t) denotes the value of F(x,y) at t∈ℝ,(ii)
F(x,y;t)≠H0(t) if x and y are linearly independent,(iii)
F(x,y;t)=F(y,x;t) for all x,y∈X,(iv)
F(αx,y;t)=F(x,y;t/|α|) for every t>0, α≠0 and x,y∈X,(v)
F(x+y,z;t)≥τ(F(x,z;t),F(y,z;t)) whenever x,y,z∈X.If(v) is replaced by(v)′
F(x+y,z;t1+t2)≥F(x,z;t1)*F(y,z;t2) for all x,y,z∈X and t1,t2∈ℝ+, then (X,F,*) is called a random 2-normed space (for short, RTN space).Remark 1.
Note that every 2-normed space(X,∥·,·∥) can be made a random 2-normed space in a natural way, by setting
(3)F(x,y;t)=H0(t-∥x,y∥),
for every x,y∈X, t>0 and a*b=min{a,b}, a,b∈[0,1].Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space. Since * is a continuous t-norm, the system of (ε,λ)-neighborhoods of θ (the null vector in X)
(4){𝒩θ,z(ε,η):ε>0,η∈(0,1),z∈X},
where
(5)𝒩θ,z(ε,η)={x,z∈X×X:Fx,z(ε)>1-η}
determines a first countable Hausdorff topology on X×X, called the F-topology. Thus, the F-topology can be completely specified by means of F-convergence of sequences. It is clear that x-y∈𝒩θ,z means y∈𝒩x,z and vice versa.A sequencex=(xn) in X is said to be F-convergence to L∈X if for every ε>0,  η∈(0,1) and for each nonzero z∈X there exists a positive integer N such that
(6)xn,z-L∈𝒩θ,z(ε,η)foreachn≥N
or equivalently,
(7)xn,z∈𝒩L,z(ε,η)foreachn≥N.
In this case we write F-limxn, z=L.


## 2. The Main Results

It is known (see [16]) that statistical cluster Γx and statistical limit points set Λx of a given sequence (xn)are not altered by changing the values of a subsequence, the index set of which has density zero. Moreover, there is a strong connection between θ-statistical cluster points and ordinary limit points of a given sequence. We will prove that these facts are satisfied for θ-statistical cluster points and θ-statistical limit point sets of a given sequence in the topology induced by random 2-normed spaces.The notion of statistical convergence depends on the density of subsets ofℕ, the set of natural numbers.Definition 2 (see [8, 11]).
LetK be a subset of ℕ. Then the asymptotic density of K denoted by δ(K):=limn→∞(1/n)|{k≤n:k∈K}|, where the vertical bars denote the cardinality of the enclosed set. A number sequence x=(xk)k∈ℕ is said to be statistically convergent to L if for every ε>0,  δ({k∈ℕ:|xk-L|≥ε})=0. If (xk)k∈ℕ is statistically convergent to L, we write st-limxk=L.By a lacunary sequence we mean an increasing integer sequenceθ=(kr) such that k0=0 and hr:=kr-kr-1→∞ as r→∞. Throughout this paper the intervals determined by θ will be denoted by Ir:=(kr-1,kr], and the ratio kr/kr-1 will be abbreviated by qr. Let K⊆ℕ. The number
(8)δθ(K)=limr1hr|{k∈Ir:k∈K}|
is said to be the θ-density of K, provided the limit exists (see [17]).Definition 3 (see [17]).
Letθ be a lacunary sequence. Then a sequence x=(xk) is said to be Sθ-convergent to the number L if for every ε>0 the set K(ε) has θ-density zero, where
(9)K(ε):={k∈ℕ:|xk-L|≥ε}.
In this case we write Sθ-limx=L or xk→L(Sθ).Definition 4 (see [12]).
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. A sequence x=(xk) in a random 2-normed spaces (X,F,*) is said to be θ-statistically convergent or Sθ-convergent to L∈X with respect to F if for every ε>0, η∈(0,1) and nonzero z∈X such that
(10)δθ({k∈ℕ:xk,z∉𝒩L,z(ε,η)})=0
or equivalently
(11)δθ({k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩L,z(ε,η)})=1.
In this case we write SθRTN-limx, z=L or xk→L(SθRTN).Now we define some concepts in RTN-space.Definition 5.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. Let (xk(j)) be a subsequence of x=(xk)∈X and K={k(j):j∈ℕ} then one denotes (xk(j)) by (x)K. If
(12)limr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:j∈ℕ}|=0,
then (x)K is called a θ-thin sequence. On the other hand, (x)K is a θ-nonthin subsequence of x provided that
(13)limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:j∈ℕ}|>0.Definition 6.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and θ be a lacunary sequence. A∈X is called a θ-statistical limit point of a sequence x=(xk)∈X provided that there is a θ-nonthin subsequence of x that converges to A. Let Λθ,xRTN denotes the set of all SθRTN-limit points.Definition 7.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. B∈X is called a θ-statistical cluster point of a sequence x=(xk)∈X provided that, for every ε>0, η∈(0,1) and nonzero z∈X(14)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩L,z(ε,η)}|>0.
Let Γθ,xRTN denote the set of θ-statistical cluster point of the sequence x=(xk).Theorem 8.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. If x=(xk) and y=(yk) are sequences in X such that
(15)limr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk≠yk}|=0,
then Λθ,xRTN=Λθ,yRTN and Γθ,xRTN=Γθ,yRTN.Proof.
Assume thatlimr(1/hr)|{k∈Ir:xk≠yk}|=0 and A∈Λθ,yRTN; say (y)K is a θ-nonthin sequence of y that converges to A. Since
(16)limr1hr|{k∈Ir:k∈Kandxk≠yk}|=0,
it follows that
(17)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:k∈Kandxk=yk}|≠0.
Therefore, the latter set yields a θ-nonthin subsequence (x)K′ of (x)K that converges to A. Hence A∈Λθ,xRTN and Λθ,yRTN⊆Λθ,xRTN. By symmetry we see that Λθ,xRTN⊆Λθ,yRTN; hence Λθ,xRTN=Λθ,yRTN. Now let B∈Γθ,xRTN and let limr(1/hr)|{k∈Ir:xk≠yk}|=0. Since B∈Γθ,xRTN, we can write
(18)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩B,z(ε,η)}|≠0
for every ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X. Since xk=yk for almost all k,
(19)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:yk,z∈𝒩B,z(ε,η)}|≠0
for every ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X. Hence, B∈Γθ,yRTN and Γθ,xRTN⊆Γθ,yRTN. By symmetry we see that Γθ,yRTN⊆Γθ,xRTN; hence Γθ,xRTN=Γθ,yRTN.Theorem 9.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. For any sequence x=(xk)∈X, one has Λθ,xRTN⊆Γθ,xRTN.Proof.
SupposeA∈Λθ,xRTN; then there is a θ-nonthin subsequence (xk(j)) of x that converges to A, that is,
(20)limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:j∈ℕ}|=d>0.
Since
(21){k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩A,z(ε,η)}⊇{k(j)∈ℕ:xk(j),z∈𝒩A,z(ε,η)}
for every ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X, we have
(22){k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩A,z(ε,η)}⊇{k(j)∈ℕ:j∈ℕ}∖{k(j)∈ℕ:xk(j),z∉𝒩A,z(ε,η)}.
Since (xk(j)) converges to A, the set
(23){k(j)∈ℕ:xk(j),z∉𝒩A,z(ε,η)}
is finite for any ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X. Therefore,
(24)limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩A,z(ε,η)}|≥limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:j∈ℕ}|-limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:xk(j),z∉𝒩A,z(ε,η)}|≥limr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:j∈ℕ}|=d>0.
Hence,
(25)limsupr1hr|{k(j)∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩A,z(ε,η)}|>0
which means that A∈Γθ,xRTN.Theorem 10.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. Let LxRTN be the set of ordinary limit points of x and for any sequence x=(xk)∈X, Γθ,xRTN⊆LxRTN.Proof.
Assume thatB∈Γθ,xRTN; then
(26)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩B,z(ε,η)}|>0
for every ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X. We set (x)K a θ-nonthin subsequence of x such that
(27)K={k(j)∈ℕ:xk(j),z∈𝒩B,z(ε,η)}
for every ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X, and limsupr(1/hr)|K|>0. Since there are infinitely many elements in K, B∈LxRTN.
The converse of the theorem does not hold.Theorem 11.
Let(X,F,*) be a RTN space and let θ be a lacunary sequence. If for sequence x=(xk)∈X, SθRTN-limxk=x0, then Λθ,xRTN=Γθ,xRTN={x0}.Proof.
First, we show thatΛθ,xRTN={x0}. Fix ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X. Assume that Λθ,xRTN={x0,y0} such that x0,z∉𝒩y0,z(2ε,η). In this case, there exist (xk(j)) and (xl(i))θ-nonthin subsequences of x=(xk) that converge to x0 and y0, respectively. Since (xl(i)) converges to y0, we have
(28){l(i)∈ℕ:xl(i),z∉𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}
which is a finite set. Consider that
(29){l(i)∈ℕ:i∈ℕ}={l(i)∈ℕ:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}∪{l(i)∈ℕ:xl(i),z∉𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}
implies
(30)limsupr1hr|{l(i)∈Ir:i∈ℕ}|=limsupr1hr|{l(i)∈Ir:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}|+limsupr1hr|{l(i)∈Ir:xl(i),z∉𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}|.
Hence,
(31)limsupr1hr|{l(i)∈Ir:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}|>0.
Since SθRTN-limxk=x0,
(32)limr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∉𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}|=0.
Therefore, we can write
(33)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}|>0.
For every x0,z∉𝒩y0,z(2ε,η)>0,
(34){l(i)∈ℕ:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}∩{k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}=∅.
Hence,
(35){l(i)∈ℕ:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}⊆{k∈ℕ:xk,z∉𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}.
Therefore,
(36)limsupr1hr|{l(i)∈Ir:xl(i),z∈𝒩y0,z(ε,η)}|≤limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∉𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}|=0.
This contradicts (31). Hence, Λθ,xRTN={x0}.
Now we assume thatΓθ,xRTN={x0,z0} such that x0,z∉𝒩z0,z(2ε,η) for some ε>0, η∈(0,1), and nonzero z∈X.  Then
(37)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩z0,z(ε,η)}|>0.
Since
(38){k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}∩{k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩z0,z(ε,η)}=∅,
for every x0,z∉𝒩z0,z(2ε,η),
(39){k∈ℕ:xk,z∉𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}⊇{k∈ℕ:xk,z∈𝒩z0,z(ε,η)}.
Therefore
(40)limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∉𝒩x0,z(ε,η)}|≥limsupr1hr|{k∈Ir:xk,z∈𝒩z0,z(ε,η)}|.
From (37), the right side of (40) is greater than zero and from (32), the left side of (40) equals to zero. This is a contradiction. Hence, Γθ,xRTN={x0}.



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