# New Affine Coherent States Based on Elements of Nonrenormalizable Scalar Field Models

Authors: John R. Klauder
Journal: Advances in Mathematical Physics
 (2010)

---

## Abstract

Recent proposals for a nontrivial quantization of covariant, nonrenormalizable, self-interacting, scalar quantum fields have emphasized the importance of quantum fields that obey affine commutation relations rather than canonical commutation relations. When formulated on a spacetime lattice, such models have a lattice version of the associated ground state, and this vector is used as the fiducial vector for the definition of the associated affine coherent states, thus ensuring that in the continuum limit, the affine field operators are compatible with the system Hamiltonian. In this article, we define and analyze the associated affine coherent states as well as briefly review the author's approach to nontrivial formulations of such nonrenormalizable models.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction and Overview

The author has been interested for long in finding a meaningful and nontrivial quantization of nonrenormalizable quantum field theories [1]. Quantum gravity is the most important example of this kind, but it is kinematically simpler to try to understand nonrenormalizable, self-interacting scalar fields as test cases initially. The subject of this article continues that quest by proposing coherent states based on affine field algebras associated with a recent scheme to quantize scalar nonrenormalizable models. Suitable coherent states have the virtue of bridging the classical-quantum divide, and thus offer a useful tool in the study of such problems.In Section2 we introduce the concept of affine coherent states first starting with simple few degree of freedom systems. Next, we extend that discussion to affine fields in a 1-dimensional and later to an s-dimensional Euclidean space. To get a better handle on such representations, we study cutoff field examples by replacing space by a finite, periodic lattice of points with L<∞ points on a side each separated by a lattice spacing a>0. Each point on the lattice carries a set of affine fields that obey a discrete form of the affine field algebra and thus represent a finite but large number of independent, one-dimensional affine systems. In the continuum limit, of course, such systems become affine field algebras, but studying them before taking the continuum limit offers certain advantages. In addition, we choose very special vectors to serve as fiducial vectors for the associated affine coherent states. These fiducial vectors are chosen as ground states for suitable model field theories that in Section 3 are also formulated on spacetime lattices with similar properties. These quantum field models have been chosen to achieve a nontrivial quantization of quartic, self-interacting, covariant, nonrenormalizable models, specifically the so-called φn4 models in spacetime dimensions n≥5. These models are sketched in Section 3 to an extent necessary so as to understand the choice of vectors selected as fiducial vectors for the discussion in Section 2. A brief commentary appears in Section 4 setting the present work in the context of efforts to study quantum gravity.


## 2. New Affine Coherent States

### 2.1. Single Degree of Freedom

For a single degree of freedom, the canonical, self adjoint, quantum variables areP and Q, which obey the canonical commutation relation [Q,P]=iℏ1. The usual irreducible representation of these operators involves spectra for both operators that runs from -∞ to +∞. The affine variables are formally obtained from the canonical ones by multiplying the canonical commutation relation by the operator Q, which leads to the relation (2.1)Q[Q,P]=iℏQ=[Q,(QP+PQ)/2]≡[Q,D],
an expression that introduces the affine quantum variables Q and D which satisfy the affine commutation relation [Q,D]=iℏQ. It is noteworthy that the affine commutation relation has three inequivalent, irreducible representations with self-adjoint affine variables: one for which Q>0, one for which Q<0, and one for which Q=0. For the first two representations, D has a spectrum that covers the whole real line. For the irreducible representation for which Q>0, a suitable set of coherent states may be given by (2.2)|p,q+〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(q)D/ℏ|η+〉,
where p∈ℝ=(-∞,∞), q∈ℝ+=(0,∞), and the unit vector |η+〉 is called the fiducial vector. In this formulation q is dimensionless while p has the dimensions of ℏ. In the representation in which Q is diagonalized, that is, Q|x〉=x|x〉, x>0, it follows that the function η+(x)=〈x|η+〉 is supported only on the positive real line. One possible choice of fiducial vector is given by (2.3)η+(x)=N+exp[-(B/x2)-C(x-1)2/ℏ],x>0,
where B>0, C>0, and N+ normalizes the expression so that ∥|η+〉∥=1. If instead we were interested in the second irreducible representation for which Q<0, then a suitable set of coherent states would be given (for q<0) by (2.4)|p,q-〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(-q)D/ℏ|η-〉.
In this case Q|x〉=x|x〉, x<0, and we may choose (2.5)η-(x)=N-exp[-(B/x2)-C(x+1)2/ℏ],
from which we conclude that ∥|η-〉∥=1.


### 2.2. Reducible Representation

Finally, when we wish to include both irreducible representations, whereQ>0 and Q<0, we may choose a set of coherent states—now for p∈ℝ,q∈ℝ∖0—given by (2.6)|p,q±〉≡θ(q)|p,q+〉+θ(-q)|p,q-〉,
where θ(q)≡1 if q>0 and θ(q)≡0 if q<0. It follows that (2.7)∥|p,q±〉∥2=θ(q)∥|p,q±〉∥2+θ(-q)∥|p,q-〉∥2=1,
and thus the coherent states |p,q±〉 are all normalized vectors.It is useful to review some algebraic properties of affine variables and some properties of affine coherent state matrix elements. In particular, if we introduce (q≠0) (2.8)A[p,q]≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(|q|)D/ℏ,
we have the relations (2.9)A[p,q]†DA[p,q]=D+p|q|Q,A[p,q]†PA[p,q]=|q|-1P+p,A[p,q]†QA[p,q]=|q|Q,〈p,q±|B(D,P,Q)|p,q±〉=θ(q)〈η+|B(D+pqQ,q-1P+p,qQ)|η+〉+θ(-q)〈η-|B(D+p(-q)Q,(-q)-1P+p,(-q)Q)|η-〉.
Introducing 〈(·)〉±≡〈η±|(·)|η±〉, it follows that (2.10)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=θ(q)q〈Q〉++θ(-q)(-q)〈Q〉-,
and we note that if we choose the parameters B and C such that 〈Q〉+=1, it follows that 〈Q〉-=-1, and we find that (2.11)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=θ(q)q-θ(-q)(-q)≡q,
a desirable value indeed. Additionally, for whatever values we assign to B and C it follows that (2.12)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=q+O(ℏ),
and, furthermore, it is not difficult to show that (2.13)〈p,q±|Qr|p,q±〉=qr+O(ℏ)
for all r.In addition,(2.14)〈p,q±|D|p,q±〉=θ(q)[pq〈Q〉++〈D〉+]+θ(-q)[p(-q)〈Q〉-+〈D〉-]=pq,
where we have chosen the physically natural values that 〈D〉±=0, which follow directly when the parameters B and C are both real. These expectation values enable us to identify q as the mean value of Q and pq as the mean value of D in the coherent states. This identification introduces a natural connection between the quantum and classical variables, but in no sense is this particular connection required.


### 2.3. Alternative Affine Coherent States

The construction of|p,q±〉 entails two distinct parts proportional to θ(q) and θ(-q), respectively. If J degrees of freedom are defined this way, then 2J disjoint parts are involved, which becomes very large when J≫1. To avoid this aspect, we next focus on an alternative construction.In this new version, we choose to give up some features of the set of coherent states defined above and instead define(2.15)|p,q〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(|q|)D/ℏ|η〉,
where the spectrum of Q is taken to be the whole real line. Observe, in this case, that the state |p,-q〉=|p,q〉, namely, the coherent states for q>0 and q<0 are identical to each other. Additionally, in this case we consider Q|x〉=x|x〉. where -∞<x<0 and 0<x<∞, and η(x)=〈x|η〉 is conveniently chosen as an even function, that is, η(-x)=η(x). Consequently, using the abbreviation 〈(·)〉≡〈η|(·)|η〉, we find that (2.16)〈p,q|Q|p,q〉=|q|〈Q〉=0
for all (p,q), and likewise 〈p,q|Q2r+1|p,q〉=0 for any odd power.However, let us instead consider(2.17)〈p,q|Q2|p,q〉=q2〈Q2〉,
which, along with the modest requirement that 〈Q2〉=1, leads to (2.18)〈p,q|Q2|p,q〉=q2,
from which we can conclude that q2 is the mean value of Q2. By a suitable choice of the fiducial vector |η〉, we can also arrange that (2.19)〈p,q|Q2r|p,q〉=q2r+O(ℏ).In the same states|p,q〉, it follows that (2.20)〈p,q|B(D,P,Q)|p,q〉=〈B(D+p|q|Q,|q|-1P+p,|q|Q)〉.
If the function η(x)=〈x|η〉 is real, then besides 〈Q〉=0 it also follows that 〈D〉=0 and 〈P〉=0, which leads to (2.21)〈p,q|D|p,q〉=0,〈p,q|P|p,q〉=p,
and thus implies that p is the mean value of P in the coherent state |p,q〉. Additionally, we see that (2.22)〈p,q|P2|p,q〉=〈(|q|-1P+p)2〉=p2+q-2〈P2〉,
where the factor 〈P2〉=ℏ2c for a dimensionless constant c>0.With the foregoing expectation values, we can argue that the expression given by(2.23)〈p,q|ℋ|p,q〉≡〈p,q|12(P2+ω2Q2)+λQ4|p,q〉=12(p2+ℏ2c/q2+ω2q2)+λ0q4=12(p2+ω2q2)+λq4+O(ℏ)
seems to provide a reasonable connection between suitable quantum and classical Hamiltonians.Traditionally, when dealing with coherent states, one also speaks about a resolution of unity in the form(2.24)1=∫|p,q〉〈p,q|w(p,q)dpdq,
for some weight function w(p,q) that is positive almost everywhere. However, in this article we shall not focus on this form of the resolution of unity. Instead, we shall rely on the fact that the coherent state overlap function 〈p′′,q′′∣p',q'〉 serves as a reproducing kernel for a reproducing kernel Hilbert space representation of the underlying abstract Hilbert space ℌ; see [2–4].


### 2.4. Many Dimensional Affine Coherent States

We now extend the preceding analysis to a discussion of many dimensional affine coherent states. Consider a set ofJ (J being odd) independent affine fields such as Qj and Dj, j=0,±1,±2,…,±J*, where J*≡(J-1)/2, and the only nonvanishing commutator is given by (2.25)[Ql,Dj]=iℏδl,jQl,
and for each j the spectrum of Qj is the entire real line save for zero. The coherent states for this system are taken as (2.26)|p,q〉≡eiΣjpjQj/ℏe-iΣjln(|qj|)Dj/ℏ|η〉.
In terms of the states |x〉, where Qj|x〉=xj|x〉, for all j, it follows that (2.27)〈x∣p,q〉=[Πj|qj|-1/2]eiΣpjxj/ℏη(x/|q|),
where η(x/|q|)≡η(x-J*/|q-J*|,…,x0/|q0|,…,xJ*/|qJ*|).As a first example, we assume (withℏ=1) that (2.28)η(x)=〈x∣η〉=Ne-(1/2)ωΣjxj2.
In this case, (2.29)〈x∣p,q〉=N[Πj|qj|-1]1/2eiΣjpjxj-(1/2)ωΣj(xj2/qj2),
and the overlap of two such coherent states is given by (2.30)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-J*J*[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(p′j-pj)2/[qj′-2+qj-2].Let us extend our present example to an infinite number of degrees of freedom, for whichJ→∞. This leads to the expression (2.31)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-∞∞[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(pj′-pj)2/[qj′-2+qj-2],
which provides a well-defined product representation for affine coherent states provided that the variables {qj′,qj′}j=-∞∞ and {pj,qj}j=-∞∞ are well chosen.


### 2.5. Representation for a Field

A one-dimensional affine field theory involves field operators that satisfy the affine commutation relation(2.32)[φ(x),ρ(y)]=iℏδ(x-y)φ(x),x,y∈ℝ,
where φ(x) is the generalization of Q and ρ(y) generalizes D. Let us regularize this field formulation by introducing a one-dimensional lattice space with J<∞ lattice points (again with J conveniently chosen as an odd number) each separated by a lattice spacing a>0, which leads to a regularized affine field representation given by fields φk and ρk, where x has been replaced by the integer k and x=ka. Here, -J*≤k≤J*, and J*≡(J-1)/2 as before. These operators obey the affine commutation relation given in the form (2.33)[φj,ρk]=iℏa-1δj,kφj.
The coherent states for such a regularized field are given by (2.34)|p,q〉≡eiΣjpjφja/ℏe-Σkln(|qk|)ρka/ℏ|η〉.For ourfirst example, we choose |η〉 so that (with ℏ=1) (2.35)〈ϕ∣η〉=Me-(1/2)ωΣkϕk2a,
here, the vector |ϕ〉 replaces |x〉 as used before, where φ(x)|ϕ〉=ϕ(x)|ϕ〉. In the present case the overlap function of two coherent states becomes (2.36)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-J*J*[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(pj′-pj)2a/[qj′-2+qj-2].Next we investigate a possible continuum limit in whichJ*→∞, a→0, and initially we require that (2J*+1)a=Ja≡X may be large but finite; a subsequent limit in which X→∞ is taken later. Moreover, in this limit we also insist that pj→p(x) and qj→q(x), and that both functions are continuous. To ensure that we focus on the representations induced by the given fiducial vector, we restrict attention to functions p(x) that have compact support and functions q(x) such that ln|q(x)| also has compact support, or stated otherwise, |q(x)|=1 outside a compact region. It is clear that the exponential factor exhibits a satisfactory continuum limit given by
(2.37)Σj(qj′-pj)2a/[qj′-2+qj-2]→∫[p′(x)-p(x)]2/[q′(x)-2+q(x)-2]dx.
However, the continuum limit of the prefactor turns out to be identically zero unless |q′(x)|=|q(x)| for all x! This implies that 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=0 whenever |q′(x)|≢|q(x)| (as befits a nonseparable Hilbert space!), and thus the operator representation with this fiducial vector has turned out to be highly singular. Stated otherwise, the affine field algebra fails to have an acceptable continuum limit for a strictly Gaussian fiducial vector with the indicated form.As asecond example, suppose that (2.38)η(ϕ)=〈ϕ∣η〉=Ne-(1/2)ωΣjϕj2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/2J.
This unusual expression leads to a normalizable fiducial vector, that is, (2.39)N2∫e-ωΣjϕj2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠjdϕj=1,
the finiteness of which is clear.For the second example, we find that(2.40)〈ϕ∣p,q〉=N[Πj|qj|-1]1/2JeiΣkpkϕka-(1/2)ωΣj(ϕj2/qj2)a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/2J,
and the coherent state overlap function 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉 for the second example is given by the integral (2.41)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=N2[Πk|qk′|-1|qk|-1]1/2J∫e-iΣk(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)ωΣkϕk2[q′k-2+qk-2]a1[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk=N2∏k[2|qk′|-1|qk|-1]1/2J[qk′-2+qk-2]1/2J×∫e-iΣk(pk′-pk)ϕka/[(qk′-2+qk-2)/2]1/2e-ωΣkϕk2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk.
The normalization factor in this relation follows from the fact that (2.42)1=〈p,q∣p,q〉=N2∫e-ωΣkϕk2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk.In considering the continuum limit, we again focus on continuous functionsp(x) and ln|q(x)| that have compact support, and we initially restrict attention to a finite overall interval X=Ja. In this case, the new prefactor involves the 1/Jth root of the previous prefactor, and this new version leads to an acceptable continuum limit. In particular, it is possible to evaluate the prefactor itself exactly—which also equals the coherent state matrix element 〈p,q′∣p,q〉—as (2.43)〈p,q'∣p,q〉=lima→0∏j[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2J[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2J=lima→0exp[-1/(2Ja)Σj{ln|qj′|+ln|qj|+ln[(qj'-2+qj-2)/2]}a]=exp[-(1/2X)∫{ln|q′(x)|+ln|q(x)|+ln[q′(x)-2+q(x)-2/2]}dx].
For arguments of compact support, it follows in the limit that X→∞, that the prefactor becomes unity and thus 〈p,q′∣p,q〉=1 for all arguments! While unusual, this result is perfectly acceptable from a reproducing kernel point of view. (Indeed, this result is surely more acceptable than the conclusion for the first example where 〈p,q′∣p,q〉 was identically zero except when |q′(x)|=|q(x)| for all x.) Moreover, for the second example, the expression 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉 is well defined and is continuous in its labels in the continuum limit when X is finite as well as in the further limit that X→∞. Thus, although we have not explicitly evaluated the coherent state overlap function in the general case for the second example, it is clearly a continuous function of positive type suitable to be a reproducing kernel for the (separable) Hilbert space of interest.


### 2.6. Construction of Field Theoretic Affine Coherent States

In light of the foregoing discussion, it is but a small step to introduce the affine coherent states of interest in the study of nonrenormalizable scalar field models. In the rest of this section, we introduce the ground state of our proposed models and define the associated affine coherent states using that ground state as the fiducial vector; in the following section we give a brief discussion that outlines the motivation for the particular choice of the ground state for these models.Our analysis is aimed at a field theory model regularized by a spacetime lattice that has one time dimension ands space dimensions. Focusing on the spatial aspects, we put L<∞ lattice points in each of the s directions with a lattice spacing of a>0. Each lattice point is labeled by a multi-integer k=(k1,k2,…,ks), where each kj∈ℤ={0,±1,±2,…}. The total number of lattice points in a spatial slice of the lattice is given by N'≡Ls, a factor which plays the role that J played in examples one and two above. In the representation in which the field operator is diagonal, there is a field associated with each lattice point, ϕk, much as in examples one and two above, save for the fact that now the label k is s-dimensional. In the present case, the ground state of the system Hamiltonian is chosen (with ℏ=1) as (2.44)Ψ0(ϕ)=Me-(1/2)Σ′k,lϕkAk-lϕla2s-(1/2)W(ϕa(s-1)/2)Πk′[Σl′Jk,lϕl2](N′-1)/4N',
where primes on products and sums signify they apply only to a given spatial slice. In this expression, Ak-l is a numerical matrix proportional to a-(1+s) and Jk,l=1/(2s+1) for l=k and when l is any of the 2s nearest neighbors of k in the same spatial slice; otherwise Jk,l=0. The role of Jk,l is to provide a local average of field values in the sense that ϕk2¯≡ΣlJk,lϕl2, which means that the denominator exhibits an integrable singularity for the ground state distribution even in the limit N'→∞. The A factor in the exponent and the J factor in the denominator well represent the functional form of the ground state for large and small field values, respectively. The unspecified function W (discussed in the following section) is needed to modify intermediate field values.The affine coherent states for this fiducial vector are given by(2.45)〈ϕ∣p,q〉=MΠk′[|qk|-1/2]Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql2)](N'-1)/4N'×eiΣk′pkϕkas-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2),
which leads to the overlap expression (2.46)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=M2Πk′{[|qk′|-1/2][|qk|-1/2]}∫Πk′dϕke-iΣk′(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk′|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql′|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q′|)a(s-1)/2)×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2)×1Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql′-2)](N′-1)/4N′Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql2)](N'-1)/4N'.
In the present case, and when pk′=pk for all k, observe that a simple change of variables does not eliminate the q' and q variables from the integrand as was the case for example two. However, we do expect that in the continuum limit, the prefactor will again cancel with the coefficients q' and q from the denominator factor for the simple reason that in the continuum limit, all neighboring q' and q values will become equal to ensure a continuous label function q′(x) and q(x), and as such they will emerge from the denominator and join the prefactor leading, in the case of an infinite spatial volume, to a factor of unity, much as was the case for example two. Thus we expect the continuum limit for an infinite volume also to be given by the expression (2.47)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=lima→0M2∫Πk′dϕke-iΣk′(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk′|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql′|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q'|)a(s-1)/2)×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2)×1[Πk′[Σ′lJk,lϕl2)](N′-1)/2N'.
On the other hand, in a finite spatial volume, the preceding expression for the coherent state overlap function would be multiplied by the factor (2.48)e-(1/2V′)∫[ln|q′(x)|+ln|q(x)|]dsx,
where V'≡N'as=(La)s<∞ is the volume of the spatial slice.This concludes our discussion of the affine coherent states relevant for the field theory models of interest.


## 2.1. Single Degree of Freedom

For a single degree of freedom, the canonical, self adjoint, quantum variables areP and Q, which obey the canonical commutation relation [Q,P]=iℏ1. The usual irreducible representation of these operators involves spectra for both operators that runs from -∞ to +∞. The affine variables are formally obtained from the canonical ones by multiplying the canonical commutation relation by the operator Q, which leads to the relation (2.1)Q[Q,P]=iℏQ=[Q,(QP+PQ)/2]≡[Q,D],
an expression that introduces the affine quantum variables Q and D which satisfy the affine commutation relation [Q,D]=iℏQ. It is noteworthy that the affine commutation relation has three inequivalent, irreducible representations with self-adjoint affine variables: one for which Q>0, one for which Q<0, and one for which Q=0. For the first two representations, D has a spectrum that covers the whole real line. For the irreducible representation for which Q>0, a suitable set of coherent states may be given by (2.2)|p,q+〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(q)D/ℏ|η+〉,
where p∈ℝ=(-∞,∞), q∈ℝ+=(0,∞), and the unit vector |η+〉 is called the fiducial vector. In this formulation q is dimensionless while p has the dimensions of ℏ. In the representation in which Q is diagonalized, that is, Q|x〉=x|x〉, x>0, it follows that the function η+(x)=〈x|η+〉 is supported only on the positive real line. One possible choice of fiducial vector is given by (2.3)η+(x)=N+exp[-(B/x2)-C(x-1)2/ℏ],x>0,
where B>0, C>0, and N+ normalizes the expression so that ∥|η+〉∥=1. If instead we were interested in the second irreducible representation for which Q<0, then a suitable set of coherent states would be given (for q<0) by (2.4)|p,q-〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(-q)D/ℏ|η-〉.
In this case Q|x〉=x|x〉, x<0, and we may choose (2.5)η-(x)=N-exp[-(B/x2)-C(x+1)2/ℏ],
from which we conclude that ∥|η-〉∥=1.


## 2.2. Reducible Representation

Finally, when we wish to include both irreducible representations, whereQ>0 and Q<0, we may choose a set of coherent states—now for p∈ℝ,q∈ℝ∖0—given by (2.6)|p,q±〉≡θ(q)|p,q+〉+θ(-q)|p,q-〉,
where θ(q)≡1 if q>0 and θ(q)≡0 if q<0. It follows that (2.7)∥|p,q±〉∥2=θ(q)∥|p,q±〉∥2+θ(-q)∥|p,q-〉∥2=1,
and thus the coherent states |p,q±〉 are all normalized vectors.It is useful to review some algebraic properties of affine variables and some properties of affine coherent state matrix elements. In particular, if we introduce (q≠0) (2.8)A[p,q]≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(|q|)D/ℏ,
we have the relations (2.9)A[p,q]†DA[p,q]=D+p|q|Q,A[p,q]†PA[p,q]=|q|-1P+p,A[p,q]†QA[p,q]=|q|Q,〈p,q±|B(D,P,Q)|p,q±〉=θ(q)〈η+|B(D+pqQ,q-1P+p,qQ)|η+〉+θ(-q)〈η-|B(D+p(-q)Q,(-q)-1P+p,(-q)Q)|η-〉.
Introducing 〈(·)〉±≡〈η±|(·)|η±〉, it follows that (2.10)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=θ(q)q〈Q〉++θ(-q)(-q)〈Q〉-,
and we note that if we choose the parameters B and C such that 〈Q〉+=1, it follows that 〈Q〉-=-1, and we find that (2.11)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=θ(q)q-θ(-q)(-q)≡q,
a desirable value indeed. Additionally, for whatever values we assign to B and C it follows that (2.12)〈p,q±|Q|p,q±〉=q+O(ℏ),
and, furthermore, it is not difficult to show that (2.13)〈p,q±|Qr|p,q±〉=qr+O(ℏ)
for all r.In addition,(2.14)〈p,q±|D|p,q±〉=θ(q)[pq〈Q〉++〈D〉+]+θ(-q)[p(-q)〈Q〉-+〈D〉-]=pq,
where we have chosen the physically natural values that 〈D〉±=0, which follow directly when the parameters B and C are both real. These expectation values enable us to identify q as the mean value of Q and pq as the mean value of D in the coherent states. This identification introduces a natural connection between the quantum and classical variables, but in no sense is this particular connection required.


## 2.3. Alternative Affine Coherent States

The construction of|p,q±〉 entails two distinct parts proportional to θ(q) and θ(-q), respectively. If J degrees of freedom are defined this way, then 2J disjoint parts are involved, which becomes very large when J≫1. To avoid this aspect, we next focus on an alternative construction.In this new version, we choose to give up some features of the set of coherent states defined above and instead define(2.15)|p,q〉≡eipQ/ℏe-iln(|q|)D/ℏ|η〉,
where the spectrum of Q is taken to be the whole real line. Observe, in this case, that the state |p,-q〉=|p,q〉, namely, the coherent states for q>0 and q<0 are identical to each other. Additionally, in this case we consider Q|x〉=x|x〉. where -∞<x<0 and 0<x<∞, and η(x)=〈x|η〉 is conveniently chosen as an even function, that is, η(-x)=η(x). Consequently, using the abbreviation 〈(·)〉≡〈η|(·)|η〉, we find that (2.16)〈p,q|Q|p,q〉=|q|〈Q〉=0
for all (p,q), and likewise 〈p,q|Q2r+1|p,q〉=0 for any odd power.However, let us instead consider(2.17)〈p,q|Q2|p,q〉=q2〈Q2〉,
which, along with the modest requirement that 〈Q2〉=1, leads to (2.18)〈p,q|Q2|p,q〉=q2,
from which we can conclude that q2 is the mean value of Q2. By a suitable choice of the fiducial vector |η〉, we can also arrange that (2.19)〈p,q|Q2r|p,q〉=q2r+O(ℏ).In the same states|p,q〉, it follows that (2.20)〈p,q|B(D,P,Q)|p,q〉=〈B(D+p|q|Q,|q|-1P+p,|q|Q)〉.
If the function η(x)=〈x|η〉 is real, then besides 〈Q〉=0 it also follows that 〈D〉=0 and 〈P〉=0, which leads to (2.21)〈p,q|D|p,q〉=0,〈p,q|P|p,q〉=p,
and thus implies that p is the mean value of P in the coherent state |p,q〉. Additionally, we see that (2.22)〈p,q|P2|p,q〉=〈(|q|-1P+p)2〉=p2+q-2〈P2〉,
where the factor 〈P2〉=ℏ2c for a dimensionless constant c>0.With the foregoing expectation values, we can argue that the expression given by(2.23)〈p,q|ℋ|p,q〉≡〈p,q|12(P2+ω2Q2)+λQ4|p,q〉=12(p2+ℏ2c/q2+ω2q2)+λ0q4=12(p2+ω2q2)+λq4+O(ℏ)
seems to provide a reasonable connection between suitable quantum and classical Hamiltonians.Traditionally, when dealing with coherent states, one also speaks about a resolution of unity in the form(2.24)1=∫|p,q〉〈p,q|w(p,q)dpdq,
for some weight function w(p,q) that is positive almost everywhere. However, in this article we shall not focus on this form of the resolution of unity. Instead, we shall rely on the fact that the coherent state overlap function 〈p′′,q′′∣p',q'〉 serves as a reproducing kernel for a reproducing kernel Hilbert space representation of the underlying abstract Hilbert space ℌ; see [2–4].


## 2.4. Many Dimensional Affine Coherent States

We now extend the preceding analysis to a discussion of many dimensional affine coherent states. Consider a set ofJ (J being odd) independent affine fields such as Qj and Dj, j=0,±1,±2,…,±J*, where J*≡(J-1)/2, and the only nonvanishing commutator is given by (2.25)[Ql,Dj]=iℏδl,jQl,
and for each j the spectrum of Qj is the entire real line save for zero. The coherent states for this system are taken as (2.26)|p,q〉≡eiΣjpjQj/ℏe-iΣjln(|qj|)Dj/ℏ|η〉.
In terms of the states |x〉, where Qj|x〉=xj|x〉, for all j, it follows that (2.27)〈x∣p,q〉=[Πj|qj|-1/2]eiΣpjxj/ℏη(x/|q|),
where η(x/|q|)≡η(x-J*/|q-J*|,…,x0/|q0|,…,xJ*/|qJ*|).As a first example, we assume (withℏ=1) that (2.28)η(x)=〈x∣η〉=Ne-(1/2)ωΣjxj2.
In this case, (2.29)〈x∣p,q〉=N[Πj|qj|-1]1/2eiΣjpjxj-(1/2)ωΣj(xj2/qj2),
and the overlap of two such coherent states is given by (2.30)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-J*J*[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(p′j-pj)2/[qj′-2+qj-2].Let us extend our present example to an infinite number of degrees of freedom, for whichJ→∞. This leads to the expression (2.31)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-∞∞[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(pj′-pj)2/[qj′-2+qj-2],
which provides a well-defined product representation for affine coherent states provided that the variables {qj′,qj′}j=-∞∞ and {pj,qj}j=-∞∞ are well chosen.


## 2.5. Representation for a Field

A one-dimensional affine field theory involves field operators that satisfy the affine commutation relation(2.32)[φ(x),ρ(y)]=iℏδ(x-y)φ(x),x,y∈ℝ,
where φ(x) is the generalization of Q and ρ(y) generalizes D. Let us regularize this field formulation by introducing a one-dimensional lattice space with J<∞ lattice points (again with J conveniently chosen as an odd number) each separated by a lattice spacing a>0, which leads to a regularized affine field representation given by fields φk and ρk, where x has been replaced by the integer k and x=ka. Here, -J*≤k≤J*, and J*≡(J-1)/2 as before. These operators obey the affine commutation relation given in the form (2.33)[φj,ρk]=iℏa-1δj,kφj.
The coherent states for such a regularized field are given by (2.34)|p,q〉≡eiΣjpjφja/ℏe-Σkln(|qk|)ρka/ℏ|η〉.For ourfirst example, we choose |η〉 so that (with ℏ=1) (2.35)〈ϕ∣η〉=Me-(1/2)ωΣkϕk2a,
here, the vector |ϕ〉 replaces |x〉 as used before, where φ(x)|ϕ〉=ϕ(x)|ϕ〉. In the present case the overlap function of two coherent states becomes (2.36)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=∏j=-J*J*[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2e-(1/2ω)(pj′-pj)2a/[qj′-2+qj-2].Next we investigate a possible continuum limit in whichJ*→∞, a→0, and initially we require that (2J*+1)a=Ja≡X may be large but finite; a subsequent limit in which X→∞ is taken later. Moreover, in this limit we also insist that pj→p(x) and qj→q(x), and that both functions are continuous. To ensure that we focus on the representations induced by the given fiducial vector, we restrict attention to functions p(x) that have compact support and functions q(x) such that ln|q(x)| also has compact support, or stated otherwise, |q(x)|=1 outside a compact region. It is clear that the exponential factor exhibits a satisfactory continuum limit given by
(2.37)Σj(qj′-pj)2a/[qj′-2+qj-2]→∫[p′(x)-p(x)]2/[q′(x)-2+q(x)-2]dx.
However, the continuum limit of the prefactor turns out to be identically zero unless |q′(x)|=|q(x)| for all x! This implies that 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=0 whenever |q′(x)|≢|q(x)| (as befits a nonseparable Hilbert space!), and thus the operator representation with this fiducial vector has turned out to be highly singular. Stated otherwise, the affine field algebra fails to have an acceptable continuum limit for a strictly Gaussian fiducial vector with the indicated form.As asecond example, suppose that (2.38)η(ϕ)=〈ϕ∣η〉=Ne-(1/2)ωΣjϕj2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/2J.
This unusual expression leads to a normalizable fiducial vector, that is, (2.39)N2∫e-ωΣjϕj2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠjdϕj=1,
the finiteness of which is clear.For the second example, we find that(2.40)〈ϕ∣p,q〉=N[Πj|qj|-1]1/2JeiΣkpkϕka-(1/2)ωΣj(ϕj2/qj2)a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/2J,
and the coherent state overlap function 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉 for the second example is given by the integral (2.41)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=N2[Πk|qk′|-1|qk|-1]1/2J∫e-iΣk(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)ωΣkϕk2[q′k-2+qk-2]a1[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk=N2∏k[2|qk′|-1|qk|-1]1/2J[qk′-2+qk-2]1/2J×∫e-iΣk(pk′-pk)ϕka/[(qk′-2+qk-2)/2]1/2e-ωΣkϕk2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk.
The normalization factor in this relation follows from the fact that (2.42)1=〈p,q∣p,q〉=N2∫e-ωΣkϕk2a[Πj|ϕj|](J-1)/JΠkdϕk.In considering the continuum limit, we again focus on continuous functionsp(x) and ln|q(x)| that have compact support, and we initially restrict attention to a finite overall interval X=Ja. In this case, the new prefactor involves the 1/Jth root of the previous prefactor, and this new version leads to an acceptable continuum limit. In particular, it is possible to evaluate the prefactor itself exactly—which also equals the coherent state matrix element 〈p,q′∣p,q〉—as (2.43)〈p,q'∣p,q〉=lima→0∏j[2|qj′|-1|qj|-1]1/2J[qj′-2+qj-2]1/2J=lima→0exp[-1/(2Ja)Σj{ln|qj′|+ln|qj|+ln[(qj'-2+qj-2)/2]}a]=exp[-(1/2X)∫{ln|q′(x)|+ln|q(x)|+ln[q′(x)-2+q(x)-2/2]}dx].
For arguments of compact support, it follows in the limit that X→∞, that the prefactor becomes unity and thus 〈p,q′∣p,q〉=1 for all arguments! While unusual, this result is perfectly acceptable from a reproducing kernel point of view. (Indeed, this result is surely more acceptable than the conclusion for the first example where 〈p,q′∣p,q〉 was identically zero except when |q′(x)|=|q(x)| for all x.) Moreover, for the second example, the expression 〈p′,q′∣p,q〉 is well defined and is continuous in its labels in the continuum limit when X is finite as well as in the further limit that X→∞. Thus, although we have not explicitly evaluated the coherent state overlap function in the general case for the second example, it is clearly a continuous function of positive type suitable to be a reproducing kernel for the (separable) Hilbert space of interest.


## 2.6. Construction of Field Theoretic Affine Coherent States

In light of the foregoing discussion, it is but a small step to introduce the affine coherent states of interest in the study of nonrenormalizable scalar field models. In the rest of this section, we introduce the ground state of our proposed models and define the associated affine coherent states using that ground state as the fiducial vector; in the following section we give a brief discussion that outlines the motivation for the particular choice of the ground state for these models.Our analysis is aimed at a field theory model regularized by a spacetime lattice that has one time dimension ands space dimensions. Focusing on the spatial aspects, we put L<∞ lattice points in each of the s directions with a lattice spacing of a>0. Each lattice point is labeled by a multi-integer k=(k1,k2,…,ks), where each kj∈ℤ={0,±1,±2,…}. The total number of lattice points in a spatial slice of the lattice is given by N'≡Ls, a factor which plays the role that J played in examples one and two above. In the representation in which the field operator is diagonal, there is a field associated with each lattice point, ϕk, much as in examples one and two above, save for the fact that now the label k is s-dimensional. In the present case, the ground state of the system Hamiltonian is chosen (with ℏ=1) as (2.44)Ψ0(ϕ)=Me-(1/2)Σ′k,lϕkAk-lϕla2s-(1/2)W(ϕa(s-1)/2)Πk′[Σl′Jk,lϕl2](N′-1)/4N',
where primes on products and sums signify they apply only to a given spatial slice. In this expression, Ak-l is a numerical matrix proportional to a-(1+s) and Jk,l=1/(2s+1) for l=k and when l is any of the 2s nearest neighbors of k in the same spatial slice; otherwise Jk,l=0. The role of Jk,l is to provide a local average of field values in the sense that ϕk2¯≡ΣlJk,lϕl2, which means that the denominator exhibits an integrable singularity for the ground state distribution even in the limit N'→∞. The A factor in the exponent and the J factor in the denominator well represent the functional form of the ground state for large and small field values, respectively. The unspecified function W (discussed in the following section) is needed to modify intermediate field values.The affine coherent states for this fiducial vector are given by(2.45)〈ϕ∣p,q〉=MΠk′[|qk|-1/2]Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql2)](N'-1)/4N'×eiΣk′pkϕkas-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2),
which leads to the overlap expression (2.46)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=M2Πk′{[|qk′|-1/2][|qk|-1/2]}∫Πk′dϕke-iΣk′(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk′|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql′|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q′|)a(s-1)/2)×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2)×1Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql′-2)](N′-1)/4N′Πk′[Σl′Jk,l(ϕl2/ql2)](N'-1)/4N'.
In the present case, and when pk′=pk for all k, observe that a simple change of variables does not eliminate the q' and q variables from the integrand as was the case for example two. However, we do expect that in the continuum limit, the prefactor will again cancel with the coefficients q' and q from the denominator factor for the simple reason that in the continuum limit, all neighboring q' and q values will become equal to ensure a continuous label function q′(x) and q(x), and as such they will emerge from the denominator and join the prefactor leading, in the case of an infinite spatial volume, to a factor of unity, much as was the case for example two. Thus we expect the continuum limit for an infinite volume also to be given by the expression (2.47)〈p′,q′∣p,q〉=lima→0M2∫Πk′dϕke-iΣk′(pk′-pk)ϕka×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk′|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql′|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q'|)a(s-1)/2)×e-(1/2)Σk,l′(ϕk/|qk|)Ak-l(ϕl/|ql|)a2s-(1/2)W((ϕ/|q|)a(s-1)/2)×1[Πk′[Σ′lJk,lϕl2)](N′-1)/2N'.
On the other hand, in a finite spatial volume, the preceding expression for the coherent state overlap function would be multiplied by the factor (2.48)e-(1/2V′)∫[ln|q′(x)|+ln|q(x)|]dsx,
where V'≡N'as=(La)s<∞ is the volume of the spatial slice.This concludes our discussion of the affine coherent states relevant for the field theory models of interest.


## 3. Brief Review of the Author's Approach to Nonrenormalizable  Models

We now outline the author's program to study the Euclidean-space formal functional integral given (forℏ=1 and n≥5) by (3.1)S(h)=𝒩∫exp(∫{hϕ-12[(∇ϕ)2+m02ϕ2]-g0ϕ4}dnx)𝒟ϕ.
A study of such an expression via conventional perturbation theory is not acceptable because of the unlimited number of new counterterms needed such as ϕ6,ϕ8,ϕ10,…, and so forth, as well as higher derivative terms as well. We need a radically new approach.


### 3.1. A Lattice Framework to Build on

We now sketch our alternative approach. First, we adopt a finite, periodic, hypercubic, spacetime lattice withL<∞ sites on a side, a lattice spacing of a>0, and lattice sites labeled by a multi-integer k={k0,k1,k2,…,ks}, kj∈ℤ, where s=n-1 is the number of spatial dimensions and k0 denotes the Euclidean time direction, which will become the true time direction after a Wick rotation. Second, we approximate the former equation by a lattice functional integral given by (3.2)N∫exp(Σk{hkϕkan-12(ϕk*-ϕk)2an-2-12m02ϕk2an-g0ϕ04an})Πkdϕk,
where k* denotes each of the n next nearest neighbors in a positive sense and a summation over such points is implicit. As it stands, this lattice expression represents a lattice cutoff of the formal continuum functional integral. We need to introduce a counterterm into this expression to account for the needed renormalizations that will appear in the continuum limit. Choosing counterterms on the basis of perturbation theory is inappropriate, and we need an alternative principle to choose the counterterms.


### 3.2. Hard-Core Interactions

There are strong reasons to believe that a perturbation theoryabout the free theory does not hold true for nonrenormalizable models. In fact, the author has long argued [1] that the nonlinear interaction term for nonrenormalizable models acts partially like a hard core, which, in a functional integral formulation, acts to project out certain field histories that would otherwise be allowed by the free theory alone. An argument favoring this explanation is provided by the Sobolev-type inequality (3.3){∫ϕ(x)4dnx}1/2≤C{∫[(∇ϕ(x))2+m2ϕ(x)2]dnx},
which for n≤4 holds for C=4/3, while for n≥5 holds only for C=∞ [5]. In the latter case, this means that there are functions ϕ(x) such that the left hand side diverges while the right hand side is finite. One example of such a function is given by (3.4)ϕsingular(x)=|x|-pe-x2,n/4≤p<n/2-1.The issues discussed above are even more self evident for a one dimensional system with the classical action(3.5)I=∫[12(ẋ(t)2-x(t)2)-gx(t)-4]dt,
for which, when g>0, the paths are unable to penetrate the barrier at x=0, and thus the family of theories for g>0 also exhibit a hard-core behavior and they do not converge to the free theory as g→0. This hard-core behavior holds in both the classical and quantum theories for this example.


### 3.3. Pseudofree Models

If the interacting theories do not pass to the free theory as the nonlinear coupling constant reduces to zero, to what limit do they converge? We have introduced the termpseudofree model to label the limit of the interacting theories when the coupling constant goes to zero. It is the pseudofree theory about which a perturbation exists, if one exists at all, and not about the usual free theory. Our initial goal in understanding nonrenormalizable theories is to get a handle on the pseudofree theory, a theory that is fundamentally different from the usual free theory.As a result of the lack of any connection of the interacting theories with the usual free theory, our procedure to choose the proper counterterm for nonrenormalizable models will turn out to be somewhat circuitous.


### 3.4. Role of Sharp Time Averages

Let us consider the average of powers of the expression(3.6)Σk0F(ϕ,a)a,
where F(ϕ,a) is a function of lattice points all at a fixed value of k0, in any lattice spacetime, based on the distribution generated by the exponential of the action, which we denote by 〈(·)〉. We write the average of the pth power of this expression as (3.7)〈[Σk0F(ϕ,a)a]p〉=Σk01,k02,…,k0pap〈F(ϕ1,a)F(ϕ2,a)⋯F(ϕp,a)〉,
where ϕj here refers to the fact that “k0=j" in this term. A straightforward inequality leads to (3.8)|〈F(ϕ1,a)F(ϕ2,a)⋯F(ϕp,a)〉|≤|〈[F(ϕ1,a)]p〉〈[F(ϕ2,a)]p〉⋯〈[F(ϕp,a)]p〉|1/p,
which casts the problem into one at a sharp time. For sufficiently large L, it follows that this sharp time expression may be given by (3.9)〈[F(ϕ,a)]p〉=∫[F(ϕ,a)]pΨ0(ϕ)2Πk′dϕk,
where the integral is taken over fields at a fixed value of k0, Ψ0(ϕ)2 denotes the ground state distribution, and Πk′ denotes a product over the spatial lattice at a fixed value of k0. Thus we have arrived at the important conclusion that if the sharp time average is finite, then the full spacetime average is also finite.Both the inequality noted above and the argument involving the ground state distribution may be found in [6–8].


### 3.5. Choosing the Ground State

Attention now turns to finding the ground state, or more to the point,choosing the ground state so that expressions we desire to be finite actually become finite. In particular, this remark means that the ground state is tailored or designed so that those quantities that are divergent in the usual perturbation theory are in fact rendered finite. Once the ground state is chosen, one defines the associated lattice Hamiltonian for the system by means of the expression (3.10)ℋ≡-12ℏ2Σk′∂2/∂ϕk2+12ℏ2[1/Ψ0(ϕ)]Σk′∂2Ψ0(ϕ)/∂ϕk2,
where Σk′ denotes a sum over a spatial lattice at a fixed value of k0. Note the appearance of ℏ2 in both factors. In turn, the lattice Hamiltonian readily leads to the lattice action. In summary, we focus first on the desired modification of the ground state for the system, which leads to the lattice Hamiltonian, and finally to the desired lattice action.It has been argued that the ground state for a free system (g0=0) and with no counterterm is clearly a Gaussian. Moreover, such a function leads to divergences for several quantities of interest, such as those expressions basic to a mass perturbation, namely, when F(ϕ,a)=Σk′ϕk2as. It has also been argued that the source of those divergences can be traced to a specific, single factor when the integrals involved are reexpressed in hyperspherical coordinates, which are defined by (3.11)ϕk≡κηk,Σk′ϕk2=κ2,Σk′ηk2=1,κ≥0,-1≤ηk≤1.As an example, consider a typical (Gaussian) integral of interest given by(3.12)K∫[Σk′ϕk2as]pe-Σk,l′ϕkAk-lϕla2sΠk′dϕk=2K∫κ2paspe-κ2Σk,l′ηkAk-lηls2sκ(N′-1)dκδ(1-Σk′ηk2)Πk′dηk.
Here, Ak-l∝a-(1+s) is a matrix responsible for the spatial gradient and other suitable quadratic terms in the lattice Hamiltonian, and N' is the total number of lattice sites in a spatial slice of the lattice. In the continuum limit, in which a→0, it follows that L→∞ in such a way, initially, that V′≡(La)s=N'as<∞. Later, one may extend the continuum limit procedure so that V'→∞ as well. In short, in the continuum limit, it follows that N'→∞. It is not difficult to show that in the foregoing integral, as displayed in hyper-spherical coordinates, it is the term N' in the measure factor κ(N′-1) that is the very source of the divergences! If one could change that factor to one that remains finite in the continuum limit, the divergences would disappear!How is one to change a factor that has arisen from a bona-fide coordinate transformation? The answer is as follows: it cannot be donedirectly, but it can be done indirectly. The way to do so is to choose a different, non-Gaussian ground state distribution, one that has roughly the form (3.13)K'1κ(N′-1)e-Σ'k,lϕkAk-lϕla2s,
a form that has an additional factor in the denominator to cancel the measure factor κ(N'-1) altogether; in fact, it does not need to cancel it all, but it is a reasonable place to begin. Such a ground state distribution arises from a Hamiltonian that is not quadratic but contains another component that we identify as the desired counterterm. Finally, that counterterm is taken over to the lattice action, and thereby we have determined the counterterm in this convoluted manner!There are many ways to choose the Hamiltonian so that the counterterm leads to a modification of the ground state of the desired form. A large class of ground state modifications may be given by(3.14)M1Πk′[Σl′Jk,lϕl2](N′-1)/4N'e-(1/2)Σk,l′ϕkAk-lϕl-(1/2)W(ϕa(s-1)/2)
for various choices of the constant coefficients Jk,l. For example, one may choose Jk,l=δk,l, and this is appropriate to discuss ultralocal models, which may be described as relativistic models with their spatial gradient terms removed. As we have shown elsewhere, such a choice leads to a Poisson ground state distribution, which, although appropriate and correct for ultralocal models, is not desirable for truly relativistic models. For relativistic models, on the other hand, it has been proposed [9] to choose the expression (3.15)Jk,l=12s+1δk,l∈{k∪nn},
where the expression l∈{k∪nn} means that l=k and all the spatial nearest neighbors to k, Jk,l=0 elsewhere in the spatial slice, and Σl′Jk,l=1.WithJk,l so chosen, it follows that the Hamiltonian does not represent a local interaction in the continuum limit due to cross terms coming from one derivative each of the A and J terms. To fix that, the unwanted cross terms are removed from the lattice Hamiltonian by means of a suitable, auxiliary term W(ϕa(s-1)/2) in the ground state that effects mid-level field values. Readers who may be interested in what form of counterterm for the lattice action such a modified ground state leads to should consult [6–8].This is not the place to debate the merits of the suggested proposal for the relativistic models and their proposed ground state wave functions. Rather, in this paper, we accept the suggested form of the ground state, and, consequently, we are then led to the set of affine coherent states with the indicated ground state chosen as the fiducial vector that was discussed in the previous section.


## 3.1. A Lattice Framework to Build on

We now sketch our alternative approach. First, we adopt a finite, periodic, hypercubic, spacetime lattice withL<∞ sites on a side, a lattice spacing of a>0, and lattice sites labeled by a multi-integer k={k0,k1,k2,…,ks}, kj∈ℤ, where s=n-1 is the number of spatial dimensions and k0 denotes the Euclidean time direction, which will become the true time direction after a Wick rotation. Second, we approximate the former equation by a lattice functional integral given by (3.2)N∫exp(Σk{hkϕkan-12(ϕk*-ϕk)2an-2-12m02ϕk2an-g0ϕ04an})Πkdϕk,
where k* denotes each of the n next nearest neighbors in a positive sense and a summation over such points is implicit. As it stands, this lattice expression represents a lattice cutoff of the formal continuum functional integral. We need to introduce a counterterm into this expression to account for the needed renormalizations that will appear in the continuum limit. Choosing counterterms on the basis of perturbation theory is inappropriate, and we need an alternative principle to choose the counterterms.


## 3.2. Hard-Core Interactions

There are strong reasons to believe that a perturbation theoryabout the free theory does not hold true for nonrenormalizable models. In fact, the author has long argued [1] that the nonlinear interaction term for nonrenormalizable models acts partially like a hard core, which, in a functional integral formulation, acts to project out certain field histories that would otherwise be allowed by the free theory alone. An argument favoring this explanation is provided by the Sobolev-type inequality (3.3){∫ϕ(x)4dnx}1/2≤C{∫[(∇ϕ(x))2+m2ϕ(x)2]dnx},
which for n≤4 holds for C=4/3, while for n≥5 holds only for C=∞ [5]. In the latter case, this means that there are functions ϕ(x) such that the left hand side diverges while the right hand side is finite. One example of such a function is given by (3.4)ϕsingular(x)=|x|-pe-x2,n/4≤p<n/2-1.The issues discussed above are even more self evident for a one dimensional system with the classical action(3.5)I=∫[12(ẋ(t)2-x(t)2)-gx(t)-4]dt,
for which, when g>0, the paths are unable to penetrate the barrier at x=0, and thus the family of theories for g>0 also exhibit a hard-core behavior and they do not converge to the free theory as g→0. This hard-core behavior holds in both the classical and quantum theories for this example.


## 3.3. Pseudofree Models

If the interacting theories do not pass to the free theory as the nonlinear coupling constant reduces to zero, to what limit do they converge? We have introduced the termpseudofree model to label the limit of the interacting theories when the coupling constant goes to zero. It is the pseudofree theory about which a perturbation exists, if one exists at all, and not about the usual free theory. Our initial goal in understanding nonrenormalizable theories is to get a handle on the pseudofree theory, a theory that is fundamentally different from the usual free theory.As a result of the lack of any connection of the interacting theories with the usual free theory, our procedure to choose the proper counterterm for nonrenormalizable models will turn out to be somewhat circuitous.


## 3.4. Role of Sharp Time Averages

Let us consider the average of powers of the expression(3.6)Σk0F(ϕ,a)a,
where F(ϕ,a) is a function of lattice points all at a fixed value of k0, in any lattice spacetime, based on the distribution generated by the exponential of the action, which we denote by 〈(·)〉. We write the average of the pth power of this expression as (3.7)〈[Σk0F(ϕ,a)a]p〉=Σk01,k02,…,k0pap〈F(ϕ1,a)F(ϕ2,a)⋯F(ϕp,a)〉,
where ϕj here refers to the fact that “k0=j" in this term. A straightforward inequality leads to (3.8)|〈F(ϕ1,a)F(ϕ2,a)⋯F(ϕp,a)〉|≤|〈[F(ϕ1,a)]p〉〈[F(ϕ2,a)]p〉⋯〈[F(ϕp,a)]p〉|1/p,
which casts the problem into one at a sharp time. For sufficiently large L, it follows that this sharp time expression may be given by (3.9)〈[F(ϕ,a)]p〉=∫[F(ϕ,a)]pΨ0(ϕ)2Πk′dϕk,
where the integral is taken over fields at a fixed value of k0, Ψ0(ϕ)2 denotes the ground state distribution, and Πk′ denotes a product over the spatial lattice at a fixed value of k0. Thus we have arrived at the important conclusion that if the sharp time average is finite, then the full spacetime average is also finite.Both the inequality noted above and the argument involving the ground state distribution may be found in [6–8].


## 3.5. Choosing the Ground State

Attention now turns to finding the ground state, or more to the point,choosing the ground state so that expressions we desire to be finite actually become finite. In particular, this remark means that the ground state is tailored or designed so that those quantities that are divergent in the usual perturbation theory are in fact rendered finite. Once the ground state is chosen, one defines the associated lattice Hamiltonian for the system by means of the expression (3.10)ℋ≡-12ℏ2Σk′∂2/∂ϕk2+12ℏ2[1/Ψ0(ϕ)]Σk′∂2Ψ0(ϕ)/∂ϕk2,
where Σk′ denotes a sum over a spatial lattice at a fixed value of k0. Note the appearance of ℏ2 in both factors. In turn, the lattice Hamiltonian readily leads to the lattice action. In summary, we focus first on the desired modification of the ground state for the system, which leads to the lattice Hamiltonian, and finally to the desired lattice action.It has been argued that the ground state for a free system (g0=0) and with no counterterm is clearly a Gaussian. Moreover, such a function leads to divergences for several quantities of interest, such as those expressions basic to a mass perturbation, namely, when F(ϕ,a)=Σk′ϕk2as. It has also been argued that the source of those divergences can be traced to a specific, single factor when the integrals involved are reexpressed in hyperspherical coordinates, which are defined by (3.11)ϕk≡κηk,Σk′ϕk2=κ2,Σk′ηk2=1,κ≥0,-1≤ηk≤1.As an example, consider a typical (Gaussian) integral of interest given by(3.12)K∫[Σk′ϕk2as]pe-Σk,l′ϕkAk-lϕla2sΠk′dϕk=2K∫κ2paspe-κ2Σk,l′ηkAk-lηls2sκ(N′-1)dκδ(1-Σk′ηk2)Πk′dηk.
Here, Ak-l∝a-(1+s) is a matrix responsible for the spatial gradient and other suitable quadratic terms in the lattice Hamiltonian, and N' is the total number of lattice sites in a spatial slice of the lattice. In the continuum limit, in which a→0, it follows that L→∞ in such a way, initially, that V′≡(La)s=N'as<∞. Later, one may extend the continuum limit procedure so that V'→∞ as well. In short, in the continuum limit, it follows that N'→∞. It is not difficult to show that in the foregoing integral, as displayed in hyper-spherical coordinates, it is the term N' in the measure factor κ(N′-1) that is the very source of the divergences! If one could change that factor to one that remains finite in the continuum limit, the divergences would disappear!How is one to change a factor that has arisen from a bona-fide coordinate transformation? The answer is as follows: it cannot be donedirectly, but it can be done indirectly. The way to do so is to choose a different, non-Gaussian ground state distribution, one that has roughly the form (3.13)K'1κ(N′-1)e-Σ'k,lϕkAk-lϕla2s,
a form that has an additional factor in the denominator to cancel the measure factor κ(N'-1) altogether; in fact, it does not need to cancel it all, but it is a reasonable place to begin. Such a ground state distribution arises from a Hamiltonian that is not quadratic but contains another component that we identify as the desired counterterm. Finally, that counterterm is taken over to the lattice action, and thereby we have determined the counterterm in this convoluted manner!There are many ways to choose the Hamiltonian so that the counterterm leads to a modification of the ground state of the desired form. A large class of ground state modifications may be given by(3.14)M1Πk′[Σl′Jk,lϕl2](N′-1)/4N'e-(1/2)Σk,l′ϕkAk-lϕl-(1/2)W(ϕa(s-1)/2)
for various choices of the constant coefficients Jk,l. For example, one may choose Jk,l=δk,l, and this is appropriate to discuss ultralocal models, which may be described as relativistic models with their spatial gradient terms removed. As we have shown elsewhere, such a choice leads to a Poisson ground state distribution, which, although appropriate and correct for ultralocal models, is not desirable for truly relativistic models. For relativistic models, on the other hand, it has been proposed [9] to choose the expression (3.15)Jk,l=12s+1δk,l∈{k∪nn},
where the expression l∈{k∪nn} means that l=k and all the spatial nearest neighbors to k, Jk,l=0 elsewhere in the spatial slice, and Σl′Jk,l=1.WithJk,l so chosen, it follows that the Hamiltonian does not represent a local interaction in the continuum limit due to cross terms coming from one derivative each of the A and J terms. To fix that, the unwanted cross terms are removed from the lattice Hamiltonian by means of a suitable, auxiliary term W(ϕa(s-1)/2) in the ground state that effects mid-level field values. Readers who may be interested in what form of counterterm for the lattice action such a modified ground state leads to should consult [6–8].This is not the place to debate the merits of the suggested proposal for the relativistic models and their proposed ground state wave functions. Rather, in this paper, we accept the suggested form of the ground state, and, consequently, we are then led to the set of affine coherent states with the indicated ground state chosen as the fiducial vector that was discussed in the previous section.


## 4. Commentary

The discussion of affine coherent states for a single degree of freedom emphasized the difficulty in ensuring that〈p,q|Q|p,q〉=q for all q∈ℝ∖0. The solution involved a superposition of disjoint states. When generalized to infinitely many degrees of freedom, this disjoint feature would have led to an infinite number of unitarily inequivalent representations of the affine variables. To avoid this situation, we instead accepted the requirement that 〈p,q|Q2|p,q〉=q2, a compromise which eventually led to a suitable representation for infinitely many degrees of freedom. (It is interesting to observe that this modification has some similarities with the Wilson construction for wavelets which also involves symmetric fiducial vectors; e.g., see [10].)For quantum gravity, which is the principal nonrenormalizable model of interest, it is noteworthy that the classical field variablegab(x), the 3×3 spatial metric, forms a positive-definite matrix and thus it is possible to define affine coherent states for quantum gravity such that (4.1)〈π,g|ĝab(x)|π,g〉=gab(x),
with an irreducible representation of the appropriate affine variables; see [11, 12]. This fact means that for the gravitational field we have the best situation we could hope for!



---

*Source: 191529-2010-07-18.xml*