# The Structure ofφ-Module Amenable Banach Algebras

Authors: Mahmood Lashkarizadeh Bami; Mohammad Valaei; Massoud Amini
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2014)

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## Abstract

We study the concept ofφ-module amenability of Banach algebras, which are Banach modules over another Banach algebra with compatible actions. Also, we compare the notions of φ-amenability and φ-module amenability of Banach algebras. As a consequence, we show that, if S is an inverse semigroup with finite set E of idempotents and l1S is a commutative Banach l1E-module, then l1S** is φ**-module amenable if and only if S is finite, when φ∈Homl1El1S is an epimorphism. Indeed, we have generalized a well-known result due to Ghahramani et al. (1996).


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The concept of amenability for Banach algebras was first introduced by Johnson in [1]. For a locally compact group G, Ghahramani et al. showed that L1(G)** is amenable if and only if G is finite [2]. The notion of module amenability for a Banach algebra, 𝒜 which is a Banach module over another Banach algebra 𝔄 with compatible actions, was introduced and studied by the third author in [3]. The notion of φ-module amenability was introduced by Bodaghi in [4]; he obtained some results for a specific compatible action (i.e., trivial left action). In [5, 6], the authors investigated the module amenability of the second dual l1(S)** of the semigroup Banach algebra l1(S), for an inverse semigroup S with the set of idempotents E. They showed that l1(S)** is module amenable, if and only if an appropriate group homomorphic image S/≈ of S is finite, when 𝔄∶=l1(E) acts on 𝒜∶=l1(S) by the compatible actions δe·δs=δs and δs·δe=δse, for s∈S and e∈E. Indeed, for the very specific compatible actions, they presented a generalization of the result due to Ghahramani et al. (in the discrete case).The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure ofφ-module amenable Banach algebras (we do not restrict ourselves to some specific compatible actions). In particular, we give the generalization of the result of Ghahramani et al. for arbitrary commutative compatible actions. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 1 we give the definitions which are needed throughout the paper. In Section 2 we introduce the notions of φ-module virtual diagonal and φ-module approximate diagonal and study the structure of φ-module amenable Banach algebras. We also find relations between φ-module amenability and φ-amenability (that generalize the concepts of module amenability and amenability, respectively) without the extra assumption that the compatible action is trivial from one direction, or the assumption that 𝔄 has a bounded approximate identity for 𝒜. We assume that φ is either idempotent or surjective. The former is used to ensure that φ fixes points of its range. The latter is used in particular in Proposition 10 (and then in Theorem 13) to ensure that a φ-module approximate diagonal is also a module approximate diagonal.In Section3 we apply main results of Section 2 to semigroup Banach algebras.


## 2. Preliminaries

Let𝒜 be a Banach algebra and let σ be a endomorphism on 𝒜. Suppose that X is a Banach 𝒜-bimodule. A bounded linear map D:𝒜→X is called a σ-derivation if
(1)D(ab)=σ(a)·D(b)+D(a)·σ(b)(a,b∈𝒜).
For each x∈X, we define the σ-derivation adxσ by
(2)adxσ(a)=σ(a)·x-x·σ(a)(a∈𝒜).
These are called σ-inner derivations. The Banach algebra 𝒜 is called σ-amenable if, for any Banach 𝒜-bimodule X, every σ-derivation from 𝒜 to X* is σ-inner.Throughout this paper,𝒜 and 𝔄 are Banach algebras such that 𝒜 is a Banach 𝔄-bimodule with compatible actions; that is
(3)α·(ab)=(α·a)b,(ab)·α=a(b·α)α·(ab)=(α·a)bh,(α∈𝔄,a,b∈𝒜).
Let X be a Banach 𝒜-bimodule and a Banach 𝔄-bimodule with compatible actions; that is
(4)α·(a·x)=(α·a)x,a·(α·x)=(a·α)·x,(α·x)·a=α·(x·a),
for α∈𝔄, a∈𝒜, x∈X, and similarly for the right or two-side actions. Then X is called a Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. If, moreover,
(5)α·x=x·α(α∈𝔄,x∈X),
then X is called a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module.It is obvious that, ifX is a (commutative) Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module, then so is X* under the following compatible actions:
(6)〈α·f,x〉=〈f,x·α〉,〈a·f,x〉=〈f,x·a〉〈α·f,x〉=〈f,x·α〉,0(α∈𝔄,a∈𝒜,f∈X*),
and similarly for the right actions.Note that, when𝒜 acts on itself by algebra multiplication, it need not be a Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module, as we have not assumed the compatibility condition (a·α)·b=a·(α·b) for α∈𝔄 and a,b∈𝒜. But when 𝒜 is a commutative 𝔄-module and acts on itself by multiplication from both sides, then it is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module.Let𝒜 and ℬ be 𝔄-modules. A continuous mapping T:𝒜→ℬ is called an 𝔄-module morphism if
(7)T(a±b)=T(a)±T(b),T(ab)=T(a)T(b),
also,
(8)T(α·a)=α·T(a),T(a·α)=T(a)·αT(α·a)=α·T(a)ii,(α∈𝔄,a,b∈𝒜).
We denote the space of all such 𝔄-module morphisms by Hom𝔄(𝒜,ℬ) and denote Hom𝔄(𝒜,𝒜) by Hom𝔄(𝒜).Let𝔄, 𝒜 and X be as above and let φ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜). A bounded map D:𝒜→X is called a φ-module derivation if
(9)D(a±b)=D(a)±D(b),D(ab)=φ(a)·D(b)+D(a)·φ(b),also,(10)D(α·a)=α·D(a),D(a·α)=D(a)·αD(α·a)=α·D(a)iii,(α∈𝔄,a,b∈𝒜).
Note that D:𝒜→X is bounded if there exist M>0 such that ∥D(a)∥≤M∥a∥ (a∈𝒜), although D is not necessarily linear, but still its boundedness implies its norm continuity. Let φ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜) and x∈X if we define adxφ as in (2); then adxφ is a φ-module derivation that is called a φ-module inner derivation.The Banach algebra𝒜 is called φ-module amenable if, for any commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module X, each φ-module derivation form 𝒜 to X* is φ-module inner.We note that, ifφ is the identity map on 𝒜, then id𝒜-module amenability is the same as module amenability. Also, when 𝔄∶=ℂ, everything reduces to the classical case.


## 3.φ-Amenability and φ-Module Amenability

Throughout this section𝔄 is a Banach algebra, 𝒜 is a Banach 𝔄-module with compatible actions, and φ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜), unless otherwise specified. We start this section by the following lemma, which is proved similar to Proposition 2.1.3 in [7].Lemma 1.
LetX be a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. Then every φ-module derivation from 𝒜 to X* is φ-module inner, when one of the following is satisfied. (i)
𝒜 has a bounded right approximate identity and φ(𝒜)·X=0.(ii)
𝒜 has a bounded left approximate identity and X·φ(𝒜)=0.Definition 2.
Let𝒜 be a Banach algebra. A Banach 𝒜-bimodule X is called φ-pseudo-unital if
(11)X={φ(a)·x·φ(b):a,b∈𝒜,x∈X}.The proof of the following proposition is routine, but we give it for the sake of completeness.Proposition 3.
Letφ be idempotent or surjective and let 𝒜 have a bounded approximate identity. Suppose that, for any commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module X which is φ-pseudo-unital, each φ-module derivation form 𝒜 to X* is φ-module inner. Then 𝒜 is φ-module amenable.Proof.
LetX be a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module and let D:𝒜→X* be a φ-module derivation. Let X1=φ(𝒜)·X·φ(𝒜), X2=X·φ(𝒜), and X3=X. Let πj:Xj+1*→Xj* be the restriction map (j=1,2). In the case where φ is idempotent, then we turn X into an another commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module, by letting the same actions of 𝔄 and the following actions of 𝒜:
(12)a•x∶=φ(a)·x,x•a∶=x·φ(a)a•x∶=φ(a)·x,i(a∈𝒜,x∈X).
Also, in the above actions, D is again a φ-module derivation. By Cohen’s factorization theorem, X1 and X2 are closed 𝒜-𝔄-submodules of X (with respect to the module actions).
Letd:𝒜→X2* be a φ-module derivation; then so is π1∘d:𝒜→X1*. Since X1 is φ-pseudo-unital, there is f1∈X1* such that π1∘d=adf1φ. Choose f2∈X2* such that f2|X1=f1 and consider d~∶=d-adf2φ. Then d~:𝒜→X2*∩X1⊥≅(X2/X1)* is a φ-module derivation. Therefore, there is g2∈X2*∩X1⊥ such that d~=adg2φ, by Lemma 1. Thus, d=adf2+g2φ. Hence, any φ-module derivation from 𝒜 into X2* is φ-module inner.
Now, by the above assertion, letf2∈X2* such that π2∘D=adf2φ. From Hahn-Banach theorem, we obtain an extension f∈X* of f2, so that D-adfφ:𝒜→X2⊥≅(X/X2)* is a φ-module derivation. Since (X/X2)·φ(𝒜)=0, there is g∈X* such that D=adf+gφ. Let h=f+g. In the case where φ is an idempotent, we have
(13)D(a)=φ(a)•h-h•φ(a)=φ(φ(a))·h-h·φ(φ(a))=φ(a)·h-h·φ(a)(a∈𝒜).
Therefore D=adhφ, where φ is idempotent or surjective (similarly). Consequently, D is φ-module inner.Letℬ be a Banach algebra with a bounded approximate identity and let σ∈Homℂ(ℬ) be idempotent or surjective. Consider 𝔄∶=ℂ; then ℬ is automatically a commutative Banach ℂ-module. Also, σ-derivations and σ-module derivations are the same; hence σ-module amenability is the same as σ-amenability for ℬ. Consequently, ℬ is σ-amenable if and only if, for any Banach ℬ-bimodule X which is φ-pseudo-unital, each σ-derivation form ℬ to X* is σ-inner, by Proposition 3.Proposition 4.
Let𝒜 be a commutative Banach 𝔄-module. If 𝒜 is φ-module amenable, then 𝒜 has a bounded approximate identity for φ(𝒜).Proof.
ConsiderX∶=𝒜, then X is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module, with the same actions of 𝔄 and the following actions of 𝒜:
(14)a·x∶=ax,x·a∶=0(a∈𝒜,x∈X).
Let D:𝒜→𝒜** be the canonical embedding of 𝒜 into its second dual. Then D∘φ is a φ-module derivation. Thus, there is E in X** such that φ(a)=φ(a)·E for all a∈𝒜. Now, as the proof of Proposition 2.2.1 in [7], we can obtain a bounded net (ej)j⊆𝒜 such that it is an approximate identity for φ(𝒜).Lemma 5.
Letφ be linear and idempotent or surjective, let 𝒜 be a commutative Banach 𝔄-module, and let D:𝒜→X* be a φ-derivation for some φ-pseudo-unital Banach 𝒜-bimodule X. If φ(𝒜) has a bounded approximate identity (φ(ej))j such that (D(a)·φ(α·ej))j and (φ(α·ej)·D(a))j are convergent to (α·a)(α∈𝔄,a∈𝒜), then there is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module F such that D:𝒜→F* is a φ-module derivation.Proof.
LetE be the w*-closed linear span of the following set:
(15)Y={φ(a)·D(b)·φ(c):a,b,c∈𝒜}.
In the case where φ is idempotent, we turn X into an another Banach 𝒜-bimodule via φ, as follows. Since X is φ-pseudo-unital, we conclude that E is a Banach 𝒜-submodule of X* such that D(𝒜)⊆E. Let F be a Banach 𝒜-bimodule such that F*=E, which exists by Exercise 2.1.2 of [7]. For x∈X, let a,b∈𝒜, and z∈X be such that x=φ(a)·z·φ(b). For α∈𝔄, define
(16)α•x∶=φ(α·a)·(z·φ(b)),x•α∶=(φ(a)·z)·φ(b·α).
We claim that α•x is well defined; that is, it is independent of the choices of a,b, and z. Let c,d∈𝒜, and t∈X such that x=φ(c)·t·φ(d). Then, for each α∈𝔄, we have
(17)φ(α·a)·(z·φ(b))=lim⁡jφ(α·ej)·(φ(a)·z·φ(b))=lim⁡jφ(α·ej)·(φ(c)·t·φ(d))=φ(α·c)·(t·φ(d));
similarly, x•α is well defined. Clearly, by the above actions of 𝔄 and the given actions of 𝒜, X is a Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. For α∈𝔄 and x∈F, we have
(18)α•x=lim⁡jα•(φ(ej)·x)=lim⁡j(α·φ(ej))·x∈F;
similarly, x•α∈F. Thus F is a Banach 𝔄-submodule of X. So F is a Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. For all b and c in 𝒜, D(b)·φ(c) is an element of F*, so for each α∈𝔄 and a∈𝒜, we have
(19)α•(φ(a)·D(b)·φ(c))=φ(α·a)·(D(b)·φ(c));
similarly, (φ(a)·D(b)·φ(c))•α=(φ(a)·D(b))·φ(c·α). Also, 𝔄-commutativity of 𝒜, implies that
(20)φ(α·a)·(D(b)·φ(c))=lim⁡j⁡φ(a)·[φ(α·ej)·D(b)]·φ(c),=φ(a)·[D(α·b)]·φ(c),=lim⁡j⁡φ(a)·[D(b)·φ(α·ej)]·φ(c),=(φ(a)·D(b))·φ(c·α).
Thus, by linearity and the w*-continuity of the compatible actions, for α∈𝔄 and x∈F(21)〈x•α,f〉=〈x,α•f〉=〈x,f•α〉=〈α•x,f〉(φ∈F*);
thus x•α=α•x. Therefore, F is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. Also,
(22)D(α·a)=lim⁡j⁡φ(α·ej)·D(a),=lim⁡j⁡α•(φ(ej)·D(a)),=α•D(a)(α∈𝔄,a∈𝒜).
Consequently, D:𝒜→F* is a φ-module derivation.Proposition 6.
Let𝒜 be a commutative Banach 𝔄-module with a bounded approximate identity (ej)j. Suppose that 𝒜 is φ-module amenable and has a φ|K-amenable, closed subalgebra K such that (α·ej)∈K(α∈𝔄). Then 𝒜 is φ-amenable, when φ is linear and idempotent or surjective.Proof.
LetX be a Banach 𝒜-bimodule and D:𝒜→X* be a φ-derivation, without loss of generality; we may suppose that X is φ-pseudo-unital. By φ|K-amenability of K, there is f∈X* such that
(23)D(a)=φ(a)·f-f·φ(a)(a∈K).
Let D~=D-adfφ. Then D~ is a φ-derivation such that D~(α·φ(ej))=0, for α∈𝔄 and j∈J. Let ej′=φ(ej); then both (ej′)j and (φ(ej′))j are bounded approximate identities for φ(𝒜).
In the case whereφ is idempotent, for a∈𝒜, we have
(24)D~(φ(a))=lim⁡j⁡[φ(φ(a))·D~(ej′)+D~(φ(a))·φ(ej′)],=lim⁡j⁡φ(a)·D~(ej′)+D~(φ(a));
thus, lim⁡jφ(a)·D~(ej′)=0. Moreover, since X is φ-pseudo-unital, we obtain that lim⁡jD~(aej′)=D~(a). Similarly lim⁡jD~(ej′a)=D~(a), for all a∈𝒜.
Therefore, ifφ is idempotent or surjective, then (D~(a)·φ(α·ej′))j and (φ(α·ej′)·D~(a))j are convergent to D~(α·a), for all α∈𝔄 and a∈𝒜. Thus, by Lemma 5, there is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module F such that D~:𝒜→F* is a φ-module derivation. Hence, there is g∈F* such that D~=adgφ. Since, by in the proof of Lemma 5, F* is an 𝒜-submodule of X* (via φ, in the case φ is idempotent), we obtain that D=adf+gφ.Theorem 7.
Letφ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜) be an epimorphism or an idempotent homomorphism. Suppose that 𝒜 is a unital, commutative Banach 𝔄-module and 𝔄 is amenable. Then φ-module amenability of 𝒜 implies its φ-amenability.Proof.
Suppose thate is an identity for 𝒜. Let K be the closed linear span of {α·φ(e):α∈𝔄}. Since φ(e) is an identity for φ(𝒜), K is a closed subalgebra of 𝒜 under the following multiplication:
(25)(α·φ(e))·(β·φ(e))∶=(αβ)·φ(e)(α,β∈𝔄).
Let θ:𝔄→K be defined by θ(α)=α·φ(e), for α∈𝔄. Then θ is a continuous homomorphism and θ(𝔄) is dense in K. Hence K is amenable, by Proposition 2.3.1 of [7]. By definition of K, we have that φ|K is an endomorphism on K. Therefore, K is φ|K-amenable (by Corollary 2.2 in [8]) and satisfies conditions of Proposition 6.Let𝒜⊗^𝒜 be the projective tensor product of 𝒜 by itself. Then 𝒜⊗^𝒜 is a Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module with the canonical actions [5]. Consider the closed ideal ℐ of 𝒜⊗^𝒜 generated by elements of the form a·α⊗b-a⊗α·b, for a,b∈𝒜 and α∈𝔄. Let 𝒥 be the closed ideal of 𝒜 generated by elements of the form (a·α)b-a(α·b), for a,b∈𝒜 and α∈𝔄. It is clear that 𝒥 and ℐ are both 𝔄-submodules and 𝒜-submodules of 𝒜 and 𝒜⊗^𝒜, respectively. Hence, the module projective tensor product 𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜≅(𝒜⊗^𝒜)/ℐ [9] and the quotient Banach algebra 𝒜/𝒥 are both Banach 𝔄-modules and Banach 𝒜-modules. Define ω:𝒜⊗^𝒜→𝒜 by ω(a⊗b)=ab and ω~:𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜→𝒜/𝒥 by ω~(a⊗b+ℐ)=ω(a⊗b)+𝒥, extended by linearity and continuity. Clearly, ω~ is an 𝒜-module homomorphism and an 𝔄-module homomorphism.Suppose thatφ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜) and I is a closed ideal of 𝒜 such that φ(I)⊆I. Then we may define φI:𝒜/I→𝒜/I by φI(a+I)=φ(a)+I. In particular, for all a,b∈𝒜 and α∈𝔄(26)φ((a·α)b-a(α·b))=(φ(a)·α)φ(b)-φ(a)(α·φ(b))∈𝒥;
that is, φ(𝒥)⊆𝒥. Therefore, we can define φ𝒥:𝒜/𝒥→𝒜/𝒥.In the remainder of this section, we usea¯ to denote the coset of a∈𝒜 in 𝒜/𝒥.Lemma 8.
𝒜 is φ-module amenable if and only if 𝒜/𝒥 is φ𝒥-module amenable.Proof.
Let𝒜/𝒥 be φ𝒥-module amenable. Suppose that X is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module and D:𝒜→X* is a φ-module derivation. Clearly 𝒥·X=X·𝒥=0, so X is a commutative Banach 𝒜/𝒥-𝔄-module, by the same actions of 𝔄 and a¯•x=a·x and x•a¯=x·a (a∈𝒜). For a,b∈𝒜 and α∈𝔄, we have D((a·α)b)=D(a(α·b)). Hence, D vanishes on 𝒥 and induces a map D~ from 𝒜/𝒥 into X* which is clearly a φ𝒥-module derivation. Hence D~=adfφ𝒥, for some f in X*. Thus,
(27)D(a)=D~(a¯),=φ(a)¯•f-f•φ(a)¯,=φ(a)·f-f·φ(a)(a∈𝒜).
Consequently, D=adfφ.
The converse follows from Proposition 2.5 in [4].Now, we define the concepts ofφ-module virtual diagonal and φ-module approximate diagonal as a generalization of the earlier notions of virtual diagonal and approximate diagonalDefinition 9.
Letφ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜). (i)
An elementM∈(𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜)** is called a φ-module virtual diagonal for 𝒜 if
(28)φ(a)·M=M·φ(a),φ(a)·ω~**M=φ(a)+𝒥⊥⊥φ(a)·M=M·φ(a),φ(a)·ω~**M=φii(a∈𝒜).(ii)
A bounded net(mj)j in 𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜 is called a φ-module approximate diagonal for 𝒜 if (ω~mj)j is a bounded approximate identity for φ(𝒜)/𝒥 and
(29)φ(a)·mj-mj·φ(a)⟶0(a∈𝒜).We note that, ifφ is the identity map, then id𝒜-module virtual (or approximate) diagonal is the same as module virtual (or approximate) diagonal [6]. Moreover, in the case where 𝔄∶=ℂ, id𝒜-module virtual (or approximate) diagonal and virtual (or approximate) diagonal coincide.The next proposition follows from Corollary 2.3 of [4] and Theorem 2.1 of [3].Proposition 10.
If𝒜 has a φ-module approximate diagonal such that φ is surjective, then 𝒜 is φ-module amenable.Proposition 11.
Let𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜 be a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. If 𝒜 is φ-module amenable and 𝒜/𝒥 has a bounded approximate identity, then 𝒜 has a φ-module virtual diagonal.Proof.
Let(ej¯)j be a bounded approximate identity for 𝒜/𝒥 and let E+ℐ⊥⊥ in (𝒜⊗^𝒜)**/ℐ⊥⊥≅(𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜)** be a w*-accumulation point of (ej⊗ej+ℐ)j. Hence,
(30)ω~**(φ(a)·E+ℐ⊥⊥-E·φ(a)+ℐ⊥⊥)=0(𝒜/𝒥)**(a∈𝒜).
Thus, adE+ℐ⊥⊥φ:𝒜→(𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜)** is a φ-module derivation into ker⁡ω~**≅(ker⁡ω~)**. Since 𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜 is a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module, so is ker⁡ω~. By φ-module amenability of 𝒜, there is N+ℐ⊥⊥∈(ker⁡ω~)** such that adE+ℐ⊥⊥φ=adN+ℐ⊥⊥φ. Consequently, it is clear that (E-N)+ℐ⊥⊥ is a φ-module virtual diagonal for 𝒜.Lemma 12.
𝒜 has a φ-module virtual diagonal if and only if it has a φ-module approximate diagonal.Proof.
This is essentially the same as the proof of Lemma2.9.64 of [10].In Proposition 2.1 of [3] and Proposition 3.3 of [6], the authors proved that module amenability of 𝒜 follows from amenability of 𝒜 and 𝒜/𝒥, respectively, under the strong condition that 𝔄 has a bounded approximate identity for 𝒜. According to Lemma 8, we present the generalization of Proposition 2.1 of [3] and Proposition 3.3 of [6] without the extra assumption that 𝔄 has a bounded approximate identity for 𝒜. Indeed, (as an application of the following theorem) we show that the class of amenable Banach algebras is contained in the class of module amenable Banach algebras.Theorem 13.
Let𝒜 be a Banach 𝔄-module and let φ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜) be linear. Then φ-module amenability of 𝒜 follows from its φ-amenability, when one of the following is satisfied:(i)
φ is surjective.(ii)
φ is an idempotent and 𝒜 is unital.Proof.
(i) Sinceφ is linear, φ-amenability of 𝒜 implies that 𝒜 is φ-module amenable as a commutative Banach ℂ-module. Also, automatically 𝒜⊗^ℂ𝒜=𝒜⊗^𝒜 is a commutative Banach 𝒜-ℂ-module. Therefore from Proposition 4 and 2.11, and Lemma 12, there is a bounded net (mj)j in 𝒜⊗^𝒜 such that (ωmj)j is a bounded approximate identity for φ(𝒜) and φ(a)·mj-mj·φ(a)→0, for all a∈𝒜. Now define (mj′)j in 𝒜⊗^𝔄𝒜 by mj′=mj+ℐ. Then it is clear that (mj′)j is a φ-module approximate diagonal for 𝒜. Consequently 𝒜 is φ-module amenable, by Proposition 10.
(ii) LetX be a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module which is φ-pseudo-unital and let D:𝒜→X* be a φ-module derivation. Let e be an identity for 𝒜. Clearly D(e) is zero and for n∈ℕ, additivity of D implies that nD((1/n)e)=D(e)=0. Thus, (re)=0(r∈ℚ). Hence, by continuity of D, we have D(re)=0  (r∈ℝ). Moreover,
(31)0=D(-e)=D(i2e)=φ(ie)·D(ie)+D(ie)·φ(ie)=2iD(ie).
Thus, D(ie)=0 and therefore D(λe)=0  (λ∈ℂ). Now, it is routinely checked that D is linear. Consequently D is φ-module inner, by φ-amenability of 𝒜.Lemma 14.
LetI be a closed ideal and an 𝔄-submodule of 𝒜 such that φ(I)⊆I. If I is φ|I-module amenable and 𝒜/I is φI-module amenable, then 𝒜 is φ-module amenable.Proof.
LetX be a commutative Banach 𝒜-𝔄-module. Suppose that E is the space of all elements ψ∈X* such that ψ·φ(I)=φ(I)·ψ=0 and F is the subspace of X generated by φ(I)·X+X·φ(I). Since φ(I)·(X/F)=(X/F)·φ(I)=0, the following module actions are well defined
(32)α·(x+F)∶=α·x+F,(a+I)·(x+F)∶=φ(a)·x+Fα·(x+F)∶=α·x+F,(a)·(x+F)(α∈𝔄,a∈𝒜,x∈X),
and similar for the right actions. Therefore, X/F is a commutative Banach 𝒜/I-𝔄-module and so is E≅(X/F)*.
Now, letD:𝒜→X* be a φ-module derivation. Consider f∈X* such that D|I=adfφ and let D~∶=D-adfφ. Since D~ vanishes on I, so it induces a φ-module derivation from 𝒜/I to X*, which we denote likewise by D~. Also, for all a∈𝒜 and b∈I we obtain that φ(b)·D~(a)=D~(a)·φ(b)=0. Hence, D~(𝒜/I)⊆E. Therefore, φ~-module amenability of 𝒜/I implies that D~=adgφI for some g∈E. Consequently, D=adf+gφ.Now we are ready to prove the main result of this section. In Theorem13 we obtained sufficient conditions that φ-amenability of 𝒜 implies φ-module amenability of 𝒜. The next corollary together with Theorem 7 may be considered as the converse of Theorem 13.Theorem 15.
Let𝒜 be a commutative Banach 𝔄-module and let φ∈Hom𝔄(𝒜) be an epimorphism. Then φ-module amenability of 𝒜 implies its φ-amenability, when 𝔄 is commutative and amenable.Proof.
First we suppose that𝔄 has an identity e for itself and 𝒜. Consider ℬ=𝒜⊕𝔄 with the following multiplication:
(33)(a+α)·(b+β)∶=ab+α·b+β·a+αβ(a+α)·(b+β)∶=ib(α,β∈𝔄,a,b∈𝒜).
It is straightforward that ℬ is a unital Banach algebra with the norm algebra ∥a+α∥∶=∥a∥+∥α∥ and 𝒜 is a closed ideal of ℬ. Also, ℬ is a commutative Banach 𝔄-module with the following compatible actions:
(34)γ·(a+α)=(a+α)·γ∶=γ·a+γα(α,γ∈𝔄,a∈𝒜).
Define
(35)ψ:ℬ⟶ℬ,ψ(a+α)∶=φ(a)+α(a∈𝒜,α∈𝔄);
then ψ∈Hom𝔄(ℬ) such that ψ|𝒜=φ. Since ℬ/𝒜≅𝔄 is amenable, it is ψ𝒜-amenable and ψ𝒜-module amenability of ℬ/𝒜 follows from Theorem 13. Therefore ℬ is ψ-module amenable, by Lemma 14. Hence, Theorem 7 implies that ℬ is ψ-amenable. Now, by Proposition 3.1 of [11] and Proposition 4, we obtain that 𝒜 is φ-amenable.
In the case𝔄 is not unital we consider 𝔄♯ as the unitization of 𝔄. We also define the compatible actions of 𝔄♯ on 𝒜 that extend the compatible actions of 𝔄 on 𝒜, by letting
(36)(α+λe)·a=a·(α+λe)∶=α·a+λa(α+λe)·a=a·i(α∈𝔄,λ∈ℂ,a∈𝒜).
Then 𝒜 is a commutative Banach 𝔄♯-module and e is an identity for the actions on 𝒜. Also, φ∈Hom𝔄♯(𝒜). Since 𝔄⊆𝔄♯, any φ-module derivation on 𝒜 where 𝒜 is a Banach 𝔄♯-module is a φ-module derivation on 𝒜 where 𝒜 is a Banach 𝔄-module. Therefore, if 𝒜 is φ-module amenable as a Banach 𝔄-module, then it is φ-module amenable as a Banach 𝔄♯-module. Consequently 𝒜 is φ-amenable, by the first case.LetS=(ℕ,∨) be the inverse semigroup of positive integers with maximum operation. Then 𝒜∶=l1(S) is not amenable, by Theorem 2 of [12]. On the other hand, as in the proof of the last example of [13], we obtain that 𝒜 is module amenable on itself by the multiplication algebra. Consequently, Theorem 7 and Theorem 15 are not valid, when 𝔄 is not amenable.


## 4. Semigroup Algebras

Recall that a discrete semigroupS is called aninverse semigroup if for each s∈S there is a unique element s*∈S such that s*ss*=s* and ss*s=s. Elements of the form ss* are called idempotents of S and form a commutative subsemigroup E. An inverse semigroup whose idempotents are in the center is called aClifford semigroup.The Banach algebral1(E) could be regarded as a subalgebra of l1(S) (see [14]) and thereby l1(S) is a Banach algebra and a Banach l1(E)-module with proper compatible actions. It is possible to consider arbitrary actions of l1(E) on l1(S) and prove certain module amenability results. Here we do not restrict ourselves to any particular action.In the following theorem, we generalize the well-known result of Ghahramani et al. (in the case discrete), which assert thatG is finite if and only if l1(G)** is amenable, when G is a locally compact group.Theorem 16.
LetS be an inverse semigroup with set of idempotents E, let l1(S) be a commutative Banach l1(E)-module, and let φ∈Homl1(E)(l1(S)) be an epimorphism. Assume that l1(E) is amenable as a Banach algebra. Then l1(S)** is φ**-module amenable if and only if S is finite.Proof.
Sincel1(S) is w*-dense in l1(S)** and the compatible actions are w*-continuous, l1(S)** is a commutative Banach l1(E)-module and φ**∈Homl1(E)(l1(S)**) is an epimorphism. If l1(S)** is φ**-module amenable, then φ**-amenability of l1(S)** follows from Theorem 15 and its amenability follows from Proposition 2.3 of [8]. Therefore S is finite, by Theorem 11.8 of [15].
Conversely, ifS is finite, then l1(S)≅l1(S)** is amenable and so it is φ**-amenable. Consequently, φ**-module amenability of l1(S)** follows from Theorem 13.In the main results of [5, 6] (see Theorem 3.4 and Theorem 2.11, resp.), the authors studied the module amenability of l1(S)**, when l1(S) is a Banach l1(E)-module with very specific compatible actions. Also, in [13] we studied the super module amenability of l1(S)**, when l1(S) is a commutative Banach l1(E)-module with some commutative compatible actions that l1(S) is pseudo-unital (see Corollary 3.5 of [13]). Now, in the following corollary, we investigate the module amenability of l1(S)**, when l1(S) is a commutative Banach l1(E)-module with arbitrary commutative compatible actions.Corollary 17.
LetS be an inverse semigroup with finitely many idempotents. If l1(S) is a commutative Banach l1(E)-module, then l1(S)** is module amenable if and only if S is finite.Proof.
This is immediate from Theorem16, when φ is the identity map on l1(S).LetS be a Clifford semigroup. Given k∈ℂ, consider the following commutative compatible actions:
(37)δe·δs=δs·δe∶=kδes,
or
(38)δe·δs=δs·δe∶=kδes-kδs(e∈E,s∈S).
Consequently, there are large extra numbers of commutative compatible actions that turn l1(S) into a commutative Banach l1(E)-module (note that, with the above second actions, l1(S) is not necessary pseudo-unital. For instance, if we let S be a discrete group, then the second actions above are zero).



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*Source: 176736-2014-04-02.xml*