# Fractal Acoustic Metamaterials with Subwavelength and Broadband Sound Insulation

Authors: Yu Liu; Meng Chen; Wenshuai Xu; Tao Yang; Dongliang Pei; Heng Jiang; Yuren Wang
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2019)

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## Abstract

We construct new fractal acoustic metamaterials by coiling up space, which can allow subwavelength-scale and broadband sound insulation to be achieved. Using the finite element method and the S-parameter retrieval method, the band structures, the effective parameters, and the transmission losses of these acoustic metamaterials with different fractal orders are researched individually. The results illustrate that it is easy to form low-frequency bandgaps using these materials and thus achieve subwavelength-scale sound control. As the number of fractal orders increase, more bandgaps appear. In particular, in theΓX direction of the acoustic metamaterial lattice, more of these wide bandgaps appear in different frequency ranges, thus providing broadband sound insulation and showing promise for use in engineering applications.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Low-frequency noise can cause a great deal of trouble in daily life because of the limitations of the mass law, which means that achieving subwavelength and broadband sound insulation is challenging. This has changed with the appearance of acoustic metamaterials [1–14], which can break the mass law and include materials such as locally resonant metamaterials [1–10], Helmholtz resonant metamaterials [11], and membrane metamaterials [12–14]. These metamaterials provide a way to control low-frequency sound waves with small-scale structures, but most of the above metamaterials only can achieve improved sound insulation within a single resonant frequency range, which thus provides only narrowband insulation. Researchers have adopted methods based on introduction of multiple coupled resonance units to broaden the insulation bandwidth [15–23]; however, most of these methods mainly broadened only their initial bandgaps. If a structure with multiple resonance modes can be developed to form multiple bandgaps, it will provide a promising basis for achievement of broadband sound insulation.Through studies of labyrinthine fractal structures, researchers have found that multiple resonances appear in these structures [24–29] that can produce multiple bandgaps and thus broadband sound insulation. In these labyrinthine fractal structures, the sound waves propagate along the labyrinthine channels rather than in a straight line, which thus greatly increases their transmission paths and produces an ultraslow transmission effect. Because of the increased lengths of their transmission paths, these metamaterials have high refractive indexes and demonstrate extraordinary physical properties, including multiple bandgaps [24–29], negative refraction [30, 31], and acoustic focusing [32, 33]. Liang et al. constructed an extreme acoustic metamaterial by coiling up the space using zigzag channels, which caused their material to have negative refraction and sound tunneling properties [30]. Cheng et al. proposed an ultrasparse metasurface for high reflection of low-frequency sound based on Mie resonance units [27]. Recently, Man et al. reported labyrinthine acoustic metamaterials with Hilbert fractal structures that could easily form low-frequency bandgaps and showed multibandgap properties [25]. When compared with the zigzag channels, the higher Hilbert fractal structures have longer transmission paths and thus have a higher refractive index that allows them to produce more excellent features. These results demonstrate that the properties of acoustic metamaterials will be improved by increasing the lengths of their transmission paths. Therefore, the design of fractal structures with longer paths is a promising and significant approach that may be helpful in controlling subwavelength-scale waves and achieving better broadband sound insulation. However, because of the physical limitation imposed by the tunnel width and thickness of the microscopic structure, it cannot be divided indefinitely, the fabricated fractal metamaterials consist of the geometry of only a certain scale, and the liquid channel of Hilbert fractal structures is not unlimited. It is meaningful to carry out a new design of the self-similar fractal acoustic metamaterials, which have longer effective transmission paths and show better acoustic properties.In this paper, inspired by the Hilbert fractal acoustic metamaterials noted above, to achieve a longer effective length and get a better acoustic properties, we carried out a new design of self-similar fractal metamaterials by adopting the curve channels instead of the straight-line liquid channel adopted by existing fractal structures and determined the structural style of the self-similar fractal structure with curve channels. Through the new design, the fractal acoustic metamaterials with a self-similar fractal structure have more complex transmission paths and higher refractive indexes and are thus suitable for subwavelength-scale wave control and broadband sound insulation. By keeping the width unchanged, we emphatically study the influence of effective length to the acoustic properties of fractal metamaterials. Using the finite element method and the S-parameter retrieval method, the band structures, the effective properties, the transmission losses, and the sound pressure fields of the proposed acoustic metamaterials with their different fractal orders are calculated separately. Furthermore, the transmission losses in theΓX direction of the acoustic metamaterial lattice are studied in detail and show that the lattice contains greater numbers of wide bandgaps in different frequency ranges, thus causing broadband sound insulation and showing promise for use in engineering applications.


## 2. Design of Fractal Acoustic Metamaterials

Inspired by the Hilbert fractal acoustic metamaterials, in the text, to achieve a longer effective length and get better acoustic properties, we carried out a new design of self-similar fractal metamaterials, and the two-dimensional (2D) unit cells of the first-order, second-order, and third-order fractal structures are illustrated in Figures1(a)–1(c), respectively. In our design, we adopt curves rather than the straight lines that are applied in traditional Hilbert fractal acoustic metamaterials, thus effectively increasing the total acoustic transmission length (Leff), particularly in the higher fractal units. As shown in Figure 1, R is the radius of the curves, the basic lattice constant of the fractal structure is a a=56mm, the transmission tunnel width is d d=3mm, and the relationships among the three parameters of the proposed first-order to third-order acoustic metamaterials can be expressed as follows:(1)Leff=2n2n−1πRn+d+a,where(2)Rn=a2n−d2.Figure 1
(a–c) Unit cells of the first-order to third-order fractal acoustic metamaterials.
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(c)To get a higher fractal order, the tunnel width should be small enough, in our text,d≪a; thus, the effective length can be simplified as 2n−1πa. This result firstly shows when the tunnel width is much smaller than the lattice constant, we can ignore the influence of tunnel width to the total effective length; thus we keep it unchanged in this text and emphatically study the influence of effective length to the acoustic properties of fractal metamaterials. Secondly, when acoustic waves propagate along the labyrinthine tunnels shown in the black arrows rather than in a straight line, we can effectively extend the effective wave propagation length Leff to be several times longer than a straight path within the same space; i.e., the acoustic wave propagates along the labyrinthine tunnels at an ultraslow equivalent speed when compared with the background medium. Therefore, the acoustic metamaterial can be understood to be an artificial medium with an ultraslow speed of sound and high relative refractive index nr. Furthermore, the wave propagation length Leff of the fractal metamaterials presented in this work is approximately 2n−1πa, which is π/2 times longer than that of the previously reported Hilbert fractal acoustic metamaterials, which had an effective length Leff of 2na, and through the new design, we can effectively extend the effective length of self-similar fractal metamaterials. It is thus helpful to design these labyrinthine acoustic metamaterials with ultraslow sound speeds and higher refractive indexes to achieve subwavelength-scale and broadband sound insulation.


## 3. Band Structures of the Fractal Acoustic Metamaterials

Acoustic waves are transmitted along the labyrinthine tunnels in the proposed metamaterials, and the harmonic wave equation in these tunnels can be expressed as(3)∇⋅−1ρ0∇p−w2pρ0c0=0.Here,p is the air pressure, w is the angular frequency, ρ0 is the density of the air, and c0 is the speed of sound in the air. We also set sound-hard boundary conditions at the air-solid interfaces and apply the Floquet-Bloch periodic conditions at the boundaries of the unit cells:(4)∂p∂n=0,px+a=pxe−ka.Here,n is the normal vector of the air-solid interface and k is the wave vector. In this work, the bandgaps were calculated using the finite element method via COMSOL Multiphysics software. By solving for the eigenfrequencies of the designed structures and the w‐k dispersion relationships, we obtain the band structures of the fractal acoustic metamaterials, which are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
Band structures of fractal acoustic metamaterials. (a) Band structure of first-order fractal acoustic metamaterials in the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz]. (b) Band structure of second-order fractal acoustic metamaterials in the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz]. (c) Band structure of third-order fractal acoustic metamaterials in the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz].
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(c)Figures2(a)–2(c) show the band structures of the fractal acoustic metamaterials, ranging from the first order to the third order, where the horizontal axis represents the values of the wave vector k along the borders (Γ–X–M) of the triangular irreducible Brillouin zone of a square periodic lattice [20] and the vertical axis shows the frequency. In Figure 2(a), there are two total bandgaps [840 Hz, 1110 Hz] and [2060 Hz, 2106.4 Hz], and the proportion of these bandgaps is approximately 11.1% within the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz]. In Figure 2(b), there are four total bandgaps [532.5 Hz, 776.5 Hz], [980 Hz, 1067 Hz], [1926.2 Hz, 2148.3 Hz], and [2750 Hz, 2845 Hz], and the proportion of these bandgaps is approximately 22.7% within the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz]. In Figure 2(c), there are six total bandgaps [340 Hz, 547 Hz], [646 Hz, 686 Hz], [1027 Hz, 1126 Hz], [1320 Hz, 1411 Hz], [1912.5 Hz, 2055 Hz], and [2518 Hz, 2750 Hz], and the proportion of these bandgaps is approximately 28.5% within the frequency range [0 Hz, 2850 Hz].From these results, we first find that, with the increasing fractal order, more total bandgaps occur and the proportion of these bandgaps also increases, particularly in the third order, where the proportion reaches 28.5% much higher than 20.53% reported before; this indicates that the structure has better sound insulation properties. Second, the frequency ranges of the first bandgaps gradually become lower, particularly in the third order, where the range is [340 Hz, 547 Hz] and the normalized frequencywa/c0 range is [0.056, 0.09], which is lower than [0.0762, 0.1168] reported before and also much less than 1, thus indicating that the designed fractal acoustic metamaterials can achieve subwavelength sound control. Furthermore, when compared with the zigzag channels and Hilbert channels, the transmission paths of the designed channels are longer and more complex, which is helpful in producing more bandgaps and can also help to reduce the size of the designed structure, which is significant in engineering applications.


## 4. Calculation of Effective Parameters

To aid in further understanding of the bandgaps formation diagram, we calculated the effective parameters of the designed fractal acoustic metamaterials using the S-parameter retrieval method [34]. The effective mass density and the bulk modulus relative to the air are calculated as follows:(5)ρeff=ε×n,Beff=εn.According to the S-parameter retrieval method,ε and n can be expressed as follows:(6)ε=r1−2R+R2−T2,n=−ilogx+2πmkd,where(7)r=∓R2−T2−12−4T2,X=1−R2+T2+r2T.In the above formulation,R is the reflection coefficient of the structure and T is the transmission coefficient of the structure; these coefficients were calculated using the COMSOL Multiphysics software and are plotted in Figures 3(a)–3(c). In this way, the effective parameters of the fractal metamaterials can be calculated, and the results are shown in Figures 3(d)–3(f). The results show that, within the frequency ranges of the bandgaps, there is a negative effective parameter that causes the formation of the bandgaps. For example, in the first-order fractal metamaterials, the bulk modulus (Beff) is negative in the first bandgap [840 Hz, 1110 Hz], while the mass density (ρeff) is negative in the second bandgap [2060 Hz, 2106.4 Hz]. Furthermore, in Figures 3(e) and 3(f), the negative effective parameters appear in multiple frequency ranges, thus proving that the fractal structure contains multiple bandgaps and showing that it represents a promising way to achieve broadband sound insulation.Figure 3
(a–c) Reflection and transmission coefficients of the fractal acoustic structures from the first order to third order. (d–f) Effective parameter calculation results for the fractal acoustic structures from the first order to third order.
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## 5. Transmission Loss and Sound Insulation

The calculation results for the band structures and the effective parameters of the designed materials show that there are multiple bandgaps in the fractal acoustic metamaterials that promise to allow broadband sound insulation to be achieved. To provide further verification of the broadband sound insulation performances of the designed materials, the transmission losses and band structures of the metamaterials in theΓX direction are calculated. Due to increase in the number of structure units, the properties of transmission losses will be better [24, 26, 29]; to get better sound insulation, we calculate the sound transmission losses of five units, with results as shown in Figures 4(a)–4(c). First, the calculation results show that there are more bandgaps in the ΓX direction and that the higher transmission losses appear within the ranges of these bandgaps. The ranges of bandgaps and higher transmission losses agree well with each other. Second, with the increasing fractal order, the number of bandgaps increases and the proportions of the bandgaps within their frequency ranges also increase, from 47.8% to 52.9% to 61.1% in the examples shown. Furthermore, the lowest normalized frequencies of the second-order and third-order transmission losses are 0.1 and 0.063, respectively, which are both much less than 1; this indicates that we can achieve subwavelength sound insulation using fractal acoustic metamaterials with structural sizes that are much smaller than the wavelength in the required frequency ranges.Figure 4
(a–c) Transmission losses of the fractal acoustic structures with five units, from the first order to third order. (d) Sound pressure field of the first order at 960 Hz. (e) Sound pressure field of the second order at 620 Hz. (f) Sound pressure field of the third order at 380 Hz.
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(f)We also calculated the sound pressure field distributions of the fractal acoustic metamaterials from the first order to the third order. The sound pressure field distributions at 960 Hz, 620 Hz, and 380 Hz are plotted in Figures4(d)–4(f), respectively. The results show that the acoustic fractal metamaterials at the subwavelength sound scale can reduce the sound pressure fields by 56.2 dB, 51.5 dB, and 50.8 dB, which is helpful for control of low-frequency acoustic signals when using the designed fractal acoustic metamaterials.


## 6. Conclusions

In this work, we have designed a new type of self-similar fractal acoustic metamaterial with space-coiling curls and have systematically studied the subwavelength-scale and broadband sound insulation properties of these materials by calculating their band structures, effective parameters, transmission losses, and sound pressure fields. First, the results show that as the fractal order increases, more bandgaps appear, particularly in theΓX direction; in addition, there are more directional bandgaps and high transmission loss peaks appear in these bandgaps, thus proving that the proposed structures can achieve broadband sound insulation. Second, with the increasing fractal order, the first bandgap becomes lower, particularly in the third order, where the normalized frequency in the ΓX direction is 0.063; this is much smaller than 1, thus proving that the designed structures can achieve subwavelength-scale sound control. Furthermore, the frequency ranges of the negative effective parameters are well matched with the bandgaps, which is the reason for the production of these bandgaps. These results show that compared with the self-similar fractal structure reported before, the new designed structure has a longer effective length and more extraordinary properties for broadband and low-frequency sound insulation, and they are promising for applications in engineering applications. In the future work, to make the new designed structure show the best acoustic properties, we will consider the influence of tunnel width and the structure will be further optimized.



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*Source: 1894073-2019-06-12.xml*