# Field Experimental Study on the Broken Rock Zone of Surrounding Rock and the Rock Borehole Shear Tests of the Large Deformation Tunnel

Authors: Guansheng Han; Bo Meng; Hongwen Jing; Jiangyu Wu
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2019)

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## Abstract

A large deformation tunnel in LIXIANG railway, named Zhongyi tunnel is located in Southwest of China, was taken for the engineering background. The field experiments of the broken rock zone and the borehole shear test were conducted. The results show that the range of the broken rock zone of the test sections is 4.20∼4.45 meters. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test sections are 221.4∼224 kPa and 14.25∼15.14°, respectively. The test results are in good agreement with the status of the surrounding rock. The surrounding rock is mainly composed of shale, which is badly broken, and the integrity and the stability are poor. In this study, the reasons for the deformation and instability of the tunnel are analyzed combined with the in situ tests and the site condition, and the suggestions for the tunnel support are put forward. This study is of great significance to ensure the safety of the constructors and can improve the service years of the tunnel. In addition, it can provide reference for the same type of the tunnel construction.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The large deformation of the tunnel not only seriously affects the construction progress and the construction cost of the tunnel but also poses a great threat to the safety of the constructors. Therefore, the large deformation of the tunnel has been a difficult problem that plagues the construction of underground engineering [1–5]. In order to solve this key problem, it is very important to carry out field experiments in large distortion tunnels [6].Many previous researchers have provided qualitative descriptions in terms of a large deformation tunnel. Tjongkie proposed that the mechanism of convergence deformation of surrounding rock should include five aspects: plastic wedge, flow deformation, swelling, dilatation, and deflection of surrounding rock [7]. Anagnostou proposed that large deformation mainly depends on rock strength and overburden thickness [8]. In principle, it can occur in any type of rock mass. Singh et al. pointed out that large deformation occurs on the premise of weak surrounding rock combined with high in situ stress [9]. Jiang et al. proposed a theoretical method for predicting the development of a plastic zone and loosening pressure in soft rock tunnels and discussed the influence of the mechanical properties of soft rock on loosening pressure [10]. Theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring were employed to investigate the surrounding rock stress and displacement state in the Dongsong hydropower station by Zhang et al [11]. Through the theoretical study of the surrounding rock stress field and analysis of the space-time effect of numerical simulation and real-time feedback of field monitoring, the whole process of excavation and support of a large deformation tunnel in soft rock was studied. Relevant works also include the research performed by Yassaghi and Salari-Rad [12], Bizjak and Petkovšek [13], and Janda et al [14]. However, the above studies rarely involve the broken rock zone test and the rock borehole shear tests of large deformation tunnels. This paper takes a large deformation tunnel as background, and the field experiments of the broken rock zone and the borehole shear test were conducted.LIXIANG railway is located in the southwest of Yunnan Province (China), starting from Lijiang station, crossing Jinsha River and then passing Xiaozhongdian to the final destination Shangri-La. The total length is 139.686 kilometers (Figure1).Figure 1
Lijiang to Shangri-La railway.There are 20 new tunnels with a total length of 92.554 kilometers to be built, which are accounting for 66.3% of the total length of the line. The Zhongyi tunnel is one of the 20 tunnels, which is the longest tunnel with a length of 14.745 kilometers. Therefore, the Zhongyi tunnel is also the most difficult tunnel for construction. What is more, a large deformation occurs during the excavation of the Zhongyi tunnel (Figure2), and the large distortion section is located in the western piedmont fault of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. The integrity and stability of the surrounding rock in the test section are poor, and the grade of surrounding rock is grade V. The groundwater is developed, and there is a fissure water outflow at the top heading of a tunnel face. This paper mainly provides suggestions for the support scheme of the large distortion tunnel through field experiments of the broken rock zone and borehole shear test.Figure 2
The large distortion section.


## 2. Broken Rock Zone Tests

It has widely been recognized by industry insiders since the surrounding rock support theory based on broken rock zone has been put forward [15], and the broken rock zone is widely used in underground tunnel excavation projects such as coal mine roadway [16], railway tunnel [17], and highway tunnel [18]. The method for broken rock zone tests has been progressing. Song et al. [19] proposed a new measuring method for broken rock zone tests by using ground-penetrating radar. And a panoramic borehole camera technology and digital image processing method were developed by constructing a system composed of hardware and software [20]. In this study, the ground-penetrating radar was adopted as the method for determining the broken rock zone.


### 2.1. Measuring Principle and Equipment

The propagation velocity of sound waves in rock will be reduced by the development of fracture, the decrease in density, and the increase in acoustic impedance. Therefore, for the same type of rock mass, we can judge the extent of the damage of the surrounding rock through the wave velocity. By measuring the wave velocity of rock mass at different depths, the curve of the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the hole is drawn. Then, the thickness of the broken rock zone can be determined according to the attenuation range of wave velocity in the above curve. The RSM-SY6 acoustic wave tester is selected as the test equipment in this chapter, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
The RSM-SY6 acoustic wave tester.


### 2.2. Arrangement of Measuring Points

According to the test plan, the broken rock zone tests are carried out on two sections of ZHONGYI tunnel: distance kilometer (DK) 41 + 990 and DK42 + 000, respectively.A total of four test points, which are A, B, C, and D, respectively, are considered. The test point A is arranged in the left side of the section DK41 + 990, the test point B is arranged in the right side of the section DK41 + 990, the test point C is arranged in the left side of the section DK42 + 000, and the test point D is arranged in the right side of the section DK42 + 000. Each of the test point is arranged with a pair of measuring holes. The measuring holes are downward sloping 3∼5° to ensure the hole can be filled with clear water; the diameter is 5.5 cm, and the depth is 10 m (Figure4(a)). The relative distance of a pair of measuring holes is 80 cm and parallel to each other. The PVC tube with a diameter of 5 cm is placed in the hole to prevent the rock wall from collapsing. In addition, the clear water is filled in the hole to ensure a good result of ultrasonic coupling during the test. The drill holes in the section DK41 + 990 are arranged as shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c).Figure 4
Arrangement of measuring points of the broken rock zone test.
(a)
(b)
(c)


### 2.3. Results of the Broken Rock Zone Tests

#### 2.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A.The wave velocity fluctuates greatly for the drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m, which indicates that there are some complex cracks in the surrounding rock, and the average wave velocity is 2.05 km/s. The wave velocity has risen by leaps and bounds for the drill hole depth 4.1 m, which shows the depth reaches 4.1 m that is called a demarcation point and the surrounding rock formed a collapsed arch here. The wave velocity maintains a stable state for the drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m, and the average wave velocity is 2.84 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m is 38.5% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point A is at 4.1 m.The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B is shown in Figure6. The variation of the wave velocity for test point B with the drill hole depth is similar to that for A. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m, the curve is defined as undulating sections, and the average wave velocity is 2.21 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.3 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.86 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m is 29.4% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point B is at 4.3 m.Figure 6
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B.


#### 2.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figure7 presents the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drill hole depth of the test point C. When drill hole depth is 1∼4.3 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.10 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.4 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. When the drilling depth is 4.5∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.90 km/s. The average wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.5∼10 m is 38.1% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.3 m. The above conclusions show that the broken rock zone of the test point C is at 4.4 m.Figure 7
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point C.Figure8 displays the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.22 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.5 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.91 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m is 31.1% larger than that of the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point D is at 4.5 m.Figure 8
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D.


#### 2.3.3. Summary of the Results for Broken Rock Zone Tests

The results of the 4 test points A∼D are shown in Table1. The average value of the broken rock zone obtained on both sides of a certain section was taken as the final result of the certain section. The broken rock zones are 4.2 m and 4.45 m for the sections DK41 + 990 and DK42 + 000, respectively.Table 1
The results of broken rock zone tests.
DK (distance kilometer)
Number of measuring points
Broken rock zone (meter)
Average (meter)
41 + 990
A
4.10
4.20
B
4.30
42 + 000
C
4.40
4.45
D
4.50The strength of surrounding rock is the main factor that can determine the stability of the tunnel. After the tunnel excavation, the stress redistribution causes large deformation and damage in surrounding rock, which forms a broken rock zone. The broken rock zone continues to expand with a certain range in the absence of support or support unreasonable. Eventually, it leads to a large deformation in the underground engineering.


## 2.1. Measuring Principle and Equipment

The propagation velocity of sound waves in rock will be reduced by the development of fracture, the decrease in density, and the increase in acoustic impedance. Therefore, for the same type of rock mass, we can judge the extent of the damage of the surrounding rock through the wave velocity. By measuring the wave velocity of rock mass at different depths, the curve of the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the hole is drawn. Then, the thickness of the broken rock zone can be determined according to the attenuation range of wave velocity in the above curve. The RSM-SY6 acoustic wave tester is selected as the test equipment in this chapter, as shown in Figure3.Figure 3
The RSM-SY6 acoustic wave tester.


## 2.2. Arrangement of Measuring Points

According to the test plan, the broken rock zone tests are carried out on two sections of ZHONGYI tunnel: distance kilometer (DK) 41 + 990 and DK42 + 000, respectively.A total of four test points, which are A, B, C, and D, respectively, are considered. The test point A is arranged in the left side of the section DK41 + 990, the test point B is arranged in the right side of the section DK41 + 990, the test point C is arranged in the left side of the section DK42 + 000, and the test point D is arranged in the right side of the section DK42 + 000. Each of the test point is arranged with a pair of measuring holes. The measuring holes are downward sloping 3∼5° to ensure the hole can be filled with clear water; the diameter is 5.5 cm, and the depth is 10 m (Figure4(a)). The relative distance of a pair of measuring holes is 80 cm and parallel to each other. The PVC tube with a diameter of 5 cm is placed in the hole to prevent the rock wall from collapsing. In addition, the clear water is filled in the hole to ensure a good result of ultrasonic coupling during the test. The drill holes in the section DK41 + 990 are arranged as shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c).Figure 4
Arrangement of measuring points of the broken rock zone test.
(a)
(b)
(c)


## 2.3. Results of the Broken Rock Zone Tests

### 2.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A.The wave velocity fluctuates greatly for the drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m, which indicates that there are some complex cracks in the surrounding rock, and the average wave velocity is 2.05 km/s. The wave velocity has risen by leaps and bounds for the drill hole depth 4.1 m, which shows the depth reaches 4.1 m that is called a demarcation point and the surrounding rock formed a collapsed arch here. The wave velocity maintains a stable state for the drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m, and the average wave velocity is 2.84 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m is 38.5% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point A is at 4.1 m.The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B is shown in Figure6. The variation of the wave velocity for test point B with the drill hole depth is similar to that for A. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m, the curve is defined as undulating sections, and the average wave velocity is 2.21 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.3 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.86 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m is 29.4% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point B is at 4.3 m.Figure 6
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B.


### 2.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figure7 presents the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drill hole depth of the test point C. When drill hole depth is 1∼4.3 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.10 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.4 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. When the drilling depth is 4.5∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.90 km/s. The average wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.5∼10 m is 38.1% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.3 m. The above conclusions show that the broken rock zone of the test point C is at 4.4 m.Figure 7
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point C.Figure8 displays the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.22 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.5 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.91 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m is 31.1% larger than that of the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point D is at 4.5 m.Figure 8
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D.


### 2.3.3. Summary of the Results for Broken Rock Zone Tests

The results of the 4 test points A∼D are shown in Table1. The average value of the broken rock zone obtained on both sides of a certain section was taken as the final result of the certain section. The broken rock zones are 4.2 m and 4.45 m for the sections DK41 + 990 and DK42 + 000, respectively.Table 1
The results of broken rock zone tests.
DK (distance kilometer)
Number of measuring points
Broken rock zone (meter)
Average (meter)
41 + 990
A
4.10
4.20
B
4.30
42 + 000
C
4.40
4.45
D
4.50The strength of surrounding rock is the main factor that can determine the stability of the tunnel. After the tunnel excavation, the stress redistribution causes large deformation and damage in surrounding rock, which forms a broken rock zone. The broken rock zone continues to expand with a certain range in the absence of support or support unreasonable. Eventually, it leads to a large deformation in the underground engineering.


## 2.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point A.The wave velocity fluctuates greatly for the drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m, which indicates that there are some complex cracks in the surrounding rock, and the average wave velocity is 2.05 km/s. The wave velocity has risen by leaps and bounds for the drill hole depth 4.1 m, which shows the depth reaches 4.1 m that is called a demarcation point and the surrounding rock formed a collapsed arch here. The wave velocity maintains a stable state for the drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m, and the average wave velocity is 2.84 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.2∼10 m is 38.5% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.0 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point A is at 4.1 m.The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B is shown in Figure6. The variation of the wave velocity for test point B with the drill hole depth is similar to that for A. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m, the curve is defined as undulating sections, and the average wave velocity is 2.21 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.3 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.86 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.4∼10 m is 29.4% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.2 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point B is at 4.3 m.Figure 6
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point B.


## 2.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figure7 presents the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drill hole depth of the test point C. When drill hole depth is 1∼4.3 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.10 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.4 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. When the drilling depth is 4.5∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.90 km/s. The average wave velocity of drill hole depth 4.5∼10 m is 38.1% larger than that of drill hole depth 1∼4.3 m. The above conclusions show that the broken rock zone of the test point C is at 4.4 m.Figure 7
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point C.Figure8 displays the relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D. For the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m, the curve is defined as the undulating section, and the average wave velocity is 2.22 km/s. When the drill hole depth reaches 4.5 m, the wave velocity increases rapidly. For the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m, the curve is defined as the stationary section, and the average wave velocity is 2.91 km/s. The average value of the wave velocity of the drill hole depth 4.6∼10 m is 31.1% larger than that of the drill hole depth 1∼4.4 m. The above conclusion shows the broken rock zone of the test point D is at 4.5 m.Figure 8
The relationship between the wave velocity and the depth of the drilling hole of the test point D.


## 2.3.3. Summary of the Results for Broken Rock Zone Tests

The results of the 4 test points A∼D are shown in Table1. The average value of the broken rock zone obtained on both sides of a certain section was taken as the final result of the certain section. The broken rock zones are 4.2 m and 4.45 m for the sections DK41 + 990 and DK42 + 000, respectively.Table 1
The results of broken rock zone tests.
DK (distance kilometer)
Number of measuring points
Broken rock zone (meter)
Average (meter)
41 + 990
A
4.10
4.20
B
4.30
42 + 000
C
4.40
4.45
D
4.50The strength of surrounding rock is the main factor that can determine the stability of the tunnel. After the tunnel excavation, the stress redistribution causes large deformation and damage in surrounding rock, which forms a broken rock zone. The broken rock zone continues to expand with a certain range in the absence of support or support unreasonable. Eventually, it leads to a large deformation in the underground engineering.


## 3. Borehole Shear Test

Handy and Fox [21] proposed the concept of the borehole shear test and developed the related experimental equipment. The borehole shear test results do not need empirical formula fitting correction, and it has the advantages of convenient operation, high repeatability, short test time, and so on [22, 23]. The borehole shear test is suitable for clay, sand, and soft rock, and especially suitable for the area where the rock mass is broken; the drill core is difficult to be taken [24]. In the past 40 years, the research on borehole shear tests is not uncommon. The borehole shear tests have been applied to in situ testing of shear stress of friable loess [25], stiff soil [26], unsaturated soil [27], marine clay [28], and residual soil [29].


### 3.1. Measuring Principle and Equipment

On the basis of summing up the testing methods for engineering mechanical properties of rock mass for many years, Handy and Fox [21] developed a rock borehole shear test apparatus, as shown in Figure 9. The rock borehole shear test apparatus can apply the normal stress up to 80 MPa and the shear stress up to 50 MPa to the hole wall. The specific operation processes are as follows: determining the shear stress of surrounding rock under different normal stresses by the borehole shear test apparatus firstly, and then, obtaining the cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the surrounding rock according to the Coulomb criterion.Figure 9
Rock borehole shear test apparatus: (a) direct shear apparatus; (b) lifting jack.
(a)
(b)


### 3.2. Arrangement of Measuring Points

The borehole shear tests include four test points. The test points #1 and #2 are arranged in the tunnel face of the section DK41 + 990 (Figure10(a)), and the test points #3 and #4 are arranged in the tunnel face of the section DK42 + 000. In addition, the measuring holes are upward sloping 3∼5° to keep the holes dry and clean. The hole diameter is 80 mm (Figure 10(b)), and the hole depth is 5 m.Figure 10
Arrangement of measuring points of the borehole shear test.
(a)
(b)


### 3.3. Results of the Borehole Shear Tests

#### 3.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the shear stress and normal stress of the test point #1 and test point #2 is shown in Figures11 and 12, respectively, and the specific parameters are shown in Table 2. From Figures 11 and 12, it can be seen that the shear stresses of test points #1∼2 linearly increase with the increase in the normal stress. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #1 and #2 are as follows:(1)τ1=0.2689σ1+0.2326,τ2=0.2571σ2+0.2105,where τ(1), and σ(1) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #1 and τ(2) and σ(2) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #2. According to the Coulomb criterion (equation (2)), the cohesive force of the test point #1 is 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 15.05°. The cohesive force of the test point #2 is 210.5 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 14.42°:(2)τn=C−σntanφ,where τn and σn are the shear stress and normal stress and C and φ are the cohesive force and internal friction angle, respectively.Figure 11
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #1.Figure 12
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #2.Table 2
The results of borehole shear tests.
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Notes
#1
0.5
0.35
#2
0.5
0.3
DK41 + 990
2.5
0.9
0.8
0.45
3.7
1.3
1.4
0.6
4.9
1.5
2
0.7
Cohesion force
232.6 kPa
Cohesion force
210.5 kPa
Inner friction angle
15.05°
Inner friction angle
14.42°
#3
0.5
0.3
#4
0.6
0.35
DK42 + 000
1.1
0.6
1
0.5
1.8
0.7
2
0.7
2.5
0.85
2.8
0.9
Cohesion force
231 kPa
Cohesion force
228.7 kPa
Inner friction angle
14.5°
Inner friction angle
13.5°


#### 3.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figures13 and 14 display the relationships between the shear stress and normal stress for test points #3 and #4. The shear stresses increase with the increase of normal stresses for test points #3 and #4, which are similar to #1∼2. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #3 and #4 are as follows:(3)τ3=0.2586σ3+0.231,τ4=0.2399σ4+0.2287,where τ(3) and σ(3) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #3 and τ(4) and σ(4) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #4. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #3 are 231 kPa and 14.5°, respectively. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #4 are 228.7 kPa and 13.5°, respectively.Figure 13
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #3.Figure 14
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #4.


#### 3.3.3. Summary of Test Results for Borehole Shear Tests

The results of the borehole shear test show that the cohesive force of the two sections that have been tested is between 210.5 kPa and 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is between 13.5° and 15.05°. However, the cohesive force of the hard rock is more than 10 MPa, and the internal friction angle is more than 30° [30]. In other words, the surrounding rock of the test section is seriously damaged, and its mechanical properties are similar to those of soils.In addition, all the four data at a test point are obtained at a depth of 5 meters. The head of the rock borehole shear test apparatus is rotated 90° after each shear, so the same depth is sheared by four times.It is very urgent to improve the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock in the case of poor rock conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to grout before excavation, and the range of grouting should be larger than that of the broken rock zone.


## 3.1. Measuring Principle and Equipment

On the basis of summing up the testing methods for engineering mechanical properties of rock mass for many years, Handy and Fox [21] developed a rock borehole shear test apparatus, as shown in Figure 9. The rock borehole shear test apparatus can apply the normal stress up to 80 MPa and the shear stress up to 50 MPa to the hole wall. The specific operation processes are as follows: determining the shear stress of surrounding rock under different normal stresses by the borehole shear test apparatus firstly, and then, obtaining the cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the surrounding rock according to the Coulomb criterion.Figure 9
Rock borehole shear test apparatus: (a) direct shear apparatus; (b) lifting jack.
(a)
(b)


## 3.2. Arrangement of Measuring Points

The borehole shear tests include four test points. The test points #1 and #2 are arranged in the tunnel face of the section DK41 + 990 (Figure10(a)), and the test points #3 and #4 are arranged in the tunnel face of the section DK42 + 000. In addition, the measuring holes are upward sloping 3∼5° to keep the holes dry and clean. The hole diameter is 80 mm (Figure 10(b)), and the hole depth is 5 m.Figure 10
Arrangement of measuring points of the borehole shear test.
(a)
(b)


## 3.3. Results of the Borehole Shear Tests

### 3.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the shear stress and normal stress of the test point #1 and test point #2 is shown in Figures11 and 12, respectively, and the specific parameters are shown in Table 2. From Figures 11 and 12, it can be seen that the shear stresses of test points #1∼2 linearly increase with the increase in the normal stress. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #1 and #2 are as follows:(1)τ1=0.2689σ1+0.2326,τ2=0.2571σ2+0.2105,where τ(1), and σ(1) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #1 and τ(2) and σ(2) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #2. According to the Coulomb criterion (equation (2)), the cohesive force of the test point #1 is 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 15.05°. The cohesive force of the test point #2 is 210.5 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 14.42°:(2)τn=C−σntanφ,where τn and σn are the shear stress and normal stress and C and φ are the cohesive force and internal friction angle, respectively.Figure 11
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #1.Figure 12
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #2.Table 2
The results of borehole shear tests.
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Notes
#1
0.5
0.35
#2
0.5
0.3
DK41 + 990
2.5
0.9
0.8
0.45
3.7
1.3
1.4
0.6
4.9
1.5
2
0.7
Cohesion force
232.6 kPa
Cohesion force
210.5 kPa
Inner friction angle
15.05°
Inner friction angle
14.42°
#3
0.5
0.3
#4
0.6
0.35
DK42 + 000
1.1
0.6
1
0.5
1.8
0.7
2
0.7
2.5
0.85
2.8
0.9
Cohesion force
231 kPa
Cohesion force
228.7 kPa
Inner friction angle
14.5°
Inner friction angle
13.5°


### 3.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figures13 and 14 display the relationships between the shear stress and normal stress for test points #3 and #4. The shear stresses increase with the increase of normal stresses for test points #3 and #4, which are similar to #1∼2. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #3 and #4 are as follows:(3)τ3=0.2586σ3+0.231,τ4=0.2399σ4+0.2287,where τ(3) and σ(3) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #3 and τ(4) and σ(4) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #4. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #3 are 231 kPa and 14.5°, respectively. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #4 are 228.7 kPa and 13.5°, respectively.Figure 13
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #3.Figure 14
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #4.


### 3.3.3. Summary of Test Results for Borehole Shear Tests

The results of the borehole shear test show that the cohesive force of the two sections that have been tested is between 210.5 kPa and 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is between 13.5° and 15.05°. However, the cohesive force of the hard rock is more than 10 MPa, and the internal friction angle is more than 30° [30]. In other words, the surrounding rock of the test section is seriously damaged, and its mechanical properties are similar to those of soils.In addition, all the four data at a test point are obtained at a depth of 5 meters. The head of the rock borehole shear test apparatus is rotated 90° after each shear, so the same depth is sheared by four times.It is very urgent to improve the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock in the case of poor rock conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to grout before excavation, and the range of grouting should be larger than that of the broken rock zone.


## 3.3.1. Section of DK41 + 990

The relationship between the shear stress and normal stress of the test point #1 and test point #2 is shown in Figures11 and 12, respectively, and the specific parameters are shown in Table 2. From Figures 11 and 12, it can be seen that the shear stresses of test points #1∼2 linearly increase with the increase in the normal stress. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #1 and #2 are as follows:(1)τ1=0.2689σ1+0.2326,τ2=0.2571σ2+0.2105,where τ(1), and σ(1) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #1 and τ(2) and σ(2) are the shear stress and normal stress for test point #2. According to the Coulomb criterion (equation (2)), the cohesive force of the test point #1 is 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 15.05°. The cohesive force of the test point #2 is 210.5 kPa, and the internal friction angle is 14.42°:(2)τn=C−σntanφ,where τn and σn are the shear stress and normal stress and C and φ are the cohesive force and internal friction angle, respectively.Figure 11
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #1.Figure 12
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #2.Table 2
The results of borehole shear tests.
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Number of measuring points
Normal stress (MPa)
Shear stress (MPa)
Notes
#1
0.5
0.35
#2
0.5
0.3
DK41 + 990
2.5
0.9
0.8
0.45
3.7
1.3
1.4
0.6
4.9
1.5
2
0.7
Cohesion force
232.6 kPa
Cohesion force
210.5 kPa
Inner friction angle
15.05°
Inner friction angle
14.42°
#3
0.5
0.3
#4
0.6
0.35
DK42 + 000
1.1
0.6
1
0.5
1.8
0.7
2
0.7
2.5
0.85
2.8
0.9
Cohesion force
231 kPa
Cohesion force
228.7 kPa
Inner friction angle
14.5°
Inner friction angle
13.5°


## 3.3.2. Section of DK42 + 000

Figures13 and 14 display the relationships between the shear stress and normal stress for test points #3 and #4. The shear stresses increase with the increase of normal stresses for test points #3 and #4, which are similar to #1∼2. The best-fitted expressions for the relationship between shear stress and normal stress of test points #3 and #4 are as follows:(3)τ3=0.2586σ3+0.231,τ4=0.2399σ4+0.2287,where τ(3) and σ(3) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #3 and τ(4) and σ(4) are shear stress and normal stress for test point #4. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #3 are 231 kPa and 14.5°, respectively. The cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the test point #4 are 228.7 kPa and 13.5°, respectively.Figure 13
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #3.Figure 14
The relationship between the shear stress and the normal stress of the test point #4.


## 3.3.3. Summary of Test Results for Borehole Shear Tests

The results of the borehole shear test show that the cohesive force of the two sections that have been tested is between 210.5 kPa and 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is between 13.5° and 15.05°. However, the cohesive force of the hard rock is more than 10 MPa, and the internal friction angle is more than 30° [30]. In other words, the surrounding rock of the test section is seriously damaged, and its mechanical properties are similar to those of soils.In addition, all the four data at a test point are obtained at a depth of 5 meters. The head of the rock borehole shear test apparatus is rotated 90° after each shear, so the same depth is sheared by four times.It is very urgent to improve the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock in the case of poor rock conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to grout before excavation, and the range of grouting should be larger than that of the broken rock zone.


## 4. Conclusion and Support Recommendations

In this study, a large deformation tunnel (Zhongyi tunnel) was taken for the engineering background, and the broken rock zone tests and the borehole shear tests were conducted. The relationship between the velocity of the longitudinal wave and the depth of the borehole, the shear stress, and the angle of internal friction of the original rock is analyzed and combined with the in situ tests and the site condition, and the suggestions for the tunnel support are put forward. The following conclusions are drawn:(1)
The broken rock zone of the Zhongyi tunnel is less than 4.5 m, and the surrounding rock is extremely unstable. Therefore, the anchor cable is introduced to the support scheme of the tunnel. The cable size is selected as 22 mm in diameter and 5.5 m in length, and the spacing is set to 3 m.(2)
The cohesive force of the Zhongyi tunnel is less than 232.6 kPa, and the internal friction angle is less than 15.05°. Therefore, it is recommended to grout before excavation, and the range of grouting should be larger than that of the broken rock zone.(3)
The stress field of the surrounding rock changes after the excavation of the tunnel, and some of the arches have been distorted. It is necessary to replace the original support structure in addition to modification of the support scheme and the construction scheme.



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*Source: 1753518-2019-11-23.xml*