# Nanomaterial Antibacterial Technology in the Design of Antibacterial Fabrics for Sports Clothing

Authors: Yuan Feng
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2021)

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## Abstract

In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in sports equipment, and their application in sportswear has also attracted wide attention. This research mainly discusses the application of nanomaterial antibacterial technology in the design of antibacterial fabrics for sports apparel. The method of adding nano-TiO2 to the antibacterial textiles varies with the type of fiber or fabric, and the finishing method also changes accordingly. For chemical fibers, the method of blending spinning is mainly used. By adding nano-antibacterial particles in the spinning solution, the polymer is ejected from the spinneret to make antibacterial fibers. This processing method is characterized by good antibacterial durability. The preparation of antimite finishing agent is mainly the dispersion of nanopowder. The selection of the best dispersant is mainly determined by measuring the change of the volume sedimentation rate of TiO2 after 5 days under different dosage and pH value of each dispersant. Then, the particle size of nano-TiO2 and Ag in different dispersing conditions was tested by TEM, and finally, the best dispersing agent and dispersing process were determined. The optimum of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is as follows: the dispersing agent is TW-80, the amount of anhydrous ethanol in dispersing medium is 5 times that of powder, the amount of dispersing agent is 1.5 times that of powder, the pH value is 7, and the stirring time is not less than 30 min. In the preparation of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent, nanomaterials were used. The weight of nano-TiO2 powder was 20 grams and that of Ag was 20 grams. The dispersion medium (absolute ethanol) was 100 mL of dispersant. The amount of TW-80 was 30 g, the amount of citric acid was 60 g, the emulsion was very stable, and there was only a small amount of precipitation after being static for 5 days. Considering the characteristics of silk knitted fabric, this experiment uses the exhaustion method in the finishing process to finish the silk knitted fabric. After 50 times of washing, the antibacterial rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached 95.13% and 87.44%, respectively. This study provides guidance for the application of nanomaterials in the antibacterial field of sports clothing.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, people began to develop functional products that can inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms or kill bacteria, that is, fibers and textiles that can prevent bacteria and odors. Nanomaterials are widely used. For traditional industries such as textile and light industry, the development of nanomaterials is relatively late, but people’s trust and attention to nanomaterials make more and more new nanoproducts in traditional industries continue to launch. In particular, in businesses and enterprises, to be invincible in the fierce market competition, it is necessary to take two methods: one is to continuously improve the performance and price of old products, and the other is to innovate constantly and develop new products with new features [1].With the improvement of people’s living standards, the pursuit of quality of life tends to be environmentally friendly and healthy, so new antibacterial clothing fabrics are widely used. In this study, nano-Ag/TiO2 inorganic antibacterial powder with both advantages was selected to finish cotton fabric, and a kind of cotton fabric with antibacterial function was studied, which can be not only used as sports clothing fabric, but also widely used as medical substrate. It provides theoretical and experimental basis for the application of the antibacterial powder in the textile field.Yanyan et al. believe that multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials (MCBNs) with unparalleled optical, electronic, and thermal properties have attracted more and more interest and show the greatest promise in the field of biomolecular imaging and therapy. Therefore, carbon-based nanomaterials have a large number of potential applications in the field of biomedicine, such as bioimaging, drug delivery, and tumor treatment. This research only stayed on the theoretical level and did not use experiments for exploration [2]. Sustainable and cost-effective energy production has become the key to meeting current energy needs. Paul et al. believe that inexpensive, scalable, efficient, and reliable catalysts must be developed. This research only presented the description of 3D porous carbon electrode, and the research process is not very clear [3]. Carbon-based nanomaterials have been developed for photothermal cancer treatment, but it is still a huge challenge to manufacture their multifunctional counterparts with simple methods, good biocompatibility and dispersion, and efficient cancer treatment methods. Li et al. have developed an alternative multifunctional nanoplatform based on carbon silica nanocapsules with gold nanoparticles (Au@CSN) in the cavity for cancer treatment. The encapsulated chemical doxorubicin can be released from Au@CSN with mesoporous and hollow structure by means of near-infrared light and pH stimulation. Although this research is conducive to spatiotemporal therapy to reduce off-target toxicity, the research method is too cumbersome [4]. Nanocapsules with efficient photothermal conversion and excellent biocompatibility realize the synergistic effect of photothermal and chemotherapy. Exercise under hypoxic conditions represents the extra stress associated with normoxic exercise. Santos et al. believe that hypoxia can induce oxidative stress inflammation, which may be exacerbated after exercise. In addition, vitamin E supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation caused by hypoxia during exercise. They evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation (250 mg) on inflammatory parameters and cell damage after hypoxic exercise at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. Nine volunteers were supplemented with vitamin E 1 hour before exercise, and performed three 60-minute exercises (with maximum oxygen uptake being 70%) under normoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia + vitamin, interspersed for 1 week. Blood was collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour after exercise to measure inflammatory parameters and cell damage. This research only judged the influence of oxygen content on physical health and did not analyze the exercise time in detail [5].Other research mainly discusses the application of nanomaterial antibacterial technology in sports apparel [6]. The preparation of antimite finishing agent is mainly the dispersion of nanopowder. Then, the particle sizes of nano-TiO2 and Ag of the determined optimal dispersant under different dispersing process conditions were tested by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the best dispersant and dispersion process were finally determined. The best process of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is as follows: the dispersant is TW-80, the amount of dispersion medium containing anhydrous ethanol is 5 times the amount of powder, the amount of dispersant is 1.5 times the amount of powder, the PH value is 7, and the mixing time is not less than 30 min. The preparation of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent adopts the method of nanomaterial compounding: 20 grams of nano-TiO2 powder, 20 grams of Ag, 100 mL of dispersion medium (absolute ethanol), 30 g of dispersant TW-80, and 60 g of citric acid. The prepared emulsion is very stable after standing for 5 days with only a small amount of precipitation. Considering the characteristics of silk knitted fabrics, in this experiment, the exhaustion method is used in the finishing process to finish the silk knitted fabrics.


## 2. Nanomaterial Antibacterial Effects

### 2.1. Nanomaterials

The full dispersion of nanoparticles is the key and difficult point of the research, which directly gives full play to the antibacterial and antimite effects of nanoparticles. This is the problem to be solved in this experiment [7]. In practical application, there are many factors that affect the full dispersion of nanoparticles, such as mixing method, mixing time, and dispersion medium, as well as the influence of temperature and humidity of the test environment and human factors, so it is key in the preparation of antimite finishing agent to determine the best dispersion process by a large number of repeated experiments [8, 9]. The pore size of nanomaterials is expressed as follows:(1)Egos−Egref=ΔEg≈h2π22R2×1μ−1.8e2εR.Among them,Egref represents the initial potential energy of the nanoparticle, R is the longest radius, and μ is the corresponding particle size coefficient. The surface coefficient of nanoparticles will change correspondingly during the preparation process [10].(2)cτ=τ0+αgbρ1/2=τ0+αgbρp−N,τ=Gb2πL1−v1−v23−4cos2ϕlnLη−1+V2.Among them,cτ is the surface coefficient, and τ0 is the value of the initial strain force. After that, other forms of micromechanical peeling were obtained. This improves the quality and quantity of multifunctional nanomaterials prepared by micromechanical peeling to various degrees in terms of the number of control layers or the improvement of the edge structure [11, 12]. An organic film can be formed by adding a corresponding physical coating on the surface of the nanoparticles. The organic film sensitivity value is expressed as follows:(3)m=3kBTaGb3lnVb3−1.63−1+ρV.Among them,m represents the event sensitivity coefficient, and kB is the correlation value of the sensitivity coefficient. Due to the small diameter of the nanoparticle, the surface area increases sharply, the surface energy is higher, and the number of surface atoms is far more than that of non-nanomaterials of the same mass. The activity of nanomaterials is expressed as follows [13]:(4)V%=Asample−AblankApositivecontrol−Ablank×100%.Among them,Asample is the quality of the sample, and Ablank is the quality of the blank control. Nanomaterial carriers can improve the transparency of biological cell membranes and the compatibility of compounds [14, 15].(5)EE%=Csample×VMdrug×100%+Csample×Vmin,DL%=Csample×VCsample×V+Mmicelle×100%.Here,Csample is the DOX concentration measured with the nanoparticles loaded with drugs and the osmotic pressure value of EE% nanoparticles [16].


### 2.2. Nano-Antibacterial Effects

The antimite and antibacterial research of nanotextiles is still in the further improvement stage. The particle sizes of nanomaterials on cotton knitted garments are all greater than 150 nanometers, beyond the basic requirement of nanomaterials that the particle size should be less than 100 nanometers in order to give full play to the characteristics of nanomaterials, so the antibacterial ability is low, with no resistance to washing, mainly because of the nanomaterials. They are not organically combined with the cotton fiber raw materials in knitted garments, so the washing resistance is low, and they can only be washed less than 10 times, which has no practical value [17, 18]. Therefore, the research and development of practical nano-mite-proof and antibacterial cotton knitted garments have become an urgent matter, which has greater practical significance and wider market application prospects. At the same time, it is also the focus of this research to ensure that the finished clothing has excellent antimite and antibacterial properties. The washing fastness of the nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is also the focus of this research. The mixture is used to ensure the washing fastness of antimite and antibacterial clothing with no changes in its various properties (such as air permeability, skin affinity, strength, feel, and color). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (http://alturl.com/uc3j5 and http://alturl.com/fmpiu).The amount of information transmitted by nanomaterials to signals isKL [19]; namely,(6)KL=−log2PLi.Then, the information entropy is [20](7)HL=−∑i=1nPLilog2PLi.The research and development of functional textile products with antibacterial properties, while maintaining the good feel and wearability of the fabric itself, not only are a requirement for technology, but also conform to the needs of contemporary people for the health function of textile products. While preventing diseases, this is consistent with people’s promotion of healthy and relaxed lifestyles. In addition, there is a signal exchange between informationX and Y; then [21],(8)RXY=−∑i=1n∑j=1mMXiYjlog2NXiYj,RPtj=1n∑i=1nTPtj−HPitj2.Among them,tj is the time of the current processing period, and n is the total number of items remaining after the previous processing. Polyethylene (lactic acid) is copolymerized with mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials [22]. The organic film sensitivity value is expressed as follows:(9)V=kBTAGB3lnVB3−2−1+ρV.Among them,V represents the sensitivity coefficient. In the study of conduction rate, resistance is a frequently considered issue [23, 24].(10)Zin=μrεr3tanh−j2πc+μrεrfd∑i=1nM.When the correlation coefficientZin of resistance is constant, the size of the conductivity depends on the radius of a single molecule. In the use of related nanomaterials, it is usually necessary to consider the quality of its energy absorption RLdB [25].(11)RLdB=−20log10Zin−1Zin+1∑i=1nMZ1Z2.Information processing is carried out in sections, and each section needs to be refined. The absorption of energy can indirectly show the performance of related materials. After the preparation of nanomaterials, the concept of corresponding coefficients needs to be introduced at this time [26].(12)Qg=ΔPPa−ΔP+∑i=1NZM−ZNZ2−Z1.Keep the conduction rateQg unchanged, and when the change value of the air pressure increases, the sensitivity performance of the nanomaterials will increase accordingly. The mechanical properties of nanomaterials largely depend on the length of the diameter [27].(13)εNH=ANHDΩσKTd2ZM−ZN∑i=1nD2−D1XM+XN,εc0=DGbΩδσKTd3∑i=1nZM−ZNX2−X1.When the conductivity is constant, the change between the maximum valueεNH and the minimum value εc0 of the diameter has the most obvious effect on the stress change of the nanomaterials [28, 29].(14)MkT=∑i=1NukT×δT−τ1×pkT×gkiT×M.In information transmission, signal transmission usually requires a certain process, and the transmission cycleT will also be affected by related factors [30].(15)Wpt=∑k=1MWkt×lkt=∑k=1M∑i=1Mδt−tkitk+ki.The potential energy of repulsion when the attached layer is compressed is(16)URe=NSKTθ∞1−hl,where Ns represents the number of molecules adsorbed per unit area; θ∞ represents the extent to which the surface is covered by molecules when H=∞; and H represents the distance between the two surfaces close to each other [31, 32].


## 2.1. Nanomaterials

The full dispersion of nanoparticles is the key and difficult point of the research, which directly gives full play to the antibacterial and antimite effects of nanoparticles. This is the problem to be solved in this experiment [7]. In practical application, there are many factors that affect the full dispersion of nanoparticles, such as mixing method, mixing time, and dispersion medium, as well as the influence of temperature and humidity of the test environment and human factors, so it is key in the preparation of antimite finishing agent to determine the best dispersion process by a large number of repeated experiments [8, 9]. The pore size of nanomaterials is expressed as follows:(1)Egos−Egref=ΔEg≈h2π22R2×1μ−1.8e2εR.Among them,Egref represents the initial potential energy of the nanoparticle, R is the longest radius, and μ is the corresponding particle size coefficient. The surface coefficient of nanoparticles will change correspondingly during the preparation process [10].(2)cτ=τ0+αgbρ1/2=τ0+αgbρp−N,τ=Gb2πL1−v1−v23−4cos2ϕlnLη−1+V2.Among them,cτ is the surface coefficient, and τ0 is the value of the initial strain force. After that, other forms of micromechanical peeling were obtained. This improves the quality and quantity of multifunctional nanomaterials prepared by micromechanical peeling to various degrees in terms of the number of control layers or the improvement of the edge structure [11, 12]. An organic film can be formed by adding a corresponding physical coating on the surface of the nanoparticles. The organic film sensitivity value is expressed as follows:(3)m=3kBTaGb3lnVb3−1.63−1+ρV.Among them,m represents the event sensitivity coefficient, and kB is the correlation value of the sensitivity coefficient. Due to the small diameter of the nanoparticle, the surface area increases sharply, the surface energy is higher, and the number of surface atoms is far more than that of non-nanomaterials of the same mass. The activity of nanomaterials is expressed as follows [13]:(4)V%=Asample−AblankApositivecontrol−Ablank×100%.Among them,Asample is the quality of the sample, and Ablank is the quality of the blank control. Nanomaterial carriers can improve the transparency of biological cell membranes and the compatibility of compounds [14, 15].(5)EE%=Csample×VMdrug×100%+Csample×Vmin,DL%=Csample×VCsample×V+Mmicelle×100%.Here,Csample is the DOX concentration measured with the nanoparticles loaded with drugs and the osmotic pressure value of EE% nanoparticles [16].


## 2.2. Nano-Antibacterial Effects

The antimite and antibacterial research of nanotextiles is still in the further improvement stage. The particle sizes of nanomaterials on cotton knitted garments are all greater than 150 nanometers, beyond the basic requirement of nanomaterials that the particle size should be less than 100 nanometers in order to give full play to the characteristics of nanomaterials, so the antibacterial ability is low, with no resistance to washing, mainly because of the nanomaterials. They are not organically combined with the cotton fiber raw materials in knitted garments, so the washing resistance is low, and they can only be washed less than 10 times, which has no practical value [17, 18]. Therefore, the research and development of practical nano-mite-proof and antibacterial cotton knitted garments have become an urgent matter, which has greater practical significance and wider market application prospects. At the same time, it is also the focus of this research to ensure that the finished clothing has excellent antimite and antibacterial properties. The washing fastness of the nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is also the focus of this research. The mixture is used to ensure the washing fastness of antimite and antibacterial clothing with no changes in its various properties (such as air permeability, skin affinity, strength, feel, and color). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (http://alturl.com/uc3j5 and http://alturl.com/fmpiu).The amount of information transmitted by nanomaterials to signals isKL [19]; namely,(6)KL=−log2PLi.Then, the information entropy is [20](7)HL=−∑i=1nPLilog2PLi.The research and development of functional textile products with antibacterial properties, while maintaining the good feel and wearability of the fabric itself, not only are a requirement for technology, but also conform to the needs of contemporary people for the health function of textile products. While preventing diseases, this is consistent with people’s promotion of healthy and relaxed lifestyles. In addition, there is a signal exchange between informationX and Y; then [21],(8)RXY=−∑i=1n∑j=1mMXiYjlog2NXiYj,RPtj=1n∑i=1nTPtj−HPitj2.Among them,tj is the time of the current processing period, and n is the total number of items remaining after the previous processing. Polyethylene (lactic acid) is copolymerized with mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials [22]. The organic film sensitivity value is expressed as follows:(9)V=kBTAGB3lnVB3−2−1+ρV.Among them,V represents the sensitivity coefficient. In the study of conduction rate, resistance is a frequently considered issue [23, 24].(10)Zin=μrεr3tanh−j2πc+μrεrfd∑i=1nM.When the correlation coefficientZin of resistance is constant, the size of the conductivity depends on the radius of a single molecule. In the use of related nanomaterials, it is usually necessary to consider the quality of its energy absorption RLdB [25].(11)RLdB=−20log10Zin−1Zin+1∑i=1nMZ1Z2.Information processing is carried out in sections, and each section needs to be refined. The absorption of energy can indirectly show the performance of related materials. After the preparation of nanomaterials, the concept of corresponding coefficients needs to be introduced at this time [26].(12)Qg=ΔPPa−ΔP+∑i=1NZM−ZNZ2−Z1.Keep the conduction rateQg unchanged, and when the change value of the air pressure increases, the sensitivity performance of the nanomaterials will increase accordingly. The mechanical properties of nanomaterials largely depend on the length of the diameter [27].(13)εNH=ANHDΩσKTd2ZM−ZN∑i=1nD2−D1XM+XN,εc0=DGbΩδσKTd3∑i=1nZM−ZNX2−X1.When the conductivity is constant, the change between the maximum valueεNH and the minimum value εc0 of the diameter has the most obvious effect on the stress change of the nanomaterials [28, 29].(14)MkT=∑i=1NukT×δT−τ1×pkT×gkiT×M.In information transmission, signal transmission usually requires a certain process, and the transmission cycleT will also be affected by related factors [30].(15)Wpt=∑k=1MWkt×lkt=∑k=1M∑i=1Mδt−tkitk+ki.The potential energy of repulsion when the attached layer is compressed is(16)URe=NSKTθ∞1−hl,where Ns represents the number of molecules adsorbed per unit area; θ∞ represents the extent to which the surface is covered by molecules when H=∞; and H represents the distance between the two surfaces close to each other [31, 32].


## 3. Nano-Antibacterial Sportswear Experiment

### 3.1. Preparation of Nano-Antimite Finishing Agent

The preparation of antimite finishing agent is mainly the dispersion of nanopowders. The full dispersion of nanoparticles is related to factors such as pH value, dispersant dosage, stirring method, and dispersion medium, so in the dispersion experiment, mainly start from the above aspects. To solve the dispersion problem, the experiment is mainly divided into two parts: the first is the choice of dispersant. This is because there are many types of dispersants, and an optimal dispersant that can fully disperse the nanopowder must be selected. The second is determining the best dispersant. Dispersant experiments were carried out to get the best dispersion process.


#### 3.1.1. Design Ideas

The following design ideas were considered: retrieval of related literature ⟶ design experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ best experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ several dispersants with relatively good dispersion effect ⟶ experiment ⟶ best dispersant and dispersion medium ⟶ experiment ⟶ determining the best dispersion process.Table 1
Main reagent information.
Drug nameAnalytically pureFactoryCitric acidAnalytically pureBengbu Chemical Reagent FactorySDSChemically pureHedong District Hongyan Chemical Reagent FactorySDBS—Yifa Chemical Reagent FactorySD-03Chemically pureA chemical research institutePEGChemically pureKemeou Chemical Reagent Development CenterTW-80Chemically pureZonghengxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Chemical Reagent CompanyOPAnalytically pureYifa Chemical Reagent FactoryAbsolute ethanolAnalytically pureChemical reagent factoryEthylene glycolAnalytically pureZongheng Xinggong Chemical Reagent Company


#### 3.1.2. Experimental Instruments and Reagents

The following experimental instruments and reagents were used:BME100LX high-shear mixing emulsifier (Shanghai Weiyu Electromechanical Manufacturing Co., Ltd.).TEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (School of Materials Science) (the main reagent information is shown in Table1).Nano-TiO2 (particles of 50–80 nm) (Jiangsu Changtai Nanometer Material Co., Ltd.).Nano-Ag (particle size of 20 nm) (Beijing Saiterui Nano Co., Ltd.).The selection of the above dispersants is based on the dispersion theory and initial preliminary experiments. Among the above several dispersants, citric acid, SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 are ionic dispersants, mainly based on the electric double layer theory for nanometer. The particles are dispersed. PEG, TW-80, and OP are nonionic dispersants, which are mainly based on the theory of steric stability to disperse nanoparticles.Experimental steps are as follows: weigh Ag and TiO2 ⟶ add water ⟶ stir ⟶ add dispersant ⟶ stir ⟶ adjust PH value ⟶ stir ⟶ stand still ⟶ observe the dispersion effect.


### 3.2. Best Dispersant and Dispersion Process Selection

The choice of the best dispersant is mainly determined by measuring the change in the volume sedimentation rate of TiO2 after 5 days of standing for each dispersant under different dosage and pH conditions. Then, the determined optimal dispersant and the nanometer TiO2 and Ag particle size under different dispersing process conditions were tested by TEM, and the best dispersant and dispersion process were finally determined.


#### 3.2.1. Selection of Ionic Dispersant

Disperse SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 ionic dispersants according to the process in Table1, then put them in a graduated cylinder under the same conditions, let them stand for 5 days, and then calculate the sedimentation rate relative to the entire system. The smallest value corresponds to the dispersant and dispersant dosage.The minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS is 0.045%, the corresponding dispersant dosage is 0.5%, and the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDBS is 0.046%, which is similar to the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS, which corresponds to the dispersion. The dosage of the dispersant is 0.2%, the dispersion effect of the dispersant SD-03 is the worst, and its minimum sedimentation rate is 0.086%, which corresponds to a dispersant dosage of 1%. Change the PH value of the above dispersant at its optimal dosage, and also put it for 5 days to observe the volume sedimentation rate.Among the three ionic dispersants used in the experiment, the dispersant SDBS had the best dispersion effect, the best dosage was 0.2%, and the best PH value was 10; the worst dispersion effect was that of the dispersant SD-03. The particle dispersion effect is best when pH = 10.The above is the selection of the best ionic dispersant. Use the same experimental method to select the best nonionic dispersant, then compare the dispersion effect of the ionic dispersant and nonionic dispersant, and finally select the best dispersant and dispersion process.


#### 3.2.2. Selection of Nonionic Dispersant

The dispersing principle of nonionic dispersant is to form an adsorption layer on the surface of the particles, so that the particles are dispersed. Therefore, the amount of dispersant is much larger than that of particle-type dispersants, and it is no longer nanopowder. Furthermore, its pH value is no longer the main influencing factor, so the pH value is set to 7 in the experiment.Comparing the volume sedimentation rate of PEG, TW-80, OP, and nonionic dispersant, we can find that the overall volume sedimentation rate of dispersant TW-80 is very small, the smallest can reach 0.015%, and the corresponding dispersant dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. Combining the above dispersants, we can find that the best dispersing effect is the nonionic dispersant TW-80, and its optimum dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. It can be seen from the TEM photo that the dispersant TW-80 has the best dispersion effect when the amount of dispersant is 1.5 times the amount of TiO2.


#### 3.2.3. Determination of pH

The best process of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is as follows: the dispersant is TW-80. The pH value is 7, and the mixing time is not less than 30 min.


### 3.3. Nano-Antimite and Antibacterial Finishing Agent

In order to achieve the expected goal, i.e., to kill bacteria and repel mites and to decompose their residual nuclei and remains, we used the way of nanomaterials compounding. Nano-Ag is a contact antibacterial agent, which kills the bacteria by destroying the sulfhydryl group of the enzyme protein in the bacteria by the free Ag+. Nano-TiO2 is a photocatalytic antibacterial agent. It kills bacteria and decomposes organic matter by decomposing various bacteria or organic matter into small inorganic molecules such as CO2 and H2O through the highly oxidizing HO∙ and ∙O2.The weight of nano-TiO2 powder is 20 grams and Ag is 20 grams, the volume of dispersion medium (absolute ethanol) is 100 mL, the amount of dispersant TW-80 is 20 × 1.5 = 30 g, the amount of citric acid is 20 × 3 = 60 g, and pH = 7. Stirring time is 30 min, and stirring speed is 6000 r/min. The emulsion prepared is very stable, and there is only a small amount of precipitation after standing for 5 days. The TEM photos of nano-TiO2 and Ag under the best dispersion process are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
TEM images of nano-TiO2 and Ag under the best dispersion process (from http://alturl.com/7j8ad).
(a)(b)


### 3.4. Nanometer Antimite and Antibacterial Silk Knitted Garment Finishing

#### 3.4.1. Finishing Method

For natural fibers, since functional powder cannot be added in the fiber production process, only postprocessing methods can be used. Processing techniques include exhaustion method, padding method, and coating method. Considering the characteristics of the silk knitted fabric itself, in this experiment, the exhaustion method is used in the finishing process to finish the silk knitted fabric as follows:(1)
Laboratory apparatus: IR12P infrared dyeing instrument, LD-3624 sample shaping dryer(2)
Medicine: adhesive (Shanghai Fujikawa Chemical Co., Ltd.), detergent: German soap (MT9906017)(3)
Fabric: silk knitted fabrics of various colors (Zhejiang Xinyang Knitting Apparel Company)(4)
Process formula is as follows:#1 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 0.5%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#2 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 1%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, l : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#3 finishing solution formula: composite finishing dosage 2%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.


#### 3.4.2. Process Flow

The process flow is summarized as follows: fabric washing ⟶ dehydration ⟶ immersion of the fabric in a dyeing cup filled with finishing liquid ⟶ heating up (reaching 40°C within 10 min) ⟶ keeping warm (30 min) ⟶ prebaking at 90°C for 5 min ⟶ baking at 120°C for 2 min ⟶ washing.


#### 3.4.3. Washing Method

Follow the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) washing method. Use household alkaline detergents (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and sodiumα-olefin xanthate, 9 : 1 compound) in household washing machines with a bath ratio of 1 : 30. Washing at 40°C for 5 minutes and two washings with water for 2 minutes at room temperature constitute a cycle.


## 3.1. Preparation of Nano-Antimite Finishing Agent

The preparation of antimite finishing agent is mainly the dispersion of nanopowders. The full dispersion of nanoparticles is related to factors such as pH value, dispersant dosage, stirring method, and dispersion medium, so in the dispersion experiment, mainly start from the above aspects. To solve the dispersion problem, the experiment is mainly divided into two parts: the first is the choice of dispersant. This is because there are many types of dispersants, and an optimal dispersant that can fully disperse the nanopowder must be selected. The second is determining the best dispersant. Dispersant experiments were carried out to get the best dispersion process.


### 3.1.1. Design Ideas

The following design ideas were considered: retrieval of related literature ⟶ design experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ best experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ several dispersants with relatively good dispersion effect ⟶ experiment ⟶ best dispersant and dispersion medium ⟶ experiment ⟶ determining the best dispersion process.Table 1
Main reagent information.
Drug nameAnalytically pureFactoryCitric acidAnalytically pureBengbu Chemical Reagent FactorySDSChemically pureHedong District Hongyan Chemical Reagent FactorySDBS—Yifa Chemical Reagent FactorySD-03Chemically pureA chemical research institutePEGChemically pureKemeou Chemical Reagent Development CenterTW-80Chemically pureZonghengxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Chemical Reagent CompanyOPAnalytically pureYifa Chemical Reagent FactoryAbsolute ethanolAnalytically pureChemical reagent factoryEthylene glycolAnalytically pureZongheng Xinggong Chemical Reagent Company


### 3.1.2. Experimental Instruments and Reagents

The following experimental instruments and reagents were used:BME100LX high-shear mixing emulsifier (Shanghai Weiyu Electromechanical Manufacturing Co., Ltd.).TEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (School of Materials Science) (the main reagent information is shown in Table1).Nano-TiO2 (particles of 50–80 nm) (Jiangsu Changtai Nanometer Material Co., Ltd.).Nano-Ag (particle size of 20 nm) (Beijing Saiterui Nano Co., Ltd.).The selection of the above dispersants is based on the dispersion theory and initial preliminary experiments. Among the above several dispersants, citric acid, SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 are ionic dispersants, mainly based on the electric double layer theory for nanometer. The particles are dispersed. PEG, TW-80, and OP are nonionic dispersants, which are mainly based on the theory of steric stability to disperse nanoparticles.Experimental steps are as follows: weigh Ag and TiO2 ⟶ add water ⟶ stir ⟶ add dispersant ⟶ stir ⟶ adjust PH value ⟶ stir ⟶ stand still ⟶ observe the dispersion effect.


## 3.1.1. Design Ideas

The following design ideas were considered: retrieval of related literature ⟶ design experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ best experimental plan ⟶ experiment ⟶ several dispersants with relatively good dispersion effect ⟶ experiment ⟶ best dispersant and dispersion medium ⟶ experiment ⟶ determining the best dispersion process.Table 1
Main reagent information.
Drug nameAnalytically pureFactoryCitric acidAnalytically pureBengbu Chemical Reagent FactorySDSChemically pureHedong District Hongyan Chemical Reagent FactorySDBS—Yifa Chemical Reagent FactorySD-03Chemically pureA chemical research institutePEGChemically pureKemeou Chemical Reagent Development CenterTW-80Chemically pureZonghengxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Chemical Reagent CompanyOPAnalytically pureYifa Chemical Reagent FactoryAbsolute ethanolAnalytically pureChemical reagent factoryEthylene glycolAnalytically pureZongheng Xinggong Chemical Reagent Company


## 3.1.2. Experimental Instruments and Reagents

The following experimental instruments and reagents were used:BME100LX high-shear mixing emulsifier (Shanghai Weiyu Electromechanical Manufacturing Co., Ltd.).TEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (School of Materials Science) (the main reagent information is shown in Table1).Nano-TiO2 (particles of 50–80 nm) (Jiangsu Changtai Nanometer Material Co., Ltd.).Nano-Ag (particle size of 20 nm) (Beijing Saiterui Nano Co., Ltd.).The selection of the above dispersants is based on the dispersion theory and initial preliminary experiments. Among the above several dispersants, citric acid, SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 are ionic dispersants, mainly based on the electric double layer theory for nanometer. The particles are dispersed. PEG, TW-80, and OP are nonionic dispersants, which are mainly based on the theory of steric stability to disperse nanoparticles.Experimental steps are as follows: weigh Ag and TiO2 ⟶ add water ⟶ stir ⟶ add dispersant ⟶ stir ⟶ adjust PH value ⟶ stir ⟶ stand still ⟶ observe the dispersion effect.


## 3.2. Best Dispersant and Dispersion Process Selection

The choice of the best dispersant is mainly determined by measuring the change in the volume sedimentation rate of TiO2 after 5 days of standing for each dispersant under different dosage and pH conditions. Then, the determined optimal dispersant and the nanometer TiO2 and Ag particle size under different dispersing process conditions were tested by TEM, and the best dispersant and dispersion process were finally determined.


### 3.2.1. Selection of Ionic Dispersant

Disperse SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 ionic dispersants according to the process in Table1, then put them in a graduated cylinder under the same conditions, let them stand for 5 days, and then calculate the sedimentation rate relative to the entire system. The smallest value corresponds to the dispersant and dispersant dosage.The minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS is 0.045%, the corresponding dispersant dosage is 0.5%, and the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDBS is 0.046%, which is similar to the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS, which corresponds to the dispersion. The dosage of the dispersant is 0.2%, the dispersion effect of the dispersant SD-03 is the worst, and its minimum sedimentation rate is 0.086%, which corresponds to a dispersant dosage of 1%. Change the PH value of the above dispersant at its optimal dosage, and also put it for 5 days to observe the volume sedimentation rate.Among the three ionic dispersants used in the experiment, the dispersant SDBS had the best dispersion effect, the best dosage was 0.2%, and the best PH value was 10; the worst dispersion effect was that of the dispersant SD-03. The particle dispersion effect is best when pH = 10.The above is the selection of the best ionic dispersant. Use the same experimental method to select the best nonionic dispersant, then compare the dispersion effect of the ionic dispersant and nonionic dispersant, and finally select the best dispersant and dispersion process.


### 3.2.2. Selection of Nonionic Dispersant

The dispersing principle of nonionic dispersant is to form an adsorption layer on the surface of the particles, so that the particles are dispersed. Therefore, the amount of dispersant is much larger than that of particle-type dispersants, and it is no longer nanopowder. Furthermore, its pH value is no longer the main influencing factor, so the pH value is set to 7 in the experiment.Comparing the volume sedimentation rate of PEG, TW-80, OP, and nonionic dispersant, we can find that the overall volume sedimentation rate of dispersant TW-80 is very small, the smallest can reach 0.015%, and the corresponding dispersant dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. Combining the above dispersants, we can find that the best dispersing effect is the nonionic dispersant TW-80, and its optimum dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. It can be seen from the TEM photo that the dispersant TW-80 has the best dispersion effect when the amount of dispersant is 1.5 times the amount of TiO2.


### 3.2.3. Determination of pH

The best process of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is as follows: the dispersant is TW-80. The pH value is 7, and the mixing time is not less than 30 min.


## 3.2.1. Selection of Ionic Dispersant

Disperse SDS, SDBS, and SD-03 ionic dispersants according to the process in Table1, then put them in a graduated cylinder under the same conditions, let them stand for 5 days, and then calculate the sedimentation rate relative to the entire system. The smallest value corresponds to the dispersant and dispersant dosage.The minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS is 0.045%, the corresponding dispersant dosage is 0.5%, and the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDBS is 0.046%, which is similar to the minimum sedimentation rate of the dispersant SDS, which corresponds to the dispersion. The dosage of the dispersant is 0.2%, the dispersion effect of the dispersant SD-03 is the worst, and its minimum sedimentation rate is 0.086%, which corresponds to a dispersant dosage of 1%. Change the PH value of the above dispersant at its optimal dosage, and also put it for 5 days to observe the volume sedimentation rate.Among the three ionic dispersants used in the experiment, the dispersant SDBS had the best dispersion effect, the best dosage was 0.2%, and the best PH value was 10; the worst dispersion effect was that of the dispersant SD-03. The particle dispersion effect is best when pH = 10.The above is the selection of the best ionic dispersant. Use the same experimental method to select the best nonionic dispersant, then compare the dispersion effect of the ionic dispersant and nonionic dispersant, and finally select the best dispersant and dispersion process.


## 3.2.2. Selection of Nonionic Dispersant

The dispersing principle of nonionic dispersant is to form an adsorption layer on the surface of the particles, so that the particles are dispersed. Therefore, the amount of dispersant is much larger than that of particle-type dispersants, and it is no longer nanopowder. Furthermore, its pH value is no longer the main influencing factor, so the pH value is set to 7 in the experiment.Comparing the volume sedimentation rate of PEG, TW-80, OP, and nonionic dispersant, we can find that the overall volume sedimentation rate of dispersant TW-80 is very small, the smallest can reach 0.015%, and the corresponding dispersant dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. Combining the above dispersants, we can find that the best dispersing effect is the nonionic dispersant TW-80, and its optimum dosage is 1.5 times the amount of nanopowder. It can be seen from the TEM photo that the dispersant TW-80 has the best dispersion effect when the amount of dispersant is 1.5 times the amount of TiO2.


## 3.2.3. Determination of pH

The best process of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent is as follows: the dispersant is TW-80. The pH value is 7, and the mixing time is not less than 30 min.


## 3.3. Nano-Antimite and Antibacterial Finishing Agent

In order to achieve the expected goal, i.e., to kill bacteria and repel mites and to decompose their residual nuclei and remains, we used the way of nanomaterials compounding. Nano-Ag is a contact antibacterial agent, which kills the bacteria by destroying the sulfhydryl group of the enzyme protein in the bacteria by the free Ag+. Nano-TiO2 is a photocatalytic antibacterial agent. It kills bacteria and decomposes organic matter by decomposing various bacteria or organic matter into small inorganic molecules such as CO2 and H2O through the highly oxidizing HO∙ and ∙O2.The weight of nano-TiO2 powder is 20 grams and Ag is 20 grams, the volume of dispersion medium (absolute ethanol) is 100 mL, the amount of dispersant TW-80 is 20 × 1.5 = 30 g, the amount of citric acid is 20 × 3 = 60 g, and pH = 7. Stirring time is 30 min, and stirring speed is 6000 r/min. The emulsion prepared is very stable, and there is only a small amount of precipitation after standing for 5 days. The TEM photos of nano-TiO2 and Ag under the best dispersion process are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2
TEM images of nano-TiO2 and Ag under the best dispersion process (from http://alturl.com/7j8ad).
(a)(b)


## 3.4. Nanometer Antimite and Antibacterial Silk Knitted Garment Finishing

### 3.4.1. Finishing Method

For natural fibers, since functional powder cannot be added in the fiber production process, only postprocessing methods can be used. Processing techniques include exhaustion method, padding method, and coating method. Considering the characteristics of the silk knitted fabric itself, in this experiment, the exhaustion method is used in the finishing process to finish the silk knitted fabric as follows:(1)
Laboratory apparatus: IR12P infrared dyeing instrument, LD-3624 sample shaping dryer(2)
Medicine: adhesive (Shanghai Fujikawa Chemical Co., Ltd.), detergent: German soap (MT9906017)(3)
Fabric: silk knitted fabrics of various colors (Zhejiang Xinyang Knitting Apparel Company)(4)
Process formula is as follows:#1 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 0.5%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#2 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 1%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, l : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#3 finishing solution formula: composite finishing dosage 2%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.


### 3.4.2. Process Flow

The process flow is summarized as follows: fabric washing ⟶ dehydration ⟶ immersion of the fabric in a dyeing cup filled with finishing liquid ⟶ heating up (reaching 40°C within 10 min) ⟶ keeping warm (30 min) ⟶ prebaking at 90°C for 5 min ⟶ baking at 120°C for 2 min ⟶ washing.


### 3.4.3. Washing Method

Follow the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) washing method. Use household alkaline detergents (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and sodiumα-olefin xanthate, 9 : 1 compound) in household washing machines with a bath ratio of 1 : 30. Washing at 40°C for 5 minutes and two washings with water for 2 minutes at room temperature constitute a cycle.


## 3.4.1. Finishing Method

For natural fibers, since functional powder cannot be added in the fiber production process, only postprocessing methods can be used. Processing techniques include exhaustion method, padding method, and coating method. Considering the characteristics of the silk knitted fabric itself, in this experiment, the exhaustion method is used in the finishing process to finish the silk knitted fabric as follows:(1)
Laboratory apparatus: IR12P infrared dyeing instrument, LD-3624 sample shaping dryer(2)
Medicine: adhesive (Shanghai Fujikawa Chemical Co., Ltd.), detergent: German soap (MT9906017)(3)
Fabric: silk knitted fabrics of various colors (Zhejiang Xinyang Knitting Apparel Company)(4)
Process formula is as follows:#1 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 0.5%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#2 finishing solution formula: compound finishing dosage 1%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, l : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.#3 finishing solution formula: composite finishing dosage 2%; TiO2 : Ag, respectively, 1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 0 : 1; adhesive 4%; liquor ratio 1 : 10.


## 3.4.2. Process Flow

The process flow is summarized as follows: fabric washing ⟶ dehydration ⟶ immersion of the fabric in a dyeing cup filled with finishing liquid ⟶ heating up (reaching 40°C within 10 min) ⟶ keeping warm (30 min) ⟶ prebaking at 90°C for 5 min ⟶ baking at 120°C for 2 min ⟶ washing.


## 3.4.3. Washing Method

Follow the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) washing method. Use household alkaline detergents (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and sodiumα-olefin xanthate, 9 : 1 compound) in household washing machines with a bath ratio of 1 : 30. Washing at 40°C for 5 minutes and two washings with water for 2 minutes at room temperature constitute a cycle.


## 4. Discussion

### 4.1. Bacteriostatic Test Analysis

The effect of different composite finishing agents is shown in Figure3, with different amounts of composite finishing agent: 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Taking into account the high price of nanopowder, from the perspective of enterprise cost, the ratio of TiO2 and Ag is 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3, respectively, to finish the fabric, and then the shaking flask method is used to carry out the antibacterial test.Figure 3
Different amounts of composite finishing agent.When the dosage of the composite finishing agent is 0.5%, the TiO2 : Ag ratio is 1 : 3, 1 : 2, and 1 : 1, and the finished fabrics are numbered #1, #2, and #3. That is to say, the household alkaline detergent polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and α-olefin yellow sodium are compounded in a ratio of 9 : 1. After 20 washings, the antibacterial effect was measured by the shaking flask method. After shaking for 5 hours by the shaking flask method, the antibacterial situation of the finished fabric is shown in Table 2.Table 2
The antibacterial situation of the finished fabric after shaking for 5 hours by the shaking flask method.
BacteriaSwatchDiluent and bacterial concentration (cfu/tablet)Bacteria concentrationInhibition rateNumbering10010−1(cfu/mL)(%)Original sampleUncountableUncountable5.23 × 105—Golden yellow#1468485.22 × 10599.90Staphylococcus#2491524.91 × 10599.87#3499533.94 × 10597.48Large intestine#1Uncountable4623.57 × 10597.26Bacillus#2Uncountable4874.01 × 10596.8During the test, when the ratio of TiO2 to Ag is 1 : 3, the antibacterial effect is the best, reaching more than 94%. After washing the fabric 20 times, the antibacterial effect on gold can be stabilized above 97%. By gradually narrowing the scope of the method, the final determination of the best process is as follows: the amount of composite finishing agent is 0.5%, and the ratio of TiO2 and Ag is 1 : 3. The antibacterial situation of the fabric after 20 washings is shown in Table 3.Table 3
Bacteriostasis of fabric after 20 washings.
BacteriaSwatchDiluent and bacterial concentration (cfu/tablet)Bacteria concentrationInhibition rateNumbering10010−1(cfu/mL)(%)Original sampleUncountableUncountable5.23 × 105—Golden yellow#1Uncountable3485.23 × 10598.85Staphylococcus#2Uncountable4524.82 × 10598.13#3Uncountable4534.01 × 10598.25Large intestine#1UncountableUncountable3.59 × 10597.21Bacillus#2UncountableUncountable3.99 × 10596.74In the study, the sample “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” (after washing 50 times) was used for 6 hours, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6S38) reached more than 50.0%; the sample “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” (after washing 50 times in water) acts for 6 hours, and its antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli reaches over 50.0%. The antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” on Staphylococcus aureus is shown in Table 4.Table 4
Antibacterial effect of nano-antimite silk knitted garment fabrics onStaphylococcus aureus.
The average bacteriostatic rate and range of different action time (%)Average number of colonies and range of positive control group (cfu/tablet)1 h6 h12 h33.4954.6564.19(32.99–33.90)(53.33–55.40)(63.41–64.88)5.77 × 1045.37 × 1045.13 × 1044.85× 104–6.66 × 1044.35×104–6.2 × 1044.10×104–6.11×104Under the condition of the test temperature of 20 ± 2°C, the nanometer antimite silk knitted garment fabrics submitted for inspection have been used for 6 hours, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) is above 90%. The antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” on Escherichia coli is shown in Table 5.Table 5
Antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” onEscherichia coli.
The average bacteriostatic rate and range of different action time (%)Average number of colonies and range of positive control group (cfu/tablet)1 h6 h12 h85.8891.7994.19(85.21–86.64)(91.50–92.17)(93.41–94.88)5.68 × 1045.36 × 1044.13 × 1044.5 × 104–6.69 × 1044.25 × 104–6.38 × 1043.10 × 104–5.11 × 104


### 4.2. Fabric Performance Test Analysis

During the test, each sample is tested 10 times, and then the average value is calculated. The area of presser foot is 100 mm2, the diameter of presser foot is 10.28 mm, the pressure is 200 N, and the pressure time is 10 s. It can be seen from the data of the average diameter of the contrast samples in Figure 4 that the thickness of the fabric before and after finishing does not change at all. The comparison of the average diameter of the fabric thickness is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Comparison of average diameter of fabric thickness.Air permeability is an important indicator of the comfort of wearing clothing. The finished fabric and the original sample are tested on 5 samples, and the average value is calculated. It can be seen that the air permeability of the finished fabric is the same or slightly better. The air permeability comparison is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Air permeability comparison.The better the drape of the fabric, the better the material. It can be seen from Figure6 that the drape of the finished fabric is better than the original or remains unchanged, and there is no sample with worse drape than the original. The drape of the fabric is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Drapability of fabric.Breaking strength and elongation at break are important indexes reflecting the mechanical properties of fabrics. It can be seen from Table6 that there is no obvious change in the indexes of fabric strength before and after finishing; that is to say, the antibacterial and antimite fabric developed in this study has little effect on bursting strength and tensile length. The strength of reactive fabric is shown in Table 6.Table 6
Reaction fabric strength.
Sample12345UnorganizedBreaking strength (N)402412431421359Stretching length (mm)4851494952OrganizedBreaking strength (N)432445434459467Stretching length (mm)4955455153The difference between this experiment and the previous experiment is that this experiment is conducted to deal with the clothing, not the piece of clothing, so there may be some problems that did not appear in the sample experiment. In the experiment, we try to choose different colors, different raw materials, and different fabrics for the selection of silk knitwear. The purpose is to verify the antibacterial properties of different materials and the impact on their properties and lay the foundation for the next batch production of enterprises. Different clothing properties are shown in Table7.Table 7
Different clothing properties.
Fabric colorMaterialOrganizationWeightQuantity (piece)Light blueSpandex + filament6 + 6 rib3021Dark camelFilamentJacquard1361RedSilk + cashmereFlat needle2261BlueSpandex + spun silkJacquard2662Color stripesSpun silkFlat needle2562GreenSpun silkJacquard1892Light stone cyanFilamentFlat needle2761BlackSpandex + spun silkFlat stitch2361Dark grayFilament + spandexFlat needle3481Before and after finishing, the experiment condition temperature in the constant temperature box is 25 ± 1°C, and the relative humidity of the dryer is 75 ± 2%. Nano-antimite and antibacterial knitted garments have an effect of 10 minutes, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) reaches more than 99.04%. After washing 50 times, the antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) reached over 95.13%, and the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli (8099) reached over 87.44%. The antibacterial effect of nanometer antimite and antibacterial knitted garments is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Nano-antimite and antibacterial knitted garment.


## 4.1. Bacteriostatic Test Analysis

The effect of different composite finishing agents is shown in Figure3, with different amounts of composite finishing agent: 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Taking into account the high price of nanopowder, from the perspective of enterprise cost, the ratio of TiO2 and Ag is 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3, respectively, to finish the fabric, and then the shaking flask method is used to carry out the antibacterial test.Figure 3
Different amounts of composite finishing agent.When the dosage of the composite finishing agent is 0.5%, the TiO2 : Ag ratio is 1 : 3, 1 : 2, and 1 : 1, and the finished fabrics are numbered #1, #2, and #3. That is to say, the household alkaline detergent polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and α-olefin yellow sodium are compounded in a ratio of 9 : 1. After 20 washings, the antibacterial effect was measured by the shaking flask method. After shaking for 5 hours by the shaking flask method, the antibacterial situation of the finished fabric is shown in Table 2.Table 2
The antibacterial situation of the finished fabric after shaking for 5 hours by the shaking flask method.
BacteriaSwatchDiluent and bacterial concentration (cfu/tablet)Bacteria concentrationInhibition rateNumbering10010−1(cfu/mL)(%)Original sampleUncountableUncountable5.23 × 105—Golden yellow#1468485.22 × 10599.90Staphylococcus#2491524.91 × 10599.87#3499533.94 × 10597.48Large intestine#1Uncountable4623.57 × 10597.26Bacillus#2Uncountable4874.01 × 10596.8During the test, when the ratio of TiO2 to Ag is 1 : 3, the antibacterial effect is the best, reaching more than 94%. After washing the fabric 20 times, the antibacterial effect on gold can be stabilized above 97%. By gradually narrowing the scope of the method, the final determination of the best process is as follows: the amount of composite finishing agent is 0.5%, and the ratio of TiO2 and Ag is 1 : 3. The antibacterial situation of the fabric after 20 washings is shown in Table 3.Table 3
Bacteriostasis of fabric after 20 washings.
BacteriaSwatchDiluent and bacterial concentration (cfu/tablet)Bacteria concentrationInhibition rateNumbering10010−1(cfu/mL)(%)Original sampleUncountableUncountable5.23 × 105—Golden yellow#1Uncountable3485.23 × 10598.85Staphylococcus#2Uncountable4524.82 × 10598.13#3Uncountable4534.01 × 10598.25Large intestine#1UncountableUncountable3.59 × 10597.21Bacillus#2UncountableUncountable3.99 × 10596.74In the study, the sample “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” (after washing 50 times) was used for 6 hours, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6S38) reached more than 50.0%; the sample “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” (after washing 50 times in water) acts for 6 hours, and its antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli reaches over 50.0%. The antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” on Staphylococcus aureus is shown in Table 4.Table 4
Antibacterial effect of nano-antimite silk knitted garment fabrics onStaphylococcus aureus.
The average bacteriostatic rate and range of different action time (%)Average number of colonies and range of positive control group (cfu/tablet)1 h6 h12 h33.4954.6564.19(32.99–33.90)(53.33–55.40)(63.41–64.88)5.77 × 1045.37 × 1045.13 × 1044.85× 104–6.66 × 1044.35×104–6.2 × 1044.10×104–6.11×104Under the condition of the test temperature of 20 ± 2°C, the nanometer antimite silk knitted garment fabrics submitted for inspection have been used for 6 hours, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) is above 90%. The antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” on Escherichia coli is shown in Table 5.Table 5
Antibacterial effect of “nano-mite-proof silk knitted garment fabric” onEscherichia coli.
The average bacteriostatic rate and range of different action time (%)Average number of colonies and range of positive control group (cfu/tablet)1 h6 h12 h85.8891.7994.19(85.21–86.64)(91.50–92.17)(93.41–94.88)5.68 × 1045.36 × 1044.13 × 1044.5 × 104–6.69 × 1044.25 × 104–6.38 × 1043.10 × 104–5.11 × 104


## 4.2. Fabric Performance Test Analysis

During the test, each sample is tested 10 times, and then the average value is calculated. The area of presser foot is 100 mm2, the diameter of presser foot is 10.28 mm, the pressure is 200 N, and the pressure time is 10 s. It can be seen from the data of the average diameter of the contrast samples in Figure 4 that the thickness of the fabric before and after finishing does not change at all. The comparison of the average diameter of the fabric thickness is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4
Comparison of average diameter of fabric thickness.Air permeability is an important indicator of the comfort of wearing clothing. The finished fabric and the original sample are tested on 5 samples, and the average value is calculated. It can be seen that the air permeability of the finished fabric is the same or slightly better. The air permeability comparison is shown in Figure5.Figure 5
Air permeability comparison.The better the drape of the fabric, the better the material. It can be seen from Figure6 that the drape of the finished fabric is better than the original or remains unchanged, and there is no sample with worse drape than the original. The drape of the fabric is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6
Drapability of fabric.Breaking strength and elongation at break are important indexes reflecting the mechanical properties of fabrics. It can be seen from Table6 that there is no obvious change in the indexes of fabric strength before and after finishing; that is to say, the antibacterial and antimite fabric developed in this study has little effect on bursting strength and tensile length. The strength of reactive fabric is shown in Table 6.Table 6
Reaction fabric strength.
Sample12345UnorganizedBreaking strength (N)402412431421359Stretching length (mm)4851494952OrganizedBreaking strength (N)432445434459467Stretching length (mm)4955455153The difference between this experiment and the previous experiment is that this experiment is conducted to deal with the clothing, not the piece of clothing, so there may be some problems that did not appear in the sample experiment. In the experiment, we try to choose different colors, different raw materials, and different fabrics for the selection of silk knitwear. The purpose is to verify the antibacterial properties of different materials and the impact on their properties and lay the foundation for the next batch production of enterprises. Different clothing properties are shown in Table7.Table 7
Different clothing properties.
Fabric colorMaterialOrganizationWeightQuantity (piece)Light blueSpandex + filament6 + 6 rib3021Dark camelFilamentJacquard1361RedSilk + cashmereFlat needle2261BlueSpandex + spun silkJacquard2662Color stripesSpun silkFlat needle2562GreenSpun silkJacquard1892Light stone cyanFilamentFlat needle2761BlackSpandex + spun silkFlat stitch2361Dark grayFilament + spandexFlat needle3481Before and after finishing, the experiment condition temperature in the constant temperature box is 25 ± 1°C, and the relative humidity of the dryer is 75 ± 2%. Nano-antimite and antibacterial knitted garments have an effect of 10 minutes, and the antibacterial rate againstStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) reaches more than 99.04%. After washing 50 times, the antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) reached over 95.13%, and the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli (8099) reached over 87.44%. The antibacterial effect of nanometer antimite and antibacterial knitted garments is shown in Figure 7.Figure 7
Nano-antimite and antibacterial knitted garment.


## 5. Conclusion

As a green and environmentally friendly photocatalyst, TiO2 has been used in air pollution treatment and water pollution treatment due to its stable chemical properties and low price. In addition, TiO2 is a kind of inorganic antibacterial agent; because of its long-lasting and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, it does not easily produce drug resistance and has the advantages of thorough sterilization and no toxic side effects to the human body. It is used in the antibacterial finishing of textiles. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2, this study has carried out sulfur and nitrogen codoping modification to prepare cotton fabrics loaded with doped TiO2 visible light catalytic durability antibacterial fabric, and its antibacterial properties were studied. This study involves the best antibacterial material, the best dispersant, the best dispersion process, the best finishing process, and the best plan considering the actual selection of the enterprise. Finally, the most effective antimite and antibacterial cotton knitted fabric is obtained. The results show that nano-Ag and TiO2 have outstanding antibacterial effect and the composite finishing agent is composed of photocatalysis and contact finishing agent, so its antibacterial effect is no longer affected by environmental conditions and will be more thorough. The best effect will be achieved when the ratio of Ag and TiO2 is 3 : 1. Dispersion is the key of nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent. In this study, through searching a large number of literature studies and referring to the research results of dispersion at home and abroad, the dispersion theory which can fully disperse nanoparticles was summarized. After a series of fabric mechanical properties and fabric style tests, this study revealed that cotton knitwear finished by nano-antimite and antibacterial finishing agent has good antimite and antibacterial effect and washing fastness. In future work, the dispersion problem is still the key of nanomaterials. The full dispersion of nanoparticles still needs to be further improved to make the obtained nanosolution more effective. Therefore, the dispersion process and finishing process still need to be further improved in the actual production of enterprises, so as to get the best antibacterial performance with the least investment.



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*Source: 1837729-2021-10-27.xml*