# A SWOT Analysis for a Roadmap towards Sustainable Electric Power Generation

Authors: Asadullah Shaikh; Pervez Hameed Shaikh; Laveet Kumar; Nayyar Husain Mirjat; Zubair Ahmed Memon; Mamdouh El Haj Assad; Reza Alayi; Behrouz Eskandarpoor
Journal: International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
 (2022)

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## Abstract

During the last decade, the abundance of wind, solar, and conventional energy sources have been widely utilized in Sindh, Pakistan, to meet the energy demand-supply gap of the country. Some of these energy projects have been approved, are under constructional and operational phases and have connected to the National grid successfully. However, these energy sources are being influenced by several constraints, which keep the project developmental phases away from their technological upgradation. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to perform a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of existing energy projects in Sindh to examine its current conditions and future roadmap to promote its valuable utilization. The outcomes of the study have identified several socio-economic and environmental impacts on the sustainable development of renewable energy sources. The study concludes that energy strategic policy must contain financial profits, energy security, and environmental protection. This SWOT study will encourage local and foreign investors, researchers, and engineers to invest their financial and technical abilities towards Sindh to get benefit from the hub of energy sources. They can initiate independent power generation and distribution companies on stated sites and can provide cost-effective tariffs from green energy sources with more revenue and less payback period. It can ultimately increase profitable business as well as can boost the state’s economy efficiently.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The energy is a key factor for socio-economic evolution in the developing countries of the world. It has strengthened the developed countries towards their exponential development but has become challenging for developing countries to satisfy their power requirements [1]. These energy constraints have been partially minimized by consuming the available conventional and renewable energy resources to generate bulk electricity. Most of the advanced countries of the world have modified their mode of electrical power generation from fossil fuels to renewables for sustainable energy. Among developing countries of South Asia, Pakistan has a population density of 287 per.·sq.·km and has about 50% absence of electricity [2]. Besides, it has an expected annual increase rate of 8% i.e., the electrical power will be required 113 GW by 2030 [3, 4]. The country is still far behind from the development due to modern technological barriers and its implementation. These numerous issues have forced the country to consume existing conventional and nonconventional sources, which have made the energy mix of 3 : 1, respectively [5].According to USAID and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Pakistan has the world’s tremendous Renewable energy sources (RESs) [6]. The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) had issued 27 Generation licenses for RES during 2019-20 with a cumulative capacity of 2338.14 MW [7]. In addition, oil is the leading source in Pakistan with a 35% share, followed by natural gas and coal with 30.4% and 16.3%, respectively, as stated in Development Plan Report 2020 [8]. The state has been ranked sixth among abundant coal reserves for about 186 million tonnes worldwide. The other coal reserve of 175.5 billion tonnes has also been discovered in Thar, Sindh, which will be consumed for power generation. It is an indigenous and inexpensive source for power generation [9].Thus, it has great potential to consume existing energy sources, which have enough capability to electrify the entire country sufficiently [2]. Some of them have integrated as either individual or hybrid sources and are widely utilized for small-scale applications such as residential, agriculture, education, hospital, and military. [10]. According to IEEFA, AEDB has recently announced a 20% share of renewables into the energy mix of Pakistan by 2025 and 30% by 2030 [11].In Pakistan, Sindh is the hub of energy sources and has an abundance of solar, wind, and coal energy sources significantly [12, 13]. These sources can take into account as a separate or integration of multiple sources. It can supply the generated power into the grid adequately, can fulfil energy deficit, and can brighten-up the entire state with bulk electricity. Sindh has enormous renewable (solar and wind) and conventional energy potential (coal, oil, and natural gas) for electrical power generation [2]. These energy sources require an appropriate roadmap for its development and implementation of mega power projects. It can only be possible by examining these sources individually and conducting a SWOT analysis effectively. Thus, the literature survey on SWOT analysis has been conducted for available energy sources in Pakistan as represented in Table 1.Table 1
Recent studies on SWOT analysis for Pakistan.
Ref. noEnergy sourcesSocialEconomicEnvironmentalEnergy policiesSolarWindBiomassCoalNatural gas/oilHydro[14]✓✓✓✓✓✓✓[15]✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓[16]✓✓✓[17]✓✓✓✓✓[18]✓✓✓✓✓✓[19]✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓[20]✓✓✓✓✓✓✓Current study 2022✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓It has been analysed from Table1 that the latest and comprehensive SWOT study on energy sources available in Sindh has not been found in the literature appropriately. These energy sources have also been influenced by several constraints, which kept the project away from progressive stages and technological upgradation. The socio-enviro-economic limitations and energy policies remained undiscussed in the context of the chosen location. Thus, it motivated the authors to explore the natural occurring and abundant energies specifically.Thus, the novelty and main objective of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive SWOT analysis for energy sources across Sindh. This study facilitated to identify the strengths, weaknesses, contemporary opportunities, and threats of existing conventional and renewable energy sources that may lower its potentials sufficiently. It highlighted the energy policies concerned with selected locations found by the latest studies to provide more energy for National socio-economic progress and to offer a future roadmap to promote its useful consumption as shown in Table1.Thus, the remainder of the study has structured as follows: Section2 shows the methodology of the work and its screening process. Section 3 examines results and discussions of solar, wind, and conventional sources. Section 4 elucidates policy implications for power generation. Section 5 provides the recommendation for energy sources within the province, and finally, Section 6 concludes the study of energy sources and its future directions.


## 2. Methodology

This study has followed the critical process for its methodology and has used multiple search engines such as peer-reviewed journals, open access research articles, keywords, and recently published work. The process has further explored into initial and final screening methods effectively as presented in Figure1.Figure 1
Methodology of the current study.


### 2.1. Initial Screening

The preliminary screening process has been conducted on various systematic sources such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, IEEE Explore, Research Gate, Springer, and webpages. The information gathered from these sources is associated explicitly with renewable and conventional sources, its SWOT analysis, and socio-economic and environmental challenges. The particular keywords used for the present study are SWOT, Sindh, Renewable energy, solar, wind, and fuels.


### 2.2. Final Screening

During the final screening process, 49 references have well cited considering the journal’s impact factor, indexing, and peer-reviewed processes. This article contains 27 journal articles (review and research papers), 3 Conference proceedings, 13 web pages, and 07 technical reports effectively.


## 2.1. Initial Screening

The preliminary screening process has been conducted on various systematic sources such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, IEEE Explore, Research Gate, Springer, and webpages. The information gathered from these sources is associated explicitly with renewable and conventional sources, its SWOT analysis, and socio-economic and environmental challenges. The particular keywords used for the present study are SWOT, Sindh, Renewable energy, solar, wind, and fuels.


## 2.2. Final Screening

During the final screening process, 49 references have well cited considering the journal’s impact factor, indexing, and peer-reviewed processes. This article contains 27 journal articles (review and research papers), 3 Conference proceedings, 13 web pages, and 07 technical reports effectively.


## 3. Results and Discussions

The SWOT analysis has been conducted for frequently available wind, solar, and conventional energy sources in Sindh for electrical power generation. This section has divided into the following groups.


### 3.1. Wind Energy

Pakistan possesses a coastal line of 1046 km, which includes 250 km in Sindh with an area of about 9749 km2, and each km2 can generate electrical energy for 18 MW. The wind speed in the Sindh wind-corridor possesses from 5–12 m/s significantly. The average wind-speed of 6.63 m/s has been recorded with a power generation of 7.653 GWh per annum. The maximum average annual wind speed for Jamshoro, Noriabad, Katti Bandar, Gharo, Golarchi, Baghan, Talhar, and DHA Karachi has been computed as 8.6 7.2, 7, 6.6, 6.3, 6.3, 6.24, and 5.9 m/s, respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Wind energy contains an average capacity factor of 25%, having a gross potential of 43.8 GW, where 11 GW is useable [17, 21–26].Figure 2
Wind-speeds of various locations of Sindh.The following twenty-six wind projects of Jhimpir and Gharo having a cumulative capacity of 1335 MW have operated commercially and integrated into National Grid, as shown in Tables2 and 3, as well as in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.Table 2
Wind energy projects were installed in Jhimpir [19, 27–31].
S. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)COD1.Fauji fertilizer co. Energy Ltd49.50May 16, 20132.Zorlu enerji Pakistan Ltd56.40July 26, 20133.Three gorges first wind farm Ltd49.5November 25, 20144.Sapphire wind power co. Ltd52.80November 22, 20155.Yunus energy wind farm5016 September 20166.Metro power co. Ltd5016 September 20167.Tapal wind energy Ltd.307 October 20168.Master wind energy pvt Ltd.52.814 October 20169.Gul wind energy Ltd.5018 October 201610.Sachal energy development Ltd.49.518 April, 201711.United energy Pakistan Ltd.9916 June, 201712.Hawa energy Ltd.49.615 March, 201813.Jhimpir wind power Ltd49.73516 March, 201814.Artistic energy Ltd.49.316 March, 201815.Three gorges second wind farm Ltd49.530 June, 201816.Three gorges third wind farm Ltd49.59 July, 201817.Tricon boston corporation Ltd. (A)49.616 August, 201818.Tricon boston corporation Ltd (B)49.614 September, 201819.Tricon boston corporation Ltd (C)49.611 September, 201820.Master green energy Ltd5020 August 202121.Tricom wind power Ltd5031 August 2021Total capacity1086 MWTable 3
Wind energy projects were installed in Gharo [19, 27–31].
S. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)COD1.Foundation wind energy II Ltd50December 10, 20142.Foundation wind energy –I Ltd50April 11, 20153.Tenaga generasi Ltd.49.511 October 20164.Hydro China dawood power Ltd49.55 April, 20175.Zephyr power Ltd.5027 March, 2019Total capacity249 MWFigure 3
Wind power projects in Jhimpir.Figure 4
Wind power projects in Gharo.It has been observed that 21 wind projects have been placed in operation at Jhimpir, in which United Energy Pakistan Ltd., has a maximum installed capacity of 99 MW, which has came into operation on 16 June 2016. Besides, the Sachal Energy Development Ltd., has the least wind power generation of 49.5 MW, which has COD of 18 April 2017.From Figure4, it can be noticed that there are three projects which have a maximum installed capacity of 50 MW and the rest of the two has 49.5 MW at Gharo. These locations have presented an abundance of wind resources, which can be further utilized for bulk clean energy production in the future.In addition, the following ten Projects having a cumulative capacity of 510 MW have accomplished financial closing and are under construction phase at Jhimpir as shown in Table4 and Figure 5. The Metro power company will install a maximum wind power project of 60 MW and the other remaining nine wind projects will be of 50 MW. These will generate electrical energy using the available wind resource of Jhimpir, which had the financial closing in November 2019.Table 4
Wind projects under financial closing and construction phases [30, 31].
S. noName of projectsCapacity (MW)Financial closing date1.Lakeside energy pvt. Ltd.5018 November, 20192.Artistic wind power pvt. Ltd503.Liberty wind power 1 pvt. Ltd.504.Indus wind energy Ltd.505.Act2 wind pvt. Ltd.506.Metro power company Ltd.607.Liberty wind power 2 pvt. Ltd.508.Gul ahmed electric limited509.Din energy Ltd.5010.Nasda green energy pvt. Ltd.50Total capacity510 MWFigure 5
Wind power projects capacity.To explore the capability of wind energy resource that has been available in Sindh, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis has been conducted. These characteristics assure the possible strategies of wind power effectively.


#### 3.1.1. Strengths

(a)
Abundant Source. The installed projects have shown an abundance of wind potential in Sindh province for power generation. The installed and underconstructional projects have been implemented and considered for Jhimpir and Gharo, Sindh having capacities of 1335 MW and 510 MW as shown in Tables 2 to 4, respectively.(b)
Cost-Effective Tariff. The national electrical power company can get enough and cost-effective tariffs for their customers. The off-grid consumers can also be benefited by utilizing wind-generated power at a cheap unit price, i.e., 10 cents US cents/kWh efficiently [32].(c)
Bulk Power Generation. Wind Power can generate 7.653 GWh energy units annually from Sindh for power utilization and integrated into an interconnected national grid [25].(d)
Contribution of Several Independent Power Plants (IPPs) into National Grid Power. There are several IPPs in Pakistan, which have installed projects at wind corridor to contribute to the national energy hub and provide bulk power to neutralize the energy supply and demand gap efficiently. Those wind power projects and Tables 2–4 have exposed their locations. These projects will help the government to provide incentives and cost-effective tariffs to consumers.(e)
Reduction in Green House Gas Emissions (GHGEs). The wind power projects reduce GHG emissions adequately. It has been computed that 50 MW wind power can produce 110 GWh annual electrical power and can mitigate about 63620-ton CO2 effectively [33].


#### 3.1.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Turbine Height Increases with Capacity. The large capacity wind turbines required great height to utilize wind resources efficiently and generate bulk electrical power. The wind power changes with variation in the altitude effectively [34].(b)
Robust Foundation for Turbine Required. The giant wind turbines have terrific weight, and it requires a solid foundation to sustain natural environmental challenges.(c)
GHGE during Foundation. During the foundations for wind turbines, the required constructional material (cement, soil, rocks, etc.) emits GHGE, which produce breathing problem to workers as well as residents of the site.(d)
Unwanted Noise of Wind Blades and Generators. The cutting of high-speed wind through large wind turbine blades causes unwanted and annoying noise, which disturbs the ecological peace. Along with blades, the generator converting the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy also produces undesirable noise. Therefore, giant wind turbines have usually installed away from populated areas. The control and operation sections of power plants are used to construct as sound proof.(e)
Proper Operation and Maintenance (O&M). The wind turbine has attached several auxiliary parts. If any of its components is detached or damaged, it can cause severe injury due to heightened high turbines. Therefore, it is mandatory to conduct scheduled O&M to avoid accidents and casual deaths.


#### 3.1.3. Opportunities

(a)
Wind Power Share by 2030. According to Energy Security Action Plan 2006, the National on-grid power generation must have at least a 5% share from wind power by 2030. The incentives will be provided to Wind IPPs by the Wind Power Project Development of Pakistan for multiple perspectives [35].(b)
CPEC Projects. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has contributed among several fields for the socio-economic development of Pakistan. Some of them such as Three Gorges Pakistan, Sachal Wind Farm, UEP Wind Farm, and Hydro China Dawood Wind Farm, have located in Jhimpir as represented in Table 2.(c)
Employment Chances. When wind power plants will be initiated by foreign and/or local investors, they will require local workers and engineers to fulfil their operational tasks. In this way, the local residents near planned wind projects will get employment and can manage their expenses appropriately.


#### 3.1.4. Threats

Following are the possible threats to wind power development:(a)
Lack of Power Management. AEDB is responsible for renewable energy projects across the country, and the PEPCO and NEPRA are Power Company and regulatory authority, respectively. If generated power will be managed appropriately, the installed wind projects will operate efficiently.(b)
Financial Crisis. The country requires investors to invest and enhance its economic value in the world. If investors will contribute greatly, especially in Sindh, the bulk electrical power can be generated and reduced the capital cost; otherwise, natural wind resources will be wasted.(c)
Landscape and Land Use. These large wind power projects have used to install away from populated areas. It causes transportation issues of heavy equipment, and the land used for projects must be properly purchased or registered to avoid hindrances in the electrical power generation afterward.(d)
Bird’s Mortality. These wind turbine blades are giant and have enough sharpness that the bird’s mortality ratio increases and creates a significant loss to ecological life.(e)
Synchronization with Grid Power. The wind power projects generate AC power, synchronizing with conventional grid power through proper synchronization method and efficient utilization. If the frequency of 50 Hz could not match with grid power properly, the power mismatch and fault will occur and can cause a blackout across the country.(f)
Variable Power Source. Wind is a natural resource and has fluctuating behaviour due to variable wind speed. It generates variable power and requires various auxiliary components to provide constant output power. It also requires an automatic brake system to protect blades from high wind speeds during thunderstorms.


### 3.2. Solar Energy

Pakistan has a unique geographical location in the world map with a latitude of 23.45°N to 36.7°N and a longitude of 61°E to 75.5°E. It has an enormous solar potential of 2900 GW [36]. Its solar data has been collected by the World Bank Group and Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) using the SOLARGIS tool. The direct average irradiation, global horizontal irradiation, and photovoltaic power potential data of Pakistan have been represented by Global Solar Atlas [37]. These values have been collected of large cities of Sindh i.e., Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi to present great solar potential in these places. In Table 5, can be seen solar resources in the Major cities of Sindh.Table 5
Solar resources in major cities of Sindh.
Solar power cities parametersDaily sum (kWh/kWp)Yearly sum (kWh/kWp)HyderabadSukkurKarachiHyderabadSukkurKarachiDirect normal irradiations5.04.64.2182616801534Global horizontal irradiation5.65.24.8204518991753Photovoltaic power potential5.04.64.2182616801534It has been observed that the direct normal irradiations are sufficient at Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi, having enough potential to utilize it for 5.0, 4.6, and 4.2 kWh/kWp daily and has a yearly sum of 1826, 1680, and 1534 kWh/kWp, respectively. Besides, the global horizontal irradiation values of these selected cities (Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi) have attained a daily sum of 5.6, 5.2, and 4.8 kWh/kWp and a yearly sum of 2045, 1899, and 1753 kWh/kWp,, respectively. The photovoltaic power potential for these dominated cities of Sindh (Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi) have also been collected. Their daily and yearly sum values have been calculated as 5.0, 4.6, and 4.2 kWh/kWp daily and have a yearly sum of 1826, 1680, and 1534 kWh/kWp, respectively. Hence, the existing solar resources have been represented, which will ultimately motivate the investors to install maximum solar projects in Sindh. [38].According to AEDB Renewable Energy Policy 2006, Sindh has high solar potential terrains. It receives about 2 MWh/m2/year, and the annual average horizontal solar radiation/day is calculated as 5.48 kWh/m2 [39, 40]. Consequently, various solar power projects have been systematized under the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), which are in different stages of development in Sindh, as presented in Tables 6 and 7 and Figure 6 [31, 41].Table 6
Solar PV power projects with financial closing.
S. noName of projectCapacityLocation1.Meridian Energy (Pvt.) Ltd50Sukkur2.HND Energy (Pvt.) Ltd503.Helios Power (Pvt.) Ltd50Table 7
AEDB solar PV projects under Category-III.
S. no.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)Location1.RE Solar I (Pvt) Ltd20Dadu2.RE Solar II (Pvt) Ltd203.ET Energy Fateh Jang (Pvt) Ltd50Thatta4.ET Energy Pakistan 1 (Pvt) Ltd25Figure 6
AEDB solar power projects in Sindh.Following three Solar PV Power Projects approved for Sukkur with a cumulative capacity of 150 MW have accomplished Financial Closing of December 2022 and are under constructional works as shown in Table6.Besides, another Solar PV Power Project i.e., Siachen Energy Ltd-I of 100 MW has been approved project for Thatta under Category-II of CCOE decision; which also has been planned project in Indicative generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP′2021–30); approved by NEPRA [42].In addition, the following 24 Solar PV Projects have been categorized under Category-III of CCOE decisions based on IGCEP outcomes, in which 04 AEDB Solar PV Projects for 115 MW and 20 for 1250 MW Solar PV Projects approved by the Energy Department, Government of Sindh have been listed as represented by Table7, Figure 6 and Table 8, Figure 7, respectively.Table 8
Energy Departrment, Government of Sindh under Category-III [41].
Sr. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)Location1.New Ggeneration200Jamshoro2.MCC New Energy co. PK (Pvt) Ltd1003.China National Power Ltd1004.Technomen Kinetics (Pvt) Ltd1005.National Power & Water Co. (Pvt) Ltd506.ACT 2 Solar (Pvt) Ltd507.IDC (Private) Limited508.Sindh Renewable Energy Co. (pvt) Ltd509.MI Solar2010.Gul Ahmed Energy Ltd50Thatta11.Tricom Solar Power (Pvt) Ltd5012.Metro Solar Power Ltd5013.Sukkur Solar Park (Pvt) Ltd2014.Thatta Solar Park (Pvt) Ltd2015.Al Tariq & Laguardia2016.Siachen Energy Limited—II10017.Zhongxing Telecom (Pvt) Ltd (ZTE)100Shaheed Benazirabad18.Technomen Kinetics/ZTE2019.Siddiqsons Ltd50Khairpur20.Artistic Milliners (Pvt) Ltd50SukkurFigure 7
Energy department solar power projects in Sindh.It can be noticed that the ET Energy Fateh Jang Solar project has an installed capacity of 50 MW situated at Thatta based on its feasible location and energy output. The two RE Solar projects have installed of the capacity of 20 MW each at Dadu Sindh, where the future expansion of solar projects is possible.It can be observed that New Generation Solar PV Power Project installed in Jamshoro circumstances have a great installed capacity of 200 MW initiated by the Energy Department due to high solar irradiations and solar power at this location. Among the other projects, 20 MW is the minimum installed capacity of Solar Power, which also can be extended further as per requirements.The above-stated projects and their locations have sufficient solar radiations, which can generate bulk power and can be integrated into grid power. Therefore, SWOT analysis for available solar resources in Sindh has shown favorable outcomes to influence the investors to participate into the financial development of Pakistan.


#### 3.2.1. Strengths

(a)
Solar Resource Potential. It is a natural and abundant source of energy available in Sindh. Proper utilization of solar energy sources can lead to enough power generation for the country and reduce the electrical burden on the national transmission line system.(b)
High Solar Radiations. Sindh has enough solar radiations and perfect solar maps presented by World Bank and ESMAP. [43] These maps will lead the consumers for proper utilization of solar resources and assist them during the installation of short-term and long-term solar projects.(c)
Several Applications. The solar resource can be utilized for numerous applications such as electrical power generation for all types of consumers, heating, cooking, agricultural uses, electric vehicles, and off-grid and grid-connected solar projects.(d)
Environment Friendly. Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy source, and it uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels or Collected Solar Power (CSP) technology for various applications. It only emits GHG emissions from 26 to 217 gCO2, among the other renewable energy sources [19].(e)
Lowest O&M. The solar project requires only 1% of running costs of capital costs because it contains static components for solar power utilization. Therefore, no significant O&M costs are required. The cost required in solar projects is to clean panels and replacement of any damaged component [44].


#### 3.2.2. Weaknesses

(a)
High Initial Cost. The solar projects require high initial capital investment for its installation due to the cost of PV panels and their supporting components. These costs increase the cost of generated energy per Watt.(b)
Large Area Requirements. The large capacity solar power plants require a vast area for their installation due to the size of PV panels. Therefore, large solar power plants have avoided for bulk power generation.(c)
Feasibility and Forecasting of Projects. The appropriate forecasting, feasibility, and planning are mandatory for long-term solar projects. These aspects will be beneficial to energy departments in utilizing the available solar resources of Sindh as well as implementing large-scale solar projects accordingly. It will reduce extra expenses during the project lifetime and provide optimal and efficient electrical power generation, and it can be integrated into the national grid properly.


#### 3.2.3. Opportunities

(a)
Global Attention towards Solar Power. Solar power plants have widely been implemented in various parts of the world. It has enhanced several opportunities for investors as well as consumers to improve the usage of solar power in their daily life. Consequently, AEDB has initiated various renewable energy projects for Sindh to improve the socio-economic development of the country [45].(b)
Solar Plants as an Alternate Solution to Power Consumers. Due to inconsistent oil prices, the consumers of conventional grid power have moved towards a clean and cost-effective source of energy. These off-grid solar plants have become more accessible for residential customers to meet their load demands efficiently.(c)
Source of Employment. It has opened opportunities for technical and nontechnical individuals due to extensively installing solar power projects across the country.(d)
Net Metering. Through solar power projects, the prosumers can install projects on their sites and can sell power to distribution companies through a net metering system as approved by NEPRA [46].


#### 3.2.4. Threats

(a)
Immature Technology. The solar power plants require additional time to become mature and feasible to install their technology accessibly in the country as of conventional power plants.(b)
Lack of Incentives for Off-Grid Small Solar Plants. The customers are decreasing conventional generated power requirements indirectly by utilizing their generated solar power. However, no such incentives have been provided to them to reduce national energy demand.


### 3.3. Conventional Energy Sources

The electrical power generation in Pakistan is mainly relying on fossil fuels. According to Paris Agreement 2015, Pakistan targets to minimize GHGE by 20% until 2030 and improve the energy mix with renewable energy sources [47]. The fossil fuels primarily contain coal, residual furnace oil (RFO), and natural gas (NG) energy sources, which are the most consumed conventional sources due to their availability and generation companies (GENCOs) as shown in Table 9. Besides, the largest coal mines of Pakistan as well as Asia are available in Tharparkar, Sindh. It has ranked seventh in the world and covers 9000 km2 with around a coal reserves of 175 billion tons [48].Table 9
Thermal power generation projects of Sindh [49].
DescriptionOperational power generation projects in sindhGENCOIIIIVNamesJamshoro Power Company Limited (JPCL)Central Power Generation Company Limited (CPGCL)Lakhra Power Generation Company Limited (LPGCL)LocationsJamshoroKotriGuddu, KashmoreJamshoroPlant details1 × 250 MW (S.T) + 3 × 210 MW (S.T) + 2 × 660 MW)(4 × 25 MW (G.T) + 1 × 44 MW (S.T)16 [2 × 110 MW (S.T.) + 2 × 210 MW (S.T.) + 4 × 100 MW (G.T) + 2 × 100 MW (S.T.) + 2 × 136 MW (G.T) + 1 × 143 M.W (S.T) + 2 × 261.0 MW (G.T.) + 1 × 225 MW (S.T.) ]3 × 50 MW (S.T.)Plant typesThermal Power PlantsCombined Cycle (C.C.)ThermalFuel typesNatural gas, residual furnace oil (RFO), coalNatural gas, residual furnace oil (RFO)CoalGross capacity2344 MW2431.70 MW150 MWTable9 represents the various installed Generation Companies (GENCOs) of Pakistan, in which all these three GENCOs have been installed across Sindh due to its location and easy availability of resources. Table 9 has presented the installed plant details, fuel types, and gross capacity for electrical power generation. The CPGCL has the maximum gross capacity having 2431.70 MW in Sindh using CC plant type and NG, and RFO as energy sources effectively. Following Jamshoro Power Company Ltd (JPCL) having a gross capacity of 2344 MW with NG, RFO, and coal sources, LPGCL has placed in the last with only the gross capacity of 150 MW and consumes coal power.Table 10
CPEC energy projects [50].
S. no.Names of projectsCapacity (MW)LocationStatus1.Coal-fired Power Plant1320Port Qasim KarachiOperational2.Engro Thar Coal Power Project660TharparkarOperational3.Surface Mine Block II Thar Coalfield6604.SSRL Thar Coal Block-I13205.HUBCO Thar Coal (Thar Energy)330TharparkarIn process6.Thal Nova Thar Coal Power Project3307.Thar Mine Mouth Oracle Project1320Figure 8
CPEC energy projects.


#### 3.3.1. Strengths

(a)
Conventional Thermal Plants since Decades. These plants have mature technology that the issues concerned to them can easily handle. They can be modified with the latest equipment to enhance their operational efficiency.(b)
Frequency Synchronization. These power plants generate electrical power in AC voltage and at a standard frequency of 50 Hz. It becomes easy to integrate power generation into the national transmission system without any other auxiliaries.(c)
CPEC Coal Projects. The available coal resources of Sindh have been utilized efficiently with the collaboration of CPEC projects. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has initiated the following coal energy projects. Among them, some are in the operational phase, and some are in the construction phase, as listed in Table 10 and shown in Figure 8.


#### 3.3.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Power Blackout. When a significant fault occurs in an interconnected grid system, it will travel in an entire power system and results into a power blackout. Afterwards it becomes challenging to re-energize the power system again.(b)
Fuel Transportation. Transportation of conventional energy fuels (Crude oil, coal, and diesel) from dealer to requisite location increase project expenditure.(c)
Environmental Hazards. Air pollution and global warming increases with conventional sources [51].


#### 3.3.3. Opportunities

(a)
Cost Minimization. Consumption of available sources in the province minimizes the import of costlier sources from other parts of the country efficiently(b)
Job Openings. The opportunities for unemployed graduates can enhance through newly installed and upcoming power projects(c)
Electrical Power Production. Bulk power generation and integration into the national power pool may decrease the energy supply-demand gap(d)
Socio-Economic Development. China has initiated their great investments for power projects, which can improve the socio-economic development and represents the country globally for having coal in abundance


#### 3.3.4. Threats

(a)
GHG Emissions. Expect a rise of CO2 emissions for 55.2 million metrics by 2030 from the utilization of these sources [52](b)
Food Security. The food security issue can be increased due to the utilization of largely cultivated lands(c)
Water Security: The water security concerns for residents can be attained due to the consumption of water resources for thermal power generation sufficiently(d)
Fuel Price Variation. Variable oil prices and fuel adjustment prices has resulted from fossil fuels into an expensive source of electricityThe comprehensive SWOT analysis of the current study has presented in Table11. It has been investigated from the latest and relevant research studies that the wind, solar and conventional energy sources exist in Sindh effectively. Therefore, its SWOT constraints have shown below with their key significance.Table 11
Detailed SWOT analysis for preferred energy sources in Sindh.
SWOT sourcesStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsWind1. Abundance2. Cheap tariff3. Bulk power4. GHG reduced1. Large height for large capacity WT2. Strong foundation required3. GHGE production during groundwork4. Noise pollution5. High O&M required6. Conductor cost increased1. Wind power share by 20302. CPEC projects3. Employment chances1. Lack of power management2. Financial crisis3. Landscape and land use4. Bird’s mortality5. Synchronization with grid power6. Variable power sourceSolar1. Solar resource potential2. High radiation3. Numerous applications4. Environmental friendly5. Least O&M1. High capital cost2. Large area required3. Feasibility and monitoring of projects1. Centre of attraction globally2. Alternate solution to customers3. Source of employment4. Net metering1. Immature technology2. Lack of incentives for mini off-grid systemsConventional sources1. Coal abundance at tharparkar2. Several conventional power plants have installed3. Efficient utilization of resources4. CPEC projects1. Chances of blackout due to interconnected system2. Fuel transportation issue3. Air pollution1. Consumption of available sources reduces import costs2. New opportunities with new projects3. Generated bulk power will minimize demand-supply gap4. Socio-economic development1. Rise of CO2 emissions2. Installation of mega projects causes water and food security issues for local residents


## 3.1. Wind Energy

Pakistan possesses a coastal line of 1046 km, which includes 250 km in Sindh with an area of about 9749 km2, and each km2 can generate electrical energy for 18 MW. The wind speed in the Sindh wind-corridor possesses from 5–12 m/s significantly. The average wind-speed of 6.63 m/s has been recorded with a power generation of 7.653 GWh per annum. The maximum average annual wind speed for Jamshoro, Noriabad, Katti Bandar, Gharo, Golarchi, Baghan, Talhar, and DHA Karachi has been computed as 8.6 7.2, 7, 6.6, 6.3, 6.3, 6.24, and 5.9 m/s, respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Wind energy contains an average capacity factor of 25%, having a gross potential of 43.8 GW, where 11 GW is useable [17, 21–26].Figure 2
Wind-speeds of various locations of Sindh.The following twenty-six wind projects of Jhimpir and Gharo having a cumulative capacity of 1335 MW have operated commercially and integrated into National Grid, as shown in Tables2 and 3, as well as in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.Table 2
Wind energy projects were installed in Jhimpir [19, 27–31].
S. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)COD1.Fauji fertilizer co. Energy Ltd49.50May 16, 20132.Zorlu enerji Pakistan Ltd56.40July 26, 20133.Three gorges first wind farm Ltd49.5November 25, 20144.Sapphire wind power co. Ltd52.80November 22, 20155.Yunus energy wind farm5016 September 20166.Metro power co. Ltd5016 September 20167.Tapal wind energy Ltd.307 October 20168.Master wind energy pvt Ltd.52.814 October 20169.Gul wind energy Ltd.5018 October 201610.Sachal energy development Ltd.49.518 April, 201711.United energy Pakistan Ltd.9916 June, 201712.Hawa energy Ltd.49.615 March, 201813.Jhimpir wind power Ltd49.73516 March, 201814.Artistic energy Ltd.49.316 March, 201815.Three gorges second wind farm Ltd49.530 June, 201816.Three gorges third wind farm Ltd49.59 July, 201817.Tricon boston corporation Ltd. (A)49.616 August, 201818.Tricon boston corporation Ltd (B)49.614 September, 201819.Tricon boston corporation Ltd (C)49.611 September, 201820.Master green energy Ltd5020 August 202121.Tricom wind power Ltd5031 August 2021Total capacity1086 MWTable 3
Wind energy projects were installed in Gharo [19, 27–31].
S. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)COD1.Foundation wind energy II Ltd50December 10, 20142.Foundation wind energy –I Ltd50April 11, 20153.Tenaga generasi Ltd.49.511 October 20164.Hydro China dawood power Ltd49.55 April, 20175.Zephyr power Ltd.5027 March, 2019Total capacity249 MWFigure 3
Wind power projects in Jhimpir.Figure 4
Wind power projects in Gharo.It has been observed that 21 wind projects have been placed in operation at Jhimpir, in which United Energy Pakistan Ltd., has a maximum installed capacity of 99 MW, which has came into operation on 16 June 2016. Besides, the Sachal Energy Development Ltd., has the least wind power generation of 49.5 MW, which has COD of 18 April 2017.From Figure4, it can be noticed that there are three projects which have a maximum installed capacity of 50 MW and the rest of the two has 49.5 MW at Gharo. These locations have presented an abundance of wind resources, which can be further utilized for bulk clean energy production in the future.In addition, the following ten Projects having a cumulative capacity of 510 MW have accomplished financial closing and are under construction phase at Jhimpir as shown in Table4 and Figure 5. The Metro power company will install a maximum wind power project of 60 MW and the other remaining nine wind projects will be of 50 MW. These will generate electrical energy using the available wind resource of Jhimpir, which had the financial closing in November 2019.Table 4
Wind projects under financial closing and construction phases [30, 31].
S. noName of projectsCapacity (MW)Financial closing date1.Lakeside energy pvt. Ltd.5018 November, 20192.Artistic wind power pvt. Ltd503.Liberty wind power 1 pvt. Ltd.504.Indus wind energy Ltd.505.Act2 wind pvt. Ltd.506.Metro power company Ltd.607.Liberty wind power 2 pvt. Ltd.508.Gul ahmed electric limited509.Din energy Ltd.5010.Nasda green energy pvt. Ltd.50Total capacity510 MWFigure 5
Wind power projects capacity.To explore the capability of wind energy resource that has been available in Sindh, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis has been conducted. These characteristics assure the possible strategies of wind power effectively.


### 3.1.1. Strengths

(a)
Abundant Source. The installed projects have shown an abundance of wind potential in Sindh province for power generation. The installed and underconstructional projects have been implemented and considered for Jhimpir and Gharo, Sindh having capacities of 1335 MW and 510 MW as shown in Tables 2 to 4, respectively.(b)
Cost-Effective Tariff. The national electrical power company can get enough and cost-effective tariffs for their customers. The off-grid consumers can also be benefited by utilizing wind-generated power at a cheap unit price, i.e., 10 cents US cents/kWh efficiently [32].(c)
Bulk Power Generation. Wind Power can generate 7.653 GWh energy units annually from Sindh for power utilization and integrated into an interconnected national grid [25].(d)
Contribution of Several Independent Power Plants (IPPs) into National Grid Power. There are several IPPs in Pakistan, which have installed projects at wind corridor to contribute to the national energy hub and provide bulk power to neutralize the energy supply and demand gap efficiently. Those wind power projects and Tables 2–4 have exposed their locations. These projects will help the government to provide incentives and cost-effective tariffs to consumers.(e)
Reduction in Green House Gas Emissions (GHGEs). The wind power projects reduce GHG emissions adequately. It has been computed that 50 MW wind power can produce 110 GWh annual electrical power and can mitigate about 63620-ton CO2 effectively [33].


### 3.1.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Turbine Height Increases with Capacity. The large capacity wind turbines required great height to utilize wind resources efficiently and generate bulk electrical power. The wind power changes with variation in the altitude effectively [34].(b)
Robust Foundation for Turbine Required. The giant wind turbines have terrific weight, and it requires a solid foundation to sustain natural environmental challenges.(c)
GHGE during Foundation. During the foundations for wind turbines, the required constructional material (cement, soil, rocks, etc.) emits GHGE, which produce breathing problem to workers as well as residents of the site.(d)
Unwanted Noise of Wind Blades and Generators. The cutting of high-speed wind through large wind turbine blades causes unwanted and annoying noise, which disturbs the ecological peace. Along with blades, the generator converting the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy also produces undesirable noise. Therefore, giant wind turbines have usually installed away from populated areas. The control and operation sections of power plants are used to construct as sound proof.(e)
Proper Operation and Maintenance (O&M). The wind turbine has attached several auxiliary parts. If any of its components is detached or damaged, it can cause severe injury due to heightened high turbines. Therefore, it is mandatory to conduct scheduled O&M to avoid accidents and casual deaths.


### 3.1.3. Opportunities

(a)
Wind Power Share by 2030. According to Energy Security Action Plan 2006, the National on-grid power generation must have at least a 5% share from wind power by 2030. The incentives will be provided to Wind IPPs by the Wind Power Project Development of Pakistan for multiple perspectives [35].(b)
CPEC Projects. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has contributed among several fields for the socio-economic development of Pakistan. Some of them such as Three Gorges Pakistan, Sachal Wind Farm, UEP Wind Farm, and Hydro China Dawood Wind Farm, have located in Jhimpir as represented in Table 2.(c)
Employment Chances. When wind power plants will be initiated by foreign and/or local investors, they will require local workers and engineers to fulfil their operational tasks. In this way, the local residents near planned wind projects will get employment and can manage their expenses appropriately.


### 3.1.4. Threats

Following are the possible threats to wind power development:(a)
Lack of Power Management. AEDB is responsible for renewable energy projects across the country, and the PEPCO and NEPRA are Power Company and regulatory authority, respectively. If generated power will be managed appropriately, the installed wind projects will operate efficiently.(b)
Financial Crisis. The country requires investors to invest and enhance its economic value in the world. If investors will contribute greatly, especially in Sindh, the bulk electrical power can be generated and reduced the capital cost; otherwise, natural wind resources will be wasted.(c)
Landscape and Land Use. These large wind power projects have used to install away from populated areas. It causes transportation issues of heavy equipment, and the land used for projects must be properly purchased or registered to avoid hindrances in the electrical power generation afterward.(d)
Bird’s Mortality. These wind turbine blades are giant and have enough sharpness that the bird’s mortality ratio increases and creates a significant loss to ecological life.(e)
Synchronization with Grid Power. The wind power projects generate AC power, synchronizing with conventional grid power through proper synchronization method and efficient utilization. If the frequency of 50 Hz could not match with grid power properly, the power mismatch and fault will occur and can cause a blackout across the country.(f)
Variable Power Source. Wind is a natural resource and has fluctuating behaviour due to variable wind speed. It generates variable power and requires various auxiliary components to provide constant output power. It also requires an automatic brake system to protect blades from high wind speeds during thunderstorms.


## 3.1.1. Strengths

(a)
Abundant Source. The installed projects have shown an abundance of wind potential in Sindh province for power generation. The installed and underconstructional projects have been implemented and considered for Jhimpir and Gharo, Sindh having capacities of 1335 MW and 510 MW as shown in Tables 2 to 4, respectively.(b)
Cost-Effective Tariff. The national electrical power company can get enough and cost-effective tariffs for their customers. The off-grid consumers can also be benefited by utilizing wind-generated power at a cheap unit price, i.e., 10 cents US cents/kWh efficiently [32].(c)
Bulk Power Generation. Wind Power can generate 7.653 GWh energy units annually from Sindh for power utilization and integrated into an interconnected national grid [25].(d)
Contribution of Several Independent Power Plants (IPPs) into National Grid Power. There are several IPPs in Pakistan, which have installed projects at wind corridor to contribute to the national energy hub and provide bulk power to neutralize the energy supply and demand gap efficiently. Those wind power projects and Tables 2–4 have exposed their locations. These projects will help the government to provide incentives and cost-effective tariffs to consumers.(e)
Reduction in Green House Gas Emissions (GHGEs). The wind power projects reduce GHG emissions adequately. It has been computed that 50 MW wind power can produce 110 GWh annual electrical power and can mitigate about 63620-ton CO2 effectively [33].


## 3.1.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Turbine Height Increases with Capacity. The large capacity wind turbines required great height to utilize wind resources efficiently and generate bulk electrical power. The wind power changes with variation in the altitude effectively [34].(b)
Robust Foundation for Turbine Required. The giant wind turbines have terrific weight, and it requires a solid foundation to sustain natural environmental challenges.(c)
GHGE during Foundation. During the foundations for wind turbines, the required constructional material (cement, soil, rocks, etc.) emits GHGE, which produce breathing problem to workers as well as residents of the site.(d)
Unwanted Noise of Wind Blades and Generators. The cutting of high-speed wind through large wind turbine blades causes unwanted and annoying noise, which disturbs the ecological peace. Along with blades, the generator converting the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy also produces undesirable noise. Therefore, giant wind turbines have usually installed away from populated areas. The control and operation sections of power plants are used to construct as sound proof.(e)
Proper Operation and Maintenance (O&M). The wind turbine has attached several auxiliary parts. If any of its components is detached or damaged, it can cause severe injury due to heightened high turbines. Therefore, it is mandatory to conduct scheduled O&M to avoid accidents and casual deaths.


## 3.1.3. Opportunities

(a)
Wind Power Share by 2030. According to Energy Security Action Plan 2006, the National on-grid power generation must have at least a 5% share from wind power by 2030. The incentives will be provided to Wind IPPs by the Wind Power Project Development of Pakistan for multiple perspectives [35].(b)
CPEC Projects. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has contributed among several fields for the socio-economic development of Pakistan. Some of them such as Three Gorges Pakistan, Sachal Wind Farm, UEP Wind Farm, and Hydro China Dawood Wind Farm, have located in Jhimpir as represented in Table 2.(c)
Employment Chances. When wind power plants will be initiated by foreign and/or local investors, they will require local workers and engineers to fulfil their operational tasks. In this way, the local residents near planned wind projects will get employment and can manage their expenses appropriately.


## 3.1.4. Threats

Following are the possible threats to wind power development:(a)
Lack of Power Management. AEDB is responsible for renewable energy projects across the country, and the PEPCO and NEPRA are Power Company and regulatory authority, respectively. If generated power will be managed appropriately, the installed wind projects will operate efficiently.(b)
Financial Crisis. The country requires investors to invest and enhance its economic value in the world. If investors will contribute greatly, especially in Sindh, the bulk electrical power can be generated and reduced the capital cost; otherwise, natural wind resources will be wasted.(c)
Landscape and Land Use. These large wind power projects have used to install away from populated areas. It causes transportation issues of heavy equipment, and the land used for projects must be properly purchased or registered to avoid hindrances in the electrical power generation afterward.(d)
Bird’s Mortality. These wind turbine blades are giant and have enough sharpness that the bird’s mortality ratio increases and creates a significant loss to ecological life.(e)
Synchronization with Grid Power. The wind power projects generate AC power, synchronizing with conventional grid power through proper synchronization method and efficient utilization. If the frequency of 50 Hz could not match with grid power properly, the power mismatch and fault will occur and can cause a blackout across the country.(f)
Variable Power Source. Wind is a natural resource and has fluctuating behaviour due to variable wind speed. It generates variable power and requires various auxiliary components to provide constant output power. It also requires an automatic brake system to protect blades from high wind speeds during thunderstorms.


## 3.2. Solar Energy

Pakistan has a unique geographical location in the world map with a latitude of 23.45°N to 36.7°N and a longitude of 61°E to 75.5°E. It has an enormous solar potential of 2900 GW [36]. Its solar data has been collected by the World Bank Group and Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) using the SOLARGIS tool. The direct average irradiation, global horizontal irradiation, and photovoltaic power potential data of Pakistan have been represented by Global Solar Atlas [37]. These values have been collected of large cities of Sindh i.e., Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi to present great solar potential in these places. In Table 5, can be seen solar resources in the Major cities of Sindh.Table 5
Solar resources in major cities of Sindh.
Solar power cities parametersDaily sum (kWh/kWp)Yearly sum (kWh/kWp)HyderabadSukkurKarachiHyderabadSukkurKarachiDirect normal irradiations5.04.64.2182616801534Global horizontal irradiation5.65.24.8204518991753Photovoltaic power potential5.04.64.2182616801534It has been observed that the direct normal irradiations are sufficient at Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi, having enough potential to utilize it for 5.0, 4.6, and 4.2 kWh/kWp daily and has a yearly sum of 1826, 1680, and 1534 kWh/kWp, respectively. Besides, the global horizontal irradiation values of these selected cities (Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi) have attained a daily sum of 5.6, 5.2, and 4.8 kWh/kWp and a yearly sum of 2045, 1899, and 1753 kWh/kWp,, respectively. The photovoltaic power potential for these dominated cities of Sindh (Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi) have also been collected. Their daily and yearly sum values have been calculated as 5.0, 4.6, and 4.2 kWh/kWp daily and have a yearly sum of 1826, 1680, and 1534 kWh/kWp, respectively. Hence, the existing solar resources have been represented, which will ultimately motivate the investors to install maximum solar projects in Sindh. [38].According to AEDB Renewable Energy Policy 2006, Sindh has high solar potential terrains. It receives about 2 MWh/m2/year, and the annual average horizontal solar radiation/day is calculated as 5.48 kWh/m2 [39, 40]. Consequently, various solar power projects have been systematized under the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), which are in different stages of development in Sindh, as presented in Tables 6 and 7 and Figure 6 [31, 41].Table 6
Solar PV power projects with financial closing.
S. noName of projectCapacityLocation1.Meridian Energy (Pvt.) Ltd50Sukkur2.HND Energy (Pvt.) Ltd503.Helios Power (Pvt.) Ltd50Table 7
AEDB solar PV projects under Category-III.
S. no.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)Location1.RE Solar I (Pvt) Ltd20Dadu2.RE Solar II (Pvt) Ltd203.ET Energy Fateh Jang (Pvt) Ltd50Thatta4.ET Energy Pakistan 1 (Pvt) Ltd25Figure 6
AEDB solar power projects in Sindh.Following three Solar PV Power Projects approved for Sukkur with a cumulative capacity of 150 MW have accomplished Financial Closing of December 2022 and are under constructional works as shown in Table6.Besides, another Solar PV Power Project i.e., Siachen Energy Ltd-I of 100 MW has been approved project for Thatta under Category-II of CCOE decision; which also has been planned project in Indicative generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP′2021–30); approved by NEPRA [42].In addition, the following 24 Solar PV Projects have been categorized under Category-III of CCOE decisions based on IGCEP outcomes, in which 04 AEDB Solar PV Projects for 115 MW and 20 for 1250 MW Solar PV Projects approved by the Energy Department, Government of Sindh have been listed as represented by Table7, Figure 6 and Table 8, Figure 7, respectively.Table 8
Energy Departrment, Government of Sindh under Category-III [41].
Sr. No.Name of projectsCapacity (MW)Location1.New Ggeneration200Jamshoro2.MCC New Energy co. PK (Pvt) Ltd1003.China National Power Ltd1004.Technomen Kinetics (Pvt) Ltd1005.National Power & Water Co. (Pvt) Ltd506.ACT 2 Solar (Pvt) Ltd507.IDC (Private) Limited508.Sindh Renewable Energy Co. (pvt) Ltd509.MI Solar2010.Gul Ahmed Energy Ltd50Thatta11.Tricom Solar Power (Pvt) Ltd5012.Metro Solar Power Ltd5013.Sukkur Solar Park (Pvt) Ltd2014.Thatta Solar Park (Pvt) Ltd2015.Al Tariq & Laguardia2016.Siachen Energy Limited—II10017.Zhongxing Telecom (Pvt) Ltd (ZTE)100Shaheed Benazirabad18.Technomen Kinetics/ZTE2019.Siddiqsons Ltd50Khairpur20.Artistic Milliners (Pvt) Ltd50SukkurFigure 7
Energy department solar power projects in Sindh.It can be noticed that the ET Energy Fateh Jang Solar project has an installed capacity of 50 MW situated at Thatta based on its feasible location and energy output. The two RE Solar projects have installed of the capacity of 20 MW each at Dadu Sindh, where the future expansion of solar projects is possible.It can be observed that New Generation Solar PV Power Project installed in Jamshoro circumstances have a great installed capacity of 200 MW initiated by the Energy Department due to high solar irradiations and solar power at this location. Among the other projects, 20 MW is the minimum installed capacity of Solar Power, which also can be extended further as per requirements.The above-stated projects and their locations have sufficient solar radiations, which can generate bulk power and can be integrated into grid power. Therefore, SWOT analysis for available solar resources in Sindh has shown favorable outcomes to influence the investors to participate into the financial development of Pakistan.


### 3.2.1. Strengths

(a)
Solar Resource Potential. It is a natural and abundant source of energy available in Sindh. Proper utilization of solar energy sources can lead to enough power generation for the country and reduce the electrical burden on the national transmission line system.(b)
High Solar Radiations. Sindh has enough solar radiations and perfect solar maps presented by World Bank and ESMAP. [43] These maps will lead the consumers for proper utilization of solar resources and assist them during the installation of short-term and long-term solar projects.(c)
Several Applications. The solar resource can be utilized for numerous applications such as electrical power generation for all types of consumers, heating, cooking, agricultural uses, electric vehicles, and off-grid and grid-connected solar projects.(d)
Environment Friendly. Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy source, and it uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels or Collected Solar Power (CSP) technology for various applications. It only emits GHG emissions from 26 to 217 gCO2, among the other renewable energy sources [19].(e)
Lowest O&M. The solar project requires only 1% of running costs of capital costs because it contains static components for solar power utilization. Therefore, no significant O&M costs are required. The cost required in solar projects is to clean panels and replacement of any damaged component [44].


### 3.2.2. Weaknesses

(a)
High Initial Cost. The solar projects require high initial capital investment for its installation due to the cost of PV panels and their supporting components. These costs increase the cost of generated energy per Watt.(b)
Large Area Requirements. The large capacity solar power plants require a vast area for their installation due to the size of PV panels. Therefore, large solar power plants have avoided for bulk power generation.(c)
Feasibility and Forecasting of Projects. The appropriate forecasting, feasibility, and planning are mandatory for long-term solar projects. These aspects will be beneficial to energy departments in utilizing the available solar resources of Sindh as well as implementing large-scale solar projects accordingly. It will reduce extra expenses during the project lifetime and provide optimal and efficient electrical power generation, and it can be integrated into the national grid properly.


### 3.2.3. Opportunities

(a)
Global Attention towards Solar Power. Solar power plants have widely been implemented in various parts of the world. It has enhanced several opportunities for investors as well as consumers to improve the usage of solar power in their daily life. Consequently, AEDB has initiated various renewable energy projects for Sindh to improve the socio-economic development of the country [45].(b)
Solar Plants as an Alternate Solution to Power Consumers. Due to inconsistent oil prices, the consumers of conventional grid power have moved towards a clean and cost-effective source of energy. These off-grid solar plants have become more accessible for residential customers to meet their load demands efficiently.(c)
Source of Employment. It has opened opportunities for technical and nontechnical individuals due to extensively installing solar power projects across the country.(d)
Net Metering. Through solar power projects, the prosumers can install projects on their sites and can sell power to distribution companies through a net metering system as approved by NEPRA [46].


### 3.2.4. Threats

(a)
Immature Technology. The solar power plants require additional time to become mature and feasible to install their technology accessibly in the country as of conventional power plants.(b)
Lack of Incentives for Off-Grid Small Solar Plants. The customers are decreasing conventional generated power requirements indirectly by utilizing their generated solar power. However, no such incentives have been provided to them to reduce national energy demand.


## 3.2.1. Strengths

(a)
Solar Resource Potential. It is a natural and abundant source of energy available in Sindh. Proper utilization of solar energy sources can lead to enough power generation for the country and reduce the electrical burden on the national transmission line system.(b)
High Solar Radiations. Sindh has enough solar radiations and perfect solar maps presented by World Bank and ESMAP. [43] These maps will lead the consumers for proper utilization of solar resources and assist them during the installation of short-term and long-term solar projects.(c)
Several Applications. The solar resource can be utilized for numerous applications such as electrical power generation for all types of consumers, heating, cooking, agricultural uses, electric vehicles, and off-grid and grid-connected solar projects.(d)
Environment Friendly. Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy source, and it uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels or Collected Solar Power (CSP) technology for various applications. It only emits GHG emissions from 26 to 217 gCO2, among the other renewable energy sources [19].(e)
Lowest O&M. The solar project requires only 1% of running costs of capital costs because it contains static components for solar power utilization. Therefore, no significant O&M costs are required. The cost required in solar projects is to clean panels and replacement of any damaged component [44].


## 3.2.2. Weaknesses

(a)
High Initial Cost. The solar projects require high initial capital investment for its installation due to the cost of PV panels and their supporting components. These costs increase the cost of generated energy per Watt.(b)
Large Area Requirements. The large capacity solar power plants require a vast area for their installation due to the size of PV panels. Therefore, large solar power plants have avoided for bulk power generation.(c)
Feasibility and Forecasting of Projects. The appropriate forecasting, feasibility, and planning are mandatory for long-term solar projects. These aspects will be beneficial to energy departments in utilizing the available solar resources of Sindh as well as implementing large-scale solar projects accordingly. It will reduce extra expenses during the project lifetime and provide optimal and efficient electrical power generation, and it can be integrated into the national grid properly.


## 3.2.3. Opportunities

(a)
Global Attention towards Solar Power. Solar power plants have widely been implemented in various parts of the world. It has enhanced several opportunities for investors as well as consumers to improve the usage of solar power in their daily life. Consequently, AEDB has initiated various renewable energy projects for Sindh to improve the socio-economic development of the country [45].(b)
Solar Plants as an Alternate Solution to Power Consumers. Due to inconsistent oil prices, the consumers of conventional grid power have moved towards a clean and cost-effective source of energy. These off-grid solar plants have become more accessible for residential customers to meet their load demands efficiently.(c)
Source of Employment. It has opened opportunities for technical and nontechnical individuals due to extensively installing solar power projects across the country.(d)
Net Metering. Through solar power projects, the prosumers can install projects on their sites and can sell power to distribution companies through a net metering system as approved by NEPRA [46].


## 3.2.4. Threats

(a)
Immature Technology. The solar power plants require additional time to become mature and feasible to install their technology accessibly in the country as of conventional power plants.(b)
Lack of Incentives for Off-Grid Small Solar Plants. The customers are decreasing conventional generated power requirements indirectly by utilizing their generated solar power. However, no such incentives have been provided to them to reduce national energy demand.


## 3.3. Conventional Energy Sources

The electrical power generation in Pakistan is mainly relying on fossil fuels. According to Paris Agreement 2015, Pakistan targets to minimize GHGE by 20% until 2030 and improve the energy mix with renewable energy sources [47]. The fossil fuels primarily contain coal, residual furnace oil (RFO), and natural gas (NG) energy sources, which are the most consumed conventional sources due to their availability and generation companies (GENCOs) as shown in Table 9. Besides, the largest coal mines of Pakistan as well as Asia are available in Tharparkar, Sindh. It has ranked seventh in the world and covers 9000 km2 with around a coal reserves of 175 billion tons [48].Table 9
Thermal power generation projects of Sindh [49].
DescriptionOperational power generation projects in sindhGENCOIIIIVNamesJamshoro Power Company Limited (JPCL)Central Power Generation Company Limited (CPGCL)Lakhra Power Generation Company Limited (LPGCL)LocationsJamshoroKotriGuddu, KashmoreJamshoroPlant details1 × 250 MW (S.T) + 3 × 210 MW (S.T) + 2 × 660 MW)(4 × 25 MW (G.T) + 1 × 44 MW (S.T)16 [2 × 110 MW (S.T.) + 2 × 210 MW (S.T.) + 4 × 100 MW (G.T) + 2 × 100 MW (S.T.) + 2 × 136 MW (G.T) + 1 × 143 M.W (S.T) + 2 × 261.0 MW (G.T.) + 1 × 225 MW (S.T.) ]3 × 50 MW (S.T.)Plant typesThermal Power PlantsCombined Cycle (C.C.)ThermalFuel typesNatural gas, residual furnace oil (RFO), coalNatural gas, residual furnace oil (RFO)CoalGross capacity2344 MW2431.70 MW150 MWTable9 represents the various installed Generation Companies (GENCOs) of Pakistan, in which all these three GENCOs have been installed across Sindh due to its location and easy availability of resources. Table 9 has presented the installed plant details, fuel types, and gross capacity for electrical power generation. The CPGCL has the maximum gross capacity having 2431.70 MW in Sindh using CC plant type and NG, and RFO as energy sources effectively. Following Jamshoro Power Company Ltd (JPCL) having a gross capacity of 2344 MW with NG, RFO, and coal sources, LPGCL has placed in the last with only the gross capacity of 150 MW and consumes coal power.Table 10
CPEC energy projects [50].
S. no.Names of projectsCapacity (MW)LocationStatus1.Coal-fired Power Plant1320Port Qasim KarachiOperational2.Engro Thar Coal Power Project660TharparkarOperational3.Surface Mine Block II Thar Coalfield6604.SSRL Thar Coal Block-I13205.HUBCO Thar Coal (Thar Energy)330TharparkarIn process6.Thal Nova Thar Coal Power Project3307.Thar Mine Mouth Oracle Project1320Figure 8
CPEC energy projects.


### 3.3.1. Strengths

(a)
Conventional Thermal Plants since Decades. These plants have mature technology that the issues concerned to them can easily handle. They can be modified with the latest equipment to enhance their operational efficiency.(b)
Frequency Synchronization. These power plants generate electrical power in AC voltage and at a standard frequency of 50 Hz. It becomes easy to integrate power generation into the national transmission system without any other auxiliaries.(c)
CPEC Coal Projects. The available coal resources of Sindh have been utilized efficiently with the collaboration of CPEC projects. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has initiated the following coal energy projects. Among them, some are in the operational phase, and some are in the construction phase, as listed in Table 10 and shown in Figure 8.


### 3.3.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Power Blackout. When a significant fault occurs in an interconnected grid system, it will travel in an entire power system and results into a power blackout. Afterwards it becomes challenging to re-energize the power system again.(b)
Fuel Transportation. Transportation of conventional energy fuels (Crude oil, coal, and diesel) from dealer to requisite location increase project expenditure.(c)
Environmental Hazards. Air pollution and global warming increases with conventional sources [51].


### 3.3.3. Opportunities

(a)
Cost Minimization. Consumption of available sources in the province minimizes the import of costlier sources from other parts of the country efficiently(b)
Job Openings. The opportunities for unemployed graduates can enhance through newly installed and upcoming power projects(c)
Electrical Power Production. Bulk power generation and integration into the national power pool may decrease the energy supply-demand gap(d)
Socio-Economic Development. China has initiated their great investments for power projects, which can improve the socio-economic development and represents the country globally for having coal in abundance


### 3.3.4. Threats

(a)
GHG Emissions. Expect a rise of CO2 emissions for 55.2 million metrics by 2030 from the utilization of these sources [52](b)
Food Security. The food security issue can be increased due to the utilization of largely cultivated lands(c)
Water Security: The water security concerns for residents can be attained due to the consumption of water resources for thermal power generation sufficiently(d)
Fuel Price Variation. Variable oil prices and fuel adjustment prices has resulted from fossil fuels into an expensive source of electricityThe comprehensive SWOT analysis of the current study has presented in Table11. It has been investigated from the latest and relevant research studies that the wind, solar and conventional energy sources exist in Sindh effectively. Therefore, its SWOT constraints have shown below with their key significance.Table 11
Detailed SWOT analysis for preferred energy sources in Sindh.
SWOT sourcesStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsWind1. Abundance2. Cheap tariff3. Bulk power4. GHG reduced1. Large height for large capacity WT2. Strong foundation required3. GHGE production during groundwork4. Noise pollution5. High O&M required6. Conductor cost increased1. Wind power share by 20302. CPEC projects3. Employment chances1. Lack of power management2. Financial crisis3. Landscape and land use4. Bird’s mortality5. Synchronization with grid power6. Variable power sourceSolar1. Solar resource potential2. High radiation3. Numerous applications4. Environmental friendly5. Least O&M1. High capital cost2. Large area required3. Feasibility and monitoring of projects1. Centre of attraction globally2. Alternate solution to customers3. Source of employment4. Net metering1. Immature technology2. Lack of incentives for mini off-grid systemsConventional sources1. Coal abundance at tharparkar2. Several conventional power plants have installed3. Efficient utilization of resources4. CPEC projects1. Chances of blackout due to interconnected system2. Fuel transportation issue3. Air pollution1. Consumption of available sources reduces import costs2. New opportunities with new projects3. Generated bulk power will minimize demand-supply gap4. Socio-economic development1. Rise of CO2 emissions2. Installation of mega projects causes water and food security issues for local residents


## 3.3.1. Strengths

(a)
Conventional Thermal Plants since Decades. These plants have mature technology that the issues concerned to them can easily handle. They can be modified with the latest equipment to enhance their operational efficiency.(b)
Frequency Synchronization. These power plants generate electrical power in AC voltage and at a standard frequency of 50 Hz. It becomes easy to integrate power generation into the national transmission system without any other auxiliaries.(c)
CPEC Coal Projects. The available coal resources of Sindh have been utilized efficiently with the collaboration of CPEC projects. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has initiated the following coal energy projects. Among them, some are in the operational phase, and some are in the construction phase, as listed in Table 10 and shown in Figure 8.


## 3.3.2. Weaknesses

(a)
Power Blackout. When a significant fault occurs in an interconnected grid system, it will travel in an entire power system and results into a power blackout. Afterwards it becomes challenging to re-energize the power system again.(b)
Fuel Transportation. Transportation of conventional energy fuels (Crude oil, coal, and diesel) from dealer to requisite location increase project expenditure.(c)
Environmental Hazards. Air pollution and global warming increases with conventional sources [51].


## 3.3.3. Opportunities

(a)
Cost Minimization. Consumption of available sources in the province minimizes the import of costlier sources from other parts of the country efficiently(b)
Job Openings. The opportunities for unemployed graduates can enhance through newly installed and upcoming power projects(c)
Electrical Power Production. Bulk power generation and integration into the national power pool may decrease the energy supply-demand gap(d)
Socio-Economic Development. China has initiated their great investments for power projects, which can improve the socio-economic development and represents the country globally for having coal in abundance


## 3.3.4. Threats

(a)
GHG Emissions. Expect a rise of CO2 emissions for 55.2 million metrics by 2030 from the utilization of these sources [52](b)
Food Security. The food security issue can be increased due to the utilization of largely cultivated lands(c)
Water Security: The water security concerns for residents can be attained due to the consumption of water resources for thermal power generation sufficiently(d)
Fuel Price Variation. Variable oil prices and fuel adjustment prices has resulted from fossil fuels into an expensive source of electricityThe comprehensive SWOT analysis of the current study has presented in Table11. It has been investigated from the latest and relevant research studies that the wind, solar and conventional energy sources exist in Sindh effectively. Therefore, its SWOT constraints have shown below with their key significance.Table 11
Detailed SWOT analysis for preferred energy sources in Sindh.
SWOT sourcesStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsWind1. Abundance2. Cheap tariff3. Bulk power4. GHG reduced1. Large height for large capacity WT2. Strong foundation required3. GHGE production during groundwork4. Noise pollution5. High O&M required6. Conductor cost increased1. Wind power share by 20302. CPEC projects3. Employment chances1. Lack of power management2. Financial crisis3. Landscape and land use4. Bird’s mortality5. Synchronization with grid power6. Variable power sourceSolar1. Solar resource potential2. High radiation3. Numerous applications4. Environmental friendly5. Least O&M1. High capital cost2. Large area required3. Feasibility and monitoring of projects1. Centre of attraction globally2. Alternate solution to customers3. Source of employment4. Net metering1. Immature technology2. Lack of incentives for mini off-grid systemsConventional sources1. Coal abundance at tharparkar2. Several conventional power plants have installed3. Efficient utilization of resources4. CPEC projects1. Chances of blackout due to interconnected system2. Fuel transportation issue3. Air pollution1. Consumption of available sources reduces import costs2. New opportunities with new projects3. Generated bulk power will minimize demand-supply gap4. Socio-economic development1. Rise of CO2 emissions2. Installation of mega projects causes water and food security issues for local residents


## 4. Policy Implications for Power Generation

(a)
According to the Vision 2025 report, the power generation of Pakistan must be double i.e., 45,000 MW, to provide continuous and cost-effective electricity. The electricity access must increase from 67% to 90% among the population of the country. The overall installed generating capacity of about two-thirds is thermal in Pakistan, which has raised the cost of electricity. Therefore, the average cost/kWh must reduce to 25% by enhancing the generation mix among oil, gas, hydro, coal, nuclear, solar, wind, and biomass energy sources.(b)
The overall share of indigenous energy sources in the power generation must improve by 50%, keeping their financial viability, scalability, ecological impacts, and risk assessment aspects into consideration.(c)
Increase the energy-efficient appliances that must organize the Demand Side Management (DSM) up to 80% adequately.(d)
The power distribution efficiency must maximize, and its losses must reduce by 10%. The budgetary losses concerned with transmission and distribution systems must diminish to enhance country’s economic development.(e)
The official reforms and regulatory frameworks must be introduced to enhance transparency and efficacy in the energy sector of the country.(f)
In Pakistan, about 1200 MW of energy has been lost due to system inefficiencies. The baseline efficiency standards must be established and supervised to motivate new investments for a well-organized system across the country [53].These policy implications can be satisfied by the proposed SWOT analysis along with existing sources in the current study for Sindh and inexpensive electricity can be provided all across the country satisfactorily.


## 5. Recommendations for Energy Sources

(a)
Improvement of subsidies and incentives are mandatory to increase the installation of RE projects in Sindh(b)
The awareness and benefits should be informed to local residents of the province to fulfil their basic electricity needs(c)
Facilitation centre should be established for the future contribution of investors into energy projects(d)
International standards must be implemented during energy projects for optimal operation(e)
According to World Bank, wind and solar power should be expanded up to 30% by 2030 in the national electrical power generation i.e., equivalent to 24000 MW [43](f)
The energy expansion will ultimately minimize electricity cost/kWh, attains energy securities, mitigate carbon emissions and save $5 billion for 20 years(g)
The share of conventional fossil fuels into the generation mix must reduce for an optimal and economic electricityThe conducted study has discussed the most consumed and copious energy sources, which are either available generally or at least any one source is present in every country. The socio-enviro-economic constraints have been elaborated, which occurs along with these energy sources broadly. The strategic policies for electric power generation have also been listed, which may be relevant to the energy policies of every progressive country. For the implementation of power projects, the various countries can also take a quick vision about the least or averaged capacity installed energy projects in Sindh for their respective regions and/or designated purposes. This SWOT analysis of energy sources will open the chances for other researchers to explore more benefits and purposes in this scope.


## 6. Conclusion and Future Directions

The present study has provided a comprehensive SWOT analysis on existing abundant energy sources of Sindh, which generates bulk electricity for the country. Among the sources, wind, solar, and conventional sources (coal, natural gas, and oil) have been widely utilized. During the investigation, it has analysed that several energy projects have either become operational and connected to the National grid or under different stages of the projects to achieve an efficient roadmap of sustainable electric power generation. The various stated energy projects have represented great potential in Sindh, which can ultimately mitigate the electrical power crisis across the country. Moreover, the socio-enviro-economic constraints have also been elaborated and can achieve useful results by considering the state’s financial profits, energy security, ecological protection, zero carbon projects, and smart hybrid microgrid systems. It has been concluded that the SWOT study of these renewable energy projects have great worth in the future for power generation and several stakeholders and individuals (researchers and engineers) can contribute their capabilities in a unique way. These sources can also be utilized in a different way which consumes more RE sources, offer maximal prosumers, and least electricity tariff to generate revenue significantly.



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*Source: 1743570-2022-07-20.xml*