# Impact of Cold-Rolling and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Treated Low Carbon Steel

Authors: Le Van Long; Dinh Van Hien; Nguyen Truong Thanh; Nguyen Chi Tho; Van Thom Do
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

The low carbon steel has good ductility that is favorable for forming process, but its low strength leads to limiting their application for forced structures. This paper studied improving strength of low-carbon steel via rolling deformation and dual-phase treatment. The results showed that the dual-phase treated steel had a combination of high strength and good ductility; its tensile ultimate strength reached 740 MPa with elongation at fracture of over 15%, while that of the cold-rolled steel only reached 700 MPa with elongation at fracture of under 3%. Based on the obtained results, relationships between mechanical properties and dual-phase processing parameters were established to help users choose suitable-processing parameters according to requirements of products.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The low carbon steels were classically structural steels, which are studied, produced, and applied to industry for a long time, but they are still continuously being investigated to improve strength and ductility for strictly required applications such as increasing strength of car members and pressure vessels. According to the common material law, it is possible to impact on chemical composition or microstructure to change mechanical properties of materials. Recently, the trend of impacting on microstructure, using unique microstructural effects to improve strength and balance strength and ductility of low carbon steels, has been investigated widely, including the use of the dual-phase microstructural effect. The microstructure of these steels consists of a soft matrix of ferrite and particles of dispersed-hard martensite. The mechanical properties of dual-phase steels depend on properties of phases, volume fraction, grain size, and shape of phases.There were many studies on the influence of volume fraction of phases on mechanical behavior of the dual-phase steels. Marder [1] reported that the higher the volume fraction of martensite is, the higher the tensile strength will be, and the ductility will be sacrificed; hence, the combination of strength and ductility will be more balanced. These also agreed with the studies of Mazinani and Poole [2] and Mazaheri et al. [3]. Fonstein [4] and Rana and Singh [5] summarized hundreds of dual-phase steel-related articles and showed that ferrite phase is very ductile and absorbs strain around martensite grains enabling a good elongation. Most of the studies summarized in Fonstein [4] and Rana and Singh [5] showed that the increase in volume fraction of martensite leads to an increase in tensile strength and the reduction in elongation. Moreover, the finer dual-phase microstructure leads to the increase in tensile strength and work hardening rate (dσ/dε).Burford et al. [6] investigated the influence of grain size of ferrite on mechanical properties of the dual-phase 0.08C-1.45Mn-0.2Si steel, showing that the microstructure with the finer ferrite grains had the higher tensile strength, but the yield strength was mostly constant. Recently, Alibeyki et al. [7] studied the production of the fine-grain dual-phase steel with the chemical composition of 0.12C-1.1Mn-0.16Si by using a combination of heat treatment cycles and cold-rolling; as a result, the finer the dual-phase microstructure, the better the tensile strength, and the better the balance of strength and ductility.Mazaheri et al. [3] processed the cold-rolled 0.17C-0.4Si-1.15Mn-0.95Cr steel of 50% and 80% in thickness reduction to the dual-phase microstructure at 700°C/6-8-10–12 minutes and found that the dual-phase treated steel had more prominent strength than the as-received steel. For the dual-phase treated steel, increasing the holding time makes volume fraction of martensite increase, which leads to an increase in tensile strength and makes the elongation sacrificed. In another study, Terada et al. [8] created two types of martensite microstructures for the 0.087C-0.79Si-1.77Mn; one of them was networked martensite by using intercritical annealing and the other was islanded martensite by austenitizing and cooling to intercritical annealing temperature, then all of them were quenched in water. The cored result was that the networked martensite made the steel have a better combination of strength and ductility compared to the isolated martensite because the partition of strain between phases in networked martensite microstructure was less.Hüseyin et al. [9] studied the effect of intercritical annealing temperature and cooling rate on mechanical properties of commercial low carbon alloy steel and showed that the dual-phase process has brought about the excess of strength and the better balance of strength and ductility. Nouroozi et al. [10] processed a 0.035C-0.268Mn-0.035Si low carbon steel to a dual-phase microstructure; as a result, the dual-phase treated steel had a tensile strength level of 400 MPa compared to its normalized steel with a tensile strength level of 300 MPa. They also used the dual-phase treatment for the cold-rolled steel of 50% in thickness reduction; as a result, the tensile strength reached 600 MPa. The chief reason of the result was that the change of microstructure from ferrite and pearlite to ferrite and harder martensite, as well as refinement of microstructure, leads to the increase in the tensile strength. In a recent study, Bayram et al. [11] reported a same result of improving the strength of 0.1°C low carbon steel by using the dual-phase process.However, there have been only a few studies on applying the dual-phase process for low carbon steels, as well as determining effects of deformation and heat treatment on mechanical properties of dual-phase treated low carbon steels and especially, finding out laws on the relationship between deformation and heat treatment with their mechanical properties.In order to find out laws of relationship between processing parameters and mechanical properties of dual-phase steel, Kim et al. [12] utilized the orthogonal design method and analysis of variance (ANOVA); as a result, not just the laws of relationship between processing parameters and mechanical properties were explored but the degrees of the effect of processing parameters on mechanical properties were detected. In another study, Hien et al. [13] used the full factorial design of experiment to evaluate the effect of three processing parameters on mechanical properties of TRIP steel and they established the regression functions expressing the relationships between processing parameters and mechanical properties, and found the processing parameter regions for optimizing mechanical properties of the steel. Clearly, the design of the experiment is a useful method for experimental studies.From the actual requirement of improving the strength of low carbon steels and the above analysis, in this study, we will focus on the effect of cold-rolling and dual-phase treatment on mechanical properties of low carbon steel by using design of experiments.


## 2. Experiment

Casted-steel bars were melted in a vacuum induction furnace VIM300, which is having the chemical composition shown in Table1. The critical temperatures were measured by a dilatometer at a heating rate of 5 K·min−1 on a cylindrical specimen in a NETZSCH DIL 204 PC instrument (Figure 1).Table 1
Chemical composition (wt%) andAc1 and Ac3 temperature of the steel.
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Cu
Ni
Cr
Al
Mo
A
c1 (°C)
A
c3 (°C)
0.112
0.266
0.487
0.012
0.011
0.119
0.159
0.219
0.045
0.018
702,7
872,1Figure 1
Dilatation of the steel for determiningAc1 and Ac3.These steel bars were forged with a forged ratio of 12, hot-rolled to a thickness reduction of 12 mm, and then were cold-rolled to different thickness reductions from 0 to 90% on a duo-rolling mill with an axis diameter of 120 mm. A group of cold-rolled steel samples were used for measuring the mechanical properties. Other steel samples with thickness reductions of 50, 60, and 70% were quenched in water after intercritical annealing in a resistance furnace at different temperatures and holding at a constant time of 20 minutes to determine the effect of rolling thickness reduction and intercritical annealing on mechanical properties of the steel, simultaneously, on grain size and volume fraction of ferrite and martensite. The processing schedule is shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Process schedule used to achieve the dual-phase microstructure.The full factorial plan was utilized for designing the experiment of the dual-phase treated steel. A total number of 9 experiments were carried out and the two factors investigated are thickness reduction in rolling (εTR) and intercritical annealing temperature (TIA), in which the investigated thickness reductions, εTR, was 50, 60, and 70%, and the used intercritical annealing temperature was 740, 785, and 830°C.The steel samples for investigating the microstructure were roughed, polished, and then etched: the cold-rolled steel samples were etched by Nital 2% (2% HNO3 in 100 ml alcohol) and of dual-phase treated steel samples were etched via two steps, the first by Nital solution and then by 2% Na2SO4 in water. Finally, they were observed in an optical microscope AXIO-A2M.The volume fraction of ferrite and martensite was measured by using the point counting method according to the ASTM E562 standard. The carbon content in martensite was determined by using the equation,CM = C0/fM, since the dual-phase microstructure includes two phases of ferrite and martensite and the carbon concentration in ferrite is very tiny, so carbon is almost concentrated in martensite.The average grain sizes of ferrite and martensite were estimated by using the grain counting method according to the ASTM E112 standard.The mechanical properties of the steel samples in different conditions were measured by using the ASTM E8 standard on a tensile testing equipment TT-HW2-1000 with the displacement speed of 10 mm/min. The dimension of the tensile test sample is in Figure3.Figure 3
Dimension of the tensile test sample.The measurement results of mechanical properties and microstructural characterization are shown in Tables2 and 3.Table 2
Mechanical properties of the cold-rolled steel.
No.
ε
TR (%)
R
m (MPa)
R
p (MPa)
A
50 (%)
R
p
/R
m (%)
1
0
390
260
38.0
66.67
2
20
527
427
17.0
81.02
3
30
543
441
16.2
81.22
4
35
584
478
13.6
81.85
5
40
592
496
11.6
83.78
6
50
594
516
9.2
86.87
7
60
642
563
5.6
87.69
8
70
646
562
6.0
87.00
9
80
728
694
2.8
95.33
10
85
725
700
2.8
96.55
11
90
700
690
0.8
98.57Table 3
Mechanical properties of the dual-phase treated steel.
No.
ε
TR (%)
T
IA (°C)
f
M (%)
F
F (%)
d
F (μm)
d
M (μm)
R
m (MPa)
R
p (MPa)
A
50 (%)
R
p
/R
m
1
50
740
19.1
80.9
18.9
3.7
513
341
18.0
0.66
2
50
785
34.5
65.5
20.3
4.8
531
364
14.0
0.69
3
50
830
61.0
39.0
17.2
7.9
696
459
12.0
0.66
4
60
740
19.0
81.0
15.7
2.9
518
348
19.6
0.67
5
60
785
35.0
65.0
18.1
3.6
645
421
17.5
0.65
6
60
830
60.0
40.0
15.4
7.1
712
463
16.8
0.65
7
70
740
19.5
80.5
11.5
2.2
523
351
22.0
0.67
8
70
785
35.0
65.0
13.8
3.5
661
456
20.0
0.69
9
70
830
61.0
39.0
12.3
4.1
738
522
17.0
0.71In order to evaluate the influential level of two processing factors on microstructure and mechanical properties of the dual-phase treated steel, the one-way ANOVA was used. Moreover, to consider visually the impact of these factors on microstructure and mechanical properties, the contour plots expressing their relationships were established by using the quadratic analysis and drawn by using the statistical software STATISTICA VERSION 10.


## 3. Results and Discussion

### 3.1. Effect of Deformation on Mechanical Properties of Studied Steel with Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructure

Figure4(a)shows the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of the hot-rolled steel (before cold-rolling). It can be seen that the preparation process created a fine and equiaxial microstructure with pearlite grains regularly dispersed in a continuous ferrite matrix and ferrite grain size of about 20 to 25 μm. The rolled microstructure of this steel with several different thickness reductions is shown in Figure 4(b)–4(d). It was found that the more the thickness reduction increases, the longer the ferrite and pearlite grains are drawn. In general, increasing thickness reduction leads to an increase in the strength of cold-rolled steels.Figure 4
Microstructure of studied steel at different thickness reductions: (a) 0%; (b) 50%; (c) 60%; (d) 70%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure5 shows the relationship between thickness reduction and mechanical properties. We can clearly see that both yield and ultimate tensile strengths are strongly increased followed by the increase in rolling deformation, but yield to tensile ratio is slightly increased and elongation is sacrificed significantly. Maximum ultimate tensile strength reached about 700 MPa at thickness reduction of 80 to 90%, but elongation is quite low under 3%. For structural applications, this ductility is not proper for the fact. With a thickness reduction of 50 to 70%, ultimate tensile strength is from 600 to 650 MPa and elongation is over 5%. This reduction could be used for actual applications.Figure 5
Effect of thickness reduction on mechanical properties.
(a)
(b)


### 3.2. Effect of Deformation and Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Studied Steel

#### 3.2.1. Effects on Microstructure

Figure6 shows the microstructure of the dual-phase treated steel at three intercritical annealing temperatures of 740, 785, and 830°C with 60% in thickness reduction. As found on this figure, volume fraction and grain size of martensite depend on intercritical annealing temperatures. The increase in annealing temperature leads to increasing volume fraction of martensite and decreasing carbon content in it (Figure 7). The higher the annealing temperature is, the finer the grain size of martensite will be. Figure 8 shows contour plots expressing the relationships between grain size of ferrite and martensite with thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature. Clearly, the thickness reduction increases more, while both grain sizes of ferrite and martensite reduce.Figure 6
Microstructures of the steel at different temperatures with thickness reduction of 60%: (a) 740°C; (b)785°C; (c) 830°C.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 7
Dependence of volume fraction and carbon content of martensite on intercritical annealing temperature.Figure 8
Effects of thickness reduction and annealing temperature on ferrite and martensite grain size: (a) ferrite; (b) martensite.
(a)
(b)


#### 3.2.2. Effects on Mechanical Properties

The relations between mechanical properties and processing parameters are given in Figure9. The statistically analyzed results for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation (El) are shown in Tables 4–6.Figure 9
Effects of thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature on mechanical properties: (a) UTS; (b) YS; (c) El.
(a)
(b)
(c)Table 4
ANOVA for ultimate tensile strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5638
2
2819
1.2813
0.3715
T
IA
46031
2
23015
10.4610
0.0258
Error
8800
4
2200
Total
60470
8
7559Table 5
ANOVA for yield strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5247
2
2623
2.4274
0.2041
T
IA
21930
2
10965
10.1453
0.0271
Error
4323
4
1081
Total
31500
8
3937Table 6
ANOVA for elongation.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P(>F)
ε
TR
40
2
20
15.4291
0.0132
T
IA
29
2
15
11.3417
0.0225
Error
5
4
1
Total
74
8
9As known, the smaller theP-value is, the bigger the effect is. Thus, the data in the table ANOVA show that the annealing temperature has a stronger effect on UTS and YS than the deformation, while both of them have influence on El almost equally. These can be easily identified from Figure 9 through the position of contour lines.Figure9 shows that the increase in either annealing temperature or deformation leads to an increase in both UTS and YS, while the elongation is reduced with the increase in the annealing temperature and the decrease in deformation. It can be explained as follows; increasing the thickness reduction in rolling would increase the density of heterogeneous nucleation for recrystallizing when the steel is heated at intercritical annealing temperature range. As a result, many crystal grains will form, along with keeping the intercritical annealing time suitable; the phenomenon of grains merger has not occurred or occurred at a nonlarge level. The large number of grains per unit volume leads to reducing crystal grain size. According to Hall-Petch relation, the smaller the crystal grains are, the higher the strength will be. On the other hand, according to the general rule, increasing the annealing temperature leads to increasing the volume fraction of martensite (Figure 7); thus, dislocations-impeding agents would be enhanced, which cause the increase in pile-up of dislocations. This makes matrix phase increasingly hardened, which leads to an increase in strength.Yield to tensile ratio of the dual-phase treated steel is almost constant, 0,68 ± 0,03. Thanks to this, forced structures can be safer and it also has more benefits for forming process.


#### 3.2.3. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of the Cold-Rolled and Dual-Phase Treated Steel

Figure10 expresses the relationship between tensile strength and elongation of the steel in the only cold-rolled and dual-phase treated state. It can be shown that the strength and combination of tensile strength and elongation of the dual-phase treated steel are more prominent than those of the only cold-rolled steel. Review data in Figures 5 and 8 show that the ultimate tensile strength of the dual-phase treated steel reaches 750 MPa, but the steel still has a good elongation, while that of the ferrite-pearlite microstructure steel is only up to about 700 MPa with a significantly lower elongation and higher yield to tensile ratio.Figure 10
Comparison of combination of UTS and elongation of the cold-rolled and dual-phase treated steel.Generally, dual-phase treatment of the studied low carbon steel brings a higher strength and better balance of strength and elongation compared to this steel in only cold-rolled state.


## 3.1. Effect of Deformation on Mechanical Properties of Studied Steel with Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructure

Figure4(a)shows the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of the hot-rolled steel (before cold-rolling). It can be seen that the preparation process created a fine and equiaxial microstructure with pearlite grains regularly dispersed in a continuous ferrite matrix and ferrite grain size of about 20 to 25 μm. The rolled microstructure of this steel with several different thickness reductions is shown in Figure 4(b)–4(d). It was found that the more the thickness reduction increases, the longer the ferrite and pearlite grains are drawn. In general, increasing thickness reduction leads to an increase in the strength of cold-rolled steels.Figure 4
Microstructure of studied steel at different thickness reductions: (a) 0%; (b) 50%; (c) 60%; (d) 70%.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Figure5 shows the relationship between thickness reduction and mechanical properties. We can clearly see that both yield and ultimate tensile strengths are strongly increased followed by the increase in rolling deformation, but yield to tensile ratio is slightly increased and elongation is sacrificed significantly. Maximum ultimate tensile strength reached about 700 MPa at thickness reduction of 80 to 90%, but elongation is quite low under 3%. For structural applications, this ductility is not proper for the fact. With a thickness reduction of 50 to 70%, ultimate tensile strength is from 600 to 650 MPa and elongation is over 5%. This reduction could be used for actual applications.Figure 5
Effect of thickness reduction on mechanical properties.
(a)
(b)


## 3.2. Effect of Deformation and Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Studied Steel

### 3.2.1. Effects on Microstructure

Figure6 shows the microstructure of the dual-phase treated steel at three intercritical annealing temperatures of 740, 785, and 830°C with 60% in thickness reduction. As found on this figure, volume fraction and grain size of martensite depend on intercritical annealing temperatures. The increase in annealing temperature leads to increasing volume fraction of martensite and decreasing carbon content in it (Figure 7). The higher the annealing temperature is, the finer the grain size of martensite will be. Figure 8 shows contour plots expressing the relationships between grain size of ferrite and martensite with thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature. Clearly, the thickness reduction increases more, while both grain sizes of ferrite and martensite reduce.Figure 6
Microstructures of the steel at different temperatures with thickness reduction of 60%: (a) 740°C; (b)785°C; (c) 830°C.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 7
Dependence of volume fraction and carbon content of martensite on intercritical annealing temperature.Figure 8
Effects of thickness reduction and annealing temperature on ferrite and martensite grain size: (a) ferrite; (b) martensite.
(a)
(b)


### 3.2.2. Effects on Mechanical Properties

The relations between mechanical properties and processing parameters are given in Figure9. The statistically analyzed results for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation (El) are shown in Tables 4–6.Figure 9
Effects of thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature on mechanical properties: (a) UTS; (b) YS; (c) El.
(a)
(b)
(c)Table 4
ANOVA for ultimate tensile strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5638
2
2819
1.2813
0.3715
T
IA
46031
2
23015
10.4610
0.0258
Error
8800
4
2200
Total
60470
8
7559Table 5
ANOVA for yield strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5247
2
2623
2.4274
0.2041
T
IA
21930
2
10965
10.1453
0.0271
Error
4323
4
1081
Total
31500
8
3937Table 6
ANOVA for elongation.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P(>F)
ε
TR
40
2
20
15.4291
0.0132
T
IA
29
2
15
11.3417
0.0225
Error
5
4
1
Total
74
8
9As known, the smaller theP-value is, the bigger the effect is. Thus, the data in the table ANOVA show that the annealing temperature has a stronger effect on UTS and YS than the deformation, while both of them have influence on El almost equally. These can be easily identified from Figure 9 through the position of contour lines.Figure9 shows that the increase in either annealing temperature or deformation leads to an increase in both UTS and YS, while the elongation is reduced with the increase in the annealing temperature and the decrease in deformation. It can be explained as follows; increasing the thickness reduction in rolling would increase the density of heterogeneous nucleation for recrystallizing when the steel is heated at intercritical annealing temperature range. As a result, many crystal grains will form, along with keeping the intercritical annealing time suitable; the phenomenon of grains merger has not occurred or occurred at a nonlarge level. The large number of grains per unit volume leads to reducing crystal grain size. According to Hall-Petch relation, the smaller the crystal grains are, the higher the strength will be. On the other hand, according to the general rule, increasing the annealing temperature leads to increasing the volume fraction of martensite (Figure 7); thus, dislocations-impeding agents would be enhanced, which cause the increase in pile-up of dislocations. This makes matrix phase increasingly hardened, which leads to an increase in strength.Yield to tensile ratio of the dual-phase treated steel is almost constant, 0,68 ± 0,03. Thanks to this, forced structures can be safer and it also has more benefits for forming process.


### 3.2.3. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of the Cold-Rolled and Dual-Phase Treated Steel

Figure10 expresses the relationship between tensile strength and elongation of the steel in the only cold-rolled and dual-phase treated state. It can be shown that the strength and combination of tensile strength and elongation of the dual-phase treated steel are more prominent than those of the only cold-rolled steel. Review data in Figures 5 and 8 show that the ultimate tensile strength of the dual-phase treated steel reaches 750 MPa, but the steel still has a good elongation, while that of the ferrite-pearlite microstructure steel is only up to about 700 MPa with a significantly lower elongation and higher yield to tensile ratio.Figure 10
Comparison of combination of UTS and elongation of the cold-rolled and dual-phase treated steel.Generally, dual-phase treatment of the studied low carbon steel brings a higher strength and better balance of strength and elongation compared to this steel in only cold-rolled state.


## 3.2.1. Effects on Microstructure

Figure6 shows the microstructure of the dual-phase treated steel at three intercritical annealing temperatures of 740, 785, and 830°C with 60% in thickness reduction. As found on this figure, volume fraction and grain size of martensite depend on intercritical annealing temperatures. The increase in annealing temperature leads to increasing volume fraction of martensite and decreasing carbon content in it (Figure 7). The higher the annealing temperature is, the finer the grain size of martensite will be. Figure 8 shows contour plots expressing the relationships between grain size of ferrite and martensite with thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature. Clearly, the thickness reduction increases more, while both grain sizes of ferrite and martensite reduce.Figure 6
Microstructures of the steel at different temperatures with thickness reduction of 60%: (a) 740°C; (b)785°C; (c) 830°C.
(a)
(b)
(c)Figure 7
Dependence of volume fraction and carbon content of martensite on intercritical annealing temperature.Figure 8
Effects of thickness reduction and annealing temperature on ferrite and martensite grain size: (a) ferrite; (b) martensite.
(a)
(b)


## 3.2.2. Effects on Mechanical Properties

The relations between mechanical properties and processing parameters are given in Figure9. The statistically analyzed results for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation (El) are shown in Tables 4–6.Figure 9
Effects of thickness reduction and intercritical annealing temperature on mechanical properties: (a) UTS; (b) YS; (c) El.
(a)
(b)
(c)Table 4
ANOVA for ultimate tensile strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5638
2
2819
1.2813
0.3715
T
IA
46031
2
23015
10.4610
0.0258
Error
8800
4
2200
Total
60470
8
7559Table 5
ANOVA for yield strength.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P (>F)
ε
TR
5247
2
2623
2.4274
0.2041
T
IA
21930
2
10965
10.1453
0.0271
Error
4323
4
1081
Total
31500
8
3937Table 6
ANOVA for elongation.
Source
SS
DF
MS
F
P(>F)
ε
TR
40
2
20
15.4291
0.0132
T
IA
29
2
15
11.3417
0.0225
Error
5
4
1
Total
74
8
9As known, the smaller theP-value is, the bigger the effect is. Thus, the data in the table ANOVA show that the annealing temperature has a stronger effect on UTS and YS than the deformation, while both of them have influence on El almost equally. These can be easily identified from Figure 9 through the position of contour lines.Figure9 shows that the increase in either annealing temperature or deformation leads to an increase in both UTS and YS, while the elongation is reduced with the increase in the annealing temperature and the decrease in deformation. It can be explained as follows; increasing the thickness reduction in rolling would increase the density of heterogeneous nucleation for recrystallizing when the steel is heated at intercritical annealing temperature range. As a result, many crystal grains will form, along with keeping the intercritical annealing time suitable; the phenomenon of grains merger has not occurred or occurred at a nonlarge level. The large number of grains per unit volume leads to reducing crystal grain size. According to Hall-Petch relation, the smaller the crystal grains are, the higher the strength will be. On the other hand, according to the general rule, increasing the annealing temperature leads to increasing the volume fraction of martensite (Figure 7); thus, dislocations-impeding agents would be enhanced, which cause the increase in pile-up of dislocations. This makes matrix phase increasingly hardened, which leads to an increase in strength.Yield to tensile ratio of the dual-phase treated steel is almost constant, 0,68 ± 0,03. Thanks to this, forced structures can be safer and it also has more benefits for forming process.


## 3.2.3. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of the Cold-Rolled and Dual-Phase Treated Steel

Figure10 expresses the relationship between tensile strength and elongation of the steel in the only cold-rolled and dual-phase treated state. It can be shown that the strength and combination of tensile strength and elongation of the dual-phase treated steel are more prominent than those of the only cold-rolled steel. Review data in Figures 5 and 8 show that the ultimate tensile strength of the dual-phase treated steel reaches 750 MPa, but the steel still has a good elongation, while that of the ferrite-pearlite microstructure steel is only up to about 700 MPa with a significantly lower elongation and higher yield to tensile ratio.Figure 10
Comparison of combination of UTS and elongation of the cold-rolled and dual-phase treated steel.Generally, dual-phase treatment of the studied low carbon steel brings a higher strength and better balance of strength and elongation compared to this steel in only cold-rolled state.


## 4. Conclusion

The effects of rolling deformation on mechanical properties of the studied low carbon steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructure, as well as those of cold-rolling deformation and intercritical annealing temperature on mechanical properties of this steel, can be concluded as follows:(i)
In the normally cold-rolled condition, the ultimate tensile strength of the studied steel can reach 700 MPa at thickness reduction of 80 to 90%. The increase in strength leads to the sacrifice in ductility. For structural applications that require high strength to resist the load, the thickness reduction in rolling of about 60 to 70% can be chosen to receive the ultimate tensile strength of about 600 to 650 MPa.(ii)
The dual-phase treated-studied steel gets better compared to the only cold-rolled steel in the entire mechanical properties. Intercritical annealing temperature has an influence on ultimate tensile and yield strength stronger than rolling deformation, but is almost as equal as on elongation. The increase in both annealing temperature and deformation makes grain size of ferrite and martensite finer, which leads to improving both strength and ductility. Maximum tensile strength can reach 750 MPa at the annealing temperature of 830°C and thickness reduction of 70%.(iii)
The dominant point of this study is using the process of the dual-phase steel to improve the strength of the low carbon steel for structural applications. The most specific application that can be clearly visual is using this process at the final forming step of the thin wall cups made of the low carbon steel to receive higher strength of the finished products; thanks to that, they can undergo the higher pressure.



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*Source: 1674837-2020-02-25.xml*