# Nonlinear Evolution of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony Wave Packet due to an Instability of a Pair of Modulations

Authors: Vera Halfiani; Dwi Fadhiliani; Harish Abdillah Mardi; Marwan Ramli
Journal: International Journal of Differential Equations
 (2018)

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## Abstract

This article discusses the evolution of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) wave packet’s envelope. The envelope equation is derived by applying the asymptotic series up to the third order and choosing appropriate fast-to-slow variable transformations which eliminate the resonance terms that occurred. It is obtained that the envelope evolves satisfying the Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. The evolution of NLS envelope is investigated through its exact solution, Soliton on Finite Background, which undergoes modulational instability during its propagation. The resulting wave may experience phase singularity indicated by wave splitting and merging and causing amplification on its amplitude. Some parameter values take part in triggering this phenomenon. The amplitude amplification can be analyzed by employing Maximal Temporal Amplitude (MTA) which is a quantity measuring the maximum wave elevation at each spatial position during the observation time. Wavenumber value affects the extreme position of the wave but not the amplitude amplification. Meanwhile, modulational frequency value affects both terms. Comparison of the evolution of the BBM wave packet to the previous results obtained from KdV equation gives interesting outputs regarding the extreme position and the maximum wave peaking.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

This research is motivated by the need of generating extreme waves (also called freak, rogue, or giant waves) in a typical tank in a hydrodynamic laboratory. An extreme wave is defined as a wave which has significant height more than twice the height of measured wave train [1, 2]. There are some physical mechanisms which cause the occurrence of the extreme wave. In [3], it was explained that it can occur due to wave-current interaction, geometrical or spatial focusing, focusing due to dispersion, focusing due to modulational instability, or soliton collision. An extreme wave can take place in deep water, shallow water, and at coastal area. It was reported that the wave appeared often at coastal area and in shallow water [4]. The extreme wave is a major threat to the ships and other marine structures because it can cause severe damage and loss when they are hit by the wave [5–11]. However, the occurrence of the extreme wave is unpredictable. The generation of an extreme wave in the laboratory is important to test the endurance of the ships or marine structures before they are installed and operated in the real environment. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the behavior of the extreme wave analytically and numerically [4, 12–28].While ships and marine structures are typically built and operate on the offshore, the occurrence of the extreme wave in deep water is not as easily understood as the one in shallow water and coastal area since the wave on the surface of deep water may not be significantly affected by the topography and current. This fact has given a rise to the theory of modulational instability. The instability causes growing modulation of the wave envelope. The phenomenon happens as a wave nonlinearity behavior. This nonlinear event occurs when a wave is perturbed by other waves which cause envelope modulations that evolve into steep waves corresponding to nonlinear focusing of wave energy [3]. Modulational instability may be an appropriate mechanism to generate extreme waves in a wave tank. In a wave tank which initially contains still water, signals are given to the wavemakers generating waves to propagate downstream along the tank. Owing to the nonlinearity effect, the waves deform during their propagation (see [29–32]).Extreme wave behavior due to modulational instability has been fiercely studied involving various wave equations. The evolution of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation’s solution in wave packet form was investigated in [33]. In the study, the KdV wave packet which is initially in the bichromatic signals experiences instability deforming the wave and causing an amplitude amplification. Bichromatic wave is formed from a superposition of two monochromatic waves which have same amplitudes and slightly different frequencies [27, 30]. This result was obtained by deriving the solution of the KdV equation in the form of asymptotic series up to the third order. KdV’s solution in higher order, up to the fifth order, was conducted in [34] and the result suggests that the higher the order is, the higher the amplitude amplification is. However, these two waves’ maximum amplitudes are far lower than the amplitude of a wave generated by HUBRIS model although the extreme positions at which the maximum peaking happens conform. HUBRIS model is numerical wave model which was developed based on the Laplace equation (full water equation) [27]. Bichromatic signal deformation was also investigated by employing Boussinesq equation in [24]. The resulting wave give matching amplitude to the wave of HUBRIS model. Study on Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) model’s wave packet with bichromatic signal is presented in [35]. The results suggest that the waves experience instability during its propagation. Moreover, if the frequencies in the bichromatic signal are closer to each other then the amplitude amplification tends to be higher; also higher initial amplitude may cause higher amplification on the amplitude.Modulational instability also occurs when a monochromatic signal is perturbed by a pair of side bands of smaller amplitudes and slightly different frequencies. These waves form trichromatic wave also known as Benjamin-Feir type wave. Nonlinear evolution of wave packet with trichromatic signal based on KdV equation was studied in [18]. Investigating the wave packet evolution can also be carried out through the envelope evolution. In many studies, it has been derived that the envelope of the KdV wave packet is in the NLS equation form [36–40]. One of NLS’ exact solutions, Soliton on Finite Background (SFB), shows an instability during its propagation. SFB itself is a best approximation to the Benjamin-Feir type wave. KdV wave packet with its NLS envelope has been applied to study the occurrence of extreme waves in many areas, not only in the fluid dynamic but also in the fields of plasma physics, quantum electronic, and optics [41–45]. BBM wave packet envelope had been also analyzed in [46]. The study found that envelope evolves satisfying the NLS equation.BBM equation was firstly proposed as a revision of classic KdV equation which has dispersion relation contradicting to its physical wave behavior [47]. The classic KdV equation only works for small values of wavenumber. When the wavenumber values are large, the phase velocity of the KdV waves becomes negative, which indicates that the waves change their direction of propagation. This behavior is against the original assumption of forward-travelling waves. BBM equation yields more reasonable dispersion relation for any value of wavenumber. A family of KdV equation with exact dispersion relation was derived in [48]. The exact dispersion relation describes positive phase velocity for any value of wave number and this finding has corrected the shortcoming of the classic KdV. This exact KdV equation has been applied in some studies of extreme wave generation. BBM and KdV equations are originally derived from the same equation which is Laplace equation. These equations both describe shallow water wave propagation and yield soliton solution. However, the two equations in all likelihood illustrate waves with distinct characteristics.In this study, we are interested in observing the evolution of BBM wave packet in the extreme wave context. The waves will be investigated through its envelope which is in NLS equation form. The SFB solution will be applied to analyze the instability which may trigger an extreme wave. The amplitude amplification will be measured through the waves’ Maximal Temporal Amplitude (MTA), a quantity measuring the highest elevation at every spatial position in the domain during the observation time. It is also interesting to compare the results to the KdV equation waves which have been actively studied especially in extreme wave area.In the next section, we will briefly review the BBM wave packet envelope which is adopted from the study in [46]. Also we will derive the elevation equation based on the wave packet and the obtained envelope equation. Section 3 contains explanation of two quantities which importantly describe the resulting wave characteristics, Amplitude Amplification Factor (AAF) and Maximal Temporal Amplitude (MTA). The resulting waves will be presented in Section 4 which is divided into two parts; the first part explains the modulational instability and phase singularity phenomenon and the second part presents the result comparison from BBM and KdV wave packet evolution. This paper is closed by presenting conclusions in Section 5.


## 2. Envelope Equation of BBM Wave Packet

We consider propagating waves developed from regularized long wave equation, Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation [47]; (1)ηt+ηx+ηηx-ηxxt=0,where η is wave elevation, x is spatial variable and t is time variable. The linear form of BBM equation (1) which describes dispersive effect to the equation yields dispersion relation stating the relation between the wavenumber k and frequency ω; the dispersion relation reads ω=k/(1+k2). The BBM equation presented in (1) is in the nondimensional form with the scaling factors for the variables as well as the corresponding frequency and wavenumber are given as η=3η~/2h, x=x~6/h, t=t~6g/h, ω=ω~6h/g/6/6, k=k~h6/6, where η~, x~, t~, ω~, k~ represent the laboratory/physical variables and h and g are water depth and gravitational acceleration, respectively.The deformation of the wave packet can be investigated through its envelope. An ansatz depicting the solution of (1) as a wave packet is taken, (2)ηx,t=Aξ,τeiωt-kx+c.c.,where A(ξ,τ) represents the envelope equation of the waves, ξ and τ represent spatial and time variables, respectively, and c.c. denotes the complex conjugate. Envelope waves tend to move in slower velocity than the carrier waves. Therefore, ξ and τ are called slow variables transformed from the fast variables x and t by the following relations, (3)ξ=εx-pt,τ=ε2t,p=1+2kω1+k2,where ε is a small real number. Through these fast-to-slow variables transformation and applying the asymptotic expansion method, envelope equation Aξ,τ is derived and it is found that it evolves satisfying the so-called Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation (4)Aξ+iβAττ+iγA2A=0,where (5)β=-1p32ωp+ω2k,γ=ωp2p-1-k8k2ω+2ω-2k.Equation (4) is called spatial-NLS because it describes the change of wave envelope on every spatial position. The derivation of NLS equation from BBM equation can be thoroughly studied in [46].NLS equation has many solutions. The second important solution is Soliton on Finite Background (SFB). This solution explains an interaction between a soliton and its background which have different frequencies along its propagation on the spatial domain [41]. SFB can also be represented as nonlinear interaction between a monochromatic signal perturbed by a pair of modulation waves having small frequency difference from the monochromatic’s one [40, 41]. The interaction triggers growing instability with a certain rate. The SFB reads [41, 49] (6)Aξ,τ=ASFBξ,τr0e-iγ^r02ξ,where (7)ASFBξ,τ=uξ,τ+ivξ,τcosh⁡σνξ-1-ν^2/2cos⁡ντuξ,τ=ν^2-1cosh⁡σνξ+1-ν^22cos⁡ντvξ,τ=-ν^2-ν^2sinh⁡σνξand σν=ν2r02βγ-β2ν2, ν^=ν/r0γ/β; ν is modulation frequency. SFB reaches its maximum amplitude at (0,2nπ/ν),n∈Z (see [50]). The frequency ν causes an amplitude amplification if the value in the interval 0<ν<r02γ/β (see [49]). It is convenient to rewrite the interval as 0<ν^<2.LetA(ξ,τ) describes the slowly varying envelope and satisfies the NLS equation (4); then the physical wave profile given by the surface elevation (2) can be written in real valued function (8)ηx,t=2r0uξ,τ2+vξ,τ2cosh⁡σνξ-1-ν^2/2cos⁡ντcos⁡Φx,t,where Φx,t=ωt-kx-γ^r02ξ+arctan⁡vξ,τ/uξ,τand ξ and τ are defined as stated in the transformation (3).


## 3. Amplitude Amplification and Maximal Temporal Amplitude

The instability which happens to the SFB wave causes a growing amplitude during its propagation. LetΛ be the maximum amplitude at an extreme position (x,t)=(0,0); hence (9)Λ=η0,0=2r0u0,02+v0,02cosh⁡0-1-ν^2/2cos⁡0cos⁡Φ0,0.Since v(0,0)=0 and Φ(0,0)=0, it is obtained that(10)Λ=2r01+21-ν^22.In (10), Λ is a decreasing function with respect to ν^ and proportional to the initial amplitude r0 at a far distance before the extreme position x=0. Through this relation a certain value for the maximum amplitude can be achieved by setting an appropriate value to parameter r0.Amplitude Amplification Factor (AAF) can be employed to measure the magnitude of the amplitude peaking. AAF is defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude at the extreme position to the amplitude of the monochromatic wave at the far distance before it [33, 34, 40]. Therefore, we can state the AAF as (11)AAF=Λ2r0=1+21-v^22.Equation (11) explains that AAF→1 when ν^→2, meaning that the amplitude does not experience amplification. However, when ν^→0, the FAA→3; the amplitude of initially monochromatic wave will increase as much as three times at the extreme position. This value also represents the maximum amplification the wave can achieve for any given initial amplitude r0.During the propagation, the wave elevation will change at every position. To investigate how the wave deforms along its propagation along the spatial domain, we apply a quantity called Maximal Temporal Amplitude (MTA). MTA measures the maximum elevation of the wave signal at every position [24, 40, 50]. MTA is defined as (12)MTAx=maxt⁡ηx,t.MTA is invariant to time. This function can be applied to determine the amplitude amplification globally by comparing the maximum MTA with the MTA at the initial position of the wave.


## 4. Results and Discussion

### 4.1. Modulational Instability and Phase Singularity

Wave peaking occurs due to focusing phenomenon when waves experience modulational instability which is also known as Benjamin-Feir Instability [49]. For the NLS equation case, focusing can happen depending on the value of the coefficients of the dispersive and the nonlinear terms. If the values of both β and γ are of the same sign then both terms give balance effect resulting in the formation of solitary wave envelope [37]. Figure 1 depicts the graphs of β and γ with respect to the wavenumber k. For positive real valued k, the dispersive coefficient β is a negative function while the nonlinear coefficient γ is positive on 0<k<1 and negative on k>1. Therefore, we can choose a value for k in the interval k>1 which triggers the focusing phenomenon.Figure 1
Graph of the value of dispersive coefficientβ (a) and nonlinear coefficient γ (b) with respect to wave number k from NLS equation (4).
(a) (b)We investigate the wave propagation at water depthh=5m and gravitational acceleration g=9.8m/s2. Choosing k=1.8751  (k~=0.9186rad/m) gives ω=0.4152  (ω~=1.4238rad/s) through the dispersion relation, β=-3.0964 and γ=-3.5380. By setting r0=0,06  (r~0=0,2m), we obtain the graph of the instability growth rate σ over the value of ν^ as illustrated in Figure 2. It can be observed that the instability occurs only in the interval 0<ν^<2 and the highest instability happens when ν^=1. Figure 3 exhibits the wave profile η(x,t) for ν^=1. It can be observed that amplitude amplification occurs at a certain period during the propagation. Moreover, the figure also exhibits phase singularity phenomenon which is indicated by wave dislocation when the waves split into two waves and merge into one wave near (before and after) the wave peaking. Phase singularity is a phenomenon which takes place when the real values of the amplitude |ASFB| vanish [40, 50]. This can be observed in Figure 5(a) in which the envelope curve intercepts the x axis at some points. Wave dislocation is also known as optical vortices in the optical wave, line of darkness in the light wave, and thread of silence in the sound wave [51].Figure 2
Graph of instability growth rate.Figure 3
(a) Wave train profile and (b) wave contour ofηSFBx,t for ν^=1.
(a) (b)The wave dislocation also occurs when settingν^=0.7, but it does not when ν^=1.3, or when ν^=1.4. Figure 4 displays the wave train and contour when ν^=1.3. This indicates that not all values of ν^ in the interval (0,2) trigger the phase singularity; there is a value in (0,2) which is a threshold of the event to occur. We call this value as critical point and it had been determined that ν^crit=3/2 as presented in [40, 49]. Hence, the phase singularity occurs when the value of ν^ is chosen in the interval (0,3/2). Figure 5(a) illustrates the phase singularity when ν^=1 as the curve of the envelope at the extreme position x=0 intercepts the horizontal axis, ASFB0,τ≥0. Meanwhile, Figure 5(b) displays the envelope curve when ν^=1.3; the curve is definitely positive.Figure 4
(a) Wave train profile and (b) wave contour ofηSFBx,t for ν^=1.3.
(a) (b)Figure 5
(a) Curve of envelopeASFBx,t at x=0 for ν^=1. (b) Curve of envelope ASFBx,t at x=0 for ν^=1.3.
(a) (b)Spatial SFB is symmetrical to the time variablet and in a soliton form symmetrical to line x=0. Figure 6 displays the wave signals at some spatial points and the symmetrical behavior. At a far distance before the extreme position, the SFB signal is monochromatic waves with amplitude 2r0 and frequency ω. The instability is taking place at position x=-500m and the waves start to deform. It gets obvious as the waves propagate reaching position x=-250m. The instability is indicated by the growing modulation envelope. The amplitude keeps increasing as it reaches x=-100m, x=-50m, and x=-30m until it reaches the maximum peaking at x=0. It can be observed that new modulations emerge between the high envelope and it becomes more obvious at x=0. Furthermore, the phase singularity can be remarked when x=0; the peak or the trough are on the t axis. Thereafter, the amplitude starts to decrease symmetrically.Figure 6
Wave signalηSFB(x,t) (blue) and envelope ASFB (red) at some spatial position for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure7 exhibits the amplitude spectra of the SFB signal from the Figure 6. At x=-500m, the wave which is initially a monochromatic signal with frequency ω=1.4238rad/s is being perturbed by a new pair of modulation (side bands) with frequency difference 0.2199rad/s. In this state, the forming wave is trichromatic wave. Furthermore, the perturbing wave amplitude is increasing and new other side bands appear as the waves propagate along the x axis until it reaches the maximum position x=0 and the nearest side bands surpass the monochromatic signal amplitude. This phenomenon explains the modulational instability which occurs during the wave propagation. Moreover, the occurrence of the new modulations near the initially monochromatic signal suggests a self-focusing phenomenon which is energy transfer among the surrounding waves.Figure 7
Amplitude spectra of wave signalηSFB(x,t) at some spatial positions for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure8 displays the MTA and spatial evolution of (8). The graphs have been shifted such that the wave’s maximum peaking occurs on the positive x axis and the initially monochromatic wave appears at x=0. In terms of generating wave in a hydrodynamic laboratory, this shifted spatial value is more relatable. In the figure, it can be observed that the wave propagates toward the positive x direction and reaches the maximum peaking at x=777.6m. Far before the extreme position, the wave is being modulated and its amplitude keeps increasing in significant manner. This result is clearly displayed by the MTA which is increasingly monotone until it reaches x=777.6m. The wave is initially at amplitude 0.4m and reaches its maximum value at amplitude 0,9657m, meaning that it is 2.4142 times higher than the initial amplitude. After reaching the maximum peaking, the amplitude starts decreasing and forming symmetrical value to the extreme position axis.Figure 8
ElevationηSFBx,t (green), envelope ASFB (blue), and MTA (red) of the BBM wave packet for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Different values of wavenumber affect the extreme position but may not affect the maximum peaking. These results are exhibited in Figure9(a). If the wavenumber is higher then the extreme position is farther. This output happens for chosen wavenumbers k~=0.6rad/m, k~=0.7rad/m and k~=0.9186rad/m with respective extreme position x=290.6m, x=500.5m, and x=777.6m. However, when the wavenumber is set to higher value k~=3rad/m, the extreme position becomes closer at x=564.6m to the x=0 compared to the one with wavenumber k~=0.9186rad/m. These findings may lead to some hypotheses regarding the extreme position; however further study needs to be conducted.Figure 9
(a) BBM’s MTAs for some values of wavenumbers:k~=0.6 (magenta), k~=0.7 (black), k~=0.9186 (red), and k~=3 (blue) with (r~0;ν^)=(0.2;1). (b) BBM’s MTAs for some values of modulation frequencies ν^=1 (magenta), ν^=0.7 (black), ν^=0.5 (red), and ν^=0.2 (blue) with r~0;k~=0.2;0.6.
(a) (b)The change in the value ofν^ may affect the maximum peaking. Figure 9(b) exhibits the MTAs for some values of ν^. The maximum MTAs for ν^=0.2, ν^=0.5, ν^=0.7 and ν^=1 are, respectively, 1.1913m, 1.1482m, 1.0949m, and 0.9656m. The smaller the value of ν^ is, the higher the maximum peaking will be. This output resonates the relation between ν^ an AAF stated in (11). Hence the AAF can be computed analytically, which are 2.9799, 2.8708, 2.7378, and 2.4142 for ν^=0.2, ν^=0.5, ν^=0.7, and ν^=1, respectively. Moreover, besides affecting the AAF, the value of ν^ also affects the extreme position. It can be observed from Figure 9(b) that as the AAF is getting higher, the extreme position may become farther from the origin.


### 4.2. Comparison of BBM and KdV Wave Packet Evolution

Previous researches on wave envelope evolution had been conducted by employing the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Some equations in KdV equation family had been proposed and the dynamic in its propagation as a wave packet had been also studied [40–45, 49, 50]. In [37], NLS equation was derived from the classic KdV equation introduced by Korteweg and De Vries in 1895 and it was obtained that the NLS equation is of the defocusing type at which the dispersive and nonlinear terms are always in different signs. Hence, the both terms act to widen the envelope and envelope solitary waves are unlikely to occur. However, NLS equation derived from the exact KdV equation which was proposed by Van Groesen in 1998 [48] may yield focusing solution. The NLS envelope of the KdV wave packet can be observed in [33, 40, 49]. There is a critical wavenumber for which the dispersive and nonlinear terms of the NLS equation are in the same sign, which is k>0.23. Hence, choosing the value of k in the interval k>0.23 gives focusing type NLS. For the KdV-NLS equation, the modulation frequency ν^ which triggers the instability lies in the interval 0<ν^<2 and the critical modulation frequency for which the phase singularity may occur is ν^crit=3/2. The maximum AAF approaches 3 as the ν^ approaches 0. The characteristics of the exact KdV-NLS and the BBM-NLS that we analyze in this study are pretty much similar. Therefore, here we are concerned with comparing both results. The evolution of the wave profile, envelope, and MTA of the exact KdV wave packet is presented in Figure 10.Figure 10
ElevationηSFBx,t (green), envelope ASFB (blue), and MTA (red) of the KdV wave packet for (r~0;k~;ν^)=(0.2;0.9186;1).The difference between the BBM-NLS and KdV-NLS is sited on the coefficients of the dispersive (β) and nonlinear (γ) terms. Therefore, the coefficients’ values may affect the resulting wave and its evolution for an assigned wavenumber k. Besides the wave profile appears to be different in terms of density of the carrier waves as we compare wave profile in Figure 8 to the one in Figure 10, the extreme positions are also significantly dissimilar. Figure 11 exhibits the MTA of KdV and BBM wave packet propagation for same chosen values (r~0;k~;ν^)=(0.2;0.9186;1). From Figure 11, it can be observed that the BBM waves need farther distance to achieve its extreme position where the maximum peaking takes place compared to the KdV waves although the magnitudes of the maximum peaking are the same. The extreme position of BBM waves is at x=777.6m while that of the KdV waves is at x=140m. Moreover, the KdV’s MTA appears to be steeper than the BBM’s MTA. These results may indicate that BBM wave packet deforms in slower manner while KdV wave packet tends to deform in faster way. However, when a smaller value for k~ is given, the extreme position of the BBM waves is closer to the origin than the KdV waves as exhibited in Figure 12. BBM waves’ extreme position is at x=290.6m whereas KdV waves’ extreme position is at x=427m.Figure 11
BBM’s MTA (red) and KdV’s MTA (blue) forr~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure 12
BBM’s MTA (red) and KdV’s MTA (blue) forr~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.6;1.


## 4.1. Modulational Instability and Phase Singularity

Wave peaking occurs due to focusing phenomenon when waves experience modulational instability which is also known as Benjamin-Feir Instability [49]. For the NLS equation case, focusing can happen depending on the value of the coefficients of the dispersive and the nonlinear terms. If the values of both β and γ are of the same sign then both terms give balance effect resulting in the formation of solitary wave envelope [37]. Figure 1 depicts the graphs of β and γ with respect to the wavenumber k. For positive real valued k, the dispersive coefficient β is a negative function while the nonlinear coefficient γ is positive on 0<k<1 and negative on k>1. Therefore, we can choose a value for k in the interval k>1 which triggers the focusing phenomenon.Figure 1
Graph of the value of dispersive coefficientβ (a) and nonlinear coefficient γ (b) with respect to wave number k from NLS equation (4).
(a) (b)We investigate the wave propagation at water depthh=5m and gravitational acceleration g=9.8m/s2. Choosing k=1.8751  (k~=0.9186rad/m) gives ω=0.4152  (ω~=1.4238rad/s) through the dispersion relation, β=-3.0964 and γ=-3.5380. By setting r0=0,06  (r~0=0,2m), we obtain the graph of the instability growth rate σ over the value of ν^ as illustrated in Figure 2. It can be observed that the instability occurs only in the interval 0<ν^<2 and the highest instability happens when ν^=1. Figure 3 exhibits the wave profile η(x,t) for ν^=1. It can be observed that amplitude amplification occurs at a certain period during the propagation. Moreover, the figure also exhibits phase singularity phenomenon which is indicated by wave dislocation when the waves split into two waves and merge into one wave near (before and after) the wave peaking. Phase singularity is a phenomenon which takes place when the real values of the amplitude |ASFB| vanish [40, 50]. This can be observed in Figure 5(a) in which the envelope curve intercepts the x axis at some points. Wave dislocation is also known as optical vortices in the optical wave, line of darkness in the light wave, and thread of silence in the sound wave [51].Figure 2
Graph of instability growth rate.Figure 3
(a) Wave train profile and (b) wave contour ofηSFBx,t for ν^=1.
(a) (b)The wave dislocation also occurs when settingν^=0.7, but it does not when ν^=1.3, or when ν^=1.4. Figure 4 displays the wave train and contour when ν^=1.3. This indicates that not all values of ν^ in the interval (0,2) trigger the phase singularity; there is a value in (0,2) which is a threshold of the event to occur. We call this value as critical point and it had been determined that ν^crit=3/2 as presented in [40, 49]. Hence, the phase singularity occurs when the value of ν^ is chosen in the interval (0,3/2). Figure 5(a) illustrates the phase singularity when ν^=1 as the curve of the envelope at the extreme position x=0 intercepts the horizontal axis, ASFB0,τ≥0. Meanwhile, Figure 5(b) displays the envelope curve when ν^=1.3; the curve is definitely positive.Figure 4
(a) Wave train profile and (b) wave contour ofηSFBx,t for ν^=1.3.
(a) (b)Figure 5
(a) Curve of envelopeASFBx,t at x=0 for ν^=1. (b) Curve of envelope ASFBx,t at x=0 for ν^=1.3.
(a) (b)Spatial SFB is symmetrical to the time variablet and in a soliton form symmetrical to line x=0. Figure 6 displays the wave signals at some spatial points and the symmetrical behavior. At a far distance before the extreme position, the SFB signal is monochromatic waves with amplitude 2r0 and frequency ω. The instability is taking place at position x=-500m and the waves start to deform. It gets obvious as the waves propagate reaching position x=-250m. The instability is indicated by the growing modulation envelope. The amplitude keeps increasing as it reaches x=-100m, x=-50m, and x=-30m until it reaches the maximum peaking at x=0. It can be observed that new modulations emerge between the high envelope and it becomes more obvious at x=0. Furthermore, the phase singularity can be remarked when x=0; the peak or the trough are on the t axis. Thereafter, the amplitude starts to decrease symmetrically.Figure 6
Wave signalηSFB(x,t) (blue) and envelope ASFB (red) at some spatial position for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure7 exhibits the amplitude spectra of the SFB signal from the Figure 6. At x=-500m, the wave which is initially a monochromatic signal with frequency ω=1.4238rad/s is being perturbed by a new pair of modulation (side bands) with frequency difference 0.2199rad/s. In this state, the forming wave is trichromatic wave. Furthermore, the perturbing wave amplitude is increasing and new other side bands appear as the waves propagate along the x axis until it reaches the maximum position x=0 and the nearest side bands surpass the monochromatic signal amplitude. This phenomenon explains the modulational instability which occurs during the wave propagation. Moreover, the occurrence of the new modulations near the initially monochromatic signal suggests a self-focusing phenomenon which is energy transfer among the surrounding waves.Figure 7
Amplitude spectra of wave signalηSFB(x,t) at some spatial positions for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure8 displays the MTA and spatial evolution of (8). The graphs have been shifted such that the wave’s maximum peaking occurs on the positive x axis and the initially monochromatic wave appears at x=0. In terms of generating wave in a hydrodynamic laboratory, this shifted spatial value is more relatable. In the figure, it can be observed that the wave propagates toward the positive x direction and reaches the maximum peaking at x=777.6m. Far before the extreme position, the wave is being modulated and its amplitude keeps increasing in significant manner. This result is clearly displayed by the MTA which is increasingly monotone until it reaches x=777.6m. The wave is initially at amplitude 0.4m and reaches its maximum value at amplitude 0,9657m, meaning that it is 2.4142 times higher than the initial amplitude. After reaching the maximum peaking, the amplitude starts decreasing and forming symmetrical value to the extreme position axis.Figure 8
ElevationηSFBx,t (green), envelope ASFB (blue), and MTA (red) of the BBM wave packet for r~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Different values of wavenumber affect the extreme position but may not affect the maximum peaking. These results are exhibited in Figure9(a). If the wavenumber is higher then the extreme position is farther. This output happens for chosen wavenumbers k~=0.6rad/m, k~=0.7rad/m and k~=0.9186rad/m with respective extreme position x=290.6m, x=500.5m, and x=777.6m. However, when the wavenumber is set to higher value k~=3rad/m, the extreme position becomes closer at x=564.6m to the x=0 compared to the one with wavenumber k~=0.9186rad/m. These findings may lead to some hypotheses regarding the extreme position; however further study needs to be conducted.Figure 9
(a) BBM’s MTAs for some values of wavenumbers:k~=0.6 (magenta), k~=0.7 (black), k~=0.9186 (red), and k~=3 (blue) with (r~0;ν^)=(0.2;1). (b) BBM’s MTAs for some values of modulation frequencies ν^=1 (magenta), ν^=0.7 (black), ν^=0.5 (red), and ν^=0.2 (blue) with r~0;k~=0.2;0.6.
(a) (b)The change in the value ofν^ may affect the maximum peaking. Figure 9(b) exhibits the MTAs for some values of ν^. The maximum MTAs for ν^=0.2, ν^=0.5, ν^=0.7 and ν^=1 are, respectively, 1.1913m, 1.1482m, 1.0949m, and 0.9656m. The smaller the value of ν^ is, the higher the maximum peaking will be. This output resonates the relation between ν^ an AAF stated in (11). Hence the AAF can be computed analytically, which are 2.9799, 2.8708, 2.7378, and 2.4142 for ν^=0.2, ν^=0.5, ν^=0.7, and ν^=1, respectively. Moreover, besides affecting the AAF, the value of ν^ also affects the extreme position. It can be observed from Figure 9(b) that as the AAF is getting higher, the extreme position may become farther from the origin.


## 4.2. Comparison of BBM and KdV Wave Packet Evolution

Previous researches on wave envelope evolution had been conducted by employing the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Some equations in KdV equation family had been proposed and the dynamic in its propagation as a wave packet had been also studied [40–45, 49, 50]. In [37], NLS equation was derived from the classic KdV equation introduced by Korteweg and De Vries in 1895 and it was obtained that the NLS equation is of the defocusing type at which the dispersive and nonlinear terms are always in different signs. Hence, the both terms act to widen the envelope and envelope solitary waves are unlikely to occur. However, NLS equation derived from the exact KdV equation which was proposed by Van Groesen in 1998 [48] may yield focusing solution. The NLS envelope of the KdV wave packet can be observed in [33, 40, 49]. There is a critical wavenumber for which the dispersive and nonlinear terms of the NLS equation are in the same sign, which is k>0.23. Hence, choosing the value of k in the interval k>0.23 gives focusing type NLS. For the KdV-NLS equation, the modulation frequency ν^ which triggers the instability lies in the interval 0<ν^<2 and the critical modulation frequency for which the phase singularity may occur is ν^crit=3/2. The maximum AAF approaches 3 as the ν^ approaches 0. The characteristics of the exact KdV-NLS and the BBM-NLS that we analyze in this study are pretty much similar. Therefore, here we are concerned with comparing both results. The evolution of the wave profile, envelope, and MTA of the exact KdV wave packet is presented in Figure 10.Figure 10
ElevationηSFBx,t (green), envelope ASFB (blue), and MTA (red) of the KdV wave packet for (r~0;k~;ν^)=(0.2;0.9186;1).The difference between the BBM-NLS and KdV-NLS is sited on the coefficients of the dispersive (β) and nonlinear (γ) terms. Therefore, the coefficients’ values may affect the resulting wave and its evolution for an assigned wavenumber k. Besides the wave profile appears to be different in terms of density of the carrier waves as we compare wave profile in Figure 8 to the one in Figure 10, the extreme positions are also significantly dissimilar. Figure 11 exhibits the MTA of KdV and BBM wave packet propagation for same chosen values (r~0;k~;ν^)=(0.2;0.9186;1). From Figure 11, it can be observed that the BBM waves need farther distance to achieve its extreme position where the maximum peaking takes place compared to the KdV waves although the magnitudes of the maximum peaking are the same. The extreme position of BBM waves is at x=777.6m while that of the KdV waves is at x=140m. Moreover, the KdV’s MTA appears to be steeper than the BBM’s MTA. These results may indicate that BBM wave packet deforms in slower manner while KdV wave packet tends to deform in faster way. However, when a smaller value for k~ is given, the extreme position of the BBM waves is closer to the origin than the KdV waves as exhibited in Figure 12. BBM waves’ extreme position is at x=290.6m whereas KdV waves’ extreme position is at x=427m.Figure 11
BBM’s MTA (red) and KdV’s MTA (blue) forr~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.9186;1.Figure 12
BBM’s MTA (red) and KdV’s MTA (blue) forr~0;k~;ν^=0.2;0.6;1.


## 5. Conclusion

The dynamic of BBM wave packet propagation can be observed through the evolution of its envelope. It has been derived that the envelope evolves satisfying the NLS equation. We have shown that the NLS equation is of focusing type for wavenumberk value lying in the interval k>1. Through one NLS’ exact solution, Soliton on Finite Background, modulational instability may happen to the waves during the propagation which lead to amplitude amplification. The instability may occur when the value of modulation frequency ν^ is one in the interval (0,2). However, phase singularity which is a phenomenon indicating the occurrence of extreme wave may take place if ν^ is a value in interval (0,3/2). The maximum amplitude amplification factor (AAF) approaches 3 as the ν^ approaches 0. Furthermore, the extreme position at which the maximum peaking occurs can be observed through the waves’ MTA. The extreme position may vary depending on the value of the wavenumber k while the maximum peaking is retained. However, further study is needed to analyze how the wavenumber may affect the extreme position. Modulation frequency ν^ also affects the extreme position as well as the value of maximum peaking which has been proven through the AAF equation. We have also observed that BBM-NLS is similar to the KdV-NLS. Nevertheless, both equations give different extreme positions even though the magnitudes of the maximum peaking are the same.



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*Source: 1716571-2018-06-03.xml*