# Antimicrobial Activity ofCroton macrostachyus Stem Bark Extracts against Several Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Authors: Jackie K. Obey; Atte von Wright; Jimmy Orjala; Jussi Kauhanen; Carina Tikkanen-Kaukanen
Journal: Journal of Pathogens
 (2016)

---

## Abstract

In Kenya, leaves and roots fromCroton macrostachyus are used as a traditional medicine for infectious diseases such as typhoid and measles, but reports on possible antimicrobial activity of stem bark do not exist. In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of methanol, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts, and purified lupeol ofC. macrostachyus stem bark were determined against important human gram-negative pathogensEscherichia coli,Salmonella typhi,Klebsiella pneumoniae, andEnterobacter aerogenes, gram-positiveListeria monocytogenes, and a fungusCandida albicans. The most promising broad scale antimicrobial activity against all the studied pathogens was shown by the ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate extract induced the zone of inhibition between 10.1
±
0.6 mm and 16.0
±
1.2 mm againstS. typhi,E. coli,K. pneumoniae,E. aerogenes, andL. monocytogenes with weaker antimicrobial activity againstC. albicans(zone of inhibition: 5.6
±
1.0 mm). The antibiotic controls (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, clotrimazole, and cefotaxime) showed antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition within 13.4
±
0.7
–
22.1
±
0.9 mm. The ethyl acetate extract had MIC in the range of 125–250 mg/mL against all the studied bacteria and againstC. albicans MIC was 500 mg/mL. The present results give scientific evidence and support the traditional use ofC. macrostachyus stem bark as a source for antimicrobials. We show thatC. macrostachyus stem bark lupeol is a promising antimicrobial agent against several important human pathogens.


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## Body

## 1. Background

About 80% of the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa depends on traditional herbal remedies for primary health care and veterinary use [1]. In many developing countries antibiotic resistance, adverse drug reactions, and the high costs of antimicrobials have made management of infectious diseases ineffective [2, 3]. Natural products of higher plants may be a source of new antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanisms of action [3, 4].The plantCroton macrostachyus has been traditionally used to treat diseases in Kenya [5]. Stem barks and twigs ofCrotonspp. contain fatty acids, lupeol, and betulin [6]; saponins and resins are usually found in the seeds [6] and crotepoxide and crotomacrine in fruits [7]. Roots contain chalcone and secondary metabolites such as 3β-acetoxy taraxer-14-en-28-oic acid, trachyloban-19-oic acid, trachyloban-18-oic acid, neoclerodan-5,10-en-19,6β;20,12-diolide, 3α,19-dihydroxytrachylobane, and 3α,18,19-trihydroxytrachylobane [8].Several hydroalcoholicC. macrostachyus stem bark extracts have been tested against a clinical strain ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae[9] with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125–250 mg/mL. There are both negative and positive reports on the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts fromC. macrostachyus leaves [5, 10]. Contrasting results could be attributed to the locality of plant species, parts used, time of collection, storage conditions, and methods of analysis [11]. In the present study we tested the antimicrobial activity of methanol, ethyl acetate, and isobutanol extracts fromC. macrostachyus stem bark against human pathogenicE. coli,Salmonella typhi,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter aerogenes,Listeria monocytogenes,andCandida albicans.The ethyl acetate extract was submitted for further purification using column chromatography fractionation and the purified compound was identified by NMR spectroscopy. Agar well diffusion method [12] was used to determine the zones of inhibition and the MIC values.


## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Plant Collection and Extraction

C. macrostachyus stem bark was collected from Baraton Community in Nandi District of Kenya from the nature preserve of the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, Kenya. Sample of plant was deposited in the herbarium at the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, and the National Museums of Kenya for identification.


### 2.2. Preparation of the Bark Extract

The fresh stem bark was cut into small pieces using a pen knife. The cut bark was air-dried in a shaded area for three weeks. The air-dried bark was powdered using a mechanized hand grinder. The powdered material (500 g) was soaked into absolute methanol, ethyl acetate, or isobutanol for 24 hours. The soaked extract was separated from the plant residue using a Buchner funnel. The extract was separated from the solvent by a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R300) below 40°C. Thin layer chromatography was used to detect the presence of polar compounds. In order to isolate pure compounds from the ethyl acetate extract silica gel column chromatography was employed. The column was washed with hexane and toluene and the sample eluted and collected with ethyl acetate. The eluted samples were dried in air and crystallized. The crystals were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.Each plant extract was then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Rankem, India) to the concentration of 500 mg/mL to determine the zones of inhibition. For the minimum inhibitory concentration measurements the stock solution (500 mg/mL) was serially diluted to give the concentrations of 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 62.5 mg/mL, 31.25 mg/mL, 15.63 mg/mL, 7.81 mg/mL, 3.90 mg/mL, and 1.95 mg/mL.


### 2.3. NMR Analysis

The crystallized ethyl acetate extract was dissolved in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) and transferred into a 5 mm NMR tube. Subsequent NMR analysis was carried out at RT on Bruker Avance AV400 spectrometer with 5 mm Automatic Tuning and Matching (ATM) Multinuclear Broadband Observe (BBO) probe including 1H and 13C experiments. All experiments were referenced to the solvent peak.


### 2.4. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

The following bacterial strains were used for the study:Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,Salmonella typhi ATCC 2202,Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1583380,Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 2990,Listeria monocytogenesATCCEK 138, andCandida albicans ATCC 14053. The microbial freeze-dried strains were stored in the deposit of the University of Baraton and regenerated in brain heart infusion broth (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). The organisms were then cultured overnight on Müeller-Hinton agar (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). For the antimicrobial experiments one colony of each microbial strain was inoculated from the agar into 5 mL of tryptone soya broth (TSB) (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). The microbial strains were cultured overnight, bacterial strains at 37°C, andC. albicans at 30°C. The cultures were followed by measuring the absorbance at A
625
n
m. For the antimicrobial experiment the densities of the cultures were adjusted to the A
625
n
m value of 0.1 against a TSB control using a spectrophotometer.


### 2.5. Agar Well Diffusion Method

Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was analyzed using agar well diffusion assay according to the technique described by Taye et al. [12]. Several plates of Müeller-Hinton agar were made and labeled according to the extract and by the concentration, including a negative DMSO control and the following positive antibiotic controls: forS. typhi, E. coli, K. pneumoniae,andE. aerogenesantibiotics used were amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. ForL. monocytogenes antibiotic controls were ampicillin and benzylpenicillin and forC. albicansantibiotic controls were clotrimazole and cefotaxime. The selection of antibiotics and antifungal agents was based on the general knowledge of the typical susceptibilities of the chosen indicator microorganisms, and the expected sensitivities were confirmed during the actual experiments.Then 0.6% soft agar (Bacto Agar, HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India) (2 mL) was introduced into tubes and sterilized by autoclaving. After cooling the soft agar tubes were placed in a water bath at 48°C. 200μL of organism was mixed with 2 mL of the soft agar and the mixture was aseptically transferred to the surface of the solid Müeller-Hinton agar plate and allowed to solidify for 40 minutes. In addition to control wells three sample wells were drilled in the extract concentration-labeled agar plate using a sterilized 6 mm cork borer, giving 3 replicates per plate. The extract (75 μL) was transferred to each of the 3 wells per plate. The zones of inhibition (mm) were recorded from measurements of the clear zones around the agar wells. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the tube dilution method. Results for antimicrobial tests were reported as means ± standard deviation (SD). Minimal inhibitory concentration was the lowest concentration showing clear zone of inhibition. For each solvent extract and each organism, three different experiments were conducted, giving nine readings per extract for each organism. Positive antibiotic controls were included in the assays at their recommended effective concentrations.


## 2.1. Plant Collection and Extraction

C. macrostachyus stem bark was collected from Baraton Community in Nandi District of Kenya from the nature preserve of the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, Kenya. Sample of plant was deposited in the herbarium at the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, and the National Museums of Kenya for identification.


## 2.2. Preparation of the Bark Extract

The fresh stem bark was cut into small pieces using a pen knife. The cut bark was air-dried in a shaded area for three weeks. The air-dried bark was powdered using a mechanized hand grinder. The powdered material (500 g) was soaked into absolute methanol, ethyl acetate, or isobutanol for 24 hours. The soaked extract was separated from the plant residue using a Buchner funnel. The extract was separated from the solvent by a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R300) below 40°C. Thin layer chromatography was used to detect the presence of polar compounds. In order to isolate pure compounds from the ethyl acetate extract silica gel column chromatography was employed. The column was washed with hexane and toluene and the sample eluted and collected with ethyl acetate. The eluted samples were dried in air and crystallized. The crystals were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.Each plant extract was then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Rankem, India) to the concentration of 500 mg/mL to determine the zones of inhibition. For the minimum inhibitory concentration measurements the stock solution (500 mg/mL) was serially diluted to give the concentrations of 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 62.5 mg/mL, 31.25 mg/mL, 15.63 mg/mL, 7.81 mg/mL, 3.90 mg/mL, and 1.95 mg/mL.


## 2.3. NMR Analysis

The crystallized ethyl acetate extract was dissolved in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) and transferred into a 5 mm NMR tube. Subsequent NMR analysis was carried out at RT on Bruker Avance AV400 spectrometer with 5 mm Automatic Tuning and Matching (ATM) Multinuclear Broadband Observe (BBO) probe including 1H and 13C experiments. All experiments were referenced to the solvent peak.


## 2.4. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

The following bacterial strains were used for the study:Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,Salmonella typhi ATCC 2202,Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1583380,Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 2990,Listeria monocytogenesATCCEK 138, andCandida albicans ATCC 14053. The microbial freeze-dried strains were stored in the deposit of the University of Baraton and regenerated in brain heart infusion broth (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). The organisms were then cultured overnight on Müeller-Hinton agar (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). For the antimicrobial experiments one colony of each microbial strain was inoculated from the agar into 5 mL of tryptone soya broth (TSB) (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India). The microbial strains were cultured overnight, bacterial strains at 37°C, andC. albicans at 30°C. The cultures were followed by measuring the absorbance at A
625
n
m. For the antimicrobial experiment the densities of the cultures were adjusted to the A
625
n
m value of 0.1 against a TSB control using a spectrophotometer.


## 2.5. Agar Well Diffusion Method

Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was analyzed using agar well diffusion assay according to the technique described by Taye et al. [12]. Several plates of Müeller-Hinton agar were made and labeled according to the extract and by the concentration, including a negative DMSO control and the following positive antibiotic controls: forS. typhi, E. coli, K. pneumoniae,andE. aerogenesantibiotics used were amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. ForL. monocytogenes antibiotic controls were ampicillin and benzylpenicillin and forC. albicansantibiotic controls were clotrimazole and cefotaxime. The selection of antibiotics and antifungal agents was based on the general knowledge of the typical susceptibilities of the chosen indicator microorganisms, and the expected sensitivities were confirmed during the actual experiments.Then 0.6% soft agar (Bacto Agar, HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India) (2 mL) was introduced into tubes and sterilized by autoclaving. After cooling the soft agar tubes were placed in a water bath at 48°C. 200μL of organism was mixed with 2 mL of the soft agar and the mixture was aseptically transferred to the surface of the solid Müeller-Hinton agar plate and allowed to solidify for 40 minutes. In addition to control wells three sample wells were drilled in the extract concentration-labeled agar plate using a sterilized 6 mm cork borer, giving 3 replicates per plate. The extract (75 μL) was transferred to each of the 3 wells per plate. The zones of inhibition (mm) were recorded from measurements of the clear zones around the agar wells. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the tube dilution method. Results for antimicrobial tests were reported as means ± standard deviation (SD). Minimal inhibitory concentration was the lowest concentration showing clear zone of inhibition. For each solvent extract and each organism, three different experiments were conducted, giving nine readings per extract for each organism. Positive antibiotic controls were included in the assays at their recommended effective concentrations.


## 3. Results

### 3.1. Growth Inhibition

Results of the growth inhibition experiments are shown in Table1. The ethyl acetate extract induced the zone of inhibition between 10.1
±
0.6 mm and 16.0
±
1.2 mm againstS. typhi,E. coli,K. pneumoniae,E. aerogenes, andL. monocytogenes with slight antimicrobial activity againstC. albicans(zone of inhibition: 5.6
±
1.0 mm). The isobutanol extract showed activity againstS. typhi,E. coli, K. pneumoniae,andE. aerogenes(zone of inhibition between 8.3
±
1.5 mm and 13.7
±
1.4 mm) but did not show any activity againstL. monocytogenesandC. albicans. The methanol extract was active againstE. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes,andC. albicans with the zone of inhibition between 9.0
±
1.1 mm and 14.9
±
1.3 mm. The methanol extract was not active againstL. monocytogenesand had very low activity againstS. typhi (zone of inhibition: 2.3
±
1.87 mm). All the extracts had quite equal activity againstE. aerogenes(zone of inhibition within 10.1
±
0.6
–
10.8
±
1.2 mm). AgainstS.typhiandL. monocytogenesthe ethyl acetate extract was the most active (zone of inhibition between 16.0
±
1.2 mm and 11.7
±
1.3 mm, resp.). AgainstE. coli the isobutanol extract possessed the highest activity (zone of inhibition: 12.2
±
1.6 mm). AgainstK. pneumoniaeandC. albicansthe methanol extract was the most active (zones of inhibition: 14.9
±
1.3 mm and 12.0
±
1.4 mm, resp.). The antibiotic controls were constantly high. The DMSO negative control had no inhibitory activity.Table 1
Zone of inhibition of the differentC. macrostachyus extracts against selected human pathogens.
Pathogen
Zone of inhibition
Extract
Antibiotic
1MeOH
2EtOAc
3BuOH
A
B
Escherichia coli
9.0 ± 1.1
12.2 ± 1.6
13.7 ± 1.4
20.1 ± 0.9
16.2 ± 0.8
Salmonella typhi
2.3 ± 1.87
16.0 ± 1.2
8.3 ± 1.5
22.1 ± 0.9
20.8 ± 0.8
Klebsiella pneumoniae
14.9 ± 1.3
10.7 ± 1.0
11.1 ± 1.9
19.7 ± 0.5
17.3 ± 0.9
Enterobacter aerogenes
10.8 ± 1.1
10.1 ± 0.6
10.8 ± 1.2
21.3 ± 0.5
18.6 ± 0.5
Listeria monocytogenes
0.0 ± 0.0
11.7 ± 1.3
0.0 ± 0.0
21.0 ± 0.8
18.3 ± 0.5
Candida albicans
12.0 ± 1.4
5.6 ± 1.0
0.0 ± 0.0
21.5 ± 0.7
13.4 ± 0.7
1MeOH, methanol extract.
2EtOAc, ethyl acetate extract.
3BuOH, isobutanol extract.
Zone of inhibition (diameter in mm) including diameter of the well (6 mm). The experiments were carried out using triplicate samples. The results are from three independent analyses and are the mean of 9 values (n
=
9).
In negative control DMSO no inhibition was found.
ForE. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae,and E. aerogenesantibiotic A was amoxicillin and antibiotic B was ciprofloxacin.
ForL. monocytogenes antibiotic control A was ampicillin and antibiotic control B was benzylpenicillin.
ForC. albicansantibiotic control A was clotrimazole and antibiotic control B was cefotaxime.For the active extracts MIC values were determined (Table2). For the methanol and isobutanol extracts the MICs were 250–500 mg/mL (results not shown). The methanol extract againstE. colihad MIC of 250 mg/mL and againstK. pneumoniae,E. aerogenes, andC. albicans MIC was 500 mg/mL, although the methanol extract induced the narrowest zone of inhibition againstE. coli. Isobutanol extract had MIC of 250 mg/mL against bothE. coli andS. typhi and 500 mg/mL againstK. pneumoniae andE. aerogenes.For the ethyl acetate extract the MICs were 125–250 mg/mL against all the studied pathogens except againstC. albicans (MIC of 500 mg/mL). Lupeol had the lowest MIC forK. pneumoniae (125 mg/mL) and the highest MIC againstC. albicans (500 mg/mL). AgainstE. coli,S. typhi,E. aerogenes, andL. monocytogenes MIC was 250 mg/mL (Table 2).Table 2
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (mg/mL) ofCroton macrostachyusEtOAc extract against selected human pathogens.
Pathogen
MIC
Escherichia coli
250
Klebsiella pneumoniae
125
Enterobacter aerogenes
250
Listeria monocytogenes
250
Candida albicans
500


### 3.2. NMR Analysis

NMR analysis of the fractionated and crystallized ethyl acetate extract was carried out. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms were compared to the literature information (Table3) [13]. The chemical shifts showed that the purified compound was triterpene lupeol (Figure 1).Table 3
NMR analysis of the ethyl acetate extract fromC. macrostachyus stem bark1. Chemical shifts of the numbered carbon atoms are shown. Numbering of the carbon atoms used is that of triterpene framework.
Carbon number
Sample (ppm)
Lupeol (ppm)
28
18.22
17.97
20
151.20
150.88
29
109.54
109.31
3
79.23
78.94
17
43.22
42.95
5
55.51
55.25
9
50.65
50.38
19
48.20
47.94
18
48.51
48.24
14
43.04
42.78
8
41.04
40.78
4
39.07
38.81
1
38.92
38.67
13
38.26
38.00
22
40.20
39.96
7
34.49
34.23
16
35.80
35.54
15
27.66
27.41
21
30.06
29.80
23
28.20
27.95
2
27.62
27.35
10
37.38
37.11
12
25.35
25.08
11
21.14
20.89
30
19.52
19.28
6
18.50
18.28
26
16.19
15.94
25
16.33
16.09
24
15.59
15.35
27
14.76
14.51
1Obtained on a Bruker Avance AV400 spectrometer and referenced to the solvent peak (CDCl3 at 77.00 ppm).Figure 1


## 3.1. Growth Inhibition

Results of the growth inhibition experiments are shown in Table1. The ethyl acetate extract induced the zone of inhibition between 10.1
±
0.6 mm and 16.0
±
1.2 mm againstS. typhi,E. coli,K. pneumoniae,E. aerogenes, andL. monocytogenes with slight antimicrobial activity againstC. albicans(zone of inhibition: 5.6
±
1.0 mm). The isobutanol extract showed activity againstS. typhi,E. coli, K. pneumoniae,andE. aerogenes(zone of inhibition between 8.3
±
1.5 mm and 13.7
±
1.4 mm) but did not show any activity againstL. monocytogenesandC. albicans. The methanol extract was active againstE. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes,andC. albicans with the zone of inhibition between 9.0
±
1.1 mm and 14.9
±
1.3 mm. The methanol extract was not active againstL. monocytogenesand had very low activity againstS. typhi (zone of inhibition: 2.3
±
1.87 mm). All the extracts had quite equal activity againstE. aerogenes(zone of inhibition within 10.1
±
0.6
–
10.8
±
1.2 mm). AgainstS.typhiandL. monocytogenesthe ethyl acetate extract was the most active (zone of inhibition between 16.0
±
1.2 mm and 11.7
±
1.3 mm, resp.). AgainstE. coli the isobutanol extract possessed the highest activity (zone of inhibition: 12.2
±
1.6 mm). AgainstK. pneumoniaeandC. albicansthe methanol extract was the most active (zones of inhibition: 14.9
±
1.3 mm and 12.0
±
1.4 mm, resp.). The antibiotic controls were constantly high. The DMSO negative control had no inhibitory activity.Table 1
Zone of inhibition of the differentC. macrostachyus extracts against selected human pathogens.
Pathogen
Zone of inhibition
Extract
Antibiotic
1MeOH
2EtOAc
3BuOH
A
B
Escherichia coli
9.0 ± 1.1
12.2 ± 1.6
13.7 ± 1.4
20.1 ± 0.9
16.2 ± 0.8
Salmonella typhi
2.3 ± 1.87
16.0 ± 1.2
8.3 ± 1.5
22.1 ± 0.9
20.8 ± 0.8
Klebsiella pneumoniae
14.9 ± 1.3
10.7 ± 1.0
11.1 ± 1.9
19.7 ± 0.5
17.3 ± 0.9
Enterobacter aerogenes
10.8 ± 1.1
10.1 ± 0.6
10.8 ± 1.2
21.3 ± 0.5
18.6 ± 0.5
Listeria monocytogenes
0.0 ± 0.0
11.7 ± 1.3
0.0 ± 0.0
21.0 ± 0.8
18.3 ± 0.5
Candida albicans
12.0 ± 1.4
5.6 ± 1.0
0.0 ± 0.0
21.5 ± 0.7
13.4 ± 0.7
1MeOH, methanol extract.
2EtOAc, ethyl acetate extract.
3BuOH, isobutanol extract.
Zone of inhibition (diameter in mm) including diameter of the well (6 mm). The experiments were carried out using triplicate samples. The results are from three independent analyses and are the mean of 9 values (n
=
9).
In negative control DMSO no inhibition was found.
ForE. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae,and E. aerogenesantibiotic A was amoxicillin and antibiotic B was ciprofloxacin.
ForL. monocytogenes antibiotic control A was ampicillin and antibiotic control B was benzylpenicillin.
ForC. albicansantibiotic control A was clotrimazole and antibiotic control B was cefotaxime.For the active extracts MIC values were determined (Table2). For the methanol and isobutanol extracts the MICs were 250–500 mg/mL (results not shown). The methanol extract againstE. colihad MIC of 250 mg/mL and againstK. pneumoniae,E. aerogenes, andC. albicans MIC was 500 mg/mL, although the methanol extract induced the narrowest zone of inhibition againstE. coli. Isobutanol extract had MIC of 250 mg/mL against bothE. coli andS. typhi and 500 mg/mL againstK. pneumoniae andE. aerogenes.For the ethyl acetate extract the MICs were 125–250 mg/mL against all the studied pathogens except againstC. albicans (MIC of 500 mg/mL). Lupeol had the lowest MIC forK. pneumoniae (125 mg/mL) and the highest MIC againstC. albicans (500 mg/mL). AgainstE. coli,S. typhi,E. aerogenes, andL. monocytogenes MIC was 250 mg/mL (Table 2).Table 2
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (mg/mL) ofCroton macrostachyusEtOAc extract against selected human pathogens.
Pathogen
MIC
Escherichia coli
250
Klebsiella pneumoniae
125
Enterobacter aerogenes
250
Listeria monocytogenes
250
Candida albicans
500


## 3.2. NMR Analysis

NMR analysis of the fractionated and crystallized ethyl acetate extract was carried out. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms were compared to the literature information (Table3) [13]. The chemical shifts showed that the purified compound was triterpene lupeol (Figure 1).Table 3
NMR analysis of the ethyl acetate extract fromC. macrostachyus stem bark1. Chemical shifts of the numbered carbon atoms are shown. Numbering of the carbon atoms used is that of triterpene framework.
Carbon number
Sample (ppm)
Lupeol (ppm)
28
18.22
17.97
20
151.20
150.88
29
109.54
109.31
3
79.23
78.94
17
43.22
42.95
5
55.51
55.25
9
50.65
50.38
19
48.20
47.94
18
48.51
48.24
14
43.04
42.78
8
41.04
40.78
4
39.07
38.81
1
38.92
38.67
13
38.26
38.00
22
40.20
39.96
7
34.49
34.23
16
35.80
35.54
15
27.66
27.41
21
30.06
29.80
23
28.20
27.95
2
27.62
27.35
10
37.38
37.11
12
25.35
25.08
11
21.14
20.89
30
19.52
19.28
6
18.50
18.28
26
16.19
15.94
25
16.33
16.09
24
15.59
15.35
27
14.76
14.51
1Obtained on a Bruker Avance AV400 spectrometer and referenced to the solvent peak (CDCl3 at 77.00 ppm).Figure 1


## 4. Discussion

When testing methanol extracts ofC. macrostachyusleaves and roots Wagate and colleagues [5] found MICs between 15.6 and 250 mg/mL against three bacterial organisms,E. coli,Bacillus cereus, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present study the extracts fromC. macrostachyus stem bark induced growth inhibition against all the studied pathogens including four gram-negative and one gram-positive bacteria with MIC values of 125–250 mg/mL. The results achieved in the present study are in accordance with previous results carried out by Suffredini et al. [11].In the present study the antibiotic controls were constantly high and some extracts induced inhibition which almost reached the antibiotic level, when measured as zone of inhibition. Our results show that between the bacterial strains there is variation in susceptibility to extracts. The antimicrobial effect of the extract depends on the bacterial strain and the extraction solvent. The broadest effect against all the studied bacteria in a dose-dependent manner was achieved by the ethyl acetate extract. However, againstE. coli the isobutanol extract and againstK. pneumoniae andC. albicans the methanol extract had even higher activity. The main components ofC. macrostachyus stem bark are lupeol, betulin, and fatty acids [6]. Because of their solubility properties one could conclude that the isobutanol and methanol extracts contained mixtures of these compounds. The active components of the isobutanol and methanol extracts remain here unknown.Lupeol isolated from other plants has been reported to inhibit the growth of several types of bacteria, fungi, and viral species [14–20]. In the present study lupeol was isolated fromC. macrostachyus stem bark by ethyl acetate extraction followed by silica gel column chromatography. The previous reports support our finding on antimicrobial activity of lupeol. In our study, it was the first time when lupeol was extracted from the stem bark ofC. macrostachyus and showed broad antimicrobial activity against several important human pathogensE. coli,S. typhi,K. pneumoniae, andC. albicanswith the novel finding againstE. aerogenesandL. monocytogenes.The present study gives scientific evidence for the use of the extracts and especially lupeol fromC. macrostachyus stem bark as antimicrobial candidates against several human pathogens. They could be utilized as preventive agents in disinfectants or submitted to further process for drug or dietary supplement development. The provision of safe and effective traditional medicines could offer increasing access to health care [1]. Various studies have established that herbal medicines can be developed as safe, effective, and less costly alternatives to the current medicines to treat certain bacterial infections [21].



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*Source: 1453428-2016-05-11.xml*