# Transform Methods for the Reduction of the Peak to Average Power Ratio for the OFDM Signal

Authors: Rajendra Kumar; Vuttipol Santitewagul
Journal: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
 (2017)

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## Abstract

The paper presents multitransform OFDM-OP system for an effective PAPR (peak to average power ratio) reduction that has a reasonable computational requirement, does not introduce any distortion, needs relatively insignificant decrease in the bandwidth efficiency, and provides a PAPR very close to that for the single carrier modulation systems thus effectively eliminating any PAPR penalty incurred by the multicarrier OFDM system. The PAPR system consists of a bank of multiple orthonormal transforms and a minimum PAPR evaluation unit for finding the optimum transform index. The paper also presents a hybrid OFDM-OP-DSI system comprised of the multiple transforms and a novel dummy symbol insertion. The PAPR reduction performance of the presented systems is compared with those of the various other transform techniques of the literature. Various simulations on the presented systems show that these can achieve a PAPR that is very close to that of a single carrier system for QAM modulation with the order of modulation selected to be 16, 64, and 256.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Broadband wireless systems are in a rapidly evolutionary phase in terms of development of various technologies, development of various applications, deployment of various services, and generation of many important standards in the field [1–28]. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Accessing (OFDM) techniques offer efficient bandwidth utilization and provide many other advantages such as some immunity against the distortion due to the multipath propagation environment. Therefore, the OFDM techniques have been adapted in many wireless communication and sensor standards, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave ACCESS (WiMAX), digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T), and Long Term Evolution (LTE).However, the use of a relatively large number of carriers used in the OFDM signal results in a relatively high peak to average power ratio resulting in a much reduced radio frequency (RF) power amplifier efficiency and distortion due to the amplifier nonlinearity. In order to keep the distortion to some specified limit, the output RF power is backed off from the maximum available power at the amplifier output. In addition to the reduced output power, the output backoff concurrently also results in the DC to RF power conversion efficiency. A detailed analysis of the distortion effects of the nonlinear power amplifier and some of the mitigating techniques are presented, for example, in [8, 9] and the references therein. Another problem arising due to distortion caused by the amplifier is the spreading of the spectrum of the OFDM signal outside the allocated band [10].Thus there has been strong motivation to come up with techniques that can reduce the peak to average power ratio of the OFDM signal without causing any distortion in the process of transformation, or losing in terms of bandwidth or other efficiency measures. The paper presents multitransform OFDM-OP system for an effective PAPR (peak to average power ratio) reduction that has a reasonable computational requirement, does not introduce any distortion, needs relatively insignificant decrease in the bandwidth efficiency, and provides a PAPR very close to that for the single carrier modulation systems thus effectively eliminating any PAPR penalty incurred by the multicarrier OFDM system.The contents of the paper are organized as follows. Section2 of the paper presents a brief introduction to the OFDM system along with various notations used in the paper. Section 3 provides a brief review of the various peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques in the published literature. Section 4 presents multitransform systems and methods recently invented by the first author of the paper and taught in US Patent 8,995,542, March 2015 [11], for an effective PAPR reduction which have a reasonable computational requirement, do not introduce any distortion, need relatively insignificant decrease in the bandwidth efficiency, and provide PAPR very close to that for the single carrier modulation systems thus effectively eliminating any PAPR penalty incurred by the multicarrier OFDM system. Section 5 presents simulation results on the performance of the various PAPR reduction techniques. Section 6 presents some concluding remarks.


## 2. OFDM System

An OFDM-modulated signal consists of the parallel transmission of several signals that are modulated at different carrier frequencies evenly spaced byΔf [1–7]. The complex valued input symbol sequence sj is split into N subsequences smk with smk=s(n), n=kN+m, m=0,1,…,N-1;  k=0,1,2,…. The symbol subsequence smk modulates a corresponding subcarrier at frequency fm for m=0,1,…,N-1. Thus the time sampled version of the complex envelope gsn of the modulated signal is given by (1) wherein the sampling period TS=T0/N with T0 denoting the symbol period for the subsequence smj.(1)gsn+kN=1N∑m=0N-1smkexp⁡j2πmnN;n=0,1,…,N-1;k=0,1,….The consecutive N samples of gsn constitute an OFDM symbol and according to (1) the samples during the kth OFDM symbol may be obtained by an N point IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) of the consecutive N symbols in the symbol sequence sj or the kth symbols in the symbol subsequences smk, m=0,1,…,(N-1). In the multiple access application of OFDM the symbol subsequence smk may be the symbol sequences generated for the N multiple access users rather than subsequences of a single user symbol sequence. The OFDM signal has a guard interval of length TG for each OFDM symbol to mitigate the intersymbol interference. The sample values during any guard interval are obtained by the periodic extension of the subsequent N sample values of gsn. The transmitted radio frequency (RF) OFDM signal vt is given by(2)vt=Re⁡g-stexpj2πfct,where fc denotes the carrier frequency and g-st denotes the continuous time signal obtained by interpolation of the sampled signal gsn using, for example, 0th order hold. The signal gsn may also be band limited by a band limiting filter such as the square root raised cosine filter in generating the analog signal g-s(t).Figure1 shows the block diagram of the OFDM system. Referring to Figure 1, the data dk that may be a binary stream is inputted to the baseband modulator block that modulates the input data according to a modulation scheme that is selected to be the QAM modulation. The results of the paper will apply equally well to various other modulation techniques such as MPSK or MASK modulation schemes. The complex baseband signal sk, k=0,1,…, is inputted to the serial to parallel converter with the output given by the OFDM modulation symbol vector Xk=[X1kX2k⋯XNk]T where Xmk=smk, or Xmk=sn, n=kN+m; m=0,1,…,N-1; k=0,1,…. The inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block provides the inverse Fourier transform of Xk providing the OFDM modulated signal vector xk of dimension N also referred to as the OFDM frame at the output that is inputted to the parallel to serial converter block. The parallel to serial converter block concatenates the components xmk of the vector xk providing the baseband OFDM signal gsn, n=kN+m given by (1). The complex baseband OFDM signal gsn is inputted into the guard band insert block for extending the OFDM signal duration by the guard interval TG by a periodic extension of the signal gsn. The OFDM baseband signal with a guard interval denoted by gsen is inputted to a band limiting filter that may be, for example, a square root raised cosine filter and may include a digital to analog converter providing the filtered complex baseband OFDM signal g-st that modulates a carrier signal providing the bandpass OFDM signal vt given by (2). This paper is focused upon the subsystem of the OFDM system that generates the complex baseband OFDM signal gsn from the input data dk.Figure 1
Block diagram of the OFDM system.The peak to average power ratio PAPR is defined as(3)PAPR=10log⁡maxt⁡g-st2Eg-st2.In (3) E denotes the expected value. As g-st is a random process, PAPR is a random variable with some probability distribution function or equivalently in terms of a cumulative distribution function (CDF) or equivalently the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) Gγ that is function of the real variable γ given by Gγ≡ProbPAPR>γ. It is of interest to minimize the Gγ for any specified value of γ by some possible invertible transform of the signal g-st. In practice the PAPR is defined in terms of the modulated signal vector x(k) as(4)PAPR≅maxn⁡xnk2xk2/Nand the CCDF is defined in terms of the time samples of the PAPR in (4).


## 3. Techniques for the Reduction of the Peak to Average Power Ratio

There have been several solutions proposed in the literature to reduce the peak to average power ratio of the OFDM signal. One such method is the clipping method [12] wherein the signal above a certain specified value is clipped. This is similar to the clipping by the amplifier and thus introduces distortion; however, clipping and filtering the signal before inputting to the RF amplifier may mitigate the problem of spectrum spreading that is encountered by the clipping caused by the amplifier.In another PAPR reduction method proposed in [13] and termed the selective mapping (SLM) method consists of forming Q vectors Pq, q=1,2,…,Q, with Q an integer being formed with the ith element of the vector Pq selected equal to Piq=exp⁡jφiq;j=-1, i=0,1,…,N-1. The phase φiq is selected in a random manner with a uniform probability density function over the interval 0,2π. The set of vectors thus formed is made known to the receiver in advance. For any time k, the OFDM modulation symbol vector Xk is component-wise multiplied by each of the Q vectors Pq resulting in the modified vector Xqk, q=1,2,…,Q. This follows evaluation the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) xqk of Xqk and computing the peak to average power ratio of the OFDM modulation signal vector xqk for q=1,2,…,Q. The vector xqk with the minimum PAPR is selected for transmission with the corresponding index q0 made available to the receiver as a side information. The result presented in [13] for the case of N=128 and Q=4 and QPSK modulation shows an improvement of about 3 dB at a PAPR value corresponding to the complementary probability distribution function (CPDF) value of 10−3.In the partial transmit sequence (PTS) method proposed in [14], the set of indices 0 through N-1 is partitioned into V disjoint subsets Sv, v=1,2,…,V, wherein each of the V subsets has N/V indices. For v equal to 1 through V, a vector Xvk of length N is obtained with all its elements equal to 0 except the ones with indices in the subset Sv that are selected to be equal to the corresponding elements of the vector Xk resulting in Xk=∑v=1VXvk. Each of the V vectors is inverse Fourier transformed using the IFFT providing the V signal vectors xvk=F-1XvK wherein F-1 denotes the inverse Fourier transform. The signal vectors are multiplied by the complex scalars exp⁡jφvk with φv selected randomly and are uniformly distributed over the interval 0,2π. The weighted signal vectors are summed and the PAPR of the resulting sum is computed. The PAPR is minimized over the selection of the scalars exp⁡jφvk and the result of such a minimization is selected for transmission. The selected coefficients are provided to the receiver as a side information. The simulation results in [14] show that for the case of V=Q and for QPSK modulation the PTS scheme provides a better performance compared to that of the SLM method.A dummy sequence insertion (DSI) method of the PAPR reduction has been proposed in [16]. In the DSI method, the vector Xk is comprised of NI modulation symbols and ND=N-NI dummy symbols resulting in Xk=XITkXDTkT wherein T denotes the matrix transpose, and XIk and XDk are the vectors of length of NI and ND and comprised of the modulation symbols and dummy symbols, respectively. The DSI method results in a reduction of the bandwidth efficiency by a factor of (NI/N); however, it does not require any side information. The selection of the dummy sequence is comprised of an initial step and a recursive step that modifies the dummy sequence until the PAPR of x(k)=F-1XK is below a threshold or the number of recursions exceeds some maximum permissible number of recursions. Four different methods for the selection of the dummy sequence are suggested in [16]. In the first method, the dummy sequence is comprised of a complementary sequence [16] with different complementary sequences selected in the recursive step. In another method, the initial dummy sequence is selected to be an all 0 or an all 1 sequence, with the recursion step comprised of sequentially flipping the dummy sequence bits until the PAPR below the threshold value is achieved or the number of recursions exceeds a specified limit.In the method of selective scrambling proposed in [17], the message bit sequence is scrambled by each of the four maximal lengths or m-sequences that are not cyclically shifted versions of each other, with the two bits representing the index q of the m-sequence appended to the scrambled sequence. The scrambled sequences are modulated into QPSK symbols resulting in the OFDM modulation symbol vectors Xqk which are inverse Fourier transformed resulting in the OFDM modulated signal vectors xqk for q=1,2,3 and 4. The vector among the 4 vectors xqk with a minimum PAPR is selected for transmission. This method is very similar to the SMI method with the difference that it is the bit sequence that is scrambled instead of the QPSK modulation symbol sequence in the SMI method.In the block coding schemes for the PAPR reduction, the OFDM modulation symbol vectorXk is transformed using one of the block error correction codes [18–20]. For example, the use of complementary sequence codes is presented in [18]. While the use of the block error correction codes to reduce the PAPR while simultaneously achieving the error correction capability of the code is clearly very appealing, however, the presently studied methods based on block error correction codes may require relatively very low rate codes resulting in relatively poor bandwidth efficiency at relatively high number of carriers. To quote from [18], the authors state that, “The major drawback of the peak power controlling block coding scheme is that the coding rate is inversely proportional to the number of OFDM subcarriers. For example, for permissible PAPR of 6 dB, the coding rate of the 128-subcarrier system becomes 7/64 = 0.11, which clearly seems quite impractical for many applications.” Similar results appear in [19, 20].In the precoding techniques proposed in [21–23] the OFDM modulation symbol vector Xk is premultiplied by an orthogonal matrix P resulting in the transformed symbol vector Xpk=PXk. The inverse Fourier transform of the transformed symbol vector provides the modulated signal vector xk for the transmission. The precoding matrix P is signal independent and is known to the receiver. The orthogonal transform is selected to be the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) in [21], discrete cosine transform in [22], and the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) in [23], respectively. The precoding techniques are very attractive as these do not introduce any distortion unlike the clipping based methods, do not result in any reduction in the bandwidth efficiency as is the case with block coding methods, and are relatively simple in implementation. In [23] the precoding technique is combined with the SLM and DSI methods for providing further improvement in their PAPR reduction capability at the expense of some additional complexity of implementation and some reduction the bandwidth efficiency. It is shown in this paper that there is a scope for further improving their PAPR reduction capability while maintaining their desirable characteristics.


## 4. Multitransform Method for PAPR Reduction

This section in its entirety describes the multitransform systems and methods for the reduction of the peak to average power ratio recently invented by the first author of this paper and taught in and protected by US Patent 8,995,542, March 31, 2015 [11]. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the proposed multitransform method. As shown in the figure, the modulation symbol vector Xk is transformed by a number NT of transforms providing NT transformed symbol vectors X1k,X2k,…,XNTk with(5)Xnk=PnXk;n=1,2,…,NT;k=0,1,2,….The IFFT blocks in Figure 2 provide the IFFT of the transformed symbol vectors Xnk denoted by xnk for n=1,2,…,NT. The input selector block in Figure 2 selects the one out of the NT input vectors xnk with the lowest PAPR computed according to (4). The output of the input selector block is inputted to the parallel to serial converter that generates the serial sample sequence gsn at the output.Figure 2
Multitransform OFDM system for PAPR reduction.In (5) Pn for n=1,2,…,N are some conveniently selected N×N nonsingular matrices. For example, with NT=4, the 4 matrices that are selected are the identity matrix IN corresponding to no transform, the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) matrix PW, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) matrix PC, and the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) matrix PH. The three transform matrices are given in terms of their m,nth element, m,n=1,2,…,N, by(6)Pm,nH=1Ncos⁡2πm-1n-1N+sin⁡2πm-1n-1N(7)Pm,nC=2Ncos⁡πm-0.5n-0.5Nwith the Walsh-Hadamard transform matrix PW with its elements equal to +1 or −1 defined recursively in terms of the matrix W as(8a)W2m=W2m-1W2m-1W2m-1-W2m-1;W2=111-1;m=2,3,…(8b)PW=1NW2m0;N=2m0.In the same manner, the inverse Fourier transform may be expressed in terms of the transform matrix PF given by(9)Pm,nF=1Nexp⁡2πjm-1n-1N;j=-1.The use of scalar 1/N in (6)–(9) introduced for the sake of clarity makes these matrices orthonormal with PPH=IN or P-1=PH for any of the transform matrices P in (6)–(9) with the superscript H denoting the matrix Hermitian transpose and IN denoting the N×N identity matrix. However, the scale factor 1/N in (6)–(9) may be eliminated without introducing any changes in the performance results for the OFDM system. Due to symmetry the matrices PH, PW, and PC are also unitary with P-1=P. The use of these orthogonal matrices permits the use of fast transform techniques permitting the matrix vector multiplication in order Nlog2⁡N operation instead of requiring order N2 operations for obtaining the transformed symbol vector Xnk. In fact, the number of operations can be further reduced by exploiting the relationships between various transforms. In particular they may be related to the Fourier transform. For example, for a real valued sequence XRk its DHT transform may be obtained by [26, 27](10)DHTXRk=Re⁡1-jF-1XRk;j=-1.In (10) F-1 denotes the inverse Fourier transform, and Re⁡z for any complex quantity z denotes the real part of z. With Xk=XRk+jXIk, its DHT transform may be evaluated as(11)DHTXk=Re⁡1-jF-1XRk+jRe⁡1-jF-1XIk.Thus computing the IFFT of XRk and XIk separately permits a direct computation of the DHT form (11) requiring only order N operations. Of course, the IFFT of Xk is given by(12)F-1Xk=F-1XRk+jF-1XIk.The computation of IFFT of Xk from (12) does not require any more computations compared to directly computing the IFFT of Xk. In the same manner the WHT of XRk may be computed in terms of the FFT or IFFT of XRk. For example, [29] describes a method of computing the Fourier transform of a real sequence in terms of its Walsh-Hadamard transform. The relationship given in [29] can be more easily used for the computation of WHT from the IFFT. For example, equation (6) of [29] relates the WHT to the IFFT for the case of N=8 requiring only 10 real multiplications equivalent to less than 3 complex multiplications. Similar computations are given in [29] for more general value of N; details are not presented here. Thus for the case of NT=4, the order of transforms and IFFT may be performed as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3
Order of transform computations(NT=4).Another example of the multitransform method consists of the use ofNT>4 transform matrices including the I, PH, PW, and PC and the possible products of these matrices such as PHPC. Table 2 lists some of these transform matrices with their associated indices that are referred to in the simulation results of the next section. In the computation of the transformed vectors xnk, Figure 3 may be used for the minimization of the computational requirements as for the case of NT=4. For any pair orthonormal matrices P1 and P2 one obtains(13)P1P2-1=P2-1P1-1=P2HP1H=P1P2H.Thus the product of any two orthonormal matrices is also orthonormal and all of the NT transforms selected for the PAPR reduction are orthonormal transforms. The set of all possible (N×N) orthonormal matrices forms a group under matrix multiplication.


### 4.1. Multitransform Method with Dummy Sequence Insertion

The multiple transform method may be combined with the dummy insertion method resulting in the OFDM-OP-DSI method for the PAPR reduction wherein OP refers to the optimum transform. In this method the OFDM symbol vectorXk is comprised of ND dummy symbols and NI=N-ND information symbols. The dummy symbols may correspond to ND randomly selected but fixed indices of the vector Xk; for example, the first ND elements may be the dummy symbols. Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the direct implementation of the OFDM-OP-DSI method. In Figure 4  XIk is the vector of length N with NI elements equal to the information symbols and ND=N-NI elements equal to 0 with the set SI comprised of their indices. The elements of the length N vector XDk with indices the set SI are equal to the dummy symbols with the other NI=N-ND elements set equal to 0. As shown in the figure, the vector Xk=XIk+XDk is inputted to the NT transform blocks that multiply the vector Xk by the matrices Pn providing the transformed vectors Xnk, n=1,2,…,NT, at their outputs.Figure 4
Multitransform-DSI OFDM system for PAPR reduction.The transformed vectors are inputted to the IFFT blocks providing the inverse Fourier transformsxnk of the transformed vectors Xnk to the input selector block that selects the input with the lowest PAPR from the NT inputs. As shown in the figure, the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk are inputted to the minimum PAPR evaluator block that evaluates the minimum of the PAPRs of the NT OFDM signal vectors xnk and provides the result PAPRm to the decision block. The decision block compares the PAPRm with a threshold VT. If the threshold condition is satisfied, the input selector block selects the input with the minimum PAPR and inputs the selected vector xk to the vector to serial converter that outputs the OFDM complex baseband signal. If the threshold condition is not satisfied, the process is repeated with a different selection of the dummy symbols. The selection of the dummy symbols either may be performed in a predetermined sequence or may be based on a random selection strategy. Figure 12 shows a histogram of the optimum dummy symbol selection for an example of 64 QAM modulation. In the multitransform-DSI method based on a threshold, the sequencing of the dummy symbol selection may be performed according to the histogram as shown in Figure 12.The computational requirements of the optimum transform-DSI method can be significantly reduced by an appropriate organization of the computations. The transformed signal vectorxnk may be expressed as (14a)xnk=PFPnXk=PFPnXIk+PFPnXDk.With j1,j2,…,jND denoting the indices of the vector Xk corresponding to the dummy symbols, the vector xnk may be expressed as(14b)xnk=PFPnXIk+PFPSnyDk=PFPnXIk+PDnyDk.In (14b) yD is the vector of length ND with its elements equal to the dummy symbols and PSn is the (N×ND) submatrix of Pn comprised of the ND columns of the matrix Pn with indices j1,j2,…,jND; that is, the matrix PSn is given by(15)PSn=Pj1nPj2n⋯PjNTnand PDn denotes the matrix with its columns equal to the inverse Fourier transforms of Pjin;i=1,2,…,ND. In (15) Pjn denotes the jth column of the matrix Pn for any integer j. In the specific case of ND=1 considered in the simulations presented in the paper, the signal vector xnk may be expressed as(16)xnk=PFPnXIk+pnsDk.In (16) sDk denotes the dummy symbol and pn is a column vector given by the Fourier transform of the jth column of Pn wherein j is the index of the dummy symbol in the OFDM symbol vector Xk that may be precomputed and stored for use in the real time application. Thus the change of the dummy symbol requires just the multiplication of a fixed vector pn by the selected symbol for the selected transform matrix Pn, rather than requiring an N point IFFT for each symbol selection and each n resulting in considerable saving in the computational requirements.Figure5 shows the block diagram of the computationally efficient OFDM-OP-DSI method for the case of ND=1. In Figure 5  XIk vector of length N with NI elements equal to the information symbols and ND=N-NI elements equal to 0 with their indices in the set SI is inputted to the NT transform blocks providing the transformed outputs XI,nk for n=1,2,…,NT. The transformed outputs XI,nk are inputted to the IFFT blocks providing the transformed OFDM information signal vectors xI,nk at the outputs. As shown in the figure, the dummy symbol vector yDk at the output of the dummy symbol selector is multiplied by the vectors PD1,PD2,…,PDNT with the result added to the respective transformed OFDM information signal vectors xI,nk resulting in the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk;n=1,2,…,NT.Figure 5
Computationally efficient multitransform-DSI OFDM system for PAPR reduction.As shown in Figure5, the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk are inputted to the minimum PAPR evaluator block that evaluates the minimum of the PAPRs of the NT OFDM signal vectors xnk and provides the result PAPRm to the decision block. The decision block compares the PAPRm with a threshold VT. If the threshold condition is satisfied, the input selector block selects the input with the minimum PAPR and inputs the selected vector xk to the vector to serial converter that outputs the OFDM complex baseband signal. If the threshold condition is not satisfied, the process is repeated with a different selection of the dummy symbols.The information about the selected transform can be imbedded into the OFDM signal by using one or more symbols of the OFDM frame for this purpose. For the case wherein the order of modulationM is greater than or equal to 64 and the number of transforms NT is less than 16 as proposed in the paper, one symbol is adequate for carrying this information. In fact for M≥64, significant error correction coding on the transform index may be used to protect against error. Using one symbol for carrying this side information, the number of zeros in the vector XIk is made equal to (ND + 1). Assuming that the side information is contained in the first element of the OFDM modulation symbol vector Xk, the vector to be added to the modified information signal vector xI,nk in Figure 5 is given by(17)qn=PFP1nsin.In (17) P1n denotes the first column of the transform matrix Pn, and sin is the symbol containing the index n of the transform in a possibly coded form. As shown in Figure 5, the fixed vector (not a function of time k) qn is added as a bias to the modified information signal vector xI,nk resulting in the modified modulation signal vector xnk given by (18) for the case of ND=1.(18)xnk=xI,nk+pnk+qn,where in (18) the first term on the right hand side is dependent upon the information symbols sk at the output of the baseband modulator, the second term pnk is dependent upon the dummy symbols selected, and the last term qn that is independent of k provides the side information about the index of the transform.The selection of the indexing symbolsin used to encode the transform index n for n=1,2,…,NT is made from the signal constellation diagram of the complex baseband signal sk so as to minimize the probability of error in the detection of n at the OFDM receiver. For example, for the case of 64 QAM modulation with the signal constellation diagram shown in Figure 8 and NT=16, the indexing symbols may be selected as shown by the shaded circles in Figure 8 resulting in a minimum distance among the indexing symbols equal to 2d compared to the minimum Euclidean distance equal to d among the symbols in the complete signal constellation diagram, thereby minimizing the probability of detection error in the transform index n in the OFDM receiver. In some cases, more than one indexing symbol may be used for further reduction of the probability of detection error. For example, using two symbols for indexing, the transform index n may be encoded by a code word comprised of a pair of symbols selected from the set of symbols with indices 0,7,56,63 in Figure 8, resulting in a minimum Euclidean distance among the code words equal to 7d2≅10d making the probability of detection error extremely small.


### 4.2. Demodulation of the Multitransform-DSI Signal

Figure6 shows the block diagram of the receiver for the multitransform-DSI signal. The OFDM RF signal vt received in the presence of noise ξt is down-converted to complex baseband and possibly filtered by a band limiting filter such as the square root raised cosine filter providing the complex baseband signal gsen to the guard interval deletion unit that removes the guard interval from the complex baseband signal. The resulting complex baseband signal gsn is inputted to the serial to parallel converter that provides the modified signal vector at the output and given by (18) for some specific value of n=n0 selected at the transmitter. The modified signal vector xok=xn0k is inputted to the FFT block providing the modified modulation symbol vector Xn0k at the output.Figure 6
Multitransform-DSI OFDM system receiver block diagram.The modified modulation symbol vectorXn0k is inputted to the transform index detection unit for detecting the transform index n0 used in the transmitter from the vector Xn0k. In the transform index detection unit, the vector Xn0k is premultiplied by the vectors ψnH=100⋯Pn-1=P1nH with P1nH denoting the conjugate transpose of the first column of the matrix Pn. With the vector ψnH the metrics rnk,n=1,2,…,NT, are evaluated as in (19)rnk=ψnHXn0k-sin2=P1nHXn0k-sin2;n=1,2,…,NT.In (19) sin is the indexing symbol for the nth transformation matrix Pn. From (17) to (19) it follows that ignoring the receiver noise and the self-noise is the index rn0 corresponding to the transform Pn0 selected at the transmitter is 0 with(20)rnk=P1nHP1n0sin0+is-sin2;n≠n0;rn0=0.In (20) is denotes the self-noise due to the information and dummy symbols. Minimizing the metric rn over n results in correct detection of n0 with some small probability of error depending upon the transforms Pn for n=1 through NT and the indexing symbols sin. As shown in Figure 6, the transform index detection block detects the index of the transform used in the OFDM transmitter and provides the index n0 to the inverse transform block that multiplies the OFDM modified symbol vector Xn0k by Pn0-1=Pn0H. Dropping the components of Xn0k corresponding to the dummy symbols and the indexing symbol results in a subvector of length NI=N-ND-1 of the information symbol vector X-Ik. The resulting vector is inputted to the parallel to serial converter for providing the sequence of baseband symbols sk at the output.The self-noise termis in (20) may be eliminated by modifying the multitransform-DSI implementation in that the N×N transform matrices Pn are replaced by the following partitioned matrices:(21)Pn=10-0-TP-n.In (21) 0- denotes a row vector of zeros of length N-1 and P-n is the N-1×N-1 transform matrix obtained by deleting the first row and forts column of Pn. The vector qn in Figure 5 is replaced by the vector qn=P1Fsin where P1F denotes the first column of the IFFT transform matrix PF. Equivalently the indexing symbol sin is added to the first component of the modified information symbol vector XI,nk. In the modified approach, the indexing symbol is not a part of the transform operation. In the demodulation of the multitransform OFDM signal, Figure 6 is modified accordingly. Thus in the transform index detection unit, the first element X1n0 of the vector Xn0k that is equal to the indexing symbol sin0 plus receiver noise ξk is used to detect the transform index by the minimization(22)minn⁡X1n0-sin2=minn⁡sin0+ξk-sin2.Except for the change in the operation of the transform index detection unit, the block diagram of the modified multitransform OFDM system is same as that in Figure 6. Partition similar to that in (21) may be used for transmission of any pilot symbols.The following section presents the simulation results on the performance of the multitransform PAPR reduction OFDM system and compares it with some of the existing methods for the reduction of the PAPR.


## 4.1. Multitransform Method with Dummy Sequence Insertion

The multiple transform method may be combined with the dummy insertion method resulting in the OFDM-OP-DSI method for the PAPR reduction wherein OP refers to the optimum transform. In this method the OFDM symbol vectorXk is comprised of ND dummy symbols and NI=N-ND information symbols. The dummy symbols may correspond to ND randomly selected but fixed indices of the vector Xk; for example, the first ND elements may be the dummy symbols. Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the direct implementation of the OFDM-OP-DSI method. In Figure 4  XIk is the vector of length N with NI elements equal to the information symbols and ND=N-NI elements equal to 0 with the set SI comprised of their indices. The elements of the length N vector XDk with indices the set SI are equal to the dummy symbols with the other NI=N-ND elements set equal to 0. As shown in the figure, the vector Xk=XIk+XDk is inputted to the NT transform blocks that multiply the vector Xk by the matrices Pn providing the transformed vectors Xnk, n=1,2,…,NT, at their outputs.Figure 4
Multitransform-DSI OFDM system for PAPR reduction.The transformed vectors are inputted to the IFFT blocks providing the inverse Fourier transformsxnk of the transformed vectors Xnk to the input selector block that selects the input with the lowest PAPR from the NT inputs. As shown in the figure, the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk are inputted to the minimum PAPR evaluator block that evaluates the minimum of the PAPRs of the NT OFDM signal vectors xnk and provides the result PAPRm to the decision block. The decision block compares the PAPRm with a threshold VT. If the threshold condition is satisfied, the input selector block selects the input with the minimum PAPR and inputs the selected vector xk to the vector to serial converter that outputs the OFDM complex baseband signal. If the threshold condition is not satisfied, the process is repeated with a different selection of the dummy symbols. The selection of the dummy symbols either may be performed in a predetermined sequence or may be based on a random selection strategy. Figure 12 shows a histogram of the optimum dummy symbol selection for an example of 64 QAM modulation. In the multitransform-DSI method based on a threshold, the sequencing of the dummy symbol selection may be performed according to the histogram as shown in Figure 12.The computational requirements of the optimum transform-DSI method can be significantly reduced by an appropriate organization of the computations. The transformed signal vectorxnk may be expressed as (14a)xnk=PFPnXk=PFPnXIk+PFPnXDk.With j1,j2,…,jND denoting the indices of the vector Xk corresponding to the dummy symbols, the vector xnk may be expressed as(14b)xnk=PFPnXIk+PFPSnyDk=PFPnXIk+PDnyDk.In (14b) yD is the vector of length ND with its elements equal to the dummy symbols and PSn is the (N×ND) submatrix of Pn comprised of the ND columns of the matrix Pn with indices j1,j2,…,jND; that is, the matrix PSn is given by(15)PSn=Pj1nPj2n⋯PjNTnand PDn denotes the matrix with its columns equal to the inverse Fourier transforms of Pjin;i=1,2,…,ND. In (15) Pjn denotes the jth column of the matrix Pn for any integer j. In the specific case of ND=1 considered in the simulations presented in the paper, the signal vector xnk may be expressed as(16)xnk=PFPnXIk+pnsDk.In (16) sDk denotes the dummy symbol and pn is a column vector given by the Fourier transform of the jth column of Pn wherein j is the index of the dummy symbol in the OFDM symbol vector Xk that may be precomputed and stored for use in the real time application. Thus the change of the dummy symbol requires just the multiplication of a fixed vector pn by the selected symbol for the selected transform matrix Pn, rather than requiring an N point IFFT for each symbol selection and each n resulting in considerable saving in the computational requirements.Figure5 shows the block diagram of the computationally efficient OFDM-OP-DSI method for the case of ND=1. In Figure 5  XIk vector of length N with NI elements equal to the information symbols and ND=N-NI elements equal to 0 with their indices in the set SI is inputted to the NT transform blocks providing the transformed outputs XI,nk for n=1,2,…,NT. The transformed outputs XI,nk are inputted to the IFFT blocks providing the transformed OFDM information signal vectors xI,nk at the outputs. As shown in the figure, the dummy symbol vector yDk at the output of the dummy symbol selector is multiplied by the vectors PD1,PD2,…,PDNT with the result added to the respective transformed OFDM information signal vectors xI,nk resulting in the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk;n=1,2,…,NT.Figure 5
Computationally efficient multitransform-DSI OFDM system for PAPR reduction.As shown in Figure5, the transformed OFDM signal vectors xnk are inputted to the minimum PAPR evaluator block that evaluates the minimum of the PAPRs of the NT OFDM signal vectors xnk and provides the result PAPRm to the decision block. The decision block compares the PAPRm with a threshold VT. If the threshold condition is satisfied, the input selector block selects the input with the minimum PAPR and inputs the selected vector xk to the vector to serial converter that outputs the OFDM complex baseband signal. If the threshold condition is not satisfied, the process is repeated with a different selection of the dummy symbols.The information about the selected transform can be imbedded into the OFDM signal by using one or more symbols of the OFDM frame for this purpose. For the case wherein the order of modulationM is greater than or equal to 64 and the number of transforms NT is less than 16 as proposed in the paper, one symbol is adequate for carrying this information. In fact for M≥64, significant error correction coding on the transform index may be used to protect against error. Using one symbol for carrying this side information, the number of zeros in the vector XIk is made equal to (ND + 1). Assuming that the side information is contained in the first element of the OFDM modulation symbol vector Xk, the vector to be added to the modified information signal vector xI,nk in Figure 5 is given by(17)qn=PFP1nsin.In (17) P1n denotes the first column of the transform matrix Pn, and sin is the symbol containing the index n of the transform in a possibly coded form. As shown in Figure 5, the fixed vector (not a function of time k) qn is added as a bias to the modified information signal vector xI,nk resulting in the modified modulation signal vector xnk given by (18) for the case of ND=1.(18)xnk=xI,nk+pnk+qn,where in (18) the first term on the right hand side is dependent upon the information symbols sk at the output of the baseband modulator, the second term pnk is dependent upon the dummy symbols selected, and the last term qn that is independent of k provides the side information about the index of the transform.The selection of the indexing symbolsin used to encode the transform index n for n=1,2,…,NT is made from the signal constellation diagram of the complex baseband signal sk so as to minimize the probability of error in the detection of n at the OFDM receiver. For example, for the case of 64 QAM modulation with the signal constellation diagram shown in Figure 8 and NT=16, the indexing symbols may be selected as shown by the shaded circles in Figure 8 resulting in a minimum distance among the indexing symbols equal to 2d compared to the minimum Euclidean distance equal to d among the symbols in the complete signal constellation diagram, thereby minimizing the probability of detection error in the transform index n in the OFDM receiver. In some cases, more than one indexing symbol may be used for further reduction of the probability of detection error. For example, using two symbols for indexing, the transform index n may be encoded by a code word comprised of a pair of symbols selected from the set of symbols with indices 0,7,56,63 in Figure 8, resulting in a minimum Euclidean distance among the code words equal to 7d2≅10d making the probability of detection error extremely small.


## 4.2. Demodulation of the Multitransform-DSI Signal

Figure6 shows the block diagram of the receiver for the multitransform-DSI signal. The OFDM RF signal vt received in the presence of noise ξt is down-converted to complex baseband and possibly filtered by a band limiting filter such as the square root raised cosine filter providing the complex baseband signal gsen to the guard interval deletion unit that removes the guard interval from the complex baseband signal. The resulting complex baseband signal gsn is inputted to the serial to parallel converter that provides the modified signal vector at the output and given by (18) for some specific value of n=n0 selected at the transmitter. The modified signal vector xok=xn0k is inputted to the FFT block providing the modified modulation symbol vector Xn0k at the output.Figure 6
Multitransform-DSI OFDM system receiver block diagram.The modified modulation symbol vectorXn0k is inputted to the transform index detection unit for detecting the transform index n0 used in the transmitter from the vector Xn0k. In the transform index detection unit, the vector Xn0k is premultiplied by the vectors ψnH=100⋯Pn-1=P1nH with P1nH denoting the conjugate transpose of the first column of the matrix Pn. With the vector ψnH the metrics rnk,n=1,2,…,NT, are evaluated as in (19)rnk=ψnHXn0k-sin2=P1nHXn0k-sin2;n=1,2,…,NT.In (19) sin is the indexing symbol for the nth transformation matrix Pn. From (17) to (19) it follows that ignoring the receiver noise and the self-noise is the index rn0 corresponding to the transform Pn0 selected at the transmitter is 0 with(20)rnk=P1nHP1n0sin0+is-sin2;n≠n0;rn0=0.In (20) is denotes the self-noise due to the information and dummy symbols. Minimizing the metric rn over n results in correct detection of n0 with some small probability of error depending upon the transforms Pn for n=1 through NT and the indexing symbols sin. As shown in Figure 6, the transform index detection block detects the index of the transform used in the OFDM transmitter and provides the index n0 to the inverse transform block that multiplies the OFDM modified symbol vector Xn0k by Pn0-1=Pn0H. Dropping the components of Xn0k corresponding to the dummy symbols and the indexing symbol results in a subvector of length NI=N-ND-1 of the information symbol vector X-Ik. The resulting vector is inputted to the parallel to serial converter for providing the sequence of baseband symbols sk at the output.The self-noise termis in (20) may be eliminated by modifying the multitransform-DSI implementation in that the N×N transform matrices Pn are replaced by the following partitioned matrices:(21)Pn=10-0-TP-n.In (21) 0- denotes a row vector of zeros of length N-1 and P-n is the N-1×N-1 transform matrix obtained by deleting the first row and forts column of Pn. The vector qn in Figure 5 is replaced by the vector qn=P1Fsin where P1F denotes the first column of the IFFT transform matrix PF. Equivalently the indexing symbol sin is added to the first component of the modified information symbol vector XI,nk. In the modified approach, the indexing symbol is not a part of the transform operation. In the demodulation of the multitransform OFDM signal, Figure 6 is modified accordingly. Thus in the transform index detection unit, the first element X1n0 of the vector Xn0k that is equal to the indexing symbol sin0 plus receiver noise ξk is used to detect the transform index by the minimization(22)minn⁡X1n0-sin2=minn⁡sin0+ξk-sin2.Except for the change in the operation of the transform index detection unit, the block diagram of the modified multitransform OFDM system is same as that in Figure 6. Partition similar to that in (21) may be used for transmission of any pilot symbols.The following section presents the simulation results on the performance of the multitransform PAPR reduction OFDM system and compares it with some of the existing methods for the reduction of the PAPR.


## 5. Simulation Results

This section presents simulation results on the performance of the multitransform techniques for the PAPR (peak to average power ratio) reduction with a performance comparison with the existing precoding and dummy sequence insertion (DSI) based techniques that may be the ones most promising in terms of the various criteria including minimal reduction in bandwidth efficiency and distortion less transformation. The results for the existing methods are similar to those in the various references of this paper. The complementary cumulative probability distribution function (CCDF) of the PAPR is obtained by simulation runs of 104 OFDM symbols for all possible FFT length N. Thus the number of QAM symbols simulated in each run is equal to N×104. The simulations are performed with MQAM modulation with the number of points M in the signal constellation selected equal to 16, 64, and 256. In case of the dummy sequence insertion scheme, the number of dummy symbols is limited to 1 in all of the simulation results as an increase in the length of the dummy sequence provided only marginal improvement at the cost of significant increase in computational complexity. In the constellation diagrams, the symbols are indexed using the Grey coding scheme. Figures 7 and 8 show the constellation diagram for the case of M equal to 16 and 64, respectively.Figure 7
Signal constellation diagram for 16 QAM signal.Figure 8
Signal constellation diagram for 64 QAM signal.Figure9 plots the result for the case of the N=64 subcarriers and 16 QAM modulation with and without the dummy symbol insertion wherein the dummy symbol is selected to be any of the 16 possible points in the constellation diagram. Different possible values of the dummy symbol are selected until an improvement in the PAPR exceeds the specified threshold value of 0.4 dB. As may be inferred from Figure 9, an improvement of about 0.4 dB is achieved with the insertion of the dummy symbol. Figure 10 shows the corresponding result when all 16 possible symbol values are tried in an exhaustive manner and the one providing the most improvement in the PAPR is selected. As may be inferred from Figure 10, the improvement in the PAPR is about 0.6 dB at the CCDF value of 10−3 compared to the value of 0.4 dB in Figure 9. Figure 11 shows the histogram of the index of the dummy symbol selected in the simulation result of Figure 10. It is interesting to observe that 4 of the possible values of the dummy sequence are selected with much higher probability compared to the other 12 values. This result may provide further insight into the selection of the dummy sequence.Figure 9
CCDF of OFDM-DSI system for 16 QAM (0.4 dB threshold).Figure 10
CCDF of OFDM-DSI system for 16 QAM (exhaustive search).Figure 11
Histogram of the dummy symbol index selected in the simulation example of Figure10.Figure 12
Histogram of the dummy symbol index selected for the case of 64 QAM modulation.Similar PAPR improvement is obtained for the case of 64 QAM modulation format wherein a reduction of about 0.7 dB is achieved at the CCDF value of 10−3 when the dummy symbol is varied over all possible 64 values. The detailed graph for the CCDF for this case is not included for the sake of brevity; however, the histogram of the selected symbol is shown in Figure 12. Examination of Figure 12 again shows the interesting result that the histogram has sharp peaks at four of the 64 possible values in the constellation diagram. Interestingly this result is very similar to that of Figure 11. Thus it is possible to reduce the number of trials for the dummy symbol to 4 without any significant degradation in performance. This in fact is done in some of the simulations presented latter in the paper.Another technique used for the reduction of the peak to average power reduction consists of precoding the modulation symbol vector by a transform matrix. The simulation results are presented next to evaluate the PAPR performance with the precoding techniques. The simulation results when both the precoding and dummy sequence are used simultaneously are presented as well.Figure13 plots the CCDF of the PAPR for the 16 QAM modulation and 64 subcarriers case when the precoding technique is used. Three different precoding matrices of the published literature, namely, the discrete Hartley transform (DHT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) matrices, are considered for the simulations. In Figure 13 and subsequent figures, the abbreviation Pc stands for precoding. Thus OFDM-Pc(DHT) denotes the case of the OFDM system with precoding based on the discrete Hartley transform. The figure also includes the case of using the DFT transform for precoding which reduces the OFDM system to a single carrier system.Figure 13
Comparison of the CCDF of the peak to average power ratio with different precoding matrices.As may be inferred from Figure13 the discrete Hartley transform provides the best performance among the three transforms with a reduction of 3.7 dB in PAPR at CCDF of 10−3 with the DCT and WHT providing a reduction of 1.84 dB and 1.07 dB, respectively. The results obtained for the precoding method, the DSI method and the hybrid precoding plus DSI (Pc-DSI) method are summarized in Table 1 in terms of the reduction in the PAPR at the CCDF value of 10−3 for these methods. The results in Table 1 include both methods of selecting the optimum dummy symbol. In the first method the search is continued until the PAPR improvement exceeds certain specified threshold VT selected to be 0.1 dB and 0.2 dB in the table. In the second method all possible M symbols are tried in selecting the optimum dummy symbol. The results for the two cases of M=16 and M=64 are included in the table. The table also includes the average number of recursions for the case of DSI and the hybrid Pc-DSI methods. In terms of a direct implementation, one recursion for the case of precoding techniques involves 1 matrix vector multiplication and 1 N-point IFFT operation. For the case of DSI, it involves one IFFT operation and for the hybrid Pc-DSI method, one recursion involves 1 matrix vector multiplication and 1 N-point IFFT operation. The computational requirements may be reduced by appropriate reorganization of the computations as shown in the previous section of the paper.Table 1
PAPR Improvement in dB at CCDF of 10−3 for the precoding, DSI, and the hybrid precoding-DSI methods (PAPR = 10 dB for standard OFDM).
16 QAM 64 QAM Number of recursions Improvement in PAPR (dB) Number of recursions Improvement in PAPR (dB) OFDM 1 — 1 — WHT 1 1.07 1 0.94 DCT 1 1.84 1 1.80 DHT 1 3.70 1 3.04 DSI(VT=0.4) 8.69 0.39 14.41 0.48 DSI (All) 16 0.64 64 0.78 WHT-DSI(VT=0.1) 8.41 1.11 44.49(VT=0.3) 1.26(VT=0.3) WHT-DSI(VT=0.2) 11.03 1.17 WHT-DSI (All) 16 1.30 64 1.41 DCT-DSI(VT=0.1) 8.09 1.96 16.64 1.77 DCT-DSI(VT=0.2) 13.36 2.09 — — DCT-DSI (All) 16 2.13 64 1.90 DHT-DSI(VT=0.06) 7.23 3.78 16.58 3.16 DHT-DSI(VT=0.08) 10.21 3.79 — — DHT-DSI (All) 16 3.81 64 3.18Table 2
Indices of the transforms (NT=16).
Index Transform 1 I 2 DHT 3 DCT 4 WHT 5 DHT∗DCT 6 DHT∗WHT 7 DCT∗DHT 8 DCT∗WHT 9 WHT∗DHT 10 WHT∗DCT 11 DHT∗DCT∗WHT 12 DHT∗WHT∗DCT 13 DCT∗DHT∗WHT 14 DCT∗WHT∗DHT 15 WHT∗DHT∗DCT 16 WHT∗DCT∗DHTExamination of Table1 shows that the precoding method with discrete Hartley transform (DHT) provides the best performance among the precoding techniques with a PAPR improvement of 3.7 dB and 3.0 dB, respectively, for the case of M equal to 16 and 64, respectively. Including the DSI with the DHT precoding improves the PAPR by an additional 0.1–0.2 dB. Increasing the number of dummy symbols may result in some marginal increase in performance but at the cost of higher computational complexity.Figure14 shows the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with the multiple transform technique wherein one of the NT possible transform matrices including the case of no transform is selected to optimize the PAPR in each OFDM frame shown as OFDM-OP (OFDM with optimum transform) in the figure and compares it with that obtained with the fixed transform methods. Table 2 lists the various transforms used in the simulations presented in Figure 14.Figure 14
Comparison of the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with various transform methods (64 QAM).In Figure14 the number of subcarriers is 64 and 64 QAM modulation is considered. As may be inferred from Figure 14 the optimum transform provides an improvement of about 1.3 dB over the discrete Hartley transform that has the best performance among all of the fixed transform methods. Figure 15 plots the corresponding result for the case of 256 QAM modulation showing an improvement of about 1.4 dB compared to the best of the previous schemes. This is remarkable in that the PAPR obtained with the use of the optimum transform method is only about 0.9 dB worse compared to the single carrier system with a high order modulation.Figure 15
Comparison of the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with various transform methods (256 QAM).Figure16 shows the histogram of the number of times a transform is optimum and is selected for the PAPR reduction. As may be inferred from the figure, the DHT transform is optimum most often followed by DCT and WHT transforms with the remaining cases occurring with about uniform probability. This may not come as a surprise as among the fixed transform methods the DHT provides the best performance. However, it is not the best among all the cases and that is where the performance improvement comes from.Figure 16
Histogram of the frequency of selection of the various transforms.Figure17 shows the simulation result for the optimum transform method along with the use of one dummy symbol along with the result obtained with the fixed transform methods for reference. As an interesting case Figure 16 also includes the case wherein the transform selection is limited to only four cases, namely, DFT that is equivalent to single carrier case, WHT, DCT, and the DHT. The case of hybrid DHT-DSI has already been considered in Table 1 showing that the marginal improvement due to DSI when used with the DHT is limited to about 0.1 dB and is not included in Figure 17 for clarity. As may be inferred from Figure 17, the proposed OFDM-OP-DSI method provides an improvement of about 1.75 dB in PAPR over the DHT method, and what is perhaps even more remarkable is the fact that it is only about 0.45 dB worse compared to case of a single carrier. It is interesting to note that when the transform selection is limited to only 4 cases mentioned earlier, the improvement is only about one half of that with the full selection of the 16 transforms. Thus it is the combination of the wide selection of the transforms along with the dummy symbol that provides the maximum reduction in the PAPR. The histogram of the frequency of selection of the various transforms is very similar to that in Figure 16 and is not presented here.Figure 17
PAPR performance of the OFDM-OP-DSI method in comparison with the other methods.The results in Figure17 are obtained when the dummy symbol is selected optimally by an exhaustive search. Therefore, it is of interest to find if there is any specific pattern in the selection of the dummy symbol. Figure 18 shows the histogram of the dummy symbol selection frequency for the case of the OFDM-OP-DSI method. As may be inferred from the figure, the histogram shows four distinct peaks that correspond to the boundary symbols 0, 7, 56, and 63 shown in the signal constellation diagram of Figure 8.Figure 18
Histogram of the symbol frequency for the optimum transform method.When the selection of the dummy symbol is restricted to one of the four symbols{0,7,56,63} with the highest frequencies in the histogram of Figure 18, the performance in terms of PAPR is very close to that obtained in Figure 17. Figure 19 plots the PAPR result for the multitransform-DSI case on an expanded scale when the number of transforms NT is equal to 16 and wherein NW denotes the number of symbols in the signal constellation over which the dummy symbol is optimized. As may be inferred for the figure, for a CCDF value of 10−3, the PAPR is equal to about 5.25 dB with NW=64. For the case wherein the selection of the dummy symbol is restricted to NW=4 symbols, the corresponding value of PAPR is about 0.1 dB higher. Thus with only a relatively very small increase in the PAPR, the computational complexity can be reduced by an order of magnitude. In another alternative method, the dummy symbol is selected on the basis of a threshold on the PAPR. In this method, for the selected symbol, the PAPR is evaluated and compared with the PAPR evaluated for the standard OFDM for the same OFDM frame. If the PAPR for the multitransform-DSI method exceeds the threshold, the search is discontinued; otherwise another dummy symbol is tried. The threshold is equal to PAPR value predicted for the multitransform-DSI method at the CCDF value read from the CCDF versus PAPR graph for the OFDM method at the computed PAPR value for the OFDM method minus the specified value of VT. In the threshold method, first the symbols in the set {0,7,56,63} are selected followed by selection of other symbols in the signal constellation. Figure 19 shows the PAPR performance for the multitransform-DSI threshold method for both NW=64 and NW=4. As may be inferred from Figure 19, the performance for the threshold case with NW=64 is about the same as for the case of exhaustive search with NW=4.Figure 19
PAPR performance of the OFDM-OP-DSI method (NT = 16).Table3 summarizes the PAPR at a CCDF value of 10−3 for the OFDM-OP-DSI method wherein NW denotes the number of possible symbols over which the dummy symbol selection is optimized and NT is number of possible transforms. The table includes the case of single carrier transmission for comparison and also lists the ΔPAPR defined as the difference between the PAPR achieved with the OFDM-OP-DSI method and that of the single carrier transmission at the CCDF value of 10−3.Table 3
PAPR of the OFDM-OP-DSI method for the reduction in PAPR (64 QAM, 64 FFT).
Parameters of the PAPR reduction method PAPR (dB) Reduction in PAPR (dB) ΔPAPR Standard OFDM 10 — N T = 3, NW=64 6.22 3.78 1.46 N T = 12, NW=64 5.54 4.46 0.78 N T = 16, NW=64 5.25 4.75 0.49 N T = 3, NW=4 6.25 3.75 1.49 N T = 12, NW=4 5.82 4.18 1.06 N T = 16, NW=4 5.30 4.70 0.55 Single carrier system 4.76 — 0As may be inferred from Table3 the OFDM-OP-DSI system with NT=12 provides an improvement of 4.46 dB in PAPR over the OFDM with the resulting PAPR only 0.78 dB higher than for the single carrier transmission. With NT=16 the improvement is 4.75 dB in PAPR over the OFDM with the resulting PAPR only 0.49 dB higher than for the single carrier transmission thus almost entirely eliminating the PAPR limitation of the OFDM system. It may be possible to reduce this gap of 0.49 dB further by increasing the number of dummy symbols to more than 1 and/or by increasing the number of total transforms beyond 16 considered in the paper at the expense of some additional computations. On the other hand, the computational complexity can be significantly reduced by restricting the number of symbols NW from which the dummy symbol is selected at the cost of some increase in the PAPR. As shown in the table, with NW=4, and NT=16, the PAPR reduction is 4.70 dB compared to 4.75 dB with NW=64. For the case of NT=12, and NW=4, the PAPR reduction is 4.18 dB compared to 4.46 dB with NW=64, thus resulting in a relatively small degradation in PAPR due to the reduction in NW from 64 to 4. However, the reduction in NW from 64 to 4 results in an order of magnitude reduction in the computational requirements. Thus the OFDM-OP-DSI method provides a PAPR that is only about 0.5 dB worse than for the single carrier system with only moderate computational requirements. This gap of about 0.5 dB may be further reduced by selecting the number of transforms NT to be higher than 16.


### 5.1. Results for the Case of IEEE 802.11 Standard

The simulation results presented thus far are for the ideal case when all of theN subcarriers are used for transmission including those allocated to the dummy symbols and the transform indices. However, in various OFDM standards some of the subcarriers near the band edge are not used for transmission in order to minimize the degradation due to the tapering in the frequency response of the band limiting transmission filter. For example, as shown in Figure 20, in the IEEE 802.11 standard with N=64, only 52 subcarriers are used for transmission with 12 subcarriers not used for transmission. Out of the 52 subcarriers used for transmission, 4 of these are for pilot tones with 48 used for data transmission.Figure 20
Subcarrier layout for IEEE OFDM standard (64 subcarriers).Figure21 plots the result for the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the paper for various transform techniques including the multitransform method of the paper with the use of 48-point orthonormal transforms.Figure 21
Comparison of the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with various transform methods (IEEE standard, 64 QAM).Comparison of Figure21 with Figure 14 shows that for the case of multitransform method there is no significant difference in performance between the ideal case of 64 point transform and the 48-point transform except that for the case of NT=4, 48-point transform the PAPR is about 0.4 dB higher compared to the case of NT=4, 64-point transform at the CCDF value of 10−3. Such a result may also be intuitively expected. However, similar comparison for the fixed transforms case shows a drastic difference in performance. For example, for the DHT transform, the PAPR value for the case of 48-point transform case is about 9.2 dB compared to the value of about 7.2 dB for the 64-point transform case showing that being with some of the subcarriers with no transmission reduces the effectiveness of the fixed DHT orthonormal transform. The result for the case of DCT and WHT transforms is not as drastic; however, the improvement in PAPR with either of these transforms is relatively small in both of the 48-point and 64-point transform cases. As may be inferred from Figure 21, for the 48-point case relevant to the IEEE standard, the multitransform method provides an improvement of about 3.6 dB over the best fixed transform method at a CCDF value of 10−3.Figure22 plots the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with the composite transform and dummy symbol insertion (DSI) methods with ND=1 for the case of IEEE standard 48-point transform. Comparison of Figure 22 shows that the results obtained are very similar to that obtained for the transform methods in Figure 21. For the multitransform the DSI reduces the PAPR to about 5.4 dB compared to the value of about 5.9 dB obtained without DSI for the case of NT 16. However, for the case of fixed transform, there is no significant improvement in the PAPR due to the use of a single dummy symbol. Simulation results with ND=2 show that the multitransform method with DSI provides a PAPR value of about 4.9 dB with NT=16 at a CCDF value of 10−3. In comparison there is no appreciable improvement for the fixed transform methods with ND=2. When the search for the dummy symbols is restricted to the 4 boundary symbols given by {0,7,56,63} in the constellation diagram of Figure 8, there is only a minor degradation of about 0.1 dB in the PAPR reduction.Figure 22
PAPR performance of the OFDM-OP-DSI method in comparison with the other methods (IEEE standard, 64 QAM).


## 5.1. Results for the Case of IEEE 802.11 Standard

The simulation results presented thus far are for the ideal case when all of theN subcarriers are used for transmission including those allocated to the dummy symbols and the transform indices. However, in various OFDM standards some of the subcarriers near the band edge are not used for transmission in order to minimize the degradation due to the tapering in the frequency response of the band limiting transmission filter. For example, as shown in Figure 20, in the IEEE 802.11 standard with N=64, only 52 subcarriers are used for transmission with 12 subcarriers not used for transmission. Out of the 52 subcarriers used for transmission, 4 of these are for pilot tones with 48 used for data transmission.Figure 20
Subcarrier layout for IEEE OFDM standard (64 subcarriers).Figure21 plots the result for the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the paper for various transform techniques including the multitransform method of the paper with the use of 48-point orthonormal transforms.Figure 21
Comparison of the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with various transform methods (IEEE standard, 64 QAM).Comparison of Figure21 with Figure 14 shows that for the case of multitransform method there is no significant difference in performance between the ideal case of 64 point transform and the 48-point transform except that for the case of NT=4, 48-point transform the PAPR is about 0.4 dB higher compared to the case of NT=4, 64-point transform at the CCDF value of 10−3. Such a result may also be intuitively expected. However, similar comparison for the fixed transforms case shows a drastic difference in performance. For example, for the DHT transform, the PAPR value for the case of 48-point transform case is about 9.2 dB compared to the value of about 7.2 dB for the 64-point transform case showing that being with some of the subcarriers with no transmission reduces the effectiveness of the fixed DHT orthonormal transform. The result for the case of DCT and WHT transforms is not as drastic; however, the improvement in PAPR with either of these transforms is relatively small in both of the 48-point and 64-point transform cases. As may be inferred from Figure 21, for the 48-point case relevant to the IEEE standard, the multitransform method provides an improvement of about 3.6 dB over the best fixed transform method at a CCDF value of 10−3.Figure22 plots the CCDF of the PAPR obtained with the composite transform and dummy symbol insertion (DSI) methods with ND=1 for the case of IEEE standard 48-point transform. Comparison of Figure 22 shows that the results obtained are very similar to that obtained for the transform methods in Figure 21. For the multitransform the DSI reduces the PAPR to about 5.4 dB compared to the value of about 5.9 dB obtained without DSI for the case of NT 16. However, for the case of fixed transform, there is no significant improvement in the PAPR due to the use of a single dummy symbol. Simulation results with ND=2 show that the multitransform method with DSI provides a PAPR value of about 4.9 dB with NT=16 at a CCDF value of 10−3. In comparison there is no appreciable improvement for the fixed transform methods with ND=2. When the search for the dummy symbols is restricted to the 4 boundary symbols given by {0,7,56,63} in the constellation diagram of Figure 8, there is only a minor degradation of about 0.1 dB in the PAPR reduction.Figure 22
PAPR performance of the OFDM-OP-DSI method in comparison with the other methods (IEEE standard, 64 QAM).


## 6. Conclusions

The paper has presented multitransform methods and systems taught in US Patent 8,995,542, March 31, 2015, for the reduction of peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM systems. Simulation results on the performance of various PAPR reduction techniques for the OFDM systems are presented. Detailed simulation results have been presented on the comparison of the performance of various fixed precoding transform techniques and the multitransform technique with and without the dummy symbol insertion (DSI) techniques.The fixed transform techniques include the discrete Hartley transform (DHT), Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT), and discrete cosine transform (DCT). The transform techniques with or without DSI have a reasonable computational requirement, do not introduce any distortion, and may introduce relatively small decrease in the bandwidth efficiency. In fact the recently invented multitransform-DSI techniques need only 1 or 2 dummy symbols to obtain optimum performance and thus possess high bandwidth efficiency as well.In terms of the dummy symbol insertion method, the dummy symbol selection is made by an exhaustive optimization over the constellation diagram of the modulated symbols. It is observed that in the simulated examples the optimum symbol belongs to a small subset of four symbols with a probability close to 1. Thus in actual implementation, the selection of the dummy symbol may be confined to such a subset resulting in significant reduction in computational effort without causing any significant reduction in the PAPR performance compared to the case wherein the selection is made from the complete symbol constellation.The simulation results have been presented for two general cases. In the first of these cases, all of the OFDM channels are included in the transform operation. In the second case applicable to the IEEE 802.11 standard, only a subset of the OFDM channels is included in the transform operation with either the remaining channels carrying zeros or the pilot symbols. The pilot symbols are not included in the transform operation for ease of subcarrier frequency synchronization although synchronization methods may be devised for the first case as well.Simulation results show that among the fixed transform methods the DHT method provides the best performance. For example, for the case where all the channels are included in the transform operation and with 64 QAM modulation, the DHT method provides a PAPR of about 7 dB corresponding to a CCDF of 10−3 or with a probability of 0.999, with the corresponding values of the PAPR for the DCT and WHT equal to about 8.7 dB and 9.3 dB, respectively. For the multitransform technique with NT equal to 16, the value of PAPR is about 5.8 dB providing an improvement of 1.2 dB over the best fixed transform. Similar results are obtained for other modulation schemes. Similar differences in PAPR for various fixed and multitransform methods are observed for the case of 256 QAM. The multicarrier penalty in terms of increased PAPR is reduced to only 0.8 dB with the use of the multitransform technique and represents a reduction of about 4.5 dB compared to the original OFDM without any precoding transform.In terms of the composite transform-DSI technique, insertion of 1 or 2 dummy symbols selected optimally from the symbol constellation diagram shows no significant change for the fixed transform methods. However, the PAPR for the multitransform-DSI method with just 1 dummy symbol is just 0.5 dB higher compared to the single carrier transmission. This difference can be further reduced to nearly 0 with an increase in the value ofNT and the number of dummy symbols ND.The difference between the fixed transform and multitransform methods becomes even more pronounced when only a subset of the OFDM channels are included in the transform. For example, for the IEEE 802.11 standard with 64 OFDM channels, 11 of the OFDM channels carry zeros and 48 of the channels are used for data using a 48-point precoding transform. For this case, the simulation results show that for 64 QAM the multitransform-DSI method withNT=16 and the number of dummy symbols ND=1 provides a PAPR value of 5.4 dB that is reduced to about 5.0 dB with ND=2 and is equal to that obtained for the single carrier transmission thus eliminating any PAPR penalty of the multicarrier OFDM system. In contrast to this, for exactly the same simulation conditions, the PAPR of the fixed transform methods is equal to about 9.2 dB. Limiting the dummy symbol search to the optimal subset of 4 symbols of the constellation diagram does not result in any significant PAPR performance difference.



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*Source: 1421362-2017-01-12.xml*