# A Note on the Painlevé Property of Coupled KdV Equations

Authors: Sergei Sakovich
Journal: International Journal of Partial Differential Equations
 (2014)

---

## Abstract

We prove that one system of coupled KdV equations, claimed by Hirota et al. to pass the Painlevé test for integrability, actually fails the test at the highest resonance of the generic branch and therefore must be nonintegrable.


---

## Body

## 1. Introduction

In Section 6 of their paper [1], Hirota et al. reported that the system of coupled KdV equations
(1)∂ui∂t+6a(∑k=1Nuk)∂ui∂x+6(1-a)hihhh×(∑k=1N∂uk∂x)ui+∂3ui∂x3=0,hhhhhhhhi=1,2,…,N,N≥2,
passes the Painlevé test for integrability if and only if the parameter a is equal to 1, or 1/2, or 3/2. The authors of [1] pointed out that the cases a=1 and a=1/2 of (1) correspond to integrable systems of coupled KdV equations, whereas the problem of integrability of (1) with a=3/2 remains open.In the present short note, we show that the system (1) with a=3/2 actually does not pass the Painlevé test, and its integrability should not be expected therefore.


## 2. Singularity Analysis

First of all, let us notice that theN-component system (1) can be studied in the form of the following triangular system of two coupled KdV equations:
(2)vt+6vvx+vxxx=0,wt+6avwx+6(1-a)wvx+wxxx=0,
where the new dependent variable v is defined by v=∑k=1N‍uk, the new dependent variable w is any one of the N components u1,…,uN, and the subscripts x and t denote partial derivatives. Indeed, the system (1) is equivalent to the system consisting of the first equation of (2) along with N-1 copies of the second equation of (2) with w=u1,…,uN-1 (say). Therefore, in order to check whether or not the system (1) passes the Painlevé test, it is sufficient to consider the two equations in (2) and do not repeat the same calculations for the remaining N-2 copies of the second equation of (2).Settinga=3/2 in (2) and starting the Weiss-Kruskal algorithm of singularity analysis [2, 3], we use the expansions v=v0(t)ϕα+⋯+vr(t)ϕr+α+⋯ and w=w0(t)ϕβ+⋯+wr(t)ϕr+β+⋯ with ϕx(x,t)=1 and determine branches (i.e., admissible choices of α,β,v0,w0) together with corresponding positions r of resonances (where arbitrary functions of t can enter the expansions). The exponents α and β and the positions of resonances turn out to be integer in all branches. In what follows, we only consider the generic singular branch, where α=β=-2, v0=-2, w0(t) is arbitrary, and r=-1,0,1,4,6,8. This branch describes the singular behavior of generic solutions. There are also two nongeneric branches, but they correspond to the constraints w0=0 and w0=w1=0 imposed on the generic branch and do not require any separate consideration therefore.Substituting the expansions(3)v=∑n=0∞vn(t)ϕn-2,w=∑n=0∞wn(t)ϕn-2
with ϕx(x,t)=1 into the system (2) with a=3/2, we obtain the following recursion relations for the coefficients vn and wn of (3):
(4)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)vn+3(n-4)×∑i=0nvivn-i+(n-4)ϕtvn-2+vn-3,t=0,(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)wn+3∑i=0n‍(3n-4i-4)viwn-i+(n-4)ϕtwn-2+wn-3,t=0,hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhn=0,1,2,3,…,
where the subscript t denotes the derivative with respect to t, and vk=wk=0 for k=-3,-2,-1 formally.Now we have to check whether the recursion relations (4) are compatible at the resonances.The resonance-1, as always, corresponds to the arbitrariness of the function ψ in ϕ=x+ψ(t).We havev0=-2 in (4) at n=0, for the chosen branch. The function w0(t) remains arbitrary, which corresponds to the resonance 0.Settingn=1 in (4), we find that v1=0, while the function w1(t) remains arbitrary, and the compatibility condition at the resonance 1 is satisfied.Atn=2 and n=3, which are not resonances, we get from (4), respectively,
(5)v2=-16ϕt,w2=112w0ϕt,v3=0,w3=160w1ϕt+130w0,t.Settingn=4 in (4), we find that
(6)w4=-12v4w0+148w1,t,
while the function v4(t) remains arbitrary, and the compatibility condition at the resonance 4 is satisfied.Atn=5, which is not a resonance, we find from (4) that
(7)v5=-136ϕtt,w5=-14v4w1-17200w1ϕt2+1900w0,tϕt+172w0ϕtt.Settingn=6 in (4), we obtain
(8)w6=-12v6w0-114400w1,tϕt+313600w1ϕtt+11800w0,tt,
while the function v6(t) remains arbitrary, and the compatibility condition at the resonance 6 is satisfied.Atn=7, which is not a resonance, we get from (4) the following:
(9)v7=-124v4,t,w7=-12v6w1+171680v4w1ϕt+1201600w1ϕt3+148v4,tw0-1105v4w0,t-125200w0,tϕt2+12016w1,tt.The highest resonance in the chosen branch is 8. Settingn=8 in the recursion relations (4), we find that
(10)v8=-16v42+12592ϕttt,
the function w8(t) remains arbitrary, but the compatibility condition at the resonance 8 is not satisfied, and we obtain the following constraint imposed on some of arbitrary functions that appeared at lower resonances:
(11)300v4,tw1-7w1ϕtϕtt+6w0,tϕtt=0.The appearance of the constraint (11) means that the Laurent type expansions (3) do not represent the general solution of the studied system, and we have to modify the expansion for w by introducing logarithmic terms, starting from the term proportional to ϕ6log⁡ϕ. This nondominant logarithmic branching of solutions is a clear symptom of nonintegrability. Consequently, the case a=3/2 of the system (2)—and of the system (1), equivalently—fails the Painlevé test.


## 3. Conclusion

We have shown that, contrary to the claim of Hirota et al. [1], the system of coupled KdV equations (1) with a=3/2 does not pass the Painlevé test for integrability.Let us note, moreover, that the singularity analysis of coupled KdV equations has been addressed in the papers [4, 5], published prior to [1]. In particular, the integrable cases a=1 and a=1/2 of the system (1) can be found in [5] as the systems (vi) and (vii), respectively, which have passed the Painlevé test, whereas the case r1=1 in Section 2.1.3 of [5] predicts that the system (1) with a=3/2 must fail the Painlevé test for integrability.The obtained result that the system of coupled KdV equations (1) with a=3/2 actually does not pass the Painlevé test for integrability explains very well why no Lax representation has been proposed as yet for this case of coupled KdV equations.



---

*Source: 125821-2014-02-19.xml*