# Deformation Control Method of the Antislide Pile under Trapezoidal Load in the Zhangjiawan Landslide

Authors: Hao Wang; Zhiying Lv; Hongyu Qin; Jianwei Yue; Jianwei Zhang
Journal: Advances in Civil Engineering
 (2020)

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## Abstract

Antislide piles are set in the Zhangjiawan landslide area, where the general features of the bedrock below the slip surface include upper weak and lower hard strata. Based on a site investigation, the horizontal displacement of the antislide pile head is 14.8 cm, which is not conducive to the stability of the landslide. In the study, a displacement calculation method for the pile under trapezoidal load is proposed for a colluvial landslide controlling. Furthermore, factors affecting the deformation and internal forces of the pile were also studied. The results indicated that (1) when the embedded length of an antislide pile increases, the horizontal displacement on the pile and maximum absolute shear force decrease, while the bending moment of the pile exhibits opposite trends; (2) the relationship between maximum shear force and maximum bending moment is linear with increasing driving force of landslide; and (3) increase in the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) steadily increases the horizontal displacement of the pile. The relationship between the distribution of the driving force (q0/q1) and the reasonable embedded length of a pile is a quadratic function, which can be used to determine the reasonable embedded length of a pile under the action of rectangular or triangular loads. It is very useful to use the above method to guide the design of antislide piles in similar areas.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Several colluvial landslides have occurred in the northeastern Sichuan province of China. Cretaceous strata constitute the main characteristics in the area and have attracted increasing attention [1]. Cretaceous strata are characterized as weak and hard intercalated rocks. Antislide piles are installed in bedrocks with upper weak rock and lower hard rock to stabilize landslides [2]. The heads of some antislide piles exhibit horizontal displacement. If the deformation of the pile head is excessively high, cracks are formed in the landslide body behind the pile and thus provide a channel for surface water infiltration and increase the risk of landslide [3].Several recent studies examined the mechanism of pile deformation. The deformation behavior of piles is related to the section shape and slenderness ratio of piles [4, 5]. Antislide piles were used to control floor heave in the roadway project. The burial depth and deformation of piles are affected by soil stress conditions [6]. The deformation of the pile head decreases with increases in pile diameter and increases with increases in the slope angle [7]. The lateral behavior of two-pile group foundations installed in weathered rock slopes was also severely affected by the angle of the slope [8]. In landslide controlling, antislide piles play an important role and coordinate deformation with the surrounding soil to improve the stability of the whole slope [9–12]. The excavation or increases in the driving force of landslides behind piles lead to the deformation of piles and even pile damage [13–15]. The distributions of slope pressure that act on the section of an antislide pile significantly affect the internal force and deformation on the pile [16, 17]. The equation of pile deformation, as proposed under different lateral load patterns, is related to the elastic modulus and moment of inertia of the pile. The cantilever pile length affects the distributions of slope pressure above the slip surface [18, 19]. The calculation of pile displacement was achieved under certain loads [20]. Upon increasing the number of piles, the location of the maximum bending moment of the pile shifted to the pile head [21]. With the driving force of the landslide, stratum property, and relative stiffness of the pile remaining unchanged, it was found that the embedded depth of the antislide pile directly affects the internal force and displacement [22].The effective embedded length of antislide piles to reinforce slopes has been analyzed by numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. Wei and Cheng [23] adopted a strength reduction to examine the reinforcement of row piles on a slope. Liu and Liu [24], Yang et al. [25], and Li et al. [26] investigated the effects of pile spacing and pile head conditions on the critical pile length. The factor of safety increases with decreases in pile spacing. When the embedded length of the pile exceeds the critical value, the slope safety factor does not increase. Li et al. [27] investigated the reason for pile deformation by installing an upper hard and lower weak stratum. The horizontal displacement of the piles decreased with increases in the embedded length of the piles. Zhou et al. [28] focused on the mechanism of pile deformation in variable rock mass properties. The lateral deformation of the pile decreased with increases in bedrock Geological Strength Index (GIS).The aforementioned studies examined the mechanism of pile deformation with a single rock layer and also focused on the effect of pile length on slope stability with a multilayered stratum. However, the interaction mechanism between the deformation behavior of antislide piles under trapezoidal distributed load in multilayered bedrock with upper weak and lower hard stratum and corresponding approaches to control the deformation are highly important. There is a paucity of research in this area. We used a case study of the Zhangjiawan landslide in Tongjiang county in the northeast Sichuan province, China. The objective of our study is to propose a method for ascertaining the reasonable embedded length of antislide piles to control the deformation of pile head under the different distributions of the driving force (q0/q1) in the area with upper weak and lower hard strata. The factors affecting the reasonably embedded length of antislide piles, pile deformation, and internal forces are also analyzed in detail.


## 2. Methodology and Validation

### 2.1. Calculation Method for Antislide Pile in Two Different Strength Bedrocks

Antislide pile can be classified into an elastic pile and rigid pile. Based on the Second Surveying and Design Institute of the National Department of Chinese Railways, a pile corresponds to a rigid pile whenβ × h < 1.0, and it corresponds to an elastic pile otherwise [29]. Specifically, h denotes the embedded section length of the pile. The pile deformation coefficient (β) is calculated as follows:(1)β=k⋅Bp4EI1/4,where k denotes subgrade reaction modulus of the bedrock for antislide pile under the action of lateral forces determined by the compressive strength of the rock [29], E denotes Young’s modulus of the pile, I denotes the moment of inertia of the pile, and Bp denotes the calculation width of the pile (Bp = b + 1, for the rectangular section; b denotes the width of the pile section) [29].In engineering, most of the antislide piles are elastic piles, based on equation (1). For a bedrock composed of two kinds of rock layers (see Figure 1(a)), the lateral load acting on the pile below the slip surface is expressed by two equations, as follows [30]:(2)EId4xdy4+xk1BP=0,0≤y≤y1,EId4xdy4+xk2BP=0,y1<y≤h,where k1 denotes the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the first layer of rock below the slip surface, y1 denotes the thickness of the rock; k2 denotes the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the second layer of rock below the slip surface, and h denotes the embedded length of the anti-slide piles below the slip surface. The other parameters are identical to those afore-described.Figure 1
Stress and deformation model of an antislide pile under a trapezoidal load in two different strength strata. (a) Sketch of the lateral trapezium load acting on a pile. (b) Composition of antislide pile deformation.
(a)(b)By solving the two equations shown in equation (2), the following expressions are obtained [30]:(3)Myi=−4xi−1βi2EIφ3i−4θi−1βiEIφ4i+Mi−1φ1i+Qi−1βiφ2i,Qyi=−4xi−1βi3EIφ2i−4i−1βi2EIφ3i−4Mi−1βiφ4i+Qi−1φ1i,θyi=βi−4xi−1φ4i+θi−1βiφ1i+Mi−1βi2EIφ2i+Qi−1βi3EIφ3i,xyi=xi−1φ1i+θi−1βiφ2i+Mi−1βi2EIφ3i+Qi−1βi3EIφ4i,i=1,2,where Qyi, Myi, θyi, and xyi denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile below the slip surface of the two bedrock strengths, which change with depth, respectively; i = 1 represents the first layer of rock below the slip surface, and i = 2 represents the second layer of rock below the slip surface. Additionally, Q1, M1, θ1, and x1, denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile at the bottom of the first layer of bedrock, respectively, while Q0, M0, θ0, and x0 denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile at the slip surface, respectively. Furthermore, φ1i, φ2i, φ3i, and φ4i are the influence moduli that are calculated as follows [27]:(4)φ1i=cosβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy,φ2i=12sinβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy+cosβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,φ3i=sinβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,φ4i=14sinβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy−cosβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,Δy=yi−yi−1i=1,2,where Δy denotes the thickness of the rock layer with different strengths below the slip surface, and yi denotes the distance from the origin below the slip surface. Additionally, βi is the modulus of deformation, which is obtained by using the following expression [29]. The other parameters are identical to those afore-described:(5)βi=Ki⋅BpEI,i=1,2.4In order to simplify the calculation, other external forces of the pile tip are not considered in the calculation. The solution of equation (3) is dependent on M0, Q0,x0, and θ0. Specifically, M0 and Q0 can be solved using laterally loaded conditions. Additionally, x0 and θ0 are solved by the boundary condition of the pile bottom. There are three types of bottom boundary conditions: free, articulated, and fixed. One of them is selected for the calculation based on specific engineering conditions. By substituting the calculated values of M0, Q0, x0, and θ0 into equation (3), the bending moment (Myi), shear force (Qyi), horizontal displacement (xyi), and rotation angle (θyi) are obtained for the load acting on the pile at any depth below the slip surface.


### 2.2. Calculation Method for Antislide Pile above Slip Surface

To ensure engineering safety, the section of an antislide pile above the slip surface is generally considered as a cantilever beam. Assuming the thrust distribution of the landslide behind the pile is trapezoidal, the shear force (Qy) and bending moment (My) for the pile above the slip surface are expressed as follows based on structural mechanics:(6)Qy=q0h1−y+q1−q0h1−y22h1,y<0,y≤h1,My=q0h1−y22+q1−q0h1−y36h1,y<0,y≤h1,where y denotes the distance from the origin (see Figure 1(a)), h1 denotes the length of the antislide pile above the slip surface, and q0 and q1 denote the distributions of the driving force at the pile head and slip surface, respectively.The horizontal displacement (Γy) is related to the pile deformation (X0), rotation (ΔR), and displacement (ΔE) due to the trapezium distributed driving force (see Figure 1(b)). Hence, the displacement of the pile is as follows:(7)Γy=X0+ΔRy+ΔEy,y<0,y≤h1.The rotation (ΔR) is expressed as follows:(8)ΔRy=θ0×y,y<0,y≤h1.As aforementioned, the displacement (ΔE) of a pile induced by the trapezoidal thrust load of the landslide is calculated as follows:(9)ΔEy=q1−q0120EIh14h15−5h14h1−y+h1−y5+q024EI3h14−4h13h1−y+h1−y4,y<0,y≤h1.Subsequently, equations (8) and (9) are introduced into equation (7), and the complete expression for the horizontal displacement of an antislide pile above the slip surface is obtained as follows:(10)Γy=X0+θ0×y+q1−q0120EIh14h15−5h14h1−y+h1−y5+q024EI3h14−4h13h1−y+h1−y4,y<0,y≤h1.


### 2.3. Validation of the Calculation Method for a Pile

Zhou et al. [31] used the finite element model coupled with a shear strength reduction method (FE-SRM) to calculate the internal force of a pile and obtain its distribution (see Figure 1(a)) under the lateral force of a landslide. The cross-section width (b) of the pile is 2.5 m, and the cross-sectional height (a) of the pile is 3 m. The moment of inertia of the antislide pile (I) is b × a3/12 = 5.63 m4. Young’s modulus (E) of the antislide pile is 3.0 × 107 kPa. The driving force acting on the pile is 1549 kN/m. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) is 0.5. The buried length of the antislide pile is 6.5 m (h = 6.5 m), and the pile length above the slip surface is 10.5 m (h1 = 10.5). The modulus of the subgrade reaction of the bedrock under slip surface K is 1.0 × 105 kPa/m. The geotechnical parameters are listed in Table 1.Table 1
Calculation parameters of geotechnical materials for the landslide.
Geotechnical classificationSaturated densityrsat (g/cm3)Densityr (g/cm3)CohesionC (kPa)Internal friction angle Φ (°)Young’s modulusE (kN/m2)Poisson’s ratioSoil2.242.232.715.6300.3Bedrock (siltsone and mudstone)2.532.5300331.1 × 1030.25To validate the method, the same parameters are used to calculate the internal force of the pile. The results are presented in Figure2.Figure 2
Calculated values of internal forces of the pile using various methods. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment.
(a)(b)The calculation of the bending moment of the pile with depth using the proposed method with the pile hinge is consistent with the FE-SRM method. However, when the pile bottom is free, the maximum bending moment is 6.4% lower than that of the FE-SRM method (see Figure2(a)). The calculation of the shear force of the pile above the slip surface using the method is consistent with the FE-SRM method (see Figure 2(b)). However, the maximum shear force below the slip surface calculated by our method is slightly less than the FE-SRM method. The slight difference may be caused by the plastic deformation of the bedrock below the slip surface. The pile bottom shear force did not correspond to 0, and the bending moment was 0, as obtained by the FE-SRM method, which indicated that the boundary condition of the pile bottom is hinged during Zhou’s calculation. When the bottom condition of the pile is hinged, the shear and bending moment trends of the pile by our method were consistent with the FE-SRM method (see Figure 2), thereby indicating that the calculation method proposed in the study is reasonable. The method proposed in the study is relatively simple and is used more widely in engineering.


## 2.1. Calculation Method for Antislide Pile in Two Different Strength Bedrocks

Antislide pile can be classified into an elastic pile and rigid pile. Based on the Second Surveying and Design Institute of the National Department of Chinese Railways, a pile corresponds to a rigid pile whenβ × h < 1.0, and it corresponds to an elastic pile otherwise [29]. Specifically, h denotes the embedded section length of the pile. The pile deformation coefficient (β) is calculated as follows:(1)β=k⋅Bp4EI1/4,where k denotes subgrade reaction modulus of the bedrock for antislide pile under the action of lateral forces determined by the compressive strength of the rock [29], E denotes Young’s modulus of the pile, I denotes the moment of inertia of the pile, and Bp denotes the calculation width of the pile (Bp = b + 1, for the rectangular section; b denotes the width of the pile section) [29].In engineering, most of the antislide piles are elastic piles, based on equation (1). For a bedrock composed of two kinds of rock layers (see Figure 1(a)), the lateral load acting on the pile below the slip surface is expressed by two equations, as follows [30]:(2)EId4xdy4+xk1BP=0,0≤y≤y1,EId4xdy4+xk2BP=0,y1<y≤h,where k1 denotes the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the first layer of rock below the slip surface, y1 denotes the thickness of the rock; k2 denotes the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the second layer of rock below the slip surface, and h denotes the embedded length of the anti-slide piles below the slip surface. The other parameters are identical to those afore-described.Figure 1
Stress and deformation model of an antislide pile under a trapezoidal load in two different strength strata. (a) Sketch of the lateral trapezium load acting on a pile. (b) Composition of antislide pile deformation.
(a)(b)By solving the two equations shown in equation (2), the following expressions are obtained [30]:(3)Myi=−4xi−1βi2EIφ3i−4θi−1βiEIφ4i+Mi−1φ1i+Qi−1βiφ2i,Qyi=−4xi−1βi3EIφ2i−4i−1βi2EIφ3i−4Mi−1βiφ4i+Qi−1φ1i,θyi=βi−4xi−1φ4i+θi−1βiφ1i+Mi−1βi2EIφ2i+Qi−1βi3EIφ3i,xyi=xi−1φ1i+θi−1βiφ2i+Mi−1βi2EIφ3i+Qi−1βi3EIφ4i,i=1,2,where Qyi, Myi, θyi, and xyi denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile below the slip surface of the two bedrock strengths, which change with depth, respectively; i = 1 represents the first layer of rock below the slip surface, and i = 2 represents the second layer of rock below the slip surface. Additionally, Q1, M1, θ1, and x1, denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile at the bottom of the first layer of bedrock, respectively, while Q0, M0, θ0, and x0 denote the shear force, bending moment, rotation angle, and horizontal displacement for the pile at the slip surface, respectively. Furthermore, φ1i, φ2i, φ3i, and φ4i are the influence moduli that are calculated as follows [27]:(4)φ1i=cosβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy,φ2i=12sinβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy+cosβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,φ3i=sinβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,φ4i=14sinβi⋅Δy⋅coshβi⋅Δy−cosβi⋅Δy⋅sinhβi⋅Δy,Δy=yi−yi−1i=1,2,where Δy denotes the thickness of the rock layer with different strengths below the slip surface, and yi denotes the distance from the origin below the slip surface. Additionally, βi is the modulus of deformation, which is obtained by using the following expression [29]. The other parameters are identical to those afore-described:(5)βi=Ki⋅BpEI,i=1,2.4In order to simplify the calculation, other external forces of the pile tip are not considered in the calculation. The solution of equation (3) is dependent on M0, Q0,x0, and θ0. Specifically, M0 and Q0 can be solved using laterally loaded conditions. Additionally, x0 and θ0 are solved by the boundary condition of the pile bottom. There are three types of bottom boundary conditions: free, articulated, and fixed. One of them is selected for the calculation based on specific engineering conditions. By substituting the calculated values of M0, Q0, x0, and θ0 into equation (3), the bending moment (Myi), shear force (Qyi), horizontal displacement (xyi), and rotation angle (θyi) are obtained for the load acting on the pile at any depth below the slip surface.


## 2.2. Calculation Method for Antislide Pile above Slip Surface

To ensure engineering safety, the section of an antislide pile above the slip surface is generally considered as a cantilever beam. Assuming the thrust distribution of the landslide behind the pile is trapezoidal, the shear force (Qy) and bending moment (My) for the pile above the slip surface are expressed as follows based on structural mechanics:(6)Qy=q0h1−y+q1−q0h1−y22h1,y<0,y≤h1,My=q0h1−y22+q1−q0h1−y36h1,y<0,y≤h1,where y denotes the distance from the origin (see Figure 1(a)), h1 denotes the length of the antislide pile above the slip surface, and q0 and q1 denote the distributions of the driving force at the pile head and slip surface, respectively.The horizontal displacement (Γy) is related to the pile deformation (X0), rotation (ΔR), and displacement (ΔE) due to the trapezium distributed driving force (see Figure 1(b)). Hence, the displacement of the pile is as follows:(7)Γy=X0+ΔRy+ΔEy,y<0,y≤h1.The rotation (ΔR) is expressed as follows:(8)ΔRy=θ0×y,y<0,y≤h1.As aforementioned, the displacement (ΔE) of a pile induced by the trapezoidal thrust load of the landslide is calculated as follows:(9)ΔEy=q1−q0120EIh14h15−5h14h1−y+h1−y5+q024EI3h14−4h13h1−y+h1−y4,y<0,y≤h1.Subsequently, equations (8) and (9) are introduced into equation (7), and the complete expression for the horizontal displacement of an antislide pile above the slip surface is obtained as follows:(10)Γy=X0+θ0×y+q1−q0120EIh14h15−5h14h1−y+h1−y5+q024EI3h14−4h13h1−y+h1−y4,y<0,y≤h1.


## 2.3. Validation of the Calculation Method for a Pile

Zhou et al. [31] used the finite element model coupled with a shear strength reduction method (FE-SRM) to calculate the internal force of a pile and obtain its distribution (see Figure 1(a)) under the lateral force of a landslide. The cross-section width (b) of the pile is 2.5 m, and the cross-sectional height (a) of the pile is 3 m. The moment of inertia of the antislide pile (I) is b × a3/12 = 5.63 m4. Young’s modulus (E) of the antislide pile is 3.0 × 107 kPa. The driving force acting on the pile is 1549 kN/m. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) is 0.5. The buried length of the antislide pile is 6.5 m (h = 6.5 m), and the pile length above the slip surface is 10.5 m (h1 = 10.5). The modulus of the subgrade reaction of the bedrock under slip surface K is 1.0 × 105 kPa/m. The geotechnical parameters are listed in Table 1.Table 1
Calculation parameters of geotechnical materials for the landslide.
Geotechnical classificationSaturated densityrsat (g/cm3)Densityr (g/cm3)CohesionC (kPa)Internal friction angle Φ (°)Young’s modulusE (kN/m2)Poisson’s ratioSoil2.242.232.715.6300.3Bedrock (siltsone and mudstone)2.532.5300331.1 × 1030.25To validate the method, the same parameters are used to calculate the internal force of the pile. The results are presented in Figure2.Figure 2
Calculated values of internal forces of the pile using various methods. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment.
(a)(b)The calculation of the bending moment of the pile with depth using the proposed method with the pile hinge is consistent with the FE-SRM method. However, when the pile bottom is free, the maximum bending moment is 6.4% lower than that of the FE-SRM method (see Figure2(a)). The calculation of the shear force of the pile above the slip surface using the method is consistent with the FE-SRM method (see Figure 2(b)). However, the maximum shear force below the slip surface calculated by our method is slightly less than the FE-SRM method. The slight difference may be caused by the plastic deformation of the bedrock below the slip surface. The pile bottom shear force did not correspond to 0, and the bending moment was 0, as obtained by the FE-SRM method, which indicated that the boundary condition of the pile bottom is hinged during Zhou’s calculation. When the bottom condition of the pile is hinged, the shear and bending moment trends of the pile by our method were consistent with the FE-SRM method (see Figure 2), thereby indicating that the calculation method proposed in the study is reasonable. The method proposed in the study is relatively simple and is used more widely in engineering.


## 3. Case Study of Zhangjiawan Landslide

### 3.1. Geological Background of the Zhangjiawan Landslide

The Zhangjiawan landslide occurred in Tongjiang County in northeastern Sichuan province, China. The coordinates of the landslide location are 31°54′01″ N latitude and 107°15′36″E longitude. The Tongjiang–Pingchang highway (Tongping Road) passes through the front of the landslide. Furthermore, 600 villagers lived in the landslide area. Additionally, No. 2 Middle School of Tongjiang County was threatened by the landslide (see Figure 3).Figure 3
Plane view of Zhangjiawan landslide.The Zhangjiawan landslide is approximately 390 m long and 320 m wide, and the average thickness of the sliding body is 12 m. The landslide area is approximately 14.43 km2, and the volume is 1.08 million m3 (see Figure 4(a)). The main sliding direction of the sliding body is 292° (see Figure 4(b)). The Zhangjiawan landslide is a colluvial landslide. Slide body material is dated from the Quaternary through site investigation. The bedrock under the slip surface is the Cangxi Formation with lower Cretaceous strata, composing of sandstone and mudstone interbeds. The tendency of sandstone and mudstone is 248°, and the dip angle is 13°.Figure 4
Engineering geology conditions of Zhangjiawan landslide. (a) Geological map of the Zhangjiawan landslide. (b) Cross-section from II to II′ of the Zhangjiawan landslide.
(a)(b)


### 3.2. Landslide Stabilizing Measures

Sixteen antislide piles were used to prevent and control the Zhangjiawan landslide, which is located on the outside of Tongping Highway with an elevation of approximately 425 m (see Figure4(b)). There are two types of antislide piles with a length of 19 m (A-type) and 14 m (B-type), respectively. The A-type and B-type piles differ only in length, their cross-sectional width (b) is 2 m, and their cross-sectional height (a) is 3 m. The spacing between these antislide piles is 6 m. There are six A-type piles with an embedded section length (h) of 7 m and pile length above the slip surface (h1) of 12 m. There are ten B-type piles with a length of (H) 14 m. Located at the position of the antislide pile, the bedrock is composed of an upper mudstone (weak) layer approximately 1 m deep and a lower sandstone (hard) layer that is approximately 6 m deep. The sliding mass is composed of soil intercalated with gravel, and thus the distribution pattern of the driving force behind a pile corresponds to a trapezium [29]. The value is represented by q0/q1. Some of the pile bottoms are located in the weak rock layer due to the interbedding relationship between sandstone and mudstone, and thus free conditions can be considered at the pile tip.


### 3.3. Site Investigation of Antislide Pile Deformations

Electronic total station displacement monitoring (see Figure5(a)) and site investigation were conducted to further examine the deformation behavior of antislide piles. Several evident cracks were discovered at the back edges of the antislide piles during the site investigation of the Zhangjiawan landslide. The widest crack is approximately 14.8 cm (see Figure 5(b)) as indicated by site measurement, which is consistent with the monitoring results of the pile head by the total electronic station. The cracks in the landslide body would provide a channel for surface water seeping into the ground. Water weakens the strength of mudstone below the slip surface and increases the risk of landslide [3]. Hence, the causes of the deformation of the antislide pile should be further examined to guide the design of antislide piles in a similar bedrock area.Figure 5
Site investigation of antislide pile deformations. (a) The maximum displacement of the pile head by Lycra automatic total station. (b) Displacement of the antislide pile head in the site investigation.
(a)(b)


### 3.4. Laboratory Test

A site investigation area (see Figure5(b)) is located at the rear edge of the Zhangjiawan landslide with a steep cliff in the Cangxi Formation of the Lower Cretaceous (Klc). In order to further examine the physical and mechanical parameters of the bedrock, some rock samples were collected for laboratory tests (see Figure 6). The experimental results of the geotechnical parameters are shown in Table 2. In the site investigation region, the characteristics of the rock are similar to those of the bedrock of the Zhangjiawan landslide.Figure 6
Core samples of mudstone and sandstone in site investigation area (H).Table 2
Experimental parameters of geotechnical materials in the survey area.
Geotechnical classificationDensityr (g/cm3)Poisson’s ratioDeformation modulus (104 MPa)Natural compressive strength (MPa)Saturated compressive strength (MPa)Mudstone2.490.171.26.42.2Sandstone2.520.21.6229.7425.85Laboratory compressive strength tests were conducted to determine the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the bedrock [32]. The compressive strength test device system was developed by the rock test code of highway engineering based on industrial standards [33]. The results of the laboratory compressive test indicated that the compressive strengths of the moderately weathered mudstone and weathered sandstone are 6.4 MPa and 29.74 MPa, respectively. The corresponding moduli of the subgrade reaction of the moderately weathered mudstone and sandstone are 1 × 105 kN/m3 and 3 × 105 kN/m3, respectively, based on industrial standards [29].


## 3.1. Geological Background of the Zhangjiawan Landslide

The Zhangjiawan landslide occurred in Tongjiang County in northeastern Sichuan province, China. The coordinates of the landslide location are 31°54′01″ N latitude and 107°15′36″E longitude. The Tongjiang–Pingchang highway (Tongping Road) passes through the front of the landslide. Furthermore, 600 villagers lived in the landslide area. Additionally, No. 2 Middle School of Tongjiang County was threatened by the landslide (see Figure 3).Figure 3
Plane view of Zhangjiawan landslide.The Zhangjiawan landslide is approximately 390 m long and 320 m wide, and the average thickness of the sliding body is 12 m. The landslide area is approximately 14.43 km2, and the volume is 1.08 million m3 (see Figure 4(a)). The main sliding direction of the sliding body is 292° (see Figure 4(b)). The Zhangjiawan landslide is a colluvial landslide. Slide body material is dated from the Quaternary through site investigation. The bedrock under the slip surface is the Cangxi Formation with lower Cretaceous strata, composing of sandstone and mudstone interbeds. The tendency of sandstone and mudstone is 248°, and the dip angle is 13°.Figure 4
Engineering geology conditions of Zhangjiawan landslide. (a) Geological map of the Zhangjiawan landslide. (b) Cross-section from II to II′ of the Zhangjiawan landslide.
(a)(b)


## 3.2. Landslide Stabilizing Measures

Sixteen antislide piles were used to prevent and control the Zhangjiawan landslide, which is located on the outside of Tongping Highway with an elevation of approximately 425 m (see Figure4(b)). There are two types of antislide piles with a length of 19 m (A-type) and 14 m (B-type), respectively. The A-type and B-type piles differ only in length, their cross-sectional width (b) is 2 m, and their cross-sectional height (a) is 3 m. The spacing between these antislide piles is 6 m. There are six A-type piles with an embedded section length (h) of 7 m and pile length above the slip surface (h1) of 12 m. There are ten B-type piles with a length of (H) 14 m. Located at the position of the antislide pile, the bedrock is composed of an upper mudstone (weak) layer approximately 1 m deep and a lower sandstone (hard) layer that is approximately 6 m deep. The sliding mass is composed of soil intercalated with gravel, and thus the distribution pattern of the driving force behind a pile corresponds to a trapezium [29]. The value is represented by q0/q1. Some of the pile bottoms are located in the weak rock layer due to the interbedding relationship between sandstone and mudstone, and thus free conditions can be considered at the pile tip.


## 3.3. Site Investigation of Antislide Pile Deformations

Electronic total station displacement monitoring (see Figure5(a)) and site investigation were conducted to further examine the deformation behavior of antislide piles. Several evident cracks were discovered at the back edges of the antislide piles during the site investigation of the Zhangjiawan landslide. The widest crack is approximately 14.8 cm (see Figure 5(b)) as indicated by site measurement, which is consistent with the monitoring results of the pile head by the total electronic station. The cracks in the landslide body would provide a channel for surface water seeping into the ground. Water weakens the strength of mudstone below the slip surface and increases the risk of landslide [3]. Hence, the causes of the deformation of the antislide pile should be further examined to guide the design of antislide piles in a similar bedrock area.Figure 5
Site investigation of antislide pile deformations. (a) The maximum displacement of the pile head by Lycra automatic total station. (b) Displacement of the antislide pile head in the site investigation.
(a)(b)


## 3.4. Laboratory Test

A site investigation area (see Figure5(b)) is located at the rear edge of the Zhangjiawan landslide with a steep cliff in the Cangxi Formation of the Lower Cretaceous (Klc). In order to further examine the physical and mechanical parameters of the bedrock, some rock samples were collected for laboratory tests (see Figure 6). The experimental results of the geotechnical parameters are shown in Table 2. In the site investigation region, the characteristics of the rock are similar to those of the bedrock of the Zhangjiawan landslide.Figure 6
Core samples of mudstone and sandstone in site investigation area (H).Table 2
Experimental parameters of geotechnical materials in the survey area.
Geotechnical classificationDensityr (g/cm3)Poisson’s ratioDeformation modulus (104 MPa)Natural compressive strength (MPa)Saturated compressive strength (MPa)Mudstone2.490.171.26.42.2Sandstone2.520.21.6229.7425.85Laboratory compressive strength tests were conducted to determine the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the bedrock [32]. The compressive strength test device system was developed by the rock test code of highway engineering based on industrial standards [33]. The results of the laboratory compressive test indicated that the compressive strengths of the moderately weathered mudstone and weathered sandstone are 6.4 MPa and 29.74 MPa, respectively. The corresponding moduli of the subgrade reaction of the moderately weathered mudstone and sandstone are 1 × 105 kN/m3 and 3 × 105 kN/m3, respectively, based on industrial standards [29].


## 4. Study of the Influence of Antislide Pile Deformation and Internal Force

### 4.1. Effect of Embedded Length on Pile Deformation and Internal Force

The antislide pile (A-type) at a section from II to II′ of the Zhangjiawan landslide (see Figure4(b)) was selected for the calculation. The moment of inertia of the antislide pile (I) is b × a3/12 = 4.5 m4. Young’s modulus (E) of the antislide pile is 3.0 × 107 kPa. The driving force of the landslide (p) is 1400 kN/m. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) is 0.4. The thickness of the upper layer of mudstone is 1 m (y1 = 1), and the lower layer of sandstone is 6 m thick. Therefore, the embedded length of the antislide pile below the slip surface is 7 m (h = 7 m), and the pile length above the slip surface is 12 m (h1 = 12). The modulus of the subgrade reaction of the mudstone (the first rock) under slip surface K1 is 1.0 × 105 kPa/m, and the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the sandstone ((the second rock) under slip surface K2 is 3.0 × 105 kPa/m. Mudstone and sandstone near the slip surface are affected by landslide sliding, which should be considered as weathering conditions. A reduction factor should be considered (g = 0.5) for the modulus of the subgrade reaction [27]. Therefore, the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the mudstone is K1g = g × K1 = 0.5 × 105 kPa/m, and the modulus of the subgrade reaction for the sandstone is K2g = g × K2 = 1.5 × 105 kPa/m. Other parameters of the antislide pile are stated as aforementioned.The aforementioned parameters are substituted into equation (10), and the displacement of the pile head is 15 cm, which is consistent with the result of the site investigation (approximately 14.8 cm). However, this is disadvantageous to the stability of the landslide. It is necessary to examine the effect of the embedded length of the antislide pile on pile deformation and determine the reasonably embedded length. The embedded ratio for the antislide pile should range from 1/3 to 1/2, which is recommended based on industrial standards [34]. Hence, in order to investigate the effect of the embedded length on the deformation of the pile, embedded pile lengths (h) of 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 m are considered, while other conditions did not change. The displacement and internal forces of piles varying with depth are obtained (see Figure 7).Figure 7
Calculation results of the displacement and internal forces of the pile under different embedded lengthsh with q0/q1 = 0. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment. (c) Horizontal displacement.
(a)(b)(c)The maximum internal force of the pile is one of the decisive parameters affecting the failure of the antislide pile. In order to study the changes of maximum bending moment and shear force, a sliding depth ratio (RL) [35] is defined as pile length above the slip surface (h1) divided by pile length (L, L = h1 + h). When the depth of the buried pile length below the slip surface is h = 7m, the pile length L = 19 m, then RL = 0.63, according to Figure 7, the maximum bending moment Mmax = 49983 kN m and the maximum shear value Qmax = 13302 kN. In the same way, we can establish the relationship between the sliding depth ratio (RL) and the maximum internal force with the buried pile length changes, as shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Calculation results of the sliding depth ratio and internal forces of the pile under different embedded lengths. (a) The relationship between the sliding depth ratio and the maximum bending moment. (b) The maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces below the slip surface of the pile withP = 1400 kN/m.
(a)(b)


### 4.2. Driving Force behind a Pile: Effect on Pile Deformation and Internal Force

The driving force of the landslide behind the pile will change with the sliding speed of the landslide. In order to study the influence of the change of driving force on the internal force of the pile, the driving forces (P) of 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 kN/m are considered, while other conditions were the same as the antislide pile (A-type) of Zhangjiawan landslide. The displacement and internal forces of piles with the different driving forces are obtained (see Figure 9).Figure 9
Calculation results of the displacement and internal forces of the pile under the different driving forces of the landslide. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment. (c) Horizontal displacement.
(a)(b)(c)The increase of driving force from 1200 to 1500 kN/m increases the displacement of the pile head from 128 mm to 160 mm, which corresponds to an increase of 25% (see Figure9(c)). The maximum shear force decreased from −11402 kN to −14252 kN, and this represents a decrease of 25% (see Figure 9(a)). The bending moment increased from 42842 kN·m to 53553 kN·m, which represents an increase of 25% (see Figure 9(b)).In order to study the change of the maximum internal force of the pile with the different driving force of the landslide, according to the calculation results in Figure 9, the relationship between the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces above or below the slip surface was fitted, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Calculation results of the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces above or below the slip surface of the pile under different driving forces.The maximum bending moment increases with the increase of the maximum shear force above the slip surface (see Figure10), while the maximum bending moment decreases with the increase of the maximum shear force below the slip surface.


### 4.3. Distribution Pattern of the Driving Force Affects the Pile Deformation

The distribution pattern of the driving force of the landslide behind a pile affects the deformation of the pile [16]. Based on the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1), the distribution pattern of the driving force is divided into rectangular, triangular, and trapezium. When q0/q1 is 0, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the pile is triangular. When q0/q1 is 1, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the landslides is rectangular. When q0/q1 is between 0 and 1, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the landslides is trapezium [29]. To compare the results obtained with different ratios of driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1), which were set to 0 and 1, respectively. Variable parameters including the thickness of the lower hard bedrock (Δy2) is 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m, and the corresponding embedded length of a pile (h) is 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 m, respectively. The basic parameters of the pile in the calculation are identical to those of the A-type pile in the Zhangjiawan landslide. The results of the horizontal displacement of the pile with various embedded lengths under the action of different values of q0/q1 are shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Calculated values of horizontal displacement for piles of various embedded lengths with different values ofq0/q1. (a) Horizontal displacement under q0/q1 = 0 .(b) Horizontal displacement under q0/q1 = 1.
(a)(b)When the value ofq0/q1 is 0.4, the horizontal displacement of the pile with various embedded lengths is shown in Figure 7(c). According to Figures 7(c), 11(a) and 11(b), pile displacement decreases with increases in embedded length, although it exhibits a nonlinear relationship. To better describe the phenomenon, the embedded ratio (e) [30] of an antislide pile is defined as pile length below the slip surface (h) divided by pile length (L, L = h1 + h). When the buried length (h) of the antislide pile is 7 m under the slip surface, the pile length above the slip surface (h1) is 12 m for the Zhangjiawan landslide, and thus the current embedded ratio of the antislide pile is 0.368. The corresponding displacement of the pile head is 150 mm (see Figure 7(c)). According to the principle of equivalence (E∗I = E∗0.01625∗π∗Deq4) [36], the rectangular shape is equivalent to a round pile with an equivalent diameter (Deq) of 3.095 m. Therefore, the current dimensionless displacement of the pile head (Γ/Deq) is 0.0485. Hence, the embedded ratio of the other piles can be calculated, and the corresponding dimensionless displacement of the pile head is determined as different distribution of the driving force (q0/q1). The interrelation curve between the dimensionless displacement of the pile head and the embedded ratio of the piles is shown in Figure 12. The interrelation equation between the embedded ratio (ε) of the pile and dimensionless displacement of the pile head (Γ/Deq) is fitted as follows and satisfies a negative power regression.Figure 12
Interrelation curve between the dimensionless displacement of the pile head and the embedded ratio of the pile with different values ofq0/q1.Based on industrial standards [34], the displacement of the pile head (Γ) should be less than 10 cm and should not exceed 1/100 of the pile length above the slip surface (h1). When the maximum displacement of the pile head (Γ) was 10 cm, the reasonable embedded (h) can be calculated based on the interrelation curve (see Figure 12) as the values of q0/q1 are 0, 0.4, and 1. Subsequently, the interrelation equation between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and reasonably embedded length (h) is fitted as follows:(11)hDeq=−0.0081×q0q12+0.576×q0q1+2.688.Some parameters of the antislide pile for the Zhangjiawan landslide are stated above, and the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) should be 0.4. By substituting q0/q1 = 0.4 into equation (11), the corresponding reasonably embedded length (h) of the pile is 9.03 m. The relationship between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and reasonably embedded length is not linear. If there are some factors that can increase the value (q0/q1), then it is necessary to consider adding the reasonably embedded length of the pile in practice.


## 4.1. Effect of Embedded Length on Pile Deformation and Internal Force

The antislide pile (A-type) at a section from II to II′ of the Zhangjiawan landslide (see Figure4(b)) was selected for the calculation. The moment of inertia of the antislide pile (I) is b × a3/12 = 4.5 m4. Young’s modulus (E) of the antislide pile is 3.0 × 107 kPa. The driving force of the landslide (p) is 1400 kN/m. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) is 0.4. The thickness of the upper layer of mudstone is 1 m (y1 = 1), and the lower layer of sandstone is 6 m thick. Therefore, the embedded length of the antislide pile below the slip surface is 7 m (h = 7 m), and the pile length above the slip surface is 12 m (h1 = 12). The modulus of the subgrade reaction of the mudstone (the first rock) under slip surface K1 is 1.0 × 105 kPa/m, and the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the sandstone ((the second rock) under slip surface K2 is 3.0 × 105 kPa/m. Mudstone and sandstone near the slip surface are affected by landslide sliding, which should be considered as weathering conditions. A reduction factor should be considered (g = 0.5) for the modulus of the subgrade reaction [27]. Therefore, the modulus of the subgrade reaction of the mudstone is K1g = g × K1 = 0.5 × 105 kPa/m, and the modulus of the subgrade reaction for the sandstone is K2g = g × K2 = 1.5 × 105 kPa/m. Other parameters of the antislide pile are stated as aforementioned.The aforementioned parameters are substituted into equation (10), and the displacement of the pile head is 15 cm, which is consistent with the result of the site investigation (approximately 14.8 cm). However, this is disadvantageous to the stability of the landslide. It is necessary to examine the effect of the embedded length of the antislide pile on pile deformation and determine the reasonably embedded length. The embedded ratio for the antislide pile should range from 1/3 to 1/2, which is recommended based on industrial standards [34]. Hence, in order to investigate the effect of the embedded length on the deformation of the pile, embedded pile lengths (h) of 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 m are considered, while other conditions did not change. The displacement and internal forces of piles varying with depth are obtained (see Figure 7).Figure 7
Calculation results of the displacement and internal forces of the pile under different embedded lengthsh with q0/q1 = 0. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment. (c) Horizontal displacement.
(a)(b)(c)The maximum internal force of the pile is one of the decisive parameters affecting the failure of the antislide pile. In order to study the changes of maximum bending moment and shear force, a sliding depth ratio (RL) [35] is defined as pile length above the slip surface (h1) divided by pile length (L, L = h1 + h). When the depth of the buried pile length below the slip surface is h = 7m, the pile length L = 19 m, then RL = 0.63, according to Figure 7, the maximum bending moment Mmax = 49983 kN m and the maximum shear value Qmax = 13302 kN. In the same way, we can establish the relationship between the sliding depth ratio (RL) and the maximum internal force with the buried pile length changes, as shown in Figure 8.Figure 8
Calculation results of the sliding depth ratio and internal forces of the pile under different embedded lengths. (a) The relationship between the sliding depth ratio and the maximum bending moment. (b) The maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces below the slip surface of the pile withP = 1400 kN/m.
(a)(b)


## 4.2. Driving Force behind a Pile: Effect on Pile Deformation and Internal Force

The driving force of the landslide behind the pile will change with the sliding speed of the landslide. In order to study the influence of the change of driving force on the internal force of the pile, the driving forces (P) of 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 kN/m are considered, while other conditions were the same as the antislide pile (A-type) of Zhangjiawan landslide. The displacement and internal forces of piles with the different driving forces are obtained (see Figure 9).Figure 9
Calculation results of the displacement and internal forces of the pile under the different driving forces of the landslide. (a) Shear force. (b) Bending moment. (c) Horizontal displacement.
(a)(b)(c)The increase of driving force from 1200 to 1500 kN/m increases the displacement of the pile head from 128 mm to 160 mm, which corresponds to an increase of 25% (see Figure9(c)). The maximum shear force decreased from −11402 kN to −14252 kN, and this represents a decrease of 25% (see Figure 9(a)). The bending moment increased from 42842 kN·m to 53553 kN·m, which represents an increase of 25% (see Figure 9(b)).In order to study the change of the maximum internal force of the pile with the different driving force of the landslide, according to the calculation results in Figure 9, the relationship between the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces above or below the slip surface was fitted, as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10
Calculation results of the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear forces above or below the slip surface of the pile under different driving forces.The maximum bending moment increases with the increase of the maximum shear force above the slip surface (see Figure10), while the maximum bending moment decreases with the increase of the maximum shear force below the slip surface.


## 4.3. Distribution Pattern of the Driving Force Affects the Pile Deformation

The distribution pattern of the driving force of the landslide behind a pile affects the deformation of the pile [16]. Based on the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1), the distribution pattern of the driving force is divided into rectangular, triangular, and trapezium. When q0/q1 is 0, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the pile is triangular. When q0/q1 is 1, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the landslides is rectangular. When q0/q1 is between 0 and 1, the distribution pattern of the driving force behind the landslides is trapezium [29]. To compare the results obtained with different ratios of driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1), which were set to 0 and 1, respectively. Variable parameters including the thickness of the lower hard bedrock (Δy2) is 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m, and the corresponding embedded length of a pile (h) is 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 m, respectively. The basic parameters of the pile in the calculation are identical to those of the A-type pile in the Zhangjiawan landslide. The results of the horizontal displacement of the pile with various embedded lengths under the action of different values of q0/q1 are shown in Figure 11.Figure 11
Calculated values of horizontal displacement for piles of various embedded lengths with different values ofq0/q1. (a) Horizontal displacement under q0/q1 = 0 .(b) Horizontal displacement under q0/q1 = 1.
(a)(b)When the value ofq0/q1 is 0.4, the horizontal displacement of the pile with various embedded lengths is shown in Figure 7(c). According to Figures 7(c), 11(a) and 11(b), pile displacement decreases with increases in embedded length, although it exhibits a nonlinear relationship. To better describe the phenomenon, the embedded ratio (e) [30] of an antislide pile is defined as pile length below the slip surface (h) divided by pile length (L, L = h1 + h). When the buried length (h) of the antislide pile is 7 m under the slip surface, the pile length above the slip surface (h1) is 12 m for the Zhangjiawan landslide, and thus the current embedded ratio of the antislide pile is 0.368. The corresponding displacement of the pile head is 150 mm (see Figure 7(c)). According to the principle of equivalence (E∗I = E∗0.01625∗π∗Deq4) [36], the rectangular shape is equivalent to a round pile with an equivalent diameter (Deq) of 3.095 m. Therefore, the current dimensionless displacement of the pile head (Γ/Deq) is 0.0485. Hence, the embedded ratio of the other piles can be calculated, and the corresponding dimensionless displacement of the pile head is determined as different distribution of the driving force (q0/q1). The interrelation curve between the dimensionless displacement of the pile head and the embedded ratio of the piles is shown in Figure 12. The interrelation equation between the embedded ratio (ε) of the pile and dimensionless displacement of the pile head (Γ/Deq) is fitted as follows and satisfies a negative power regression.Figure 12
Interrelation curve between the dimensionless displacement of the pile head and the embedded ratio of the pile with different values ofq0/q1.Based on industrial standards [34], the displacement of the pile head (Γ) should be less than 10 cm and should not exceed 1/100 of the pile length above the slip surface (h1). When the maximum displacement of the pile head (Γ) was 10 cm, the reasonable embedded (h) can be calculated based on the interrelation curve (see Figure 12) as the values of q0/q1 are 0, 0.4, and 1. Subsequently, the interrelation equation between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and reasonably embedded length (h) is fitted as follows:(11)hDeq=−0.0081×q0q12+0.576×q0q1+2.688.Some parameters of the antislide pile for the Zhangjiawan landslide are stated above, and the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) should be 0.4. By substituting q0/q1 = 0.4 into equation (11), the corresponding reasonably embedded length (h) of the pile is 9.03 m. The relationship between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and reasonably embedded length is not linear. If there are some factors that can increase the value (q0/q1), then it is necessary to consider adding the reasonably embedded length of the pile in practice.


## 5. Discussion

### 5.1. Thickness of the Lower Bedrock Influenced the Deformation and Internal Forces of the Pile

Pile deformation is as important as internal forces in the piles [19, 37], which must be considered for controlling a landslide. Various thicknesses of the lower bedrock below the slip surface significantly affect the deformation and internal forces of the pile. The increase in the thickness of the lower bedrock from 6 m to 8 m decreases the displacement of the pile head from 150 mm to 97 mm, which corresponds to a decrease of 35% (see Figure 7(c)). The maximum shear force decreased from 13302 kN to 10654 kN, and this represents a decrease of 20% (see Figure 7(a)). The bending moment increased from 49983 kN·m to 51736 kN m, which represents an increase of 3.5% (see Figure 7(b)).The aforementioned comparisons show that simultaneous increases in the thickness of the lower bedrock and the embedded length of an antislide pile decrease horizontal displacement on the pile and its maximum absolute shear force although the bending moment of the pile exhibits opposite trends. An increase in the pile length causes the change in the force arm leading to an increase in the bending moment of the pile. The excessive bending moment increases the amount of bending reinforcement and the cost of the design of an antislide pile. Therefore, the buried depth of the pile should not be excessively long.When the driving force of the landslide is unchanged, the maximum bending moment decreases as the sliding depth ratio increases (see Figure8(a)). But the rate is greater than the results of Guo and Qin [35] and Poulos [38], mainly because the calculation condition in this paper is that the pile deforms in the rock, while the research condition of Poulos and Guo is that the pile deforms in the soil. When the driving force of the landslide is constant, the maximum bending moment increases with the increase of the maximum shear force below the slip surface, which is opposite to the change of driving force (see Figure 8(b) and Figure 10).


### 5.2. Driving Force of the Landslide Influenced the Deformation of the Pile

As the driving force of the landslide increases, the internal force and deformation of the pile increase (see Figure9). In the process of increasing the driving force of landslide, the relationship between maximum shear force and maximum bending moment is linear (see Figure 10). Where the slope of the linear relationship above the slip surface is less than the slope of the linear relationship below the slip surface, it is different from Qin and Guo [39] and Poulos’s research [40], and their slope of the linear relationship is almost the same. This is mainly due to the different pile length ratios above the slip surface and below the slip surface in our research.The ratio of driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and is an important factor in the design [16, 18]. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) significantly affects the deformation behavior of the piles. As shown in Figure 11, when the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) increases from 0 to 1 with an embedded length of 7 m, the displacement of the pile top increases from 128 mm to 166 mm, which represents an increase of 30%. When the embedded length of the pile increases from 7 to 11 with the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) of 1, the displacement of the pile top increases from 166 mm to 86 mm, which represents a decrease of 48.2% (see Figure 11(b)). The increase in the value of q0/q1 steadily increases the displacement of the pile. Li et al. [27] use q0/q1 = 1 for landslide antislide piles design, which calculates the maximum deformation of the pile under the fixed driving force of a landslide.When the value ofq0/q1 increases, the embedded rate should increase to keep the same dimensionless displacement of the pile head (see Figure 12). The relationship between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and the reasonably embedded length of a pile is a quadratic function. Li et al. [27] thought that the relationship between the values of the driving force and the reasonably embedded length of a pile is a linear equation. Therefore, the reasonably embedded length for antislide piles can be used to control the horizontal displacement of the pile head under different distributions (q0/q1) or under different driving forces of the landslide.Additionally, other factors can also potentially affect the pile deformation and internal force, such as a cross-section of each antislide pile and elastic modulus of the pile (E). The aforementioned factors should be further considered while attempting to determine the effect of antislide pile construction.


## 5.1. Thickness of the Lower Bedrock Influenced the Deformation and Internal Forces of the Pile

Pile deformation is as important as internal forces in the piles [19, 37], which must be considered for controlling a landslide. Various thicknesses of the lower bedrock below the slip surface significantly affect the deformation and internal forces of the pile. The increase in the thickness of the lower bedrock from 6 m to 8 m decreases the displacement of the pile head from 150 mm to 97 mm, which corresponds to a decrease of 35% (see Figure 7(c)). The maximum shear force decreased from 13302 kN to 10654 kN, and this represents a decrease of 20% (see Figure 7(a)). The bending moment increased from 49983 kN·m to 51736 kN m, which represents an increase of 3.5% (see Figure 7(b)).The aforementioned comparisons show that simultaneous increases in the thickness of the lower bedrock and the embedded length of an antislide pile decrease horizontal displacement on the pile and its maximum absolute shear force although the bending moment of the pile exhibits opposite trends. An increase in the pile length causes the change in the force arm leading to an increase in the bending moment of the pile. The excessive bending moment increases the amount of bending reinforcement and the cost of the design of an antislide pile. Therefore, the buried depth of the pile should not be excessively long.When the driving force of the landslide is unchanged, the maximum bending moment decreases as the sliding depth ratio increases (see Figure8(a)). But the rate is greater than the results of Guo and Qin [35] and Poulos [38], mainly because the calculation condition in this paper is that the pile deforms in the rock, while the research condition of Poulos and Guo is that the pile deforms in the soil. When the driving force of the landslide is constant, the maximum bending moment increases with the increase of the maximum shear force below the slip surface, which is opposite to the change of driving force (see Figure 8(b) and Figure 10).


## 5.2. Driving Force of the Landslide Influenced the Deformation of the Pile

As the driving force of the landslide increases, the internal force and deformation of the pile increase (see Figure9). In the process of increasing the driving force of landslide, the relationship between maximum shear force and maximum bending moment is linear (see Figure 10). Where the slope of the linear relationship above the slip surface is less than the slope of the linear relationship below the slip surface, it is different from Qin and Guo [39] and Poulos’s research [40], and their slope of the linear relationship is almost the same. This is mainly due to the different pile length ratios above the slip surface and below the slip surface in our research.The ratio of driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and is an important factor in the design [16, 18]. The ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) significantly affects the deformation behavior of the piles. As shown in Figure 11, when the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) increases from 0 to 1 with an embedded length of 7 m, the displacement of the pile top increases from 128 mm to 166 mm, which represents an increase of 30%. When the embedded length of the pile increases from 7 to 11 with the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) of 1, the displacement of the pile top increases from 166 mm to 86 mm, which represents a decrease of 48.2% (see Figure 11(b)). The increase in the value of q0/q1 steadily increases the displacement of the pile. Li et al. [27] use q0/q1 = 1 for landslide antislide piles design, which calculates the maximum deformation of the pile under the fixed driving force of a landslide.When the value ofq0/q1 increases, the embedded rate should increase to keep the same dimensionless displacement of the pile head (see Figure 12). The relationship between the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) and the reasonably embedded length of a pile is a quadratic function. Li et al. [27] thought that the relationship between the values of the driving force and the reasonably embedded length of a pile is a linear equation. Therefore, the reasonably embedded length for antislide piles can be used to control the horizontal displacement of the pile head under different distributions (q0/q1) or under different driving forces of the landslide.Additionally, other factors can also potentially affect the pile deformation and internal force, such as a cross-section of each antislide pile and elastic modulus of the pile (E). The aforementioned factors should be further considered while attempting to determine the effect of antislide pile construction.


## 6. Conclusions

The Zhangjiawan landslide occurred in Tongjiang County in northeastern Sichuan Province, China. Antislide piles are set in the landslide area in which general features are upper weak and lower hard strata. The site investigation indicated that the maximum displacement of the pile head of the Zhangjiawan landslide was 14.8 cm, with an embedded length of a pile corresponding to 7 m. A reasonably embedded length of the antislide pile in the Zhangjiawan landslide should be 9.03 m based on the method in the study, which can ensure that the displacement of the pile head does not exceed 10 cm.An increase in the embedded length of an antislide pile decreases the horizontal displacement of the pile head and its maximum absolute shear force, which is beneficial for landslide stability. However, the bending moment of the pile simultaneously increases, and excessive bending moment increases the amount of bending reinforcement and the cost of the design of an antislide pile. Therefore, the buried depth of the pile should constitute a reasonable length. As an increasing driving force of landslide, the relationship between maximum shear force and maximum bending moment is linear. An increase in the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) steadily increases the maximum absolute value of the pile internal forces and displacement of the pile. The relationship between the distribution of the driving force (q0/q1) and the reasonably embedded length of a pile is a quadratic function. Therefore, it is extremely convenient to use the expression to calculate the reasonably embedded length for antislide piles to control the horizontal displacement of the pile head in similar engineering applications.



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*Source: 1405610-2020-07-08.xml*