# Stiffness Characteristics of High-Speed Railway Turnout and the Effect on the Dynamic Train-Turnout Interaction

Authors: Jingmang Xu; Ping Wang; Xiaochuan Ma; Yuan Gao; Rong Chen
Journal: Shock and Vibration
 (2016)

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## Abstract

Track stiffness in railway turnouts is variable due to differences in structural composition along the longitudinal direction, which will lead to severe dynamic interaction between train and turnout. In this paper, a transient analysis model is presented to investigate the stiffness characteristics of high-speed railway turnouts based on the finite element method and is applied to optimise the stiffness of railway turnouts. Furthermore, the effect of the stiffness variations on the dynamic train-turnout interaction is analysed. The calculation results show that the track stiffness characteristics are similar in the main and diverging line of railway turnout, except for the check rail sections. Due to the existence of shared baseplates and spacer blocks between different rails, the stiffness variations in the crossing panel are most severe in high-speed railway turnouts. The stiffness differences (calculated as the ratio of the maximum and minimum stiffness) of the longitudinal and lateral direction for Chinese number 18 ballasted turnout are 216% and 229%, respectively. The graded stiffness of the tie pads has been redesigned to optimise the stiffness of railway turnout based on the transient analysis model and the stiffness differences of the turnout are decreased. Altogether, the dynamic train-turnout interaction is enhanced remarkably by considering the turnout’s stiffness characteristics.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Railway turnouts are essential components of railway infrastructure, providing flexibility in traffic operations. High-speed turnouts, specifically, are comprised of a switch panel, a movable point crossing panel, and a closure panel for high-speed railway. To enable a vehicle to change between tracks, the switch and point rail profiles are designed to vary in switch and crossing panels. The variation of rail profiles changes the boundary conditions of wheel-rail contact, and the combination of switch rail and stock rail to bear wheel loads together makes multipoint contact more common in railway turnouts. Normal wheel-rail contact situations are disturbed when a wheel transfers from stock rail to switch rail in the switch panel or from wing rail to point rail in the crossing panel [1]. Furthermore, to ensure the structural integrity and stability of railway turnouts, such turnout rails are connected by the shared iron plate of different lengths or the spacer block. This leads to variations in the stiffness of railway turnouts.Dynamic interactions between train and track are influenced significantly by track stiffness variations and can be improved by adjustments in the track stiffness [2]. Varandas et al. presented a numerical model for the dynamic loads on the ballast caused by trains passing a transition; the nonconstant stiffness of the support affected the dynamic behaviour of railway track on transitions zones significantly [3]. Woodward et al. applied a polyurethane reinforcement of the ballast to modify railway track stiffness, and the effect on the track stiffness was examined by full-scale testing of railway track under laboratory conditions [4]. Nielsen et al. presented a hybrid model for the prediction of ground-borne vibration due to discrete wheel and rail irregularities, and spatial variation of support stiffness was accounted for [5]. Kouroussis et al. presented a vehicle/track/soil numerical railway model to analyse the ground vibrations generated by local irregularities, and the effect of track flexibility variation was investigated [6, 7].Due to the transfer of wheels and the variations in track stiffness, dynamic train-turnout interaction is a time-variant process, even when discounting track irregularities. Moreover, it is far more complex than that of ordinary track. Such conditions will ultimately lead to the transmission of noise and vibrations into the outside environment, thus significantly affecting the operating behaviour of railway vehicles in terms of motion stability, riding comfort, and derailment prevention [8, 9]. Dynamic train-turnout interaction caused by complicated contact conditions of railway turnouts has been mainly studied. Sebes et al. applied the semi-Hertzian method to solve the wheel-rail contact problem in simulating the dynamic interaction between a vehicle and high-speed switch. This approach enables the derivation of contact patches that are more arbitrarily shaped [10]. Kassa et al. developed two multibody system models for simulating the dynamic train-turnout interaction, accounting for both the variation in rail profile and the contact between wheel flange and the check rail, but the track model of railway turnout was assumed to be rigid [11]. Furthermore, the simulation of dynamic train-turnout interaction and finite element analysis were combined to simulate profile evolution due to plastic deformation [12]. Bruni et al. proposed and compared two different models for simulating the dynamic interaction between train and turnout, and the particular geometry of wheel-rail contact and the track flexibility variations were considered in the simulation [13]. Alfi and Bruni proposed a mathematical model of train-turnout interaction in the mid-frequency range and presented comprehensive results of train-turnout interaction during the negotiation of the main and diverging lines, including the effect of different wheel/rail profiles and presence of track misalignment [14]. Zhu and Thompson presented a calculation model based on the finite element method to study the effect of articulated switch sleepers on the dynamic train-turnout interaction. The nonlinear characteristics of the ballast’s support stiffness are considered [15]. Sun et al. developed a method using commercial software VAMPIRE to determine the wheel impact forces generated by the variation of wheel-rail contact, and the effect of turnout curve and crossing on the wheel impact forces was investigated [9].The dynamic simulations have helped to research the damage mechanisms and guide the structure optimisation of railway turnouts. Pålsson and Nielsen applied a genetic-type algorithm to solve the problem of track gauge optimisation in the switch panel. The dynamic train-turnout interaction was simulated by using the commercial software GENSYS and the vertical track properties are modelled with input data based on the measured track stiffness [16]. Li et al. applied the multibody vehicle dynamics in the simulation of dynamic vehicle-turnout interaction considering space-dependent track properties, and the simulated dynamic responses were used as inputs for simulating track settlement in railway turnouts [17]. Wan et al. developed a two-dimensional finite element model to analyse the vertical dynamic train-turnout interactions. Passenger trains negotiating turnouts with varying crossing angles, rail geometry, and service condition are considered in the simulation [18]. Xu et al. applied the multibody system SIMPACK and finite element software ANSYS to calculate the features of load and subsequent distributions of contact stresses and internal stresses on different regions of wheel-turnout components [19] and presented a numerical simulation tool to simulate the rail profile evolution in the switch panel of a railway turnout, but the track models were taken as rigid in the dynamic interaction [20].The variations in track stiffness for railway turnouts have a significant effect on the dynamic train-turnout interaction [21]. Although the rail damage and dynamic interaction could be improved by tuning elastic track properties [22] or using more resilient rail pads [23], there are few studies on the distribution of stiffness or optimisation of railway turnouts, especially in terms of improving motion stability and riding comfort when a train is passing at high speed. In this paper, a transient analysis model is proposed to study the distribution of stiffness in high-speed railway turnouts based on finite element method; meanwhile, the pads’ stiffness under shared base plates is redesigned and optimised in different sections to improve the variations in stiffness, and it is evaluated by simulations of dynamic train-turnout interaction. The results of this study could provide some guidance for the turnout design and optimisation of railway turnouts that minimise vibration and noise transmission and improves riding comfort in high-speed turnout systems.


## 2. Numerical Analysis of Stiffness Distribution

### 2.1. Numerical Analysis Model

As railway turnouts have different types of rails, as well as different lengths of sleepers and base plates, with additional components as spacer blocks, displacement restrictors, slide base plates, and shared base plates coupled to the turnout rails, the stiffness of the turnout rails varies along the longitudinal direction of the railway line. In particular, turnout rails include stock rails, switch rails, wing rails, point rails, and check rails. The cross-sections and bending stiffness differ and both switch rails and point rails have variable cross-sections. Long turnout sleepers must support the four rails of the main and diverging lines simultaneously. Acting on a main line, train loads can also be transferred to the rails of another line through turnout sleepers, allowing them to bear part of the train load. Two or more rails share the base plate at the switch panel, the end of closure panel, and crossing panel. Since more than one rail shares one base plate, the wheel load can be transferred from one line to the rail of another effectively. Moreover, to allow more than one rail to share one base plate, the length of the shared base plate and the stiffness of the pads underneath them vary, causing changes in the track stiffness along the longitudinal direction. The switch rails and the movable point rails can be pulled freely from the slide base plate. In other words, switch rails, point rails, and slide base plates are not restricted by fasteners. To ensure the longitudinal force transmission of the welded turnout and the geometric stability of the rails, spacer blocks are set up at the end of the switch panel, between the two closure rails at the front of the point rail, between the long and short point rails and between the wing rail and the point rail. This allows two rails to bear the wheel load together and increases the integral stiffness at the corresponding position of the track.Considering the characteristics of the high-speed railway turnout structure as described in Figure1, a numerical analysis model for track stiffness of the turnout zone can be established based on the finite element method. The stock rail, closure panel rail, wing rail, check rail, spacer block, and base plate are simulated in the analysis model with uniform cross-section beam elements. The switch rails and movable point rails are simulated with variable cross-section beam elements, and the coupling between them and the slide bedplate are both simulated with nonlinear springs; the pads under the rails and base plates as well as the granular ballast bed are simulated with distributed linear springs [24]. The turnout sleepers are simulated with the finite beam elements of the elastic subgrade. For the analysis, a train load is simulated with a transient moving load. The above comprehensive finite element model of high-speed railway turnout is applied to calculate the rail displacement; the track stiffness of the turnout can be obtained on the basis of the relationship between the load and rail displacement [25]. It is worth pointing out that the stiffness of railway turnout is calculated by applying a moving load and the inertia and damping of the finite element model are neglected in the calculation.Figure 1
Characteristics of a high-speed turnout structure.For the stiffness analysis model, the deformation and force exerted on different types of rails, spacer blocks, and base plates are simulated with a Timoshenko beam. The Timoshenko beam is a 3D beam element and has two nodes (Figure2), and each node has six degrees of freedom, namely, translational degrees of freedom and rotational degrees of freedom, along the axes of x, y, and z.Figure 2
3D beam elements.The displacements between two adjacent nodes for the 3D beam elements can be derived and obtained as the following equation, which can be used to calculate track stiffness at shorter intervals than the distance between nodes:(1)u=12ui1-s+uj1+sv=12vi1-s+vj1+sw=12wi1-s+wj1+sθx=12θxi1-s+θxj1+sθy=12θyi1-s+θyj1+sθz=12θzi1-s+θzj1+s,where u, v, and w are the respective translational displacements along the axes of x, y, and z, θx, θy and θz are rotational displacements along the axes of x, y, and z, and s is the ratio of the local coordinates and half of element length.The stiffness matrix of the 3D beam element derived according to the minimum potential energy principle is as follows:(2)Ke=AEL012EIzL31+φy0012EIyL31+φzSymmetry000GJL00-6EIyL21+φz04+φzEIyL1+φz06EIzL21+φy0004+φyEIzL1+φy-AEL00000AEL0-12EIzL31+φy-00-6EIzL21+φy012EIzL31+φy00-12EIyL31+φz06EIyL21+φz00012EIyL31+φz000-GJL00000GJL00-6EIyL21+φz012EIzGAzsL20006EIyL21+φz04+φzEIyL1+φz06EIzL21+φy00012EIyGAysL20-6EIzL21+φy0004+φyEIzL1+φy,where φy=24(1+u)Ary2/Azl2, φz=24(1+u)Arz2/Ayl2, and ry and rz refer to the y- and z-axes gyration radius. E and G refer to the elastic modulus and the shear modulus, respectively. L and A refer to the length and cross-sectional area of the beam element. Iy, Iz, and J refer to the y-axis, z-axes, and twisting inertia moments for the cross-section of the beam element, respectively. Ay and Az refer to the shearing cross-section areas of the beam element perpendicular to the y- and z-axes.For the presented stiffness analysis model, the continuously supported beam element is used to simulate the turnout sleepers, and the spring element is used to simulate the elastic support of pads and granular ballast beds. Their element shape functions and stiffness matrices can be derived according to Formulas (1) and (2).The node-element information and system equation can be established by using MATLAB software tool according to the finite element stiffness matrices and load vector equation in relation to the different parts of the turnout stiffness analysis model as follows:(3)Ku=f,where K refers to the system stiffness matrix of the analysis model, u refers to the system displacement vector of the analysis model, and f refers to the system load vector of the analysis model. The displacement of each node under the moving load is calculated based on the direct integral calculus method of NEWMARK, and then the track stiffness at a turnout rail node can be obtained by considering the relationship between the load and displacement. Furthermore, the maximum element size for rails in the stiffness analysis model is taken as 0.01 m to guarantee the accuracy of the calculation results.


### 2.2. Distribution of Stiffness in Railway Turnouts

#### 2.2.1. Structure Parameters of High-Speed Turnouts

Taking the number 18 high-speed ballast turnout of a special passenger line in China as an example (Figure3), the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m. Different types of rails in the high-speed turnout zone are all made of the same material. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 2.06×1011 Pa and 0.3, respectively. The material parameters of the iron base plates, slide base plates, and spacer blocks are the same as those of the rails. In addition, the turnout sleepers are made of C60 concrete. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 3.65×1010 Pa and 0.15, respectively.Figure 3
Sleeper arrangement of the #18 high-speed turnout in China (the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m).The stock rail and wing rail of the high-speed turnout are made with CN60 rails. Meanwhile, the switch rail and movable point rail are made with CN60AT rails, and the check rail is made with sliced channel rail. Their cross-section parameters are as shown in Table1. The stiffness of the fastener system is mainly provided by the pads under the rails and iron base plates. The pads under the rails have the same supporting stiffness, namely, 200 kN/mm. The stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates varies linearly with the length of the shared base plates. The supporting stiffness of pads under iron base plates is 100 (kN/mm)/m. The supporting stiffness of the ballast bed under turnout sleepers is a constant support bed modulus of 107 (kN/mm)/m.Table 1
Cross-section parameters of high-speed turnout rails.
Rail type Cross-section area(cm2) Height(mm) Vertical moment of inertia(cm4) Lateral moment of inertia(cm4) CN60 rail 77.45 176 3217 524 CN60AT rail 104.2 152 2500 906 Check rail 65.8 152 2037 377


#### 2.2.2. Calculation Results

The distribution of track stiffness in the turnout zone is studied by using the above stiffness analysis model in order to establish a basis for optimising the track stiffness in turnout zones. The distribution of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout is provided (Figure4).Figure 4
Distribution of stiffness in a high-speed turnout ((a) the main line; (b) the diverging line; (c) the stiffness difference of turnout rails; (d) the stiffness variation ratio).
(a) (b) (c) (d)As shown in Figures4(a) and 4(b), the track stiffness of the straight stock rail is around 97 kN/mm at the switch panel and 86 kN/mm at the closure panel and crossing panel. This is due to the stock rail and point rail sharing the single iron base plate at the switch panel. In addition, a pad with high supporting stiffness is used. Although distribution of the track stiffness along the curved stock rail is nearly the same as that of the straight stock rail at the switch and closure panels, however the curved rail shares the base plate of the check rail at the crossing panel, leading to an increase of the track stiffness of the curved stock rail (up to 101 kN/mm). The track stiffness of the main inner rail is 92–101 kN/mm at the switch panel and is 93 kN/mm at the closure panel and the rear part of the turnout. Track stiffness in the crossing panel is high and varies significantly along the longitudinal direction. Track stiffness increases greatly from the iron base plate shared by the two rails at the end of the closure panel and reaches a peak value of 199 kN/mm at the center of the crossing panel. In the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rails is over 110 kN/mm and has the following three peak values. The first peak appears 54 m away from the front of the turnout. Here, the two rails are connected with spacer blocks, and, due to the strong connection of between the two rails, a single iron base plate is shared (Figure 1, Section D). The second peak appears 63 m away from the front of the turnout. At this value, a single iron base plate is shared by the long/short point rails and two wing rails (Figure 1, Section E), which is caused by the restriction of the short point rail and two wing rails on the long point rail. The third peak appears 67 m away from the front of the turnout. This is located at the end of the crossing panel where the point rail and wing rail are connected with spacer blocks (Figure 1, Section F), which is caused by the restriction of the wing rail on the point rail. The distribution of track stiffness value in the diverging line is the same as that of the main line.As shown in Figures4(c) and 4(d), since the spacer blockers connect the rails and more than one rail shares the iron base plate at the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rail at this section is higher than that of the stock rail, with a maximum differential of 2.29 times. The result of the difference between the track stiffness of the inner rail and the stock rail in the switch panel and closure panel is minor; the maximum difference is only 10%. Moreover, the track stiffness of each turnout rail varies along the longitudinal direction. Taking the main line as an example, the maximum value in track stiffness of the stock rail is 1.13 times that of the minimum one. For the inner rail, the maximum value in track stiffness is 2.16 times that of the minimum one. This indicates that the structural arrangement of the high-speed turnout can cause obvious height and level irregularities under the train load, thereby influencing the safety and comfort of high-speed trains when passing the turnout.


### 2.3. Optimisation of Stiffness in Railway Turnout

The bending stiffness of the rails, the size of the spacer blocks, and the supporting stiffness of the rail pads and tie pads can all influence the track stiffness of the turnout zone in a high-speed turnout. The selection of turnout rails does not help much in optimising the turnout stiffness by changing the rail type, due to the limit of service life and manufacturing technology. The size and arrangement of the spacer blocks aim only to ensure the geometric stability of the turnout and the effective transmission of longitudinal forces. Therefore, they are not suitable for optimising the turnout stiffness through redesign. The pads under the turnout rails are thin and cannot be adjusted to any significant degree. They are mainly intended to secure the direct impact between the rail and iron base plate and prevent excessive vertical relative motion between the switch rail and a stock rail. This is in order to avoid influencing the decreased value of the switch rail. The pads under the iron base plates are the main source of elasticity for the fastener system and the stiffness can be adjusted within a wide range. The supporting stiffness can be changed easily through changing the structure of the pads under the iron base plates. For example, the pads under the iron base plates can be grooved or perforated. Therefore, this paper presents a method for optimising the track stiffness distribution of a high-speed turnout by modifying the stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates appropriately. The stiffness optimisation of high-speed railway turnout should satisfy some basic constraints. The global stiffness of a railway turnout should be approximately equal to that of ordinary track; the longitudinal variation of the global stiffness in railway turnout should be within a small range of control; there must be a classification limit of the redesigned pads’ stiffness under the shared base plates to guarantee the production and replacement conveniently.The fastener stiffness of the ballast track region for ordinary track is 50 kN/mm. The pads under the iron base plates are the main source of elasticity. In the turnout zone, the elasticity of the fastener system is derived from the pads under the rails and iron base plates, where the stiffness of the pads under the rails is 200 kN/mm. When the stiffness of the fastener system in the turnout zone is equivalent to that of the ordinary track, the stiffness of the pads under the standard iron base plates (unshared base plates) in the turnout zone will be 66 kN/mm. According to the distribution characteristics of track stiffness for high-speed turnouts calculated in Section2.2, the redesigned pads and the stiffness are classified into 6 types in this paper, and the presented numerical analysis model is applied to determine the optimal stiffness design by trial and error, as shown in Table 2. The stiffness listed in Table 2 stands for the pads stiffness per unit length. SP stands for the switch panel, CE stands for the closure panel, CP stands for the crossing panel, and CR stands for the section of check rail.Table 2
Redesign of pad stiffness under shared base plates.
Number Original stiffness((kN/mm)/m) Modified stiffness((kN/mm)/m) Number ofturnout sleeper Combination type of rail SP-A 100 66 1~14 Stock rail and switch rail SP-B 80 15~19 Stock rail and switch rail SP-C 92 20~58 Stock rail and switch rail CE-A 70 80~88 Closure rails CE-B 40 89~92 Closure rails CP-A 40 93~104 Wing rail and point rail CP-B 50 105~114 Wing rail and point rail CR-A 60 85~98 Stock rail and check railThe numerical analysis model for track stiffness in the turnout zone can be used for studying the optimised distribution of the track stiffness in the turnout zone. The distribution of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout is shown (Figure5).Figure 5
Distribution of stiffness in high-speed railway turnout after optimisation ((a) the main line; (b) the diverging line; (c) the stiffness difference of turnout rails; (d) the stiffness variation ratio).
(a) (b) (c) (d)As shown in Figures5(a) and 5(b), for the optimised stiffness in a railway turnout, the track stiffness of the straight stock rail is distributed evenly along the longitudinal direction of the line and only fluctuates slightly at the front of the switch; specifically, the maximum stiffness decreases from 97 kN/mm to 91 kN/mm. The distribution of stiffness of the curved stock rail coincides with that of the straight and only fluctuates by less than 2 kN/mm at the check rail; specifically, the maximum stiffness decreases from 101 kN/mm to 93 kN/mm. The distribution of track stiffness along the inner rail in the main line is the same as that in the diverging line, being around 93 kN/mm. Additionally, it only fluctuates at the center of the crossing panel, where the maximum fluctuation amplitude is 18 kN/mm. After the track stiffness is optimised and the maximum stiffness of the main inner rail decreases from 199 kN/mm to 111 kN/mm, the maximum stiffness of the diverging inner rail decreases from 199 kN/mm to 111 kN/mm, with both decreasing around 88 kN/mm. As shown in Figures 5(c) and 5(d), after the turnout stiffness is optimised, the stiffness ratio of the inner rail to the stock rail and the change along the longitudinal direction decrease greatly. The maximum stiffness ratio of the inner rail to the stock rail decreases from 2.29 to 1.28, and the maximum longitudinal variance ratio of the inner rail stiffness decreases from 2.2 to 1.4.


## 2.1. Numerical Analysis Model

As railway turnouts have different types of rails, as well as different lengths of sleepers and base plates, with additional components as spacer blocks, displacement restrictors, slide base plates, and shared base plates coupled to the turnout rails, the stiffness of the turnout rails varies along the longitudinal direction of the railway line. In particular, turnout rails include stock rails, switch rails, wing rails, point rails, and check rails. The cross-sections and bending stiffness differ and both switch rails and point rails have variable cross-sections. Long turnout sleepers must support the four rails of the main and diverging lines simultaneously. Acting on a main line, train loads can also be transferred to the rails of another line through turnout sleepers, allowing them to bear part of the train load. Two or more rails share the base plate at the switch panel, the end of closure panel, and crossing panel. Since more than one rail shares one base plate, the wheel load can be transferred from one line to the rail of another effectively. Moreover, to allow more than one rail to share one base plate, the length of the shared base plate and the stiffness of the pads underneath them vary, causing changes in the track stiffness along the longitudinal direction. The switch rails and the movable point rails can be pulled freely from the slide base plate. In other words, switch rails, point rails, and slide base plates are not restricted by fasteners. To ensure the longitudinal force transmission of the welded turnout and the geometric stability of the rails, spacer blocks are set up at the end of the switch panel, between the two closure rails at the front of the point rail, between the long and short point rails and between the wing rail and the point rail. This allows two rails to bear the wheel load together and increases the integral stiffness at the corresponding position of the track.Considering the characteristics of the high-speed railway turnout structure as described in Figure1, a numerical analysis model for track stiffness of the turnout zone can be established based on the finite element method. The stock rail, closure panel rail, wing rail, check rail, spacer block, and base plate are simulated in the analysis model with uniform cross-section beam elements. The switch rails and movable point rails are simulated with variable cross-section beam elements, and the coupling between them and the slide bedplate are both simulated with nonlinear springs; the pads under the rails and base plates as well as the granular ballast bed are simulated with distributed linear springs [24]. The turnout sleepers are simulated with the finite beam elements of the elastic subgrade. For the analysis, a train load is simulated with a transient moving load. The above comprehensive finite element model of high-speed railway turnout is applied to calculate the rail displacement; the track stiffness of the turnout can be obtained on the basis of the relationship between the load and rail displacement [25]. It is worth pointing out that the stiffness of railway turnout is calculated by applying a moving load and the inertia and damping of the finite element model are neglected in the calculation.Figure 1
Characteristics of a high-speed turnout structure.For the stiffness analysis model, the deformation and force exerted on different types of rails, spacer blocks, and base plates are simulated with a Timoshenko beam. The Timoshenko beam is a 3D beam element and has two nodes (Figure2), and each node has six degrees of freedom, namely, translational degrees of freedom and rotational degrees of freedom, along the axes of x, y, and z.Figure 2
3D beam elements.The displacements between two adjacent nodes for the 3D beam elements can be derived and obtained as the following equation, which can be used to calculate track stiffness at shorter intervals than the distance between nodes:(1)u=12ui1-s+uj1+sv=12vi1-s+vj1+sw=12wi1-s+wj1+sθx=12θxi1-s+θxj1+sθy=12θyi1-s+θyj1+sθz=12θzi1-s+θzj1+s,where u, v, and w are the respective translational displacements along the axes of x, y, and z, θx, θy and θz are rotational displacements along the axes of x, y, and z, and s is the ratio of the local coordinates and half of element length.The stiffness matrix of the 3D beam element derived according to the minimum potential energy principle is as follows:(2)Ke=AEL012EIzL31+φy0012EIyL31+φzSymmetry000GJL00-6EIyL21+φz04+φzEIyL1+φz06EIzL21+φy0004+φyEIzL1+φy-AEL00000AEL0-12EIzL31+φy-00-6EIzL21+φy012EIzL31+φy00-12EIyL31+φz06EIyL21+φz00012EIyL31+φz000-GJL00000GJL00-6EIyL21+φz012EIzGAzsL20006EIyL21+φz04+φzEIyL1+φz06EIzL21+φy00012EIyGAysL20-6EIzL21+φy0004+φyEIzL1+φy,where φy=24(1+u)Ary2/Azl2, φz=24(1+u)Arz2/Ayl2, and ry and rz refer to the y- and z-axes gyration radius. E and G refer to the elastic modulus and the shear modulus, respectively. L and A refer to the length and cross-sectional area of the beam element. Iy, Iz, and J refer to the y-axis, z-axes, and twisting inertia moments for the cross-section of the beam element, respectively. Ay and Az refer to the shearing cross-section areas of the beam element perpendicular to the y- and z-axes.For the presented stiffness analysis model, the continuously supported beam element is used to simulate the turnout sleepers, and the spring element is used to simulate the elastic support of pads and granular ballast beds. Their element shape functions and stiffness matrices can be derived according to Formulas (1) and (2).The node-element information and system equation can be established by using MATLAB software tool according to the finite element stiffness matrices and load vector equation in relation to the different parts of the turnout stiffness analysis model as follows:(3)Ku=f,where K refers to the system stiffness matrix of the analysis model, u refers to the system displacement vector of the analysis model, and f refers to the system load vector of the analysis model. The displacement of each node under the moving load is calculated based on the direct integral calculus method of NEWMARK, and then the track stiffness at a turnout rail node can be obtained by considering the relationship between the load and displacement. Furthermore, the maximum element size for rails in the stiffness analysis model is taken as 0.01 m to guarantee the accuracy of the calculation results.


## 2.2. Distribution of Stiffness in Railway Turnouts

### 2.2.1. Structure Parameters of High-Speed Turnouts

Taking the number 18 high-speed ballast turnout of a special passenger line in China as an example (Figure3), the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m. Different types of rails in the high-speed turnout zone are all made of the same material. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 2.06×1011 Pa and 0.3, respectively. The material parameters of the iron base plates, slide base plates, and spacer blocks are the same as those of the rails. In addition, the turnout sleepers are made of C60 concrete. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 3.65×1010 Pa and 0.15, respectively.Figure 3
Sleeper arrangement of the #18 high-speed turnout in China (the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m).The stock rail and wing rail of the high-speed turnout are made with CN60 rails. Meanwhile, the switch rail and movable point rail are made with CN60AT rails, and the check rail is made with sliced channel rail. Their cross-section parameters are as shown in Table1. The stiffness of the fastener system is mainly provided by the pads under the rails and iron base plates. The pads under the rails have the same supporting stiffness, namely, 200 kN/mm. The stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates varies linearly with the length of the shared base plates. The supporting stiffness of pads under iron base plates is 100 (kN/mm)/m. The supporting stiffness of the ballast bed under turnout sleepers is a constant support bed modulus of 107 (kN/mm)/m.Table 1
Cross-section parameters of high-speed turnout rails.
Rail type Cross-section area(cm2) Height(mm) Vertical moment of inertia(cm4) Lateral moment of inertia(cm4) CN60 rail 77.45 176 3217 524 CN60AT rail 104.2 152 2500 906 Check rail 65.8 152 2037 377


### 2.2.2. Calculation Results

The distribution of track stiffness in the turnout zone is studied by using the above stiffness analysis model in order to establish a basis for optimising the track stiffness in turnout zones. The distribution of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout is provided (Figure4).Figure 4
Distribution of stiffness in a high-speed turnout ((a) the main line; (b) the diverging line; (c) the stiffness difference of turnout rails; (d) the stiffness variation ratio).
(a) (b) (c) (d)As shown in Figures4(a) and 4(b), the track stiffness of the straight stock rail is around 97 kN/mm at the switch panel and 86 kN/mm at the closure panel and crossing panel. This is due to the stock rail and point rail sharing the single iron base plate at the switch panel. In addition, a pad with high supporting stiffness is used. Although distribution of the track stiffness along the curved stock rail is nearly the same as that of the straight stock rail at the switch and closure panels, however the curved rail shares the base plate of the check rail at the crossing panel, leading to an increase of the track stiffness of the curved stock rail (up to 101 kN/mm). The track stiffness of the main inner rail is 92–101 kN/mm at the switch panel and is 93 kN/mm at the closure panel and the rear part of the turnout. Track stiffness in the crossing panel is high and varies significantly along the longitudinal direction. Track stiffness increases greatly from the iron base plate shared by the two rails at the end of the closure panel and reaches a peak value of 199 kN/mm at the center of the crossing panel. In the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rails is over 110 kN/mm and has the following three peak values. The first peak appears 54 m away from the front of the turnout. Here, the two rails are connected with spacer blocks, and, due to the strong connection of between the two rails, a single iron base plate is shared (Figure 1, Section D). The second peak appears 63 m away from the front of the turnout. At this value, a single iron base plate is shared by the long/short point rails and two wing rails (Figure 1, Section E), which is caused by the restriction of the short point rail and two wing rails on the long point rail. The third peak appears 67 m away from the front of the turnout. This is located at the end of the crossing panel where the point rail and wing rail are connected with spacer blocks (Figure 1, Section F), which is caused by the restriction of the wing rail on the point rail. The distribution of track stiffness value in the diverging line is the same as that of the main line.As shown in Figures4(c) and 4(d), since the spacer blockers connect the rails and more than one rail shares the iron base plate at the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rail at this section is higher than that of the stock rail, with a maximum differential of 2.29 times. The result of the difference between the track stiffness of the inner rail and the stock rail in the switch panel and closure panel is minor; the maximum difference is only 10%. Moreover, the track stiffness of each turnout rail varies along the longitudinal direction. Taking the main line as an example, the maximum value in track stiffness of the stock rail is 1.13 times that of the minimum one. For the inner rail, the maximum value in track stiffness is 2.16 times that of the minimum one. This indicates that the structural arrangement of the high-speed turnout can cause obvious height and level irregularities under the train load, thereby influencing the safety and comfort of high-speed trains when passing the turnout.


## 2.2.1. Structure Parameters of High-Speed Turnouts

Taking the number 18 high-speed ballast turnout of a special passenger line in China as an example (Figure3), the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m. Different types of rails in the high-speed turnout zone are all made of the same material. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 2.06×1011 Pa and 0.3, respectively. The material parameters of the iron base plates, slide base plates, and spacer blocks are the same as those of the rails. In addition, the turnout sleepers are made of C60 concrete. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 3.65×1010 Pa and 0.15, respectively.Figure 3
Sleeper arrangement of the #18 high-speed turnout in China (the sleeper pitch is 0.6 m).The stock rail and wing rail of the high-speed turnout are made with CN60 rails. Meanwhile, the switch rail and movable point rail are made with CN60AT rails, and the check rail is made with sliced channel rail. Their cross-section parameters are as shown in Table1. The stiffness of the fastener system is mainly provided by the pads under the rails and iron base plates. The pads under the rails have the same supporting stiffness, namely, 200 kN/mm. The stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates varies linearly with the length of the shared base plates. The supporting stiffness of pads under iron base plates is 100 (kN/mm)/m. The supporting stiffness of the ballast bed under turnout sleepers is a constant support bed modulus of 107 (kN/mm)/m.Table 1
Cross-section parameters of high-speed turnout rails.
Rail type Cross-section area(cm2) Height(mm) Vertical moment of inertia(cm4) Lateral moment of inertia(cm4) CN60 rail 77.45 176 3217 524 CN60AT rail 104.2 152 2500 906 Check rail 65.8 152 2037 377


## 2.2.2. Calculation Results

The distribution of track stiffness in the turnout zone is studied by using the above stiffness analysis model in order to establish a basis for optimising the track stiffness in turnout zones. The distribution of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout is provided (Figure4).Figure 4
Distribution of stiffness in a high-speed turnout ((a) the main line; (b) the diverging line; (c) the stiffness difference of turnout rails; (d) the stiffness variation ratio).
(a) (b) (c) (d)As shown in Figures4(a) and 4(b), the track stiffness of the straight stock rail is around 97 kN/mm at the switch panel and 86 kN/mm at the closure panel and crossing panel. This is due to the stock rail and point rail sharing the single iron base plate at the switch panel. In addition, a pad with high supporting stiffness is used. Although distribution of the track stiffness along the curved stock rail is nearly the same as that of the straight stock rail at the switch and closure panels, however the curved rail shares the base plate of the check rail at the crossing panel, leading to an increase of the track stiffness of the curved stock rail (up to 101 kN/mm). The track stiffness of the main inner rail is 92–101 kN/mm at the switch panel and is 93 kN/mm at the closure panel and the rear part of the turnout. Track stiffness in the crossing panel is high and varies significantly along the longitudinal direction. Track stiffness increases greatly from the iron base plate shared by the two rails at the end of the closure panel and reaches a peak value of 199 kN/mm at the center of the crossing panel. In the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rails is over 110 kN/mm and has the following three peak values. The first peak appears 54 m away from the front of the turnout. Here, the two rails are connected with spacer blocks, and, due to the strong connection of between the two rails, a single iron base plate is shared (Figure 1, Section D). The second peak appears 63 m away from the front of the turnout. At this value, a single iron base plate is shared by the long/short point rails and two wing rails (Figure 1, Section E), which is caused by the restriction of the short point rail and two wing rails on the long point rail. The third peak appears 67 m away from the front of the turnout. This is located at the end of the crossing panel where the point rail and wing rail are connected with spacer blocks (Figure 1, Section F), which is caused by the restriction of the wing rail on the point rail. The distribution of track stiffness value in the diverging line is the same as that of the main line.As shown in Figures4(c) and 4(d), since the spacer blockers connect the rails and more than one rail shares the iron base plate at the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rail at this section is higher than that of the stock rail, with a maximum differential of 2.29 times. The result of the difference between the track stiffness of the inner rail and the stock rail in the switch panel and closure panel is minor; the maximum difference is only 10%. Moreover, the track stiffness of each turnout rail varies along the longitudinal direction. Taking the main line as an example, the maximum value in track stiffness of the stock rail is 1.13 times that of the minimum one. For the inner rail, the maximum value in track stiffness is 2.16 times that of the minimum one. This indicates that the structural arrangement of the high-speed turnout can cause obvious height and level irregularities under the train load, thereby influencing the safety and comfort of high-speed trains when passing the turnout.


## 2.3. Optimisation of Stiffness in Railway Turnout

The bending stiffness of the rails, the size of the spacer blocks, and the supporting stiffness of the rail pads and tie pads can all influence the track stiffness of the turnout zone in a high-speed turnout. The selection of turnout rails does not help much in optimising the turnout stiffness by changing the rail type, due to the limit of service life and manufacturing technology. The size and arrangement of the spacer blocks aim only to ensure the geometric stability of the turnout and the effective transmission of longitudinal forces. Therefore, they are not suitable for optimising the turnout stiffness through redesign. The pads under the turnout rails are thin and cannot be adjusted to any significant degree. They are mainly intended to secure the direct impact between the rail and iron base plate and prevent excessive vertical relative motion between the switch rail and a stock rail. This is in order to avoid influencing the decreased value of the switch rail. The pads under the iron base plates are the main source of elasticity for the fastener system and the stiffness can be adjusted within a wide range. The supporting stiffness can be changed easily through changing the structure of the pads under the iron base plates. For example, the pads under the iron base plates can be grooved or perforated. Therefore, this paper presents a method for optimising the track stiffness distribution of a high-speed turnout by modifying the stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates appropriately. The stiffness optimisation of high-speed railway turnout should satisfy some basic constraints. The global stiffness of a railway turnout should be approximately equal to that of ordinary track; the longitudinal variation of the global stiffness in railway turnout should be within a small range of control; there must be a classification limit of the redesigned pads’ stiffness under the shared base plates to guarantee the production and replacement conveniently.The fastener stiffness of the ballast track region for ordinary track is 50 kN/mm. The pads under the iron base plates are the main source of elasticity. In the turnout zone, the elasticity of the fastener system is derived from the pads under the rails and iron base plates, where the stiffness of the pads under the rails is 200 kN/mm. When the stiffness of the fastener system in the turnout zone is equivalent to that of the ordinary track, the stiffness of the pads under the standard iron base plates (unshared base plates) in the turnout zone will be 66 kN/mm. According to the distribution characteristics of track stiffness for high-speed turnouts calculated in Section2.2, the redesigned pads and the stiffness are classified into 6 types in this paper, and the presented numerical analysis model is applied to determine the optimal stiffness design by trial and error, as shown in Table 2. The stiffness listed in Table 2 stands for the pads stiffness per unit length. SP stands for the switch panel, CE stands for the closure panel, CP stands for the crossing panel, and CR stands for the section of check rail.Table 2
Redesign of pad stiffness under shared base plates.
Number Original stiffness((kN/mm)/m) Modified stiffness((kN/mm)/m) Number ofturnout sleeper Combination type of rail SP-A 100 66 1~14 Stock rail and switch rail SP-B 80 15~19 Stock rail and switch rail SP-C 92 20~58 Stock rail and switch rail CE-A 70 80~88 Closure rails CE-B 40 89~92 Closure rails CP-A 40 93~104 Wing rail and point rail CP-B 50 105~114 Wing rail and point rail CR-A 60 85~98 Stock rail and check railThe numerical analysis model for track stiffness in the turnout zone can be used for studying the optimised distribution of the track stiffness in the turnout zone. The distribution of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout is shown (Figure5).Figure 5
Distribution of stiffness in high-speed railway turnout after optimisation ((a) the main line; (b) the diverging line; (c) the stiffness difference of turnout rails; (d) the stiffness variation ratio).
(a) (b) (c) (d)As shown in Figures5(a) and 5(b), for the optimised stiffness in a railway turnout, the track stiffness of the straight stock rail is distributed evenly along the longitudinal direction of the line and only fluctuates slightly at the front of the switch; specifically, the maximum stiffness decreases from 97 kN/mm to 91 kN/mm. The distribution of stiffness of the curved stock rail coincides with that of the straight and only fluctuates by less than 2 kN/mm at the check rail; specifically, the maximum stiffness decreases from 101 kN/mm to 93 kN/mm. The distribution of track stiffness along the inner rail in the main line is the same as that in the diverging line, being around 93 kN/mm. Additionally, it only fluctuates at the center of the crossing panel, where the maximum fluctuation amplitude is 18 kN/mm. After the track stiffness is optimised and the maximum stiffness of the main inner rail decreases from 199 kN/mm to 111 kN/mm, the maximum stiffness of the diverging inner rail decreases from 199 kN/mm to 111 kN/mm, with both decreasing around 88 kN/mm. As shown in Figures 5(c) and 5(d), after the turnout stiffness is optimised, the stiffness ratio of the inner rail to the stock rail and the change along the longitudinal direction decrease greatly. The maximum stiffness ratio of the inner rail to the stock rail decreases from 2.29 to 1.28, and the maximum longitudinal variance ratio of the inner rail stiffness decreases from 2.2 to 1.4.


## 3. Model of Dynamic Train-Turnout Interaction

### 3.1. Vehicle Model

The vehicle dynamic model refers to the abstracting of an actual vehicle structure to a reasonable mechanical model, which can be used to research the dynamic response of a vehicle system under the uneven distribution of track stiffness in a high-speed turnout zone. This research applies the Chinese CRH2 high-speed railway vehicle as the prototype and establishes a vehicle dynamic model for four-axle locomotives by neglecting the side bearings, bolsters, and high-speed bogies such as swing bolsters, as shown in Figure6. During the establishment of the model, the main structural components of the vehicle are assumed to be rigid bodies, including the wheelsets, bogies, and vehicle body. The secondary suspension between the body and the two bogies as well as the primary suspension between the two bogies and four wheelsets are simulated with springs and damping elements. All suspension points have three DOFs along the longitudinal/lateral/vertical directions. The five DOFs, namely, lateral movement, vertical movement, roll, pitch, and yaw, should be considered for all rigid bodies. However as the main motion mode of the wheelsets is rolling, the pitch of the four wheelset rigid bodies can be neglected, so the vehicle dynamic model has 7 rigid bodies and 31 DOFs in total. The parameter values of the Chinese CRH2 high-speed railway vehicle are referred to in [14].Figure 6
Dynamic model of a high-speed vehicle. ((a) end view; (b) elevation view).
(a) (b)


### 3.2. Model of a High-Speed Railway Turnout

The high-speed railway turnout model is established based on the finite element method. It should be able to reflect the actual structural composition of a turnout, including not only the key components (e.g., the switch panel, closure panel, and crossing panel), but also the coupling components (e.g., the spacer blocks and switching/locking equipment) as well as the subrail foundational elements (e.g., the tie plates, turnout sleepers, and the ballast bed) so as to reflect the parametric vibrations and restrictions on the main structural components (Figure7).Figure 7
Dynamic model of a high-speed railway turnout.For the simulation of structural components, all rail parts of the turnout are simulated with point-supported Euler-Bernoulli beams. All rail nodes have four DOFs, namely, vertical displacement, lateral displacement, vertical declination, and lateral declination. The turnout sleepers are simulated with vertical bendable constant section Euler-Bernoulli beams and the set nodes are dependent on the support positions of the turnout rails. All turnout sleeper nodes have three DOFs, namely, vertical displacement, lateral displacement, and vertical declination. The force transmission components, fastener system, and ballast bed of the turnout are simulated by using the related spring-damping elements, and these are used to create connection between the rails, rail, and turnout sleeper, as well as the turnout sleeper and ballast bed (Figure1). The stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates can be identified and adjusted by setting the supporting stiffness of the rail in the dynamic model of high-speed turnout. The varied rail profiles are realized by sampling the cross-sections of switch rails and point rails at certain longitudinal positions (Figure 8).Figure 8
The cross-section sample of a switch rail and point rail ((a) switch panel; (b) crossing panel).
(a) (b)


### 3.3. Wheel-Rail Contact Model

The wheel-rail contact model serves as a link for the interaction between the dynamic model of the vehicle and the high-speed turnout, which includes the geometric calculations of wheel-rail contact and the solution for the wheel-rail rolling contact force. Based on the previous research [1, 14], the space trace line method is adopted to calculate the positions of wheel-rail contact points and contact angles in a high-speed railway turnout. The semi-Hertzian method is used to solve the wheel-rail normal contact problem, including the determination of the number of contact points and normal contact forces. On this basis, the tangential wheel-rail contact force can be calculated with the improved FASTSIM algorithm. The calculated wheel-rail contact force can be distributed vertically and laterally in the whole system through the wheel-rail contact angles, reflecting the coupling interaction between the vehicle and turnout systems.


## 3.1. Vehicle Model

The vehicle dynamic model refers to the abstracting of an actual vehicle structure to a reasonable mechanical model, which can be used to research the dynamic response of a vehicle system under the uneven distribution of track stiffness in a high-speed turnout zone. This research applies the Chinese CRH2 high-speed railway vehicle as the prototype and establishes a vehicle dynamic model for four-axle locomotives by neglecting the side bearings, bolsters, and high-speed bogies such as swing bolsters, as shown in Figure6. During the establishment of the model, the main structural components of the vehicle are assumed to be rigid bodies, including the wheelsets, bogies, and vehicle body. The secondary suspension between the body and the two bogies as well as the primary suspension between the two bogies and four wheelsets are simulated with springs and damping elements. All suspension points have three DOFs along the longitudinal/lateral/vertical directions. The five DOFs, namely, lateral movement, vertical movement, roll, pitch, and yaw, should be considered for all rigid bodies. However as the main motion mode of the wheelsets is rolling, the pitch of the four wheelset rigid bodies can be neglected, so the vehicle dynamic model has 7 rigid bodies and 31 DOFs in total. The parameter values of the Chinese CRH2 high-speed railway vehicle are referred to in [14].Figure 6
Dynamic model of a high-speed vehicle. ((a) end view; (b) elevation view).
(a) (b)


## 3.2. Model of a High-Speed Railway Turnout

The high-speed railway turnout model is established based on the finite element method. It should be able to reflect the actual structural composition of a turnout, including not only the key components (e.g., the switch panel, closure panel, and crossing panel), but also the coupling components (e.g., the spacer blocks and switching/locking equipment) as well as the subrail foundational elements (e.g., the tie plates, turnout sleepers, and the ballast bed) so as to reflect the parametric vibrations and restrictions on the main structural components (Figure7).Figure 7
Dynamic model of a high-speed railway turnout.For the simulation of structural components, all rail parts of the turnout are simulated with point-supported Euler-Bernoulli beams. All rail nodes have four DOFs, namely, vertical displacement, lateral displacement, vertical declination, and lateral declination. The turnout sleepers are simulated with vertical bendable constant section Euler-Bernoulli beams and the set nodes are dependent on the support positions of the turnout rails. All turnout sleeper nodes have three DOFs, namely, vertical displacement, lateral displacement, and vertical declination. The force transmission components, fastener system, and ballast bed of the turnout are simulated by using the related spring-damping elements, and these are used to create connection between the rails, rail, and turnout sleeper, as well as the turnout sleeper and ballast bed (Figure1). The stiffness of the pads under the iron base plates can be identified and adjusted by setting the supporting stiffness of the rail in the dynamic model of high-speed turnout. The varied rail profiles are realized by sampling the cross-sections of switch rails and point rails at certain longitudinal positions (Figure 8).Figure 8
The cross-section sample of a switch rail and point rail ((a) switch panel; (b) crossing panel).
(a) (b)


## 3.3. Wheel-Rail Contact Model

The wheel-rail contact model serves as a link for the interaction between the dynamic model of the vehicle and the high-speed turnout, which includes the geometric calculations of wheel-rail contact and the solution for the wheel-rail rolling contact force. Based on the previous research [1, 14], the space trace line method is adopted to calculate the positions of wheel-rail contact points and contact angles in a high-speed railway turnout. The semi-Hertzian method is used to solve the wheel-rail normal contact problem, including the determination of the number of contact points and normal contact forces. On this basis, the tangential wheel-rail contact force can be calculated with the improved FASTSIM algorithm. The calculated wheel-rail contact force can be distributed vertically and laterally in the whole system through the wheel-rail contact angles, reflecting the coupling interaction between the vehicle and turnout systems.


## 4. Dynamic Train-Turnout Interaction due to Stiffness Characteristics

The above model of dynamic train-turnout interaction is applied, taking a train passing the main line of the turnout in the facing direction with a running speed of 250 km/h as an example. The influence of the track stiffness on the dynamic train-turnout interaction is then analysed, including the vertical wheel-rail force, vertical train vibration acceleration, and rail displacement. Moreover, the dynamic response of the train passing the turnout is calculated by the commercial software SIMPACK without considering the variations in track stiffness. In order to make a simplified analysis on the influence of track stiffness on the dynamic train-turnout interaction, the track irregularity is neglected in this research.


### 4.1. Vertical Acceleration of a Vehicle Body

Figure9 shows the vertical vibration acceleration of a vehicle body passing through the turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As shown in Figure 9(a), when the variation of the turnout track stiffness is neglected, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body only noticeably fluctuates when passing the switch and crossing panel, and this is mainly caused by the transfer of wheel load when the train passes by (the switch panel: the wheel load is transferred to the switch rail from the stock rail; crossing panel: the wheel load is transferred to the point rail from the wing rail). The two bogies passing the switch and crossing panel successively cause two similar patterns of fluctuation in the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle body is more intense when passing the crossing panel than when passing the switch and this is caused by the more intense transfer of the wheel load at the crossing panel. The maximum vertical acceleration of a vehicle body passing the switch and crossing panel can reach up to 0.05 m/s2 and 0.23 m/s2, respectively. As the rail of the closure panel is the same as that of ordinary track, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body only fluctuates slightly when passing the closure panel. As shown in Figures 9(b) and 9(c), when considering the characteristics of track stiffness in the turnout, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body can fluctuate greatly when passing all panels of the turnout. Before stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness values of the turnout differ greatly along the longitudinal and lateral directions. The vibration of vehicle body under the superposition of stiffness variations and wheel load transfer is more intense than when the stiffness variation is neglected, and the vibration of vehicle body caused by each bogie passing the turnout varies. The maximum vertical acceleration of the vehicle body passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 0.1 m/s2, 0.15 m/s2, and 0.29 m/s2, respectively. After stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness values of the turnout do not change much along either the longitudinal or lateral directions. The evenly distributed track stiffness can help to decrease the vibration acceleration of the vehicle body; however, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body fluctuates when passing each panel of the turnout. The maximum vertical acceleration of the vehicle body passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 0.07 m/s2, 0.08 m/s2, and 0.17 m/s2, respectively. By optimising the track stiffness of the high-speed turnout, the difference between the track stiffness along the longitudinal and lateral directions can decrease greatly, and the vibration of the vehicle body passing the turnout can be reduced and the comfort of the vehicle passing the turnout at a high speed can be improved.Figure 9
Vertical acceleration of the vehicle body ((a) track stiffness neglected; (b) original track stiffness; (c) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b) (c)


### 4.2. Vertical Wheel-Rail Contact Force

Figure10 shows the wheel-rail vertical force at the switch rail side when a vehicle passes through a turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As shown in Figure 10(a), without considering the stiffness variations in the turnout and analogous to the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body, the wheel-rail vertical force only fluctuates significantly when the vehicle passes the switch and crossing panel, which is also caused by the complicated wheel-rail contact relationship. The wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel is much higher than that of the switch panel, as the variable cross-section rails are short and the cross-section variation is more obvious, causing a more intense dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the switch panel can reach up to 84 kN, and the distance from the front of the turnout is 6.77 m. Meanwhile, the maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel can reach up to 132 kN, at a distance from the front of the turnout of 56 m. Moreover, the position with the maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the switch/crossing panels is within the range of the wheels load transfer, while the wheel-rail vertical force at the closure panel is almost the same as the dead weight of the wheels. As shown in Figures 10(b) and 10(c), considering the characteristics of the track stiffness in turnout, the wheel-rail vertical force fluctuates greatly when the vehicle passes all panels of the turnout, and the position with peak wheel-rail vertical force changes. Before stiffness optimisation, the uneven distribution of the track stiffness in turnout intensifies the dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The maximum wheel-rail vertical forces in the switch, closure, and crossing panels are 93 kN, 91 kN, and 147 kN, respectively. Additionally, the minimum wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel is 15 kN and the wheel unloading rate is 0.79, which are close to the limit value for safe operation. After stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness in the turnout does not change much along the longitudinal and lateral directions. The evenly distributed track stiffness can significantly help to improve the wheel-rail interaction at the turnout zone; the wheel-rail vertical force fluctuates when passing each panel of the turnout. The maximum wheel-rail vertical force passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 82 kN, 77 kN, and 117 kN, respectively. By optimising the track stiffness in the high-speed turnout, the uneven distribution of the turnout track stiffness can decrease greatly, and the dynamic wheel-turnout rail interaction and the safety of the vehicle passing the turnout at a high speed can be improved.Figure 10
Wheel-rail vertical forces ((a) track stiffness neglected; (b) original track stiffness; (c) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b) (c)


### 4.3. Rail Displacement

Figure11 shows the vertical rail displacement at the switch rail side when a vehicle passes through a turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As rails are assumed to be mass-free rigid bodies, rail displacement cannot be calculated by using SIMPACK software. Therefore, the distribution of vertical rail displacement is analysed when only the characteristics of the track stiffness are considered. As shown in Figures 11(a) and 11(b), the vertical rail displacement fluctuates greatly at the switch and crossing panels. After stiffness optimisation, the integral track stiffness decreases to a certain extent, and therefore the rail displacement is higher than before the rail stiffness is optimised. Before stiffness optimisation, the maximum values of rail displacement at the switch/crossing panels are 0.96 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively. After the turnout track stiffness is optimised, the maximum values of rail displacement at the switch and crossing panels are 0.99 mm and 1.27 mm, respectively; and the uneven distribution of the track stiffness in the high-speed turnout can be greatly decreased; however the dynamic displacement or vibration of the rail will increase, so when the track stiffness in the turnout is optimised the enhancement of the dynamic displacement and vibration of the turnout caused by the variations in track stiffness should be carefully considered.Figure 11
Vertical rail displacement ((a) original track stiffness; (b) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b)


## 4.1. Vertical Acceleration of a Vehicle Body

Figure9 shows the vertical vibration acceleration of a vehicle body passing through the turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As shown in Figure 9(a), when the variation of the turnout track stiffness is neglected, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body only noticeably fluctuates when passing the switch and crossing panel, and this is mainly caused by the transfer of wheel load when the train passes by (the switch panel: the wheel load is transferred to the switch rail from the stock rail; crossing panel: the wheel load is transferred to the point rail from the wing rail). The two bogies passing the switch and crossing panel successively cause two similar patterns of fluctuation in the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle body is more intense when passing the crossing panel than when passing the switch and this is caused by the more intense transfer of the wheel load at the crossing panel. The maximum vertical acceleration of a vehicle body passing the switch and crossing panel can reach up to 0.05 m/s2 and 0.23 m/s2, respectively. As the rail of the closure panel is the same as that of ordinary track, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body only fluctuates slightly when passing the closure panel. As shown in Figures 9(b) and 9(c), when considering the characteristics of track stiffness in the turnout, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body can fluctuate greatly when passing all panels of the turnout. Before stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness values of the turnout differ greatly along the longitudinal and lateral directions. The vibration of vehicle body under the superposition of stiffness variations and wheel load transfer is more intense than when the stiffness variation is neglected, and the vibration of vehicle body caused by each bogie passing the turnout varies. The maximum vertical acceleration of the vehicle body passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 0.1 m/s2, 0.15 m/s2, and 0.29 m/s2, respectively. After stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness values of the turnout do not change much along either the longitudinal or lateral directions. The evenly distributed track stiffness can help to decrease the vibration acceleration of the vehicle body; however, the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body fluctuates when passing each panel of the turnout. The maximum vertical acceleration of the vehicle body passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 0.07 m/s2, 0.08 m/s2, and 0.17 m/s2, respectively. By optimising the track stiffness of the high-speed turnout, the difference between the track stiffness along the longitudinal and lateral directions can decrease greatly, and the vibration of the vehicle body passing the turnout can be reduced and the comfort of the vehicle passing the turnout at a high speed can be improved.Figure 9
Vertical acceleration of the vehicle body ((a) track stiffness neglected; (b) original track stiffness; (c) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b) (c)


## 4.2. Vertical Wheel-Rail Contact Force

Figure10 shows the wheel-rail vertical force at the switch rail side when a vehicle passes through a turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As shown in Figure 10(a), without considering the stiffness variations in the turnout and analogous to the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body, the wheel-rail vertical force only fluctuates significantly when the vehicle passes the switch and crossing panel, which is also caused by the complicated wheel-rail contact relationship. The wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel is much higher than that of the switch panel, as the variable cross-section rails are short and the cross-section variation is more obvious, causing a more intense dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the switch panel can reach up to 84 kN, and the distance from the front of the turnout is 6.77 m. Meanwhile, the maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel can reach up to 132 kN, at a distance from the front of the turnout of 56 m. Moreover, the position with the maximum wheel-rail vertical force at the switch/crossing panels is within the range of the wheels load transfer, while the wheel-rail vertical force at the closure panel is almost the same as the dead weight of the wheels. As shown in Figures 10(b) and 10(c), considering the characteristics of the track stiffness in turnout, the wheel-rail vertical force fluctuates greatly when the vehicle passes all panels of the turnout, and the position with peak wheel-rail vertical force changes. Before stiffness optimisation, the uneven distribution of the track stiffness in turnout intensifies the dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The maximum wheel-rail vertical forces in the switch, closure, and crossing panels are 93 kN, 91 kN, and 147 kN, respectively. Additionally, the minimum wheel-rail vertical force at the crossing panel is 15 kN and the wheel unloading rate is 0.79, which are close to the limit value for safe operation. After stiffness optimisation, the track stiffness in the turnout does not change much along the longitudinal and lateral directions. The evenly distributed track stiffness can significantly help to improve the wheel-rail interaction at the turnout zone; the wheel-rail vertical force fluctuates when passing each panel of the turnout. The maximum wheel-rail vertical force passing the switch, closure, and crossing panels can reach up to 82 kN, 77 kN, and 117 kN, respectively. By optimising the track stiffness in the high-speed turnout, the uneven distribution of the turnout track stiffness can decrease greatly, and the dynamic wheel-turnout rail interaction and the safety of the vehicle passing the turnout at a high speed can be improved.Figure 10
Wheel-rail vertical forces ((a) track stiffness neglected; (b) original track stiffness; (c) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b) (c)


## 4.3. Rail Displacement

Figure11 shows the vertical rail displacement at the switch rail side when a vehicle passes through a turnout in the facing direction of the main line. As rails are assumed to be mass-free rigid bodies, rail displacement cannot be calculated by using SIMPACK software. Therefore, the distribution of vertical rail displacement is analysed when only the characteristics of the track stiffness are considered. As shown in Figures 11(a) and 11(b), the vertical rail displacement fluctuates greatly at the switch and crossing panels. After stiffness optimisation, the integral track stiffness decreases to a certain extent, and therefore the rail displacement is higher than before the rail stiffness is optimised. Before stiffness optimisation, the maximum values of rail displacement at the switch/crossing panels are 0.96 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively. After the turnout track stiffness is optimised, the maximum values of rail displacement at the switch and crossing panels are 0.99 mm and 1.27 mm, respectively; and the uneven distribution of the track stiffness in the high-speed turnout can be greatly decreased; however the dynamic displacement or vibration of the rail will increase, so when the track stiffness in the turnout is optimised the enhancement of the dynamic displacement and vibration of the turnout caused by the variations in track stiffness should be carefully considered.Figure 11
Vertical rail displacement ((a) original track stiffness; (b) optimised track stiffness).
(a) (b)


## 5. Conclusions

In this paper, a numerical model is established for analysing the distribution characteristics of track stiffness in a high-speed railway turnout. In this model, the influence of various force transmission components (such as different types of rails, shared iron base plates sleepers of different lengths, and spacer blocks) is considered. Therefore, the distribution characteristics of track stiffness in a high-speed railway turnout can be reflected more realistically. By taking a high-speed turnout of ballast track in China as an example and using the numerical model established in this paper as a basis, the distribution characteristics of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines of the high-speed turnout are analysed. In addition, the method for optimising the stiffness of the pads under shared iron base plates is presented and the influence of the variations in track stiffness on the dynamic vehicle-turnout interaction is studied. The following conclusions are reached:(1)
The uneven distribution of track stiffness in the high-speed ballast turnout along the longitudinal direction is especially dependent on turnout structure. A high-speed turnout has different types of rails such as switch rails, stock rails, wing rails, point rails, and check rails. More than one rail is placed on a single iron base plate. Meanwhile, different length sleepers and spacer blocks are used for connecting different rails. All of these factors can influence the distribution characteristics of track stiffness in high-speed railway turnouts.(2)
The distribution characteristics of track stiffness in a Chinese number 18 high-speed turnout are obtained according to the numerical model established in this paper for analysing the track stiffness. The track stiffness in high-speed turnouts varies greatly along the longitudinal and lateral directions of the railway line. The maximum variance ratio of the inner rail along the longitudinal direction can reach up to 216%. As rails are connected by the spacer blockers and more than one rail shares the iron base plate at the crossing panel, the track stiffness of the inner rail at this section is at most 2.29 times higher than that of the stock rail. The distribution characteristics of track stiffness in the main and diverging lines are almost the same except for the obvious difference at the check rail in the diverging line.(3)
The track stiffness in the high-speed turnout can be optimised by modifying the stiffness of the pads under the shared iron base plate. The distribution characteristics of track stiffness after stiffness optimisation are analysed by using the presented numerical analysis model and dynamic vehicle-turnout coupling model. The difference between the track stiffness along the longitudinal and lateral directions can decrease greatly, and the dynamic train-turnout interaction and the comfort of the vehicle passing the turnout at a high speed can be improved, while the dynamic displacement of the turnout rails can be enhanced.(4)
The numerical analysis model for track stiffness presented can be used for the study and optimisation of vertical track stiffness in the high-speed railway turnouts. In this paper, the presented numerical analysis model is applied to determine the optimal stiffness design by trial and error. However, the proposed pads stiffness under shared base plates in the paper may not be the most optimal; it needs to be investigated and studied based on mathematical optimisation methods in the further research. Furthermore, the stiffness optimisation for the lateral direction of railway turnouts will be also preceded to further improve the dynamic train-turnout interaction.



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*Source: 1258681-2016-12-15.xml*