# Existence and Boundedness of Solutions for Nonlinear Volterra Difference Equations in Banach Spaces

Authors: Rigoberto Medina
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2016)

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## Abstract

We consider a class of nonlinear discrete-time Volterra equations in Banach spaces. Estimates for the norm of operator-valued functions and the resolvents of quasi-nilpotent operators are used to find sufficient conditions that all solutions of such equations are elements of an appropriate Banach space. These estimates give us explicit boundedness conditions. The boundedness of solutions to Volterra equations with infinite delay is also investigated.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In many phenomena of the real world, not only does their evolution prove to be dependent on the present state, but it is essentially specified by the entire previous history. These processes are encountered in the theory of viscoelasticity [1, 2], optimal control problems [3], and also description of the motion of bodies with reference to hereditary [3–5]. The mathematical description of these processes can be carried out with the aid of equations with the aftereffect, integral, and integrodifferential equations. A significant contribution to the development of this direction was made by V. Volterra, V. B. Kolmanovskii, N. N. Krasovskii, S. M. V. Lunel, A. D. Myshkis, and J. K. Hale.The aim of this article is to develop a technique for investigating stability and boundedness of nonlinear implicit Volterra difference systems described by Volterra operator equations. Only a few papers deal with the theory of general Volterra equations and most of them are devoted to the stability analysis of explicit Volterra linear difference equations with constant coefficients or of convolution type. For example, in Minh [6], some results on asymptotic stability and almost periodicity are stated in terms of spectral properties of the equations and their solutions, which are linear Volterra equations of convolution type. In Minh [7], the asymptotic behavior of individual orbits of linear functional operator equations are established using an extension of the Katznelson-Tzafriri’s theorem [8]. In Nagabuchi [9], using the decomposition of the phase space, together with the variation of constants formula in the phase space, the existence of almost periodic solutions for forced linear Volterra difference equations in Banach spaces is derived. The considered equations are of convolution type. In Murakami and Nagabuchi [10], sufficient stability properties and the asymptotic almost periodicity for linear Volterra difference equations in Banach spaces are derived. González et al. [11] consider an implicit nonlinear Volterra difference equation in a Hilbert space and obtained sufficient conditions so that the solutions exist and have a bounded behavior. The coefficients of the considered equations are sequences of real numbers. In Song and Baker [12], several necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are obtained for solutions of the linear Volterra difference equations by considering the equations in various choices of Banach spaces. However, the main results of this article are established essentially to implicit linear Volterra difference equations. In Muroya and Ishiwata [13], considering a nonlinear Volterra difference equation with unbounded delay, sufficient conditions for the zero solution to be globally asymptotically stable are derived. However, only an explicit scalar Volterra difference is considered. In Győri and Horváth [14], sufficient conditions are presented under which the solutions to a linear nonconvolution Volterra difference equation converge to limits, which are given by a limit formula. In Kolmanovskii et al. [15], stability and boundedness problems of some class of scalar Volterra nonlinear difference equations are investigated. Stability conditions and boundedness are formulated in terms of the characteristics equations. In Song and Baker [16], the fixed point theory is used to establish sufficient conditions to ensure the stability of the zero solution of an implicit nonlinear Volterra difference equation. Besides, the existence of asymptotically periodic solutions is established. However, in this article equations with linear kernel are mainly considered.One of the basic methods in the theory of stability and boundedness of Volterra difference equations is the direct Lyapunov method (see [1, 3, 17, 18]). But finding the Lyapunov functionals for Volterra difference equations is still a difficult task.In this paper, to establish boundedness conditions of solutions, we will interpret the Volterra difference equations with nonlinear kernels as operator equations in appropriate spaces. Such an approach for linear Volterra difference equations has been used by Myshkis [5], Kolmanovskii et al. [15], Kwapisz [19], and Medina [20, 21]. The knowledge of these bounds is important because they represent the error between the exact solution of the original problem and its difference approximation.Existence and uniqueness problems for the Volterra difference equations were discussed by some authors. Usually the solutions were sought in the phase spacel
p
ω
Z
+
,
X
,
ω
>
0 and Z
+
=
0,1
,
2
,
… (e.g., see [15, 19]). In this paper, formulating the Volterra discrete equations in the phase space l
p
Z
+
,
X, where X is an appropriate Hilbert space, and assuming that the kernel operator has the Volterra property, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness problem.Our results compare favorably with the above-mentioned works in the following sense:(a)
Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of implicit nonlinear Volterra difference equations are obtained.
(b)
We established a theory on the asymptotic behavior of implicit nonlinear Volterra difference systems which are described by Volterra operator equations.
(c)
Explicit estimates for the solutions of nonlinear Volterra operator equations in Hilbert spaces are derived.The remainder of this article is organized as follows: in Section2, we introduce some notations, preliminary results, and the statement of the problem. In Section 3, the boundedness of solutions is derived using norm-estimates for the resolvents of completely continuous quasi-nilpotent operators. In Section 4, we discuss the boundedness of solutions of infinite-delay Volterra difference equations. Finally, Section 5 is devoted to the discussion of our results: we highlight the main conclusions.


## 2. Statement of the Problem

LetX be a complex Hilbert space with norm ·
X
≔
·. Let l
p
=
l
p
Z
+
,
X and l
∞
=
l
∞
Z
+
,
X be the spaces of sequences h
=
h
j
j
=
1
∞ such that(1)lp=h:Z+⟶X:∑j=1∞hjp<∞,1≤p<∞,l∞=h:Z+⟶X:supj∈Z+⁡hj<∞.The spaces l
p
,
1
≤
p
≤
∞, equipped with the standard norms(2)hp=∑j=1∞hjp1/p,for1≤p<∞,h∞=supj∈Z+⁡hj,are Banach spaces.Denote(3)Ωr=h∈l∞:h∞≤r,for0<r≤∞.We consider Volterra difference equations on a separable Hilbert space X
(4)xn=fn+∑j=0nKn,j,xj,n≥0,where(5)K:Z+×Z+×ξ∈X:ξ∞<r⟶Xis the kernel, Z
+ denotes the set of nonnegative integers, and f
:
Z
+
→
X is a given sequence.Equation (4) can be regarded as the discrete-time analog of the classical integral Volterra equation of the second kind(6)xt=ft+∫0tKt,s,xsds,t≥0.We point out the distinction between (4) and the explicit Volterra equation(7)xn=fn+∑j=0n-1Kn,j,xj,n≥0.The first step is to establish the solvability of (4). In the linear case, in which we write (4) as(8)xn=fn+∑j=0nKn,jxj,n≥0,with K
n
,
j being a finite-dimensional matrix, the existence of x
n for each n follows from the property that I
-
K
n
,
n is invertible for each n
≥
0. Song and Baker [16] deal with the existence of solutions of (4), defined on d-dimensional Euclidean spaces. In fact, considering implicit equations of the form(9)xn+1=ψnx0,x1,…,xn,xn+1and assuming appropriate conditions on ψ
n, they conclude that solutions of equations(10)x=ψnu0,u1,…,un,xare unique and can be expressed in the form(11)x=φnu0,u1,…,un.We present a different and more general approach to the problem of existence and uniqueness discussed in [16]. Namely, for a given general discrete operator T
:
S
Z
+
,
X
→
S
Z
+
,
X, consider the equation(12)un=Tun,n∈Z+,where S
Z
+
,
X denotes the linear space of all sequences s
:
Z
+
→
X.We ask when the solutions of this equation belong to the spacel
p
Z
+
,
X of all functions x
∈
S
Z
+
,
X satisfying the condition(13)∑j=1∞xjp1/p<∞,for1≤p≤∞.Assumption A.
The operatorT is acausal operator; that is, for any n
∈
Z
+,(14)Tun=Tvn,ifuj=vjforj=0,1,…,n-1.That is, the value of T
u at n is determined by the values of u
j for j
=
0,1
,
…
,
n
-
1 (e.g., see Corduneanu [22]).Remark 1.
The causal property of the operatorT guarantees the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of (12). Consequently, when the operator T of (12) has, for instance, the form(15)Txn=fn+∑j=0nKn,j,xj,we can establish existence and uniqueness results for the solutions of (4).Theorem 2.
If the operatorT defined in (15) is a causal operator, then there exists a solution of (4).Finally, we will determine sufficient conditions on the coefficients of (4) such that its solutions belong to the space l
p
Z
+
,
X
,
1
≤
p
≤
∞
.In the finite-dimensional case, the spectrum of a linear operator consists of its eigenvalues. The spectral theory of bounded linear operators on infinite-dimensional spaces is an important but challenging area of research. For example, an operator may have a continuous spectrum in addition to, or instead of, a point spectrum of eigenvalues. A particularly simple and important case is that of compact, self-adjoint operators. Compact operators may be approximated by finite-dimensional operators, and their spectral theory is close to that of finite-dimensional operators.To formulate the next result, let us introduce the following notations and definitions: letH be a separable Hilbert space and A a linear compact operator in H. If e
k
k
=
1
∞ is an orthogonal basis in H and the series ∑
k
=
1
∞
A
e
k
,
e
k converges, then the sum of the series is called thetrace of the operator A and is denoted by(16)traceA=trA=∑k=1∞Aek,ek.Definition 3.
An operatorA satisfying the relation t
r
A
∗
A
<
∞ is said to be aHilbert-Schmidt operator, where A
∗ is the adjoint operator of A.
The norm(17)N2A=NA=trA∗Ais called theHilbert-Schmidt norm of A.Definition 4.
A bounded linear operatorA is said to bequasi-Hermitian if its imaginary component(18)AI=A-A∗2iis a Hilbert-Schmidt operator, where A
∗ is the adjoint operator of A.Theorem 5 (see [23, Lemma 2.3
.
1]).
LetV be a Hilbert-Schmidt completely continuous quasi-nilpotent (Volterra) operator acting in a separable Hilbert space H. Then the inequality(19)Vk≤NkVk!,foranynaturalk,is true.


## 3. Main Results

LetA
r denote the infinite matrix with components(20)Ar,n,j≔supz∈X:z≤r⁡Kn,j,zz;forn,j=1,2,….Assume that(21)NpAr=∑n=1∞∑j=1nAr,n,jqp/q1/q<∞,which implies(22)βpAr=supn=1,2,…⁡∑j=1nAr,n,jq1/q<∞,where 1
/
p
+
1
/
q
=
1
.Denote(23)mpAr=∑j=0∞NpjArj!p.Theorem 6.
Assume thatf
∈
l
p
Z
+
,
X and condition (21) holds. Then any solution x
=
x
1
,
x
2
,
… of (4) belongs to l
p
Z
+
,
X and satisfies the inequalities(24)xp≤mpArfp,(25)x∞≤f∞+βpArmpArfp,provided that(26)f∞+βpArmpArfp<r.Proof of Theorem6. We will decompose the proof of Theorem 6 in the following lemmas.Lemma 7.
Assume thatf
∈
l
p
Z
+
,
X
,
1
≤
p
<
∞, and condition (21) holds with r
=
∞, that is, A
∞ with components(27)A∞n,j=supz∈X⁡Kn,j,zz,n,j=1,2,…,is a Hilbert-Schmidt kernel. Then, any solution x
=
x
1
,
x
2
,
… of (4) belongs to l
p
Z
+
,
X and satisfies the inequality(28)xp≤mpA∞fp.Proof.
From (4) we have(29)xn≤∑j=1nA∞n,jxj+fn.Let L be the linear operator defined on l
p
Z
+
,
X by(30)Lhn=∑j=1nA∞n,jhj,h∈lpZ+,X.Rewrite equation (4) as(31)x=f+Lx.Hence,(32)x=I-L-1f.Since(33)I-L-1=∑j=0∞Lj,we have(34)I-L-1p≤∑j=0∞Ljp.Thus, by (32),(35)xp≤∑j=0∞Ljpfp.Since L is a quasi-nilpotent Hilbert-Schmidt operator, it follows, by Gil’ [23, Lemma 2.3
.
1], that(36)Lkp≤NpkA∞k!p.This and (35) yield the required result.Remark 8.
By Hölder’s inequality, we have(37)mpA∞=1-1pq/p-1/qexp⁡NppA∞.Consequently, from Lemma 7,(38)xp≤γpexp⁡NppA∞fp,where(39)γp=1-1pq/p-1/q.Lemma 9.
Assume thatf
∈
l
∞
Z
+
,
X and condition (21) holds with r
=
∞, and then any solution x
=
x
1
,
x
2
,
… of (4) belongs to l
∞
Z
+
,
X and satisfies the inequality(40)x∞≤f∞+βpA∞mpA∞fp.Proof.
From (31), it follows that(41)x∞≤f∞+Lx∞.But due to Hölder’s inequality(42)Lx∞≤supn=1,2,…⁡∑k=1nA∞qn,k1/qxp=βpA∞xp.Hence, (28) and (42) yield(43)x∞≤f∞+βpA∞mpA∞fp.Now, we will complete the Proof of Theorem6, considering the case 0
<
r
<
∞.By Urysohn’s Lemma [24, p. 15], there are scalar-valued functions λ
r and μ
r defined on l
p
Z
+
,
X and X, respectively, such that(44)λrh=1,h∞≤r,0,h∞>r,μrh=1,h≤r,0,h>r.Define(45)Krn,j,z=λrhKn,j,z,frh=μrhfh.Consider the Volterra equation(46)xn=frn+∑j=1nKrn,j,xj,n≥0.Due to Lemma 9 and condition (26), any solution of (46) satisfies (25) and therefore belongs to Ω
r. But K
r
=
K and f
r
=
f on Ω
r. This proves estimates (25) for a solution of (4). Estimates (24) follows from Lemma 7. This completes the proof of Theorem 6.


## 4. Volterra Difference Equations with Infinite Delay

Consider the Volterra difference equation of the form(47)xn=fn+∑j=-∞nKn,j,xj,n≥0,which can be regarded as a retarded equation whose delay is infinite. In general this problem requires that one give an “initial function” on -
∞
,
0, in order to obtain a unique solution, after which the equation can be treated with the techniques of standard Volterra equations. The nonuniqueness of solutions of (47) is an intrinsic feature (e.g., see [25]). If φ
:
-
∞
,
0
→
X is an initial function to (47), then we write (47) as(48)xn=fn+∑j=-∞0Kn,j,φj+∑j=1nKn,j,xj=f~n+∑j=1nKn,j,xj,so that the initial function φ becomes part of the sequence f
~
n. Under these conditions, we can apply Theorem 5 to (48), so that the next result is obtained.Theorem 10.
Assume thatf
~
∈
l
p
Z
+
,
X
,
1
≤
p
≤
∞, and condition (21) holds. Then the solution x
n
=
x
n
,
φ of (48) belongs to l
p
Z
+
,
X and satisfies the inequalities(49)xp≤mpArf~p,x∞≤f~∞+βpArmpArf~p.Proof.
Proceeding in a similar way to the proof of Theorem6, with(50)f~n=fn+∑j=-∞0Kn,j,φj,instead of f, and choosing an appropriate initial function φ such that f
~
∈
l
p
Z
+
,
X, the required result follows.Remark 11.
Consider(51)xn=xn,φ∀n≥0,xj,φ=φjforj<0.


## 5. Conclusions

New conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and boundedness of solutions of infinite-dimensional nonlinear Volterra difference systems are derived. Unlike the classic method of stability analysis, we do not use the technique of the Lyapunov functions in the process of construction of the estimates for the solutions. The proofs are carried out using estimates for the norm of powers of quasi-nilpotent operators. That is, we interpreted the Volterra difference equations, with nonlinear kernels, as operator equations defined in the Banach spacesl
p
Z
+
,
X. We want to point out that the results of this paper can be useful for discussions of l
p
Z
+
,
X stability of the zero solution of the homogeneous Volterra equation corresponding to (4).In connection with the above investigations, some open problems arise. The richness of the spectral properties of operators acting on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces will need new stability formulations. Consequently, natural directions for future research is the generalization of our results to local exponential stabilizability of nonlinear Volterra difference equations or investigating the feedback stabilization of implicit nonlinear Volterra systems defined by operator Volterra equations.



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