# A Dependent Insurance Risk Model with Surrender and Investment under the Thinning Process

Authors: Wenguang Yu; Yujuan Huang
Journal: Mathematical Problems in Engineering
 (2015)

---

## Abstract

A dependent insurance risk model with surrender and investment under the thinning process is discussed, where the arrival of the policies follows a compound Poisson-Geometric process, and the occurrences of the claim and surrender happen as thep-thinning process and the q-thinning process of the arrival process, respectively. By the martingale theory, the properties of the surplus process, adjustment coefficient equation, the upper bound of ruin probability, and explicit expression of ruin probability are obtained. Moreover, we also get the Laplace transformation, the expectation, and the variance of the time when the surplus reaches a given level for the first time. Finally, various trends of the upper bound of ruin probability and the expectation and the variance of the time when the surplus reaches a given level for the first time are simulated analytically along with changing the investment size, investment interest rates, claim rate, and surrender rate.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

In the classical ruin theory, compound Poisson risk model,(1)Ut=u+ct-∑i=1NtXifort≥0,is the main research object [1, 2], where u≥0 is the initial reserve, c is the premium rate, and {N(t),t≥0} is a Poisson process with intensity λ>0, representing the number of claims up to time t. The individual claim sizes X1,X2,…, independent of {N(t),t≥0}, are i.i.d. positive random variables with distribution function F(x) and density function f(x) with mean μ. In the model, the premium income process is a linear function of time; it does not matter to claim. But in actual life, the arrival of policy of insurance company is usually associated with occurrence of claim; for example, the more the number of policies sold, the more the number of claims happened. Therefore, many studies in literature discuss the dependent relationship among the premium income, interclaim arrivals, and the claim size. See, for example, Liu et al. [3] considering a Markov-dependent risk model with a constant dividend barrier. Shi et al. [4] explore methods that allow for the correlation among frequency and severity components for microlevel insurance data. Jiang et al. [5] investigate some uniform asymptotic estimates for finite-time ruin probabilities when the claim size vector and its interarrival time are subject to certain general dependence structure. Zhang and Yang [6], Shi et al. [7], and Zou et al. [8] consider a compound Poisson risk model and a dependence structure of the claim size and interclaim time modeled by a Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula.The above papers always assume the claim number follows a Poisson distribution, but in fact the claim number does not fully comply with the rule of Poisson distribution and its variance is often greater than the mean. Except the natural environment, an important reason for this phenomenon is that insurance companies have adopted risk aversion mechanism, such as franchise system and no-claim discount system [9]. This makes the policy holder weighs the interests which may not claim for compensation in the event of an accident; it will cause the claim number to be less than the number of accidents. In addition, on the one hand, the insurance company will have huge funds and various kinds of reserves in the operation process, which formed the huge amount of available funds. On the other hand, in order to protect the interests of the insured, the insurance company must use the fund rationally and effectively. In fact, the insurance industry is very active in the financial markets. In the financial markets of western developed countries, the total amount of funds provided by the insurance industry is close to commercial banks. So considering the risk model with investment income has greater practical value and realistic significance [10–12].In view of the above problems, this paper will promote the premium income process of insurance companies to follow the compound Poisson-Geometric process [13–15], while the counting processes of claim and surrender are the p-thinning process and the q-thinning process of premium income process and further consideration of the investment interest rate. For the new improved model, we study the properties of surplus process, adjustment coefficient equation, ruin probability, and the expectation and variance of the first time to reach a given level. Finally, numerical analysis is also given.The contents of this paper are organized as follows: Section2 introduces the risk model. In Section 3, we give the main results of the paper. Finally, we provide the numerical examples in Section 4.


## 2. The Risk Model

Definition 1.
Letu≥0 and (Ω,F,P) be a probability space; t≥0; then, the surplus process with initial surplus u is defined as follows:(2)Ut=u+Aαt+∑k=1NtXk-∑k=1Nt,pYk-∑k=1Nt,qZk+βWt,where u represents the initial capital and A(A<u) represents the investment capital, which is based on the size of initial capital, premium income per unit of time, and the predicted claim sizes. α represents the investment income per unit of time. {N(t);t≥0} is a Poisson-Geometric process with parameters λ(λ>0) and ρ(0<ρ<1) denoting the number of premiums up to time t; namely, N(t)~PG(λt,ρ). {Xk≥0;k≥1} is a sequence of i.i.d. random variables representing the amount of the kth premium and E[Xk]=μXVar[Xk]=σX2. {N(t,p);t≥0} is the p-thinning process of {N(t);t≥0} denoting the number of claims up to time t; namely, {N(t,p);t≥0}~PG(λpt,ρ). The individual claims sizes {Yk≥0;k≥1} are a sequence of i.i.d. random variables and E[Yk]=μYVar[Yk]=σY2. {N(t,q);t≥0} is the q-thinning process of {N(t);t≥0} denoting the number of surrenders up to time t; namely, {N(t,q);t≥0}~PG(λqt,ρ) and 0<q<1 and 0<p+q<1. The sequence of i.i.d. random variables {Zk≥0;k≥1} represents the amount of the kth payment of insurance policy and E[Zk]=μZ, Var[Zk]=σZ2, and μZ<μX. {W(t);t≥0} is a standard Brownian motion denoting the uncertain benefits and payments of insurance companies. β>0 is a constant, representing the diffusion volatility parameter. In addition, we suppose that {Xk,k≥1}, {Yk,k≥1}, {Zk,k≥1}, {W(t),t≥0}, and {N(t);t≥0} are mutually independent. From the theory of point process, {N(t,p);t≥0} and {N(t,q);t≥0} are also mutually independent.LetS(t)=Aαt+∑k=1N(t)Xk-∑k=1N(t,p)Yk-∑k=1N(t,q)Zk+βW(t) be profits process. In order to ensure the insurance company’s steady business, we assume E[S(t)]>0, and the relative security loading factor θ is defined as follows:(3)θ=λμX+Aα1-ρλpμY+λqμZ-1>0.


## 3. Main Results

Lemma 2.
The profits process{S(t),t≥0} has the following properties:(i)
{S(t),t≥0} has stationary and independent increments.(ii)
E[S(t)]=(Aα+λμX/1-ρ-λpμY/1-ρ-λqμZ/(1-ρ))t.Lemma 3.
For the profits process{S(t),t≥0}, when E[S(t)]≥0, one has the following:(4)limt→∞⁡Ut=∞,a.s.Lemma 4.
For the profits process{S(t),t≥0}, suppose E[e-rS(t)]<0 for some r>0; then, there is a function g(r) such that(5)Ee-rSt=etgr.Proof .
Consider(6)Eexp⁡-rSt=Eexp⁡-rAαt·Eexp⁡-r∑K=1NtXk·Eexp⁡r∑K=1Nt,pYk·Eexp⁡r∑K=1Nt,qZk·Eexp⁡-rβWt=exp⁡t-rAα+λMX-r-11-ρMX-r+λpMYr-11-ρMYr+λqMZr-11-ρMZr+12β2r2.Let(7)gr=-rAα+λMX-r-11-ρMX-r+λpMYr-11-ρMYr+λqMZr-11-ρMZr+12β2r2,where MX(r)=E[erX] is the moment generating function of X. Similarly, we can define MY(r) and MZ(r).The following discussions are adjustment coefficient and the adjustment coefficient equation. Since the ruin probability as a number of indicators can evaluate insurance company solvency, it attracts attention. The research goal is to obtain specific expression of ruin probability. However, it is very difficult to directly obtain the expression of this function, but Lundberg found an indirect expression way by introducing a parameter which can play the intermediary role, namely, Lundberg coefficient or adjustment coefficient. Its principle is that the ruin probability is expressed as a function of adjustment coefficient and then seeks the calculation for adjustment coefficient. Thus, the adjustment coefficient plays a very important role in the study of ruin probability.Lemma 5.
Equationg(r)=0 is said to be an adjustment coefficient equation of the risk model (2), and it has a unique positive solution r=R, which is called an adjustment coefficient (see Figure 1).Figure 1
Adjustment coefficientR.Proof.
We only need to prove that it has the following four properties:(1)
g(0)=0.(2)
g′(0)<0.(3)
g(r)→+∞(r→+∞).(4)
g′′(r)>0, ∀r∈(0,+∞).
Obviously,g(0)=0.
Since(8)g′r=-Aα+λ1-ρE-Xexp⁡-rX1-ρMX-r2+λp1-ρEYexp⁡rY1-ρMYr2+λq1-ρEZexp⁡rZ1-ρMZr2+β2rand MX(0)=MY(0)=MZ(0)=1, then we have(9)g′0=-Aα-λμX1-ρ+λpμY1-ρ+λqμZ1-ρ=-θλpμY1-ρ+λqμZ1-ρ<0.Further,(10)g′′r=λ1-ρ1-ρMX-r1-ρMX-r4·1-ρMX-rEX2e-rX+2ρE-Xe-rX2+λp1-ρ1-ρMYr1-ρMYr4·1-ρMYrEY2e-rY+2ρEYe-rY2+λq1-ρ1-ρMZr1-ρMZr4·1-ρMZrEZ2e-rZ+2ρEZe-rZ2+β2.
It is easy to see the moment generating functionsMY(r), MZ(r) are increasing function, so there exists an r1>0 such that MY(r1)=1/ρ due to 0<ρ<1. Similarly, there exists an r2>0 such that MY(r2)=1/ρ. Let r0=min⁡{r1,r2}; then, when 0<r<r0, we have 1<MY(r), MZ(r), <1/ρ; that is, 1-ρMY(r)>0 and 1-ρMZ(r)>0. When r>0, we have MX(-r)<1; that is, 1-ρMX(-r)>0. So g′′(r)>0(0<r<r0) and g(r) is a lower convex function. And because limr→+∞⁡g(r)=+∞, then g(r)=0 has a unique positive solution R.Theorem 6.
The adjustment coefficientR satisfies the following inequality:(11)2Aα+λμXλμX2+σX2+β2≤R≤21-ρAα+λμX-λpμY-λqμZλμX2+σX2+pμY2+σY2+qμZ2+σZ2+β21-ρ.Proof.
By Taylor’s expansion, we have(12)MX-R=Ee-RX=E1-RX+R2X22=1-RμX+R22μX2+σX2MYR=EeRY=E1+RY+R2Y22=1+RμY+R22μY2+σY2.Then,(13)0=gR=-RAα+λMX-R-11-ρMX-R+λpMYR-11-ρMYR+λqMZR-11-ρMZR+12β2R2≥-RAα+λ-RμX+R2/2μX2+σX21-ρ+λpRμY+R2/2μY2+σY21-ρ+λqRμZ+R2/2μZ2+σZ21-ρ+12β2R2.Dividing both sides of the above inequality by R, we obtain(14)R≤21-ρAα+λμX-λpμY-λqμZλμX2+σX2+pμY2+σY2+qμZ2+σZ2+β21-ρ.Similarly,(15)0=gR≤-RAα+λMX-R-1+λpMYR-11-MYR+λqMZR-11-MZR+12β2R2≤-RAα+λ-RμX+R22μX2+σX2-λp-λq+12β2R2≤-RAα+λ-RμX+R22μX2+σX2+12β2R2.Dividing both sides of the above inequality by R, we have(16)R≥2Aα+λμXλμX2+σX2+β2.
For the profits process{S(t),t≥0}, let FtS=σ(S(v),v≤t) be a filtration. Let T=inf⁡{t:t≥0,U(t)<0} and ψu=Pr⁡{T<∞∣U(0)=u} be ruin time and ruin probability.Lemma 7.
T is FtS-stopping time.Theorem 8.
{
H
u
(
t
)
,
F
t
,
t
≥
0
} is a martingale, where Hu(t)=exp⁡[-rU(t)-tg(r)].Proof.
In fact,{U(t),t≥0} has stationary and independent increments, and from [2] we know that Hu(t) is a martingale if and only if E(exp⁡-RUt)=exp⁡[-Ru]. By Lemmas 3 and 4, there is a function g(r) such that E(exp⁡-RSt)=exp⁡[tg(R)]=1; then,(17)Eexp⁡-RUt=Eexp⁡-RuEexp⁡-RSt=exp⁡-Ru,so {Hu(t),Ft,t≥0} is a martingale.Theorem 9.
For any real numberr, the ruin probability ψ(u) satisfies(18)ψu≤exp⁡-ruEsupt≥0⁡exp⁡tgr.Proof.
For a fixed timet0, t0∧T is a bounded stopping time. Using the theorem of martingale and stopping time, we have(19)exp⁡-ru=EHu0=EHut0∧T.By the full expectations formula, we have(20)exp⁡-ru=EHuT∣T≤t0Pr⁡T≤t0+EHut0∣T>t0Pr⁡T>t0≥EHuT∣T≤t0Pr⁡T≤t0,which implies(21)Pr⁡T≤t0=exp⁡-ruEHuT∣T≤t0≤exp⁡-ruinf0≤t≤t0⁡exp⁡-tgr=exp⁡-ru·sup0≤t≤t0⁡exp⁡tgr.By expectation on both sides of the above inequality and letting t0→∞, we can get the desired results.Theorem 10.
The ruin probability of surplus process{U(t);t≥0} satisfies (22)ψu=exp⁡-RuEexp⁡-RUT∣T<∞.Proof.
For a fixed timet0, t0∧T is a bounded stopping time. Using the theorem of martingale and stopping time, we have(23)exp⁡-ru=EHut0∧T=EHuT∣T≤t0Pr⁡T≤t0+EHut0∣T>t0Pr⁡T>t0.Let r=R, we have(24)exp⁡-Ru=Eexp-RUT∣T≤t0Pr⁡T≤t0+Eexp-RUT∣T>t0Pr⁡T>t0,which implies(25)0≤Eexp⁡-RUT∣T>t0Pr⁡T>t0≤Eexp⁡-RUt0IUt0≥0.Since 0≤exp⁡(-RU(t0))I(U(t0)≥0)≤1, by the law of large numbers, when t0→∞, U(t0)→∞(a.s.). By dominated convergence theorem, we have(26)limt0→∞⁡Eexp-RUT∣T>t0Pr⁡T>t0=0,a.s..Then, when t0→∞ in (26), we can obtain (22).Corollary 11.
For the surplus process{U(t);t≥0}, the ruin probability ψ(u) satisfies Lundberg inequality:(27)ψu≤exp⁡-Ru,u≥0,where R is adjustment coefficient.
In order to get this inequality as good as possible, we shall chooser as large as possible under the restriction supt≥0⁡exp⁡(tg(r))<∞. Combined with Figure 1, we have R=sup⁡{r∣g(r)≤0}.Theorem 12.
The ruin probability of insurance company before timet satisfies(28)ψtu≤e-Ryu,t<ug′Re-Ru,t≥ug′R,where Ry=f(ry) and ry is the solution of g′r=u/t.Proof.
By Lemma4, we have(29)ψtu≤e-ru·sup0≤t≤∞⁡etgr=e-ru·max⁡1,etgr≤e-umin⁡r,r-t/ugr=e-umin⁡r,fr,where f(r)=r-yg(r), y=t/u. Obviously, the supremum of ψt(u) is e-usupr≥0⁡{min⁡{r,f(r)}}.
Sincef(r) is the convex function and f(R)=R, when r>R, we have f(r)<r; when 0<r<R, we have f(r)>r. Let ry be the solution of f′(r)=0 and Ry=f(ry); then, Ry is the maximum value of f(r).
And because(30)ry≤R,t>ug′Rry>R,t≤ug′R,then, we have (31)supr≥0⁡min⁡r,fr=Ry,t<ug′RR,t≥ug′R.Thus, Theorem 12 is obtained.Theorem 13.
Letτ=inf⁡{t≥0,U(t)=x>u} be the time when the surplus reaches a given level firstly; then, the Laplace transform of τ is as follows:(32)Ee-sτ=erx,where s and r satisfy s=g(r).Proof.
For the surplus process{U(t);t≥0}, using the theorem of martingale and stopping time, we see that τ is a stopping rime of FtS. Let H(t)=e-rU(τ)-sτ. By Theorem 8, the surplus process {H(t);t≥0} is a martingale. Hence, we have E[H(τ)]=E[H(0)]; that is, E[e-rU(τ)-sτ]=1. Since U(τ)=x, then we get E[e-rx-sτ]=1; that is, E[e-sτ]=erx.Theorem 14.
The expectation and variance ofτ satisfy(33)Eτ=xηVarτ=xωη3,where(34)η=Aα+λμX1-ρ-λpμY1-ρ-λqμZ1-ρ,ω=λ1-ρ21-ρσX2+μX2+2ρμX2+λp1-ρ21-ρσY2+μY2+2ρμY2+λq1-ρ21-ρσZ2+μZ2+2ρμZ2+β2.Proof.
By Theorem13, we have E[e-sτ]=erx; let φ(s)=ln⁡E[e-sτ]; that is, φ(s)=rx; then, we have the following:(35)φ′s=dφsdr·1ds/dr=xs′r=xg′rφ′′s=dφ′sds=dφ′sdr·1s′r=-xg′′rg′r3.By Lemma 5, we have(36)Eτ=-dφsdss=r=0=-xg′0=-x-Aα-λμX/1-ρ+λpμY/1-ρ+λqμZ/1-ρ=xηVarτ=φ′′ss=r=0=xωη3.


## 4. Numerical Simulation and Analysis

### 4.1. Simulation of the Upper Bound of Ruin Probability

Since the adjustment coefficientR can be used to measure the risk, by formula ψ(u)≤exp⁡(-Ru), we know that the higher adjustment coefficient R results in the less ruin probability. The following will be used to simulate the size of ruin probability by adjustment coefficient R.Supposeλ=40, ρ=0.1, A=400, α=0.1, β=1, p=0.005, and q=0.0005. Random variables Xk, Yk, and Zk obey the exponential distribution with mean μX=b, μY=20, and μZ=10, respectively. Taking different values about b and u, by MATLAB and Theorem 6, we can get the upper bound of the ruin probability. See Table 1.Table 1
The upper bound of the ruin probability.
1
/
b
R
exp
⁡
(
-
R
u
)
u
=
1000
u
=
1100
u
=
1200
u
=
1300
u
=
1400
u
=
1500
u
=
1600
u
=
1700
u
=
1800
u
=
2000
u
=
10000
1/1000
0.0010
0.3677
0.3326
0.3010
0.2723
0.2464
0.2229
0.2017
0.1825
0.1651
0.1325
0.00004
1/1100
9.0960
e
-
004
0.4027
0.3677
0.3357
0.3065
0.2799
0.2555
0.2333
0.2130
0.1945
0.1622
0.00011
1/1200
8.3376
e
-
004
0.4344
0.3997
0.3677
0.3383
0.3112
0.2863
0.2634
0.2423
0.2230
0.1887
0.00024
1/1300
7.6959
e
-
004
0.4632
0.4289
0.3971
0.3677
0.3405
0.3152
0.2919
0.2703
0.2503
0.2146
0.00045
1/1400
7.1460
e
-
004
0.4894
0.4556
0.4242
0.3950
0.3677
0.3424
0.3187
0.2968
0.2763
0.2395
0.00079
1/1500
6.6694
e
-
004
0.5133
0.4802
0.4492
0.4202
0.3931
0.3667
0.3440
0.3218
0.3010
0.2635
0.0013
1/1600
6.2524
e
-
004
0.5351
0.5027
0.4722
0.4436
0.4167
0.3915
0.3677
0.3455
0.3245
0.2864
0.0019
1/1700
5.8845
e
-
004
0.5552
0.5235
0.4935
0.4653
0.4387
0.4137
0.3900
0.3667
0.3467
0.3082
0.0028
1/1800
5.5574
e
-
004
0.5736
0.5426
0.5133
0.4856
0.4953
0.4345
0.4110
0.3888
0.3678
0.3291
0.0039
1/1900
5.2649
e
-
004
0.5907
0.5604
0.5316
0.5044
0.4785
0.4540
0.4307
0.4086
0.3876
0.3489
0.0052
1/2000
5.0015
e
-
004
0.6064
0.5769
0.5487
0.5219
0.4965
0.4723
0.4492
04273
0.4065
0.3678
0.0067Table1 shows that ruin probability of insurance company varies tremendously in size with different value of u; the higher initial surplus u results in the less ruin probability. Magnitude of initial capital increase is far below the level of reduced number of ruin probability of insurance company. For example, in the first seven behaviors of Table 1, the initial capital u is only increased by 10 times, and the ruin probability decreases from 0.4894 to 0.00079. This is another example in the course of business; the availability of sufficient initial capital is crucial to the insurance company.In addition, determining the value of distribution parameter1/b of the premium X has a great impact on the ruin probability of insurance company. For the exponential distribution, the value of 1/b is smaller; the smaller the amount of premium charged by insurance company, the greater the probability of ruin. This suggests that a reasonable determination of the premium on the normal operation of insurance companies is very important, which leads to higher requirement for determination of the premium in the design of insurance products in the insurance company.


### 4.2. Simulation of the First Arrival Time

Supposeλ=40, ρ=0.1, A=5000, α=0.1, x=2000, β=1, p=0.005, and q=0.0005 (in order to clear the trend of curve, in Figure 4, let q=0.0125; in Figure 8, let q=0.005). Random variables Xk, Yk, and Zk obey the exponential distribution with mean μX=100, μY=80, and μZ=60, respectively. We obtained the trend chart of average time and the variance of time.(1) The Trend Figure of Average Time. From Figures 2–5, we can clearly know that the first arrival time to reach a given level is a decreasing function of investment capital A and investment interest rate α and is an increasing function of claim rate λp and surrender rate λq.Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5In comparison, the change in the average time is more sensitive to the change of investment capital and investment rates and is not sensitive to the change of claim rate and surrender rate.(2) The Trend Figure of Variance of the First Arrival Time. Figures 6–9 point out that the first arrival time to reach a given level is a decreasing function of investment capital A and investment interest rate α and is an increasing function of claim rate λp and surrender rate λq. In comparison, the change in variance is more sensitive to the change of investment capital and investment rates and is not sensitive to the change of claim rate and surrender rate.Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9


## 4.1. Simulation of the Upper Bound of Ruin Probability

Since the adjustment coefficientR can be used to measure the risk, by formula ψ(u)≤exp⁡(-Ru), we know that the higher adjustment coefficient R results in the less ruin probability. The following will be used to simulate the size of ruin probability by adjustment coefficient R.Supposeλ=40, ρ=0.1, A=400, α=0.1, β=1, p=0.005, and q=0.0005. Random variables Xk, Yk, and Zk obey the exponential distribution with mean μX=b, μY=20, and μZ=10, respectively. Taking different values about b and u, by MATLAB and Theorem 6, we can get the upper bound of the ruin probability. See Table 1.Table 1
The upper bound of the ruin probability.
1
/
b
R
exp
⁡
(
-
R
u
)
u
=
1000
u
=
1100
u
=
1200
u
=
1300
u
=
1400
u
=
1500
u
=
1600
u
=
1700
u
=
1800
u
=
2000
u
=
10000
1/1000
0.0010
0.3677
0.3326
0.3010
0.2723
0.2464
0.2229
0.2017
0.1825
0.1651
0.1325
0.00004
1/1100
9.0960
e
-
004
0.4027
0.3677
0.3357
0.3065
0.2799
0.2555
0.2333
0.2130
0.1945
0.1622
0.00011
1/1200
8.3376
e
-
004
0.4344
0.3997
0.3677
0.3383
0.3112
0.2863
0.2634
0.2423
0.2230
0.1887
0.00024
1/1300
7.6959
e
-
004
0.4632
0.4289
0.3971
0.3677
0.3405
0.3152
0.2919
0.2703
0.2503
0.2146
0.00045
1/1400
7.1460
e
-
004
0.4894
0.4556
0.4242
0.3950
0.3677
0.3424
0.3187
0.2968
0.2763
0.2395
0.00079
1/1500
6.6694
e
-
004
0.5133
0.4802
0.4492
0.4202
0.3931
0.3667
0.3440
0.3218
0.3010
0.2635
0.0013
1/1600
6.2524
e
-
004
0.5351
0.5027
0.4722
0.4436
0.4167
0.3915
0.3677
0.3455
0.3245
0.2864
0.0019
1/1700
5.8845
e
-
004
0.5552
0.5235
0.4935
0.4653
0.4387
0.4137
0.3900
0.3667
0.3467
0.3082
0.0028
1/1800
5.5574
e
-
004
0.5736
0.5426
0.5133
0.4856
0.4953
0.4345
0.4110
0.3888
0.3678
0.3291
0.0039
1/1900
5.2649
e
-
004
0.5907
0.5604
0.5316
0.5044
0.4785
0.4540
0.4307
0.4086
0.3876
0.3489
0.0052
1/2000
5.0015
e
-
004
0.6064
0.5769
0.5487
0.5219
0.4965
0.4723
0.4492
04273
0.4065
0.3678
0.0067Table1 shows that ruin probability of insurance company varies tremendously in size with different value of u; the higher initial surplus u results in the less ruin probability. Magnitude of initial capital increase is far below the level of reduced number of ruin probability of insurance company. For example, in the first seven behaviors of Table 1, the initial capital u is only increased by 10 times, and the ruin probability decreases from 0.4894 to 0.00079. This is another example in the course of business; the availability of sufficient initial capital is crucial to the insurance company.In addition, determining the value of distribution parameter1/b of the premium X has a great impact on the ruin probability of insurance company. For the exponential distribution, the value of 1/b is smaller; the smaller the amount of premium charged by insurance company, the greater the probability of ruin. This suggests that a reasonable determination of the premium on the normal operation of insurance companies is very important, which leads to higher requirement for determination of the premium in the design of insurance products in the insurance company.


## 4.2. Simulation of the First Arrival Time

Supposeλ=40, ρ=0.1, A=5000, α=0.1, x=2000, β=1, p=0.005, and q=0.0005 (in order to clear the trend of curve, in Figure 4, let q=0.0125; in Figure 8, let q=0.005). Random variables Xk, Yk, and Zk obey the exponential distribution with mean μX=100, μY=80, and μZ=60, respectively. We obtained the trend chart of average time and the variance of time.(1) The Trend Figure of Average Time. From Figures 2–5, we can clearly know that the first arrival time to reach a given level is a decreasing function of investment capital A and investment interest rate α and is an increasing function of claim rate λp and surrender rate λq.Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5In comparison, the change in the average time is more sensitive to the change of investment capital and investment rates and is not sensitive to the change of claim rate and surrender rate.(2) The Trend Figure of Variance of the First Arrival Time. Figures 6–9 point out that the first arrival time to reach a given level is a decreasing function of investment capital A and investment interest rate α and is an increasing function of claim rate λp and surrender rate λq. In comparison, the change in variance is more sensitive to the change of investment capital and investment rates and is not sensitive to the change of claim rate and surrender rate.Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9



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*Source: 134246-2015-10-08.xml*