# Lamb Waves in a Functionally Graded Composite Plate with Nonintegral Power Function Volume Fractions

Authors: Xiaoshan Cao; Zhen Qu; Junping Shi; Yan Ru
Journal: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
 (2015)

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## Abstract

An analytical modelling is carried out to determine the Lamb wave’s propagation behavior in a thermal stress relaxation type functionally graded material (FGM) plate, which is a composite of two kinds of materials. The mechanical parameters depend on the volume fractions, which are nonintegral power functions, and the gradient coefficient is the power value. Based on the theory of elastodynamics, differential equations with variable coefficients are established. We employ variable substitution for theoretical derivations to solve the ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients using the Taylor series. The numerical results reveal that the dispersion properties in some regions are changed by the graded property, the phase velocity varies in a nonlinear manner with the gradient coefficient, nondispersion frequency exists in the first mode, and the set of cutoff frequencies is a union of two series of approximate arithmetic progressions. These results provide theoretical guidance not only for the experimental measurement of material properties but also for their nondestructive testing.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Since 1990s, functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted the interest of researchers from many engineering fields [1, 2]. The most popular application of FGMs is in thermal protection systems in aerospace structures. Composed of a mixture of a kind of metal and ceramic, their compositions vary from a ceramic-rich surface to a metal-rich surface. The volume fractions of metal and ceramic are functions of thickness, including polynomial, exponential, and power series functions [3–6].In recent years, much attention has been devoted to guided waves in FGM structures for nondestructive evaluation. Many numerical solutions have been undertaken to divide an inhomogeneous medium into a multilayer model to investigate the wave propagation in inhomogeneous media [7–12]. A homogenous assumption of the material parameters in each layer has been adopted for analysis by virtue of the finite element method. Many numerical methods, such as the finite element method, the transfer matrix method, and the scaled boundary finite element method, have been employed in the research of Lamb waves propagating in an FGM plate [7–10]. Analytical solution has also been carried out on wave propagation problems in inhomogeneous structures. Several researchers have investigated various analytical solutions, such as the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method, special functions method, perturbation technique, the Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion, and the power series technique [13–18]. The WKB method is consistently used in investigating horizontal shear waves in an inhomogeneous layered structure [13]. Special functions, such as the cylindrical and Airy functions, are applied to the solution of ordinary different equations when the variation in material parameters follows certain specific patterns [14, 15]. The perturbation method is used to solve the propagation problem where only one parameter varies slightly and smoothly [16]. Wu et al. studied the wave propagation problem in a functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic plate in electric and magnetic open boundary conditions using the Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion [17]. In this study, the material parameters are expressed as the Legendre polynomials. Hence, the material parameters may also be expressed as a Taylor series expansion. The power series technique is applied to the solution of guided waves in functionally graded layered structures when each material parameter can be rewritten as a Taylor series expansion [18]. Thus, this technique is suitable for the case where volume fractions are linear functions, polynomial functions, exponential functions, and so on. Based on these methods mentioned above, the Lamb wave’s propagation behavior in various inhomogeneous plates or thin films has received much attention.However, in engineering applications, the volume fractions are always power functions and the power value is not an integral [6]. Thus far, no report has yet been published on the analytical solution of the wave propagation behavior in a functionally graded composite with nonintegral power function volume fractions. In this study, we suppose that variations in material parameters occur according to the volume fractions, which are power functions of thickness with a noninteger power. Using the power series technique and variable substitution for theoretical derivations, we investigate the propagation behavior of Lamb waves in an inhomogeneous plate, including their variation in phase velocity, dispersion properties, nondispersion frequency, and cutoff frequency.


## 2. Statement of the Problem

Lamb waves propagating in an FGM plate, as shown in Figure1, are considered in this study. The thickness of the FGM plate is h and the bottom and upper surfaces of the plate are traction-free.Figure 1
FGM plate and Cartesian coordinates.The constitutive equations of the FGM plate can be expressed as(1)σij=cijklSkl,where σij and Skl are the stress and strain tensors, respectively, and cijkl is the elastic coefficient, which varies continuously along the thickness direction.The equation of motion is given by(2)σij,j=ρu¨i,where ρ is the mass density, ui is the mechanical displacement component in the ith direction, a comma followed by the subscript i denotes space differentiation with respect to the corresponding coordinate xi, “the dot” represents the time differentiation, and the repeated index in the subscript implies the summation with respect to that index.The mechanical displacement is related to the strain by(3)Sij=12ui,j+uj,i.Without loss of generality, the Lamb wave is assumed to propagate along the positive direction of thex-axis. The mechanical displacement components and electrical potential may then be expressed as(4)u=ux,z,t,v=0,w=wx,z,t.Upon the following sequence of substitutions: (i) (4) into (3), (ii) modified (3) into (1), and (iii) new equation into (2), the following governing equations for the mechanical displacements can be obtained:(5)c11∂u∂2x+c13∂w∂x∂z+c44∂u∂2z+∂w∂x∂z+c44′∂u∂z+∂w∂x=ρu¨c44∂u∂z∂x+∂w∂2x+c13∂u∂x∂z+c33∂w∂2z+c13′∂u∂x+c33′∂w∂z=ρw¨,where c13=c11-2c44.For Lamb waves propagating in the FGM plate, the traction-free boundary conditions at the upper and bottom surfaces should be satisfied as follows:(6)σzx,0=0,τxzx,0=0,σzx,h=0,τxzx,h=0.


### 2.1. Analytical Solutions

With reference to Figure1, the solution of Lamb waves propagating along the positive x-axis of the FGM plate can be expressed as(7)ux,z,t=Uzexpikx-ctwx,z,t=iWzexpikx-ct,where i=-1 and k=2π/λ are the wave numbers, with λ being the wavelength, c is the phase velocity, and Uz and Wz are amplitudes of the unknown amplitudes of the displacement components.Motion equations in the FGM plate can be obtained by substituting (7) into (5) as(8)c44U′′+c44′U′+ρc2-c11k2U-c11-c44kW′-c44′kW=0c11W′′+c11′W′+ρc2-c44k2W+c11-c44kU′+c11-2c44′kU=0.Normally, an FGM is a functionally graded composite of two kinds of materials, materials I and II, with varying thicknesses of the volume fraction of the materials. The parameters of the FGM plate are described as(9)gz=g1f1zh+g2f2zh,where f1 and f2 represent the volume fractions and g1 and g2 indicate the parameters of materials I and II, respectively.Some scientists have studied a kind of FGM in which volume fraction can be expressed as a polynomial. Others have investigated the FGM using volume fraction as the exponential function. In these studies, the volume fraction of materials may be expressed by Taylor series. Considering engineering applications, we suppose that the volume fraction of materials should satisfy(10)f2=zhp,f1=1-f2=1-zhp,where p is the gradient coefficient that is expressed as p=N/M. Therefore, the material parameters of the FGM plate are assumed to be of the following functional form:(11)c44=α0+α1zhN/M,c11=β0+β1zhN/M,ρ=γ0+γ1zhN/M,where α0, β0, and γ0 are c441, c111, and ρ1 and α0+α1, β0+β1, and γ0+γ1 are c442, c112, and ρ2, respectively.In view of the material properties given in (11), we define (12)z^=zh1/M.The following relation should be satisfied by(13)dFdz=dFdz^dz^dz=1Mhz^1-MdFdz^d2Fdz2=1Mh21-Mz^1-2MdFdz^+z^21-Md2Fdz^2,where F is an arbitrary derivable function of z.Therefore, (8) can be rewritten as equations with respect to z^ as follows:(14)1Mh2α0+α1z^Nz^21-Md2Udz^2+1-Mz^1-2MdUdz^+1Mh2z^21-Mα1Nz^N-1dUdz^+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-β0+β1z^Nk2U-1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^1-MkdWdz^-1Mhz^1-Mα1Nz^N-1kW=01Mh2β0+β1z^Nz^21-Md2Wdz^2+1-Mz^1-2MdWdz^+1Mh2z^21-Mβ1Nz^N-1dWdz^+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-α0+α1z^Nk2W+1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^1-MkdUdz^+1Mhz^1-Mβ1-2α1Nz^N-1kU=0.The solution for (8) is also assumed to be(15)U=∑n=0∞rnz^n,W=∑n=0∞snz^n.By substituting (15) into (14) and multiplying z^2M-2 on both sides, we obtain(16)1Mh2α0+α1z^N∑n=1∞nn-Mrnz^n-2+1Mh2α1Nz^N-1∑n=1∞nrnz^n-1+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-β0+β1z^Nk2z^2M-1∑n=0∞rnz^n-1Mhα1Nz^N+M-2k∑n=0∞snz^n-1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^M-1k∑n=1∞nsnz^n-1=01Mh2β0+β1z^N∑n=1∞nn-Msnz^n-2+1Mhβ1-2α1Nz^N+M-2k∑n=0∞rnz^n+1Mh2β1Nz^N-1∑n=1∞nsnz^n-1+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-α0+α1z^Nk2z^2M-1∑n=0∞snz^n+1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^M-1k∑n=1∞nrnz^n-1=0.In (16), the lowest order of the power of z^ is zero. The values of r0 and s0 do not influence the coefficients of z^0 in (16). Therefore, they are considered as undetermined constants of the solutions. By equating the coefficient of  z^j,  0≤j≤M-2 in (16), we obtain(17)rn=0,sn=0,0<n<M,and rM and sM are also undetermined constants.Furthermore, by equating the coefficients ofz^j,  j≥M-1 in (16), a series of recursive equations are obtained as(18)1Mh2α0j+2j+2-Mrj+2hhhhhhh+α1j+2-Nj+2-Mrj-N+2-kMhβ1-α1j-M-N+2sj-M-N+2-kMhβ0-α0j-M+2sj-M+2+γ1c2-β1k2rj-2M-N+2-kMhα1Nsj-M-N+2+γ0c2-β0k2rj-2M+2=01Mh2β0j+2j-M+2sj+2hhhhhhh+β1j+2-Nj-M+2sj-N+2+kMhβ0-α0j-M+2rj-M+2+kMhβ1-α1j-M-N+2rj-M-N+2+kMhNβ1-2α1rj-M-N+2+γ1c2-α1k2sj-2M-N+2+γ0c2-α0k2sj-2M+2=0.Therefore, the solution for (8) may be rewritten as (19)U=r0+∑n=M∞rnz^n,W=s0+∑n=M∞snz^n,where r0, rM, s0, and sM are the independent unknown coefficients.To simplify these independent unknown coefficients, the following matrix is introduced:(20)r0jrMjs0jsMj=I,where j = 1~4 and I is a 4×4 unity matrix. Thus, (19) may be rewritten as(21)U=∑j=14Cjr0j+rMjz^M+∑n=M+1∞rnjz^n,W=∑j=14Cjs0j+sMjz^M+∑n=M+1∞snjz^n,where the constants Cj  (j = 1~4) are to be determined. For n=0 and n=M, rnj and snj are defined by (20). For the other values of n, rnj and snj may be determined by solving (18), whereas rn and sn are replaced by rnj and snj in these equations.From (1), (3), and (21), we obtain the following stress components:(22)σzz=ic11-2c44kU+c11Mhz^1-MdWdz^expikx-ctσxz=c441Mhz^1-MdUdz^-kWexpikx-ct.By substituting (21) into the boundary conditions, we then obtain a set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations for the undetermined constants Ci  (i = 1~4). The sufficient and necessary condition for the existence of a nontrivial solution is that the determinant of the coefficient matrix has to vanish. The dispersion equation is(23)Qij=0,where i = 1~4, j = 1~4, and(24)Q1j=kc110-2c440r0j+c110hsMj,Q2j=rMjh+ks0j,Q3j=c11h-2c44hk∑n=0∞rnj+c11hMh∑n=0∞nsnj,Q4j=1Mh∑n=0∞nrnj-k∑n=0∞snj.


## 2.1. Analytical Solutions

With reference to Figure1, the solution of Lamb waves propagating along the positive x-axis of the FGM plate can be expressed as(7)ux,z,t=Uzexpikx-ctwx,z,t=iWzexpikx-ct,where i=-1 and k=2π/λ are the wave numbers, with λ being the wavelength, c is the phase velocity, and Uz and Wz are amplitudes of the unknown amplitudes of the displacement components.Motion equations in the FGM plate can be obtained by substituting (7) into (5) as(8)c44U′′+c44′U′+ρc2-c11k2U-c11-c44kW′-c44′kW=0c11W′′+c11′W′+ρc2-c44k2W+c11-c44kU′+c11-2c44′kU=0.Normally, an FGM is a functionally graded composite of two kinds of materials, materials I and II, with varying thicknesses of the volume fraction of the materials. The parameters of the FGM plate are described as(9)gz=g1f1zh+g2f2zh,where f1 and f2 represent the volume fractions and g1 and g2 indicate the parameters of materials I and II, respectively.Some scientists have studied a kind of FGM in which volume fraction can be expressed as a polynomial. Others have investigated the FGM using volume fraction as the exponential function. In these studies, the volume fraction of materials may be expressed by Taylor series. Considering engineering applications, we suppose that the volume fraction of materials should satisfy(10)f2=zhp,f1=1-f2=1-zhp,where p is the gradient coefficient that is expressed as p=N/M. Therefore, the material parameters of the FGM plate are assumed to be of the following functional form:(11)c44=α0+α1zhN/M,c11=β0+β1zhN/M,ρ=γ0+γ1zhN/M,where α0, β0, and γ0 are c441, c111, and ρ1 and α0+α1, β0+β1, and γ0+γ1 are c442, c112, and ρ2, respectively.In view of the material properties given in (11), we define (12)z^=zh1/M.The following relation should be satisfied by(13)dFdz=dFdz^dz^dz=1Mhz^1-MdFdz^d2Fdz2=1Mh21-Mz^1-2MdFdz^+z^21-Md2Fdz^2,where F is an arbitrary derivable function of z.Therefore, (8) can be rewritten as equations with respect to z^ as follows:(14)1Mh2α0+α1z^Nz^21-Md2Udz^2+1-Mz^1-2MdUdz^+1Mh2z^21-Mα1Nz^N-1dUdz^+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-β0+β1z^Nk2U-1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^1-MkdWdz^-1Mhz^1-Mα1Nz^N-1kW=01Mh2β0+β1z^Nz^21-Md2Wdz^2+1-Mz^1-2MdWdz^+1Mh2z^21-Mβ1Nz^N-1dWdz^+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-α0+α1z^Nk2W+1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^1-MkdUdz^+1Mhz^1-Mβ1-2α1Nz^N-1kU=0.The solution for (8) is also assumed to be(15)U=∑n=0∞rnz^n,W=∑n=0∞snz^n.By substituting (15) into (14) and multiplying z^2M-2 on both sides, we obtain(16)1Mh2α0+α1z^N∑n=1∞nn-Mrnz^n-2+1Mh2α1Nz^N-1∑n=1∞nrnz^n-1+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-β0+β1z^Nk2z^2M-1∑n=0∞rnz^n-1Mhα1Nz^N+M-2k∑n=0∞snz^n-1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^M-1k∑n=1∞nsnz^n-1=01Mh2β0+β1z^N∑n=1∞nn-Msnz^n-2+1Mhβ1-2α1Nz^N+M-2k∑n=0∞rnz^n+1Mh2β1Nz^N-1∑n=1∞nsnz^n-1+γ0+γ1z^Nc2-α0+α1z^Nk2z^2M-1∑n=0∞snz^n+1Mhβ0+β1z^N-α0-α1z^Nz^M-1k∑n=1∞nrnz^n-1=0.In (16), the lowest order of the power of z^ is zero. The values of r0 and s0 do not influence the coefficients of z^0 in (16). Therefore, they are considered as undetermined constants of the solutions. By equating the coefficient of  z^j,  0≤j≤M-2 in (16), we obtain(17)rn=0,sn=0,0<n<M,and rM and sM are also undetermined constants.Furthermore, by equating the coefficients ofz^j,  j≥M-1 in (16), a series of recursive equations are obtained as(18)1Mh2α0j+2j+2-Mrj+2hhhhhhh+α1j+2-Nj+2-Mrj-N+2-kMhβ1-α1j-M-N+2sj-M-N+2-kMhβ0-α0j-M+2sj-M+2+γ1c2-β1k2rj-2M-N+2-kMhα1Nsj-M-N+2+γ0c2-β0k2rj-2M+2=01Mh2β0j+2j-M+2sj+2hhhhhhh+β1j+2-Nj-M+2sj-N+2+kMhβ0-α0j-M+2rj-M+2+kMhβ1-α1j-M-N+2rj-M-N+2+kMhNβ1-2α1rj-M-N+2+γ1c2-α1k2sj-2M-N+2+γ0c2-α0k2sj-2M+2=0.Therefore, the solution for (8) may be rewritten as (19)U=r0+∑n=M∞rnz^n,W=s0+∑n=M∞snz^n,where r0, rM, s0, and sM are the independent unknown coefficients.To simplify these independent unknown coefficients, the following matrix is introduced:(20)r0jrMjs0jsMj=I,where j = 1~4 and I is a 4×4 unity matrix. Thus, (19) may be rewritten as(21)U=∑j=14Cjr0j+rMjz^M+∑n=M+1∞rnjz^n,W=∑j=14Cjs0j+sMjz^M+∑n=M+1∞snjz^n,where the constants Cj  (j = 1~4) are to be determined. For n=0 and n=M, rnj and snj are defined by (20). For the other values of n, rnj and snj may be determined by solving (18), whereas rn and sn are replaced by rnj and snj in these equations.From (1), (3), and (21), we obtain the following stress components:(22)σzz=ic11-2c44kU+c11Mhz^1-MdWdz^expikx-ctσxz=c441Mhz^1-MdUdz^-kWexpikx-ct.By substituting (21) into the boundary conditions, we then obtain a set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations for the undetermined constants Ci  (i = 1~4). The sufficient and necessary condition for the existence of a nontrivial solution is that the determinant of the coefficient matrix has to vanish. The dispersion equation is(23)Qij=0,where i = 1~4, j = 1~4, and(24)Q1j=kc110-2c440r0j+c110hsMj,Q2j=rMjh+ks0j,Q3j=c11h-2c44hk∑n=0∞rnj+c11hMh∑n=0∞nsnj,Q4j=1Mh∑n=0∞nrnj-k∑n=0∞snj.


## 3. Numerical Example and Discussion

Based on the dispersion relation in (23), numerical examples are given to illustrate the propagation behavior of Lamb waves in an FGM plate. In the numerical analysis, Cr and ceramic are chosen as materials I and II, respectively. Their material parameters are [18] as follows:(25)Cr:ρ1=7190kg/m3,c441=102.5GPa,c111=279.2GPaCeramics:ρ2=3900kg/m3,c442=118.11GPa,c112=374.9GPa.Normally, the demission of elastic coefficients is different to that of density, and the longitudinal wave velocity and the shear wave velocity are dependent on the ratio of the elastic coefficients to the density. Therefore, in this study, we presented these in a nondimensional way. The profiles of the nondimensional material properties that vary with thickness are shown in Figure2.Figure 2
Profiles of material parameters: (a) normalized elastic parameterc11/c110 and c44/c440 and (b) normalized density ρ/ρ0.
(a)
(b)The dispersion curves of the first four modes are plotted in Figure3, where the dimensionless wave number kh and phase velocity c are used as the abscissa and ordinate, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, in each mode, the phase velocity of Lamb waves in the FGM plate with p=0.5 is the largest, followed by that in the FGM plate with p=1. The phase velocity in the FGM plate with p=1.5 is the smallest. This phenomenon suggests that the phase velocity decreases when the gradient coefficient increases. For the convenience of nondestructive evaluation, the continuous relation between the phase velocity of Lamb waves in the FGM plate and the gradient coefficient is plotted in Figure 4. The dimensionless wave number kh being π and 2π signifies that the thickness of the plate is equal to half of one wavelength and one wavelength, respectively. The influence of the gradient coefficient on the phase velocity is nonlinear. The result is in good agreement with that in [18], which discusses the discrete relation between the phase velocity and the gradient coefficient.Figure 3
Dispersion curves of first four modes of Lamb waves in FGM plate.Figure 4
Phase velocity plotted as functions of gradient coefficientp. (a) Thickness of the plate equals half a wavelength. (b) Thickness of the plate equals a wavelength.
(a)
(b)The dispersion properties are determined by the relationship between the phase velocity and the group velocity, which is defined ascg=dω/dk=c+dc/dk. The physical meaning of the group velocity is the rate at which energy is transported. When the group velocity is greater than the phase velocity, this phenomenon is called anomalous dispersion. The opposite is called normal dispersion. When Lamb waves propagate in a homogenous plate, only anomalous dispersions occur in the first modes; normal dispersions exist in the second modes. When the Lamb waves propagate in an FGM plate, both anomalous and normal dispersions occur in the first and second modes. For example, in the first mode, the value of dc/dk varies from positive to negative. Thus, a point at which dc/dk is equal to zero exists. The phase velocity is implied to be equal to the group velocity at that point. We define the frequency of that point as the nondispersion frequency. The relation between gradient coefficient and the nondispersion frequencies of the first mode, ω-, is plotted in Figure 5, where the products of nondispersion frequency and thickness ω-h are used as the ordinate. The nondispersion frequency is not monotonic and reaches minimum when the gradient coefficient approximately equals 1. It implies that the nondispersion frequencies reach minimum when the variation rate of the material properties is constant. With wave number increases, the earliest peak of dispersion curves of the first mode appears when the material properties vary along thickness linearly.Figure 5
The relation between gradient coefficient and the nondispersion frequencies of Lamb waves in the first mode.Many interesting aspects of mode cutoff frequency may be used for corrosion detection and thickness measurement in a variety of different structures. For Lamb waves, frequency values occur whenever standing longitudinal or shear waves are present across the thickness of the plate. We select a series of small dimensionless wave numberskh from 0.1 to 0.00001 and calculate the phase velocity. The limitation of the product of phase velocity and dimensionless wave number kh at kh→0 is the product of the cutoff frequency and thickness ω-nh.Table1 lists products of thickness and cutoff frequencies ω-nh for the Lamb waves propagating in the homogenous plate and the FGM plate. Table 1 shows that the set of the cutoff frequencies could be considered to be a union of two series of approximate arithmetic progressions. In Table 1, the series of ω-nh, n=1,3,4,6, should be considered as one series of approximate arithmetic progressions. The differences approximately are 14.9, 14, 13.5, and 13 MHz·mm when the gradient coefficient is 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.5, respectively. While the series of 0, ω-nh, n=2,5, should be considered as another series of approximate arithmetic progression, the differences approximately are 26, 24, 23, and 22 MHz·mm when the gradient coefficient is 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.5, respectively. Let ω-6h-ω-4h and ω-5h-ω-2h represent the differences of these series, respectively. We plot the relation between the differences of the series and the gradient parameter in Figure 6. The differences decrease as the gradient coefficient increases. It suggests that the gradient coefficient should be evaluated from the cutoff frequencies.Table 1
Products of thickness and cutoff frequencies of the Lamb waves propagating in the homogenous plate and the FGM plateω-nh (MHz⋅mm).
n
Cr
Ceramics
FGM (p=0.5)
FGM (p=1)
FGM (p=1.5)
FGM (p=2.5)
1
11.862
17.289
14.931
14.135
13.708
13.233
2
19.577
30.802
26.013
24.243
23.267
22.195
3
23.723
34.577
29.855
28.287
27.173
26.173
4
35.585
51.866
44.832
42.132
40.675
39.142
5
39.154
61.603
51.988
48.228
46.202
44.071
6
47.447
69.155
59.790
56.154
54.192
52.125Figure 6
The relation between the differences of the series and the gradient coefficient.


## 4. Conclusion

Variable substitution and the power series technique are used to solve Lamb waves’ propagation problems in a functionally graded composite with nonintegral power function volume fractions. The continuous relation between the phase velocity and the gradient coefficients is obtained. The numerical results show that the phase velocity decreases as the gradient coefficient increases, nondispersion frequency exists in the first mode, and the set of cutoff frequencies is related to the gradient coefficient. Based on these results, three potential methods may be employed for nondestructive evaluation based on Lamb waves. These methods include phase velocity, nondispersion frequency, and cutoff frequency. The present theoretical study not only provides a method for solving the wave propagation problems in an FGM used in the thermal protection systems but also serves as guide for ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation.



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