# A New Comparison Principle for Impulsive Functional Differential Equations

Authors: Gang Li; Weizhong Ling; Changming Ding
Journal: Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
 (2015)

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## Abstract

We establish a new comparison principle for impulsive differential systems with time delay. Then, using this comparison principle, we obtain some sufficient conditions for several stabilities of impulsive delay differential equations. Finally, we present an example to show the effectiveness of our results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The impulsive functional differential systems provide very important mathematical models for many real phenomena and processes in the field of natural sciences and technology [1–3]. In the last few decades, the stability theory of impulsive differential equations had a rapid development; for instance, see [1–16]. In those works, most researchers utilized Lyapunov functions or Lyapunov functionals coupled with a certain Razumikhin technique. It is well known that comparison principles play an important role in the theory for differential systems, which always reduce the studies from a given complicated differential system to some relatively simpler differential system. Up to now, there exist many results on this subject; see [2, 3, 5–16]. For example, Lakshmikantham et al. [3] presented a comparison principle for impulsive differential systems and applied it to the stability. Significant progress has been made in the theory of impulsive functional differential equations in recent years (see [17, 18]). It is well known that the monotone iterative technique offers an approach for obtaining approximate solutions of nonlinear differential equations. Some recent advances in the field of approximate solutions of nonlinear differential equations can be found in [19–21]. Afterwards, some researchers gave several new comparison principles in the qualitative analysis for the solutions of impulsive systems; see [5, 9, 10]. In particular, there has been a significant development in the studies of comparison principles for delay systems; see [6–8]. At the same time, the comparison principles for differential systems with impulses and delays simultaneously have attracted many researchers, and many interesting results on this subject are obtained; see [9–11].In view of the importance of comparison principles in the qualitative analysis for differential equations, in this paper we establish a new comparison principle for impulsive delay differential systems. As an application, we use it to deal with the stability of impulsive functional differential equations.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section2, we introduce some useful notations and definitions. In Section 3, a new comparison principle and its applications to stability are given. Finally, we give an example to illustrate our results in Section 4.


## 2. Preliminaries

LetR denote the set of real numbers, R
+ the set of nonnegative real numbers, Z
+ the set of positive integers, and R
n the n-dimensional real Euclidean space equipped with the norm |
·
|.Consider the following impulsive functional differential equations:(1)
x
′
t
=
f
t
,
x
t
,
t
≠
t
k
,
x
t
k
=
x
t
k
-
+
I
k
t
k
,
x
t
k
-
,
k
∈
Z
+
,
x
t
0
=
φ
s
,
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
,where x
∈
R
n and x
′ denotes the right-hand derivative of x. The impulse times {
t
k
} satisfy 0
≤
t
0
<
t
1
<
⋯
<
t
k
<
⋯ and l
i
m
k
→
+
∞
t
k
=
+
∞. Also, assume f
∈
C
(
[
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
)
×
Ω
,
R
n
); meanwhile φ
∈
Ω, where Ω is an open set in P
C
(
[
-
τ
,
0
]
,
R
n
), where P
C
(
[
-
τ
,
0
]
,
R
n
)
=
{
ψ
:
[
-
τ
,
0
]
→
R
n
∣
ψ is continuous except at a finite number of points t, at which ψ
(
t
+
) and ψ
(
t
-
) exist and ψ
(
t
+
)
=
ψ
(
t
)
}. For ψ
∈
Ω, the norm of ψ is defined by ψ
=
s
u
p
-
τ
≤
θ
≤
0
ψ
θ. For each t
≥
t
0, x
t
∈
Ω is defined by x
t
(
s
)
=
x
(
t
+
s
), s
∈
[
-
τ
,
0
]. For each k
∈
Z
+, I
k
(
t
,
x
)
∈
C
(
[
t
0
,
∞
)
×
R
n
,
R
n
). For any ρ
>
0, there exists a ρ
1
>
0 (0
<
ρ
1
<
ρ) such that x
∈
S
(
ρ
1
) implies that x
+
I
k
(
t
k
,
x
)
∈
S
(
ρ
), where S
(
ρ
)
=
x
:
x
<
ρ
,
x
∈
R
n.DefineP
C
B
(
t
)
=
{
x
t
∈
Ω
:
x
t
i
s
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
}. For any t
0
>
0, let P
C
B
δ
(
t
0
)
=
{
ψ
∈
P
C
B
(
t
0
)
:
ψ
<
δ
}.In this paper, we suppose that there exists a unique solution of system (1) through each (
t
0
,
φ
). Furthermore, we assume that f
(
t
,
0
)
=
0, and I
k
(
t
,
0
)
=
0, k
∈
Z
+, so that x
(
t
)
=
0 is a solution of system (1), which is called the trivial solution.We now give some useful notations and definitions that will be used in the sequel.Definition 1.
A functionV
:
[
t
0
-
τ
,
∞
)
×
Ω
→
R
+ belongs to class V
0, if(i)
Vis continuous on each set [
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
)
×
Ω and l
i
m
(
t
,
y
)
→
(
t
k
-
,
x
)
V
(
t
,
y
)
=
V
(
t
k
-
,
x
) exists,
(ii)
V
(
t
,
x
) is locally Lipschitzian in x and V
(
t
,
0
)
≡
0.Definition 2.
LetV
∈
V
0, for any (
t
,
ψ
)
∈
[
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
)
×
Ω; the upper right-hand Dini derivative of V
(
t
,
x
) along a solution of system (1) is defined by (2)
D
+
V
t
,
ψ
0
=
lim
sup
h
→
0
+
⁡
1
h
·
V
t
+
h
,
ψ
0
+
h
f
t
,
ψ
-
V
t
,
ψ
0
.Definition 3.
Assumex
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
) is the solution of system (1) through (
t
0
,
φ
). Then the trivial solution of (1) is said to be(
H
1
)
stable, if, for anyt
0
∈
R
+ and ε
>
0, there exists some δ
=
δ
(
ε
,
t
0
)
>
0 such that φ
∈
P
C
B
δ
(
t
0
) implies |
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
)
|
<
ε, t
≥
t
0;
(
H
2
)
attractive, if, for anyt
0
∈
R
+ and ε
>
0, there exist some δ
=
δ
ε
,
t
0
>
0, T
=
T
(
t
0
,
ε
)
>
0 such that φ
∈
P
C
B
δ
(
t
0
) implies |
x
t
,
t
0
,
φ
|
<
ε, t
≥
t
0
+
T;
(
H
3
)
asymptotically stable if(
H
1
) and (
H
2
) simultaneously hold;
(
H
4
)
exponentially stable; assumeλ
>
0 is a constant, if, for any t
0
∈
R
+ and ε
>
0, there exists some δ
=
δ
(
ε
)
>
0 such that φ
∈
P
C
B
δ
(
t
0
) implies x
t
,
t
0
,
φ
<
ε
·
e
-
λ
(
t
-
t
0
), t
≥
t
0.In the proof of our main results we will use the following lemma.Lemma 4 (see [6]).
Letg
0
,
g
∈
C
[
R
+
×
R
+
,
R
] satisfy (3)
g
0
t
,
u
≤
g
t
,
u
,
t
,
u
∈
R
+
×
R
+
.Then, the right maximal solution γ
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
) of(4)
u
′
t
=
g
t
,
u
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
≥
0and the left maximal solution η
(
t
,
T
,
υ
0
) of (5)
u
′
t
=
g
0
t
,
u
,
u
T
=
υ
0
≥
0satisfy the relation (6)
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
,
T
,
υ
0
,
t
∈
t
0
,
T
,whenever γ
(
T
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
≤
υ
0.


## 3. Comparison Results and Applications

In this section, we will establish a general comparison principle for the impulsive delay differential system (1), by comparing it with a scalar impulsive differential system. Then, applying the comparison principle, we obtain some stability criteria. First of all, we present the following comparison principle.Lemma 5.
Assume thatg
0
,
g
∈
C
[
R
+
×
R
+
,
R
] satisfy g
0
(
t
,
u
)
≤
g
(
t
,
u
); (
t
,
u
)
∈
R
+
×
R
+, γ
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
) is the right maximal solution of (7)
u
′
t
=
g
t
,
u
,
t
≠
t
k
,
u
t
k
=
ψ
k
u
t
k
-
,
k
=
1,2
,
…
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
≥
0
,where 0
≤
t
0
≤
t
1
≤
⋯, l
i
m
k
→
∞
t
k
=
∞, ψ
k
(
s
)
≥
s, ψ
k
:
R
+
→
R is nondecreasing, and η
(
t
,
T
,
υ
0
) is the left maximal solution of (8)
u
′
t
=
g
0
t
,
u
,
u
T
=
υ
0
≥
0
.Then (9)
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
,
T
,
υ
0
,
t
∈
t
0
,
T
,whenever γ
(
T
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
≤
υ
0.Proof.
Sincel
i
m
k
→
∞
t
k
=
∞, there exists some k
≥
1 such that T
∈
[
t
k
,
t
k
+
1
). Since γ
(
T
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
≤
υ
0, by Lemma 4, it follows that (10)
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
,
T
,
υ
0
,
t
∈
t
k
,
T
for  some
k
≥
1
.When t
=
t
k, (11)
γ
t
k
-
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
ψ
k
γ
t
k
-
,
t
0
,
u
0
=
γ
t
k
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
k
,
T
,
υ
0
.Therefore, using Lemma 4 again, we obtain (12)
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
,
T
,
υ
0
,
t
∈
t
k
-
1
,
t
k
.By induction, we can get (13)
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
t
,
T
,
υ
0
,
t
0
≤
t
≤
T
.The proof is complete.Theorem 6.
Assume that the conditions in Lemma5 are satisfied; x
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
) is the solution of system (1) with x
t
0
=
φ. And the following conditions hold:(i)
V
∈
V
0, if V
(
t
+
s
,
x
(
t
+
s
)
)
≤
η
(
t
+
s
,
t
,
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0; then(14)
D
+
V
t
,
x
t
≤
g
t
,
V
t
,
x
t
,
t
≠
t
k
;
(ii)
V
(
t
k
,
x
(
t
k
)
+
I
k
(
x
(
t
k
)
)
)
≤
ψ
k
(
V
(
t
k
-
,
x
(
t
k
-
)
)
), where ψ
k
(
s
)
≥
s and ψ
k
(
s
) is nondecreasing.
Thens
u
p
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
V
(
t
0
+
s
,
φ
(
s
)
)
≤
u
0 implies (15)
V
t
,
x
t
≤
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
,
t
≥
t
0
.Proof.
Letx
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
) be a solution of system (1) existing for t
≥
t
0 such that s
u
p
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
V
(
t
0
+
s
,
φ
(
s
)
)
≤
u
0.
For simplicity, letm
(
t
)
=
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
); then s
u
p
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
m
(
t
0
+
s
)
=
m
t
0
≤
u
0.
First, we will prove(16)
m
s
<
u
1
s
,
ε
,
s
∈
t
0
,
t
1
,where ε
>
0 is small enough, u
1
(
s
,
ε
) is the solution of (17)
u
′
t
=
g
t
,
u
+
ε
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
+
ε
,and l
i
m
ε
→
0
u
1
(
s
,
ε
)
=
γ
(
s
,
t
0
,
u
0
). Note that since g
(
t
,
u
) is continuous, a solution u
1 exists.
If (16) is not true, then there exists some t
-
∈
(
t
0
,
t
1
) such that (18)
m
t
-
=
u
1
t
-
,
ε
,
m
t
<
u
1
t
,
ε
,
t
∈
t
0
,
t
-
.Therefore,(19)
D
+
m
t
-
=
l
i
m
h
→
0
+
1
h
m
t
-
+
h
-
m
t
-
=
l
i
m
h
→
0
-
1
h
m
t
-
-
m
t
-
+
h
≥
l
i
m
h
→
0
-
1
h
u
1
t
-
,
ε
-
u
1
t
-
+
h
,
ε
=
l
i
m
h
→
0
+
1
h
u
1
t
-
+
h
,
ε
-
u
1
t
-
,
ε
=
D
+
u
1
t
-
,
ε
;here, since t
- is an interior point of the interval (
t
0
,
t
1
) in which the functions are continuous, it implies that the left limits equal the right limits. Thus, it follows that (20)
D
+
m
t
-
≥
D
+
u
1
t
-
,
ε
=
g
t
-
,
u
1
t
-
,
ε
+
ε
.Now consider the left maximal solution η
(
s
,
t
-
,
m
(
t
-
)
), t
0
≤
s
≤
t
-, of(21)
u
′
t
=
g
0
t
,
u
,
u
t
-
=
m
t
-
.By Lemma 4, we obtain (22)
γ
s
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
s
,
t
-
,
m
t
-
,
t
0
≤
s
≤
t
-
.Since γ
(
t
-
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
=
l
i
m
ε
→
0
u
1
(
t
-
,
ε
)
=
m
(
t
-
)
=
η
(
t
-
,
t
-
,
m
(
t
-
)
), and m
(
t
)
≤
u
1
(
t
,
ε
), t
∈
[
t
0
,
t
-
], it follows that (23)
m
s
≤
γ
s
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
s
,
t
-
,
m
t
-
,
t
0
≤
s
≤
t
-
.Since m
t
0
≤
u
0, we have m
(
t
-
+
s
)
≤
η
(
t
-
+
s
,
t
-
,
m
(
t
-
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0.
Consequently, condition (i) yields(24)
D
+
m
t
-
≤
g
t
-
,
m
t
-
=
g
t
-
,
u
1
t
-
,
ε
,which contradicts with (20). Hence, (16) is proved.
Whent
=
t
1, m
(
t
1
)
≤
ψ
1
(
m
(
t
1
-
)
)
≤
ψ
1
(
γ
(
t
1
-
)
)
=
γ
1
+.
Next, we will prove(25)
m
t
<
u
2
t
,
ε
,
t
∈
t
0
,
t
2
,where ε
>
0 is small enough, u
2
(
t
,
ε
) is the solution of (26)
u
′
t
=
g
t
,
u
+
ε
,
u
t
1
=
γ
1
+
+
ε
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
+
ε
,and l
i
m
ε
→
0
u
2
(
t
,
ε
)
=
γ
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
).
By the above proof, it easily follows that(27)
m
t
<
u
2
t
,
ε
,
t
∈
t
0
,
t
1
.
If (25) is false, then there exists a t
′
∈
(
t
1
,
t
2
) such that (28)
m
t
′
=
u
2
t
′
,
ε
,
m
t
<
u
2
t
,
ε
,
t
∈
t
0
,
t
′
.This implies that (29)
D
+
m
t
′
≥
D
+
u
2
t
′
,
ε
=
g
t
′
,
u
2
t
′
,
ε
+
ε
.Now consider the left maximal solution η
(
s
,
t
′
,
m
(
t
′
)
), t
0
≤
s
≤
t
′, of (30)
u
′
t
=
g
0
t
,
u
,
u
t
′
=
m
t
′
.By Lemma 5, we obtain (31)
γ
s
,
t
0
,
u
0
≤
η
s
,
t
′
,
m
t
′
,
t
0
≤
s
≤
t
′
.Since γ
(
t
′
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
=
l
i
m
ε
→
0
u
2
(
t
′
,
ε
)
=
m
(
t
′
)
=
η
(
t
′
,
t
′
,
m
(
t
′
)
), it follows that m
(
t
)
≤
u
2
(
t
,
ε
), t
∈
[
t
0
,
t
′
], and m
(
s
)
≤
γ
(
s
,
t
0
,
u
0
)
≤
η
(
s
,
t
′
,
m
(
t
′
)
), t
0
≤
s
≤
t
′.
This implies thatm
(
t
′
+
s
)
≤
η
(
t
′
+
s
,
t
′
,
m
(
t
′
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0.
Consequently, condition (i) yields(32)
D
+
m
t
′
≤
g
t
′
,
m
t
′
=
g
t
′
,
u
2
t
′
,
ε
,which contradicts with (29). Hence, (25) is proved.
By induction, we can obtain(33)
m
t
<
u
k
t
,
ε
,
t
∈
t
0
,
t
k
,where ε
>
0 is small enough, u
k
(
t
,
ε
) is the solution of (34)
u
′
t
=
g
t
,
u
+
ε
,
u
t
m
=
γ
m
+
+
ε
,
m
=
1,2
,
…
,
k
-
1
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
+
ε
,and γ
m
+
=
ψ
m
(
u
(
t
m
-
)
), l
i
m
ε
→
0
u
k
(
t
,
ε
)
=
γ
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
).
This means thatm
(
t
)
≤
γ
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
), t
≥
t
0, which completes the proof.Remark 7.
Ifg
0
(
t
,
u
)
=
0, Theorem 6 is similar to Lemma  2 in [14]. However, it should be noted that inequality V
(
t
0
,
φ
(
0
)
)
≤
u
0 is not enough for the validity of the claim of Lemma 2. In Theorem 6, we complement and correct the known results in [14].Next, we give some special cases of Theorem6, which can be concrete and used easily.Corollary 8.
Assume thatx
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
) is the solution of (1) with x
t
0
=
φ. Let g
0
(
t
,
u
)
=
0, ψ
k
(
s
)
=
(
1
+
β
k
)
s, β
k
≥
0, k
=
1,2
,
… in Lemma 5, and(i)
V
∈
V
0, if V
(
t
+
s
,
x
(
t
+
s
)
)
≤
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0; then(35)
D
+
V
t
,
x
t
≤
g
t
,
V
t
,
x
t
,
t
≠
t
k
;
(ii)
V
(
t
,
x
+
I
k
(
x
)
)
≤
(
1
+
β
k
)
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
), t
=
t
k.Then s
u
p
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
V
(
t
0
+
s
,
φ
(
s
)
)
≤
u
0 implies (36)
V
t
,
x
t
≤
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
,
t
≥
t
0
.Remark 9.
In particular, letg
(
t
,
u
)
=
0 in Corollary 8; the estimate of V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
) can be obtained; that is, V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
)
≤
u
0
∏
t
0
<
t
k
<
t
(
1
+
β
k
). If g
(
t
,
u
)
=
λ
′
(
t
)
u, λ
′
(
t
)
≥
0 in Corollary 8, then V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
)
≤
u
0
∏
t
0
<
t
k
<
t
(
1
+
β
k
)
e
λ
(
t
)
-
λ
(
t
0
).Remark 10.
Ifg
(
t
,
u
)
=
0, β
k
=
0, k
=
1,2
,
… in Corollary 8, then comparison system (7) becomes an ordinary differential equation and the corresponding style of Corollary 8 reduces to the result of Liu and Xu [8].Corollary 11.
Assume thatx
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
,
t
0
,
φ
) is the solution of (1) with x
t
0
=
φ. Let g
0
(
t
,
u
)
=
-
λ
u, λ
>
0, in Lemma 5, and(i)
V
∈
V
0, if V
(
t
+
s
,
x
(
t
+
s
)
)
≤
e
-
λ
s
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0; then (37)
D
+
V
t
,
x
t
≤
g
t
,
V
t
,
x
t
,
t
≠
t
k
;
(ii)
V
(
t
k
,
x
(
t
k
)
+
I
k
(
x
(
t
k
)
)
)
≤
ψ
k
(
V
(
t
k
-
,
x
(
t
k
-
)
)
), where ψ
k
(
s
)
≥
s and ψ
k
(
s
) is nondecreasing.
Thens
u
p
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
V
(
t
0
+
s
,
φ
(
s
)
)
≤
u
0 implies (38)
V
t
,
x
t
≤
γ
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
,
t
≥
t
0
.Remark 12.
From Corollary11, we can observe that g
(
t
,
u
) is not always positive. That is, g
<
0 is allowed. To the best of our knowledge, no similar work has been carried out on comparison method for impulsive functional differential systems. Hence, our result greatly enriches the theory of comparison principle and can be used for a wider class of impulsive systems.Next, we will apply the comparison result to establish some stability criteria of system (1). In what follows, let K be the class of continuous strictly increasing functions a
(
x
) defined on R with a
(
0
)
=
0.Theorem 13.
Assume that the conditions in Theorem6 are satisfied. Moreover, if there exists function a
∈
K such that (39)
a
x
≤
V
t
,
x
t
,
t
,
x
∈
R
+
×
S
ρ
,then the stability properties of the trivial solution of comparison system (7) imply the corresponding stability properties of the trivial solution of impulsive functional differential system (1).Proof.
We establish asymptotical stability. First, we prove that the trivial solution of system (1) is stable. Since the trivial solution of system (7) is stable, for any given t
0
∈
R
+, ε
>
0, there exists δ
1
=
δ
1
(
t
0
,
ε
) such that (40)
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
a
ε
for
0
<
u
0
<
δ
1
,
t
≥
t
0
.Since V
(
t
,
0
)
=
0, then there exists δ
2
=
δ
2
(
t
0
,
δ
1
)
>
0 such that (41)
V
t
0
+
s
,
φ
s
≤
u
0
<
δ
1
for
φ
<
δ
2
,
-
τ
≤
s
≤
0
.Let δ
=
m
i
n
{
δ
1
,
δ
2
}, and, from Theorem 6, we have (42)
a
x
≤
V
t
,
t
0
,
φ
≤
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
a
ε
for
φ
<
δ
.Hence, x
<
ε; that is, the trivial solution of (1) is stable.
Now, we prove that the trivial solution of system (1) is attractive.
For any givenφ
∈
Ω, t
0
∈
R
+, and ε
>
0, there exists u
0 satisfing V
(
t
0
+
s
,
φ
(
s
)
)
≤
u
0, -
τ
≤
s
≤
0. Since u
(
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
) is asymptotically stable, hence, there exists T
=
T
(
ε
,
t
0
,
u
0
) such that (43)
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
a
ε
for
t
≥
t
0
+
T
.From Theorem 6, we obtain (44)
a
x
≤
V
t
,
t
0
,
φ
0
≤
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
a
ε
for
t
≥
t
0
+
T
.Hence, x
<
ε for t
≥
t
0
+
T; that is, the trivial solution of (1) is attractive. Therefore, the trivial solution of system (1) is asymptotically stable.Theorem 14.
Assume that the conditions in Theorem6 are satisfied. Moreover, if there exist constants p
>
0, c
>
0 such that the following condition holds (45)
c
x
p
≤
V
t
,
x
t
,
t
,
x
∈
R
+
×
S
ρ
,then the exponential stability of the trivial solution of comparison system (7) implies the exponential stability of the trivial solution of impulsive functional differential system (1).Proof.
Since the trivial solution of (7) is exponentially stable, hence, assuming λ
>
0 is a constant, for any given t
0
∈
R
+, ε
>
0, there exists δ
=
δ
(
ε
)
>
0 such that u
0
<
δ implies (46)
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
c
·
ε
p
·
e
-
λ
t
-
t
0
,
t
≥
t
0
.From Theorem 6, we have (47)
c
x
p
≤
V
t
,
t
0
,
φ
≤
u
t
,
t
0
,
u
0
<
c
·
ε
p
·
e
-
λ
t
-
t
0
for
φ
<
δ
.Hence, x
<
ε
·
e
-
λ
/
p
(
t
-
t
0
), t
≥
t
0. Therefore, the trivial solution of system (1) is exponentially stable. This completes the proof.


## 4. An Example

In this section, we will give an example to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.Example 1.
Consider the following impulsive delay differential equations:(48)
x
′
t
=
-
a
t
x
t
+
b
t
x
t
-
τ
t
,
t
≥
0
,
t
≠
t
k
,
x
t
k
=
1
+
1
k
2
x
t
k
-
,
k
∈
Z
+
,
x
t
0
=
φ
s
,
t
0
-
τ
≤
s
≤
t
0
,where a
(
t
)
≥
a
>
0, 0
<
b
t
≤
b, and 0
≤
τ
(
t
)
≤
τ, for all t
≥
t
0.Property 1.
The trivial solution of system (48) is exponentially stable if a
>
b
e
a
τ.Proof.
ChooseV
(
t
)
=
x
t. Then when V
(
t
+
s
,
x
(
t
+
s
)
)
≤
e
-
a
s
V
(
t
,
x
(
t
)
), -
τ
≤
s
≤
0; that is, x
t
-
τ
t
≤
e
-
a
s
|
x
(
t
)
|, and we have(49)
D
+
V
t
=
x
′
t
·
sgn
⁡
x
t
=
-
a
t
·
x
t
·
sgn
⁡
x
t
+
b
t
·
sgn
⁡
x
t
·
x
t
-
τ
t
≤
-
a
x
t
+
b
x
t
-
τ
t
≤
-
a
V
t
+
b
e
a
τ
V
t
≤
-
a
+
b
e
a
τ
V
t
.Furthermore, (50)
V
t
k
=
x
t
k
=
1
+
1
k
2
x
t
k
-
=
1
+
1
k
2
V
t
k
-
.Then we can give the following comparison system: (51)
u
′
t
=
-
a
+
b
e
a
τ
u
,
t
≥
0
,
t
≠
t
k
,
u
t
k
=
1
+
1
k
2
u
t
k
-
,
k
∈
Z
+
,
u
t
0
=
u
0
≥
0
,
t
0
-
τ
≤
s
≤
t
0
.We can easily observe the solution of (51); that is, u
(
t
)
=
u
0
∏
t
0
≤
t
k
<
t
(
1
+
1
/
k
2
)
e
(
-
a
+
b
e
a
τ
)
(
t
-
t
0
).
If-
a
+
b
e
a
τ
<
0, then the solution of (51) is exponentially stable. Hence, by Theorem 14, the solution of (48) is also exponentially stable. This completes the proof.Remark 15.
In [3, p129], the author gave the sufficient condition for the uniform stability of the functional differential equation of (48) without impulses; that is, |
b
(
t
)
|
≤
a
(
t
). It is easy to check that a
>
b
e
a
τ implies |
b
(
t
)
|
≤
a
(
t
). Therefore, Property 1 shows that under proper impulse effect, the exponential stability can be derived, which illustrates that the impulses do contribute the equations stability and attractive properties.



---

*Source: 139828-2015-10-04.xml*