# Model Predictive Control Method with Constant Switching Frequency to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for PMSM Drives

Authors: Hao Li; Shuo Chen; Xiang Wu; Guojun Tan
Journal: Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 (2018)

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## Abstract

A model predictive control method to reduce the common-mode voltage (MPC-RCMV) with constant switching frequency for PMSM drives is proposed in this paper. Four nonzero VVs are adopted in future control period and the switching sequence is designed to ensure the switching frequency is fixed and equal to the control frequency. By substituting the finite-control nonzero voltage vectors in the current predictive model, a current predictive error space vector diagram is obtained to determine the adopted four VVs. The duty ratio calculating method for the selected four VVs is studied. Compared with the conventional MPC-RCMV method, the current and torque ripples are greatly reduced and the switching frequency is fixed. The simulation and experiment results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

The common-mode voltage (CMV) of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system with two-level three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), as shown in Figure1, can be approximately calculated according to the voltage between the midpoint of the dc-link capacitor and the neutral point of the three-phase load [1]. The high-frequency CMV can cause many problems including increasing the leakage currents [2], causing damage of the motor shaft [3], and increasing electromagnetic interference [4].Figure 1
PMSM drive system with three-phase two-level VSI.To address this problem, different solutions by improving the control strategy of the PMSM have been studied. In one aspect, many CMV reduction pulse-width modulation (CMVRPWM) strategies have been proposed [5–10]. The research results in [7] suggest that only the active zero-state PWM1 (AZSPWM1) [5] and the near-state PWM (NSPWM) [6] are practical in most cases among the earlier developed CMVRPWM strategies. In addition, the newly developed optimized CMVRPWM strategies with the consideration of the current ripple losses and switching losses minimizing have been proposed in [8]. All of the above CMVRPWM strategies can restrict the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage. Some CMVRPWM strategies are proposed to reduce the low-order components of CMV [11, 12]. A virtual space vector PWM (VSVPWM) for the reduction of CMV in both magnitude and third-order component is studied in [13].On the other hand, the model predictive control methods [14, 15] to reduce the CMV (MPC-RCMV) have also been proposed in [16–22]. The MPC-RCMV method proposed in [16] adopts only six nonzero voltage vectors (VVs) to calculate the cost function and the CMV amplitude is reduced without utilizing zero VVs. In [17], the optimal VV is selected from three adjacent nonzero VVs, and this MPC-RCMV method needs less compute efforts. However, it has been proven that many spikes may appear in the current ripple with the method in [17]. The problem has been analyzed in [18], and an improved MPC-RCMV method with four candidate VVs is developed to eliminate the current spikes. To eliminate the CMV spikes caused by the dead time, the method proposed in [19] preexcludes, from the candidates for future vectors, those voltage vectors which can increase the common-mode voltage during the dead time. A MPC-RCMV strategy without calculating the cost function is proposed in [20], where the nonzero optimal future VV is determined according to the basis of an inverse dynamics model. A two-vector based MPC-RCMV is proposed in [21], where two nonzero VVs are selected at every control period. The satisfactory load current ripple performance can be yielded; however, it is computationally intensive and the average switching frequency is still lower than 1/Ts. However, with these above MPC-RCMV strategies, the current and torque ripples may be larger than the conventional field-oriented control (FOC) [23, 24] with the same control frequency (1/Ts), mainly owing to that the average switching frequency is far smaller than 1/Ts. In addition, the switching frequency of these methods are not fixed, which make it hard to analyze the harmonic features and design the filter. Many model predictive controllers with fixed switching frequency have been studied. The fixed switching frequency schemes for finite-control-set MPC are studied in [25, 26]. Modulated MPC strategies [27, 28] have been developed to realize the target of constant switching frequency with the aid of a modulator. However, these fixed switching frequency MPC strategies in [25–28] have not considered the target of CMV reduction, and the amplitude of the CMV reaches to half of the dc-link voltages owing to the adoption of the zero VVs.In this paper, a MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is proposed. Unlike the conventional MPC-RCMV methods where one or two nonzero VVs are applied in future control period, four nonzero VVs are adopted and the switching sequence is designed to ensure the average switching frequency is fixed and equal to 1/Ts. A current predictive error space vector diagram is obtained by substituting the finite-control nonzero VVs in the current predictive model, and according to it, the sector where the coordinate origin locates is calculated to determine the adopted four VVs. The duty ratio calculating method for the selected four VVs is studied. With the proposed method, the current reference can be fast and accurately tracked and the current ripples are much smaller than the conventional MPC-RCMV methods. Compared with the MPC methods with fixed switching frequency studied in [25–28], the proposed method can limit the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulation and experiment.


## 2. Conventional MPC-RCMV Method

The conventional MPC-RCMV method for PMSM drives is shown in Figure2. The current predictive model is given in the following equation:(1)iqk+1=TsLq−Riq−ωeLdid+ψf+iq+TsLquq,idk+1=TsLd−Riq+ωeLqiq+id+TsLdud,where Ld and Lq are the direct axis and quadrature axis inductances, ψf is the permanent magnet flux linkage, id, iq, ud, and uq are the load current and output voltage of the VSI at the kth sampling instant, idk+1 and iqk+1 are the predicted direct axis and quadrature axis currents at the k+1th sampling instant, R is the stator resistance, Ts is sample period, and ωe is angular speed.Figure 2
The control diagram of the conventional MPC-RCMV method.To compensate the delay caused by the sampling and calculation in digital control, the typical method as proposed in [29, 30] is adopted, i.e., the direct axis and quadrature axis currents at the k+2th sampling instant which are predicted as given in Equation (2) are adopted to calculate the cost function as Equation (3).(2)iqk+2=TsLq−Riqk+1−ωeLdidk+1+ψf+iqk+1+TsLquqk+1,idk+2=TsLd−Ridk+1−ωeLqiqk+1+idk+1+TsLdudk+1,(3)J=iq∗−iqk+2+id∗−idk+2.For the MPC strategy, the voltage vector (VV) that minimized the cost function is chosen to be applied in the next control period. The difference between the conventional MPC and the MPC-RCMV method is the VV selection in the finite-control set. For the MPC-RCMV method, only nonzero VVs are included in the finite-control set to limit the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage. According to the number of the VVs in the finite-control set, the conventional MPC-RCMV methods can be divided into three categories as shown in Figure3, i.e., the 6 VV, 3 VV, and 4 VV strategies. In Figure 3, the arrows define the possible changes of the switching states in the next control period. The finite-control set of 6 VV strategy includes all the six nonzero VVs. As shown in Figure 3(a), the optimal VV of the next control sample can be selected as any nonzero VV no matter which VV is applied in the current period. The switching frequency of the 6 VV strategy is relatively high due to too many switches between nonadjacent VVs, e.g., all the power switches turn off or turn on with the switching state changing from 100 to 011. As shown in Figure 3(b), the finite-control set of 3 VV strategy is determined by the VV applied in the current period and the number of the selectable VVs is 3. The VV that applied in the current period and its two adjacent VVs can be selected for the next control period. Compared with the 6 VV strategy, the switching frequency of the 3 VV strategy is limited since at most one switch change is permitted, in addition, the computation amount is reduced by 50% owing to the number of cost function calculation changes from 6 to 3. However, it has been proven that many spikes may appear in the current ripple when 3 VV strategy is utilized due to the lack of enough alternative VVs [16]. To solve this problem, an improved 4 VV strategy is developed in [16] where four VVs are chosen as candidate VVs at the same time as shown in Figure 3(c). Compared with the 3 VV strategy, a nonadjacent VV is included in the finite-control set to ensure that the motor current can be adjusted towards two directions.Figure 3
Switching state paragraph of the MPC-RCMV: the arrows define the possible changes of the switching states. (a) The 6 VV strategy. (b) The 3 VV strategy. (c) The 4 VV strategy.
(a)
(b)
(c)It should be noted that there are some problems for the conventional MPC-RCMV methods. Firstly, the switching frequency of these methods is not fixed, which makes the voltage and current spectrum spread over a wide range of frequencies. Secondly, the average switching frequency is smaller than the control frequency (1/Ts) which should be set small enough considering the computation time, e.g., the results in [16] indicate that the average frequency of the 4 VV strategy is no more than 2 kHz with the control period set as 100 μs. Thus, the conventional MPC-RCMV methods are not suitable in the fields where the average switching sequence needs to be high enough to realize the control targets such as decrease the torque ripples and the noises.


## 3. Proposed MPC-RCMV Method with Constant Switching Frequency

The control diagram of the proposed MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is shown in Figure4. It includes four parts, i.e., current predictive model, delay compensation, voltage vector selection and duty ratio calculation, and switching sequence producing part. Unlike the conventional MPC-RCMV method where only one active VV is applied in a single control period, the proposed method adopts 4 active VVs to keep the switching frequency fixed. The current predictive model part calculates idk+1 and iqk+1 by Equation (4) where uqav and udav are the average d- and q-axis voltages in the whole control period. The uqav and udav can be calculated according to the selected VVs and their duty ratios which are obtained in the last control period by the proposed MPC-RCMV method.(4)iqk+1=TsLq−Riq−ωeLdid+ψf+iq+TsLquqav,idk+1=TsLd−Riq+ωeLqiq+id+TsLdudav.Figure 4
The control diagram of the proposed MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency.Then, the direct axis and quadrature axis currents at thek+2th sampling instant for different active VVs can be calculated by substituting Equation (4) in Equation (2).The predictive current errors (PCE) are defined as(5)eid=idk+2−id∗,eiq=iqk+2−iq∗.By combining Equations (2) and (4), the PCE equation can be written as(6)eid=Cd+udk+2TsLd,eiq=Cq+uqk+2TsLq,where Cd and Cq satisfy(7)Cd=TSLd−Ridk+1+ωeLqiqk+1+idk+1−id∗,Cq=TSLq−Riqk+1−ωeLdidk+1+ψf+iqk+1−iq∗.According to Equation (6), the values of PCEs are related with the d- and q-axis voltages, and thus, the position of the PCE in the eid-eiq coordinate system, as shown in Figure 5, are changed by selecting different VVs.Figure 5
Predicted current error space vector diagram.In Figure5, e1-e6 represents the PCE vector by applying the VVs V1-V6, and e0 represents the PCE vector of the zero VVs. Owing to the corresponding d- and q-axis voltages for the zero VVs are both 0, the coordinate of e0 is (Cd, Cq) according to Equation (6). The variables of Cd and Cq are determined by the VV that applied in the current period and have no relation with the selected VV in the next period, and thus, they can be viewed as constants in Equation (6).The reference current tracking problem can be solved by selecting appropriate VVs to make both theeid and eiq become zero, i.e, the current can track its reference by making the current error vector reach the coordinate origin as shown in Figure 5. In fact, the optimal VV selecting process of the conventional MPC-RCMV method can be viewed as determining the nearest PCE from the coordinate origin by minimizing the cost function. As an example, the vector V1 will be selected for the case shown in Figure 5 with the conventional MPC-RCMV method. Owing to the fact that only single VV is selected during one control period for the conventional MPC-RCMV, the selected optimal VV may not ensure the current error vector reach the coordinate origin. In this part, the MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is proposed by adopting four nonzero VVs in one control period to ensure the average current error approach to 0 within one period for the case shown in Figure 5.A new coordinate system (eid′-eiq′ as shown in Figure 5) is defined by the transformation given in following equation:(8)eid′=eid−Cd=VidTsLd,eid′=eiq−Cq=ViqTsLq,The reference current error vector (e∗) is defined as the vector O′O→, and its coordinate is (−Cd, −Cq). The reference current tracking problem can be solved by synthetizing e∗ with the PCE vectors (e1-e6 as shown in Figure 5).The vector selection process can be implemented according to the angle ofe∗, e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, and e6 in the eid′-eiq′ coordinate system which can be calculated by the following equation:(9)θ=atan2eid′,eid′.The sector (S) is defined as shown in Figure 5 and can be obtained according to Table 1, and then, the selected VVs can be determined. In Table 1, the variable θi(i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and θ∗ represent the angle of ei and e∗, respectively.Table 1
Voltage vector selection principle.
The scope ofθ∗
S
Selected VVs
θ
1
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
2
1
V
1, V2, V3, V6
θ
2
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
3
2
V
1, V2, V3, V4
θ
3
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
4
3
V
2, V3, V4, V5
θ
4
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
5
4
V
3, V4, V5, V6
θ
5
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
6
5
V
1, V4, V5, V6
θ
6
≤
θ
∗
<
θ
1
6
V
1, V2, V5, V6According to Equation (8), the current error vector will reach the position defined in Equation (10) if the voltage vector Vi is adopted with the duty ratio di. Equation (10) indicates that the change of the current error vector is proportional to the duty ratio of the adopted VV. Accordingly, the reference current tracking can be realized by synthetizing e∗ with linear combination of the PCE vector of the selected VVs.(10)eid′=VidLddiTs,eid′=ViqLqdiTs.According to the nearest three-vector principle,e∗ can be synthetized by e0, e1, and e2 for the case that S is 1 as shown in Figure 5. Owing to that the zero vectors should be avoided to restrict the CMV amplitude, two opposing PCEs (e3 and e6) with equal duty cycle can be utilized to create equivalent e0. The duty ratios of the adopted VVs can be calculated by Equation (11) if S is 1.(11)V1dd1+V2dd2=−CdLdTs,V1qd1+V2dd2=−CqLqTs,d3=d6=1−d1−d22,However, the duty ratios calculated by Equation (11) needs to be adjusted as Equation (12) for the case where the reference current error vector (e∗) is outside of the hexagon enclosed by e1–e6 as shown in Figure 6.(12)d1′=d1d1+d2,d2′=d2d1+d2,d3′=d6′=0.Figure 6
Predicted current error space vector diagram.Ife∗ locates in other sectors, the duty ratio calculating method is the same as the case where S is 1. After obtaining the duty ratios of the adopted VVs, the switching sequence can be designed as shown in Table 2.Table 2
Switching sequence design.
S
Switching sequence
1
V
3-V2-V1-V6-V1-V2-V3
2
V
4-V3-V2-V1-V2-V3-V4
3
V
5-V4-V3-V2-V3-V4-V5
4
V
6-V5-V4-V3-V4-V5-V6
5
V
1-V6-V5-V4-V5-V6-V1
6
V
2-V1-V6-V5-V6-V1-V2The flowchart of the proposed method is shown in Figure7(b). The values of iqk+1 and idk+1 are firstly calculated by Equation (4), and then, eid and eiq for different active VVs can be obtained by Equation (5). The sector and the selected VVs can be determined by Table 1 and the duty ratios of the selected VVs can be calculated by Equations (11) and (12). Finally, the switching sequence can be obtained according to Table 2.Figure 7
Flowchart of the conventional and proposed method. (a) The conventional method. (b) The proposed method.
(a)
(b)


## 4. Simulation and Experimental Validation

### 4.1. Simulation Results and Analysis

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, the strategy is simulated by Matlab/Simulink and the main parameters are given in Table3.Table 3
Main parameters of the simulation.
Parameters
Values
Flux linkage
0.225 Wb
D-axis inductor
0.95 mH
Q-axis inductor
2.05 mH
Resistance
0.1 Ω
Pole pairs
4
Sampling time
100µsTo minimize the copper losses of the PMSM, the maximal torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy [31, 32] is adopted and the reference of the d- and q-axis current can be calculated as Equation (13) where is∗ is the reference of the stator current.(13)id∗=ψf4Lq−Ld−ψf16Lq−Ld2+is∗22,iq∗=signis∗is∗2−id∗2.In the simulation,is∗ is set as 200 A and 300 A at the interval 0–0.5 s and 0.5–1 s, respectively. The speed of the motor is set as 750 r/min in the simulation.The line-to-line voltage (Vab), CMV, and three-phase current waveforms for both the conventional 6 VV strategy, and the proposed method are given in Figure 8. The CMV curves in Figure 8 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been restricted within sixth of the dc-link voltage with both the conventional and the proposed methods.Figure 8
The line-to-line voltage (Vab), the common-mode voltage, and three-phase current waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)The waveforms of the d- and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque (Te) for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen from Figure 9 that the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te of the proposed method are far smaller than the conventional method. The comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of id, iq, and Te are given in Table 4. In the case where Ts of these two methods are both set as 100 µs, the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te with the proposed method in the case where is∗ is set 200 A reduce by 95.9%, 97.8%, and 78.2%, respectively. In addition, the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te in the case where is∗ is set 300 A reduce by 95.9%, 98.2%, and 74.8%, respectively. In Table 4, the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of id, iq, and Te for the conventional method with Ts set as 50 µs is also analyzed, and the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te are still much bigger than the proposed method with Ts set as 100 µs, which indicate that the control performance of the proposed method is greatly enhanced compared with the conventional method.Figure 9
d- and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)Table 4
Comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation ofid, iq, and Te.
Peak-to-peak of the fluctuation
The conventional method (Ts = 100 µs)
The conventional method (Ts = 50 µs)
The proposed method (Ts = 100 µs)
i
d
i
s
∗ = 200 A
36.5 A
18.2 A
1.5 A
i
s
∗ = 300 A
34.3 A
18.1 A
1.4 A
i
q
i
s
∗ = 200 A
40.5 A
19.8 A
0.9 A
i
s
∗ = 300 A
33.3 A
17.9 A
0.6 A
T
e
i
s
∗ = 200 A
91.5 Nm
45.6 Nm
19.9 Nm
i
s
∗ = 300 A
97.8 Nm
50.1 Nm
24.6 NmThe fast Fourier transform analysis results of the phase current for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure10. The results in Figure 10 indicate that the main current harmonics components of the proposed method concentrate on the switching frequency (10 kHz) and its multiple, which is helpful for the harmonic filter design. In addition, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the phase current with the proposed method is smaller than the conventional one.Figure 10
The fast Fourier transform analysis of the phase current. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV (is∗=200A). (b) The conventional MPC-RCMV (is∗=300A). (c) The proposed MPC-RCMV (is∗=200A). (d) The proposed MPC-RCMV (is∗=300A).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Accordingly, it can be concluded that the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency shows great advantages over the conventional 6 VV strategy, mainly in the current and torque ripple reduction.In order to illustrate the advantage of the proposed method over the MPC controller without considering the target of CMV reduction, the comparison results between the MPC method with constant switching frequency in [27] and the proposed method are shown in Figure 11. In Figure 11, the MPC method in [27] is adopted before 0.2 s and the proposed method is used after 0.2 s. The line-to-line voltage, CMV, and three-phase currents are shown in Figure 11. The CMV amplitude of the MPC method in [27] reaches to the half of the dc-link voltage, but it has been limited within sixth of the dc-link voltage with the proposed method. Accordingly, the main advantage of the proposed method is that the CMV can be reduced.Figure 11
Comparison results between the MPC method with constant switching frequency in [27] and the proposed method.


### 4.2. Experimental Validation

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, an experimental prototype has been established as shown in Figure12. A 540 V dc-link voltage is obtained by the PWM rectifier. The motor 1 is connected with the inverter 1, and the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency is implemented by the controller 1. The motor 2 is a load motor which is controlled by the inverter 2. The parameters of the PMSM are the same as the simulation.Figure 12
The experimental prototype.In the experiment, a 150-MIPS fixed-point 32-bit TMS320F2812 DSP board is adopted to carry out the computation. The execution time for the proposed MPC-RCMV methods with necessary protecting and sampling process is 83µs. To introduce the real-time implementation details, the flowchart of the proposed method in Figure 7(b) is divided into 4 parts, and the execution time of these four parts are 5 µs, 61 µs, 6 µs, and 2 µs, respectively. The other execution time is for the necessary sampling and protecting process.The d- and q-axis current waveforms for the both conventional and proposed methods, which are measured through a digital-to-analog (DA) chip (TLV5610) on the control board, are shown in Figure13, where the reference stator current changes from 100 A to 150 A at the middle of the graph. The results in Figure 13(b) indicate that the d- and q-axis current reference can be fast tracked with high precision as the conventional method as shown in Figure 13(a). In addition, it can be seen from Figure 13 that the ripples of both the d- and q-axis current for the proposed method have been greatly reduced compared with the conventional one.Figure 13
d- and q-axis current waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)The three-phase currents and the line-to-line voltage curves for the both methods are shown in Figure14. The THD values for the conventional method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 6.3% and 5.1%, respectively. The THD values for the proposed method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. Thus, the current quality of the proposed method has been greatly improved. The CMV curves shown in Figure 15 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been successfully restricted within sixth of the dc-link voltage. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by the experimental results.Figure 14
Three-phase current and line-to-line voltage curves. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)Figure 15
CMV curves. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)


## 4.1. Simulation Results and Analysis

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, the strategy is simulated by Matlab/Simulink and the main parameters are given in Table3.Table 3
Main parameters of the simulation.
Parameters
Values
Flux linkage
0.225 Wb
D-axis inductor
0.95 mH
Q-axis inductor
2.05 mH
Resistance
0.1 Ω
Pole pairs
4
Sampling time
100µsTo minimize the copper losses of the PMSM, the maximal torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy [31, 32] is adopted and the reference of the d- and q-axis current can be calculated as Equation (13) where is∗ is the reference of the stator current.(13)id∗=ψf4Lq−Ld−ψf16Lq−Ld2+is∗22,iq∗=signis∗is∗2−id∗2.In the simulation,is∗ is set as 200 A and 300 A at the interval 0–0.5 s and 0.5–1 s, respectively. The speed of the motor is set as 750 r/min in the simulation.The line-to-line voltage (Vab), CMV, and three-phase current waveforms for both the conventional 6 VV strategy, and the proposed method are given in Figure 8. The CMV curves in Figure 8 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been restricted within sixth of the dc-link voltage with both the conventional and the proposed methods.Figure 8
The line-to-line voltage (Vab), the common-mode voltage, and three-phase current waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)The waveforms of the d- and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque (Te) for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen from Figure 9 that the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te of the proposed method are far smaller than the conventional method. The comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of id, iq, and Te are given in Table 4. In the case where Ts of these two methods are both set as 100 µs, the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te with the proposed method in the case where is∗ is set 200 A reduce by 95.9%, 97.8%, and 78.2%, respectively. In addition, the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te in the case where is∗ is set 300 A reduce by 95.9%, 98.2%, and 74.8%, respectively. In Table 4, the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of id, iq, and Te for the conventional method with Ts set as 50 µs is also analyzed, and the fluctuations of id, iq, and Te are still much bigger than the proposed method with Ts set as 100 µs, which indicate that the control performance of the proposed method is greatly enhanced compared with the conventional method.Figure 9
d- and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)Table 4
Comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation ofid, iq, and Te.
Peak-to-peak of the fluctuation
The conventional method (Ts = 100 µs)
The conventional method (Ts = 50 µs)
The proposed method (Ts = 100 µs)
i
d
i
s
∗ = 200 A
36.5 A
18.2 A
1.5 A
i
s
∗ = 300 A
34.3 A
18.1 A
1.4 A
i
q
i
s
∗ = 200 A
40.5 A
19.8 A
0.9 A
i
s
∗ = 300 A
33.3 A
17.9 A
0.6 A
T
e
i
s
∗ = 200 A
91.5 Nm
45.6 Nm
19.9 Nm
i
s
∗ = 300 A
97.8 Nm
50.1 Nm
24.6 NmThe fast Fourier transform analysis results of the phase current for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure10. The results in Figure 10 indicate that the main current harmonics components of the proposed method concentrate on the switching frequency (10 kHz) and its multiple, which is helpful for the harmonic filter design. In addition, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the phase current with the proposed method is smaller than the conventional one.Figure 10
The fast Fourier transform analysis of the phase current. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV (is∗=200A). (b) The conventional MPC-RCMV (is∗=300A). (c) The proposed MPC-RCMV (is∗=200A). (d) The proposed MPC-RCMV (is∗=300A).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)Accordingly, it can be concluded that the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency shows great advantages over the conventional 6 VV strategy, mainly in the current and torque ripple reduction.In order to illustrate the advantage of the proposed method over the MPC controller without considering the target of CMV reduction, the comparison results between the MPC method with constant switching frequency in [27] and the proposed method are shown in Figure 11. In Figure 11, the MPC method in [27] is adopted before 0.2 s and the proposed method is used after 0.2 s. The line-to-line voltage, CMV, and three-phase currents are shown in Figure 11. The CMV amplitude of the MPC method in [27] reaches to the half of the dc-link voltage, but it has been limited within sixth of the dc-link voltage with the proposed method. Accordingly, the main advantage of the proposed method is that the CMV can be reduced.Figure 11
Comparison results between the MPC method with constant switching frequency in [27] and the proposed method.


## 4.2. Experimental Validation

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, an experimental prototype has been established as shown in Figure12. A 540 V dc-link voltage is obtained by the PWM rectifier. The motor 1 is connected with the inverter 1, and the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency is implemented by the controller 1. The motor 2 is a load motor which is controlled by the inverter 2. The parameters of the PMSM are the same as the simulation.Figure 12
The experimental prototype.In the experiment, a 150-MIPS fixed-point 32-bit TMS320F2812 DSP board is adopted to carry out the computation. The execution time for the proposed MPC-RCMV methods with necessary protecting and sampling process is 83µs. To introduce the real-time implementation details, the flowchart of the proposed method in Figure 7(b) is divided into 4 parts, and the execution time of these four parts are 5 µs, 61 µs, 6 µs, and 2 µs, respectively. The other execution time is for the necessary sampling and protecting process.The d- and q-axis current waveforms for the both conventional and proposed methods, which are measured through a digital-to-analog (DA) chip (TLV5610) on the control board, are shown in Figure13, where the reference stator current changes from 100 A to 150 A at the middle of the graph. The results in Figure 13(b) indicate that the d- and q-axis current reference can be fast tracked with high precision as the conventional method as shown in Figure 13(a). In addition, it can be seen from Figure 13 that the ripples of both the d- and q-axis current for the proposed method have been greatly reduced compared with the conventional one.Figure 13
d- and q-axis current waveforms. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)The three-phase currents and the line-to-line voltage curves for the both methods are shown in Figure14. The THD values for the conventional method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 6.3% and 5.1%, respectively. The THD values for the proposed method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. Thus, the current quality of the proposed method has been greatly improved. The CMV curves shown in Figure 15 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been successfully restricted within sixth of the dc-link voltage. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by the experimental results.Figure 14
Three-phase current and line-to-line voltage curves. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)Figure 15
CMV curves. (a) The conventional MPC-RCMV. (b) The proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.
(a)
(b)


## 5. Conclusion

A MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency for the PMSM drives is studied in detail. In the proposed method, four nonzero VVs are adopted and the switching sequence is designed according to the established current predictive error space vector diagram. Unlike the conventional methods where the switching frequency changes with the work condition of PMSM, the average switching frequency is fixed and equal to 1/Ts. The simulation and experiment results indicate that the current reference can be fast and accurately tracked, and the current ripples are greatly reduced.



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*Source: 1090452-2018-10-08.xml*