# The Periodic Solutions to Kawahara Equation by Means of the Auxiliary Equation with a Sixth-Degree Nonlinear Term

Authors: Zehra Pınar; Turgut Öziş
Journal: Journal of Mathematics
 (2013)

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## Abstract

It is well known that different types of exact solutions of an auxiliary equation produce new types of exact travelling wave solutions to nonlinear equations. In this paper, by means of symbolic computation, the new solutions of original auxiliary equation of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with a sixth-degree nonlinear term are presented to obtain novel exact solutions of the Kawahara equation. By the aid of the solutions of the original auxiliary equation, some other physically important nonlinear equations can be solved to construct novel exact solutions.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction

Over the past decades a number of approximate methods for finding travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations have been proposed or developed and furthermore modified. The solutions to various evolution equations have been found by one or other of these methods. References [1–24] and references within cite some of this accomplishment. Among these methods, one of the current methods is so called auxiliary equation method [20–24]. The technique of this method consist of the solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations such that the target solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations can be expressed as a polynomial in a linearly independent elementary function which satisfies  a particular ordinary differential equation which is named as auxiliary equation in general. Recently, to determine the solutions of nonlinear evolution equations, many exact solutions of various auxiliary equations have been utilized [20–32].A concise observation shows that novel exact solutions of the auxiliary equations may fabricate original exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear equations. Therefore, it is very important to find novel exact solutions of the auxiliary equations.In this paper, we will examine the consequences of the choice of the auxiliary equation for determining the solutions of the nonlinear evolution equation in consideration and to seek more types of new exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations which satisfy a first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with a sixth-degree nonlinear term.


## 2. Auxiliary Equation Technique and Some Remarks

We assume that the given nonlinear partial differential equation foru(x,t) to be in the form
(1)P(u,ux,ut,uxx,uxt,utt,…)=0,
where P is a polynomial in its arguments, which include nonlinear terms and the highest-order derivatives.Then using the transformationu(x,t)=u(ξ), ξ=μ(x-ct) one can reduce (1) to the ordinary differential equation
(2)Q(u,uξ,uξξ,uξξξ,…)=0.
Now, we seek the exact travelling wave solutions of (2) by means of auxiliary equation method.As it is well known, most exact travelling wave solutions [4–24] of nonlinear evolution equations were obtained on the assumption that the exact solution can be expressed as a finite expansion of linearly independent elementary functions. One common way of obtaining linearly independent elementary functions is to assume them as a solution of appropriate algebraic or differential equations which are exactly solvable.Thus, it is natural to ask the following question: What type of finite expansion or what kind of function can be used to construct new travelling wave solutions?Hence, for the solution of (2), let us assume that the exact solution can be expressed as simple expansion in the form of
(3)u(ξ)=∑i=0Naizi(ξ),
where ai, (i=0,1,…,N) are constants which will be determined later and function z(ξ) is an appropriate function that yields new travelling wave solutions and is defined by the solution of the auxiliary equation considered.Now, let us remember the process for finding the unknown coefficientsai, (i=0,1,…,N), where u(ξ)=∑i=0Naizi(ξ). Substituting the auxiliary equation into the given nonlinear equation and equating each coefficient of a power of  z(ξ) to zero yield an algebraic system. Hence, all coefficients ai can be determined by solving the algebraic system and the parameter N is a positive integer and can be determined by balancing the highest order derivative terms and the highest power nonlinear terms in (3) in general.In most auxiliary equation methods, the functionz(ξ) is defined as the solution of an auxiliary ordinary differential equation. Even if it is possible to construct more complex types of exact solutions for many auxiliary ordinary differential equations, one also encounters some difficulties. Hence, the following vital question arise: How do we find a variety of exact solutions of the auxiliary equations? Unfortunately, the answer of this question is not unique and various authors utilize different auxiliary ordinary differential equations which are exactly solvable.For example, Nickel [25] has utilized the nonlinear differential equation
(4)(dzdξ)2=αz4+4βz3+6γz2+4δz+ε≡R(z)
as an  auxiliary ordinary differential equation which transforms (2) into polynomial equation P(z)=0, z′Q(z)=0, and P(z)+z′Q(z)=0, respectively. Vanishing coefficients in the polynomials P(z)=0, z′Q(z)=0 and P(z)+z′Q(z)=0, respectively, lead to equations which partially determine the coefficients α, β, γ, δ, and ε in (4). We think that Nickel preferred (4) due to it is analytically solvability. Because, Whittaker and Watson [26] showed that the solution z(ξ) of (4) can be expressed in terms of Weierstrass’ elliptic function.At the same time, Fan [27] developed a new direct algebraic method to seek additional types of new exact solutions of evolutionary nonlinear differential equations that can be expressed as polynomials in several elementary or special functions which satisfy a first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with a fourth-degree nonlinear term
(5)(dzdξ)2=a0+a1z(ξ)+a2z2(ξ)+a3z3(ξ)+a4z4(ξ),
where ai, (i=0,1,3,4) are constants. The method has been applied to find many exact traveling wave solutions of various types of nonlinear equations [27–29]. Sirendaorejii [21] and Abdou [30] utilized (5) for the case ai, (i=2,3,4). Perhaps, it is significant to point out that the choice of the case, that is, ai(i=2,3,4), permits analytical solution of the first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with a fourth-degree nonlinear term as Nickel’s. This property of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation with a fourth-degree nonlinear term   used in large in [20, 23], for example, for the case ai(i=0,2,4) and in [21, 22] for the case ai(i=2,3,4) for (5) to find many exact traveling wave solutions of various types of nonlinear equations.In this paper, we seek for the solution of (2) in terms of ansatz (3) with z(ξ) satisfying the following new auxiliary equation with a sixth-degree nonlinear term, that is,
(6)(dzdξ)2=a0+a2z2(ξ)+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ),
where ai(i=0,2,4,6) are real constants. Cases 1–8 report the new solutions of the auxiliary equation (6) with a sixth-degree nonlinear term under 8 distinct cases which include solutions including Bessel function and Lambert function  and one can use these new solutions to seek exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear equations.Case 1.
If(7)(dzdξ)2=a0+a6z6(ξ)
then
(8)z(ξ)=BesselJ(16,2z6)zπ+3ξΓ(56).Case 2.
If(9)(dzdξ)2=a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then
(10)z(ξ)=(-a6+a42ξ2-2a42ξc1+a42c12)a4-a6+a42ξ2-2a42ξc1+a42c12.Case 3.
If(11)(dzdξ)2=a0+a2z2(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then(12)z(ξ)=((-(3/8)ξ(-10a6a2a2/a6)3/2+(3/8)(-10a6a2a2/a6)3/2c1+a0a0(-8+9a2ξ2-18a2ξc1+9a2c12)/a2/8a6)a22)1/3a2+-10a6a2a2(2a6(-(3/8)ξ(-10a6a2a2/a6)3/2+(3/8)(-10a6a2a2/a6)3/2c1+a0a0(-8+9a2ξ2-18a2ξc1+9a2c12)/a2/8a6)a22)1/3.Case 4.
If(13)(dzdξ)2=a2z2(ξ)+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then
(14)z(ξ)=e(a2(-2ξ+c1))2×2(-a6e(2a2(-2ξ+c1))a4LambertW(-2a6e(2a2(-2ξ+c1))/3a4))-1/2.Case 5.
If(15)(dzdξ)2=a0+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then
(16)z(ξ)=ξ-∫z(ξ)daa0+a4a4+a6a6-c1=0.Case 6.
If(17)(dzdξ)2=a2z2(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then
(18)z(ξ)=e(a2(-ξ+c1))21/4×(a6e(4a2(-ξ+c1))a2LambertW(-a6e(4a2(-ξ+c1))/2a2))-1/4.Case 7.
If(19)(dzdξ)2=a6z6(ξ)
then
(20)z(ξ)=1-2ξa6+2c1a6.Case 8.
If(21)(dzdξ)2=a0+a2z2(ξ)+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
then
(22)z(ξ)=(a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42a6812/3(a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42((a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42-38ξa03/2+38a03/2c1+38a08×a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)×a44a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)(a62)-1a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)1/3a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)(18a42)-1+a0811/3((a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)-1/32(a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42(a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42(a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42-38ξa03/2+38a03/2c1+38a08×a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)×a44a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)(a62)-1a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)-1/3a0(-8a6+9a42ξ2-18a42ξc1+9a42c12)a42)-1.
As it is noticeable, by choosing the particular values ofai(i=0,2,4,6), (6) provides numerous types of special solutions. Due to limited space, we omit those results; instead we affirm the following remarks.
Hence, in ansatz (3), the parameter N is a positive integer and can be determined by balancing the higher-order derivative term and the highest power nonlinear terms in (2). The highest degree of  ∂pu/∂ξp can be calculated by
(23)𝒪[∂pu∂ξp]=N+p,p=0,1,2,…,𝒪[uq∂pu∂ξp]=qN+p,q,p=0,1,2,….
Consequently substituting (3) and (6) into (2) and equating the coefficients of all powers of z(ξ) and zj(ξ)a0+a2z2(ξ)+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)(j=0,1,2,…) to zero in the resulting equation, several algebraic equations will be obtained. Then solving these algebraic equations by the symbolic computation system Maple, and combining (3) and the auxiliary equation (6), we can get the exact solutions for (1).


## 3. Exact Travelling Wave Solutions

In this section, we are going to combine the auxiliary equation method with the new solutions of original auxiliary equation  (6) with a six-degree nonlinear term to consider the new solutions of the generalized nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation which is used as a test problem by a number of researchers [20, 21, 24].The Kawahara equation is(24)ut+uux+αuxxx-uxxxxx=0,
where α  is nonzero arbitrary constant. Equation (24), proposed first by Kawahara in 1972, occurs in the theory of shallow water waves and plays an important role in the modeling of many physical phenomena such as plasma waves and magnetoacoustic waves. Making the transformation   u(x,t)=u(ξ), ξ=x-ct  and integrating once with respect to ξ, (24) becomes
(25)-cu+12u2+αu′′-u(4)=0.
From (23), we have  N=4. Therefore, the ansatz yields
(26)u(ξ)=g0+g1z(ξ)+g2z2(ξ)+g3z3(ξ)+g4z4(ξ)
and z(ξ) may be determined from one of the Cases 1–8.Now, for convenience, we give the calculation of typical two cases only for the practical purposes and the rest can be determined in a similar manner.Example 1.
We first consider the auxiliary equation with six-degree nonlinearity, that is,(27)(dzdξ)2=a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ).
in Cases 1–8. The solution of (27)
(28)z(ξ)=(-a6+a42ξ2-2a42ξc1+a42c12)a4-a6+a42ξ2-2a42ξc1+a42c12
is, we belive, a new solution in the literature.
Hence, substituting (26) and (27) into (25) and letting each coefficient of     zi(ξ)a2z2(ξ)+a6z6(ξ), (0≤i≤8)  to be zero, we obtain
(29)-384g2a6-2688g4a4=0,-105g1a6-1260g3a4=0,24a6αg4+12g43-840g4a42-480a6a4g2=0,15a6αg3+g3g4-360g3a42-120a6a4g1=0,20a4αg4+12g32-120g2a42+8a6αg2+ag4g2=0,3a6αg1+g1g4+g2g3-24g1a42+12αa4g3=0,g0g4+g1g3-cg4+12g22+6αa4g2=0,g0g3+g1g2-cg3+2αa4g1=0,g0g2-cg2+12g12=0,g0-c=0.
Solving the system (29) by the aid of Maple 13, we can determine the coefficients:
(30)g0=4c3,g2=g1=g3=0,μ=μ,a4=a4,a6=a6,c=8064a4-72αa6-32g4+2520a42-60αa4.
Substituting the above coefficients into ansatz (26) with the solution (28) of auxiliary equation, we obtain  one of  the new solutions of Kawahara equation:
(31)u(x,t)∶=10752a4-96αa6-2g4+3360a42-80a4α+g4a42×(-a6+a42(x+(328064a4-72αa6-32g4+2520a42-60a4α)t)2-2_Cla42(x+(8064a4-72αa6-32g4+2520a42-60a4α32)t)+a42_Cl2)-2.
The graph of (31) is illustrated for selected values of coefficients given in Figure 1.Figure 1
Graph of  (31) for g4=1, α=μ=1, a4=tanx, a6=-1.Example 2.
We, next, consider the auiliary equation with six-degree nonlinearity,  that is,(32)(dzdξ)2=a2z2(ξ)+a6z6(ξ)
in Cases 1–8. The solution of (32)
(33)z(ξ)=e(a2(-ξ+c1))21/4×(a6e(4a2(-ξ+c1))(a2LambertW(-a6e(4a2(-ξ+c1))2a2))-1)-1/4
is, we belive, a new solution in the literature.
Substituting (26) and (32)  into (25) and letting each coefficient of  zi(ξ)a2z2(ξ)+a6z6(ξ), (0≤i≤8)  to be zero, we obtain
(34)50α-3188a2=0,30αa2-354a22-4c=0.
Solving the system (34) by the aid of Maple 13, we can determine the coefficients:
(35)c=487125α25081672,g0=g0,g1=g1,g2=g2,g3=g3,g4=g4,μ=μ,a2=25α1594,a6=a6.
Substituting the above coefficients into ansatz (26) with the solution (33) of auxiliary equation, we obtain another new solution of Kawahara equation:(36)
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Graph of (36) for α=1/2, a6=g0=g2=1, g1=g3=-1, g4=sinx.


## 4. Conclusion

As is seen, the key idea of obtaining new travelling wave solutions for the nonlinear equations is constructing different types of solutions of the given auxiliary equation. In this paper, the exact solutions of the auxiliary equation with six-degree nonlinearity (6) is
(37)(dzdξ)2=a0+a2z2(ξ)+a4z4(ξ)+a6z6(ξ),
where ai(i=0,2,4,6) are real constants, used to construct the solutions of Klein-Gordon equation [32]. Using these solutions, we have successfully obtained some new exact periodic solutions of the Kawahara equation. For comparative purposes, it is noticeable that Wu et al. in [20] and Lv et al. in [23] have utilized (5) for ai(i=0,2,4), and Sirendaoreji in [21] and Jang in [22] have applied the ansatz (dz/dξ)2=a2z2(ξ)+a3z3(ξ)+a4z4(ξ) which only covers, at most, fourth-order nonlinear term in auxiliary ordinary differential equation, and therefore their solutions are limited in the quantity to the order considered.In this letter, we have obtained exact solutions of the auxiliary equation with sixth-degree nonlinearity (6) for distinct cases (see Cases 1–8). Therefore, our approach gives additional new solutions beside the solutions obtained via fourth order auxiliary equation, and theoretically, some of our solutions may coincide with the solutions of Wu et al. in [20], Sirendaoreji in [21], Jang in [22], Lv et al. in [23], and some cases of Yomba [24] for certain choice of the parameters which we have left as an exercise.However, it is well known that different types of auxiliary equations produce new travelling wave solutions for many nonlinear problems. Hence this also is our future work. The presented method could lead to finding new exact travelling wave solutions for other nonlinear problems.



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*Source: 106349-2013-03-03.xml*