# Some Fixed Point Theorems in Generalized Probabilistic Metric Spaces

Authors: Chuanxi Zhu; Wenqing Xu; Zhaoqi Wu
Journal: Abstract and Applied Analysis
 (2014)

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## Abstract

We introduce the concepts of(H,ψ,Φ)-contraction and probabilistic (α,φ)-contraction mappings in generalized probabilistic metric spaces and prove some fixed point theorems for such two types of mappings in generalized probabilistic metric spaces. Our results generalize and extend many comparable results in existing literature. Some examples are also given to support our results. Finally, an application to the existence of solutions for a class of integral equations is presented by utilizing one of our main results.


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## Body

## 1. Introduction and Preliminaries

The notion of a probabilistic metric space was introduced and studied by Menger [1]. The idea of Menger was to use distribution functions instead of nonnegative real numbers to describe the distance between two points. It has become an active field since then and many fixed point results for mappings satisfying different contractive conditions have been studied [2–8].On the other hand, Mustafa and Sims [9] defined the concept of a G-metric space and presented the Banach fixed point theorem in the context of a complete G-metric space. Following their results, some authors have obtained many fixed point theorems for contractive mappings in G-metric spaces [9–16].As a generalization, using PM-spaces andG-metric spaces, Zhou et al. [17] defined the notion of generalized probabilistic metric spaces (or probabilistic G-metric spaces). The purpose of this paper is to establish some fixed point theorems for two types of mappings satisfying the (H,ψ,Φ)-contraction or probabilistic (α,φ)-contraction in generalized probabilistic metric spaces. As consequences, our results generalize and extend many comparable results (see, e.g., [6–8, 14, 16, 17]).We introduce some useful concepts and lemmas for the development of our results.LetR denote the set of reals and R+ the nonnegative reals. A mapping F:R→R+ is called a distribution function if it is nondecreasing and left continuous with inf⁡t∈R⁡F(t)=0 and sup⁡t∈RF(t)=1. We will denote by D the set of all distribution functions and let D+={F∈D:F(t)=0,∀t≤0}.LetH denote the specific distribution function defined by
(1)H(t)={0,t≤0,1,t>0.Definition 1 (see [2]).
The mappingΔ:[0,1]×[0,1]→[0,1] is called a triangular norm (for short, a t-norm) if the following conditions are satisfied:(Δ-1)Δ(a,1)=a, for all a∈[0,1];(Δ-2)Δ(a,b)=Δ(b,a);(Δ-3)Δ(a,b)≤Δ(c,d), for c≥a,d≥b;(Δ-4)Δ(a,Δ(b,c))=Δ(Δ(a,b),c).
Three sample examples of continuoust-norms are Δ1(a,b)=max⁡{a+b-1,0}, Δ2(a,b)=ab, and ΔM(a,b)=min⁡{a,b} for all a,b∈[0,1].Definition 2 (see [17]).
A Menger probabilisticG-metric space (briefly, a Menger PGM-space) is a triplet (X,G*,Δ), where X is a nonempty set, Δ is a continuous t-norm, and G* is a mapping from X×X×X into D+ (Gx,y,z* denotes the value of G* at the point (x,y,z)) satisfying the following conditions:(PGM-1)Gx,y,z*(t)=1 for all x,y,z∈X and t>0 if and only if x=y=z;(PGM-2)Gx,x,y*(t)≥Gx,y,z*(t) for all x,y∈X with z≠y and t>0;(PGM-3)Gx,y,z*(t)=Gy,x,z*(t)=Gy,z,x*(t)=⋯ (symmetry in all three variables);(PGM-4)Gx,y,z*(t+s)≥Δ(Gx,a,a*(t),Ga,y,z*(s)) for all x,y,z,a∈X and t,s≥0.Example 3.
Let(X,d) be an ordinary metric space. Define Gs*(x,y,z)(t)=H(t-k(d(x,y)+d(y,z)+d(x,z))) and Gm*(x,y,z)(t)=H(t-max⁡{d(x,y),d(y,z),d(x,z)}), where k>0. Then (X,Gs*,ΔM) and (X,Gm*,ΔM) are both Menger PGM-spaces.Example 4.
LetQ be a distribution function, Q(0)=0, and
(2)Gx,y,z*(t)={Q(t),atleasttwoofx,y,zaredistinct,H(t),x=y=z.
Then (X,G*,ΔM) is a Menger PGM-space.Example 5.
Let(X,d) be an ordinary metric space, let Q be a distribution function different from H, satisfying Q(0)=0, and
(3)Gx,y,z*(t)={Q(td(x,y)+d(y,z)+d(x,z)),H(t),atleasttwoofx,y,zaredistinct,H(t),x=y=z.
Then (X,G*,ΔM) is a Menger PGM-space.Remark 6 (see [17]).
Zhou et al. pointed out that if (X,G*,Δ) is a Menger PGM-space and Δ is continuous, then (X,G*,Δ) is a Hausdorff topological space in the (ɛ,λ)-topology T; that is, the family of sets {Nx(ɛ,λ):ɛ>0,λ∈(0,1]}(x∈X) is a basis of neighborhoods of a point x for T, where Nx(ɛ,λ)={y∈X:Gx,y,y*(ɛ)>1-λ,Gy,x,x*(ɛ)>1-λ}.Definition 7 (see [17]).
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a PGM-space.(1)
A sequence{xn} in X is said to be convergent to a point x in X (write xn→x) if, for any ɛ>0 and 0<λ<1, there exists a positive integer Mɛ,λ such that xn∈Nx(ɛ,λ), whenever n>Mɛ,λ.(2)
A sequence{xn} in X is called a Cauchy sequence if, for any ɛ>0 and 0<λ<1, there exists a positive integer Mɛ,λ, such that Gxn,xm,xl*(ɛ)>1-λ, whenever n,m,l>Mɛ,λ.(3)
APGM-space (X,G*,Δ) is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in X converges to a point in X.(4)
A mappingT:X→X is said to be continuous at a point x∈X if {xn} is convergent to x implying that {Txn} is convergent to Tx.Definition 8 (see [3]).
At-norm Δ is said to be of H-type if the family of functions {Δm(t)}m=1∞ is equicontinuous at t, where Δ1(t)=Δ(t,t) and Δm(t)=Δ(t,Δm-1(t)), m=1,2,…,t∈[0,1].Definition 9 (see [4]).
A functionΦ:R+→R+ is said to satisfy the condition (Φ) if it is strictly increasing, right-continuous and Φn(t)→0, t>0, as n→∞, where Φn(t) is the nth iteration of Φ(t).Lemma 10 (see [6]).
Suppose thatF∈D+. For every n∈Z+, let Fn:R→[0,1] be nondecreasing and gn:(0,+∞)→(0,+∞) satisfy lim⁡n→∞⁡gn(t)=1 for any t>0. If Fn(gn(t))≥F(t) for any t>0, then lim⁡n→∞Fn(t)=1 for any t>0.Lemma 11 (see [17]).
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a Menger PGM-space. Let {xn}, {yn}, and {zn} be sequences in X and x,y,z∈X. If xn→x, yn→y, and zn→z as n→∞, then, for any t>0, Gxn,yn,zn*(t)→Gx,y,z*(t) as n→∞.


## 2. Main Results

In this section, we will give some fixed point theorems for two types of mappings satisfying the(H,ψ,Φ)-contraction or probabilistic (α,φ)-contraction in generalized probabilistic metric spaces. We first present some useful lemmas.Lemma 12.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a Menger PGM-space and Δ be a continuous t-norm. Then the following statements are equivalent:(i)
the sequence{xn} is a Cauchy sequence;(ii)
for anyɛ>0 and 0<λ<1, there exists M∈N+ such that Gxn,xm,xm*(ɛ)>1-λ, for all n,m>M.Proof.
(i)⇒(ii). This can be easily obtained from Definition 7 (2).
(ii)⇒(i). Since Δ is continuous, for every ɛ>0 and λ>0, there exists λ0∈(0,λ), such that Δ(1-λ0,1-λ/2)>1-λ. Let λ1=min⁡{λ0,λ/2}. Then Δ(1-λ1,1-λ1)>1-λ. Hence, from (ii), there exists M∈N+, such that Gxn,xm,xm*(ɛ/2)>1-λ1 and Gxl,xm,xm*(ɛ/2)>1-λ1, for all n,m,l≥M. Then we have Gxn,xm,xl*(ɛ)≥Δ(Gxn,xm,xm*(ɛ/2),Gxl,xm,xm*(ɛ/2))≥Δ(1-λ1,1-λ1)>1-λ. Thus, {xn} is a Cauchy sequence.Lemma 13.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a Menger PGM-space. For each λ∈(0,1], define a function Gλ* by
(4)Gλ*(x,y,z)=inf⁡t{t≥0:Gx,y,z*(t)>1-λ},
for x,y,z∈X. Then(1)
Gλ*(x,y,z)<t if and only if Gx,y,z*(t)>1-λ;(2)
Gλ*(x,y,z)=0 for all λ∈(0,1] if and only if x=y=z;(3)
Gλ*(x,y,z)=Gλ*(y,x,z)=Gλ*(y,z,x)=⋯;(4)
ifΔ=ΔM, then, for every λ∈(0,1], Gλ*(x,y,z)≤Gλ*(x,a,a)+Gλ*(a,y,z).Proof.
It is not difficult to prove that(1), (2), and (3) hold. Now, we prove that (4) also holds. For any λ∈(0,1] and ɛ>0, we have Gx,a,a*(Gλ*(x,a,a)+ɛ/2)>1-λ and Ga,y,z*(Gλ*(a,y,z)+ɛ/2)>1-λ. Hence, from (PGM-4) and Δ=ΔM, we have
(5)Gx,y,z*(Gλ*(x,a,a)+Gλ*(a,y,z)+ɛ)≥min⁡⁡{Gx,a,a*(Gλ*(x,a,a)+ɛ2),Ga,y,z*(Gλ*(a,y,z)+ɛ2)}>min⁡{1-λ,1-λ}=1-λ,
which implies that Gλ*(x,y,z)≤Gλ*(x,a,a)+Gλ*(a,y,z)+ɛ. Letting ɛ→0, we have Gλ*(x,y,z)≤Gλ*(x,a,a)+Gλ*(a,y,z) for all x,y,z,a∈X.Lemma 14.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a Menger PGM-space and let {Gλ*}λ∈(0,1] be a family of functions on X defined by (4). If Δ is a t-norm of H-type, then, for each λ∈(0,1], there exists μ∈(0,λ], such that, for each m∈Z+,
(6)Gλ*(x0,xm,xm)≤∑i=0m-1‍Gμ*(xi,xi+1,xi+1),Gλ*(x0,x0,xm)≤∑i=0m-1‍Gμ*(xi,xi,xi+1),
for all x0,x1,…,xm∈X.Proof.
SinceΔ is a t-norm of H-type, there exists μ∈(0,λ], such that, for all m∈Z+,
(7)Δm(1-μ)>1-λ.
For any givenm∈Z+ and x0,x1,…,xm∈X, we put Gμ*(xi,xi+1,xi+1)=ti (i=0,1,2,…,m-1). For every ɛ>0, it is evident that Gμ*(xi,xi+1,xi+1)<ti+ɛ/m. By Lemma 13, for i=0,1,2,…,m-1, we have
(8)Gxi,xi+1,xi+1*(ti+ɛm)>1-μ.
By (7) and (8), we have
(9)Gx0,xm,xm*(t0+t1+⋯+tm-1+ɛ)≥Δ(Gx0,x1,x1*(t0+ɛm),Δ(Gx1,x2,x2*(t1+ɛm),Δ(…,Δ(Gxm-2,xm-1,xm-1*(tm-2+ɛm),Gxm-1,xm,xm*(tm-1+ɛm))⋯)))≥Δm(1-μ)>1-λ.
Again by Lemma 13, we get Gλ*(x0,xm,xm)<t0+t1+⋯+tm-1+ɛ. Letting ɛ→0, for all x0,x1,…,xm∈X, we have Gλ*(x0,xm,xm)≤∑i=0m-1Gμ*(xi,xi+1,xi+1). Similarly, we have Gλ*(x0,x0,xm)≤∑i=0m-1Gμ*(xi,xi,xi+1).Inspired by the notion ofH-contraction mappings in [8], we introduce the notion of (H,ψ,Φ)-contraction mappings in PGM-spaces.Definition 15.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a Menger PGM-space, Φ satisfy the condition (Φ) and ψ:(-∞,1)→(-∞,1) be a nondecreasing function, ψ(s)=0 if and only if s=0, lim⁡s→1-⁡ψ(s)=1. A mapping T:X→X is said to be a (H,ψ,Φ)-contraction mapping on (X,G*), if, for any t>0 and x,y,z∈X,
(10)GTx,Ty,Tz*(Φ(t))>ψ(1-Φ(t)),
whenever Gx,y,z*(t)>ψ(1-t). If ψ(s)=s for all s∈(-∞,1), then T is said to be a (H,Φ)-contraction mapping.Theorem 16.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a complete Menger PGM-space and let Δ be a continuous t-norm. Let T:X→X be a (H,ψ,Φ)-contraction mapping satisfying (10). Then we have the following:(i)
T is continuous on X;(ii)
T has a unique fixed point in X, and, for any given x0∈X, the iterative sequence {Tnx0} converges to this fixed point.Proof.
(i) SinceΦ is right continuous, strictly increasing and Φ(0)=0, we have lim⁡δ→0+Φ(δ)=0 and Φ(t)>0, for t>0. Since lim⁡s→1-ψ(s)=1, we get lim⁡δ→0+⁡ψ(1-Φ(δ))=1. Hence, for any given ɛ>0 and λ∈(0,1), there exists δ>0, such that 0<Φ(δ)<ɛ and ψ(1-Φ(δ))>1-λ.
Now, for eachx∈X, suppose that {xn} is convergent to x. Then, for δ>0, there exists M∈N, such that Gxn,x,x*(δ)>ψ(1-δ), whenever n≥M. Since T is a (H,ψ,Φ)-contraction mapping, we have GTxn,Tx,Tx*(Φ(δ))>ψ(1-Φ(δ)), whenever n≥M. Thus, GTxn,Tx,Tx*(ɛ)≥GTxn,Tx,Tx*(Φ(δ))>ψ(1-Φ(δ))>1-λ, which implies that T is continuous at x. By the arbitrariness of x, we obtain that T is continuous on X.
(ii) For any givenx0∈X, define the sequence {xn} by xn=Tnx0. Let ɛ>0. Then Gx0,xm,xm*(1+ɛ)≥0>ψ(1-(1+ɛ)), and it follows from (10) that GTnx0,Tnxm,Tnxm*(Φn(1+ɛ))>ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ)) for n,m∈Z+.
Sincelim⁡n→∞Φn(1+ɛ)=0, we have lim⁡n→∞⁡ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ))=1. Hence, for any ɛ>0 and λ>0, there exists M∈Z+ such that Φn(1+ɛ)<ɛ and ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ))>1-λ, whenever n≥M. Hence, for n≥M, we have Gxn,xn+m,xn+m*(ɛ)=GTnx0,Tnxm,Tnxm*(ɛ)≥ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ))>1-λ. Using Lemma 12, we know that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence. Since (X,G*) is complete, there exists x*∈X such that xn→x*. Since T is continuous, we have Tx*=x*.
Now, Suppose thaty* is another fixed point of T. Then, for any ɛ>0 and λ>0, Gx*,y*,y**(1+ɛ)>ψ(1-(1+ɛ)), which implies that GTnx*,Tny*,Tny**(Φn(1+ɛ))>ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ)). For any given ɛ>0 and λ>0, there exists M∈Z+ such that Φn(1+ɛ)<ɛ and ψ(1-Φn(1+ɛ))>1-λ, whenever n≥M. Hence, for n≥M, we have Gx*,y*,y**(ɛ)=GTx*,Ty*,Ty**(ɛ)≥GTnx*,Tny*,Tny**(Φn(1+ɛ))>1-λ, which implies that x*=y*. This completes the proof.Now, we present an example to illustrate Theorem16.Example 17.
LetX=[0,1]. Define G*:X×X×X→D+ by Gx,y,z*(t)=H(t-max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}) for all x,y,z∈X and t∈R. It is easy to verify that (X,G*,Δ) is a complete Menger PGM-space. Let Φ(t)=(1/3)t for all t∈R+, let  ψ(s)=s3 for all s∈(-∞,1), and let  T:X→X be defined by Tx=(1/4)x.
Now, ift>3, then Gx,y,z*(t)≥0>(1-t)3 and GTx,Ty,Tz*(t/3)≥0>(1-t/3)3 for all x,y,z∈X.
If1<t≤3, then Gx,y,z*(t)=1>(1-t)3. For any x,y,z∈X=[0,1], we have max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}≤1. Hence,
(11)GTx,Ty,Tz*(t3)=H(t3-max⁡⁡{14|x-y|,14|y-z|,14|x-z|})=H(13[t-34max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}])=H(t-34max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|})≥H(t-34)≥H(1-34)=1>(1-t3)3.
If0<t≤1 and Gx,y,z*(t)=H(t-max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|})>(1-t)3≥0, then Gx,y,z*(t)=1 and
(12)GTx,Ty,Tz*(t3)=H(t-34max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|})≥H(t-max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|})=1>(1-t3)3.
Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 16 are satisfied. Hence, T has a unique fixed point in X. In fact, x=0 is the unique fixed point of T.Remark 18.
Theorem16 generalizes and extends fixed point theorems for H-contraction mappings in [8] to the setting of generalized probabilistic metric spaces (take ψ(s)=s).Definition 19.
LetT:X→X be a given mapping and α:X3×(0,∞)→[0,∞) be a function. We say that T is generalized α-admissible; if x,y,z∈X, for all t>0, α(x,y,z,t)≥1, then α(Tx,Ty,Tz,t)≥1 for all t>0.Definition 20.
Let(X,G*) be a PGM-space and let φ:R+→R+ be a strictly increasing function such that φ-1({0})={0} and ∑n=1∞φn(t)<+∞ for any t>0. A mapping T:X→X is said to be a probabilistic (α,φ)-contraction mapping on (X,G*) if there exists a function α:X3×(0,∞)→[0,∞), for each x,y,z∈X, t>0,
(13)GTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(t))≥α(x,y,z,t)Ux,y,z(t),
where Ux,y,z(t)=min⁡{Gx,y,z*(t),Gx,Tx,Tx*(t),Gy,Ty,Ty*(t), Gz,Tz,Tz*(t),Gx,x,Tx*(t),Gy,y,Ty*(t),Gz,z,Tz*(t)}.Theorem 21.
Let(X,G*,Δ) be a complete Menger PGM-space such that Δ is a t-norm of H-type and Δ≥Δ1. Let T:X→X be a probabilistic (α,φ)-contraction mapping satisfying (13). Suppose that the following hold:(i)
T is generalized α-admissible;(ii)
there existsx0∈X such that α(x0,Tx0,Tx0,t)≥1 and α(x0,x0,Tx0,t)≥1 for all t>0;(iii)
if{xn} is a sequence in X such that α(xn,xn+1,xn+1,t)≥1, α(xn,xn,xn+1,t)≥1 for all n∈N, t>0, and xn→x, then α(xn,x,x,t)≥1 and α(xn,xn,x,t)≥1 for all n∈N and t>0.Then T has a fixed point in X. Moreover, let A be the set of fixed points of T; if, for each x,y∈A, we have α(x,y,y,t)≥1 for all t>0, then T has a unique fixed point in X.Proof.
Letx0∈X and define the sequence {xn} by xn=Tnx0. Suppose that xn≠xn+1, for any n∈N (If not, there exists n0∈N, such that xn0+1=Txn0=xn0 and then the conclusion holds).
SinceT is α-admissible, α(x0,Tx0,Tx0,t)≥1, and α(x0,x0,Tx0,t)≥1 for all t>0, we have α(x1,x2,x2,t)≥1 and α(x1,x1,x2,t)≥1 for all t>0. By induction, we obtain that
(14)α(xn,xn+1,xn+1,t)≥1,α(xn,xn,xn+1,t)≥1,∀n∈N,t>0.
For anyn∈N, from (13) and (14), we have
(15)Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(φ(t))≥α(xn-1,xn,xn,t)min⁡{Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),⁡Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t)}≥min⁡{Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t)},Gxn,xn,xn+1*(φ(t))≥α(xn-1,xn-1,xn,t)min⁡{Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t)}≥min⁡{Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t)}.
Suppose thatQn(t)=min⁡{Gxn,xn+1,xn+1*(t),Gxn,xn,xn+1*(t)}. Then, from the above inequalities, we get Qn(φ(t))≥min⁡{Qn(t),Qn-1(t)}. If min⁡{Qn(t),Qn-1(t)}=Qn(t), then
(16)Qn(φn(t))≥Qn(φn-1(t))≥⋯≥Qn(t).
By Lemma 10, we have Qn(t)=1 for any t>0. Then, xn=xn+1, which is in contradiction to xn≠xn+1.
Hence,min⁡{Qn(t),Qn-1(t)}=Qn-1(t). Then we have
(17)Qn(φn(t))≥Qn-1(φn-1(t))≥⋯≥Q0(t).
Next, we show that{xn} is a Cauchy sequence. For every λ∈(0,1], suppose that Dλ=inf⁡{t>0:Q0(t)>1-λ}. Then Q0(Dλ+1)>1-λ. From (17), for every λ∈(0,1], we get Qn(φn(Dλ+1))>1-λ. By Lemma 13, for any n∈Z+, we have
(18)Gλ*(xn,xn+1,xn+1)<φn(Dλ+1),Gλ*(xn,xn,xn+1)<φn(Dλ+1).
By Lemma 14, for every λ∈(0,1], there exists μ∈(0,λ] such that
(19)Gλ*(xn,xn+m,xn+m)≤∑i=nm+n-1Gμ*(xi,xi+1,xi+1),∀n,m∈Z+.
Suppose thatɛ>0 and λ∈(0,1] are given. Since ∑n=1∞φn(Dμ+1)<+∞, there exists N∈Z+, such that ∑i=nm+n-1φi(Dμ+1)<ɛ for all n,m≥N. Thus, by (18) and (19), we have Gλ*(xn,xn+m,xn+m)<ɛ. Using Lemma 13, we have Gxn,xn+m,xn+m*(ɛ)>1-λ for all n,m≥N. From Lemma 12, we know that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, there exists x*∈X, such that xn→x*.
Sincexn→x*, by (14) and (iii), we have α(xn,x*,x*,t)≥1 and α(xn,xn,x*,t)≥1 for all n∈N and t>0. From (13), for any n∈N, we have
(20)Gxn,Tx*,Tx**(φ(t))≥α(xn-1,x*,x*,t)min⁡{Gxn-1,x*,x**(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)}≥min⁡{Gxn-1,x*,x**(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)},Gxn,xn,Tx**(φ(t))≥α(xn-1,xn-1,x*,t)min⁡{Gxn-1,xn-1,x**(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)}≥min⁡{Gxn-1,x*,x**(t),Gxn-1,xn,xn*(t),Gxn-1,xn-1,xn*(t),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)}.
Letting n→∞, since xn→x* as n→∞, by Lemma 11, (20), we have
(21)min⁡⁡{Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(φ(t)),Gx*,x*,Tx**(φ(t))}≥min⁡{1,1,1,Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t),Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)}.
Hence,
(22)min⁡{Gx*,Tx*,Tx*(φn(t)),Gx*,x*,Tx*(φn(t))}≥min⁡{Gx*,Tx*,Tx*(φn-1(t)),Gx*,x*,Tx*(φn-1(t))}≥⋯≥min⁡{Gx*,Tx*,Tx*(t),Gx*,x*,Tx*(t)}.
By Lemma 10, we have Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(t)=1 and Gx*,x*,Tx**(t)=1 for all t>0. Thus Tx*=x*.
Moreover, letA be the set of fixed points of T; if for each x,y∈A, we have α(x,y,y,t)≥1 for all t>0. Now, suppose that y* is another fixed point of T. Then α(x*,y*,y*,t)≥1 for all t>0. Hence, by (13), we have
(23)Gx*,y*,y**(φn(t))=GTx*,Ty*,Ty**(φn(t))≥α(x*,y*,y*,t)×min⁡{Gx*,y*,y**(φn-1(t)),Gx*,Tx*,Tx**(φn-1(t)),Gy*,Ty*,Ty**(φn-1(t)),Gy*,Ty*,Ty**(φn-1(t)),Gx*,x*,Tx**(φn-1(t)),Gy*,y*,Ty**(φn-1(t)),Gy*,y*,Ty**(φn-1(t))}≥min⁡{Gx*,y*,y**(φn-1(t)),1,1,1,1,1,1}≥Gx*,y*,y**(φn-1(t))≥⋯≥Gx*,y*,y**(t).
By Lemma 10, we get x*=y*. This completes the proof.Now, we present an example to illustrate Theorem21.Example 22.
LetX=[0,+∞] and Δ=ΔM. Then Δ is a t-norm of H-type. Define G*:X×X×X→D+ by
(24)Gx,y,z*(t)={0,t≤0,e-max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}/t,t>0,
for all x,y,z∈X. We claim that (X,G*,ΔM) is a Menger PGM-space. In fact, (PGM-1)-(PGM-3) are easy to check. Next, we prove that (PGM-4) holds.
Suppose thatt,s>0, x,y,z,a∈X, and ΔM(Gx,a,a*(t),Ga,y,z*(s))=min⁡{e-|x-a|/t,e-max⁡{|a-y|,|y-z|,|a-z|}/s}=e-|x-a|/t. Then we have (s/t)|x-a|≥max⁡{|a-y|,|y-z|,|a-z|} and so (t+s)/t|x-a|=|x-a|+(s/t)|x-a|≥|x-a|+max⁡{|a-y|,|y-z|,|a-z|}≥max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}, which implies that Gx,y,z*(t+s)=e-max⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}/(t+s)≥e-|x-a|/t=ΔM(Gx,a,a*(t),Ga,y,z*(s)).
Similarly, ifΔM(Gx,a,a*(t),Ga,y,z*(s))=Ga,y,z*(s), then we also have Gx,y,z*(t+s)=ΔM(Gx,a,a*(t),Ga,y,z*(s)). Hence, (PGM-4) holds. It is easy to prove that (X,G*,ΔM) is complete. Let φ(t)=t/2 for t∈R+,
(25)Tx={x3+13,x∈[0,2],x2,x∈(2,∞),α(x,y,z,t)={1,x,y,z∈[0,2],0,otherwise.
It is not difficult to prove that α and T satisfy (i), (ii), and (iii) of Theorem 21. Now, suppose that at least one of x,y,z is in (2,∞). Then α(x,y,z,t)=0 and so inequality (13) holds. Hence, for x,y,z∈[0,2], we have α(x,y,z,t)=1 for all t>0. Then, for t>0, we have
(26)GTx,Ty,Tz*(t2)=e-(1/3)max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}/(1/2)t=e-(2/3)max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}/t≥e-max⁡⁡{|x-y|,|y-z|,|x-z|}/t=α(x,y,z,t)Gx,y,z*(t).
Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 21 are satisfied. Hence, T has a unique fixed point in X. In fact, x=1/2 is the unique fixed point of T in X.Remark 23.
Theorem21 generalizes and extends Theorem  4.2 in [16] and Theorems 3.5 and   3.6 in [17] (take α(x,y,z,t)≡1 and t>0).


## 3. An Application

In this section, we will apply one of our main results to investigate the existence of solutions for a class of integral equations.Consider the following class of integral equations:(27)x(t)=∫0T0‍K(t,s)f(t,s,x(s))ds+x0(t),
where t∈I=[0,T0], T0>0, and x0:[0,T0]→R, K:[0,T0]2→R+, and f:[0,T0]2×R→R+ are all continuous functions.LetX=C([0,T0],R) be the set of all real continuous functions defined on [0,T0]. We define G*:X×X×X→D+ by
(28)Gx,y,z*(t)=H(t-max⁡{sup⁡t∈[0,T0]|x(t)-y(t)|,sup⁡t∈[0,T0]|y(t)-z(t)|,sup⁡t∈[0,T0]|x(t)-z(t)|}),
for all x,y,z∈X and t∈R. It is easy to verify that (X,G*,ΔM) is a complete Menger PGM-space.Now, we defineT:X→X by Tx(t)=∫0T0‍K(t,s)f(t,s,x(s))ds+x0(t),fort∈[0,T0] and we write x≤y if and only if x(t)≤y(t) for all t∈[0,T0]. Then, x is a solution of (27) if and only if it is a fixed point of T.Theorem 24.
Suppose that the following hypotheses hold:(i)
f(t,s,·) is nondecreasing and φ:R+→R+ is a strictly increasing function such that φ-1({0})={0} and ∑n=1∞φn(t)<+∞ for any t>0;(ii)
one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(a)
for allx,y∈X, x≤y, and ɛ>0, we have
(29)sup⁡t∈[0,T0]∫0T0‍K(t,s)[f(t,s,y(s))-f(t,s,x(s))]ds<φ(ɛ),wheneversup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)]<ɛ;(b)
there exists a continuous functionL:[0,T0]2→R+ such that
(30)ɛT0+K(t,s)[f(t,s,v)-f(t,s,u)]≤φ(ɛ)T0+L(t,s)(v-u),∀u,v∈R,u≤v,t,s∈[0,T0];(iii)
sup⁡t∈[0,T0]⁡∫0T0‍L(t,s)ds≤1.Then the integral equation (27) has a solution in X.Proof.
SinceΔ=ΔM, Δ is a t-norm of H-type and Δ≥Δ1. Let
(31)α(x,y,z,t)={1,x,y,z∈X,x≤y≤z,0,otherwise.
If x,y,z∈X, for all t>0, α(x,y,z,t)≥1, then x≤y≤z. Since f(t,s,·) is nondecreasing, we have Tx≤Ty≤Tz. Hence, α(Tx,Ty,Tz,t)≥1. Thus, T is generalized α-admissible. Let y0=x0∈X. Then y0≤Ty0. Hence, α(y0,y0,Ty0,t)≥1 and α(y0,Ty0,Ty0,t)≥1 for all t>0. Suppose that {yn} is a sequence in X such that α(yn,yn+1,yn+1,t)≥1 and α(yn,yn,yn+1,t)≥1 for all n∈N, t>0, and yn→y. Then y0≤y1≤⋯≤yn≤yn+1≤⋯≤y. Thus, α(yn,yn,y,t)≥1 and α(yn,y,y,t)≥1 for all n∈N and t>0.
We now prove thatGTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(ɛ))≥α(x,y,z,ɛ)Gx,y,z*(ɛ), for ɛ>0. Suppose that x≰y or y≰z. Then α(x,y,z,ɛ)=0. Hence, the above inequality holds.
Ifx≤y≤z, then α(x,y,z,ɛ)=1 for all ɛ>0. Here we distinguish two cases.
Case (a). If max⁡{sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-y(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-x(t)]}≥ɛ, then GTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(ɛ))≥0=α(x,y,z,ɛ)Gx,y,z*(ɛ).
Ifmax⁡{sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-y(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-x(t)]}<ɛ, then we have sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)]<ɛ, sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-y(t)]<ɛ, and sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-x(t)]<ɛ. By (ii), we get sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Ty(t)-Tx(t)]<φ(ɛ), sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Tz(t)-Ty(t)]<φ(ɛ), and sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Tz(t)-Tx(t)]<φ(ɛ). Hence, GTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(ɛ))=1=α(x,y,z,ɛ)Gx,y,z*(ɛ).
Case (b). For any x,y∈X, x≤y, and ɛ>0, we have
(32)ɛ+sup⁡t∈[0,T0]Ty(t)-Tx(t)=∫0T0‍ɛT0ds+sup⁡t∈[0,T0]∫0T0‍K(t,s)(f(t,s,y(s))-f(t,s,x(s)))ds=sup⁡t∈[0,T0]∫0T0‍ɛT0+K(t,s)[f(t,s,y(s))-f(t,s,x(s))]ds≤sup⁡t∈[0,T0]∫0T0‍φ(ɛ)T0+L(t,s)[y(s)-x(s)]ds≤φ(ɛ)+sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)]sup⁡t∈[0,T0]∫0T0‍L(t,s)ds≤φ(ɛ)+sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)].
Hence, φ(ɛ)-sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Ty(t)-Tx(t)]≥ɛ-sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)], for all x,y∈X, x≤y, and ɛ>0. Then,
(33)φ(ɛ)-max⁡⁡{sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Ty(t)-Tx(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Tz(t)-Ty(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][Tz(t)-Tx(t)]}≥ɛ-max⁡⁡{sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-y(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-x(t)]sup⁡t∈[0,T0][y(t)-x(t)],sup⁡t∈[0,T0][z(t)-y(t)],},
where x≤y≤z. Thus, GTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(ɛ))≥α(x,y,z,ɛ)Gx,y,z*(ɛ), for ɛ>0.
In all case, we obtainGTx,Ty,Tz*(φ(t))≥α(x,y,z,t)Gx,y,z*(t)≥α(x,y,z,t)Ux,y,z(t), for all t>0, where Ux,y,z(t) is the same as the one in Definition 20. Thus, all the required conditions of Theorem 21 are satisfied. Therefore, T has a fixed point x*∈X; that is, x* is a solution of the integral equation (27).



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*Source: 103764-2014-10-16.xml*