title: STS-51-A

text: STS-51-A lo je ifoloke keji fun Oko-alobo Ofurufu "Discovery", ati ifoloke 14k eto Oko-alobo Ofurufu ti NASA. Iranlose na gbera lati Kennedy Space Center ni 8 November 1984, o si bale leyin bi ojo mejo sigbana ni 16 November.


title: STS-32

text: STS-32 je iranlose 33k ninu eto Oko-Alobo Ofurufu ti NASA, ati igbera 9k fun Oko-Alobo Ofurufu "Columbia". Nigba to gbera ni 9 January 1990, o je igba akoko leyin STS-61-C ti Pepe A ni Agbala 39 ti Gbongan Ofurufu Kennedy je lilo fun igbera; bakanna o tun je igba akoko ti Mobile Launcher Platform No. 3 (MLP-3) je lilo ninu eto Oko-Alobo Ofurufu. STS-32 lo je, nigbana, iranlose oko-alobo to pe julo to waye, pelu igba to to ojo 11. Ko to kan STS-32, iranlose kan soso to ni iye igba kanna ni STS-9 in 1983.


title: Ogun àgbáyé

text: Ogun àgbáyé ni a mo si ogun to kan ogunlogo awon orile-ede alagbara lagbaye, to si sele ni opo awon orílẹ̀ ati opolopo odun, to si fa iparun pupo.


title: Ogun Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Lìbéríà

text: Ogun Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Lìbéríà le je:


title: Ogun Abẹ́lé Àkọ́kọ́ ilẹ̀ Lìbéríà

text: Ogun Abẹ́lé Àkọ́kọ́ ilẹ̀ Lìbéríà je ijakadi abele to sele ni Liberia lati odun 1989 titi di 1997. Ijakadi na fiku pa eniyan to to 250,000 o si fa ikopa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ati United Nations. Ipinu ijnu ogun ko pe rara nitoripe ni odun 1999 Ogun Abele Ikeji ile Laiberia tun bere.


title: STS-47

text: STS-47 was the 50th Space Shuttle mission of the program, as well as the second mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission mainly involved conducting experiments in life and material sciences.


title: STS-64

text: STS-64 ni iranlose Oko-abalobabo "Discovery" lati se iseadanwo orisirisi. O gbera lati Gbangan Ofurufu Kennedy, Florida, ni September 9, 1994.


STS-68


title: STS-67

text: STS-67 je iranlose ifoloke-ofurufu omoniyan to lo to gbera lati Kennedy Space Center, Florida ni 2 March 1995.


title: STS-69

text: STS-69 je iranlose Oko-Abalobabo Ofurufu "Endeavour", ati ifoloke keji Wake Shield Facility (WSF). Iranlose yi gbera lati Kennedy Space Center, Florida ni September 7, 1995.


title: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton (tí wọ́n bí ní Ọjọ́ kẹrin oṣù kìíní ọdún 1643 - ọjọ́ kọkànlélọ̀gbọ̀n oṣù kẹta 1727) jẹ́ onímọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Gẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì. Ó jẹ́ amọ̀ye ninu ẹ̀kọ́ ìsirò, awòràwọ̀, ẹ̀sìn àti ònkòwé. Ní ìgbà ayé rẹ̀, wọ́ń mọ si amọ̀ye ohun gbogbo.  , ìwé ti ó kọ ní ọdún 1687 jẹ́ ìpìlẹ̀ fun ìsisẹ́ẹ̀ro ayébáyé (nínu ẹkọ́ọ físíìsì). Ìwé yìí wà nípa òfin ìsirò lóri ìmọ̀ye ìṣẹ̀dá, ó sìm jẹ́ awọn ofin akọ́kọ́.


title: Juliu Késárì

text: Gaiu Juliu Késárì (13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) je ogagun ati agbaalu ara Romu . O kopa pataki ninu iyipada Romu Olominira si Ileobaluaye Romu.


title: Boston Celtics

text: The Boston Celtics, also known as the "Celts" are a National Basketball Association (NBA) team based in Boston, Massachusetts. They play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference.


title: Contemporary R&B

text: Contemporary R&B


title: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Leonardo da Vinci


title: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

text: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī


title: Louis Armstrong

text: Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) oruko alaje Satchmo tabi Pops, je afonfere jazz ati akorin ara Amerika lati New Orleans, Louisiana.


title: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879–18 April 1955) je onimosayensi to ko ipa pataki ninu sayensi ni orundun 21ko.


title: Dmitri Mendeleev

text: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (also romanized Mendeleyev or Mendeleef; ) ( – ), was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.


title: Jack Collison

text: Jack David Collison


title: Emily Deschanel

text: Emily Erin Deschanel je osere ara ile Amerika.


title: Chris Tucker

text: Christopher "Chris" Tucker (born August 31, 1971) je òṣeré ati aláwàdà ara ile Amerika, to gbajumo nitori isere re bi Detective James Carter ninu filmu alapameta "Rush Hour" ati bi Smokey ninu filmu odun 1995 "Friday".


title: Formula One

text: Formula One tabi Formula 1 tabi F1 je idije isare moto ti FIA n se imojuto re.


title: Latvian Hockey League

text: Latvian Hockey League


title: STS-77

text: STS-77 je iranlose Oko-alobabo Ofurufu "Endeavour" to gbera lati Kennedy Space Center, Florida ni May 19, 1996.


title: STS-82

text: STS-82 je iranlose atunse si Hubble Space Telescope pelu Oko Alobo "Discovery". O gbera lati Kennedy Space Center, Florida, ni 11 Osu Keji, 1997 o si pada si aye ni 21 Osu Keji, 1997 ni Kennedy Space Center.


title: STS-86

text: STS-86 ni iranlose Oko-alobo Ofurufu "Atlantis" si ibudo oko lofurufu Mir.


STS-87


title: STS-103

text: STS-103 je ero ofurufu ti o n rin tagbara tagbara Hubble Space Telesscope ti o ma n n satunse siSpace Shuttle "Discovery". Won fi STS-103 ranse si ofurufu lati Kennedy Space Center ni Florida ni odun (December 19, 1999) ti o si pada ni (27 December 19990.


title: STS-100

text: STS-100 je iranlose Oko-alobabo Ofurufu si Ibudo Ofurufu Akariaye (ISS) ti Oko-alobabo Ofurufu " Endeavour" se. STS-100 lo lo kan owo roboti Canadarm2 mo ISS.


title: STS-108

text: STS-108 ni iranlose Oko-abalobabo Ofurufu si Ibùdó-ọkọ̀ Lófurufú Káríayé (ISS) ti Space Shuttle " Endeavour" fo lo se. Ise re ni lati ko ohun elo ati ohun iranlowo lo si .


title: STS-124

text: STS-124 je iranloseOko-alobo Ofurufu, latowo Oko-alobo Ofurufu "Discovery" lo si International Space Station.


title: Àrùn gágá

text: Àrùn òtútù tabi òtútù (flu) jẹ́ àrùn àkóràn láàrín awon òlóngo (ẹyẹ, àdìrẹ) àti àwọn àfòmúbọmó tí èràn RNA ẹbí "Orthomyxoviridae" ń fà. Láàrín àwọn ènìyàn ìbá ń fa òtútù (ìgbónạ́-ara), ẹ̀dùn lọ́rùn, ẹ̀dùn iṣan, ìforí kíkankíkan, ikọ̀, àìlágbára àti ìrora.


Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Sófìẹ̀tì Sósíálístì ti Estóníà


title: Socrates

text: Socrates (; ; c. 469 BC–399 BC)


title: Kẹrosínì

text: Kẹrosínì tabi parafínì je asàn karbonionihaidrojini (haidrokarboni) agbana


title: Iná

text: Iná je isodioloksijini kiakia ohun-elo agbana kan nipa mimu igbona, imole ati awon orisi eso ifesi bi karboni oloksijini ati omi wa.


title: Ìgbaná

text: Ìgbaná tabi ìjóná ni a n pe gbogbo itunse apopoogun (chemical reaction) to n mu igbona ati imole wa. Igbana je ifesi Iresile-Isodioloksijini. Ni igba atijo won n pe gbogbo ifesi mo oksijini (O) to mu igbona ati imole wa ni igbana. Sugbon loni a mo pe awon ohun alara miran na le fa orisi igbana. Iru awon ohun alara bayi ni Florini (F) , Klorini (Cl) at.bb.lo. Botiwukoje ni igba ti a ba n soro nipa igbana, lai se itumo mo ohun kankan, o tumo si igbana mo oksijini tabi afefe. Ni pataki awon igbana adapo alemin (organic compound) n sele pelu O tabi pelu awon ohun alara to ni oksijini bi afefe tabi baba oloksijini(II) (CuO). A le pin igbana si eyi topari ati eyi tikopari gege bi iye O to wa ati awon ìwàkání igba na.


title: Epo

text: Epo je asàn ni ìgbónásí ayika towopo, to le je sise boya lati inu alumoni haidrokarboni tabi lati inu ọ̀gbìn tabi lati inu fifunte awon koko ogbin, be si ni pe awon epo ko se dapo mo omi.


title: Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Ìṣiṣẹ́ògùn

text: Ẹ̀bùn Nobel fún Kẹ́místrì ("Nobelpriset i kemi") je ebun ododun ti ti Akademy Alade ile Sweden fun àwon Sayensi n se fun awon onimosayensi ninu orisirisi papa kẹ́místrì. O je ikan ninu awon Ẹ̀bùn Nobel marun ti ogún Alfred Nobel se sile ni 1895.


title: Amman

text: Amman (), tabi Ammann (Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) je oluilu orile-ede Jordan


title: Hanoi

text: 'Hanoi ni oluilu orile-ede Vietnam.


title: Ashgabat

text: Ashgabat je oluilu Turkmenistan.


title: Nursultan

text: Nursultan formerly known as "Astana" (), "Akmola" (Kazakh: "Ақмола" / "Aqmola", until 1998), "Tselinograd" (, until 1992) and "Akmolinsk" (Russian: "Акмолинск", until 1961), is the capital and second largest city (after Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010.


title: Baghdad

text: Baghdad ( "", ) , ti itumo re je "Latowo Olorun (ni ede Persia)", ni oluilu orilede Iraq.


title: Dàmáskù

text: Damascus ( '), ni Siria won unpe ni "Al Sham" ( '), ati bi "Ilu Jasmine" ( ""), ni oluilu ati ilu keji totobijulo ni Síríà ati ikan ninu awon igberiko 14 ni orile-ede na. Igberiko Damasku ni gomina bi olori toje yiyansipo latowo Alakoso Oro Abele. Damasku je gbangan asa ati esin pataki ni Lẹ̀fántì. Ilu na ni idiye olugbe 1,711,000 (idiye 2009).


title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu je oluilu orile-ede Nepal.


title: Kotte

text: Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ in Sinhalese ati ஸ்ரீ ஜயவர்த்தனபுரம் கோட்டை ni Tamil), bakanna gege bi Sri Jayawardenapura tabi Kotte කෝට්ටේ, ni oluilu ijoba orile-ede Sri Lanka.


title: Manama

text: Manama je oluilu, ati ilu totobijulo ni orile-ede Bahrain.


title: Manila

text: Ilu ti Manila (), tabi Manila lasan, ni oluilu orile-ede Philippines.


title: Muscat

text: Muscat (Arabic: مسقط, ) ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni orile-ede Oman.


title: Bandar Seri Begawan

text: Bandar Seri Begawan, (Jawi: بندر سري بڬاوان ) idiye awon eniyan je 27,285 (ni 2002), ni oluilu ati ilutitobijulo ni orile-ede Sultanu Brunei.


title: Bishkek

text: Bishkek (ni Kyrgyz ati ede Rosia: Бишкек), tele gege bi Pishpek ati Frunze, ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni orile-ede Kyrgyzstan.


title: Dili

text: Dili ("deelee"), spelled Díli ni Potogi, je oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni East Timor.


title: Ulan Bator

text: Ulan Bator () tabi Ulaanbaatar (; , ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ itumo: "Akoni Pupa; The Red Hero"), je oluilu ati ilutitobijulo ni orile-ede Mongolia. Ilu aladawa ni ti ko si ni igberiko kankan, iye awon eniyan ibe ni 2008 ju egbegberun kan lo.


title: Riyadh

text: Riyadh ( "ar-Riyāḍ", itumo: "Awon ogba") ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Saudi Arabia. Ohun tun ni oluilu Igberiko Riyadh, ati ikan ninu awon agbegbe atijo ni Nejd ati Al-Yamama.


title: Kòmórò

text: Àwọn Kòmórò tabi Kòmórò tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè ile àwọn Kòmórò tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìrẹ́pọ̀ ilẹ̀ àwọn Kòmórò je orile-ede ni Afrika.


title: Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè

text: Egbe Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè


title: NATO

text: NATO to duro ni ede Geesi fun North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Ajo Adehun Ariwa Atlantiki)


title: Michelangelo

text: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), mímọ̀ lásán bíi Michelangelo, jẹ́ ọmọ ìgbà àtúnbí iṣẹ́-ọnà tí Italia tó jẹ́ ayàwòrán, àgbẹ́gi lére, architect, eléwì, àti oníṣé-ẹ̀rọ.


title: Diego Velázquez

text: Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660)


title: Claude Monet

text: Claude Monet (), abiso Oscar Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926), je akun awora ara Fransi.


title: Vincent van Gogh

text: Vincent Willem van Gogh (, ; 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work had a far-reaching influence on 20th century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact. He suffered from anxiety and increasingly frequent bouts of mental illness throughout his life and died, largely unknown, at the age of 37 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.


title: Pablo Picasso

text: Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, to gbajumo bi Pablo Picasso (, 25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), je akun àworan, agbere, atewe, oniseamo, ati onigbajamo oriitage ara Spein to lo opo gbogbo ojo aye re ni Fransi.


title: Euclid

text: Euclid (Greek: ), fl. 300 BC, bakanna bi Euclid ti Alexandria, je Greek onimomathematiki, ti o je gbigba gege bi "Baba Geometry."


title: Carl Friedrich Gauss

text: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; , ) (30 April 1777 23 February 1855) je ara Germany onimo-mathematiki ati onimosayensi ti o ko ipa to se koko ninu opo omo ijinle, bi iro nomba, statistiki, ituyewo mathematiki, Jeometria oniyato, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, itorawo ati iriran. Won pe ni "Princeps mathematicorum" (Latini, fun "Arole awon Onimo-mathematiki" tabi "asiwaju awon onimo-mathematiki") ati "onimo-mathematiki olokikijulo lati atijo", Gauss ko ipa gidigidi ninu opo papa imo mathematiki ati sayensi. He referred to mathematics as "the queen of sciences."


title: Alan Turing

text: Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), je ara Ilegeesi onimomathimatiki, onimo ogbon, aseatuwoipamo ati asesayensi komputa. O ko ipa pataki ninu idagbasoke sayensi komputa, nipa pipese isodimudaju awon itumo "algoritmu" ati "isiropo" ("computation") pelu ero Turin, to kopa pataki ninu idasile komputa odeoni. Turing je gbigba bi baba sayensi komputa ati laakaye afowoda.


title: Kurt Gödel

text: Kurt Gödel (; April 28, 1906, Brno, Moravia – January 14, 1978, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) je onimomathematiki, onimo-oye ati onimo-ogbon omo ile Austria. Gege bi enikan to se pataki larin awon onimo-ogbon, Godel ni ipa to se koko lori ironu sayensi ati imo-oye ni orundun 20, asiko ti opolopo eniyan bi Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead ati David Hilbert n sefilole lilo ogbon ati ironusi akojopo lati ṣèyé àwon ifilole mathematiki.


title: Kurt Gödel

text: Godel je olokiki fun awon aronuse tikolepari, to tejade ni 1931 ni igba to je omo odun 25, odun kan pere leyin igba to pari eri olukoni ni Yunifasiti ilu Vienna. Aronuse tikolepari eyi to gbajumoju so pe fun irukiru sistemu alagbekale ton...


title: David Hilbert

text: David Hilbert je mathimatiki ara ilu Jẹ́mánì.


title: Gottfried Leibniz

text: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (; 1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) je ara Jẹ́mánì onimoye, amoju ati onimo mathematiki ti o fi ede Latin ati Faranse ko we.


title: Pythagoras

text: Pythagoras of Samos (, or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC)


title: René Descartes

text: René Descartes (; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Kiko ni Latin: "Renatus Cartesius"; oro aponle: "Kartesi" tabi "Cartesian" ni geesi), je amoye ara Fransi, onimo mathimatiki, onimo fisksi, ati olukowe to gbe opo igbesiaye agbalagba re ni orile-ede Hollandi Olominira. Won ti pe ni bi "Baba Imoye Odeoni", beesini opo Imooye apaiwoorun je bi esi si awon iwe to ko, ti won si tun unje gbigbeka momomo doni. Agaga, iwe re "Meditations on First Philosophy" si je doni iwe pataki ni awon ipin-apa imoye ni awon yunifasiti. Ipa Descartes ninu mathimatiki han kedere; ohun lo seda sistemu ajofonako Kartesi—ungba irisi jeometri laaye lati je gbigbekale ni isedogba aljebra. Ohun lo je sisawin bi baba jeometri alatuwo. Descartes na tun je ikan ninu awon to se bere Ijidide Sayensi.


title: Fyodor Dostoyevsky

text: Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky (, "Fëdor Mihajlovič Dostoevskij," ), nigba miran bi Dostoevsky, Dostoievsky, Dostojevskij, Dostoevski, Dostojevski tabi Dostoevskij ( – ) je olukowe ati alaroko omo Rosia, to gbajumo fun awon iwe itan aroko re "Iwa odaran ati Ijiya" ati "Awon Arakunrin Karamazov".


title: Leo Tolstoy

text: Leo Tolstoy, tabi Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (, ; – ), je olukowe ara orile-ede Russia to je gbigba gege bi ikan ninu awon olukotan aroko to je olokikijulo. Awon iwe re "Ogun ati Alafia" ati "Anna Karenina."


title: Nat King Cole

text: Nathaniel Adams Coles (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965), to gbajumo nibise bi Nat "King" Cole, jeolorin ara Amerika to koko gbajumo bi okan ninu awon atepiano jazz. Botilejepe o yorisirere bi atepiano, 0hun baritonu re ni awon eniyan se mo, to unlo lati korin larin agbo nla ati awon iru orin jazz. Ohun ni eni alawodudu ara Amerika akoko to je agbalejo ere orisirisi lori telifison, beesini o ti gbajumo kakiri agbaye nitori iku aitojo re; o je gbigba bi ikan ninu awon olorin pataki to koja ni orile-ede Amerika.


title: Vladimir Lenin

text: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin () ( – 21 January 1924), born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (), je Olori Bolshevik ti Ijidide Osukewa, 1917 ati Olori Orile-ede akoko Isokan Sofieti.


title: Adolf Hitler

text: Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) je omo Jemani ti a bi ni Austria to je oloselu ati olori Egbe awon Osise Sosialisti Tomoorile-ede Jemani (, kikekuru bi NSDAP), to gbajumo bi Egbe Nazi. O je Kansilo ile Jemani lati 1933 de 1945 besini leyin 1934, gege bi olori orile-ede bi "Führer und Reichskanzler", o si joba ibe bi apase wa.


title: Homer

text: Homer ().


title: Immanuel Kant

text: Immanuel Kant () (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) je amoye ara Jemani ti orundun 18th lati ilu Königsberg ni Prussia. Kant lo je amoye gbeyin tonipa ni Europe odeoni ninu afinuro imo nigba Olaju to bere pelu awon alayan bi John Locke, George Berkeley, ati David Hume.


title: Immanuel Kant

text: Kant seda ona igbewo tuntun ninu imoye to ni ipa kakiri lori imoye kakiri orundun 21st. O satejade awon ise pataki lori oro-ijinle, lori esin, ofin, ati itan. Ikan ninu iwe re pataki ni "Agbeyewo Ironu Sasa", to je iwadi lori opin ati opo ironu fun ra re gan. O gbogun ti awon iru oro-adanida ati oro-ijinle to wa tele, o si falasi afikun Kant gan si awon eyi. Awon ise miran to tun se bi agbalagba ni "Agbeyewo Ironu Alagbese", to dawo lori iwawiwu, ati "Agbeyewo Idajo", to sewadi which investigates oro-ewa ati iwadopin.


title: Immanuel Kant

text: Kant damoran pe oro-adanida se tunse pelu oro-ijinle. O so pe nipa liloye awon orisun ati awon opin imo omo-eniyan a le bere awon ibere oloro-ijinle ti yio ni eso. O bere boya ohun kan le je mimo pe o ni awon ini pato kan ki o to di pe iriri ohun na waye. O pinu pe gbogbo awon ohun ti emi le ro nipa won gbodo je bi iru ero re. Nipa bayi ti emi ba le ro lasan nikan bi titori (causality) ti Kant gba pe o je be nigbana a le mo won ki a to ni iriri won pe gbogbo awon ohun ti a ni iriri won gbodo je itori tabi ìṣẹlẹ̀. Sibe, o je bayi pe o se e se pe awon ohun kan wa ti eda won ko se fi emi ro, nitorie opo titori, fun apere ko se mulo laisi iriri: o je be pe a ko le mo, fun apere, boya ile-aye ti wa lailai tabi boya ohun kan lo fa wa. Bi be awon ibere ninla oro-ijinle alafinuro ko l ni idahun pelu emi omo-eniyan, sugbon sayensi fidimule sansan ninu awon ofin emi. Iwadi lri idimule ati idagba opolo ninu awon eranko satileyin ironusi Kant, botileje fun ifuramo aaye; eyun, isoju aaye ayika lamupo ohun kan to siwaju ifuramo gangan ayika na fun ra re.


title: Immanuel Kant

text: Kant gbagbo pe ohun unda ilaja laarin awon oluseiriri ati awon oluselaakaye. Awon oluseiriri gbagbo pe imo unwa latinu iriri nikan, sugbon awon oluselaakaye tenumo pe imo le bo si abe iyemeji Kartesi ati pe ironu nikan lo le fun wa ni imo. Sugbon ijiyan Kant nipe, lilo ironu lai mulo mo iriri yio fa itanraenije wa, nigba ti iriri yio je tonitoun ti a ko ba koko fi ironu saka wo.


title: Immanuel Kant

text: Ero Kant nipa ni Jermani igba aye re, nipa mimu imoye losiwaju ijiyan larin awon oluselaakaye ati oluseiriri. Awon amoye Fichte, Schelling, Hegel ati Schopenhauer ri ara won bi eni to satunse ati samufe sistemu Kantiani, bi be won samuwa orisi iru Isearowa ti Jermani. Titi doni Kant unnipa pataki lori imoye, nipa ipa re lori imoye alatuwo ati imoye orile Europe.


title: Ibn Khaldun

text: Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (orúkọ lẹ́kúnrẹ́rẹ́, , , (May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH – March 19, 1406 AD/808 AH) jẹ́ ará agbègbè Àríwá Afíríkà onímọ̀púpọ̀


title: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) (; in English , ) je ara Europe ni orundun 19 to je onimo oye ati onimo filologi ijoun. O ko iwe agbeyewo lori esin, iwuwa, asa igbana, imoye ati sayensi, nipa lilo ede Jemani otooto.


title: John Locke

text: John Locke (; 29 Osu Kejo 1632 – 28 Osu Kewa 1704), to gbajumo gege bi "Baba Isealainide", je amoye ati onisegun ara Ilegeesi to je ikan larin awon onironu Olaju to ni ipa julo. Won gba bi ikan lara awon aseoniriri akoko ara Britani, nipa titele asa ti Francis Bacon bere, bakanna o tun se pataki si ero adehun awujo. Ise re se pataki fun idagbasoke epistemology ati imoye oselu. Awon iwe re ni ipa lori Voltaire ati Rousseau, opo awon onironu Olaju Skotlandi, ati bakanna lori awon Olujidide Amerika. Ipa re si iseolominira ijohun ati ero alainide han ninu Ifilole Ilominira Amerika .


title: James Joyce

text: James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) je olukowe ati ako-ewi omo Irelandi, to je gbigba gege bi ikan ninu awon olukowe to ipa julo ni orundun 20. Pelu Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, ati awon yioku, Joyce ko ipa pataki ninu igbega itan-aroko odeoni. O gbajumo fun iwe re bi "Ulysses" (1922) ati "Dubliners" (1914), "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" (1916) ati "Finnegans Wake" (1939).


title: Elvis Presley

text: Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) je akorin ara ile Amerika


title: Pablo Neruda

text: Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) ni oruko ikowe, ati to je oruko abofinmu fun olukowe komunisti ati oloselu ara Tsile Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. O yan oruko yi bi eye fun akoewi olokiki omo Tseki Jan Neruda.


title: Pablo Neruda

text: Pablo Neruda gba Ebun Nobel ninu litireso ni odun 1971


title: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; in his youth, "Niclas Koppernigk"; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) je atorawo igba Renaissance ati eni akoko to safida cosmology alarin-orun, to mu Aye kuro ni arin agbala aye.


title: Thomas Edison

text: Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) je oluda ati onisowo ara Amerika. O da awon ero ilo pupo to nipa lori igbe aye bi ero agbohun, kamera aworan isipoda, ati gilobu ina.


title: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) je ara Italia onimo fisiiki, mathematiiki, olutorawo, ati onimo oye to ko ipa pataki ninu Ijidide Sayensi. Die ninu awon aseyori re ni atunse si teliskopu ati awon akiyesi irawo to se, ati itileyin ise Copernicus. Won ti pe Galileo ni "baba itorawo oniakiyesi odeoni," "baba fisiiki odeoni," the "baba sayensi," ati "Baba Sayensi Odeoni." Stephen Hawking so pe, "Galileo, ju elomiran, lo sise fun ibi sayensi odeoni."


title: Antoine Lavoisier

text: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Sigmund Freud (), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), je ara Austria onimo ikanra to sedasile ile-eko alatuwo-inuokan to unje iwosan-inuokan.


title: Niels Bohr

text: Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) je ara Denmark onimofisiiki ti o se afikun ipilese si oye idimule atomu ati isese ero ayosere, fun eyi to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Fisiiki ni 1922.


title: Marie Curie

text: Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) je onimo fisiyiki ati onimo kemistri omo orile-ede Poland to di ara Fransi lojowaju. O je asiwaju ninu papa radiolilagbara ati eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. Ohun na lo tun je obinrin akoko to je ojogbon ni Yunifasiti ilu Paris.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble tabi Agbéwọ̀ọ́kán Òfurufú Hubble ("Hubble Space Telescope"; HST tabi TOH) je teliskopu ofurufu kan to je gbigbe lo sinu onaayipo pelu Oko Alobo kan ni 1990, to si wa nibe latigba na. O je teliskopu to ni enu-iwole imole , o si wa ni onaayipo isale Aye, awon irinse mererin pataki Hubble le sakiyesi ni itanka eti inuaro, alafojuri, ati eti inupupa. Teliskopu na je sisoloruko fun atorawo Edwin Hubble.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Ona-ayipo Hubble to wa niwaju ibi idilona ojuayika Aye gba laaye lati ya awon aworan to han kedere lai si ina eyin. Aworan Papa Ijin De le Hubble, fun apere lo je aworan afojuri ina to kunrere julo fun ohun to jinna to je yiya ni foto ni agbala aye. Opo awon akiyesi Hubble ti fa ojutu isoro ninu sayensi fisiksionirawo, bi sise bi agbala aye se unfe si gerege.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Bo tilejepe ki se teliskopu ofurufu akoko, Hubble je ikan ninu awon to tobijulo ati to se e mulo fun orisirisi ise, ati ohun iwadi to se pataki ati ohun ibasepo igboro fun itorawo. TOH je kiko latowo ile-ise eto ofurufu Amerika NASA, pelu ifikun latodo Ile-ise Ofurufu Europe, o si unje mimusise latowo Space Telescope Science Institute. Teliskopu na je ikan ninu awon Ibi Isakiyesi Gbangba ti NASA, lapapo mo Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Chandra X-ray Observatory, ati Teliskopu Ofurufu Spitzer.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Awon teliskopu ofurufu je dida laba lati odun 1923. Owo fun iko Hubble bere sini je kikojo ni ewadun 1970s, pelu ireti pe yio gbera ni 1983, sugbon o ku seyin nitori isoro isise, inawo ati ijamba "Challenger". Nigba to gbeyin gbera ni 1990, awon onimo sayensi ri pe jigi iwaju re ko duro daada, eyi fa ko mo sise boseye. Iranlose se atunse eyi ni 1993.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Hubble ni teliskopu kan soso to je sise lati se atunse re ninu ofurufu latowo awon arinlofurufu. Larin 1993 ati 2002, iranlose merin se atunse, isodotun ati won se idipo awon sistemu ninu teliskopu na; iranlose karun je fifagile fun abo leyin ijamba "Columbia". Sugbon leyin iforowero igboro to waye, oludari NASA Mike Griffin fase si iranlose atunse to gbeyin, eyi waye ni 2009. Ireti ni pe teliskopu na yio sise titi di 2014 o kereju. Eyi ti yio ropo re ni Teliskopu Ofurufu James Webb (JWST), eyi yio gbera ni 2018 tabi leyin igba yi.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Ni 1923, Hermann Oberth — to je gbigba bi baba ise roketi ayeodeoni, lapapo mo Robert H. Goddard ati Konstantin Tsiolkovsky — setewejade "" ("Roketi sinu Ofurufu Planeti"; "The Rocket into Planetary Space"), to fenu ba bawo ni teliskopu se le je mu jijulo sinu ona-ayika Aye pelu roketi.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Itan Teliskopu Ofurufu Hubble se wa seyin de odun 1946, nigbati atorawo Lyman Spitzer ko iwe-ayoka kan to unje "Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory" ("Awon anfani itorawo ibi-isakiyesi ojuorun"). Ninu re, o jiroro nipa awon anfan pataki meji ti ibi-isakiyesi to budo si ofurufu ni lori awon teliskopu to budo si ori ile. Akoko, igbehan onigun (ijinna kekerejulo nibi ti awon ohunkan se le e damo) yio je sisaropin lasan latowo igedakoja, kaka ko je latowo iji ni oju-ayika, to unje ki awon irawo o tan yinrinyinrin, to je mimo bi iwo latowo awon atorawo. Lasiko na awon teliskopu ibudo ori ile igbana ni igbehan ti ko din ju 0.5–1.0 arcseconds lo, ti a ba fiwe mo igbehan 0.05 arcsec ti igedakoja saropin yio ni fun teliskopu pelu jigi ti idakoja re je 2.5 m. Ekeji, teliskopu ibudo ofurufu le sakiyesi imole oninupupa ati oninuaro, ti won le sonu soju-ayika fun teliskopu ibudo ori ile.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Spitzer lo gbogbo asiko ise re si pipe fun igbedide teliskopu ofurufu. Ni 1962, ijabo iwadi Akademi awon Sayensi Orile-ede Amerika da aba igbedide teliskopu ofurufu gege bi apa eto ofurufu, ati ni 1965 Spitzer je yiyansipo bi olori igbimo ti ise re je lati setoka ona sayensi fun teliskopu ofurufu ninla.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Itorawo ibudo ofurufu ti bere diedie leyin Ogun Agbaye 2k, bi awon onimo sayensi se lo awon igbedide to ti waye ninu oroiseona rọ́kẹ̀tì. Ìgbàjá-àwọ̀ onínúaró àkọ́kọ́ ti Òrùn jẹ́ rírí ní 1946, NASA sì ṣègbéra Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) láti gba àwọn ìgbàjá UV, ìtànká-X (X-ray), àti ìtànká gamma ní 1962. Tẹ́lískópù ọ̀nà-àyípo òrùn kan jẹ́ gbígbérá ní 1962 látọwọ́ Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan bíi apá ètò òfurufú Ariel, bẹ́ẹ̀sìni ní 1966 NASA ṣègbéra ìránlọṣe Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) àkọ́kọ́. Bátìrì OAO-1 kùnà lẹ̀yìn ọjọ́ mẹ́ta, èyí fi òpin sí ìránlọṣe náà. OAO-2 tó rọ́pò rẹ̀ ṣe àkíyèsí onínúaró àwọn ìràwọ̀ àti gáláksì láti ìgbà ìgbéra rẹ̀ ní 1968 títí di 1972, èyí pẹ́ ju ọdún kan tí wọ́n gbèrò fun lọ.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Àwọn ìránlọṣe OSO àti OAO fihàn bí àwọn àkíyèsí ibùdó òfurufú ṣe ṣe pàtàkì sí nínú ìtòràwọ̀, bó sì ṣe di 1968, NASA ṣàgbédìde àwọn ètò gidi fún tẹ́lískópù alátànpadà pẹ̀lú jígí tí ìdákọjá rẹ̀ jẹ́ 3 m, tó jẹ́ mímọ̀ nígbà náà bíi Large Orbiting Telescope tàbí Large Space Telescope (LST), tí yíò gbéra ní 1979. Awon eto yi tenumo bi o se se pataki fun awon iranlose itoju pelu awon eniyan lo si teliskopu na lati ri pe iru eto alewo na ni emi ojo pipe, besini igbedide lasiko kanna eto fun and the concurrent development of plans for the reusable oko alobo alatunmulo fihan pe oroiseona ti yio gba eyi laye ko ni pe waye.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Ni 1974, Kongresi jawo inawo fun eto teliskopu na. Nitorie opo awon atorawo bere ipade pelu awon asoju ati alagba asofin lati ri pe owo ko ja lori igbedidide re. Nigbeyin Kongresi pinu lati da inawo re si abo.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Nitori aito owo lo fa ti European Space Agency se pinu lati pese owo ati irinse fun teliskopu na, ati batiri olorun ti yio fun ni agbara, ati awon osise lati sise lori teliskopu na ni Amerika, fun eyi won yio fun awon atorawo ara Europe ni 15% asiko isakiyesi lori teliskopu na. Nigbeyin Kongresi fi ase si ipese owo to to US$36,000,000 fun 1978, be sini iyaeto LST bere, pelu ero lati gbera ni 1983. Ni 1983 teliskopu na je sisoloruko fun Edwin Hubble, eni to sewari ikan ninu awon awari sayensi orundun 20k nigbato sawari pe agbala aye unfesi.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Leyin ti iseowo Teliskopu Ofurufu na ti gba ase, ise bere kiakia lori re, o si je pinpin larin opo awon ile-ise. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) lo gba ase lati daeto, sagbedide ati ko teliskopu na, nigbati Goddard Space Flight Center gba ase isejanu apapo awon irinse sayensi ati gbongan ibi ikojanu ori ile fun iranlose na. MSFC gbe ise fun ile-ise isiseiriran Perkin-Elmer lati daeto ati ko Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA) ati Fine Guidance Sensors fun teliskopu na. Lockheed gba ise lati ko ati searomo oko-ofurufu ti teliskopu na yio duro si.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Fun iworan, TOH unlo Cassegrain reflector ti afowoda Ritchey-Chrétien, bo se je fun opo awon teliskopu isise miran. Afowoda yi, pelu jigi atenikun meji (hyperbolic mirrors), gbajumo fun iseaworan todara lori ibi iriran to fe gidi, pelu ainianfani pe awon bi awon jigi na se ri soro lati da ati danwo. Jigi ati sistemu onitiworan ti teliskopu na ni ni won unso bi yio se sise daradara si, be sini won je fifowoda ni iye pato. Awon teliskopu onitiworan saba ni jigi to ti je didan to ni isegeege bi ti idamewa ibuiruila itanmole afojuri, sugbon Teliskopu Ofurufu yi unje lilo fun isakiyesi lati itanmole afojuri de oninuawoaro (ibu-iruila kere) be sini o gbodo ni diffraction limited pato lati le lo gbogbo anfani ti ayiko ofurufu pese. Nitori eyi, jigi re gbodo je didan de isegeere 10 nanometers, bi tabi 1/65 ibu-iruila itanmole awopupa. Ni apa ibu-iruila togun, OTA na je fifowoda pelu pe IR re yio sise boseye daada — fun apere, awon jigi ni igbonasi toduro laimi (won si loworo, bi 15 °C). Eyi fa ala si ise Hubble bi teliskopu oninuawopupa.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Perkin-Elmer intended to use custom-built and extremely sophisticated computer-controlled polishing machines to grind the mirror to the required shape. However, in case their cutting-edge technology ran into difficulties, NASA demanded that PE sub-contract to Kodak to construct a back-up mirror using traditional mirror-polishing techniques. (The team of Kodak and Itek also bid on the original mirror polishing work. Their bid called for the two companies to double-check each other's work, which would have almost certainly caught the polishing error that later caused such problems.) The Kodak mirror is now on permanent display at the Smithsonian Institution. An Itek mirror built as part of the effort is now used in the 2.4 m telescope at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Construction of the Perkin-Elmer mirror began in 1979, starting with a blank manufactured by Corning from their ultra-low expansion glass. To keep the mirror's weight to a minimum it consisted of inch-thick top and bottom plates sandwiching a honeycomb lattice. Perkin-Elmer simulated microgravity by supporting the mirror on both sides with 138 rods that exerted varying amounts of force. This ensured that the mirror's final shape would be correct and to specification when finally deployed. Mirror polishing continued until May 1981. NASA reports at the time questioned Perkin-Elmer's managerial structure, and the polishing began to slip behind schedule and over budget. To save money, NASA halted work on the back-up mirror and put the launch date of the telescope back to October 1984. The mirror was completed by the end of 1981; it was washed using 2,400 gallons (9,100 L) of hot, deionized water and then received a reflective coating of aluminum 65 nm-thick and a protective coating of magnesium fluoride 25 nm-thick.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Doubts continued to be expressed about Perkin-Elmer's competence on a project of this importance, as their budget and timescale for producing the rest of the OTA continued to inflate. In response to a schedule described as "unsettled and changing daily", NASA postponed the launch date of the telescope until April 1985. Perkin-Elmer's schedules continued to slip at a rate of about one month per quarter, and at times delays reached one day for each day of work. NASA was forced to postpone the launch date until March and then September 1986. By this time, the total project budget had risen to US$1.175 billion.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The spacecraft in which the telescope and instruments were to be housed was another major engineering challenge. It would have to withstand frequent passages from direct sunlight into the darkness of Earth's shadow, which would cause major changes in temperature, while being stable enough to allow extremely accurate pointing of the telescope. A shroud of multi-layer insulation keeps the temperature within the telescope stable, and surrounds a light aluminum shell in which the telescope and instruments sit. Within the shell, a graphite-epoxy frame keeps the working parts of the telescope firmly aligned. Because graphite composites are hygroscopic, there was a risk that water vapor absorbed by the truss while in Lockheed's clean room would later be expressed in the vacuum of space; the telescope's instruments would be covered in ice. To reduce that risk, a nitrogen gas purge was performed before launching the telescope into space.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: While construction of the spacecraft in which the telescope and instruments would be housed proceeded somewhat more smoothly than the construction of the OTA, Lockheed still experienced some budget and schedule slippage, and by the summer of 1985, construction of the spacecraft was 30% over budget and three months behind schedule. An MSFC report said that Lockheed tended to rely on NASA directions rather than take their own initiative in the construction.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: When launched, the HST carried five scientific instruments: the Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC), Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS), High Speed Photometer (HSP), Faint Object Camera (FOC) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS). WF/PC was a high-resolution imaging device primarily intended for optical observations. It was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and incorporated a set of 48 filters isolating spectral lines of particular astrophysical interest. The instrument contained eight charge-coupled device (CCD) chips divided between two cameras, each using four CCDs. Each CCD has a resolution of 0.64 megapixels. The "wide field camera" (WFC) covered a large angular field at the expense of resolution, while the "planetary camera" (PC) took images at a longer effective focal length than the WF chips, giving it a greater magnification.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The GHRS was a spectrograph designed to operate in the ultraviolet. It was built by the Goddard Space Flight Center and could achieve a spectral resolution of 90,000. Also optimized for ultraviolet observations were the FOC and FOS, which were capable of the highest spatial resolution of any instruments on Hubble. Rather than CCDs these three instruments used photon-counting digicons as their detectors. The FOC was constructed by ESA, while the University of California, San Diego and the Martin Marietta corporation built the FOS.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The final instrument was the HSP, designed and built at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It was optimized for visible and ultraviolet light observations of variable stars and other astronomical objects varying in brightness. It could take up to 100,000 measurements per second with a photometric accuracy of about 2% or better.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: HST's guidance system can also be used as a scientific instrument. Its three Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) are primarily used to keep the telescope accurately pointed during an observation, but can also be used to carry out extremely accurate astrometry; measurements accurate to within 0.0003 arcseconds have been achieved.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is responsible for the scientific operation of the telescope and delivery of data products to astronomers. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) and is physically located in Baltimore, Maryland on the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University, one of the 33 US universities and seven international affiliates that make up the AURA consortium. STScI was established in 1981 after something of a power struggle between NASA and the scientific community at large. NASA had wanted to keep this function "in-house", but scientists wanted it to be based in an academic establishment. The Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF), established at Garching bei München near Munich in 1984, provides similar support for European astronomers.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: One rather complex task that falls to STScI is scheduling observations for the telescope. Hubble is in a low-Earth orbit so that it can be reached by the space shuttle for servicing missions, but this means that most astronomical targets are occulted by the Earth for slightly less than half of each orbit. Observations cannot take place when the telescope passes through the South Atlantic Anomaly due to elevated radiation levels, and there are also sizable exclusion zones around the Sun (precluding observations of Mercury), Moon and Earth. The solar avoidance angle is about 50°, which is specified to keep sunlight from illuminating any part of the OTA. Earth and Moon avoidance is to keep bright light out of the FGSs and to keep scattered light from entering the instruments. If the FGSs are turned off, however, the Moon and Earth can be observed. Earth observations were used very early in the program to generate flat-fields for the WFPC1 instrument. There is a so-called continuous viewing zone (CVZ), at roughly 90 degrees to the plane of Hubble's orbit, in which targets are not occulted for long periods. Due to the precession of the orbit, the location of the CVZ moves slowly over a period of eight weeks. Because the limb of the Earth is always within about 30° of regions within the CVZ, the brightness of scattered earthshine may be elevated for long periods during CVZ observations.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Because Hubble orbits in the upper atmosphere, its orbit changes over time in a way that is not accurately predictable. The density of the upper atmosphere varies according to many factors, and this means that Hubble's predicted position for six weeks' time could be in error by up to 4,000 km. Observation schedules are typically finalized only a few days in advance, as a longer lead time would mean there was a chance that the target would be unobservable by the time it was due to be observed.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Engineering support for HST is provided by NASA and contractor personnel at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, 48 km south of the STScI. Hubble's operation is monitored 24 hours per day by four teams of flight controllers who make up Hubble's Flight Operations Team.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: By early 1986, the planned launch date of October that year looked feasible, but the Challenger accident brought the U.S. space program to a halt, grounding the space shuttle fleet and forcing the launch of Hubble to be postponed for several years. The telescope had to be kept in a clean room, powered up and purged with nitrogen, until a launch could be rescheduled. This costly situation (about $6 million per month) pushed the overall costs of the project even higher. This delay did allow time for engineers to perform extensive tests, swap out a possibly failure-prone battery, and make other improvements. Furthermore, the ground software needed to control Hubble was not ready in 1986, and in fact was barely ready by the 1990 launch.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Eventually, following the resumption of shuttle flights in 1988, the launch of the telescope was scheduled for 1990. On April 24, 1990, shuttle mission STS-31 saw "Discovery" launch the telescope successfully into its planned orbit.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: From its original total cost estimate of about US$400 million, the telescope had by now cost over $2.5 billion to construct. Hubble's cumulative costs up to this day are estimated to be several times higher still, with US expenditure estimated at between $4.5 and $6 billion, and Europe's financial contribution at €593 million (1999 estimate).


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Within weeks of the launch of the telescope, the returned images indicated a serious problem with the optical system. Although the first images appeared to be sharper than those of ground-based telescopes, Hubble failed to achieve a final sharp focus and the best image quality obtained was drastically lower than expected. Images of point sources spread out over a radius of more than one arcsecond, instead of having a point spread function (PSF) concentrated within a circle 0.1 arcsec in diameter as had been specified in the design criteria. Analysis of the flawed images showed that the cause of the problem was that the primary mirror had been ground to the wrong shape. Although it was probably the most precisely figured mirror ever made, with variations from the prescribed curve of only 10 nanometers, at the perimeter it was too flat by about 2,200 nanometers (2.2 micrometres). This difference was catastrophic, introducing severe spherical aberration, a flaw in which light reflecting off the edge of a mirror focuses on a different point from the light reflecting off its center.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The effect of the mirror flaw on scientific observations depended on the particular observation—the core of the aberrated PSF was sharp enough to permit high-resolution observations of bright objects, and spectroscopy was largely unaffected. However, the loss of light to the large, out of focus halo severely reduced the usefulness of the telescope for faint objects or high-contrast imaging. This meant that nearly all of the cosmological programs were essentially impossible, since they required observation of exceptionally faint objects. NASA and the telescope became the butt of many jokes, and the project was popularly regarded as a white elephant. (For instance, in the 1991 comedy "", the Hubble was pictured with the"Titanic", the "Hindenburg", and the Edsel). Nonetheless, during the first three years of the Hubble mission, before the optical corrections, the telescope still carried out a large number of productive observations. The error was well characterized and stable, enabling astronomers to optimize the results obtained using sophisticated image processing techniques such as deconvolution.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: A commission headed by Lew Allen, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was established to determine how the error could have arisen. The Allen Commission found that the main null corrector, a testing device used to achieve a properly shaped non-spherical mirror, had been incorrectly assembled—one lens was wrongly spaced by 1.3 mm. During the initial grinding and polishing of the mirror, Perkin-Elmer analyzed its surface with two conventional null correctors. However, for the final manufacturing step (figuring), they switched to a custom-built null corrector, designed explicitly to meet very strict tolerances. Ironically, this device was mis-assembled, resulting in an extremely precise (but wrong) shape for the mirror. There was one final opportunity to catch the error, since a few of the final tests needed to use conventional null correctors for various technical reasons. These tests correctly indicated spherical aberration. However, the company ignored these results, as it believed they were less accurate than the primary device which reported that the mirror was perfectly figured.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The commission blamed the failings primarily on Perkin-Elmer. Relations between NASA and the optics company had been severely strained during the telescope construction, due to frequent schedule slippage and cost overruns. NASA found that Perkin-Elmer did not review or supervise the mirror construction adequately, did not assign its best optical scientists to the project (as it had for the prototype), and in particular did not involve the optical designers in the construction and verification of the mirror. While the commission heavily criticized Perkin-Elmer for these managerial failings, NASA was also criticized for not picking up on the quality control shortcomings, such as relying totally on test results from a single instrument.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The design of the telescope had always incorporated servicing missions, and astronomers immediately began to seek potential solutions to the problem that could be applied at the first servicing mission, scheduled for 1993. While Kodak and Itek had each ground back-up mirrors for Hubble, it would have been impossible to replace the mirror in orbit, and too expensive and time-consuming to bring the telescope back to Earth for a refit. Instead, the fact that the mirror had been ground so precisely to the wrong shape led to the design of new optical components with exactly the same error but in the opposite sense, to be added to the telescope at the servicing mission, effectively acting as "spectacles" to correct the spherical aberration.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The first step was a precise characterization of the error in the main mirror. Working backwards from images of point sources, astronomers determined that the conic constant of the mirror as built was −1.01390±0.0002, instead of the intended −1.00230. The same number was also derived by analyzing the null corrector used by Perkin-Elmer to figure the mirror, as well as by analyzing interferograms obtained during ground testing of the mirror. Because of the way the HST's instruments were designed, two different sets of correctors were required. The design of the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, already planned to replace the existing WF/PC, included relay mirrors to direct light onto the eight separate CCD chips making up its two cameras. An inverse error built into their surfaces could completely cancel the aberration of the primary. However, the other instruments lacked any intermediate surfaces that could be figured in this way, and so required an external correction device.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) system was designed to correct the spherical aberration for light focused at the FOC, FOS, and GHRS. It consists of two mirrors in the light path with one ground to correct the aberration. To fit the COSTAR system onto the telescope, one of the other instruments had to be removed, and astronomers selected the High Speed Photometer to be sacrificed. By 2002, all of the original instruments requiring COSTAR had been replaced by instruments with their own corrective optics. COSTAR was removed and returned to Earth in 2009 where it is exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum. The area previously used by COSTAR is now occupied by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Hubble was designed to accommodate regular servicing and equipment upgrades. Five servicing missions (SM 1, 2, 3A, 3B, and 4) were flown by NASA space shuttles, the first in December 1993 and the last in May 2009. Servicing missions were delicate operations that began with maneuvering to intercept the telescope in orbit and carefully retrieving it with the shuttle's mechanical arm. The necessary work was then carried out in multiple tethered spacewalks over a period of four to five days. After a visual inspection of the telescope, astronauts conducted repairs, replaced failed or degraded components, upgraded equipment, and installed new instruments. Once work was completed, the telescope was redeployed, typically after boosting to a higher orbit to address any orbital decay caused by atmospheric drag.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: After the problems with Hubble's mirror came to light, the first servicing mission assumed a much greater importance, as the astronauts would have to carry out extensive work on the telescope to install the corrective optics. The seven astronauts selected for the mission were trained intensively in the use of the hundred or more specialized tools that would be needed. SM1 flew aboard "Endeavour" in December 1993, and involved installation of several instruments and other equipment over 10 days.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Most importantly, the High Speed Photometer was replaced with the COSTAR corrective optics package, and WFPC was replaced with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) with its internal optical correction system. In addition, the solar arrays and their drive electronics were replaced, as well as four of the gyroscopes used in the telescope pointing system, two electrical control units and other electrical components, and two magnetometers. The onboard computers were upgraded, and the telescope's orbit was boosted.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: On January 13, 1994, NASA declared the mission a complete success and showed the first of many much sharper images. At the time, the mission was one of the most complex ever undertaken, involving five lengthy periods of extra-vehicular activity, and its resounding success was an enormous boon for NASA, as well as for the astronomers who now had a fully capable space telescope.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Servicing Mission 2, flown by "Discovery" in February 1997, replaced the GHRS and the FOS with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), replaced an Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new Solid State Recorder, and repaired thermal insulation. NICMOS contained a heat sink of solid nitrogen to reduce the thermal noise from the instrument, but shortly after it was installed, an unexpected thermal expansion resulted in part of the heat sink coming into contact with an optical baffle. This led to an increased warming rate for the instrument and reduced its original expected lifetime of 4.5 years to about 2 years.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Servicing Mission 3A, flown by "Discovery", took place in December 1999, and was a split-off from Servicing Mission 3 after three of the six onboard gyroscopes had failed. A fourth failed a few weeks before the mission, rendering the telescope incapable of performing scientific observations. The mission replaced all six gyroscopes, replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor and the computer, installed a Voltage/temperature Improvement Kit (VIK) to prevent battery overcharging, and replaced thermal insulation blankets. The new computer is 20 times faster, with six times more memory, than the DF-224 it replaced. It increases throughput by moving some computing tasks from the ground to the spacecraft, and saves money by allowing the use of modern programming languages.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Servicing Mission 3B flown by "Columbia" in March 2002 saw the installation of a new instrument, with the FOC (the last original instrument) being replaced by theAdvanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). This meant that COSTAR was no longer required, since all new instruments had built-in correction for the main mirror aberration. The mission also revived NICMOS and replaced the solar arrays for the second time, providing 30 percent more power.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Plans called for Hubble to be serviced in February 2005, but the "Columbia" disaster in 2003, in which "Columbia" disintegrated on re-entry into the atmosphere, had wide-ranging effects on the Hubble program. NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe decided that all future shuttle missions had to be able to reach the safe haven of the International Space Station should in-flight problems develop. As no shuttles were capable of reaching both HST and the ISS during the same mission, future manned service missions were canceled. This decision was assailed by numerous astronomers, who felt that Hubble was valuable enough to merit the human risk. HST's planned successor, the James Webb Telescope, is not expected to launch until at least 2018. A gap in space-observing capabilities between a decommissioning of Hubble and the commissioning of a successor is of major concern to many astronomers, given the significant scientific impact of HST. The consideration that JWST will not be located in low Earth orbit, and therefore cannot be easily upgraded or repaired in the event of an early failure, only makes these concerns more acute. On the other hand, many astronomers felt strongly that the servicing of Hubble should not take place if the expense were to come from the JWST budget. In January 2004, O'Keefe said he would review his decision to cancel the final servicing mission to HST due to public outcry and requests from Congress for NASA to look for a way to save it. The National Academy of Sciences convened an official panel, which recommended in July 2004 that the HST should be preserved despite the apparent risks. Their report urged "NASA should take no actions that would preclude a space shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope". In August 2004, O'Keefe asked Goddard Space Flight Center to prepare a detailed proposal for a robotic service mission. These plans were later canceled, the robotic mission being described as "not feasible". In late 2004, several Congressional members, led by Senator Barbara Mikulski, held public hearings and carried on a fight with much public support (including thousands of letters from school children across the country) to get the Bush Administration and NASA to reconsider the decision to drop plans for a Hubble rescue mission.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The nomination in April 2005 of a new NASA Administrator, Michael D. Griffin, changed the situation, as Griffin stated he would consider a manned servicing mission. Soon after his appointment Griffin authorized Goddard to proceed with preparations for a manned Hubble maintenance flight, saying he would make the final decision after the next two shuttle missions. In October 2006 Griffin gave the final go-ahead, and the 11-day mission by "Atlantis" was scheduled for October 2008. Hubble's main data-handling unit failed in September 2008, halting all reporting of scientific data until its back-up was brought online on October 25, 2008. Since a failure of the backup unit would leave the HST helpless, the service mission was postponed to incorporate a replacement for the primary unit. Servicing Mission 4, flown by "Atlantis" in May 2009, was the last scheduled shuttle mission for HST. SM4 installed the replacement data-handling unit, repaired the ACS and STIS systems, installed improved nickel hydrogen batteries, and replaced other components. SM4 also installed two new observation instruments—Wide Field Camera 3 (WTF3) and the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph(COS)—and the Soft Capture and Rendezvous System, which will enable the future rendezvous, capture, and safe disposal of Hubble by either a crewed or robotic mission. The work accomplished during SM4 is expected to render the telescope fully functioning at least into the year 2014, and perhaps longer.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: In the early 1980s, NASA and STScI convened four panels to discuss Key Projects. These were projects that were both scientifically important and would require significant telescope time, which would be explicitly dedicated to each project. This guaranteed that these particular projects would be completed early, in case the telescope failed sooner than expected. The panels identified three such projects: (1) a study of the nearby intergalactic medium using quasar absorption lines to determine the properties of the intergalactic medium and the gaseous content of galaxies and groups of galaxies; (2) a medium deep survey using the Wide Field Camera to take data whenever one of the other instruments was being used and (3) a project to determine the Hubble Constant within ten percent by reducing the errors, both external and internal, in the calibration of the distance scale.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The Hubble has helped to resolve some long-standing problems in astronomy, as well as turning up results that have required new theories to explain them. Among its primary mission targets was to measure distances to Cepheid variable stars more accurately than ever before, and thus constrain the value of the Hubble constant, the measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding, which is also related to its age. Before the launch of HST, estimates of the Hubble constant typically had errors of up to 50%, but Hubble measurements of Cepheid variables in the Virgo Cluster and other distant galaxy clusters provided a measured value with an accuracy of ±10%, which is consistent with other more accurate measurements made since Hubble's launch using other techniques.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: While Hubble helped to refine estimates of the age of the universe, it also cast doubt on theories about its future. Astronomers from the High-z Supernova Search Team and the Supernova Cosmology Project used the telescope to observe distant supernovae and uncovered evidence that, far from decelerating under the influence of gravity, the expansion of the universe may in fact be accelerating. This acceleration was later measured more accurately by other ground-based and space-based telescopes, confirming Hubble's finding. The cause of this acceleration remains poorly understood; the most common cause attributed is dark energy.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The high-resolution spectra and images provided by the HST have been especially well-suited to establishing the prevalence of black holes in the nuclei of nearby galaxies. While it had been hypothesized in the early 1960s that black holes would be found at the centers of some galaxies, and work in the 1980s identified a number of good black hole candidates, it fell to work conducted with Hubble to show that black holes are probably common to the centers of all galaxies. The Hubble programs further established that the masses of the nuclear black holes and properties of the galaxies are closely related. The legacy of the Hubble programs on black holes in galaxies is thus to demonstrate a deep connection between galaxies and their central black holes. The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 was fortuitously timed for astronomers, coming just a few months after Servicing Mission 1 had restored Hubble's optical performance. Hubble images of the planet were sharper than any taken since the passage of Voyager 2 in 1979, and were crucial in studying the dynamics of the collision of a comet with Jupiter, an event believed to occur once every few centuries.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Other major discoveries made using Hubble data include proto-planetary disks (proplyds) in the Orion Nebula; evidence for the presence of extrasolar planets around sun-like stars; and the optical counterparts of the still-mysterious gamma ray bursts. HST has also been used to study objects in the outer reaches of the Solar System, including the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: A unique legacy of Hubble are the Hubble Deep Field, Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, and Hubble Extreme Deep Field images, which utilized Hubble's unmatched sensitivity at visible wavelengths to create images of small patches of sky that are the deepest ever obtained at optical wavelengths. The images reveal galaxies billions of light years away, and have generated a wealth of scientific papers, providing a new window on the early Universe.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The non-standard object SCP 06F6 was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in February 2006. During June and July 2012, US astronomers using Hubble discovered a tiny fifth moon moving around icy Pluto.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Many objective measures show the positive impact of Hubble data on astronomy. Over 9,000 papers based on Hubble data have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and countless more have appeared in conference proceedings. Looking at papers several years after their publication, about one-third of all astronomy papers have no citations, while only 2% of papers based on Hubble data have no citations. On average, a paper based on Hubble data receives about twice as many citations as papers based on non-Hubble data. Of the 200 papers published each year that receive the most citations, about 10% are based on Hubble data.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Although the HST has clearly helped astronomical research, its financial cost has been large. A study on the relative astronomical benefits of different sizes of telescopes found that while papers based on HST data generate 15 times as many citations as a 4 m ground-based telescope such as the William Herschel Telescope, the HST costs about 100 times as much to build and maintain.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Deciding between building ground- versus space-based telescopes is complex. Even before Hubble was launched, specialized ground-based techniques such as aperture masking interferometry had obtained higher-resolution optical and infrared images than Hubble would achieve, though restricted to targets about 10 times brighter than the faintest targets observed by Hubble. Since then, advances in adaptive optics have extended the high-resolution imaging capabilities of ground-based telescopes to the infrared imaging of faint objects. The usefulness of adaptive optics versus HST observations depends strongly on the particular details of the research questions being asked. In the visible bands, adaptive optics can only correct a relatively small field of view, whereas HST can conduct high-resolution optical imaging over a wide field. Only a small fraction of astronomical objects are accessible to high-resolution ground-based imaging; in contrast Hubble can perform high-resolution observations of any part of the night sky, and on objects that are extremely faint.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Anyone can apply for time on the telescope; there are no restrictions on nationality or academic affiliation. Competition for time on the telescope is intense, and only about one-fifth of the proposals submitted in each cycle earn time on the schedule.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Calls for proposals are issued roughly annually, with time allocated for a cycle lasting about one year. Proposals are divided into several categories; 'general observer' proposals are the most common, covering routine observations. 'Snapshot observations' are those in which targets require only 45 minutes or less of telescope time, including overheads such as acquiring the target; snapshot observations are used to fill in gaps in the telescope schedule that cannot be filled by regular GO programs.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Astronomers may make 'Target of Opportunity' proposals, in which observations are scheduled if a transient event covered by the proposal occurs during the scheduling cycle. In addition, up to 10% of the telescope time is designated Director's Discretionary (DD) Time. Astronomers can apply to use DD time at any time of year, and it is typically awarded for study of unexpected transient phenomena such as supernovae.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Other uses of DD time have included the observations that led to the production of the Hubble Deep Field and Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and in the first four cycles of telescope time, observations carried out by amateur astronomers.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The first director of STScI, Riccardo Giacconi, announced in 1986 that he intended to devote some of his Director Discretionary time to allowing amateur astronomers to use the telescope. The total time to be allocated was only a few hours per cycle, but excited great interest among amateur astronomers.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Proposals for amateur time were stringently peer reviewed by a committee of leading amateur astronomers, and time was awarded only to proposals that were deemed to have genuine scientific merit, did not duplicate proposals made by professionals, and required the unique capabilities of the space telescope. In total, 13 amateur astronomers were awarded time on the telescope, with observations being carried out between 1990 and 1997. One such study was Transition Comets — UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids. The very first proposal, "A Hubble Space Telescope Study of Post Eclipse Brightening and Albedo Changes on Io", was published in Icarus, a journal devoted to solar system studies. After that time, however, budget reductions at STScI made the support of work by amateur astronomers untenable, and no further amateur programs have been carried out.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The Hubble Telescope celebrated its 20th anniversary in space on April 22, 2010. To commemorate the occasion, NASA, ESA, and Space Telescope Institute (STScI) released an image from the Carina Nebula.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Hubble data was initially stored on the spacecraft. When launched, the storage facilities were old-fashioned reel-to-reel tape recorders, but these were replaced by solid state data storage facilities during servicing missions 2 and 3A. About twice daily, the Hubble Space Telescope radios data to a satellite in the geosynchronous Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, which then downlinks the science data to one of two 60-foot (18-meter) diameter high-gain microwave antennas located at the White Sands Test Facility in White Sands, New Mexico. From there they are sent to the Space Telescope Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight Center, and finally to the Space Telescope Science Institute for archiving. Each week, HST downlinks approximately 120 gigabytes of data.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: All Hubble data is eventually made available via the archives at STScI, CADC and ESO. Data is usually proprietary—available only to the principal investigator (PI) and astronomers designated by the PI—for one year after being taken. The PI can apply to the director of the STScI to extend or reduce the proprietary period in some circumstances.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Observations made on Director's Discretionary Time are exempt from the proprietary period, and are released to the public immediately. Calibration data such as flat fields and dark frames are also publicly available straight away. All data in the archive is in the FITS format, which is suitable for astronomical analysis but not for public use. The Hubble Heritage Project processes and releases to the public a small selection of the most striking images in JPEG and TIFF formats.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Astronomical data taken with CCDs must undergo several calibration steps before they are suitable for astronomical analysis. STScI has developed sophisticated software that automatically calibrates data when they are requested from the archive using the best calibration files available. This 'on-the-fly' processing means that large data requests can take a day or more to be processed and returned. The process by which data are calibrated automatically is known as 'pipeline reduction', and is increasingly common at major observatories. Astronomers may if they wish retrieve the calibration files themselves and run the pipeline reduction software locally. This may be desirable when calibration files other than those selected automatically need to be used.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Hubble data can be analysed using many different packages. STScI maintains the custom-made STSDAS (Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System) software, which contains all the programs needed to run pipeline reduction on raw data files, as well as many other astronomical image processing tools, tailored to the requirements of Hubble data. The software runs as a module of IRAF, a popular astronomical data reduction program.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: It has always been important for the Space Telescope to capture the public's imagination, given the considerable contribution of taxpayers to its construction and operational costs. After the difficult early years when the faulty mirror severely dented Hubble's reputation with the public, the first servicing mission allowed its rehabilitation as the corrected optics produced numerous remarkable images.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Several initiatives have helped to keep the public informed about Hubble activities. The Hubble Heritage Project was established to provide the public with high-quality images of the most interesting and striking objects observed. The Heritage team is composed of amateur and professional astronomers, as well as people with backgrounds outside astronomy, and emphasizes the aesthetic nature of Hubble images. The Heritage Project is granted a small amount of time to observe objects which, for scientific reasons, may not have images taken at enough wavelengths to construct a full-color image.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: STScI maintains several comprehensive websites for the general public containing Hubble images and information about the observatory. The outreach efforts are coordinated by the Office for Public Outreach, which was established in 2000 to ensure that US taxpayers saw the benefits of their investment in the space telescope program. Since 1999, the leading Hubble outreach group in Europe has been the Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (HEIC). This office was established at the Space Telescope - European Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany. HEIC's mission is to fulfill HST outreach and education tasks for the European Space Agency. The work is centered on the production of news and photo releases that highlight interesting Hubble results and images. These are often European in origin, and so increase awareness of both ESA’s Hubble share (15%) and the contribution of European scientists to the observatory. ESA produces innovative educational material, including a videocast series called Hubblecast designed to share world-class scientific news with the public.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: The Hubble Space Telescope has won two Space Achievement Awards from the Space Foundation for its outreach activities, in 2001 and 2010.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: There is a replica of the Hubble Telescope on the courthouse lawn in Marshfield, Missouri, the hometown of namesake Edwin P. Hubble.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Past servicing missions have exchanged old instruments for new ones, both avoiding failure and making possible new types of science. Without servicing missions, all of the instruments will eventually fail. In August 2004, the power system of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) failed, rendering the instrument inoperable. The electronics had originally been fully redundant, but the first set of electronics failed in May 2001. This power supply was fixed during servicing mission 4 in May 2009. Similarly, the main camera (the ACS) primary electronics failed in June 2006, and the power supply for the backup electronics failed on January 27, 2007. Only the instrument's Solar Blind Channel (SBC) was operable using the side-1 electronics. A new power supply for the wide angle channel was added during SM 4, but quick tests revealed this did not help the high resolution channel.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: HST uses gyroscopes to stabilize itself in orbit and point accurately and steadily at astronomical targets. Normally, three gyroscopes are required for operation; observations are still possible with two, but the area of sky that can be viewed would be somewhat restricted, and observations requiring very accurate pointing are more difficult. There are further contingency plans for observations with just one gyro, but if all gyros fail, continued scientific observations will not be possible. In 2005, it was decided to switch to two-gyroscope mode for regular telescope operations as a means of extending the lifetime of the mission. The switch to this mode was made in August 2005, leaving Hubble with two gyroscopes in use, two on backup, and two inoperable. One more gyro failed in 2007. By the time of the final repair mission, during which all six gyros were replaced (with two new pairs and one refurbished pair), only three gyros were still working. Engineers are confident that they have identified the root causes of the gyro failures, and the new models should be much more reliable.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Hubble orbits the Earth in the extremely tenuous upper atmosphere, and over time its orbit decays due to drag. If it is not re-boosted by a shuttle or other means, it will re-enter the Earth's atmosphere sometime between 2019 and 2032, with the exact date depending on how active the Sun is and its impact on the upper atmosphere. If Hubble were to descend in a completely uncontrolled re-entry, parts of the main mirror and its support structure would probably survive, leaving the potential for damage or even human fatalities.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: NASA's original plan for safely de-orbiting Hubble was to retrieve it using a space shuttle. The Hubble telescope would then have most likely been displayed in the Smithsonian Institution. This is no longer possible since the space shuttle fleet has been retired, and would have been unlikely in any case due to the cost of the mission and risk to the crew. Instead NASA considered adding an external propulsion module to allow controlled re-entry. Ultimately NASA installed the Soft Capture and Rendezvous System, to enable retrieval by either a crewed or robotic mission.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: There is no direct successor to the Hubble as an ultraviolet and visible-light space telescope, as near-term space telescopes do not duplicate Hubble's wavelength coverage (near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths), instead concentrating on the farther infrared bands. These bands are preferred for studying high redshift and low-temperature objects, objects generally older and farther away in the universe. These wavelengths are also difficult or impossible to study from the ground, justifying the expense of a space-based telescope. Large ground-based telescopes can image some of the same wavelengths as Hubble, sometimes challenge HST in terms of resolution (via adaptive optics), have much larger light-gathering power, and can be upgraded more easily, but cannot yet match the Hubble's excellent resolution over a wide field of view with the very dark background of space.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Plans for a Hubble successor materialized as the Next Generation Space Telescope project, which culminated in plans for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the formal successor of Hubble. Very different from a scaled-up Hubble, it is designed to operate colder and farther away from the Earth at the L2 Lagrangian point, where thermal and optical interference from the Earth and Moon are lessened. It is not engineered to be fully serviceable (such as replaceable instruments), but the design includes a docking ring to enable visits from other spacecraft. A main scientific goal of JWST is to observe the most distant objects in the universe, beyond the reach of existing instruments. It is expected to detect stars in the early Universe approximately 280 million years older than stars HST now detects. The telescope is an international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency since 1996, and is planned for launch on an Ariane 5 rocket. Although JWST is primarily an infrared instrument, its coverage extends down to 600 nm wavelength light, or roughly orange in the visible spectrum. A typical human eye can see to about 750 nm wavelength light, so there is some overlap with the longest visible wavelength bands, including orange and red light. A complementary telescope, looking at even longer wavelengths than Hubble or JWST, is the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, launched on May 14, 2009. Like JWST, Herschel is not designed to be serviced after launch, and has a mirror substantially larger than Hubble's, but observes only in the far infrared.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Further concepts for advanced 21st-century space telescopes include the Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope., a conceptualized 8- to 16-meter (320- to 640-inch) optical space telescope that if realized could be a more direct successor to HST, with the ability to observe and photograph astronomical objects in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with substantially better resolution than Hubble or the Spitzer Space telescope. This effort is being planned for the 2025–2035 time frame.


title: Tẹ́lískópù Òfurufú Hubble

text: Existing ground-based telescopes, and various proposed Extremely Large Telescopes, can exceed the HST in terms of sheer light-gathering power and diffraction limit due to larger mirrors, but other factors affect telescopes. In some cases, they may be able to match or beat Hubble in resolution by using adaptive optics (AO). However, AO on large ground-based reflectors will not make Hubble and other space telescopes obsolete. Most AO systems sharpen the view over a very narrow field—Lucky Cam, for example, produces crisp images just 10" to 20" wide, whereas Hubble's cameras are super sharp across a 2½' (150") field. Furthermore, space telescopes can study the heavens across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, most of which is blocked by Earth's atmosphere. Finally, the background sky is darker in space than on the ground, because air absorbs solar energy during the day and then releases it at night, producing a faint—but nevertheless discernible—airglow that washes out low-contrast astronomical objects.


title: Òfurufú

text: Òfurufú tabi ojú òfurufú tabi inu ofurufu


title: Ojúọ̀run

text: Ojúọ̀run ni ipele awon ẹ̀fúùfù to le seyika ohun alara


title: Anorthite

text: Anorthite


title: Warren G. Harding

text: Warren Gamaliel Harding


title: Quartz

text: Quartz


title: Cinnabar

text: Cinnabar


title: Uraninite

text: Uraninite


title: Ogun Gulf Pẹ́rsíà

text: Persian Gulf War


title: George Orwell

text: Eric Arthur Blair


title: Limp Bizkit

text: Limp Bizkit


title: Jacksonville

text: Jacksonville je ilu to tobijulo ni ipinle Florida ni orile-ede Amerika bo se je mo alabugbe ati ala ile, ati ilu to tobijulo gegebi ala ile ni orile Ipinle Asokan Amerika.


title: Orin Rhythm and blues

text: Orin Rhythm and blues


title: Gaël Monfils

text: Gaël Sébastien Monfils () (ojoibi 1 September 1986) je agba tenis ara Fransi.


title: Xavi

text: Xavier Hernández i Creus


title: Fanuatu

text: Vanuatu ( or ), ni onibise bi orile-ede Olominira ile Vanuatu (Faranse: "République de Vanuatu", Bislama: "Ripablik blong Vanuatu"), je orile-ede erekusu to budo si Guusu Okun Pasifik. Ile arkipelago, to wa lati ileru, je bi si ilaorun apaariwa Ostrelia, si ariwailaorun Kaledonia Tuntun, iwoorun Fiji, ati guusuilaorun awon Erekusu Solomoni, leba Guinea Tutun.


title: Christopher Columbus

text: Christopher Columbus


title: Chris Bosh

text: Christopher Wesson Bosh (ojoibi March 24, 1984) je agbaboolu alapere ara Amerika to un gba ipo iwaju alagbara fun Miami Heat ni NBA.


title: Portland

text: Portland


title: Tufalu

text: Tuvalu


title: Guinea Titun

text: New Guinea


title: Sphalerite

text: Sphalerite


title: Agate

text: Agate


title: Ibn Battuta

text: Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (), tabi lasan bi Ibn Battuta (February 24, 1304–1368 tabi 1369), je omowe, onirinajo musulumi Beriberi ara Moroko to gbajumo nitori akoole awon irinajo ati irinkerindo re to n je "Rihla" (ajo ni Arabiki). Awon irinajo re wonyi je fun ogbon odun won si je lori bi gbogbo ile imale ati ju be lo, won lo lati Ariwa Afrika, Iwoorun Afrika, Apaguusu Europe ati Apailaorun Europe, de Arin Ilaorun, orileabe India, Arin Asia, Guusuilaorun Asia ati Saina ni Ilaorun, ijinna to ju awon tosiwaju ati Marco Polo lo. Nitori awon akoole irinajo re wonyi Ibn Battuta je ikan ninu awon arinrinajo olokikijulo.


title: Dante Alighieri

text: Dante Alighieri (May/June c.1265 – September 14, 1321), to gbajumo gege bi Dante, je akoewi ara Italia ni Asiko Ailaju Europe.


title: Igor Stravinsky

text: Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (, ) ( – 6 April 1971) jẹ́ olu ọ̀kọrin, atẹdùrù, àti Adarí orin ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Rọ́ṣíà, ó gbajúmọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀kan nínú Ọ̀kọrin tí ó nípa jùlọ nínú orin ní sẹ̀ńtúrì ogún tó kọjá.


title: Marco Polo

text: Marco Polo (; ; "c". 1254 – January 9, 1324) was a Venetian merchant traveler from the Venetian Republic whose travels are recorded in "Il Milione", a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, travelled through Asia and apparently met Kublai Khan.


title: Mao Zedong

text: Mao Zedong, o tun se e ko bi Mao Tse-tung (December 26, 1893 September 9, 1976), je ara Saina Han to je olujidide, asero oloselu ati olori egbe kommunisti leader. O siwaju Orile-ede Olominira Awon Ara Saina (PRC) lati igba idasile re ni 1949 titi di ojo iku re ni 1976. Awon ero re lori Isemarksi-Iselenin, ona ijagun ologun ati awon iru eto Kommunisti re lapapo la mo si Isemao.


title: Joseph Stalin

text: Joseph Stalin (orúko àbísọ Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili ní èdè Georgia tàbí Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ní orúko bàbá ní Russia; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) lo jẹ́ Akòwé Àgbà Ẹgbẹ́ Kọ́mmústí tí Ìsòkan Sofieti fún Ìgbìmò Gbàngbà láti 1922 títí de ọjọ́ ikú re ní 1953. Léyìn ikú Lenin ní 1924, o di olórí orílẹ̀-èdè Ìsòkan Sofieti.


title: Winston Churchill

text: Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, FRS (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) je oloselu ara Britani ti o gbajumo fun isolori re fun orílẹ̀-èdè Isodokan Ile-Oba ni asiko Ogun Agbaye Keji. O di Alakoso Agba Britani lati 1940 de 1945 ati lekansi lati 1951 deo 1955. Asiwaju pataki ati adoroso, Churchill tun je ogagun ni ise Adogun Britani, onitankiko, olukowe ati asona. Doni, ohun nikan ni he Alakoso Agba Britani to ba Ebun Nobel ninu Litireso, ati eni keji ti o je niyi bi Araalu Oniyi Isodokan awon Ipinle Amerika.


title: Winston Churchill

text: Nigba to wa nibise ajagun, Churchill kopa ninu ise ologun ni India, Sudan ati Ogun Boer Keji. O gbajumo gege bi afiroyinranse ogun ati awon iwe to ko lati sejuwe awon ohun ton sele. Bakanna o tun sise ni ibise Adogun Britani ni Ojuogun Apaiwoorun ninu Ogun Agbaye Akoko, nibi to tidari awon Eso 6th ti Royal Scots Fusiliers.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (, 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) je olukowe, onisona, ati oloselu ara orile-ede Jemani.


title: Ojúọ̀run ayé

text: Ojuorun aye ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojúọ̀run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ultraviolet solar radiation, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%.


title: Ojúọ̀run ayé

text: Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu.


title: Ojúọ̀run ayé

text: Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je "awon efuufu pataki" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si "efuufu tasere" (trace gases), lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi dust, pollen ati spores, sea spray, volcanic ash ati meteoroid. Orisirisi awon amúdọ̀tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2).


title: Ojúọ̀run ayé

text: Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii:


Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Sófìẹ̀tì Sósíálístì ti Ukraine


title: Methane

text: Methane


title: Ammonia

text: Ammonia


title: Nọ́mbà alòdì àti nọ́mbà adájú

text: Jije alòdì tabi àìlòdì je ohun ini nomba kan to je gidi, tabi ara omoakojopo awon nomba gidi bi awon nomba onipin ati odidi. Nomba alodi ni awon nomba tiwonkere ju òdo lo fun apere -formula_1, -1.44, -1. Nomba adaju (fun apere nomba gidi todaju, nomba onipin todaju, nomba odidi todaju) je nomba topoju odo lo, fun apere formula_1, 1.44, 1. Òdo fun ra re ki se odi tabi odaju.  Àwon nomba ailoodi je awon nomba adaju ati odo. Awon nomba aidaju je nomba alodi ati odo.


title: Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín

text: Ninu imo mathematiki Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi "m/n" ti "m" ati "n" ba je odidi, ti "n" ko gbodo je odo.


title: Ìsọdipúpọ̀

text: Ìsọdipúpọ̀ jẹ́ iṣẹ́ nínú mathematiki tó ń ṣe ìgbéga nọ́ḿbà kan pẹ̀lú òmíràn. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ọ̀nà ìṣirò mẹ́rin tó wa (àwon yioku ni ìròpọ̀, ìyọkúrò, àti pínpín).


title: Ìsọdipúpọ̀

text: Fún àwon nọ́mbà adaba ìsọdipúpọ̀ jẹ́ ìlọ́po tó ń yípo. Fún àpẹrẹ ìsọdipúpọ̀ 3 pẹ̀lú 4 (tàbí 3 lọ́nà 4) ṣẹ é ṣírò nípa ríro 3 mẹ́rin pọ̀ mọ́ ara wọn:


title: Molière

text: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, to gbajumo bi oruko ori itage re Molière, (; baptised January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673) je osere ati ako ere ara Fransi to je gbigba bi ikan ninu awon elere alawada ninla julo ninu isemookomooka. Ninu awon iwe re ni "Le Misanthrope" ("The Misanthrope"), "L'École des femmes" ("The School for Wives")," Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur," ("Tartuffe or the Hypocrite"), "L'Avare" ("The Miser"), "Le Malade imaginaire" ("The Imaginary Invalid"), ati "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" ("The Bourgeois Gentleman").


title: Miguel de Cervantes

text: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547April 23, 1616)


title: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Johann Sebastian Bach (Oṣu Kẹta Ọjọ 21, 1685 - Oṣu Keje 28, 1750) jẹ olupilẹṣẹ ara Jamani ti akoko Baroque. O gba kaakiri bi ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun. O tun jẹ ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ olokiki julọ. Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe. Nitori didara iṣẹ ọwọ rẹ, awọn akọrin alamọdaju nigbagbogbo ka a si bi olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun.


title: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: A bi Bach ni Eisenach ni ọdun 1685. Baba rẹ, Johann Ambrosius, olupe ile -ẹjọ ni o kọ lati mu violin. Bach ko tii jẹ ọmọ ọdun mẹwa nigbati baba rẹ ku, o fi i silẹ alainibaba. O lọ lati gbe ni ile arakunrin rẹ; arakunrin rẹ ngbe ni Ohrdruf. Nitori ohun ti o dara julọ, Bach ni iṣẹ ni monastery Michaelis ni Lüneberg ni 1700. Ohùn rẹ yipada ni igba diẹ lẹhinna, ṣugbọn o tẹsiwaju bi akọrin. Lẹhin mu iṣẹ ṣiṣe igba diẹ ni Weimar ni 1703 bi oṣere fayolini, Bach di alamọja ni Neue Kirche ni Arnstadt (1703-1707). Ibasepo rẹ pẹlu igbimọ ile ijọsin ṣoro bi ọdọ olorin nigbagbogbo ṣe foju kọ awọn ojuse rẹ, ni yiyan lati ṣe adaṣe eto ara. Iwe akọọlẹ kan ṣe apejuwe isinmi oṣu mẹrin ti a fun Bach, lati rin irin-ajo lọ si Lubeck nibiti yoo ti mọ ara rẹ pẹlu orin Dietrich Buxtehude. O pada si Arnstadt ni igba pipẹ lẹhin ti o ti nireti, binu si igbimọ naa. Lẹhinna o ṣiṣẹ ni ṣoki ni St. Bach ṣajọ Toccata olokiki rẹ ati Fugue ni D kekere (BWV 565) ati cantatas akọkọ rẹ lakoko ti o wa ni Mühlhausen. Nigbamii o gba iṣẹ fun Duke ti Sachsen-Weimar ni ọdun 1708, ti n ṣiṣẹ bi agbẹjọ ile-ẹjọ ati ṣiṣe ni ẹgbẹ akọrin, nikẹhin o di adari rẹ ni 1714. O kọ ọpọlọpọ awọn akopọ eto ara lakoko asiko yii, pẹlu Orgel-Büchlein rẹ. Bach fi Weimar silẹ ati ni aabo iṣẹ kan ni Oṣu kejila ọdun 1717 bi Kapellmeister ni Cöthen. Ni ọdun 1720, iyawo Bach lojiji ku, o fi silẹ pẹlu awọn ọmọ mẹrin (awọn mẹta miiran ti ku ni ikoko). Laipẹ diẹ lẹhinna, o pade iyawo keji rẹ, soprano Anna Magdalena Wilcke, ẹniti o fẹ ni Oṣu Kejila ọdun 1721. Yoo bi awọn ọmọ 13, botilẹjẹpe marun nikan ni yoo ye igba ewe. Awọn ere orin Brandenburg mẹfa (BWV 1046-51), ati ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ ohun elo miiran, ọjọ lati awọn ọdun Cöthen rẹ. Bach di Kantor ti Ile -iwe Thomas ni Leipzig ni Oṣu Karun ọdun 1723 o si ṣe iṣẹ naa titi o fi kú. O wa ni Leipzig ti o kọ pupọ julọ awọn cantatas rẹ. Bach bajẹ ko ni itẹlọrun pẹlu iṣẹ yii, kii ṣe nitori isanwo kekere rẹ nikan, ṣugbọn nitori awọn iṣẹ ti o nira ati ohun elo buburu. Nitorinaa, o gba awọn iṣẹ miiran, pẹlu didari Ilu Collegium Musicum, akojọpọ awọn alamọja ati awọn akọrin amateur ti o fun awọn ere orin osẹ, ni 1729. O tun di oludari orin ni kootu Dresden ni 1736, ni iṣẹ Frederick Augustus II. Bach bẹrẹ ṣiṣe awọn irin ajo lọ si Berlin ni awọn ọdun 1740, kii ṣe o kere ju nitori ọmọ rẹ, Carl Philipp Emanuel, ṣiṣẹ bi akọrin nibẹ. Aisan pẹlu àtọgbẹ, Bach ku ni Oṣu Keje ọjọ 28, ọdun 1750.


title: Ludwig van Beethoven

text: Ludwig van Beethoven ( (U.S.)tabi (UK); ; iribomi ni 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) je alakopo orin ati oniduuru ara ile Jemani. Ohun ni eni pataki ju nigba iyipada larin igba orin Klasika ati Romantik ninu orin klasika Europe, be sini o je alakopo orin togbajulo ati tonipajulo.


title: Frédéric Chopin

text: Frédéric François Chopin, ni ede Polandi Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (surname is pronounced in French, and usually in English, and is sometimes written "Szopen" in Polish; 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), je olukopojade orin ati oluteduru omo Polandi. Won gba pe o je ikan ninu awon oga ninu orin ife.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) je oniwakiri ara Norway. ọmọ ọdún márùn dín ní ọgọ́ta ni. Ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó dé póólù gúsù. Ó ṣe alábápàdá ikú rẹ̀ ní ibi ìjàmbá ọkọ̀ òfurufú ní odò bárẹ́ǹtì. Àwon òbí rẹ ni Jen Amundsen àti Hanna Sahlqvist. Ó gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ Úbádì ní ọdún 1907 láti ọwọ àwọn Ẹgbẹ arin ìrìn àjò aláwárí fún eni àkókó tí ó ṣe àwárí agbègbè Àríwá ìlà oòrùn. Kò gbè ìyàwó, bẹ́ẹ́ní kò sì bí omo.


title: Jacques Cartier

text: Jacques Cartier (1491 – September 1, 1557) je oluwakiri ara Fransi omo eya Breton to pe Kanada ni ti Fransi.


title: Carl Linnaeus

text: Carl Linnaeus (Ni ede Latini gege bi Carolus Linnaeus, ati leyin to je oye gege bi , – 10 January 1778) je asegbo ara ile Sweden.


title: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (ni Dutch bakanna bi Anthonie, Antoni, tabi Theunis, ni Geesi, Antony tabi Anton) (ibi ni October 24, 1632 o si ku ni August 26, 1723 – isinku ni August 30) je onisowo ati onimosayensi omo orile-ede Netherlands.


title: Àttílà

text: Àttílà (406 - 453) lo je oba awon Húnnì eya alarinka lati Mongolia lati odun 434 titi de 453 nigba to ku. Igba ijoba Attila ni eya Hunni di olokiki.


1849


1848


title: Ẹ̀jẹ̀

text: Ẹ̀jẹ̀ ni asàn tó ń lọ yípo nínú ara tó ń gbé àwọn ohun tó ṣe pàtàkì lọ sí inú àhámọ́ ara - fún àpẹrẹ ìbọ́ àti èémí.


1847


1846


1845


1844


1843


1842


1841


1840


1839


1838


1837


1836


1835


1834


1833


1832


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1826


title: Hájì

text: Haji ni irinajo lo si Mẹ́kkà. Lowolowo o je irinajo to tobijulo, o si je ikan ninu Opo marun Islamu ni pato ikarun. O se dandan fun eni to je mùsùlùmí lati lo si Haji lekan ni igbesiaye won.


title: Woody Allen

text: Woody Allen (ibi Allen Stewart Konigsberg; December 1, 1935) je osere ati oludari filmu ara ile Amerika.


title: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower lo je Aare orile-ede Amerika lati January 20, 1953 titi de January 20, 1961.


title: Brookline, Massachusetts

text: Brookline je ilu kan ni Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, to ni bode mo Boston ati Newton. Titi di igba ikanniyan 2010, iye eniyan ibe je 58,732.


title: Harry S. Truman

text: Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) lo je oloselu ati Are ile Amerika.


title: Murtala Nyako

text: Murtala Nyako je omo ile Naijiria ohun si ni Gomina Ipinle Adamawa lati odun 2007.


title: Peter Obi

text: Peter Obi (19 July, 1961) je oloselu omo ile Naijiria, ohun si ni lati 2006 Gomina Ipinle Anambra. O je omo egbe oloselu APGA. Won diboyan Obi fun igba keji gege bi Gomina Ipinle Anambra ni idiboyan to waye ni 6 February, 2010, Obi pelu ibo 97,843 bori Chris Ngige (AC) to gba ibo 60,240, ati Charles Soludo (PDP), nipo keta to gba ibo 59,365.


title: Godswill Akpabio

text: Godswill Akpabio je oloselu omo ile Naijiria, ohun si ni Gomina Ipinle Akwa Ibom lati odun 2007.


title: Isa Yuguda

text: Isa Yuguda (ojoibi 15 June, 1956) je oloselu omo ile Naijiria, o si je Gomina Ipinle Bauchi lati odun 2007.


title: Timipre Sylva

text: Timipre Sylva je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Bayelsa lati odun 2007.


title: Gabriel Suswam

text: Gabriel Suswam je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Benue lati odun 2007.


title: Ali Modu Sheriff

text: Ali Modu Sheriff je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Borno lati odun 2003 de 2011.


title: Aliyu Modibbo Umar

text: Aliyu Modibbo Umar (15 November, 1958) je oloselu omo ile Naijiria to di Alakoso Eto Agbara ati Irinlile labe ijoba Aare Olusegun Obasanjo ni 23 May, 2003; Alakoso Eto Oro-aje ni July 2006 titi de July 2007 ati Alakoso Agbegbe Oluilu Apapo ile Naijiria titi de October 2008.


title: Liyel Imoke

text: Liyel Imoke je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Cross River lati 2007.


title: Emmanuel Uduaghan

text: Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan (ojoibi 22 October 1954) ni Gomina Ipinle Delta lowolowo ni Nigeria lati May 29 2007, o je omo egbe oloselu People's Democratic Party (PDP). Ki o to di Gomina o je Asakoso fun Ilera ni Ipinle Delta ati Akowe fun Ijoba Ipinle Delta.


title: Martin Elechi

text: Martin Elechi je oloselu ara Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Ebonyi lati 2007.


title: Adams Oshiomhole

text: Adams Oshiomhole (tí wọ́n bí ní Ọjọ́ kẹrin oṣù kẹrin ọdún 1952) jẹ́ gbajúmọ̀ òṣèlú ọmọ bíbí ìpínlẹ̀ Ẹ̀dó lórílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà. Òun ni Alága ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú-ṣèjọba tí All Progressives Congress  APC. Oshiomhole ti fìgbà kan jẹ́ Gómìnà ìpínlẹ̀ Ẹ̀dó láti ọdún 2008 sí ọdún 2016 lábẹ́ àsíyá ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Action Congress of Nigeria. Kí ó tó di àkókò yìí, òun ni Alága ẹgbẹ́ àwọn òṣìṣẹ́,NLC lorílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà nígbà ìṣèjọba Ààrẹ àná, Olúṣẹ́gun Ọbásanjọ́.


title: Olusegun Oni

text: Olusegun Oni je oloselu ara Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Ekiti tele.


title: Sullivan Chime

text: Sullivan Iheanacho Chime (ojoibi 10 April 1959) ni Gomina Ipinle Enugu ni Nigeria lati 29 May 2007.


title: Danjuma Goje

text: Mohammed Danjuma Goje je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Gombe lati 2003.


title: Ikedi Godson Ohakim

text: Ikedi Godson Ohakim (ojoibi 4 August, 1957) je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Imo lati 2007 titi de 2011.


title: Sule Lamido

text: Sule Lamido (born 1948) je oloselu omo ile Naijiria. O je Gomina Ipinle Jigawa ati Alakoso Oro Okere Naijiria tele.


title: Mohammed Namadi Sambo

text: Mohammed Namadi Sambo (ojoibi August 2, 1954) je oloselu omo orile-ede Naijiria ati Igbákejì Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà tele fun ijoba Aare Goodluck Jonathan. O tun ti je Gomina Ipinle Kaduna lati 2007 titi de 2010.


title: Ibrahim Shekarau

text: Ibrahim Shekarau (ojoibi November 5, 1955) lo ti je Gomina Ipinle Kano ni Nigeria lati 29 May 2003. O je omo egbe oloselu ANPP.


title: Ibrahim Shema

text: Ibrahim Shema je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Katsina lati 2007.


title: Adamu Aliero

text: Adamu Aliero je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Alakoso Agbegbe Oluilu Apapo ile Naijiria ni Abuja lati odun 2007.


title: Mahmud Shinkafi

text: Mahmud Shinkafi je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ohun si ni Gomina Ipinle Zamfara, tele o je omo egbe oloselu ANPP, loni omo egbe People's Democratic Party ni se. Elesin musulumi pelu iyawo meta.


title: Rotimi Amaechi

text: Rotimi Amaechi je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Rivers lati 2008.


title: Usman Dakingari

text: Saidu Usman Nasamu Dakingari je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Kebbi lati odun 2007.


title: Usman Dakingari

text: Ni 30 June, 2007 Dakingari gbe Zainab Yar'Adua to je omo Aare Umaru Yar'Adua ni iyawo.


title: Ibrahim Idris

text: Ibrahim Idris je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Kogi lati odun 2003. O je omo egbe oloselu PDP.


title: Bukola Saraki

text: Bukola Saraki je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Olori igbimo egbe asofin orile Ede Nigeria. lati odun 2003 si odun 2011, Bukola sin Orile-ede e gege bi Gomina Ipinle Kwara. Lowolowo ohun ni Alagba Asofin lati Ijoba ibile agbegbe Aarin gbongbo Kwara ni Ile-Igbimo Asofin Naijiria lati 2011.


title: Aliyu Doma

text: Aliyu Doma je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Nasarawa lati odun 2007.


title: Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu

text: Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu jè olóṣèlú ọmọ ilẹ̀ Nàíjíría àti gómìnà ìpínlẹ̀ Niger láti ọdún 2003.


title: Gbenga Dáníẹ́l

text: Gbenga Daniel je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Ogun lati odun 2003.


title: Olusegun Mimiko

text: Olusegun Mimiko je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Ondo lati odun 2009.


title: Jónà Jang

text: Jonah David Jang je omo ologun toti feyinti ati oloselu omo ile Naijiria, ohun ni Gomina Ipinle Plateau lati odun 2007. Nigba ijoba ologun Ogagun Ibrahim Babangida o di Gomina awon Ipinle Benue ati Gongola.


title: Danbaba Suntai

text: Danbaba Suntai je oloselu omo ile Naijiria ati Gomina Ipinle Taraba lati odun 2007.