92 and 12–35 mg/kg) in leafy green plants from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, China, Kathmandu, India and Turkey, respectively (Aweng et al. 2011; Kananke et al. 2014; Zhuang et al. 2009; Shakya and Khwaounjoo 2013; Yadav et al. 2013; Türkdoğan et al. 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Extracellular amplitude computation has been described in detail (Krans and Chapple 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Many researchers have highlighted the necessity of considering memorability when designing phrase sets [23, 25, 33, 39].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…each of the three PIcoupled receptors on dopamine cells (mACh, mGluR, 1) is that the outward current induced by transient application of agonist was desensitized during the superfusion of a low concentration of agonist (Fiorillo and Williams, 1998; Paladini et al., 2001; Morikawa et al., 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


conserved protein across bacterial phyla, and in some bacteria it is auto-regulated at the translational level [39].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


several members of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family in thymic T cell development has been reported [7,8,9,10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Like HRR, ANHEJ also requires the processing of DSBs by MRE11 [22–25] and CtIP [18,26,27].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The mongooses (Herpestidae) are a small clade of 34 species that epitomize all these aspects of social variation (Rood 1986; Schneider and Kappeler 2014).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This, in turn, leads to reduction in the lumen-positive electrical potential in this nephron segment, resulting in increased urinary Mg2+ and Ca2+ (Riccardi & Brown, 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…Actin to Protect Nuclei during Confined Migration and Promote Metastasis, Cell (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.023
The regulation and localization of actin nucleation factors are likely critical for specifying the function of actin structures in cells (Skau and Waterman 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These therapeutic options do not restore normal hyaline cartilage and have a short-term success rate [2].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For a KC model to be the basis for accurate modeling of knowledge growth, it must identify all KCs that contribute to the given overall skill, including ones that are not well-known or taught directly [18].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Third, PWM-20 is based entirely on the functional p53 REs (34 in vivo REs used for PWM-20 compared to 37 in vitro BSs used by Hoh et al. [64].)

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Stenosis of the stoma, one of the late complications, occurred in children with ileal conduit in up to 42% [5, 6, 7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Group representative strains were screened for nifH, the gene encoding the nitrogenase iron protein dinitrogenase reductase , by dot blot hybridization using a biotinylated nifH specific DNA probe that detects a very wide range of diazotroph taxa Bagwell et al. 1998; 2001; Bergholz et al. 2001 .

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Instead of using the single fuzzless locus mutant developed mapping populations (Rong et al. 2005, 2007; Zhang et al. 2005; Guo et al. 2006; Wan et al. 2007), the common female parent line of the two F2 populations we developed combined at least two fuzzless loci (N1 and n2, and probably n3) (Turley and Kloth 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The present results using Long Evans rats are consistent with previous reports that MIA during pregnancy does not alter classical fear conditioning in the adult male offspring of either Wistar (Zuckerman and Weiner, 2005) or Sprague Dawley rat strains (Vorhees et al., 2012; Yee et al., 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


recently showed that the 242Tallele is associated with significantly lower basal and NADPH-stimulated vascular superoxide production in the blood vessels of patients with atherosclerosis [10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Thus far, increases in the diagnostic sensitivity of CA125 by using marker panels have been moderate (5–10%), often at the expense of decreases in specificity, and vice versa (Tuxen et al, 1995; Meyer and Rustin, 2000; Bast, 2003; Zhang et al, 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For these samples, we applied a nested primer approach and used the additional primers: L15383* (Cibois and Pasquet 1999) and H15149* (Kocher et al. 1989).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


differences that might be expected on an additive scale of interaction as described by Hosmer and Lemoshow [46].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The title pages were, with slight modifications, the same as those used in the previous study by Svenonius and Molto (1990).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


This has subsequently been identified in
human cases of staphylococcal infection (Arias et al., 2008; Quinn et al., 2009; Toh et al., 2007), as well as in the LEADER Program for 2007 (Mendes et al., 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


On the other hand, in small-t-transfected CV-1 cells, the activation of MEK and MAP kinase by inhibition of PP2A was dependent on PI 3-kinase and PKC (53).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Exposure to radiation especially at young ages is a risk factor in thyroid cancer [3], though in most cases, specific risk factors for DTC cannot be identified [4].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In an attempt to standardize the bacteriologic procedures, all patients had a ‚Äúendocarditis diagnostic kit,‚Äù using an automate (Bactec Becton Dickinson, Sparus, Maryland) including standard BC and special samples for isolation of intracellular pathogens, and for various specific antibodies (7).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


However, Lo and Yeh [21] found that above protocols [18–20] cannot is vulnerable to the denial of proof attack.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Previous studies have also reported high expression levels of Cyclin B1 in a variety of cancers such as breast, cervical, gastric, coloectal, colon, and prostate cancers, as well as in myelogenous leukemia cells ([25-28]).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


12 that outgroup dehumanization is conceptually and empirically distinct from outgroup prejudice, and also that it is uniquely associated with outgroup aggression (Kteily et al., 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Since starvation is thought to be one of the main dormancyinducing stresses encountered by Mtb inside the granuloma [11,33], Mtb WT and Dfcr mutants were starved in PBS to determine the role of the fcr genes in wax synthesis under this dormancy-inducing stress.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


A thorough evaluation of the PPDF and computation of its moments can be obtained via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods [3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Our zebra finch results seem somewhat in between those obtained by Nagel et al. (2010) and those of van der Aa et al. (2015) for the discrimination between two stimuli of which the temporal parameters were varied compared to the training stimuli.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The false discovery rate (FDR) of identification was calculated to be less than 1% as described [30].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


According to previous works, it is well-known that different solvent combinations can be employed for the separation and analysis of cannabinoids in HPLC-MS/MS [35, 36].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although the distribution of the two collagen types is widely overlapping, important differences have been described, including a high ratio of type VI to type I collagen in intervertebral disks and articular cartilage, and an opposite proportion in bone and a preferred localization of type VI collagen in the pericellular space or underneath epithelial cell layers (Keene et al., 1988; Marvulli et al., 1996).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our findings are supported by a growing number of epidemiological studies showing an association between air pollution exposure and cognitive impairment in the elderly (Chen and Schwartz 2009; Power et al. 2011; Ranft et al. 2009; Wellenius et al. 2012; Weuve et al. 2012a; Chang et al. 2014; Tonne et al. 2014, Ailshire and Crimmings 2014, Ailshire and Clarke 2014) and by toxicological studies suggesting that air pollution has neuropathological effects (Block and Calderón-Garcidueñas

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The sano locus encodes a putative cytoplasmic protein of 778 aa, which is related to the Themis gene family (Chung et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In fact, naive subjects are not able to distinguish real from synthetic stimuli (Turing test) (Ezzat et al. 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Concerning heavy metals tolerance and accumulation in plants, many genes involved in adaptive tolerance and detoxification of HMs have been identified and isolated from several plants (Verbruggen et al., 2009; Krämer, 2010; Ueno et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2016).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


, 2002; Voinnet, 2009), with a subset of them also repressing translation (Aukerman and Sakai, 2003; Brodersen et al., 2008; Chen, 2004; Dugas and Bartel, 2008; Gandikota et al., 2007; Lanet et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


comparisons of the current results of TMS effects received from the tactile unimodal WM task with the previous findings of TMS effects received from a tactile-visual cross-modal WM task (Ku et al., 2015), the authors believe that it is a reasonable assumption that the

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…study, it is
documented that body weight, clinical signs and micronucleus appearance did not differ in Vit E+Setreated broiler chicks when compared with the control group (Sharaf et al., 2009) which is also an indication that this amalgamation can assuage the noxious effects of CY more effectively.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Interestingly, it plays only an inferior role in the NHFS([9]) and is not included in the POSSUM system.([12]) In summary, given the importance of cognitive ability, assessing cognitive ability must become part of the clinical routine.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These results agree with the model proposed by Walker et al. [13], and then
 confirmed by other Authors [17‚Äì19], which describes the granule formation during spray drying.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Therefore, we tested three morphine-like drugs that represent a range of efficacy: morphine (intermediate efficacy), buprenorphine (relatively low efficacy), and etorphine (relatively high efficacy) (Emmerson et al. 1996; Selley et al. 1998) on the hot-plate and tail-flick tests under conditions previously described (Paronis and Holtzman 1991; Kalinichev et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Similar results presented in [12], suggest that attention must be paid to the beam size and divergence, in order to avoid redundancy on the data caused by overlapping when measuring in high resolution at reduced distances.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Throughput-sensitive flows were represented by TCP flows carrying a delay hint of 80 ms. Delay-sensitive flows were represented by TFRC [3] flows carrying a delay hint of 32 ms.
 Analyzing throughput and delay alone is not sufficient as application performance realistically involves tradeoffs between throughput and delay.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


We used the fully-connected model, F1, as well as shallow convolutional models C1 and C3 suggested by Keskar et al. (2017). As a demonstration of more current architectures, we used the models: VGG (Simonyan, 2014) and Resnet44 (He et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Based on the knowledge that NSP1 binds in vitro to all eleven viral mRNAs [4, 15] and the suggestion that it may interact with other viral proteins [13], we hypothesized that such interactions could affect the susceptibility of NSP1 to be degraded.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Gln105 of human NQO1 is an
especially important residue for catalytic activity (Chen et al., 2000).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


[11] have examined textile electrodes properties, comparing them with standard Ag-AgCl electrodes using evaluation of human surface ECG.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


[8,11] In general, patients with straight sinus thrombosis present with acute headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, altered mental status, focal neurologic deficits, coma, and/or death because of venous infarction of the bilateral thalami and basal ganglia.[6] Typical MRI findings are high signal intensity and swelling of the bilateral thalami, internal capsules, and basal ganglia on T2WI and FLAIR.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A similar trend exists for thyroid cancer, as the diagnosis of small and indolent tumors has steadily risen.(8,9)

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…with several action-based models of selective action that suggest turning one’s visual attention to an object or location in space may be the same process as preparing a movement to that object/location (e.g., Rizzolatti et al.1994; Tipper et al.1992; Welsh and Elliott 2004b; Welsh et al.1999).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The functionality of both genes and their expression during mineralization of 2,4-D and 3-CB has been confirmed (Kasberg et al., 1995; Laemmli et al., 2000, 2004; Pérez-Pantoja et al., 2000; Plumeier et al., 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Most of them, referred as background subtraction approaches, assume that the input video is captured by a stationary camera and model background colors at each pixel location using either generative [18, 15] or nonparametric [14, 5] methods.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…a significant role in the gait of elderly fallers and patients with PD (Blin et al. 1990; Hausdorff et al. 1998, 2001; Hausdorff 2005; Schaafsma et al. 2003; Springer et al. 2006; Yogev et al. 2005), leading one to speculate that a close association exists between gait variability and asymmetry.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Mir-185 was initially reported to be upregulated in rapidly progressing IPF [12] but in later studies, miR-185 downregulation was demonstrated in IPF lungs, compared to controls [15, 16].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


One of the most promising methods among them is PLDA (Kenny, 2010; Prince and Elder, 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Our results for regulation of PR protein expression are consistent with other reports, which demonstrate cyclic changes in PR proteins in human (52, 53) and rat (18, 50) Fallopian tubes as well as human (39, 43, 75) and rat (27) uteri.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


injection of 150 mL volume as described previously.(28,29) This dose of IL-17 was chosen based on previous reports and represents a medium to high level of serum IL-17 as seen in patients with inflammation.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Studies have demonstrated that intermittent hypoxia (IH) is the key pathophysiological character of OSA [2, 3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…the expansion of artificial structures in coastal waters might be an important driver of the increase in Aurelia spp. populations due to the resultant increase in the availability of suitable benthic habitats for polyp proliferation (Duarte et al., 2012; Purcell, 2012; Makabe et al., 2014).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…factors (e.g., hypertension, stroke, and diabetes) (Arvanitakis et al. 2016; Bogush et al. 2017; Eskildsen et al. 2017; Kelleher and Soiza 2013; Longden et al. 2016; Love and Miners 2017; McInerney et al. 2017; Nielsen et al. 2017; Perrotta et al. 2016; Sheen and Sheu 2016; Sudduth et al. 2017).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


lengths was interpreted to indicate a progressive thickening of the layer with continued cooling [e.g., Hansen and Willis, 1998; Ghent and Hansen, 1999; Hansen et al., 2000].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


An MP system is an MP grammar equipped with a temporal interval τ , a conventional mole size ν, and substances masses, which specify the time and population (discrete) granularities, respectively [19].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…P aper |
D iscussion P aper
| D iscussion P aper |
As a cold water species (Winter et al., 1994), with a biogeography spanning the Arctic and sub-polar Northern Hemisphere (McIntyre and Bé, 1967; McIntyre et al., 1970), C. pelagicus could potentially dominate calcite production in this region.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This finding is new for the Thr-Glu-Tyr motif and is consistent with the reported phosphorylation of Tyr during AR induced by LPC (de Lamirande et al., 1998, de Lamirande and Gagnon, 2002) and A23187 (Aitken et al., 1995).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Although fast growing woody plants have been widely used for cleaning up HM contaminated soils, limited information is available about the physiological and molecular mechanisms of HM tolerance and detoxification in woody plants (Konlechner et al., 2013; Luo et al., 2016).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…open studies, all of the open studies investigating the cognitive effects of rTMS in depression stimulated the left DLPFC via high frequency rTMS (Triggs et al., 1999; Martis et al., 2003; Fabre et al., 2004; O’Connor et al., 2005; Kuroda et al., 2006; Bloch et al., 2008; Vanderhasselt et al.,…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


For DNA methylation studies, nucleosomes first were extracted from prefrontal cortex gray matter and then immunoprecipitated with two anti-methyl-histone specific antibodies [anti-histone H3tri-methyl-lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and anti-H3-tri-methyl-lysine 27 (H3K27me3)] to separate open chromatin at sites of actual or potential transcription from repressive and silenced chromatin, exactly as described [17,18].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


, 2004), improve carcass characteristics (Swingle et al., 1979; Matulis et al., 1987; Cranwell et al., 1996a; Stelzleni et al., 2007) and meat quality (Cranwell et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Slant column NO2 is retrieved using a DOAS linear least squares fit (Platt and Stutz, 2008; Wenig et al., 2005) as in the operational DOAS retrievals (Boersma et al., 2007;10 Bucsela et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The excessive model precipitation over the mountainous west tends to result in excessively wet soils in summer, which cause high latent heat flux, low sensible heat flux, and surface cooling (Bonan, 1998).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Boron has been suggested to act as a chemical modulator of phenolic synthesis so that in the absence of B, phenolics are produced in excess (Lee and Aronoff 1967; Dugger 1983).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This situation is even more obvious if this prevalence is compared with that for age-matched populations, and it is in concert with the results of a casecontrol study that failed to establish a significant relationship between the occurrence of gallstones and GERD [29].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The UB-Tree [20] integrates a space filling curve and a BTree creating a primary index for multidimensional data.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Following selective amplification, PCR products were purified using Sephadex G-75 gel filtration columns (Porath and Flodin 1959).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


[1] reported that 17% of women using the LNG-IUS for contraception experienced a period of at least 90 days of no B/S during the first year.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Particularly, when A‘ ¼ 0 it reduces into the normalized RBF nets (Moody & Darken, 1989; Nowlan, 1990; Xu, 1998a; Xu et al., 1994).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Two distinct chromatin-remodeling complexes of the Swi2/Snf2 family - the RSC and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes - are implicated in the regulation of histone gene transcription [22,23].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This final step in the regression analysis was included to examine the possibility that environmental risk might moderate the persistence of maternal depressive symptomatology across the three time-points.([19])

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In recent years, an understanding of the mechanisms of GFb signal transduction has provided insights into the unction of TGFb signals in developing embryos (reviewed n Whitman, 1998).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These findings unlike that of Craik et al. (1996) show that retrieval processes can be disrupted under conditions of divided attention.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Through experiments, the performances of RSNets are compared with various state-of-the-art 3D segmentation methods including 3D volumes based methods [20], spectral CNN based method [24], and point clouds based methods [13, 15, 10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The cultured AF (50 mg AFB1/kg) was produced using Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) on ground corn at University of Missouri as described by Gowda et al. (2008). Six premixes, contributing 4.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Similarly, recent work by Balcan, Beygelzimer and Langford [2] provides an upper bound on label-complexity of Õ(d2 log 1 ) for learning half-spaces under the uniform, in a certain agnostic scenario, via an intractable algorithm.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


[5,6,13,14] The abdominal superficial venous dominance is one of the most extended and accepted (but not proved) hypothesis for explaining the diffuse congestion as a large diameter SIEV may denote dominance over the deep venous system.[6] Blondeel et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Both ADAM10 and ADAM17 are believed to influence T cell development via their activity as sheddases for Notch receptor and Notch ligands [8,9,10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Lemurs provide an interesting case for evaluating the predictions of this hypothesis because they possess many anatomical and behavioral traits thought to have evolved for exactly this purpose: energy conservation and risk minimization (Wright 1999; Jolly 1966).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For evaluating the performance of our method, we used six comparative methods: the method using only visual features and applying MvLFDA to these visual features (C1), the method concatenating multiple visual features to one long vector and applying LPCCA to EEG features and the long vector (C2), and the methods applying LPCCA to EEG features and each visual feature and integrating multiple EEG-based visual features via simply concatenating them to one long vector (C3), MSE [18] (C4), Supervised MSE (SMSE) [21] (C5), and Multi-view Discriminant Analysis (MvDA) [32] (C6), where C2 and C3 applied LFDA to the long vector after concatenating multiple features.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Average part interpretability of filters in CNNs for singlecategory classification using the Pascal VOC Part dataset [3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


At last, we apply RMR and G-RMR on the application of human head pose estimation (Sherrah and Gong, 2001).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


In our previous study [2], we generalized FTLE and LCS to analyze uncertain unsteady flows based on SFMs.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


some GST polymorphisms are thought to alter cancer susceptibility in mammals (Hayes and Pulford, 1995).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Drawing upon previous goal recognition research, (Blaylock and Allen 2003; Mott et al. 2006), the work presented in this chapter defines goal recognition as the task of predicting the most likely goal for a given sequence of observed low-level player behavior in the game environment.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


These reports are consistent with SdpI regulating dynamin-driven fission of endocytotic and transport vesicles from their donor membranes (15, 17, 18, 20).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


These two steps are the same as in the original algorithm [25], which has its orientation in spectral clustering [14].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


All the items in the questionnaire were adopted from the validated measurement tools which had been used in Skyrme and Amidon (1997a), Chase (1997), Chong et al. (2000) and KPMG Consulting (1998, 1999) studies.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


mation of the plateaus themselves, as has been proposed previously [e.g., Bindschadler et al., 1992a, 1992b; Bindschadler, 1995; Hansen et al., 1997, 1999, 2000; Gilmore et al., 1998; Ghent and Hansen, 1999], then the structures preserved in crustal plateaus can provide important insights into Venus’ geological history.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In graminaceous plants, iron (Fe) chelators called phytosiderophores are secreted
from the roots, and play an essential role in acquiring sparingly soluble Fe in the rhizosphere (Herbik et al. 1999; Higuchi et al. 1999).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Some relevant case studies exist that concentrate on master data management and organisational aspects (e.g. Otto, 2012b).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Moreover, it has been suggested that NSP1 binds to an unidentified cytoskeleton component since it co purifies with the cytoskeleton fraction [15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…capacity resulting in people in sexual contexts after drinking not being able to process their distant risk cues (such as HIV or sexually transmitted infection (STI) risks) and be highly influenced by the most immediate cues (such as sexual arousal) in their environment (MacDonald et al. 2000).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…channels and chronic drug-induced disruption of hERG protein trafficking into the cell surface membrane (Ficker et al. 2004; Cordes et al. 2005; Kuryshev et al. 2005; Wible et al. 2005; Rajamani et al. 2006; Thomas et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2007; Takemasa et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2007; Van der…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Like in other studies (Grober et al., 2010; Sarazin et al., 2010), the total recall item (the sum of the spontaneous and the cued recalls) revealed to be the most important measure in the distinction between patients and controls.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


In this regard, it is worth noting that the number of studies that have reported at least some mixed strain infections in a wide variety of hosts, including cats, has increased greatly since more sensitive genotyping techniques have been applied (AlKappany et al., 2010; Aspinall et al., 2003; Boughattas et al., 2010; Dubey et al., 2007b, 2009b, 2006a,b,c, 2005; ElbezRubinstein et al., 2009; Lindstrom et al., 2008; Mercier et al., 2010; Parameswaran et al., 2010; Ragozo et al., 2010; Sundar et al., 2008; Yai et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


SMF-based VCSEL links can transport data across fiber distances of several kilometers; however, these devices need much more power as discussed in [7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


, 2000) or disease state (Ricceri et al., 2007; Scattoni et al., 2008; Young et al., 2010; Wohr et al., 2011a).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Chronic restraint stress (CRS) has been shown to induce cognitive impairment and anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in rodents (Chiba et al. 2012; Huang et al. 2015a, b).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


If larval release occurred before the end of the monitoring period, monitoring was ceased, as Forward et al. (2003, 2005) found that female blue crabs become arrhythmic following larval release unless re-entrained to the tidal cycle.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Determination of FST analogues for temporally distinct samples has been used in other studies to detect population dynamics (Takami et al. 2004); although our data are limited, they do support the
 N .

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Therefore, eight separate comparisons were considered in this meta-analysis [6–12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


While all of the papers included outcomes, when it came to QOL assessment, 2 of the 38 used SF36 [3, 19, 39] others used FACT-BR [5, 22, 40], and 8 used a more basic patient functionality-oriented Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) comparison [10, 13, 28, 32, 34, 36, 37], and less than half (15 of 38 papers) utilized any QOL instrument at all (FACT-BR, SF36, KPS Scale, or some other instrument).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Although it is still not clear if an increased parasympathetic tone is due to the inflammatory state present in asthma or represents a pathophysiological mechanism by itself, the rationale for the application of cholinergic antagonists in asthma appears robust [16, 20] and the non-neuronal cholinergic represents a favorable target.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Mycotoxins are of particular interest, because Aspergillus species produce some of the most important mycotoxins (Frisvad et al. 2007a).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The predicates p and q are interpreted in [112, 24] as first-order predicates.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Compared with healthy controls, PD is more frequent in RA patients, both in those with new-onset and in those with long-standing disease, even when potential confounding factors such as smoking are taken into account [1-5].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Bentley and Haslam (1998, 1999, 2001) further explained that British postal workers adopted work practices involving AOL-related risk. Their study revealed that adopting risk-related work practices was especially linked to their work organisation, which effectively encouraged them to act less safely; to finish their working day earlier, they took shortcuts across more uneven ground and read addresses on envelopes whilst walking. During interviews, these postal workers stated that they were aware of the risks involved in their work practices, but they perceived them as more acceptable than the timewasting associated with a safer work practice. The present study found that work organisation impacted on the adoption of work practices involving greater risk. In the assembler-welder working situation, part supply problems linked to organisational deficiencies in the logistics sector obliged operators to adopt a work practice involving risk. Indeed, when available, parts could be prepared at the start of chassis assembly. Otherwise, operators had to climb more often onto, or down from, a template to collect parts (climbing down from templates being particularly unsafe). The impact of training received by operators in terms of both safety and ways of performing the required task has also been put forward by Bentley and Haslam (1998) and

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We studied 83 Zambian adults, chosen at random from a cohort study, who were fully representative of the population of a crowded shanty compound in Lusaka in which we previously analyzed small-intestinal architecture and function [18, 24].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In addition, alcohol and smoking are major risk factors for CP, but additional risk factors appear to be necessary to specifically target the pancreas.(22,45,52) The mechanism underlying the pathology associated with CTRC G60G is unknown, but disruption of key regulator elements is likely.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…ow nloaded from
JPET #194308
10
MOP antagonist naltrexone (0.03 mg/kg) or the NOP antagonist J-113397 (0.1 mg/kg) was used based on previous studies, demonstrating that these dosing regimens produced selective, same degree of MOP versus NOP antagonism in monkeys (Ko et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Among these traits are strict seasonal breeding, cathemerality (equal activity during both day and night), low basal metabolic rates, a low degree of frugivory (a highly variable food source) for primates of their body size, female dominance, and a lack of sexual dimorphism (reviewed in Wright 1999). Given the costs of pregnancy and lactation in lemurs, females of many lemur species are 16 Anim Cogn (2012) 15:15–25

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Recent progresses have identified several novel surface markers, which can distinguish LSCs from normal HSCs, such as CD44 [15], CD123 [16], CLL-1 [17], TIM-1 [18], CD96 [19], CD47 [20].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


39
Characterization of Streptomyces antibiotic inhibition and resistance
Streptomyces antibiotic inhibition and resistance profiles were determined using
10 standard reference isolates described in Davelos et al. (2004b).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Study protocol
 In a previous study (Ega√±a and Green 2005) we tested the eVect of body tilt angle on fatigue during calf exercise (as described in the previous section) that was performed at a high contractile force relative to the maximum (70 %MVC).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


This study included 92 consecutive parkinsonian patients referred to the Parkinson Centre Nijmegen, and who were diagnosed by movement disorder specialists according to established international diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian syndromes [8,14].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Although PA interventions have demonstrated benefits for cancer survivors, including improvements in cardiovascular fitness [8], depression [9], fatigue [10], and quality of life [10, 11], few have focused on YACS [12–15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The role of IgG1 depends on its origin, being anaphylactic when induced by IL-4 and non-anaphylactic when induced by IL-12 or IFN-γ [60].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Resistance to TB involves macrophages [2,4], dendritic cells (DC) [17,18], and T cells [18], and multiple studies in humans and mice have shown that maintenance of TB latency requires a Th1 T cell immune response and IFN-c, which is a signature cytokine of this response.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Prevalence in brown rats ranged from 2 7% to 8 5% by culture (n = 3; number of animals: median = 256, range = 130–919) [82, 108, 117] but was considerably higher in three studies that used PCR to detect infection (10 0% to 4 7%; number of animals: median = 11, range = 10–96) [103, 118, 124].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We also compared our system with the state-of-the-art Czech NER system [11].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


In autopsy series, it was found 5–86 % of cases overall (Bonvini et al. 2008; Canyigit et al. 2009; Ferreira et al. 1991; Lazoura et al. 2010; Mohlenkamp et al. 2002; Ozbag et al. 2002; Ozbag and Kervancioglu 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Evidence for more prevalent chemolithotrophic associated activities, including ammonia oxidation, sulfur oxidation and CO2 fixation have all been reported in the mesopelagic at the NPSG (Karl et al., 1984; Ingalls et al., 2006; Hansman et al., 2009; Swan et al., 2011; Giovannoni and Vergin, 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In our cannulated mesenteric arteries, inhibition of NOS significantly reduced the vasodilation induced by ACh in young, adult and aged rats, indicating that NO plays a predominant role in vasorelaxation of young, adult (Fujii et al. 1993) and aged vessels.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Several studies have focused on the fabrication techniques that create a gradient in pore size along the tube wall [12], combining multiple manufacturing methods in order to increase the level of manipulation in scaffold micro-structures [13].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The concordance rates between the two methods in ART-experienced and ART-naive patients were 98.54% (1,353/ 1,373) (95% CI, 97.76% to 99.05

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…general anesthesia and (Liley and Bojak, 2005) model the proconvulsive properties of several volatile anesthetic agents, most modeling efforts aim at understanding the dynamical mechanisms underlying bi-phasic responses (Bojak and Liley, 2005; Hutt and Longtin, 2010; Steyn-Ross et al., 1999).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Responses to ILD horizontal position cues were probed with broad-spectrum noise (see Materials and Methods) within the physiological range determined from the measurements of acoustic directional transfer functions (Koka et al., 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…highly diverse gene cassettes (VAR; Vibrio anguillarum repeats), mostly of unknown function, but among others toxin/antitoxin cassettes and genes involved in substrate modification or interactions with virulence factors and DNA modification, similar to in Vibrio cholera (Rowe-Magnus et al. 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Other cross-linking experiments and RNA protection studies with functional elongation complexes suggest that NusA likely makes contacts near the RNA exit channel, around the β-flap domain (41, 71, 126, 138); conceivably, an extended conformation of the NusA protein contacts both regions, not unlike the wide reach of σ70.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


However, the contribution of the reductase systems in human red blood cells (RBCs) remains u nclear [4,5].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This confirms and extends the results of Connelly et al. (2005) and the work of Berninger (1999), among others.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


BRIS- CPBD JNB LPC S3 BIQI Metri- Ours QUE[17] [19] [11] [14] [26] [18] cQ[30]

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Indeed, in some studies of MOPr signaling outputs, the endomorphins seem to be partial agonists (e.g., Saidak et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


[13] have collected a large data set of iris images, intentionally sampling a range of quality broader than that used by current commercial iris recognition systems.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms were also assessed using the child version of the CAPA [37] for children aged 12 years and over; these were endorsed if either parent or child reported their presence.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


flocus and cerebellum dorsal vermis are involved in it (Kuicken et al., 2001-2002; Lee et al., 2006; Parker et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical that is derived from the root of the turmeric plant Curcuna longa and is responsible for the spicy taste of curries [15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In line with past studies (e.g., Anderson et al., 1998; Craik et al., 1996) results of the current study showed that secondary task performance i.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


be involved in protein binding (especially of albumin) in other epithelia (Kopp et al., 1992; Blazejewski et al., 1997), could perform this function at the blood–CSF interface.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


1 is involved in other autophagy-regulated processes in addition to aggrephagy (26).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…do not donate electrons to the respiratory chain, yet in bacteria they are membrane-bound enzymes transferring their electrons directly to ubiquinol (Barnes and Kaback 1970; Lascelles 1978; Doig et al. 1999; Modun and Williams 1999; Dym et al. 2000; Delgado et al. 2001; Fuller et al. 2011).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Solutions to the PnP or PnL problem cover only single-view perspective cameras, hence new methods are needed to efficiently deal with the multiview PnP (NPnP) problem [3, 8, 11, 12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Several pro-survival signaling pathways converge at the step of GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9, which inactivates this kinase, and inactivation of GSK-3β has been shown to increasemyocardial resistance to infarction [11,12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We can calculate the fold-preferential p-value of a particular motif ω to occur by chance in a particular SCOP Fold by using a hypergeometric distribution [15]:

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


%) individuals with psoriatic arthritis had CD (the Swedish study used no controls; Lindqvist et al., 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Data concerning the effects of AZD1152-HQPA on apoptosis are scant, although our analysis seems to be in disagreement with the results of Oke et al (2009), who reported that the Aurora B kinase inhibitor induced a strong increase in an Annexin V-positive cell fraction in studies in primary AML‚Ä¶

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…cloning of the GABAB(1) gene, a second, structurally similar,
member of the GABAB receptor family: the GABAB(2) subunit was described concomitantly by a number of research groups (Jones et al. 1998; Kaupmann et al. 1998a; Kuner et al. 1999;
Martin et al. 1999; Ng et al. 1999; White et al. 1998).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Interestingly, sildenafil did not change the plasma lipid profile in the treated animals, which was consistent with similar results found elsewhere [21], although it improved the endothelial function.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The mixing times for various mixers are listed in Table III; these times were obtained from lab experiments
[Paik et al. 2003].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


2D), associated with the unchanged total creatine content previously reported in aged muscles by other investigators (Ermini & Verzar, 1968; Dudley & Fleck, 1984; Conley
et al., 2000), clearly demonstrates that the decrease in energy-supply elasticity in aged rats arises from alteration(s) located…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


elegans ventral nerve cord [17,18], as well as in early chick spinal cord, where electroporated mouse Ebf1 promotes expression of numerous neuronal markers [15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…et al. (2005) examined the plasticity of infants’ discrimination of monkey faces by providing 6-month-olds with folders containing pictures of six unfamiliar monkey faces where parents were asked to show these pictures to their infant for 1–2 min each day (see Pascalis et al., 2005, p. 5298).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial stunning, paroxysmal AV blockade, as well as exercise induced
ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death (Canyigit et al. 2009; Ferreira et al. 1991; Lazoura et al. 2010; Ozbag and Kervancioglu 2004; Santos et al. 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Recent publications have revealed that the use of related types of e-crystallization growth cells applied to proteins by using direct current (DC) made crystals grow better oriented to the cathode (when the protein molecule was positively charged) compared to those crystals grown on the anode (when the protein molecule was negatively charged) showing also high crystal quality [16–20].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


To avoid the need for MDS computation, one can further utilise simpler features such as a single colour for an image, expressed in terms of hue and lightness [9, 7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The model (Rohrer and Berresheim, 2006; Hofzumahaus et al., 2009) was based on the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism (RACM) (Stockwell et al., 1997) upgraded with an5 improved isoprene chemistry (Karl et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


medically unsafe, but about their marketing potentially overstating product effectiveness and exploiting existing sociocultural biases (Karnani, 2007; Agarwal and Roy, 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The prevalence of disturbed behaviors or emotional maladaptations in different groups of children with CP have been reported to be from 30-80% (Denhoff & Holden, 1954; Graham & Rutter, 1968b; Hourcade & Parette, 1984; McDonald, 1987; Rosenbloom, 1971; Storrow & Jones, 1960).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These observations are in agreement with the theory developed by Gov et al. (2009) where mobile components and breakage of the band 3-ankyrin anchors lead to vesiculation and morphology changes (Satchwell et al., 2016).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


(Reed and Lardy 1972) decreased diosgenin pro-
duction in T. foenum-graecum seedlings, as compared to the control.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The activity of hCG is initiated by binding of hCG to its transmembrane glycoprotein receptor, which is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily [35].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Not surprisingly, strong expression of Bcl-2 has been shown to be a consistent feature of EBV-associated PTLD (19, 20).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


However, interactions among bacteria vary across small spatial scales (Davelos et al., 2004a; Vetsigian et al, 2011) and are likely to be embedded within larger-scale drivers of microbial communities.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The application of PBM for the management of postmastectomy lymphedema is corroborated by solid data [15, 16] and clinical findings now suggest a beneficial impact on the prevention of radiationinduced oral mucositis [17–20].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


It is also critical for women to have a health professional they can trust for support (Hegney et al, 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Bendahmane and Gronenborn (1997) used antisense RNA to engineer resistance against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in N. benthamiana.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Among the 28 patients, the clinical details and follow-up information were provided for 25 patients [4,5,14,15], 18 of whom underwent surgery and were free from the disease without postoperative radioiodine ablation therapy.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Based on collection of multiple proxy measures of the likelihood of exposure to infectious microbes, a pathogen score was constructed using the mean value of five interviewer-assigned variables, each scored on a 3point scale (0=low exposure, 1=moderate, and 2=high): (1) cleanliness of the food preparation area, (2) means of garbage disposal, (3) presence of excrement near the house, (4) level of garbage, and (5) excrement present in the neighborhood surrounding the household [9].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


For instance, Murphy, Baker, and Fouquet (2001) used an
appetitive Pavlovian conditioning procedure to explore context conditioning in a predictive relative validity paradigm with rats, finding that the net conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus was determined not only by the stimulus, but…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This seems to be the main drawback of the current implementation in comparison to the method of Black Jepson (“refined” in Table 1).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


It is therefore likely that HE induces fundamental dysfunctions in different systems of the human central nervous system (Timmermann et al., 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


vivax) exhibited proline racemase activity and B-cell mitogenicity, inducing polyclonal activation, delayed specific immune responses to parasite antigens favouring parasite immune evasion, and concomitant increase of parasitemias in the early phase of infection [7-12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


As reported previously [17], of the 12,203 men who participated in the baseline screening 819 (6.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


4 is able to regulate neurotrophic factors expression, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) [10, 26-29].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Hanlon et al. (1998) studied a cohort of 8,349 women and 7,057 men 45-64 years of age in Central Scotland.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Biotechnological applications of latex peptidases are numerous, such as in medicine: plasma-clotting (Viana et al., 2013), anti-cancer, antihelminthic, and anti-inflammatory activities (Salas, Gomes, Hernandez, & Lopes,
2008); in agriculture: defense against insects and fungi (Konno et al., 2004;…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In order to test the role of HOCI in the degradation of MeHg and EtHg by the MPO-H202-CI- system, aminecontaining compounds (R-NH2) capable of rapidly reacting with this species (Slivka et al. 1980; Dallegri et al. 1985) were used.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Adam optimizer [Kingma and Ba, 2015] is used with the learning rate of 0.0005 and momentum of [0, 0.9].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


This increase has been attributed primarily to the introduction of the LHC as the 30% PHI rebate was reported to increase PHI coverage by only 1% from 1998 to 1999 [6,7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…as sole carbon source, the T99 mutant strain, with a disrupted hydroxyquinol dioxygenase gene, behaved the same way as when challenged with 4-CP (Nordin et al. 2005), i.e., no growth occurred and an orange pigment accumulated in the cultures, suggesting that the same catabolic route was used…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


After obtaining the whole-cell configuration negative pressure was applied to the recording pipette and the nucleus with the surrounding cell membrane was pulled out of the slice to obtain a nucleated patch (Sather et al. 1992).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


5 mg/day (Cohort 3 [C3]); doses were selected based on data from the prior Phase I monotherapy study [5].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


From 4 μL of this sample, SEBs generated at the 23-RSS or its replacement were detected using LM-PCR as previously described [24,31].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


In order to locate genomic resources for a given gene using a familiar name, a reference name has to first be identified from GenBank (or other databases such as Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL [2] or ENSEMBL [3]).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This diversity pattern is comparable to those reported for other Rhizophora species from different areas along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts (Cerón-Souza et al., 2012; Sandoval-Castro et al., 2014; Yahya et al., 2014; Ng et al., 2015; Wee et al., 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


It is faster and results in quick healing.(18,19) The disadvantages associated with this technique are bleeding from incision site, post-operative pain and need of surgical pack.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


ankle-link antigen (ALA) with ankle links (Goodyear and Richardson, 1999), and the tip-link antigen (TLA) with tip and kinocilial links (Goodyear and Richardson, 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Surprisingly, Schimpf et al. (2012) also found that metabolic rate was unrelated to clutch size, although this result should be interpreted with some caution as metabolic rate was not compared to virgin females and natural variation in clutch size for the reproducing females examined was not…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…κ receptor agonists also increases feeding (Morley & Levine, 1983; Silva et al. 2002) and fasting causes an increase in the expression of pre-prodynorphin mRNA and dynorphin levels in areas of the rat hypothalamus involved in energy homeostasis (Berman et al. 1994, 1997; Herve & Fellmann, 1997).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


It is also important to interpret our data with the understanding that some tumors harbor CD8+ TILs weighted toward a dysfunctional, rather than functional, immune-responsive phenotype [15, 28].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


intergenic and upstream of chorion genes (Delidakis and Kafatos, 1989; Heck and Spradling, 1990; Orr-Weaver and Spradling, 1986).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We consider this an important practical consideration related to the current idea that scoring subsets of cancers according to TIL infiltrates and PD-L1 expression is a useful stratification scheme for immunotherapies targeting PD1/PD-L1 [28, 61].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The experiments were repeated either (i) including or (ii) not including the Suppes’ constraints described in CAPRI [28], and independently using 5 distinct optimization scores and regularizators, namely standard (i) log-likelihood [21], (ii) AIC [1], (iii) BIC [32], (iv) BDE [18] and (v) K2 [11], leading to a final number of 86, 400, 000 different configurations.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Marcus et al.
(MEA) reported over-regularization rates for each of 25 children from the CHILDES database of transcripts (MacWhinney, 2000).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


with Seq and Peq being respectively the concentration of the substrate and the product at the thermodynamic equilibrium (Heinrich and Schuster, 1996).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Surprisingly, recent studies of mutations in the C-terminal interaction domains of mouse BCAR1 (L791P) and BCAR3 (R743A) have shown that the mutants retain many biological activities of the wild-type proteins despite their reported decreased ability to interact (30, 38, 39).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


RankProd statistical test (10) was performed for the selection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following a two-class paired design.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Prevalence of infection was estimated by country for the year 1994 [29] and then revised for 1997 to produce the first country-level epidemic estimates using Epimodel [10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Saczynski et al. (2006) examined this issue in more than 2,500 older Japanese American men who were followed since 1964 as part of the Honolulu Heart Program and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This strain ratio is consistent with experimental data [24] and, for small deformations, automatically enforces incompressibility of the intracellular volume (dV~padx; dV~differential volume, a = cell radius, dx = differential length) for each differential slice of the OHC (i.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Mammalian UCEs have been linked to a diverse set of regulatory functions including transcriptional enhancers (Woolfe et al. 2005; Pennacchio et al. 2006; Lampe et al. 2008; Visel et al. 2008; Viturawong et al. 2013) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) (Feng et al. 2006; Calin et al. 2007; Mestdagh et al.…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian-Americans [30], which includes at least three of the following components: 1) waist circumferences $90 cm in men or $80 cm in women; 2) triglycerides $1.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…samples of dimension d we are interested in approximating the joint distribution p0(X1, ..., Xd) of data using different methods:
• The KEF model from Sriperumbudur et al., 2017 approximates p by a distribution pf that belongs to the KEF (1) by minimizing the score loss between p and pf to find…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


However, although these techniques usually design strategies to avoid deadlocks, only a few of them [1], [2] use simple methods to test whether work units are sufficiently synchronized or not.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This is only a subset of the organs which express type VI collagen in their connective tissue (Marvulli et al., 1996).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This has already been shown to be the case in large genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer‚Äö√Ñ√¥s disease where several key genes involved in the innate immune system were shown to increase susceptibility to developing Alzheimer‚Äö√Ñ√¥s disease (Harold et al., 2009; Lambert et al., 2009; Guerreiro et al., 2013).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…depth (Schneider, 2005a, 2008, 2010c), by minimizing the number of sums arising within the summand (Schneider, 2004, 2015), or minimizing the degree of the sums and products arising in the summands and multiplicands (Abramov, 1975; Paule, 1995; Schneider, 2005b, 2007a; Abramov and Petkovšek, 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


pollicarus were modified only slightly from a recent report, in which a schematic of the preparation and recording sites is provided (Krans and Chapple 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The importance of ICAM-1 to the recruitment of neutrophils in renal ischemia-reperfusion and in endotoxin-induced AKI has been demonstrated in animal models, so the relevance of this phenomenon is high (32, 70).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


However, Angolan colobus population urgently needs a strong conservation management plan for their survival in the Udzungwa region because its low numbers and sensitivity to habitat disturbance (Rovero et al. 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results are in agreement with other authors who showed good antitumor effects in human xenografts after the application of a CD19 CD3 diabody [16], EPCAM CD3 diabody [14,17,18], or CEA CD3 diabody [19].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


[4] Christopher King, Additivity for unital qubit channels (2001), quant-ph/0103156.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Bilateral occurrence is rare (4), and only one of our patients had bilateral distribution.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Individuals were enrolled into the study if they: (1) were 65 years of age or older and (2) met DSM-IV-TR criteria for BED.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Updated results for one of these trials [5] have been recently published [21].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Prior work on theSNRe (Varghese and Ophir 1997a) and CNRe (Varghese and Ophir 1998) has established theoretical upper bounds on the values ofSNRe and CNRe.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although a hardware image compositor is utilized, it has some physical performance limitation [10, 11].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…to find gene families at the protein level using similarity search or protein motif databases, such as BLOCKS+ (Henikoff et al. 1999), Pfam (Bateman et al. 1999), ProDom (Corpet et al. 1999), PRINTS (Attwood et al. 1999), PROSITE (Hofmann et al. 1999), IntroPro (http:// www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Originally, IC was performed on cytological smears and showed moderately accurate results.13,15‚Äì17 In recent years, several studies have reported comparable results for ThinPrep IC and IHC,9,10 with overall concordances of 97‚Äì99% for ER and 89‚Äì96% for PgR.9,10,17
 In this study, we confirmed the reliability of IC using the same fixation, antibody clones and dilutions in a large consecutive series of primary breast cancer
 cases.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


To add the morphological features, I ran the unsupervised morphological segmentation system Morfessor (Creutz & Lagus, 2005) to get a segmentation for each word type in the corpus.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Abeler et al. (2010) study this question by analyzing two important fairness principles: horizontal equality and equity.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


tulated that frontal lobe dysfunction plays a major role, while others have suggested that hydrocephalus contributes to the interruption of the subcortical circuit connecting the frontal lobe and basal ganglia [3, 19, 28].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…corr-4a is a bisaminomethyl bithiazole compound that promotes maturation of Phe508 CFTR but shows little rescue of a mutant dopamine receptor 4 (Pedemonte et al., 2005), whereas the thiazole derivative corr-2b and the pyrazole derivative VRT-532 also promote maturation of Phe508 CFTR but show…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The µ-opioid receptor agonist morphine also induced inhibitory effects in both assays, in accordance with previous reports describing the opiate-mediated inhibition of the BSL evoked in mice by excitatory amino acids and neurokinins (Aanonsen et al. 1987; Takahasi et al. 1987; Wilcox 1988).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Antrochoanal polyps account for between 4 and 6 % of all nasal polyps, although they are much more frequently encountered in children, with an increased incidence of 35 % in the paediatric population [3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Here, we investigated the possibility that SPARC (osteonectin ⁄BM-40 ⁄ culture-shock protein) (Termine et al., 1981; Kopp et al., 1992; Tiruppathi et al., 1996; Blazejewski et al., 1997), a glycoprotein that has been shown to

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This means that accumulation of the CMG helicase with hyperphosphorylated Psf1 is a sensitive marker for the aberrant firing of late-origins in cells treated with hydroxyurea (42), reflecting a specific failure to activate the S-phase checkpoint response at some point downstream of the Mec1 kinase.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background