Unlike in (Sriperumbudur et al., 2017; Sutherland et al., 2017), the score function Ĵ(T ) cannot be used as a metric to compare different factorizations of the estimated distribution, as it is dependent on the specific factorization of the joint distribution.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


However, when deviating from the protocol’s actions, physicians can be assumed to follow the protocol’s intentions [1].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although BSO is generally recommended, there is insuYcient evidence either to support or to discourage ovarian conservation [8, 9].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Functional measures that might reflect the consequences of uraemia were the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) [15], Geriatric Depression Score (GDS) [16], eight item Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and a single question on general health perception were administered.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We observed an overall incidence of hearing loss of 25.8% which is partially in accordance with other studies (Olgun et al.,2016, Laurell and Jungnelius,1990; Yancey et al., 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Twenty-two publications report values for EUS [11,26,28,30,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] and 7 report for TAUS [24,27,57,58,59,60,61], however the overall patient numbers between groups were similar (1857 patients for TAUS and 1875 for EUS).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Collection and dissection of P. pollicarus were modified only slightly from a recent report, in which a schematic of the preparation and recording sites is provided (Krans and Chapple 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


DAT binding in PD is commonly asymmetric, and the loss of binding is generally more profound in the putamen than in the caudate nucleus, which is also the case in this study, thus confirming the findings of earlier DAT SPECT studies in PD [20,23].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


COQN-term anti-COQ7(1-37)specific antibodies were derived using the same protocol but starting with antiCOQ7 (Santa Cruz, sc-135040).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Capacity building Baldwin et al. (2009) a
Brown et al. (2005) a
Salmon et al. (2010) a
Shannon et al. (2007) a
Weeks et al. (2006)
Pragmatics of participation and social inclusion in CBPR
Aldridge and Charles (2008)
DuBois et al. (2011)
Levine et al. (1991)
Rudolph et al. (2010) a
Salmon et al.…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


developing melanoma is greater in males than in females over the age of 40, although the opposite effect is observed in patients under 40 years old (Lens and Dawes, 2004; Jemal et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…in presented stimulus information the participants in protocols 1 and 3 were told that it would be to their “advantage” to fixate centrally prior to the onset of the target as it would help to identify the location of the target more quickly (see also Tipper et al.1992; Welsh and Elliott 2004a).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Moreover, although C57 mice were shown to be the most sensitive mouse strain to the rewarding properties of morphine, with contrasting effects in the DBA strain (Orsini et al. 2005), the opposite effects have also been demonstrated in a conditioned place preference paradigm (Cunningham et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Both in vitro (15, 51) and in vivo (33) studies have shown that fatty acids acutely enhance glucose-induced and tolbutamide-stimulated (27) insulin secretion and play an important role in the maintenance of basal insulin secretion in the fasting but not in the fed state (18, 19, 42, 43).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These results illustrated the importance of sociality in coping with disease and parasitism (Rosengaus et al. 1998, 2000; Rosengaus and Traniello 2001; Traniello et al. 2002; Shimizu and Yamaji 2003; Maekawa et al. 2005; Calleri et al. 2006; Wilson-Rich et al. 2007; Yanagawa and Shimizu 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Prevalence in the general population varies and reports tend to focus on one specific location or types of pain, for example, low back, shoulder, knee pain, or arthritis [14, 15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Both DG and DGS have been studied as an additional ethanol source by enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual polysaccharides (Bals et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2008b; Tucker et al., 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We have sampled their data with 4 different methods: the insertion sorting algorithm (IS) and 2 variations of it and the binary tree method [7, 3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Reconstructive surgery by autologous tissue transfer is well established and may provide good functional results (Brown et al., 2010; Thiele et al., 2014).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Thus, we followed [3, 36] to select the 37 animal categories in the three datasets for evaluation.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


They separated at a 40–50% higher molecular weight than calculated from their sequence (Figure 1A, right), which is in agreement with earlier studies (Maas et al., 2000; Weissmann et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


However, contrary to our results, Mansour et al. (2002) showed significant reduction of CP-induced creatinine increase by AMG (Mansour et al., 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The subjects’ usual diet before diagnosis for cases or hospital admission for controls was estimated through a satisfactorily reproducible [24] and valid [25] food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


We refer to the combination of BEAM and the hill climbing algorithm as PRISM (Pattern Relaxation-based Iterative Search for Motifs).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The XI activity was determined using sorbitol dehydrogenase as previously described [26] at 30°C.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Communicative functions are linked to functional segments (FSs), defined by (Bunt et al., 2012) as "the unit of dialogue act annotation".

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


When selecting predictor variables for analysis, we focused on those presumably increasing vulnerability to mange infections or those already mentioned by other authors (Kauhala and Holmala 2006; Collins et al. 2010; Oleaga et al. 2011; Almberg et al. 2012) (Table 2).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Specifically, deletion of a component of the complex involved in H3K4 methylation resulted in the identification of the monodictyphenone [23, 42, 144] and orsellinic acid/F9775 [23, 42, 144] gene clusters, respectively.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This result is in accordance with most studies [11,13] although some researchers do not confirm this hypothesis [10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


By inactivating the contralateral wulst during recordings of ipsilateral stimulus responses, Bredenkötter and Bischof [34] found indications of a mutual inhibition between the two hemispheres resulting in a suppression of the ipsilateral input that increased during development [35].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


They are the major sialoglycoproteins in a variety of cell types and the major carriers of poly-N-acetyllactosamine [77, 78].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In line with our results, several previous studies demonstrated the anti-proliferative effect of PPARs agonists in several cell types [11-15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…of transgenes remain dependent on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) (Chan et al., 2013; Gafni et al., 2013; Valamehr et al., 2014; Ware et al., 2014; Duggal et al., 2015; Qin et al., 2016), which is a major property of the primed state (Vallier et al., 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…of the same functional types may be stronger than between species of different functional types, and so, patterns of species richness along gradients may be more interpretable by considering the species richness of the different functional types Peet 1978; Pausas 1994; Pausas and Austin 2001 .

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…matrix transformed the global coordinate system into a local orthogonal coordinate system using a direct frame by frame method (Scurr et al., 2010), identifying the suprasternal notch as the origin and establishing the right and left nipple coordinates relative to the trunk (Scurr et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


As FKBP12rapamycin does not bind to preformed mTORC2, rapamycin was originally thought to only inhibit mTORC1 (Wullschleger et al., 2006; Guertin and Sabatini, 2007; Yang and Guan, 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Increasing evidence indicates that cell cycle activation (CCA) is involved in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders as follows: cerebral ischemia [3], brain and spinal cord injury [4–6], Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [7, 8], Parkinson’s disease [9, 10], and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [11, 12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results are consistent with literature demonstrating that recurrence rates are significantly increased in incompletely staged patients, when staging is defined as total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy [18,23,26,27].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


To test our model predictions, the extrinsic test data were overlaid on the mosaic of models and evaluated through Kappa analysis (Cohen 1960) and receiver– operator characteristic (ROC) analysis (Hanley and McNeil 1982) as more reliable measurements, (Pearce and Ferrier 2000; Manel et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Quantification methods for the BHT assay were adapted from previous methods (Toenjes et al., 2005, 2009) with the following modifications.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Previous research by Dasgupta and Rivera (2006) found that TBGI scores correlated reliably with participants’ homophobia as well as sexism.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A doctor may add to a patient’s distress by telling them distressing news, thus adding to a patient’s problems; That the truth cannot be communicated because a doctor is rarely, or never, in a position to know the truth or because a patient would rarely, if ever, be in a position to understand the truth; That patients do not wish to be told the truth.(2)

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The cells were handled essentially as described previously (Dymkowska et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The extracellular region of SIRPα interacts with its ligand, CD47, which is also a member of the Ig superfamily,(19,20,24) with such interaction promoting the tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPα.(20,25) In contrast to the relatively restricted distribution of SIRPα, CD47 is expressed in most cell types including a variety of hematopoietic cells.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We recently demonstrated that the small-bowel mucosal vasculature is altered in untreated celiac disease [10] and also that celiac patient-derived anti-TG2 antibodies disturb several steps in angiogenesis [13] and increase vascular permeability [14] in vitro.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A well-known method for use in these situations is the “randomized response technique” (RRT), introduced by Warner [25].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


subtilis, this protein forms a complex with SpoIIIAH (Q-AH) that is bifunctional: it contributes to FS engulfment and it forms a feeding channel that allows nutrients (and possibly regulatory signals) to be transferred from the MC to the FS during spore assembly (Broder and Pogliano, 2006; Camp and Losick, 2009; Doan et al., 2009; Higgins and Dworkin, 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Mean follow-up IOP measurement was obtained by averaging the IOP measured at 6-month intervals, and IOP fluctuation was determined using the SD of these values.(4) When patients underwent incisional glaucoma surgery or laser trabeculoplasty, the IOPs measured within 3 months posttreatment were not included in the calculation.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Recent systematic comparisons of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and GWAS suggest that the association of intergenic variants with complex phenotyes is a result of alteration of gene expression regulatory elements (4,5).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The kinetic lag and dye saturation can be corrected using an approach previously described for Fura-2 ratio signals [51] but adapted here for F/F0 records [52].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Rabbit models of cavitary TB in which sensitization promotes cavitation employ higher infectious doses (i.e. 103-104 CFU) that are delivered in a liquid vehicle to a small area of the lung by bronchoscope (Kübler et al., 2015; Nedeltchev et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Some methods attempt to provide contextual information for single person activity classification by concatenating the action scores of all the neighbor persons [17,18] or extracting spatiotemporal distributions of surroundings persons [6,7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The motivation for our work stems from the past research into the impact of visual realism on task performance in VR and the validation of MR Simulation as reported by [3, 12, 6, 7, 8].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


[19] is based on gossip protocols and firefly synchronization [18], for the management policy distribution and synchronization over a number of nodes in an application level.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


It is a major organ involved in various physiological and biological processes, including detoxification, developmental regulation and immunity [8,9,10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


As for soluble P-selectin levels, these were slightly higher in the unstable patients, and this was again due to the female part of the unstable group (median and interquartile range for unstable women 44 [3159], for unstable men 38 [29-42] and for stable women 34 [30-42] ng/ml).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These studies have also demonstrated increased proteasome inhibition and improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for ixazomib [11, 14, 15].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Recent findings by Fan et al. (2016) demonstrated that blocking MST1/2 kinase activities with a newly identified compound, 4-((5,10-dimethyl-6-oxo-6,10-dihydro-5H-pyrimido [5,4-b]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-2-l)amino)benzenesulfonamide (XMU-MP-1), has benefits for intestinal and liver repair and…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In Drosophila, Pk physically interacts
D E V E LO
P M
E N T
with and clusters Vang at the apicolateral membrane, and this behavior promotes Vang accumulation on the proximal side of cells in the wing epithelium (Bastock et al., 2003; Jenny et al., 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The uniquely rich dataset from Ferizi et al. (2015), acquired on the Connectome system, samples around five thousand points in the space of possible measurements from a standard Stejskal-Tanner DW-MRI sequence.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A geriatrician or neurologist diagnosed AD using the criteria devised by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and AD and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA), and the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [3, 20].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…to treatment (Zolnierek & Dimatteo, 2009), uptake of cancer screening (Carcaise-Edinboro & Bradley, 2008), improved blood pressure control in hypertensive patients (Orth, Stiles, Scherwitz, Hennrikus, & Vallbona, 1987), and reductions in the risk of serious medical error (Kuzel et al., 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In the present study, the pharmacokinetics study was conducted in female subjects and the pharmacokinetic comparison with male subjects was performed by using the results of historical data [13].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Pallotta and coworkers [9] showed that neutrophil counts decrease following the administration of laser at intensities of 3, 6, and 10 J, 3 h after the induction of inflammation in the knees of rats; however, the study did not report the same effect for the group treated with a dose of 1 J, in contrast to the results obtained in our study.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using Teicholz‚Äôs M-mode formula while LV mass index (LVMI) was calculated using Devereux‚Äôs formula [10,11].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


But, according to [1], [2] and what I known, initially, there is divergence between Glaser and Strauss.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


After induction of anesthesia, the right flank was opened through a small incision, and the right ureter was completely ligated with 2-0 suture at two points (8).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


LG/J and SM/J mice have been shown to differ in their response to a high-fat diet for traits involved in various metabolic syndrome domains [23,24].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Strain estimation was performed as follows: The postcompression A-line was stretched globally by the applied strain (Céspedes 1993; Varghese and Ophir 1997b).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Single-molecule FRET observation and analysis were carried out by using the Cys-light kinesin monomer (349-residue with C-terminal His6 tag) with cysteines introduced into 215/342 or 43/342 residues as described (18), except that fluorescently labeled kinesins were immobilized on the glass surface via anti-His antibodies in the absence of

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Eligible for inclusion were male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder according to DSM IV criteria after a Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History interview (CASH) [14] and by consensus between two senior psychiatrists who were blind to the expression results at the time of diagnosis.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Heme/porphyrin transport proteins – Heme Carrier Protein 1 (HCP1), Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Cellular Receptor 1 (FLVCR1) and ATP-Binding Cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) – clearly affect flux of heme and porphyrin across the plasma membrane [21–23], while ATPBinding Cassette subfamily B member 6 (ABCB6) has been defined as the transporter of porphyrins into the mitochondria [24].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results with the lesioned rats suggest that [18F]FEOBV may be useful for detecting cortical cholinergic denervations such as those known to be present in AD or dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) (Dournaud et al., 1995; Prohovnik et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Additionally, the only known locality of H. axyridis in western China is in Xinjiang, very close to the China-Kazakhstan border
and relatively close to the railway, which crosses the
Turkestan-Siberian Railway (Poutsma et al. 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The two most recent articles are those of Shelomi [8], an entomologist who also reported on a case of photo manipulation of presumed springtail (Collembola: Arthropoda) infections, and Lyons [9], a veterinarian who presented 3 case histories.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


As one or two strains are sufficient to drive major changes in gastrointestinal and host metabolic profiles (Marcobal et al., 2013), we considered the possibility that the development of CDAD may also be linked to specific microbial metabolic patterns, which may help identify metabolic associations with C.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The current study confirms previous investigations that ADM is a natriuretic peptide (2, 4, 7, 22).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The following methods were introduced in order to include structural 3D information in QSARs/QSPRs: CoMFA comparative molecular field analysis and its variants CoMSIA (MSIA - molecular similarity indices Analysis) [23]; ▪ WHIM - weighted holistic invariant molecular (and its variant MS-WHIM - molecular surface WHIM) [24];▪ MTD minimal topological distance (and its variant MSD, S - steric) [25]; ▪ FPIF - fragmental property index family [26]; ▪ MDF - molecular descriptors family [27]; ▪ MDFV - molecular descriptors family on vertices [28-30]; ▪ TOPS-MODE topological sub-structural molecular design [31-35], ▪ other approaches [36-39].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


teristics of subjects and the trunk SM volume have been reported elsewhere (13).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…dementia (VCID) is the second leading cause of dementia behind Alzheimer's disease, and is a frequent comorbidity in the Alzheimer's patient (Cooper and Mitchell 2016; Dichgans and Leys 2017; Greenberg et al. [for MarkVCID consortium] 2017; Kalaria 2016; Perrotta et al. 2016; Sudduth et al. 2017).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although many arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic throughout life, in a small group of patients, they are associated with headaches or vertigo [1].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We have used the sheep ovary model, since this is the most widely used animal model of whole ovary cryopreservation and is of comparable size to the human ovary (Bedaiwy et al., 2003; Revel et al., 2004; Arav et al., 2005; Courbiere et al., 2005, 2006, 2008; Imhof et al., 2006; Baudot et al., 2007; Bedaiwy and Falcone, 2007; Onions et al., 2008).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


They initialize their orthogonal mapping using an adversarial training phase, much like Conneau et al. [2018], and solve the optimization problem with alternating minimization. Our approach differs from theirs: by bootstrapping on the solution of a smaller problem to initialize the mapping, we avoid the need for a neural network initialization that is used in their approach. In addition, our annealing scheme on the entropic regularization leads to smooth convergence, with very little sensitivity to initialization. Concurrently with our work,1 Grave et al. [2018] tackle the problem of unsupervised word embedding alignment with a similar optimization framework as the one proposed by Zhang et al. [2017b], combining Wasserstein distances (an instance of optimal transport distances) and Procrustes alignment. Their approach differs from Zhang et al. [2017b] in how they scale up optimization, by relying on a stochastic Sinkhorn solver [Genevay et al., 2018]. In addition, they initialize their approach by solving a convex relaxation of the the original problem. Although driven by a similar motivation (word embedding alignment) and relying on similar principles (joint optimization of optimal transport coupling and feature mapping) as the work of Zhang et al. [2017b] and Grave et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


such a relationship which is in contrast to our results.(14,15) It should also be mentioned that

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Limited experience, fear of using of e-books, and other factors may rob users of the full benefits of the technology.(13) E-book producers must address this challenge by taking on the responsibility of educating users about the full benefits of the technology and how they can make full use of these benefits.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Positions of sequence and alignment ambiguity were omitted and pairwise evolutionary distances based on 1267 unambiguous nucleotides were computed by using the method of Jukes & Cantor (1969).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The most negative role of AGEs in human physiology is typically attributed to their pronounced pro-inflammatory effect, mediated by membrane or soluble receptors [24–26].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…the sexes may differ in which signal feature they pay most attention to (i.e., body posture vs motion displays; Martins et al. 2005; Nava et al. 2009) or which signal type elicits a stronger behavioral response (i.e., conspecific vs heterospecific; Searcy and Brenowitz 1988; Bernal et al. 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A standardized, previously validated asthma score (15, 16) with good interobserver reliability and spirometry were conducted for each patient after meeting the entry criteria.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


microcapillary electrophoretic RNA separation (by Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer) showed higher sensitivity for the assessment of RNA quality (Schroeder et al. 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


It is possible that inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and cisterns provokes an increase in their endoluminal pressure and permeability of the walls leading to extravasation of chyle [3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Note that the experiments in both our earlier LCFR paper (Joslin & Pollack, 1994) and Gerevini and
Schubert's (1996) ZLIFO paper were run using an earlier version (v.2) of UCPOP.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


These investigators concluded that appropriate use of ISDN/HYD could prevent 6655 premature deaths annually [18].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Two traits are orthogonal when, based on individual rankings on one of the traits, it is impossible to predict anything certain about rankings on the other trait (Allik et al., 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This model proposes that excessive resection at DSBs near telomeres results in GCRs involving ANHEJ, because A-NHEJ requires single-stranded overhangs [18,22–27].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


the total number of pedestrians leaving each tram that met the observation criteria, regardless of their ascent method, was entered as a continuous variable (mean=78 pedestrians per tram, range 21–156) [11, 12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Water users are less likely to swim, boat, and fish during accidents and post-accidents due to health risks, unfavorable water appearance, or unpleasant odors [9].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Similarly, five putative phosphorylation sites for Pro-directed kinases were detected in Arabidopsis CYCD3;1 based on the conserved motif S/TP and three out of these five sites were located in putative PEST regions (Menges et al. 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Details of the sampling, field, and laboratory procedures have been described previously (Hinck et al., 2006, 2007a,b, 2008a; Schmitt, 2002; Schmitt et al., 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


halodendron, whose lifespan was even shorter than that of some grasses (Watson et al. 2000; Gill et al. 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


tial efficacy of several FDA-approved RA therapies, including antiTNF Ab, IL-1 antagonists, and methotrexate (MTX) (1, 3).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


There are multiple potential beneficial effects of physical activity for cancer survivors, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, physical functioning, fatigue, vigor, and mood (7-9).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Groups of similar sequences (greater than 97% identity), which will be referred in this work as OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units), were identified by building distance (neighbour joining) trees using the software Clustal X v.1.82 (Thompson et al. 1997).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The estimation of historical population parameters from mitochondrial (mt) DNA coalescent genealogies offers a unique way of understanding the effects of Pleistocene climate shifts on marine species (Avise, 2000).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The participants in the current study were recruited from the Qingdao Twin Registry (QTR), China (Duan et al. 2013; Pang et al. 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Coral species better adapted or acclimatised to cope with the stress effects of down-welling sediment are typically more abundant in reef habitats exposed to high sediment loads [14,15,16,17].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


As a result of these participants coming from various backgrounds, they also had differing levels of education and knowledge in regard to sexual health; therefore, consistency of education provided to youths could not be guaranteed (McFayden 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The measurements were taken on a Morgan Benchmark lung function testing apparatus (PK Morgan ltd., Kent, England), and were done by the same technician and according to the standardized procedures of the European Respiratory Society (Quanjer et al. 1993; Cotes et al. 1993).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


1998), to provide great £exibility in testing evolutionary hypotheses (Huelsenbeck & Rannala 1997), and simply to give excellent results in the inference of evolutionary relationships (Kuhner & Felsenstein 1994; Huelsenbeck 1995). Constraints imposed by computational complexity are becoming less restrictive as computers improve. Given the recognition of phylogenetic inference as being inherently statistical in nature, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to experimental design. A number of topics of relevance to experimental design in phylogenetics have been discussed previously. There is something of a folklore surrounding the choice of genes or other genomic regions for investigating particular evolutionary questions, but almost no published quantitative results. It is widely accepted that sequences that have undergone very little evolutionary change since their divergence from a common ancestor, through low substitution rates or short evolutionary times, will exhibit too few di¡erences to contain useful evolutionary information. Equally, sequences that have undergone very large amounts of change (high rates or long times) become `saturated' with changes and no evolutionary signal is detectable amid the noise. Consequently, a happy medium is expected at some intermediate level of sequence divergence, but the àsymptotic' results (for extreme high and low levels of divergence) give no clue as to where this lies. Although there is considerable experience with particular genes and organisms (see Hillis et al. (1996, pp. 336^339) for an extensive list of studies), where comparisons among genes have been made they tend to be evaluated empirically by the congruence of the results obtained among themselves and with researchers'a priori expectations. In addition, a large laboratory e¡ort is needed before even these qualitative conclusions can be reached. The methods introduced in this paper can quantify the e¡ects of varying levels of divergence. They con¢rm the belief that intermediate levels of...

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A simple, yet high performing approach for mapping a given surface form (Nell subject/objects in our case), to its corresponding DBpedia (or Wikipedia) entity is to link to its most frequent candidate entity Mihalcea and Csomai (2007). Even though this approach does not take any context information into account, it has proven to be effective not only for text entity linking, but also for Nell triple linking (Dutta et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Conditional deletion of CTC1 from mice leads to rapid and catastrophic telomere attrition, early entry into senescence, and signs of telomeric replication defects, such as fragile telomeres and inefficient restart of stalled telomeric replication forks (Gu et al., 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The range of the peak latencies in all studied muscles was consistent with the values reported in studies of human walking (Duysens et al. 1996; Van Wezel et al. 1997) and running (Tax et al. 1995).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Finally, the majority of the related literature focuses on well-developed, Western economies, and yet most of the world’s entrepreneurs live in developing economies (Barkema et al. 2015, Gollin 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Hence the suggestion that BDNF is in someway involved in their pathophysiology (Karege et al., 2005; Neumeister et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Introduction of HDAC4-specific siRNA significantly inhibited denervation-induced atrophy (Figure 1A) as was also shown previously (Moresi et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


regard to hip fracture, has been reported in other countries in the region including Russia [7], Georgia, Kazakhstan, and

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The three parameters were based on the gesture coding system created by Church and Goldin-Meadow (1986): (a) shape of a hand gesture, (b) motion of a hand gesture, and (c) placement of a hand gesture.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


These findings, together with the results obtained previously for the PRPH I group (Zola-Morgan et al., 1989~) arc discussed below.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


[2] would result in 273 (24%; 95% CI, 22%– 27%) of 1127 patients being screened and treated, including both of the patients with IA.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Microstructural elements such as ‘tufts’—hypocalcified, protein-filled fissures that emanate into the enamel from the enamel–dentin junction [1, 27, 28]—are likely to have a strong influence on where radial and margin cracks initiate, by providing favored starting points for fractures [12, 21].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Runx1 is expressed in IAHCs of mouse (North et al., 2002), Xenopus (CiauUitz et al., 2000) zebrafish (Lam et al., 2010) and chicken (Richard et al., 2013) embryo and is required for their proper emergence (Chen et al., 2009; North et al., 1999) during EHT (Chen et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Only in G√°vea Park (Parque da G√°vea), Rio de Janeiro city (see Esb√©rard, 2003; Esb√©rard and Bergallo, 2008b), a similar result was obtained, in which M. molossus outnumbered a frugivorous species.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


It can also partly account for the conflicting results of previous studies [11‚Äì13] because it predicts that memory capacity of objects will decline as three or more attributes are involved.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


It was also shown that Kp-54 and Kp-10 could stimulate primary pancreas cells to secret insulin (Hauge-Evans et al., 2006; Wahab et al., 2011).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We also optionally exploit recent advances in semantic segmentation by including features produced by a deep neural network trained for semantic segmentation for the PASCAL dataset [52].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Differentiation of myoblasts, which involves the cessation of division, expression of muscle contractile proteins and fusion to form syncitial muscle fibres, occurs in a proximal-to-distal sequence beginning at stage 25 (Hilfer et al., 1973; Sweeney et al., 1989).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


After introducing IKAS with a relatively low calcium affinity, APD is shortened when Cai transient is large, resulting in negative Cai-Vm coupling and electromechanically discordant alternans (Kennedy et al., 2017).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


During infection, C. neoformans cells of varying cell body size and capsule size are observed (Feldmesser et al., 2001; Okagaki et al., 2010; Zaragoza et al., 2010; Alanio et al., 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Scores below the main diagonal are computed according our proposed method and scores above the main diagonal are belong to [6].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


DIMM is a key regulator of expression of the neuropeptide biosynthetic enzyme, peptidylglycine-a-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) (Park et al. 2008), and it promotes the differentiation of neurosecretory properties in many neurons (Hamanaka et al. 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


• Multiple scheduler support: It is known that the performance of BP decoding heavily depends on the scheduling [3].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia including the caudate and putamen (Bengtsson et al., 2009; Coull et al., 2004, 2008; Grahn and McAuley, 2009; Harrington et al., 1998, 2010; Lewis and Miall, 2003; McAuley et al., 2012; Morillon et al., 2009; Nenadic et al., 2003; Rao et al., 2001; Schwartze…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although PPH is one of the most important types of autonomic failure in patients with PD (Jansen and Lipsitz 1995; Loew et al. 1995; Umehara et al. 2014) and related disorders (Hakusui et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results confirm the important role of themedial temporal lobe network in the processing of emotional stimuli [5,6,7] and are consistent with evidence that refractoriness of theMTLEmay result in dysfunction of that network [26‚Äì29].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Although the direct methanol extraction used in the present study has been proven to be suitable for the extraction of resveratrol from several transgenic plants (Szankowski et al., 2003; Zhu et al., 2004; Rühmann et al., 2006), resveratrol has not been found in methanol or acetone extracts of strawberry (Aharoni et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although South American Pleistocene climate changes have been demonstrated not to be the only driver of speciation (e.g. Hoorn et al. 2010; Rull 2011), they have influenced the historical demography and distribution of some species in South America.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Some authors therefore advocate a combined approach using a Caldwell Luc approach together with an endoscopic procedure in select cases [3, 12].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Recently, RNAi has been proposed as a method for the rapid screening of tick-protective antigens (de la Fuente et al. 2005, 2007c).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The rate of change in diagnosis marking was analyzed with regression analysis followed by t-test (GLM procedure of Sigma Plot 10.0 Statistical Software, Systat Software Inc.,Richmond, CA, USA) [20, 21].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Concentrations of cosmogenic nu-
clides in river-born sand (Safran et al. 2005) and suspended loads of sediments (Bourges et al. 1990; Aalto et al. 2006) yield erosion rates between 0.04 and 1.35 mm/yr on millennial to decadal timescales.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The relatively few fungi that are able to infect developing seeds will be detected, or if culturable, isolated, as seed-infecting fungi (Shipunov et al., 2008; Newcombe et al., 2009).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…thus making the effects of largemouth bass indistinguishable from those of the other experimental manipulations (Hrbáček et al., 1961; Shapiro & Wright, 1984;
365
Wagner, 1986; Carpenter et al., 1987, Hanson & Butler, 1990; Hanson & Butler, 1994a, b; McQueen et al., 2001; Albright et al., 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Both the baseline assessment and the followup assessment included the measurement of the health related quality of life by the Physical Component Summary measure (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary measure (MCS) of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) score [24–26]; basic ADL functioning by the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) [27] and cognitive functioning by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [28].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


, 2006), the pro-hypertrophic effects of FGF23 on cardiac myocytes were blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of phospholipase Cg (PLCg) and calcineurin (Faul et al., 2011).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In this section we describe the technique employed in [12] and highlight the untapped opportunity to obtain better performance for the proposed SC design by decreasing the granularity of classification from page level to cache block level.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…stages of AD, neuropathologic changes are already present in medial temporal regions (hippocampal formations, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex), areas which are critical for long-term episodic memory (Blennow, de Leon, & Zetterberg, 2006; Morris et al., 2001; Sarazin et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We also investigate the network implementation of the three decoding methods, following the idea of Pouget et al. (Deneve, Latham, & Pouget, 1999; Pouget & Zhang, 1997; Pouget et al., 1998).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


5% of the genes and/or EST contained on our microarray being susceptible to the roughly 4-fold enhanced DNA methyltransferase activity conferred by Dnmt3amERe, which is reminiscent of the finding that the methylation-status of the vast majority of CpG islands in SV40-transformed human fibroblasts was unaffected despite 50-fold overexpression of Dnmt1 (Feltus et al. 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Previous studies have been done to address above relationships (Siegrist et al. 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For the patients in the register cohort, except those diagnosed in Stockholm prior to 1999, stage, treatment, and relapse information were gathered from two clinical data sources: the National Database of HL [18, 19] (1992–2009, covering all regions except Stockholm) and the Swedish Lymphoma Register in the Information Network for Cancer Care (2000 and onward) [20].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


In the fast-twitch muscle of hypothyroid rats, shifting to a slow direction by CLFS increased the expression of myogenin with unaltered MyoD levels (37).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Furthermore, our results substantiate recent findings implying that SFs differ significantly from fibroblasts isolated from other types of tissues in their capacity to modulate the inflammatory response (51).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


The initial report demonstrating that hCaf1 interacts with PRMT1 and regulates its methyltransferase activity suggested that Ccr4-Not plays a role in PRMT1-dependent processes [42].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Since these applications rely on the dynamical behaviors of the equilibrium point of the CGNNs, it is very important to investigate the stability of CGNNs and a large number of results have been discussed, see [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our choice of studying CFI in higher detail is based on several considerations: (i) CFI represents one of the hallmarks of metazoan CPA composition, (ii) it affects APA reactions in vitro [28,29], (iii) its molecular structure is well understood in mammals [20], and (iv) one of its members, CFI25, was shown to be involved in human pathologies including cancer and tumorigenesis [30].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


These conditions could be due lesions in either cortical (Iansek et al. 2001; Tyrrell 1994) or subcortical areas (Thompson and Marsden 1987).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The network merging component was implemented using the NetworkX 2 Python library which can be natively integrated into the Bio3graph workflow in Orange4WS [32].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


For example, administration of a glucose load and a liquid formula meal have been associated with substantial decreases in neuronal activity using fMRI [83, 91, 142].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


This is in agreement with previous work investigating the effects of rTMS on simple motor behavior (Wassermann et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1997; Pascual Leone et al., 1998; Muellbacher et al., 2000; Rossi et al., 2000).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Overexpression of miR-218 inhibits cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion [24, 26, 27], and promotes colon cancer cell apoptosis [28].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


nigriventer where the Tx4 family toxins have been identified as responsible for this activity [19] along with other different arachnids such as the scorpion Centruroides edwardsii [29].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The recommended diet was formulated by Excel Eiyo-kun software version 4.0–6.0 for Food Frequency Questionnaire, which analyzes each participant’s diet information collected on the Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Groups version 2.0–3.5 (KENPAKUSHA, Tokyo, Japan).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


The highest deposition of Fe in soil could be due to its long-term use in the production of machine tools, paints, pigments and alloying in various industries of the study area that may contaminate soil (Yadav et al. 2013).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…have developed a communication robot called Robovie that autonomously interacts with humans
by making gestures and utterances as a child’s freeplay (Kanda et al., 2004 a); however, Robovie is confronted with three major problems in elementary schools: 1) difficulties in sensing in the real world,…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


8 To validate the quality of our categorization, the next section discusses series of experiments that compare the performance of the vector space categorizati on approach with one of the top classifiers, Naïve-Bayes (Friedman et al., 1997).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Studies that assessed balance using the tandem gait or the Romberg test administered during neurological examinations indicated significantly poor standing balance in patients with schizophrenia compared to that of healthy subjects [3, 5, 6].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


A basic state transition of a process instance has Initiated, Running, Suspended, Active, Terminated and Complete states [23] (seeFig.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For monitoring purposes, the investigator also determined the polyp score (PS) based on the size of polyps at the first and last visits [14].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


High-risk students exposed to the intervention were 80% less likely to take up cocaine use relative to a no-intervention control group, 30% less likely to take up cannabis use, and 50% less likely to take up other drug use (Conrod et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For embedding techniques, we take TransE [Bordes et al., 2013], KALE [Guo et al., 2016], TEKE [Wang and Li, 2016] and HOLE [Nickel et al., 2016] as our comparisons.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


their phosphorylation as observed in vivo (Reimann et al., 2013) might also affect the interaction with DNA.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


In A. sagittatus, the number of testes considerably exceeds 100–200 (in some specimens reaching to several hundreds) (Scholz et al. 2001).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Overall, our results are consistent with those clinical and experimental findings, because the NGF up-regulation is significantly associated with a good outcome of patients, confirming its neuroprotective role after TBI.(11,5) However, little is known about the actions exerted by NGF in determining the mechanisms of neuronal repair and neural connection reorganization in the damaged brain.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…examined in section 2.2.4, there are many criteria upon which personalization can occur, like age groups, learning styles (Damala, 2007b), disabilities (Proctor, 2004), level of visitors initiation, available time for the visit (Damala et al., 2005), thematic tours, bookmarking, or social networks.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The same is not true in designs where the counting of photons is performed in each pixel independently and can be held in a local counter or memory as in [103].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a heart muscle disease clinically characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias [1].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The literature (Sugihara and Smith, 1997; Shahidi et al., 2004; Gerke, 1999; Gao and Tian, 2007; Zhao and Yan, 2005) shows most of the non-traditional algorithms are applied only for regular convex polygonal obstacles, not for irregular convex, concave polygonal or curved obstacles.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This scale by Guay and Vallerand (1997) consists of 18 items that measure individuals‚Äô level of motivation toward a particular activity at a certain time.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


We (Mays and Schirillo, 2005) previously showed that light flashes affect auditory processing in a directional hearing illusion (Hari, 1995; Hari and Kiesilä, 1996).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


…A
Effects of Corn Particle Size and Physical Form of the Diet on the Gastrointestinal Structures of Broiler Chickens
1 - ns: non significant polynomial regression (p > 0.05).
was no influence of the particle size on this variable, contradicting data from Nir et al. (1995) and Nir et al. (1994a).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


This result confirms the first part of this study as well as other investigations [18,21,32], namely that terahertz electromagnetic fields do not cause direct DNA damage.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Pancreas volume quantification Pancreas boundaries were manually delineated on each slice by selecting region of interest using the polygon tool of the open source ImageJ image analysis software [23], version 1.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Retrospective studies have demonstrated improved local control rates with postoperative external beam radiotherapy (XRT) [4-7].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


to promote discrimination among classes by enforcing the sparse coefficients to be discriminative[28, 15, 22, 26, 23, 27] by means of including the class labels and learning the classifier simultaneously with the dictionary.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For parameters pc and pr in MPI-FAUN, we use the optimal values for each dataset, according to the recommendations in [16, 17].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Sample collection
This study took advantage of previously collected samples from individual colonies of four species of Caribbean scleractinian corals (Thornhill et al. 2006a, 2006b).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our model can be seen as an extension of the flexible mixtures-of-part model [31], which itself augments a deformable part model (DPM) [10] to reason about local mixtures.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…behavioral effects (Marsicano et al., 2003), and residual effects of cannabinoids on excitatory transmission in a global CB1-/- mouse have been observed (Hajos et al., 2001), although these results have not been replicated (Hoffman et al., 2005; Kawamura et al., 2006; Takahashi and Castillo, 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Total DNA from
 LWB-infected and healthy periwinkles was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method (Maixner et al., 1995).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


Using Definition II-B, the GPSR protocol can deliver packet to geographic locations [5] within sensor regions.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


These results are consistent with those of several other studies that showed that the use of event history calendars reduces age/date heaping in demographic surveys [33,36,38,39].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Family history of SD was present when the patient reported a parent or sibling who died unexpectedly and suddenly before the age of 80 years.(10) Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes were scored based on previous diagnosis and initiation of therapy.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Five publications [32, 41, 43, 45, 46] out of the 25 that we reviewed focused on capacity building among people who use drugs and suggested that individuals who use drugs who participate in research-related activities (especially those who are affiliated with communitybased agencies) should be offered employment, salaries, recognition, training, opportunities to participate in

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


CSF circulation disturbances, and in particular CSF leak and hydrocephalus, are serious complications associated with BCNU wafers [17].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results showed that the mean area of blastocysts that did implant and those that did not wasn’t statistically significant, in agreement with previous papers [28] suggesting that blastocysts of similar area have the same implantation potential.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Archaefructus, from the BarremianAptian Yixian Formation (see node 10), has been assigned to total group Nymphaeales (Friis et al., 2003; Doyle, 2008), but other phylogenetic analyses suggest that it is a stem Angiosperm (Sun et al., 2002).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


HNF1A MODY was the most frequent subtype (47%), followed by GCK MODY (27%), which is similar to the results of studies in the UK and Norway [6, 46].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Many effects of NSAIDs are mediated via cyclooxygenase (COX)-independent mechanisms;([36]) indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that ibuprofen and other NSAIDs are agonists of PPARγ.([21-23]) On the other hand, the major metabolite of arachidonic acid via COX in VSMCs is PGF2α.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete products, such as TGF- and IL-10 that suppress anti-tumor immune responses [14, 20, 10].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


I removed males from 16 groups, all of which had resident nonbreeders (non-breeders 18 mm SL; Buston 2003a), 1 lunar month after the beginning of the study.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


ovulation and amenorrhea.(16) Environmental compounds that possess steroidogenic(17) or anti-steroidogenic(18) activity affect onset of puberty and reproductive function in adulthood.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Primary antibodies were incubated for 1 hour and secondary antibodies for 30 minutes (7, 8).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Furthermore, PRRs are also involved in the control of hypocotyl elongation and flowering time (Makino et al., 2002; Matsushika et al., 2002, 2007b; Sato et al., 2002; Kaczorowski and Quail, 2003; Murakami et al., 2004).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


increasing proportion of cells recorded in the sub-G1 phase with increasing concentrations of arachidonic acid (Dymkowska et al., 2006).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The stability of these societies depends on individuals’ decisions governing group membership, which are intimately related to individuals’ costs and benefits of living in the group (Danchin and Wagner 1997; Clutton-Brock et al. 1998; Buston 2003a).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For example, it has been shown that auditory sources result in broad activation patterns in the mid sagittal plane (Van Veen, 1997; Quraan and Cheyne, 2008; Quraan and Cheyne, 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


2005) without reservation and none of the features invoked by Jaeger et al. (1999) have been reassessed or challenged in detail, with the exception of the character analysis by Gunnell and Miller (2001). This defining list of traits overlaps considerably the battery of features long used to support the adapid-anthropoid hypothesis and now regarded as likely convergences (e.g., Rosenberger et al. 1985). Kay et al. (2004) also added to the basic argument of Jaeger et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


We identified three major categories of barriers that, if resolved, would facilitate HIT use: (1) lack of local patient-level clinical data in VA-wide databases; (2) lack of VA-wide data in a standardized and analyzable format; (3) gaps in capture of clinical data in the EHR.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Modeling phonology helps to keep both speech and ASL recognition tractable [25, 33], because there is only a small, limited number of phonemes, as opposed to the unlimited number of words and signs that can be built with them.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


It was shown that cathepsins are also present in other insects, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera (Yang et al., 2006) and Bombyx mori (Gui et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009) and are involved in programmed cell death during metamorphosis.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Combining more video clips improves the accuracy of the estimated data (Krosshaug and Bahr, 2005), and previous research also succeeded in motion reconstruction using somewhat blurry images (Koga et al., 2010).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Bimodality has been described in the propulsion literature with the first peak, termed the impact spike, caused by the user forcefully contacting the pushrim at the beginning of the push phase (Robertson et al., 1996; Cooper et al., 1997).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Furthermore, MMP-2 and -9 are expressed and secreted by astrocytes (Gottschall et al., 1995; Muir et al., 2002) and induced in the presence of A (Deb and Gottschall, 1996; Deb et al., 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


For English, we used external embeddings of Dyer et al. (2015) learned using the structured skip n-gram approach of Ling et al. (2015), for Chinese, we used external embeddings produced with the neural language model of Bengio et al. (2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


A study by Rohwerder et al [35] investigated the degradation pathway of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA), an intermediate in the degradation pathway of MTBE.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Titan and typical C. neoformans cells have different cell wall composition
In vivo C. neoformans cells vary in size, from cells less than 3 μm in cell body diameter to cells more than 100 μm in diameter (Feldmesser et al., 2001; Okagaki et al., 2010; Zaragoza et al., 2010; Alanio et al., 2015).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Sechium edule fruit extract contains non-phenolic alkaloids, saponins, sterols, triterpenoids (Salama et al. 1986) and glycosylated flavonoids (Siciliano et al. 2004) that confer its anti-inflammatory (Salama et al. 1987), antihypertensive (Gordon et al. 2000), antimicrobial (Ordo~nez et al. 2003),…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Another important difference between the study by Hendriks et al. (2014) and the current study is that to elicit the
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 14 February 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 176
narratives, they showed their images one at a time (i.e., successive presentation in a…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


Artificial reefs made of various materials also provide a large shaded surface that A. coerulea planulae prefer (Holst & Jarms, 2007; Hoover & Purcell, 2009; Duarte et al., 2012).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Although our results are in accordance with earlier studies giving prevalence rates between 4 and 8% using NIH criteria (Knochenhauer et al., 1998; DiamantiKandarakis et al., 1999; Michelmore et al., 1999; Asuncion et al., 2000; Azziz et al., 2004; March et al., 2010; Moran et al., 2010a,b; Sanchon et al., 2012), we found higher figures than previous studies using Rotterdam criteria (Chen et al.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


To analyze the statistical correlation between measures of the CT and schizophrenic psychopathology (measured by PANSS), we calculated a Spearman rank correlation within the first-episode schizophrenia (or SZ) patient group.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…the antiapoptotic effects of endothelin in olfactory mucosa primary culture
We had previously found that ET-1 could limit serum deprivationinduced apoptosis in OM primary culture, and gap junction uncoupling has been described to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system (Lin et al., 2003).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


[35] showed no significant improvement in swimming performance while wearing a drag suit for 5 weeks compared with the control group.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


, which is known as ge particle of the CA 54 [3, 12], should be rather considered as a complex object, since it is a kind of breather – arises from interaction between two simple particles represented by ERs .

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


0 [113,114] was conducted using 100 random addition replicates and was based on a heuristic search using the tree bisection-reconnection (TBR) option; the best fit substitution model parameters were applied.

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method


…acids, are quantitatively taken up by intact cells or isolated mitochondria, the only relevant way of expressing their effective “concentration” is per mg protein of the biological material used rather than per volume
of the incubation mixture (Dymkowska et al., 2006; Schönfeld & Wojtczak, 2007).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


The present results were also consistent with other reports suggesting that CCND1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of OLP [36‚Äì38].

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: result


…or live/dead assay (Bedaiwy et al., 2003, 2006; Martinez-Madrid et al., 2004; Arav et al., 2005; Courbiere et al., 2005, 2006; Imhof et al., 2006; Baudot et al., 2007), assays of apoptotic markers (Bedaiwy et al., 2003, 2006; Martinez-Madrid et al., 2007) and the cellcycle marker Ki67 as well as…

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


To certain plant species, an explant origin of a species is not specific for the successful regeneration of transformed cells via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic vector (Sangwan et al., 1991a, b, 1992;Ducrocq et al., 1994).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: background


Energy landscapes and metabolic rates in these types of habitats have been assessed through modelling based on the chemical endmember composition of HFs and ambient SW (Tivey, 1995; McCollom and Shock, 1997; McCollom, 2000, 2007; Shock and Holland, 2004; Amend et al., 2011; LaRowe et al., 2014).

Instruction:
Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.

      What is the citation below describing?

      "{{input_1}}"

Output: method