Asteɛreb

Asteɛreb ( taɛrabt : تعريب ) d awal id-yemmalen later n yiɛraben ɣef yigduden ar-iɛraben , d ubeddel yellan deg tutlayin imi tineggura-agi ṭṭfent deg taɛrabt d unekcum n yidles aɛrab , rnu-as kra n tsertitin n tmura tiɛrabin ɣer yigduden ar-iɛraben-ines , akka am : Lezzayer , Maṣer , Lɛiraq , Lubnan , Libya , Lekwit , Surya , Falesṭin , Sudan , Muriṭanya , Lmerruk , tmura tiqburin i yellan s ddaw n iunbaḍ n yiɛraben zik nni .

Deg umezruy , ttwajemɛend akk yidelsan n temcabigzirt taɛrabt d yidelsan nniḍen n tmura i kecmen yiɛraben , di tagggara idles agi qqaren-as idles aɛrab , mi d-teffeɣ tineslemt deg Lḥijaz , taɛrabt tuweḍ igduden nniḍen yellan berra n temcabigzirt imi iɛraben llan keččmen-tt s nnfaq neɣ s tnezzuyt neɣ s rrcil akked yigduden iɣelnawen ariɛraben , ula daxel n temcabigzit s timmad-is ttwaɛerben yigduden ariɛraben akka al yisabiyen n tmurt n Yemen , agdud aḥuṭimi deg deg ugafa n umalu n temcabigzirt daɣen kra n yigduden deg tneẓruft n Surya d temaḍt n Lmuṣel , tebda taɛrabt tettili di temnaḍin agi bdan ttefɣent-d tantalatin nniḍen . Tamurt n Yemen d tinna i d tamurt tayemmat n yiɛraben iqeḥṭanen , umi iɛraben qqaren fella-sen belli d nutni i d iɛraben inaṣliyen , xas akken ur mmeslayen ara Wat n tmurt n Yemen tutlayt taɛrabt taqburt armi d wweḍ tneslemt , mmeslayen tutlayin tiɛrabin n unẓul umi ulac win i tt-yettmeslayen tura .

Taɛrabt teǧǧa-d later ameqqran deg tmura tariɛrabin umi tǧǧa-d deg-sent tineslemt later ameqqran . Tella d aɣbalu agejdan i wawalen n tutlayin nniḍen . Yuweḍ wannecta ɣer usawen deg tasut tis mraw d tis mraw d ukkuz , umi yettwaḥesben belli d akud i deg yuweḍ idles aɛrab ɣer wadeg meqqren deg akk umezruy-ines .

Asewseɛ aɛrab amenzu deg utaram i yqerben.

Ardekal Skender ameqqran , teffeɣ-d tgelda tanebṭit tegled tamnaḍt i d-yellan seg ugafa n temcabigzirt taɛrabt ɣer unẓul n Surya n wass-a , imezzwura id-yusan seg temcabigzirt taɛrabt yexxdem deg-sen yidles arami aɣelnaw d yidles ahibru n tgelda n Ḥacmunayim , akked yidlsan ihillinistiyen ( ladɣa akked unekcum n yiqebṭiyen ɣer usɣan n tmasiḥit deg tasut tis kraḍ d tis ukkuz ) xedmen-d yinebṭiyen tutlayt taɛrabt id-yezzwaren tutlayt taɛrabt tamaynut , d nutni i ygan agemmay anebṭi i yellan d ajgu n ugemmay aɛab amaynut . Tekcem tutlayt tanebṭit deg tutlayrt taɛrabt imi taɛrabt tella tesɛa yiwen n later d ameqqran aṭas fella-s .

Xedmen yiɣessaniyen iɛraben tunnga tamenzut tarineslemt ɣer ugafa seg tmurt n Yemen , deg taggara n wakud aklasiki , llan ḍefren ajjed n yirumyen urtuduksiyen qedcen i umenkud abizenṭi . Wwḍen-d ɣer Surya tabizenṭit umi imesdaɣ-is llan aṭas deg-sen d aramiyen . Qqimen deg tazzwara deg temnaḏt n Ḥuran , syin kecmen ɣer akk temnaḍt n Ccam ( Surya , Urdun , Falesṭin , Israyel , Lubnan ) gelden i wakud meẓẓiyen timnaḍin seg Surya d utaram n Urdun mbaɛid ɣef yinebṭiyen .

Tella-d tgelda n Lexmid ɣef ufus n udrum n Laxum i yunagen seg Yemen , gelden-tt Wat Laxum , ḍefren ajjed n tmezgida n Utaram id-yennaulfan deg Acur , i yennemgalen d tmasiḥit taɣsasinit tagrigit turtuduksit , qedcren i umenkud aɣsasini

Sxedmen yibizenṭiyen d yisasaniyen iɣesasaniyen d yilaxmiyen akken ad xedmen nnfaqat s lewkal gar-asen deg temcabigzirt taɛrabt .

Amezruy n usteɛreb

Asteɛreb deg tallit n lxilafa tamenzut.

Amedya amenzu d ugejdan ɣef usteɛreb d win id-yellan ɣef nnfaq n yimceyyeɛ Muḥemmed d wid i t-i-ḍefren akked wid n umenkud umawi artdekal . Bnan amnekud ineslem ameqqran i yessewsɛen aṭas berra n temcabigzirt taɛrabt , wwḍent tlisa-ines di taggara seg temcabigzirt tibirit deg umalu ɣer Asya talemmast deg utaram , teṭṭef azal n 11100000 Km 2 (4300000 sq mi) d ayen it-yerran d yiwen seg yimenkad akk imeqqranen deg umaḍal .

Anẓul n temcabigzirt n yiɛraben

Anẓul n temcabigzirt taɛrabt d tamnaḍt tamazzrant deg temcabigzirt taɛrabt , tella deg unẓul n temnaḍt , tezga-d tura deg wayn i wumi qqaren tragduda n Yemen , tekcem daɣen deg-s Neǧran , Jazan , d Ɛasir i yellan deg suɛudiya n wass-a akked Ḍefar deg Ɛumman n wass-a

Iɛraben n unẓul iqburen negren imi llan yinselmen sewsaɛen timnaḍin-nsen , tutlayt--nsen tettwabeddel s tutlayt taɛ)rabt tamaynut i yettaru s ugemmay aɛrab , agemmay n taɛrabt n unẓul i llan ssexdamen i tira n tutlayt-nni tuɣal ur zmiren ara ad tt-sxedmen . mazal tutlayin n unẓul ttmeslayen-tt deg unẓul n Suɛudiya d ugafa n Yemen d Ḍufar deg Ɛumman maca uɣalent d tantalatin .

Xas akken yettwaḥseb Yemen d tamurt tanaṣlit n yiɛrabennmaca imezdaɣ-is ur mmesklayen ara taɛrabt send tiwwḍin n tneslemt ( mmeslayin tutlayin tiɛrabin n unẓul ) .

Ataram n temcabigzirt taɛrabt

Send tasut tis ṣa , llan yimezdaɣ n utaram n temcabigzirt taɛrabt d imasiḥiyen iɛraben , dd iɛraben izaradictiyen , udayen , d yifellaḥen yettmeslayen s taramit , kra n tantalatin yellan deg temnaḍt-agi kecment deg tutlayin takadit d taramit akked d tsiryanit . Llan wid yettidiren deg Lbaḥrin taqburt ttmeslayen taramit , d cwiya n tfarisit , ma d tasiryanit llan sexdamayen-tt i tẓallit .

Ccam

Send ad kecmen yixlifen iraciden tamnaḍt n Ccam deg 634 , llan amur ameqqran n yimezdaɣ-ines ttmeslayen taramit , tagrigit tella d tutlayt n tmehla , yebda usteɛreb d usekcem n tneslemt ɣer Surya deg tasut tis sa "7" yeṭṭef wannect-a aṭas n tasutin , ur ɛriḍen ara yiɛraben inselmen imezzwura ad skecmen tutlayt-nsen neɣ ajjed--nsen deg wakud amezzwaru n unekcum-nsen . Uɣalen yinselmen iɛraben d nutni i d arisṭuqraṭiyen , kecmen-d yiderman imaynuten ɣer dinnaa , ɛemdden-asen yiɛraben ad qqimen akken ur d-yettili ara yimenɣi akked yimezdaɣ iɣelnawen . Yenna lxalifa Ɛetma i unembaḍ Muɛawiya I ad yessidir idermzan iɛraben mbaɛid ɣef yimezdaɣ iɣelnawen . Isuriyen i yumnen s yiwen n yillu uqbel tineslemt ufan iɛraben d imdanen i asend-yuwin tilelli ɣef way-a i qeblen yis-sen deg tmurt-nsen .

Xedmen yiɛebbasiyen deg tasut tis ṭam d tis ṭza akken ad sxelḍen igduden yid-sen , ɣef way-agi tanmehla tella s tutlayt taɛrabt , imi aṭas id-ikecmen ɣer tneslemt yerna umḍan n wid yettmeslayen taɛrabt , asteɛreb yella yettmasaw inselmen imayenten Surya deg ulmud n usɣan-nsen amaynut , ula d widak i d-yeggran d imasiḥiyen uɣalen d iɛraben , tibibelt tettwasuqqel-d ɣer taɛrabt deg tasut-agi , kra n yimussnawen n umezruy akka am Klud Kahin neɣ Birnar Hamiltun walan belli mi akken id-wwḍen yiserdasen n tuffɣa tamidagit tamezzwaryt llan akk imasiḥiyen ttwasteɛrben . Mi d-uweḍ tasut tis mraw d kraḍ llan akk yimezdaɣ n Ccam ttmeslayen taɛrabt uɣalen akk d iɛraben .

Wid ur nettu tutlayt taramit ferqen d sin n yiḥricen :

Maṣer

Idles agrigi yeǧǧa-d later ameqqran deg Maser segmi tella tgelda tabaṭlimit deg Taskendrit . Uqbel Skender ameqqran tella tgeld-itt tgelda taxminit . Yeqqim later n tegrigit deg Maser xas akken kecmen-tt yirumaniyen deg useggas n 30 ST , syin kecmen-tt yibizenṭiyen send inselmen deg tasut tis ṣa n tlalit . Tella d tutlayt taqebṭit yettarun s ugaemmay agrigi d tutlayt n umuir ameqqran yimezdaɣ n Maser send unekcum n yineslemen . Imi tettwateɛreb Maser tebda tettuɣal tutlayt taɛrabt d tutlayt i yeǧǧamaɛen akk imaṣriyen , xas akken : taɛrabt n Maser mazal teṭṭef deg tjerrumt n tqebṭit d kra n wawalen seg umawal aqebṭi . Ass-agi tutlayt taqebṭit tettwaxdem deg tmezgida taqebṭit i tẓallit , imunak immasiḥiyen ttmeslayen-tt akken ilaq lḥal .

Tafriqt ugafa d Ibirya

Imezdaɣ n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Ibirya llan snen igduden isamiyen si zik : Ifniqen d yiqerṭajiyen llan zedɣen deg tefriqt n ugafa d Ibirya i ugar n ṭam n tasutin atrmi ten-ɣeḍlen yirumaniyen d yiwindaliyen d yibizenṭiyen akked yigrawliwen imaziɣen . Mi kecmen yiɛaben ɣer tefriqt n Ugafa , dduklen yiderman imaziɣen d yiɛraben akken ad kecmen tamcabigzirt tibirit . Deg useggas n 743 , imaziɣen xedmen tagrawla ɣef yumawiyen ssufɣen-ten seg tmazɣa , ladɣa seg tmurt n lmerruk n wassa , maca qqimen deg utaram n Lezzayer , Tunes akked umalu n Libya , ardekal , usan-d yiderman iɛraben ɣer luḍa ddren deg-s imaziɣen mazal d nutni i d imezdazɣ imezzwura am deg yidurar neɣ deg uneẓruf . yeqqim daxel n Tefriqt n Ugafa d amaziɣ armi d tasut tis mraw n yan . Si tama nniḍen , tamcabigzirt tibirit teqqim tettwasteɛreb armi d tasut tis mrawd semmus .

Mi bnan yifaṭimiyen tamdint n Lmehdiya deg Tunes , swesɛen abrid n cciɛa , rran ɣer temnaḍin n yiziriyen imaziɣen (972-1148 ) ceyyɛen iderman n Wat Hilal akken ad rren tamnaḍt d taɛrabt , At Hilal d adrum id-wwin yifaṭiumen seg tmurt n yiɛraben ɣer tmnaḍt n tefrqt n ugafa , anekcum n Wat Hilal yesseɣli deg wazal n temnaḍt imi llan ssexṣaren akk ayen i ufan sdat-nsen

Imasiḥiyen iwumi qqaren imuzaraben mmeslayen tutlayt-nsen taraɛrabt deg Wandalus ɣer tama n udayen isafarasen , imaziyṭen llan ula deg wandalus n, maca ur mmeslayen ara aṭas s tutlayt-nsen , qqaren-asen ardekal Imuriyen

D taɛrabt n Wandalus i llan ttmeslayen deg tallit n wandalus ineslem

Sisilya , Malta d Krit

Wwḍen yinselmenn ɣer tegzirin agi xedmen limarat n Sisilya , Malta d Krit ( Iqritec) , deg-s uɣalen yimezdaɣ-is d inselmen , bndan lemmden tutlayt taɛrabt d ansayen iɛraben , unagen-d ɣer-sent kra n yiɛraben d ayen i yerran timnaḍin agi sɛant aṭas n yimezdaɣ-degs , taɛrabt tekcem-d miḥ imiren deg-s , dayen id-yessurwen taɛrabu-silit d tmaltit n wassa.

Sudan

Unagen-d yiderman iɛraben ɣer temnaḍt n Sudan ideg xelḍen d yimezdaɣ iɣelnawen

Asteɛreb ass-a

Di Lezzayer

Astɛreb d asekcem n tutlayt taɣelnawt deg uselmed d useɣri d uberreḥ d yal amḍiq daxel n tmurt akken ad ttili deg wadeg n tutlkayt id-yeǧǧa ucengu azfransis . Fransa tekcem ɣer Lezzayer ur teffiɣ ara armi i ɛeddan 132 n yiseggasen , imiren Frzansa terra-tt d aḥric ur netteffeɣ seg-s , teqqim di Lezzayer akter s waṭas n wayen i tella deg Tunes d tgelda n Lmerruk , Lezzayer tella tesɛa assaɣ meqqren daɣen d Turuft imi usan-d ɣur-s yiherrasen [ 1 ] seg yal tamurt , imi ferqen yizzayriyen d warraw n Turuft tamurt i tasut d urbaɛ n tasut , llant-d temliliyin d temyusanin gar sin n yigduden , xas akken ur llin ara kif-kif lma di tudert wala deg yidles wala ɣer udabu afransis n yimiren . Imi yella akk wannecrta amdan yezmer ad as-yini belli astɛreb ad yili yewɛer mliḥ deg Lezayer , maca asteɛreb di lezzayer yella d winna akk i d-yusan fessus deg yakk timura n Maɣrib [ 2 ] ( Tamazɣa) , mi ɛerḍen ad bniun tamurt taɣelnawt yedduklen ardekal yimetwayen n Evian [ 3 ] , yebda udabu n Ḥmed ben Bella astɛreb n tmurt , imi yeqqim ucengu aṭas di tmurt tafransist tella d tutlayt tagejdant deg tmehla ugar n tmura tinurag .Imi llan ttnadin ad fken yiwet n timmad yedduklen i tmurt ufan-d ajjed ineslem d tutlayt taɛrabt i yzemren ad isbedden yiwet n tmurt yedduklen akka i yura di tmedwant La langue arabe est la langue nationale et officielle de l'État ( tutlayt taɛrabt d tutlayt tunṣibt d tgejdant deg tmurt ) akked L'islam est la Din de l'État ( tineslemt d ajjed n tmurt ) d ayen i wumi d-ttɛeawaden deg tmedwanin n yiseggasen n 1969 d 1976 d 1989 d 1996 d 2018 . Yenna Ɛebd Lḥamid Mehri belli tirrin n taɛrabt d tutlayt tunṣibt yella d ayen i yebɣa ugdud azzayri , xas akken Lezzayer d tamurt ideg llan waṭas n yigduden d waṭas n tantalatin , akked waṭas n war-iɛraben : Imaziɣen , yernu tantala taɛrabt i ttmeslayen deg uzniq azzayri " Ddarǧa " temgarad mliḥ ɣef taɛrabt tafusḥit . Ɣas akken , asteɛreb ur yelli ara d asiwel ɣer tneslemt , llan ttwalint am ubrid i usemlel n yiwen n ugdud s tirrin n yiwet n tutlayt kan . Deg 1946 yebda usteɛreb n uselmed daxel uɣerbaz d uselmed n wajjed , tessexdem tmurt iselmaden imaṣriyen i yettekkan ɣer tegmat n yinselmen -d ideyyaniyyen ihi -b imi xuṣṣen-tt wid yettmselayen taɛrabt . Deg 1968 , deg tallit n uselway Hewwari Bumedyen , yebda usteɛreb n yimedqan n tmurt ( akka am tiɣiwanin , asunen , ixxamebn n teɣdemt atg ... ) xas akenni mazal ur sneqsen ara asexdem n tefransist , yeɛreḍ Bumedyen ad yesseḥbes asexdem n tefransist d ddarǧa akked d tmaziɣt , d ayen idf-yessenker inemgalen imaziɣen mgal-annecta , yessurew-d way-a axjiḍ gar ugdud azzayri ladɣa gar yinelmaden n taɛrabt d wid n tefransist , mazal tafransist d tinna i ttextirin wazt tedɣert [ 4 ] di tmurt akken ad tt-lemden .

Ur yelḥi ara usteɛreb : mazal teṭṭef tefransist adeg-is , inemgalen imaziɣen rnan deg umḍan , d ayen id-yuwin tidyanin n Tuber 1988 . Ḥulfan yimaziɣen ladɣa Leqbayel belli tallit-nsen ur tessefraḥ ara akk imioi tamurt n Lezzayer terra tamuɣli-ines ɣer taɛrabt kan amzun tebɣa ad temḍel timmad tamaziɣt , ardekal ṭṭrad n daxel ( taɛecriwt taberjant ) yeɛreḍ udabu ad yernu deg usteɛreb maca seg 1998 ( tilisa n ustɛreb ) d asawen iselwayen terra-ten tmara ad rren tamuɣli ɣer yimaziɣen ciṭ ciṭ , armi steɛrfen yis d tutlayt taɣelnawt di 2002 , ad as-fken tiṭ akken xeddmen d taɛrabt . Xas akke imi taɛrabt d yiwet n tutlayt yedduklen tesɛa azal ɣer tmetti taberranit ugar n tmaziɣt yellan d aṭas n tantalatin yettwabḍan , mazal asteɛreb d iswi ɣer-sen , ladɣa deg leqdic aɣarim d win n tmehla .

Mi tekfa tuɣalin n ulmud seg tefransist ɣer taɛrabt deg 1989 , yexdem Jims Kuffman (James Coffman ) inadiyen ɣef yinelmaden iɛraben d war-iɛraben deg USTBH yexdem timliliyin d yinelmaden yufa-d ay-a :

Inelmaden iɛraben teddun aṭas d wid yebɣan ad tekcem tneslet di kullec ur ttakken ara laman i umalu . Ttmilin yinelmaden iɛraben ( neɣ yettwasteɛreben ) ɣer uɛwed n wayen id-ttarun yiɣmisen iɛraben ladɣa Lmunqid i yettekkan ɣer unyir ineslem n usellek FIS , tytmeslayen ɣef tira n yisem n Rebbi "Allah" deg yigenni lawan n tẓallit n Lɛaṣer , neɣ unekcum n tmaɣlayin [ 5 ] n tmurt n israyel yuḍnen aṭan n AIDS , d usenger n tmasiḥit deg yiwen n leqdic adeyyani aɣelnaw , d yimelyan n yimarikaniyen i yeffɣen si tmasiḥit keččmen ɣer tneslment ... mi ten isteqsa ma llan yinelmaden ar-iɛraben ttelgaraden ɣef war-iɛraben llan ttaran-d waṭas n yimaziɣen d yiselmaden : ih ! d ayen ibanen .

Di lmerruk

Mi ɛeddan 44 n yiseggasen n tallit n ucengu afransis , yebda lmerruk iqeddec i usekcem n taɛrabt ( MCA ) akken ad lal timmmad tamerrukit yedduklen , d tirnin n yimḍanen n wid yesnen ad yarun yernu ad ɣṛen , deg akk tamurt berra n tutlayt yellan deg uɣerbaz unṣib ; macci akka am Lezzayer ur ddiren ara aṭas n yiherrasen di Lmerruk imi imerrukiyen d nutni i yellan ama di taddart neɣ di temdinin timeqqranin , ɣf way-a meẓẓi later arumi ɣef tmura tinuragin .Ɣef waya yella fessus ɣef Lmerruk ad yexdem asteɛreb yernu ad t-yesselḥu ad yaweḍ yif winna d tanergt-is Lezzayer , maca macci d aya i yeḍran . Imi di tazzwara rran ɣer uselmed , imerrukiyen ferqen ɣef sin , kra ssawalen ɣer uselmed amaynut am win n umalu s snat n tutlayin , kra ssawalen ɣer uqbur n zzawiya tineslemt . Mi d-yuweḍ ukabar n timunent imal ɣer uselmed aqbur n taɛ)rabt d tneslemt . Mi d-yuweḍ ukabar yebda leqdic ɣef wannect-agi , deg useggasd-is wis sin , yella ulmud n useggas amezzwaru deg uswir amenzu s taɛrabt kan , seg useggas wis sin ad bdun ulmud s snat n tutlayin ta tekcem di tayeḍ , maca tamrin [ 6 ] n tefransist llant d tiwezzlanin . Yusa-d usteɛreb ẓẓay ɣef yimerrukiyen , ladɣa deg 20 n yiseggasen imezzwura n timunent imi llan yimeqqranen n Lmerruk lemmden s tefransist ( ama deg Fransa s timmad-is neɣ deg yiɣerbazen imerrukiyen yemmeslayen taɛrabt ) ur ẓrin ara mza d-yawi ibaɣuren ɣef tgelda , ladɣa ɣef wassaɣen -is d tmura tiberraniyin . Ur lḥiqen ara ad steɛrben armi yeffeɣ Lmerruk kamel i ufus afransis Deg useggas , n 1960 yesɛeṭṭelLḥaj Ɛumar Lǧalil , aneɣlaf n yimiren asteɛreb imi yuɣal ɣer usemed n uqbl timunnent ; imal ɣer usemlmed afransis amaynut . Ayen id-yessbanen leqdic ɣef useɛṭel n taɛrabt d ayen yexdelm Ḥasan wis sin ,d tidet yedda d usteɛreb maca yerna deg tillin s ddaw n ufus n Fransa deg tsertit [ 7 ] d tdamsa [ 8 ]

di Tunes

Ɣilen medden belli asteɛreb deg Tunes d netta akk ara yelḥun aṭas imi ddaw n 1٪ n yitunsiyen kan i yettmeslayen tamaziɣt , 100 ٪ ttmeslayen darǧa tatunsit . Maca , d netta akk ur nelḥi ara imi llan tteklen ɣef Turuft ,umnnen belli ma tella tmurt tuɣal am tid umalu ad tesɛu azal ama d agdud ama d tamurt . Akka am Lmerruk , yefreq rray ɣef sin , wid i yettwalin belli tutlayt taɛrabt tafuṣḥit d wajjed ineslem i d ṣṣzeḥ deg tmurt d wid i yeqqaren belli ma bɣan Tunes ad taẓ ɣer sdat ilaq ad tcabi timura n umalu , mbaɛid ɣef taktiwin tiɣelnawin tiɛrabin . Asut amenzu n wid id-yuwin agerdas-nsen s taɛrabt ur ufin ara aceddim anagar wiinna n n uselmed n taɛrabt neɣ n wajjed ineslem imi d wid i yeɣran s trefransist i yesɛan azal , seg yiseggasen n 70 armi d 1982 ɛerḍen ad steɛrben Tunes , maca seg 1982 bdan sseḥbasen-t , ssexṣarezn astɛreb ladɣa imi yuɣal uselmed s teransist , yal win yessawlen ɣer usteɛreb rran-t ɣer yislamstiyen neɣ ɣer yirebraben , tafrenkfunit tella d iswi-nsen , xasakken Fransa teffeɣ Tunes , maca qqimen yideɣɣaren teddun d tiktiwin tifransisin , taɛrabt d tutlayt tunṣinbt n tunes deg tuddsa , maca ulac anda id-yettwabder bellli ilaq ad tt-sxedmen ɣef way-a tufa tefransist adeg wassɛen deg ulmud ,maca , daɣen deg tiliẓri d uɣmis d tanmehla i yferqen ɣef sin : aḥric s tefransist wayeḍ s taɛrabt .