Ibiẓanṭiyen

Tagelda Tabizantit (neɣ Tagelda Ibiẓanṭiyen ) , yettwasnen daɣen s tageldit taṛumaniyt n usammar, tella d anekcum n tageldit tarumaniyt i d-yellan ɣef Kustantinopul deg tallit n tgara n tallit taqburt d tallit n tlemmast (Lqern Alemmas). Imi i tezger seg tidyanin i d-yeǧǧan taggara n Tgelda Talemmast Tarumaniyt deg lqern wis 5 n tallit-nneɣ, teqqim armi d asmi ay teɣli Constantinopolis i Tgelda Taɛetmanit deg 1453. Isem n ”Tgelda Tabizantit” ur d-yettwasnulfa ara ala deffir ma teɣli; imezdaɣ-is llan sseqdacen isem n ”Tagelda Taṛumit” yerna qqaren i iman-nsen d "Iṛumaniyen" neɣ ”Iṛumyen”.

Deg leqrun imezwura n Tgelda Taṛumit, timnaḍin n utaram llant ttmeslayent talatinit, maca timnaḍin n usammar ḥerzent idles-nsent agrigi. Constantinus I (Amezwaru) , (azal n 324 - 337) iseggem-d tamasiḥit yerna yerra tamanaɣt-is ɣer Constantinople. Theodosius I (iḥekmen 379 - 395) yerra tamasiḥit d ddin n tmurt, dɣa tagrigit tekka-d deg umkan n tlatinit i useqdec unṣib. Tagelda- teṭṭef-d takti n tɣellist, yerna deg umezruy-is akk i d-yeqqimen, tesεedda-d tikwal lmuddat n tuccḍa d usnerni.

Tewweḍ ɣer tallit-is ameqran deg tallit n tgelda n Justinianus I (Amezwaru) , (iḥekmen 527-565), i d-yerran s tɣawla amur ameqran seg Ṭṭalyan d tlisa n usamer n Yilel Agrakal ɣer tagela-s. Tebda-d tterka azal n 541, yerna ṭṭraḍ mgal Ifaṛsiyen yečča-d ayen yellan di lxir deg tagelda-s. Iɣlanen n Waɛraben ssawḍen ɣer tmettant n timnaḍin timerkantiyin akk n tgelda-nni - Maṣer d Surya - ddaw yifassen n Txellift n Irashiiyen ( الخِلافةُ الرَّاشِدَة s Tarɛabt) . Deg useggas n 698, Tafriqt truḥ ddaw yifassen n Txellif n Lumawiyen (الأمويون s Tarɛabt) , maca tagelda-nni tuɣal tettwasbedd ddaw n Taslalt n Ibiẓanṭiyen Surya. Tεawed temɣur s ddaw n tgelda n Masidunya, yerna tesεa sin leqrun deg usnulfu-ines. Seg yimir-nni, tikkal n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw d ṭṭrad mgal Seljuq ssawḍen ɣer tukksa n amur ameqran n temnaḍt n Asya tamecṭuḥt. Tagelda n Ibiẓanṭiyen terra-d iman-nnes deg tallit n ussebded ddaw n ufus n Taslalt n Komnenos (deg tallit n 104 n yiseggasen, seg 1081 alamma d azal n 1185 ), dɣa Constantinopolis teqqim d tamdint tameqqrant akk d tin i d-yecban akk di Turuft alamma d lqern wis 13.

Tageldit-nni tettwasfeḍ s waṭas deg useggas n 1204, deffir n uḥezzeb n Constantinopolis deg usikel wis ṛebεa n yimeslab; timura-ines ttwabḍan sakkin ɣef yiwanaken imeẓyanen iyunaniyen d tgeldiwin tilatiniyin. Ɣas ma yella deg tgara, Constantinopolis terra-d iman-is deg 1261, tagelda-nni i d-yeqqlen ɣer lebda tesɛa-d kan tazmert tamnaḍant deg sin n leqrun-nni ineggura. Timura-s i d-yeqqimen, ttwaḍḍfen-d s tɣawla sɣur Yiɛetmaniyen deg yiwen n ṭṭrad i d-yellan deg lqern wis 14 d wis 15. Taḥemla n Constantinopolis ɣer ifassen n Yiɛetmaniyen deg 1453 yessaweḍ ɣer tgara n tgelda-a, maca amezruy-is d wayen i d-teǧǧa mazal-iten d isental n uskasi ar wass-a.