Aliksandr Ameqqran

Aliksandr Ameqran neɣ Skender ameqqran (s tagrigit taqburt : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας / Aléxandros ho Mégas ou Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος / Mégas Aléxandros ) neɣ Aliksandr wis tlata, illul ass n 22 yulyu 356 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Pella, yemmut ass n 13 yunyu 323 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Babel . D agelid n Tagelda n Masidunya (336-323 s.t.-S-Ɛ) [ 1 ] .

Aliksandr Ameqran yewṛet tagelda ijehden deffir mi yettwanɣa baba-s, Filip win sin. Yuɣal yebda-d aɣawas-nnes n ussehres n tgelda n tafaṛsit, yerna yesselwi yiwen umennuγ n mraw n yiseggasen. Yerbeḥ imenɣiyen imeqqranen am Granicus (334 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ), Issus (333) d Gaugamela (331), d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yeɣleb akk Tagelda Tafarsit. Syin akin, idegger imenɣiyen -is arma d lhend, maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ugar ɣer sdat. Yemmut deg useggas n 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg Babil. [ 2 ]

yesbedd azal n snat tmerwin(ɛecrin) n temdinin, gar-asent Iskenderya deg Maṣer, yerna yessebɣas aẓeḍḍa n yedles n Yihelniyen. Tagelda-nnes tebḍa deffir ma yemmut gar yijiniṛalen-nnes, idyudikin.

Tamacahut-is tettnerni si zik, ladɣa deg ungal n aliksandr i ixelḍen amezruy d usugen. Ttwalin-t d asaḍ aṛebbani, fkan-as tamudemt-is i waṭas n wudmawen imezruyanen, seg ruma taqburt armi tallit-agi tatrart. aṭas i t-iwalan d amedya u aṭas i d-yugmen seg-s ama d imsellḥen n Urupa, ama d iɣerfan n Asya s yisem n Iskandar. Tazrirt-is ad tt-naf deg tẓuri, deg tsekla d wansayen ar ass-a.

Iɣbula

Iɣbula usriden

Ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwet n tnagit taseklant n leḥkem n Aliksandr, amesnazray-is kalstane yeǧǧa-d kan kra n ticeqfatin n tira . Tiḥkayin n yemdukal n Aliksandr ( Ptolémée, Aristobulus, Nearchus, Onesicritus, Chares ) ur llint ara, maca sɛant azal ɣef Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, Plutarque ed Quintus Curtius . Clitarque, ɣas akken ur yettekka ara deg unekcum-nni, yella yebna ɣef yirciven tunṣibin akked tnagiwin.

Arciv n tgelda, am Ephemerides n Eumenes n Cardia, ruḥen u ɛerqen ula d nutni daɣen, Tibratin i as-yettunefken i alexandre llant, maca tidet-nsent d ayen uben ara, Kra n teftarin tunṣibin deg-sent ajerred n tirawin d tedrimt, ineggura-a ttaken-d isalan isertiyen d yidamsanen yesɛan azal amuqran.

Iɣbula arusriden

Timucuha kan ay d-yeqqimen usan-d seg yimedyazen d imeskaren n Tgelda Tarumanit Taɛlayant. Sin n wansayen n umezruy i d-yeffɣen:

Iɣbula arkyulujiyen

Ayen ay d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Aliksandr qlilet, imi tagelda-nnes tella d tawezlant. Amur ameqran seg Teskenderyatin ur d-qqiment ara, anagar tin n Maṣer. Tiṣekkiwin n tẓuri n tura ɣas ini ruḥent akk, maca ttilint-d kra n tenɣal tiṛumantiyin. am tfelwiyin yettwassnen n Pumpei .

Tigra tineggura

Ayen i d-ufan imusnawen d tiɣawsiwin timaynutin snernant tamussni ɣef Aliksandr :

Temẓi d usegmi

Talalit d imawlan

Aliksandr Ameqran ilul di Pella deg useggas n 356 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. mmi-s n Filibus wis sin n Masidunya d Ulimpiya n Ipirus. Yettwali d akken yesɛa sin n lejdud yesɛan azal : seg Hirakles s baba-s, seg Achilles s yemma-s. Ttwasqedcent tmucuha ɣef tlalit-nnes, kra qqaren-d d akken d mmi-s n Zeus neɣ n ferɛun Nectanebo II . [ 3 ]

Tazrirt tadelsant n aliksandr

Imasiduniyen ttwalin-ten s tɣawsiwin yemgerraden ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula iqburen: kra ttwalin-ten d Iyunaniyen, wiyaḍ d “iberraniyen n tlemmast”. D acu kan, tutlayt d ddin n Imasiduniyen d iyunaniyen, yerna Aliksandr yettḥulfu s lqerb d akken d agrikki. Yettwaḍḍef s yedles agrigi, ladɣa s Iliad n Homer , ay yettwali d amzun neɣ d tamudemt n tesnuddest(tastratijit) taserdasit. [ 4 ]

Tazrirt n aristut

Yeɣra mliḥ seg wasmi ay yella d amecṭuḥ, Aliksandr yuɣal d anelmad n Aristote gar 342 d 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Ayen yesselmad yekka-d nnig n tmusni: Aristote yessebded-d tamuɣli n udabu ay deg agellid amasiduni yessefk ad yesdukkel Yunan wa ad yessebded taḥellitit(hellénisme). Yessekcem-as daɣen imenzayen n tdukli (philia) d tuẓulin n tmelwi i d-yettawin tazrirt meqqren i wayen i d-iteddun deg imennuɣ-nnes n yimal.

Tageldit

Agellid n Masidunya

Ddaw n F ilipus II , Masidunya tuɣal d tazmert tameqrant deg Yunan. Aliksandr , deg 18 n yiseggasen kan, yessken-d tizemmar-nnes tiserdasiyin deg yimenɣi n Chaeronea (338 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) s ussehres n Tbaṭiyunt Taqdimt n Thèbes . Yettwasemma d anemhal (régent) deg useggas n 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. yerna yella d aselway n lḥemla-nnes taserdasit tamezwarut aydeg yerbeḥ mgal teqbilin titrarsiyin deg 339 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Yiwen n ccwal asertan deg 339 yerra-t deg ccwal d baba-s, maca ssawḍen ad msefhamen send timenɣiwt n filibus deg 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Deffir ma nɣan Filipus wis sin, Aliksandr yettwasbedd d agellid deg leɛmer-is 20 n yiseggasen. I wakk-n ad yeḍmen tagelda-nnes, yekkes imenzaɣen-is(ixṣimen-is) gar-asen mmi-s n ɛemmi-s Amyntas IV, yerna yeǧǧa yemma-s Ulympias ad tessewjed lmut n Cleopatra , tameṭṭut tis snat n Philip. Ilaq imiren ad d-yesbedd adabu-ines mgal timdinin tiyunaniyin i yettqabalen adabu-ines.

Uqbel ma yenṭeg ɣef Umenkud Afarsi, Aliksander yessaweḍ tiḥemliwin akken ad iḥudd tilisa-nnes. Yemḥeq Getes d Triballes deg ugafa n Danub, syin iqubel Illyrians, iḥettem-iten ad ssersen imrigen-nsen(leslaḥ-nsen) deffir trennawt deg lḥers n Pelion .

yettfaṛasen ccwal di masidunya, Thèbes tekker-d mgal n leḥkem n Masidunya, yerna Darius wis 3 n Faṛs yella yettɛawan-itt s tuffra. Aliksandr yerra-d s tɣawla, yemḥeq tanekra-nni yerna yesserɣ Thèbes, dɣa s waya, imezdaɣen-nnes qqlen d aklan. Atina, ɣas akken d taɛdawt, tettwaḥrez s lmendad n yemseftiyen-nnes.

Tigawin-a jjant Aliksandr ad yessejhed adabu-nnes wa ad d-yessewjed tikli-nnes mgal Tgelda Tafarsit.

Aliksandr Amḥaddi

Aliksandr yeṭṭef asenfar n baba-s, Filipus wis sin, iswi-nnes d asdukkel n Yigrikkiyen mgal Tgelda Tafarsit. Deffir ma yesseǧhed adabu-nnes deg Legrig yerna yerẓa tigrawliwin yellan mgal-is, yessewjed lɛesker-nnes yerna yezger Hellespont deg 334 qbel Sidna Ɛisa. Iswi-nnes amezwaru netta d aslelli n temdinin tiyunaniyin ay yellan ddaw n tmehla (domination) n Yifaṛsiyen d ussehres n weɛdaw uqbel ad d-yili unekcum meqqren ɣer zdat.

Taredsa-s tella deg-s yiwen ukulwaṛ amasiduni amellil, iɣallen n yimnayen iẓewren illan d ifessasen, d wallalen n lḥers. taktikit n "afḍis d umasmer" tesdukkel iɣallen n yiḍarren d yimnayen akken ad terreẓ acengu. Tugrint-is d temɣer-s tameqqrant deg unnar n taktik ttaken-as-d lfayda meqqren ɣef Yifarsiyen.

Mi d-yers Aliksandr deg Asya, yerbeḥ deg yimenɣi n Granicus , dɣa s waya ay d-yeḍmen adabu ɣef Frijya d Lidya . Sakkin, yeṭṭef aṭas n temdinin n tlisa, gar-asent Miletus d Halicarnassus , dɣa s waya ay yessejhed amkan-nnes.

Deg tegrest n 334-33 B.C, ikemmel aẓdam-is deg Pamphylia d Pisidia , yewweḍ ɣer Gurdyun, anda ay yeqceɛ tikerrist-nni mucaɛen n Gurdi, d azamul n twanza-nnes tagellidt , Deg lweqt-nni, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit, ay d-yesselḥay Memnon n Rhodes , teɛreḍ ad tqabel deg tmurt n Yunan, maca lmut n Memnon tessexṣer iɣawasen n Darius wis 3 . Aliksander yessejhed aḍfar-nnes n yilel, iheggad ad iqabel agellid afarsi s timmad-nnes.

Seg Issus ar Gugamiles: Aẓdam n Aliksandr

Mi yeffeɣ seg Gurdyun, Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer Kilikya anda ay yuḍan di Tarsus. Seg tama niḍen, Parmnyun yesseḍmen abrid-nni ɣer Surya. Aliksandr yeṭṭef-d idurar n Silisya, arnu yeḍmen-d talwit seg deffir-s. D acu kan, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit ay d-yesselḥay Farnabazus mazal-itt la tetteggez Ilel n Égée , yerna Darius wis 3 yessers lɛesker-nnes deg Issus akken ad yegzem Aliksandr ɣef deffir-nnes. Aneggaru-a yezzi-d ɣer yidis-nnes yerna iqubel Ifaṛsiyen deg yimenɣi n Issus (1 Wamber 333), yerna yerbeḥ-d tarennawt meqqren ay d-yellan s lqerb yerna yeṭṭef tawacult n Dariyus .

Deffir Issus, Darius yerwel ɣer Lfurat deg wakud aydeg Aliksander yeṭṭef Finiqiya. Yella iɣelles timdinin n Byblus, Sidun d Aradus, maca Sur tugi ad teknu, Aliksandr yeǧǧa Parmnyun ad yeṭṭef agerruj n Dariyus di Dimecq, yerna yesbedd Antigun d lwali n Asya Tameẓyant.

Aiksandr yebda asutel n Tyre s lebni n yiwen n uggug akken ad yaweḍ ɣer temdint n tegzirt-nni. Iṭuriyen ssersen-d amennuɣ ijehden mgal tuṭṭfa, maca Aliksandr yejmeɛ-d lbabuṛat n Fenisyen d win n Qubṛus, yezzi-d ɣef temdint. Seld sa(sebεa) n wayyuren n lḥers, Tyre tettwaṭṭef deg ɣuct 332. Aqmaḍ-nni yella d aqesḥan : 6000 alamma d 8000 n yimḥaddan i yettwanɣan, 2000 yettwasemmṛen d 30.000 n yimezdaɣ i yuɣalen d aklan. Rrbeḥ-a yekkes-as aɣbel i Aliksandr akken ad yeḥkem ɣef Yilel Agrakal n wegmuḍ.

Aliksandr yeṭṭef Ɣezza deffir ma yella-d ccwal d yiwen n zbu ameqran yerna yekcem ɣer Maṣer deg Dujembeṛ n 332, yettwaqbel am win ay d-yeslelliyen. Yuɣal d afarεun deg Memfis deg useggas n 331 yerna yesbedd-d Iskenderya. Yerza ɣer urakl n Zeus Ammun di Siwa, d tin i t-id-yesbedden d mmi-s n yillu. Yeɛreḍ ad yessuddes tadbelt tamaṣrit uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer Ugmuḍ (ccerq).

Aliksandr yezger-d asif n Lfurat deg Yulyu n 331, ma d Tigris deg Ctembeṛ. Yeẓra belli Dariyus yettraǧu-t di Gaugamela s yiwen n lɛesker ameqqran. Ass n 1 Tubeṛ 331, yerbeḥ-d rrbeḥ s lǧehd s lmendad n yiwet n tmenɣiwt n yimnayen. Dariyus yerwel ɣer Madya, yeǧǧa Alixander d bab n Tgelda Tafarsit.

Aḍfar n Dariyus

Deffir ma yerbeḥ deg Gaugamela , Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer tama n Babil, yerna Babil tefka-d iman-nnes war ma zbu s lmendad n Mazyus, yellan d aɛessas afarsi aqbur. Imḍebbren n Babilun, ur nḥemmel ara ifarsiyen, msefhamen yid-s, yerna netta yeḍmen-d leqder n wansayen isɣananen(tgemmi n ddin) s lameṛ n lebni n wemkan n tẓallit n Marduk. Yerra isem n Mazyus d agellid n Babil maca ijja din yiwet n tmehla ijehden.

Ikemmel ɣer tama n Susa, yuzen Filuksinus akken ad iεass agerruj meqqren n 50.000 n twiztin n lfeṭṭa. Yefka arraz i Abulits i s-d-fkan tallalt, dɣa yuzen 3000 n n twiztin i Antipater akken ad d-yawi tadrimt i ṭṭraḍ mgal Sparta.

Deg Yunan, agellid n Spartan Agis III yessuddes-d tanekra s tallelt n yiqerṣiwen n Kṛiṭa d waṭas n temdinin n Peloponnese . Yeɣleb yiwet n tmehla (corps) tamasidunit yerna yezzi-yas i Megalopolis , maca tuget n Yegrigiyen qqimen d irawsanen, ladɣa deg Atina.

Antipater, mi yella yettḍafar tisunḍiwin n Aliksandr, yemsegra-d gar 35.000 ed 40.000 n yirgazen yernu iqubel Agis ay yesɛan kan 20 000 n yiserdasen. Sparta tettwarna deg Megalopolis, ma d Agis III yettwanɣa. Sparta testeg talwit, yerna isalli n trennawt n Gaugamèles yesseǧhad adabu amasiduni deg Legrig.

Deg lawan-nni kan, ittnerni ccwal gar Antipater d Ulympyas, yemma-s n Aliksandr. tessuter-d tagelda n Epirus deffir ma yemmut gma-s Aliksandr Amezwaru maca tekfa s uḍman n tgelda i mmi-s.

Aliksandr yedda ɣer Persepolis deg ubrid ageldan. Yebḍa lɛeskeṛ-is : Parmenion yeḍfer abrid agejdan, ma d Aliksandr iɛedda ɣef Persis, yerna yesseɣli-d annuz(yerra-ten ddaw udabu-nnes) ɣef Iksiyen . Yettwaḥbes deg Tewwura Tifaṛsiyin sɣur Ariobarzanes , maca ɣer taggara yekcem ɣer Persepolis deg Yennayer n 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Kra n wayyuren sakkin, deg wayyur n mayu, sserɣen tamdint-nni. Tagnit-a tettwafhem ahat d ttaṛ mgal Yifaṛsiyen ɣef tmes n Atina deg 480 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. neɣ am tigawt ur yettwaxemmen ara akken iwata ddaw n tezrirt n yiɣisem(am ccrab) d yiwet n tmeṭṭut tazfit tayunanit, Times-nni walan-tt s yir tamuɣli Yifaṛsiyen, maca tessefreḥ imasiduniyen.

Darius wis 3 yerwel ɣer Midi, sakkin yeɛreḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer Hirikani s yiwen n lɛesker ameẓyan. Aliksandr iɛedda s tɣawla, yewweḍ ɣer Ikbatana , anda i d-yesla belli Dariyus yerwel s wazal n 9000 n yergazen.

Aliksandr yebḍa iɣallen-nnes : Parmenion yeffeɣ ɣer Hyrcania, ma d netta yeḍfer Dariyus s yiwet n tezmert tawezlant. Deffir yiwet n tikli ɣezzifen, yesla belli Dariyus yettwaxdeɛ yerna yettwaṭṭef sɣur Bissus d yimeddukal-is.

Mi d-yewweḍ dinna, Iskender yufa-d belli Darius nɣan-t yergazen-is. Bissus yessekles iman-nnes d agellid s yisem n Artaxerxes V, maca Aliksandr ikemmel amennuɣ-is akken ad isers adabu-nnes ɣef Tgelda Tafarsit taqburt.

Akkin ɣer Usammar

Deffir mi ttwanɣa Dariyus III, Aliksandr yessuter ad yeṭṭef amḍiq-is, yerna yerra tajmilt i ugellid-nni ay yemmuten akken ad yessejhed tazerfa-s ɣer Yifaṛsiyen. Yerra araz i wid i d-itebɛen Darius, gar-asen Artabazus, yerna yemḍel Dariyus di Persipolis. Tihhuga-nni tafaṛsit tedda s lǧehd deg tmuɣli-agi n aliksander, dɣa d aya ay yessisehlen asekcem n yifranen ɣer tgelda-nnes, Aliksandr yeǧǧa ansayen igeldanen imasiduniyen i lfayda n tebzimt(étiquette) tafersit. dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren ccwal gar yimeḍfaren-nnes, yedbda sakkin abḍu n udabu: Hephaistion yuɣal d " chiliarque" , Harpale d axeddam n tadrimt.

Qbel ad yeḍfer Bessus, Aliksandr yessers ddaw-s iɣerfan iɣewwaɣen n Hyrcania d yidurar n Khurāsān . Yesdukkel imsellḥen iqburen n Achaemenid deg yigen-nnes. Netta ijja 6000 n yergazen di Ekbatana s ddaw n Parminiyun . Deffir yiwet n lḥemla tamezwarut deg Arya, yesbedd-d Aliksandr tamdint n Aria (Herat n wass-a). Satibarzanes, ay yettwaḥerzen deg tazwara d anebbaḍ, yekker ɣer tagrawla snat n tikkal uqbel ma yettwanaɣa. Barsaentes, d aɣewwaɣ niḍen, nɣan-t.

Filutas, i yettwardan s txazabit neɣ s tsusmi tammidwant, nɣan-t deffir ma yettwaḥkem fell-as ccṛeɛ. Aliksandr yessuter daɣen ad nɣen baba-s, Parmeniyun, s lemḥadra ɣef wiyaḍ, Tadyant-a tesskanay-d dakken Aliksander ur yesɛi ara taflest meqqren deg iqriben-nnes yernu asebɛed-nnes ɣef tihhugra tamasidunit. Yessuddes lεesker : Axemmem, Crater, Ptolemy d Perdiccas ulin deg tseddart(deg legrad).

Aliksandr yezger-d Arachusya , yessebded-d Iskenderya (Kandahar), sakkin yezger Kuc Hindu, yewweḍ ɣer Baktriya. Bessus, yerwi akal akken ad yeḥbes Aliksander, mačča yettwaxdeɛ sɣur Spitamenes d U xyartes . Ptolemy yeṭṭef Bessus, syin yettwanɣa deg Ecbatana.

Aliksandr iqubel azbu ijehden deg Sogdian d Bactrian , ladɣa tin n Spitaménès ay igezren iɣallen n masidunya. Aliksandr yerra-d s ljehd, yessedrem Siṛupolis, yesbedd-d Iskenderya Eschatè (Khodjent) yerna yesselwi tamesbanit (manifestation) taserdasit mgal Yisakayen. Deffir waṭas n yimenɣiyen, yuɣ Ruksan , yelli-s n Uksartis , akken ad d-yesdukkel iferranen (élites) idiganin. Yettwaxdeɛ Spitaménès yerna nɣan-t deg tgara n 328. Cleitos yuɣal d anabaḍ n Bactriane , deg wemkan n Artabazus. Aẓdam-nni ifuk s usgunfu n yidigan ineggura n uzbu deg 327.

Deg yiwet n tmeɣra, Aliksandr yenɣa Cleitos , ameddakel-is d umdakkel-is n tudert-is meṛṛa, s wurrif ameqqran. Tamenɣiwt-a tessebɣas lḥir d ameqran. Aliksandr yeɛreḍ ad yessers asaḍuf(lqanun) afaṛsi ɣef Yimasiduniyen, ladɣa lqanun n proskynesis , maca yemlal-d ccwal seg Callisthenes. Yessekcem 30.000 n yilemẓiyen isyawiyen akken ad ṭṭfen amkan n wid i s-ṛuḥen seg tredsa tamasidunit. Sakkin tella tuffin n unguz(complot) "lǧerḥ n yisebtar" : Sa(sebεa) ttwanɣan. Callistenes , yesɛan tazrirt gar-asen yerna d win yellan d asenqad n Aliksandr, yettwaḥbes yerna yemmut deg Bactra.

Tagara n tikli deg Lhend

Lhend tessewham Igrikkiyen, ɣas akken drus ay tt-ssnen. Aliksandr yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lhend, d akal afaṛsi s wudem unṣib seg wasmi ay d-yella Darius Amezwaru, akken ad d-yerr tilisa n Tgelda Taceminidt. Yettwajebd-d daɣen s yiberdan n tnezzut ay yeqqnen Lhend ɣer Taɛraben. Mi ara t-yessuter yiwen n ugellid n tmurt-nni, Taksiles , lemɛawna mgal Purus , Aliksandr yettwali aya d tagnit akken ad yekcem deg temsalt-a. Seg useggas n 329 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, yesbedd-d Iskenderya n Qqaser yerna yessewjed-d tikli-nnes (expédition). Ma yella kra ttwalin d akken yettnadi ad yeḍḍef amaḍal, wiyaḍ ttwalin d akken yettnadi deg tazwara ad yeḥkem ɣef Isuddam n tnezzut n temnaḍt-a.

Seg Bactra yesεan yiwet n tredsa d tagtutlayt, Aliksandr yezger Hindu Kush yernu yedda d Taksiles . Iqubel di tazwara Assacenes , sakkin yenṭeg ɣef tɣiwant n Urnus . Syin, yezger Indus, iqubel Purus deg Hydaspes deg yiwen n yimenɣi n yidammen.Yerbeḥ maca iruḥ-as uεudiw-is Bucifalus iwumi yefka tamdint. Yeǧǧa Purus deg udabu, s wakal yettwasnernan. Mi yewweḍ ɣer temdint n Hyfaz , yebɣa ad ikemmel abrid-is ; maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ɣer sdat. Dɣa yebna iseflawen, yesburr agrur d ameqqran uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer deffir.

I wakk-n ad yuɣal ɣer wegmuḍ (lɣerb), Alexander yebna-d yiwet n tanawt yerna yezger-d ɣef Hydaspes sakkin ɣer Hindu. Yemmuger-d iɣerfan yillan ddaw unabaḍ-is, maca ula d iɣewwaɣen, am Ikaṭiyen, Imaliyen neɣ Iksidraken. deg yiwen usutel, yettwajreḥ s waṭas, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren tugdi deg lɛesker-nnes. Peithon imir-nni yesseɣli-d yiwen n lḥers amuqqran mgal icenga-s. Syin akkin, Aliksandr yewweḍ ɣer Ugaraw Ahendi, Dɣa yesnulfa-d asagen deg Patala.

I lmend n tuɣalin, lɛesker yebḍa : Craterus yeffeɣ-d s webrid n Drangiana , Nearchus yeḍfer-d ilel s tanawt-nnes, ma d Aliksandr yefren abrid ay yesɛan ugar iɣeblan deg uneẓruf n Makran. Iqubel tanekra deg Gedrosia , ixuṣṣ-it wučči deg ubrid, yerna yezger-d yiwen n uneẓruf yuɛran nezzeh anda ay mmuten ugar n 6000 n yergazen, am wakken ay mmuten akk yiɣersiwen. Yemlal d Krater di Karmaniya , syin yeqbel Nearchus di Harmuzia . Aneggaru-a, ɣas ma yella-d yiɛewwiqen n yilel d lexṣaṣ n wamann tissit, yessaweḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer rrif n yilel. Yettwaceggeɛ ɣer Susa akken ad iheggi iman-is i tuɣalin n ugellid.

Dernières années du règne

Mi yezger Hindu yerna yuɣal ɣer Faṛs, Aliksandr yufa-d iman-nnes deg wuguren yetthuzzun tamnekda-s. Deg Bactria, imkariyen igrikiyen fuṛsen iba-ines akken ad snekren yiwet n tagrawla. Deg Maṣer, Cleomenes, ay d-yessers Alexander ɣef uqerru n tedbelt, itekkan u yessexdem yar assexdem adabu-ines, yuɣal yettgen amzun d anabaḍ ay yesɛan azarug (autonomie). Harpalus, yellan d axeznay-is yerna d ameddakel-is aqdim, yerwel si Babil s yiwen n weḥric ameqran s ugerruj n ugellid, mebla ccekk akken ad yerwel si teɣdemt n ugellid. Aliksandr yerra-d akken ilaq: yezger Carmania, yerra-d asaḍuf, iga tarrut mgal inabaḍen yettwacukten s uɣuru, yerna iga-d aɛawed n ussuddes ameqran n tedbelt n tgelda, d uɛawed n yimḍabren n udabu ixuṣṣen.

Deg yiwet n tikli isɛan azamul iǧehden, Aliksandr yessuddes-d yiwet n tmeɣra tameqrant n zzwaǧ deg Susa gar yifesyanen-nnes d tlawin tifarsiyin timeqranin. Netta s timmad-nnes yezwej d Stateira , yelli-s n Darius wis 3, d Parysatis , yelli-s n Artaxerxes wis 3, dɣa s waya ay sdukklen snat-nni n tmiwa n tgelda. 10.000 n yiserdasen iyunaniyen d yimaṣudinyen ay yezweǧen daɣen tilawin n Asya, yal tadukli tedda-d yid-s yiwet n tafzart ay d-yefka Aliksandr. Iswi n tezrawt-a d asnulfu n tdukli n snat n tgemmiwin ed ussebded n tdukli n tgelda. D acu kan, tasertit-a n usdukkel (fusion) tessebɣas-d ccwal daxel n yigen, anda aṭas ay yettwalin zzwaǧ-a d axḍaf n tgemmi tamasidunit.

Akken kan tekfa tmeɣra n Susa, Aliksandr yenna-d i Upis dakken dakken yella yettazen-d iɣallen-nni iqburen ay yellan ttwajerḥen aṭas neɣ meqqrit aṭas deg leɛmer ɣer Masidunya. Maca aɣtas-a ttwalin-t yiserdasen-nnes d aɛewwel i lfayda n yiserdasen n wegmuḍ (ccerq) i d-ikecmen seg melmi kan. Tebda-d yiwet n tnekra : iserdasen ssuturen-d tuɣalin-nsen s ujemmal, yerna sseknen-d urfan-nsen ɣef tsertit n "usdukkel n yiɣerfan". Aliksandr yerra-d s ccwal : yessuter ad nɣen imḍebbren n tɣiwant-nni, sakkin, yeqqen iman-nnes deg Aɣrem-nnes, yugi ad iẓer iserdasen-nnes imaṣiduniyen. Taggara, Aliksandr yerra-ten ɣer lfayda-nnes, maca taruẓi n tuzzma yellan tura gar-as d yiserdasen-nnes d alqayant.

Aliksandr, ɣas akken yezzi ɣer tama n Ugmuḍ, ur yettu ara timdinin n Yiyunaniyen. Yuzen-d tabrat ay deg yumeṛ ad d-uɣalen yiɣriben isertiyen ɣer temdinin-nsen, d taɣawsa ay yeshuden lmizan asertan deg Yunan yerna d tin ay d-yesnekren ccwal ijehden, ladɣa deg Atina. Deg tallit-nni kan, yella yettḥettim seg Yigrikkiyen tajmilt n Yillu i netta, imi ay yebɣa ad t-id-snen d yiwen n yillu ay yeddren, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren lḥir d ccwal. Yuzen-d daɣen Kraterus akken ad yeṭṭef amkan n Antipater , ajiniṛal-is aqdim, d aqerru n Masidunya. Maca Antipater, imi ur yebɣi ara ad yefk adabu, yuzen mmi-s Cassandra ɣer Babil akken ad iqabel ṛṛay-agi. Tamettant n Harpalus, ay yettwaɣen kra kan n wakud deffir ma yewweḍ ɣer Atina, terna-d ɣef tegnit n ccek d ccwal.

Ɣas akken llant tɣawsiwin i d-yeglan s ccwal, Aliksandr yettkemmil lebɣi-ines ameqqran. Yebda-d yiwet n tuffɣa n uɛaqeb mgal Cosséens , d aɣref n wedrar ay d-yesnekren ccwal. Syin, yuɣal ɣer Babil, ibɣa ad t-yerr d tamaneɣt n tgelda-ines taɣelnawt. Yettwaqbel s tmagliwin (délegations) seg wakk timnaḍin n Asya akk-d tmura nniḍen, yerna aya yefkad tanagit ɣef wazal-is deg umaḍal akk.La yettheyyi yiwet n tuffɣa d tameqrant ɣer tama Taɛrabt yernu yella yessefray ad yessefqed tama n wegmuḍ n Tefriqt. lweqt-nni kan, ikemmel yesseqdac Ifaṛsiyen deg yigen(taredsa), yerna yesselmad 20.000 n yiserdasen iṛaniyen ilmeẓyen i yimenɣi ɣef leḥsab tamudemt (modèle) amasiduni. Annect-a akk yettcehhid-d ɣef lebɣi-s akken ad d-yesnulfu taɣerma tamaynut, mačči d tagrikkit wala d tin ussamer (tacerqit), maca texleḍ.

Deg yiwen n imensi deg 323, Aliksandr teṭṭef-it tawla d tameqrant. Aṭṭan-nni yennerna s tɣawla, yerna ɣas akken llan ttḥaraben fell-as yimejjayen-nnes, yeqqim acḥal n wussan deg usu. Ikemmel yettak-d lewṣayat armi d ass n 4 yunyu, imi yuɣal yessusem. Ass n 10 yunyu 323, di leɛmeṛ-is 32 iseggasen, Iskender yemmut di Babil. Awal-is aneggaru, ɣef akken i d-yenna wansay, ad yili "deg win iǧehden akk" akken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi yerzan ɣef win ara t-id-yeḍḍfen. Mi yemmut, ulac aɣawas n umyeḍfer, ijiniṛalen-nnes — Idiadochiyen — kecmen deg yimenɣi n udabu ara icerken tagelda ɣef tmerwin n yiseggasen.

Tamettant aliwandr tella-d i waṭas n turdiwin : ssem, leḥzen, aṭṭan. Imazrayen atraren ttaken azal i tiẓri n waṭṭan n Malarya, ahat yewwi-t-id seg wasif n Lfuraṭ. Tiskanin ay d-yettwasfehmen deg yiɣbula iqburen — tawla tameqrant, timuhbelt, asṛuḥu n wawal — ttemcabint d yiwet n talɣa qsiḥen ay izemren ad d-tili sɣur yiwen n Malarya iǧehden aṭas.

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