Nana Asma'u

Nana Asmaɛu neɣ Asma bint shehu Ousman dan Fodio (1793-1864) d tageldunt tafulanit, d tamedyazt, d taselmadt. D yelli-s n win ay d-yesbedden taselṭant n Sokoto, Shehu Ousman dan Fodio ed yiwet seg tlawin-nnes, Maimuna. Nana Asma’u tebda-d anabaḍ (système) n ussegmi i tlawin n Sokoto. Tettwassen daɣen imi tura aṭas n yidlisen d yiḍrisen iseklanen d yimusnawen [ 1 ] .

Ttwaḥesben-tt aṭas ass-a d amedya (lemtel) n tmeṭṭut tamesnallunt (intellectuelle) ed tmaziɣt [ 2 ] deg umezruy n Yinselmen n Tefriqt yerna mazal-itt d amdan yesɛan azal deg ugafa n Nijirya [ 3 ]

Tasenudert

Nana Asmaɛu tlul-d azal n 1793. Ssemman-as Asmaɛu i lmend n usmekti n Asma bint Abu Bakr, yelli-s n umdakkel n Nnbi Muḥemmed, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq. Nana Asma tesɛa gma-s akniwen umi semman Hassan ay yemmuten deg 1817 [ 4 ] . Tamẓi-nnes teḍra-d deg tallit n ljihad n Ousman dan Fodio (1804-1808), d yiwen n uswir n yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan mgal tgeldiwin n Yiḥusayen. Deg tgara n Jihad, Ousmane dan Fodio yesbedd-d Tasultant n Sokoto, d tagelda (empire) tineslemt ay yesɛan tajumma n 400.000 n yikilumitren (km2), yerna tezga-d deg ugafa n Nijirya n wass-a. Nana Asmaɛu d yelli-s n Uselṭan amezwaru n Sokotu d weltma-s n Uselṭan wis sin, Muḥemmed Bellu. Tezweǧ d Gidadu b. Laima, yellan d tameddakelt d lwazir n Mohamed Bello i d-tesɛa yid-s xemsa warrac. [ 4 ]

Nana Asmaɛu tuɣal d tanemhalt n gma-s asmi ay d-yeḍfer baba-tsen Ousman dan Fodio, [ 5 ] tettneṣṣaḥ Mohammed Bello d wid ay t-id-yezzin deg wakk tallit n tgelda-nnes armi d asmi ay yemmut deg 1837, am wakken ay tettneṣṣaḥ yessetma-s Maryam d Fatima d tlawin sɣur Ousman dan Fodio, Aïsha d Hawwa. D tidet, seg 1805, tilawin n twacult n lxalifa qqlent sɛant azal meqqren yerna llant tturarent tamlilt tasertit yerna ttgent-d tiɣawsiwin tiseklanin deg Sokoto [ 6 ] . Yekker-d deg twacult n yimusnawen ed yimusnawen inselmen, am watmaten-nnes Asmaɛu ay d-yewwin aselmed n Leqran s telqey. Ousman dan Fodio ed wid ay t-id-yeḍfer, ḍefren-d ansay n qadiriyya n Suffis, llan ttgen ccɣel-nsen akken ad bḍun tamussni, ladɣa Sunna, d aḍris ineslem ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tudert n Nnbi Muḥemmed. Ɣur-sen, almud war aselmed ur yesɛi ara anamek, aya war ccek d yiwen seg yiferdisen ay d-yesskanayen ayɣer Nana Asma'u, ay d-yefrurxen deg tgemmi-a, tefka azal ameqran deg tudert-nnes akk i usselmed n tlawin [ 7 ] . Am waṭas n yiɛeggalen n twacult-is, tuɣal daɣen d tameskart n tmedyazt.

Tamyarut d tnesɣamut

Nana Asma’u tessawal 4 n tutlayin: taɛṛabt, tafulanit, taḥuṣit, d tamaṣ̣eqt yerna tessen idles yettwarun s taɛṛabt ed tmaziɣt [ 8 ] . Teṭṭef aṭas n tbaḍniwin s tutlayin-a ed yemḍebbren imeqranen seg temdinin niḍen n txellift ed ula sdat-s. [ 9 ] S yisem-nnes d tamesbaṭut tasertit n ccṛeɛ n Tgelda n Sokoto, tga-d aṭas n yiḍrisen ay yesɛan ccɣel-nsen, am tirawin niḍen ay d-ssuffɣen yiɛeggalen n Sokoto, d akken ad qqimen d abrid s talɣa n tmeẓdiyin (archives) i tsuta ay d-yetteddun n yemḍebbren. Sḍis n yixeddimen n Nana Asma, i tura deg tallit n 40 n yiseggasen, wwḍen-aɣ-d. Tessuffeɣ-d lḥir-is seg tmedyezt taɛrabt taqburt am wakken ay d-tessuffeɣ tizlatin tifulaniyin tiɣerfanin, dɣa d aya ay d-yesskanayen dakken ass-a, amur ameqran seg yisefra-nnes [ 10 ] ttwarun s taɛṛabt, s tfulanit ed tḥusayt ay yettwarun s yisekkilen n taɛṛabt [ 6 ] . Gar yixeddimen n Nana Asma, llant tmucuha n umezruy, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n lḥir d lewṣayat. Ttura-d aṭas n tmedyazin (élégies) aydeg tessemɣer leqdicat d tgemmi n baba-s. Tazlit-is tamezwarut yura-tt deg useggas n 1830, taneggarut deg useggas n 1865 [ 4 ] . Menɣir tira-nnes taseklant, Nana Asma tessuqel aṭas n yiḍrisen ɣer tutlayin niḍen war ma d taɛṛabt, gar-asen kra ay d-yura gma-s Mohammed Bello am: Kitàb al-Nisha ay d-yura deg 1836 [ 4 ] . Nnig waya, isefra-nnes ay d-yellan deg tlemmast n ussegmi n ddin ineslem uɣalen d allalen n uselmed n yimenzayen igejdanen n txellaft i yimezdaɣ [ 11 ] . Imnadiyen n umezruy ttwalin dakken tira-nnes llant deg-sent s waṭas tgermanin ɣef tedyanin ay d-yellan deg tallit n ufares-nsent. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg 1821, tga-d yiwen n usefru s tfulanit umi semman Fa'inna ma'a a'sur yasuran mgal uqerru n Yituragiyen Ibra ay d-yesnekren tasultant-nni yerna tga-d daɣen yiwet n teqsiḍt n tmedyazt s uzwel n Wakar Gewaye ("asikel") ay yerzan ljihad . n baba-s. [ 11 ]

Aselmed n tlawin

Tasertit n ussegmi ay d-yettwawehhan i teqcicin, llant yakan Ousman dan Fodio ay tt-id-yesbedden. Daxel n twacult-is n lmuqedmin inselmen, yemma-s d tmeṭṭut-is llant d tilawin d imusnawen yeɣran [ 8 ] . Ousman dan Fodio yeḥseb d akken yessefk ad ttwassiwḍen usselmed ed wazalen n ddin daxel n twacult, ladɣa s tlawin yerna ɣef waya ay yella d aɛessas n usselmed-nsent s usseḍru n wallalen ara ten-yeǧǧen ad ḍefren aselmed [ 8 ] . Tilawin tifulaniyin ed tlawin seg tdukli (élite) n temdint, ladɣa tilawin yettwaḥeqren (tilawin yettwaferqen ɣef umedya) ttwaɛerḍent ladɣa akken ad ḍefrent iselmaden-a, Nana Asma u tessekcem-d tilawin-a deg tɣellist (sécurité) ed leqder s lekmal-nnes [ 12 ] . Qbel lǧihad-nni, Ousmane dan Fodio yella yesselmad deg tɣiwanin n tnezzut (commerce) n Yiḥusayen, yerna aselmed-nnes ay ḍefren aṭas n medden, yella yeldi imir-nni i tlawin am wakken ay yeldi i yergazen. S rrbeḥ n tḥemliwin n ljihad ay d-yellan deffir 1808, yerna azal ay yettunefken i temsalt n usselmed n tmeṭṭut.

Daxel n tselṭanat, Nana Asmaɛu tella tettkel ɣef usselmed n tlawin. Tella tettḥulfu ladɣa s dduṛ n tlawin deg unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ed yizerfan-nsent daxel n tmetti tinselmit n Sokoto. Armi d aseggas n 1815, tefka-d aselmed deg uxxam-is, anda tezdeɣ nettat d wergaz-is d warraw-is, syin timliliyin ttilint deg uxxam aqbur n Ousmane dan Fodio, anda yella uẓekka-s. Kra kra, aselmed-nnes yewwi-d ccbaḥa d tameqrant yerna aṭas n tlawin seg temdinin ed tuddar niḍen ay d-yusan ɣer Sokoto akken ad lemdent [ 13 ] . Nana Asma’u tesnulfa-d sakkin, azal n 1830, yiwen n ugraw n tlawin n yiselmaden umi semman jajiss, d tid ay yettɛeddayen deg wakk timnaḍin n txellaft akken ad sselmednt tilawin deg yixxamen n leqraya [ 14 ] . Yal yiwen seg yijajiyen-a yella yettwabna ɣef leqdic n Nana Asma ed yimusnawen niḍen isufiyen [ 15 ] , yerna mnemoniques-nsen tessefsay-d aḥezzeb [ 16 ] , Nana Asma tefka i yijajiyen-nni yiwet n tɣawsa n zik ay d-yesskanayen lmuqedmin n Gobir ay d-yellan d aḥeqqi, yerna ttwaqqnen-tt s tɣawsa taberkant [ 15 ] . Ijajiyen uɣalen d azamul n Uwanak amaynut, n lqanun amaynut, d uselmed n Lislam ula berra i tmettiyin n tlawin [ 17 ] , tinselmin neɣ ur nelli d tinselmin [ 16 ] .

Azal n 1850, tesnulfa-d daɣen amussu n Yan Taru ay d-yesnulfan, “tadukli”, isem-nnes yettmeslay-d ɣef yiwet n terbaɛt n tlawin ay yelmed [ 18 ] akk d yiwen yerna ttgent-d yiwet n tdukli n tmeṭṭut yerna iswi-nnes d asselmed ed ussebɣes n tlawin n tgelda n Sokoto [ 18 ] . Tilawin-a ilaq-asent ad ssiwḍent s ujemmal ɣer yiselmaden niḍen. Jajiss llan ttgen tikliwin-a n tlawin deg tallit n lḥejj. Tamesbanit n tlawin teddu mebla ma tella-d tmeṭṭut-is, tettcennu yerna tettkemmil deg berra [ 19 ] . Amussu n Yan Taru yella yettwaḥrez ladɣa i teqcicin timeẓyanin d tlawin n leɛmer alemmas [ 20 ] . Tilawin yezweǧen yesɛan izerfan n twacult ur ttekkant ara, maca ttakent-d lxir sɣur wid izemren ad awḍen din. Nana Asma’u tesseqdac lxir-agi i leqdic-is n lxir. Yan Taru mazal-itent d tiddukla n lḥejj n tlawin ass-a deg Sokoto [ 21 ] .

Agadar (ansay) amiran

Tagzemt n Nana Asma'u ur tettwasbedd kan ɣef yixeddimen-nnes iseklanen ed yimusnawen, wanag tettwasbedd daɣen ɣef dduṛ ay turar deg ussebded n wazalen n Tgelda n Sokoto. Ass-a, deg ugafa n Nijirya, tuddsiwin n tlawin tinselmin, iɣerbazen ed yimukan n temliliyin ttawint-d s waṭas isem-nnes. Udem n Nana Asma’u yuɣal-d deg uskasi anagdud ay d-yellan ɣef uskasi ɣef dduṛ n tmeṭṭut deg Lislam deg lqern wis XXe [ 20 ] . D nettat ay d asentel n waṭas n tezrawin, ladɣa tin n Jean Boyd deg Weltma n Xalifa: Nana Asmaɛu 1793–1865: Taselmadt, Tamedyazt ed Temḍebbert Taslemt (1989). Ameskar yettwali azal n yiḍrisen-is i yessawḍen ad t-id-sbedden s waṭas n tmuɣliwin n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy afriqi [ 17 ] . D nettat daɣen ay d-yellan d asentel n wedlis n Yiwet n Tmeṭṭut Ljihad: Nana Asmaɛu, Tamussnawt ed Tamarut n Beverly B. Mack ed Jean Boyd (2000). Axeddim n Yixeddimen yettwajemɛen n Nana Asma’u, Yelli-s n Usman dan Fodiyo 1793–1864, i d-ssuffɣen Boyd d Mack, yeffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1997 [ 22 ] . Aḍris seg udlis n Yiḍrisen n Aysha II n Nana Asma yettwasmel deg tmezgunt n tmedyazt Timaynutin n Tefriqt (2019). ) t-id-tessuffeɣ Margaret Busby [ 23 ] . Deg 2019 lwali ay yellan d aselway n weɣlif n wakal d tnezduɣt deg Uwanak n Sokoto, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, yefka-d akal i lebni n tesdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin umi semman Tasdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin n Nana Asma’u deg Sokoto ay d-tesfaydi Tdukli n Sultan [ 24 ] .

Tizmilin d yimniren

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