Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza , yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Bento de Espinosa neɣ Benedictus de Spinoza , ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di Den Haag . Yella d amesnagay n Tmurt n Wadda uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen.

Spinoza yeɣra aṭas deg temẓi-s, ladɣa deg tgemmi n uselmed n Iyehuden (yeshiva). Yessin taɛebrit, talatinit akked tutlayt tahulandit. Yeɣra daɣen timucuha n Iyehuden akked tfelsuft.

Maca mi meqqer, yebda yettemseḥsab deg wayen yeqqar deg ddin. Yura tiktiwin ur nettqebbel ara tmetti tahudit n lweqt-nni. Deg useggas 1656, ṭṭerḍen-t seg tmetti n Iyehuden (herem).

Syin, yuɣal d afelyasuf ilelli, yettaru ɣef tfelsuft, tusna akked ddin. Ger wayen yura:

Tiktiwin-is timenziyin:

Yemmut deg La Haye deg 1677. Ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is, yuɣal d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n umezruy.

Tudert n Spinoza (1632-1677)

Baruch Spinoza ilul deg useggas n 1632 di temdint n Amsterdam (Tamurt n Wadda), deg yiwet n twacult tudayt i d-yerwelen seg Portugal imi llan ttwaqehṛen ɣef ddemma n ddin-nsen. Yeɣra taɣuri n ddin n udayen, maca seg temẓi-s, yebda yettxemmim yerna yettcikki deg wayen i s-sselmaden.

Deg useggas n 1656, asmi yesɛa 23 iseggasen kan, aɣerman n udayen n Amsterdam yessufeɣ-it, yerra-t "berra n wansayen n tudayt", acku tiktiwin-is ɣef Yakuc(illu), ameɣraḍ d wayen yura di Tora (adlis uɣris n udayen) ur mṣadant ara d wayen ttaɣen tanumi imdanen s umata deg tallit-nni. Seg wass-nni, Spinoza yuɣal la yettidir iman-is, yettḥeccim, yerna yettmahil d asnexdaḍ n llentiyyat n unẓar iwakken ad yaweḍ ad yečč. Tira-s yettarut-ten s tuffra, yerna yugi ad iqbel imukan s-yiman-nsen deg tseddawiyin timeqqranin iwakken ad yeḥrez tilelli n tidmi -s. Yemmut deg useggas n 1677, s waṭṭan n turin.

Tafelsafit-is

Tafelsafit n Spinoza d yiwet n tfelsafit tameẓdut maca tesɛa yiwen wannaḍ ameqqran. Adlis-is ameqqran, "Timlilɣi", yura-t s wudem n tnezeggit , am wakken yettberhin di tusnakt.

Yakuc d Agama (Deus sive Natura)

Tazwart tameqqrant akk deg tfelsafit n Spinoza d tamiḍrant n "Deus sive Natura", anamek-is 'Yakuc neɣ Agama'. ɣur Spinoza:

Tanga, Iraten, d Tilɣa (Substance, Attributs, Modes)

Iwakken ad issefhem ameɣraḍ , yessemres tlata n tmiḍranin tigejdanin:

Ma yella Tanga d yiwet, amek ihi i nezmer ad nwali amgarad meqqren deg umaḍal (tidmi, tafekka, atg.)? Dagi i d-kkan Iraten .

D acu i d Urat (un Attribut)? D ayen i t-iṣebbren agagg n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen Tanga . Llan aṭas n wudmawen neɣ n leṣnaf s wayes i d-teskan Tanga iman-is; yal udem seg-sen d Urat . Iraten mačči d ayen yernan ɣer Tanga , maca d aẓar-is, d ayen i tt-yesbedden.

Ayen ilaqen ad t-neṭṭef: Tidmi d Tiddi mačči d snat n tngiwin (substances) yemgaraden. D sin wudmawen yemgaraden n yiwet n Tanga kan. Am wakken ad twaliḍ yiwen wezṛu s snat n llentiyyat yemgaraden: yiwet tesskan-ak-id ini-s, tayeḍ amek yettceɛceɛ. Maca d yiwen weẓru i ttwaliḍ.

3. Tilɣa (Les Modes): D ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen. D amedya, yal taɣawsa yellan (amdan, aẓru, yiwet n tidmi ) d talɣa kan, ur tezmir ad tili s yiman-is mebla tanga tagejdant (Yakuc).

S wakka, Tilɣa d ayen i d-yettban s lḥedd d wazal, maca d abdar kan n Tanga tamagdezt .

Amedya aneggaru iwakken ad nejmeɛ kulci: Xayel agaraw ameqqran (l'océan).

Aziɣer d Tafekka

Spinoza yettwali aziɣer (neɣ allaɣ ) d tfekka mačči d sin leṣnaf yemgaraden i yettemyilin, maca d sin iraten yemgaraden ( Tidmi d Tiddi) n yiwet n tanga kan: Yakuc/ Agama . Anamek-is, ayen iḍerrun di tfekka-nneɣ, iḍerru daɣen deg uziɣer -nneɣ s wudem amsadaɣ , mačči d yiwen i d ssebba n wayeḍ.

Aguccel d Tilelli

ɣur Spinoza, ulac ayen i d-yeḍrun s wudem agacuran . Kulci di tɣerma d wagama yettḍafar ilugan izaruranen. Yal taɣawsa tesɛa ssebba-s. S wakka, tilelli n lebɣi am wakken i tt-nettwali d leɣlaḍ kan, d ayen i d-yekkan seg leqdic-nneɣ n ssebbat i ɣ-yeddelin. Maca, Spinoza yeqqar belli amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yiwet n talɣa n tlelli. Tilelli n ṣṣeḥ, mačči d tukkes n ssebbat, maca d lefhama-nsent. Asmi ara yefhem umdan s wudem ameɣẓan belli netta d amur seg wagama yerna kulci yettḍafar yiwen wannaḍ , ad yekkes fell-as lxiq d uɣedlilef , yerna ad yaweḍ ɣer tnefsit n talwit i wumi isemma "tayri tagaggant n Yakuc".

Timlilɣi d Tsertit

Axxam agejdan n tfelsafit-is d adabu ɣef iremsan (les passions). Yettwali belli iremsan am lferḥ, lḥezen, neɣ tadfi, d isalli kan i d-yettak aziɣer ɣef lḥala n tfekka. Ma yella nefhem-iten s wagagg , nezmer ad ten-nsenneɣ, ad nuɣal seg wid i ten-yeṭṭafaṛen ɣer wid i ten-yettḥekkmen, d ayen i d-yettaken talwit d tssaɛda. Deg tsertit, Spinoza yedda d tugdut , yerna yefka azal ameqqran i tlelli n tidmi d umsawal.