Tamurt n Iqbayliyen

Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin, tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel (s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen") , d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n Yilel Agrakal . Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen Taqvaylit , yiwet si ger tutlayin timaziɣin .

S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal (am Danmaṛk , neɣ Taswist , neɣ Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda ), Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ [ 1 ] zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n Lezzayer , d wazal n sin n imelyan deg Fṛansa , akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg umaḍal , aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n Tunes .

Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: Tizi Wezzu , Vgayet , Tubiret , Bumerdas , Sṭif [ 2 ] , Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ , Mila , d Skikda [ 3 ] .

Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa.

Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel

Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus.

Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ( Aqbu ) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu.

Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden.

Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen” [ 4 ] .

Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen [ 5 ] akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, At Wasif) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, At Bu Yusef, At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf) [ 6 ] .

Ibn Xeldun yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen [ 6 ] . (Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)

Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan.

Aselmad Salem Chaker yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet") [ 6 ] . Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui [ 7 ] .

Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen.

Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin.

Amezruy

Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n Ǧerǧer yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n Muns Ferratus ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten Aurelius Victor deg wedlis-is ( De Caesaribus 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d Eutropius ( Breviarium 9.22: "Quinquegentiani").

Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL).

Ẓer: Numidya

Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast.

Tallit talemmast

Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma.

Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg Tefriqt Ugafa deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen. [ 10 ] Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa Taɛrabt n Tefriqt Ugafa , Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ]

Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken.

Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben

Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa [ 20 ] . Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.

Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren. [ 21 ]

Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt". [ 22 ] Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am Aksel neɣ Dihya Tadmut , iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.

Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen (جزية ǧizyah) , ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen (dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي) , war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen.

Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab

Deg useggas n 740 , imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq [ 23 ] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt. [ 24 ] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d Ɛennaba , si tmurt n Lmerruk alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen. [ 25 ] Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen (ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen) [ 26 ] , yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n Ibn Xeldun : "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen". [ 27 ]

Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer. [ 28 ] Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar. [ 29 ] Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di Maṣer , ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa. [ 30 ] Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt. [ 31 ]

Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n Yilel Agrakal , Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n Bgayet deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna. [ 30 ] Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid". [ 32 ] S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft [ 33 ] , tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg Turuft , sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg Turuft . [ 34 ] Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII. [ 24 ] Dɣa deg tɣiwant n Bgayet , azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen (imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni) d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt , (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni) yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130. [ 22 ] Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif. [ 35 ] S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda. [ 36 ] Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet (deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes) d Dellys (i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan) tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen.

Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin. [ 37 ]

Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif. [ 25 ]

Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n Tunes , neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n Spenyul .

Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen

Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a [ 38 ] , neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam. [ 22 ]

Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d Tunes ; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen [ 39 ] d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint. [ 39 ]

I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj (Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis , yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn) . [ 40 ] Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen [ 41 ] , tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d Ǧiǧel . [ 42 ] Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen. [ 43 ] Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n Kuku [ 44 ] i d-yeddren sin n leqrun. [ 45 ] Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet [ 46 ] , s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen. [ 47 ] [ 48 ]

Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen [ 25 ] maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam [ 49 ] : tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer. [ 50 ] Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ( Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas.

Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa. [ 51 ]

Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal Ǧiǧel . Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa. [ 52 ] Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer Qsenṭina deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen. [ 53 ]

Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg Buɣni i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is. [ 54 ]

S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt. [ 55 ] Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt. [ 25 ] Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen. [ 31 ] Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen. [ 56 ] I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen. [ 57 ] Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni. [ 58 ]

D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 (deg temnaḍt n Soummam) . [ 59 ] Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw. [ 60 ]

Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a.

Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857

I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen:

Awanek: d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines.

Anavad: yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes.

Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli” [ 61 ] yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt.

Awalen i d-tenna Lalla Faḍma n Sume r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.”

Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli.

Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 (aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj) armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli.

Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.” [ 62 ]

Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit.

Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.” [ 62 ]

Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen. [ 63 ]

Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen (ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal [ 62 ] , yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella) [ 62 ] d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines.

D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi Imaziɣen akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti.

Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya.

Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa [ 64 ]

Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: axxam , taxerrubt , adrum , taddart , Ṣfuf d lɛerc [ 65 ] [ 66 ] . Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is [ 67 ] . Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut [ 68 ] , deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart [ 69 ] . Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya (taqbilt) [ 65 ] .

Taddart

Amezruy

Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu [ 70 ] . Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer [ 71 ] . Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya [ 72 ] .

Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent [ 73 ] .

Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868 [ 74 ] . Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen [ 75 ] . Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen [ 76 ] .

Talɣa

Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift [ 77 ] neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem [ 66 ] . Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) [ 78 ] .

Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult.

Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella [ 79 ] . Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen [ 76 ] .

Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen [ 80 ] , mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud [ 73 ] . Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel.

Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen [ 81 ] . Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ [ 82 ] . Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal.

Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama [ 83 ] [ 84 ] . .

Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen [ 83 ] [ 85 ] .

Asqamu n taddart

Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* (tajmaɛt) n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt [ 86 ] , yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ [ 87 ] . Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra.

Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa [ 86 ] . Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen [ 88 ] . Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult [ 89 ] . Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen [ 89 ] .

* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan.

Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ [ 90 ] . Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a [ 66 ] . Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen [ 91 ] . Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu [ 92 ] . Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk [ 93 ] . Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag [ 94 ] .

Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar” [ 95 ] .

Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ [ 96 ] . Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes [ 97 ] . Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba [ 98 ] .

Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla [ 99 ] , am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara [ 100 ] , ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat) [ 101 ] . Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ [ 102 ] .

Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert [ 103 ] . D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart [ 104 ] .

Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni [ 105 ] .

Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman' [ 106 ] . Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken [ 107 ] . D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen [ 108 ] . Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is [ 109 ] . Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran [ 110 ] . Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran [ 110 ] .

Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem' [ 111 ] . Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden [ 92 ] .

Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt [ 87 ] . Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen [ 112 ] . Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw.

Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula [ 113 ] .

Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten [ 113 ] .

Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ [ 114 ] .

Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun [ 114 ] . Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen.

Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is [ 115 ] .

S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen [ 116 ] . Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf [ 117 ] :

Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt [ 118 ] . Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin.

Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749 [ 119 ] .

Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar (s umata sin neɣ tlata) ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt [ 120 ] .

Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid [ 121 ] .

Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin [ 122 ] . Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen [ 123 ] .

Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist [ 105 ] .

Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin [ 124 ] . Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen [ 72 ] . Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren.

Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya) [ 124 ] .

Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal [ 125 ] . Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt) [ 126 ] , d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin.

"Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser [ 127 ] ". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) (Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit) .

Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ [ 125 ] . Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen.

"Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ... [ 128 ] " ― Jules Liorel, Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura (1892).

Agraw n Tamawya

Tiẓri taɣelnawt

Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun [ 129 ] , anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti [ 130 ] . Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten [ 131 ] .

Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ.

Ameqran (lamin) n Tamawya

Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen [ 122 ] .

Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa

Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d:

“Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45) [ 132 ]

Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer Surya netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.

Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel. [ 133 ]

Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857. [ 133 ]

Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli" [ 61 ] Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa.

Tasertit

Iẓwawen ittwasnen

Udmawen Iqbayliyen

Wali daɣen

Ismal n Internet

Iɣbula