Bgayet

Bgayet neɣ Vgayet ( ⴲⴳⴰⵢⴻⵝ s Tifnaɣ) d tamdint akk d asagan meqqren deg Yilel Agrakal akk d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt n Bgayet deg tmurt n leqbayel . Tamdint n Bgayet tesɛa azal n 177, 988 [ 1 ] n imezdaɣ. Tamnaḍt n Bgayet tesɛa azal n amelyun n yimezdaɣ (2008) [ 2 ] .

Aẓar n yisem n Bgayet

Bgayet d isem amaziɣ—i yellan deg tazwara d Tabgayet, maca asekkil n “t” amezwaru n yisem-is d-yettakken azref n tmeṭṭut yeɣli-d deg useqdec acḥal aya —yekka-d seg wawalen iqburen tabegga neɣ tabeɣayt, s unamek n atrar n "imudaɣ d tizwal n tẓegwa" [ 3 ] . Isem n Bgayet yesεa ihi yiwen n uẓar amaziɣ deg tazwara am yismawen niḍen n temdinin n Tamezɣa am Thugga d Baja deg Tunes neɣ Begay (Baghaï, s tarbt "بغاي") deg Wawras . [ 3 ]

Deg tutlayin i d-yekkan srid seg tlatinit taɣerfant n tallit talemmast—xemsa-nni n tutlayin i yettmeslayen s waṭas, d taspenyult, tapurtugit, tafṛansist, taṭelyanit, tarumaniyt— Bugaya (seg taɛrabt بجاية; s tespenyulit Bujía d s taṭelyanit Bugía [ 4 ] ) d isem i d-yettunefken i temdint-a imi deg tallit-nni tessawaḍ-d ɣer Tuṛuft aṭas n ccmeɛ n tizizwa i usnulfu n teftilin [ 5 ] . Dɣa, isem-nni yuɣal Bougie s tefransist. S tikelt ɣer tayed, deg tallit n tlemmas, isem-nni yewweḍ ad d-yerzu ɣer i usnulfu n teftilin di Turuf; seg imir-n, s umata, teftilin ttwasemman s tefransist s wawal "bougie" [ 4 ] . Aya daɣen i d yerran wawal n “bougeoir”, d win ay d-yesskanayen ticemmaɛin s ufus ɣezzifen i sseqdacen ineɣmasen akatuliken d iserdasen imeqranen. [ 6 ]

Tarakalt

Temding n Bgayet tella deg ugafa n tamnaḍt n Bgayet, ɣef tafsirt agrakal dɣa tettwazger sɣur Asif asemmam , taɣiwant n Bgayet tella deg iri n ilel Agrakal deg ugafa d ugmuḍ dɣa tennuled tiɣiwanin n Tuǧa deg ugmuḍ, n Asif n Ɣir deg wenẓul dɣa Buxlifa d Tala Ḥemza deg wenẓul-agmuḍ.

Amkan

Tilin n Bgayet teqqen ɣer i wasagan-is i tt-yerran d tamerkantit seg tazwara-s. Tettiki deg yiwen n ukalil (aḥric amecṭuḥ n waman i d-yeffɣen seg uḥric ameqqran) i yesɛan ṣṣenf n tmeẓdit, yerna yettwaḥrez seg tmeẓdit n waḍu n yilel (i d-yettmuqulen ɣer ugafa-utrim) s uḥric n Cape Carbon (ɣer utaram n temdint) . Bgayet tettwaḍmen s udrar n Yemma Guraya i d-yezgan deg umalu n ugafa-utrim. Tamuɣli seg usagan-is, d yiwet seg timuɣliwin icebḥen akk n rrifan n ilellen n Tmezɣa akk d n Yilel Agrakal, imi tesɛa idurar n ibabuṛen icebḥen deffir-s. Lfayda niḍen i tesɛa temdint-a imi tella d amkan anda i d-teffeɣ teẓgi n Wasif Asemmam ; d agnir yesɛan azal n wagama akk d azal adamsan i d-yettmuqulen ɣer wenẓul-asamer. Maca, seg wasmi i d-teqqel tamdint d tamanaɣt, yella-d umgired gar temdint d timnaḍin niḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef ssebba n wugur n usenqed n temnaḍin i yellan deffir n temdint.

Deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa-ines d temnaḍin-nniḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Bgayet tettak-d aɛrur-is i timnaḍin: amkan-is deg taggara n Wasif Asemmam yerra-tt d assaɣ gar Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tameqrant d Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt. Maca sin-a ttwaqqnent ɣef yiman-nsent yerna ttnadint ɣef tmaneɣin n daxel n tmurt (Tizi Wezzu, Aqbu, Xerraṭa , atg.) s tuɣalin-nsen ɣer lebεid n rrif n yilel. Bgayet tesɛa, seg yiwet n tama, iẓuran idiganen ixuṣṣen; llan kan rebεa neɣ xemsa n tɣiwanin i d-iqerben ɣer-s. Deg uswir aɣelnaw, Bgayet d tuffɣa n Lezzayer talemmast, seg Lezzayer ar Skikda, d abrid n tuffɣa n temnaḍin n yidurar, d usagen n lqut d lqeḍyan n azal n sin imelyan n yimdanen. Maca tuqqna-a d tin i yuεren: ɣer wenẓul-asamer, tanezzut d Sṭif teţţili kan s yiɣeẓran n Xerraṭa. Abrid-nniḍen yettawi-d abrid n Wasif Asemmam, syin ɣer usammar n tiwwura n wuzzal d usali ɣer tama n Burǧ Buɛririǧ ; abrid-a i d-yettawi ubrid aɣelnaw d ubrid n tmacint. Uguren-a sskanayen belli, ɣas akken tesɛa leqdic ijehden, tamdint n Bgayet tettwali amur seg tnezzut yettwasseqdac akken ilaq deg temnaḍin-nnes n usamer d utaram aydeg tesɛa tazmert. [ 7 ]

Taɣiwant-a tettmuqul-itt-id adrar n Yemma Gouraya. Imḍiqen niḍen n icebḥen i d-iqerben ɣer-s, d taftist n Zigwat d Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes) ; amḍiq-a aneggaru d umṭiq n tmeddurt n Ibkan n Tamez ɣa i yellan deg ubrid n nnger, i yesɛan zik, qbel amezruy, tamnaḍt meqqren aṭas ugar n tin n wass-a. [ 8 ] Kraḍ-a n yimukan i n d-nebder llan deg Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.

Tamnaḍt n temdint tesɛa azal n 12,022 n yihektar. Bgayet tezga-d 220 km ɣer usammar n temdint n Lezzayer tamanaɣt , 93 km ɣer usammar n Tizi Wezzu , 81.5 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n Burǧ Buɛririǧ , 70 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n Sṭif d 61 km ɣer ataram n Jijel . [ 9 ]

Iɣersiwen d yimɣan

Taɣrem n Bgayet d aḥric seg rrif n yilel n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen , i d-yettkemmilen arma d Jijel , d amkan agmaw i d-yessewhamen. Deg ugafa n temdint, Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya d tamnaḍt n tlisa yettwaḥerzen [ 10 ] , akk d Ugemmaḍ Aɣelnaw n Taza [ 11 ] i d-yezgan 60 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet, i d-yettwasbedden sɣur UNESCO gar "imukan n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw deg umaḍal"; timnaḍin i yesɛan iswi n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw. [ 12 ]

Urti n Guraya yemgarad ɣef wurtiyen niḍen n yilel agrakal imi deg-s llan yiɣersiwen am win n uyefki n taγyult , d ṣṣenf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger deg yilel agrakal, d tiɣbula n yiɣersiwen anda ttɣimin tasaft akk d uẓebbuj , tayda ( Pinus halepensis ), taqqa ( Juniperus ), d taseṭṭa n meryem ( Artemisia absinthium ) [ 13 ] . Deg urti n Taza, tucet ( Quercus canariensis ), afernan ( Quercus suber ), d techt ( Quercus afares) d nutni i d leṣnaf imeqranen i d-yezgan alamma d Jijel. [ 14 ]

Ma d ufernan , deg yiwet n tmurt i d-yettawin ugar n uzgen n wakal i d-yeṭṭef ṣṣenf-a deg teftist n wenẓul n Yilel Agrakal; Tamurt n Yiẓwawen akk d ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Lezzayer d timnaḍin aydeg llant tẓegwa timeqranin akk n ufernan: ttnernint ɣef tlisa n yilel seg Lezzayer tamenaɣt arma d ntlisa n Tunes . Daɣen, seg teftist n yilel alamma d 1.200 m n wewrir. [ 15 ]

Iɣersiwen n tmurt-a ttaken-d taseddarit i imsuṭṭaḍ am uccen ( Canis aureus), cebbirdu, ilef (Sus scrofa), d leṣnaf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger am abeṛṛay n tẓegwa (Felis silvestris “amcic n lexla”), aruy, iblinṣer, iddew amaziɣ (Macaca sylvanus) yiwen n ṣṣenf i yelan anagar deg Tefriqt Ugafa . Arida ( Hyaena hyaena ), tadɣaɣat , abareɣ azeggaɣ ( Vulpes vulpes ), imerwel ( Lepus capensis ), akk d inisi n Lezzayer ( Atelerix algirus ) llan deg Urti n Taza d win n Guraya. Idurar i d-yezzin fell-asen llan deg-sen aṭas n ṣṣenf n yigḍaḍ gar-asen igider ( Aquila fasciata ) , Ijider amejjuṭ ( Gyps fulvus ), tmila, iḥiqel, bururu ( Bubo bubo ), labaz iqesḥen? (Buteo rufinus) , d taninna tamezdayt ( Falco tinnunculus) [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . Iwriren n yidurar n Tmurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt d axxam daɣen n taserẓut uzumba ( Sitta ledanti ), d yiwen n ṣṣenf n wagḍiḍ i yelan anagar deg temnaḍt-a i d-yettwasen anagar deg 1975 deg udrar n Babuṛ ameqran . [ 18 ] [ 14 ]

Iɣersiwen d yimɣan n tamnaḍt-a d ayen yessewhamen imi aḥric n yilel n Guraya d amkan i deg zedɣen 4 n ccetlat yettwaḥerzen n imsuṭṭaḍ n yilel: aferrun ( Phocoena phocoena ), azyam ( Delphinus delphis ), addenfil ( Tursiops truncatus) , agelmum ameqran ( Physeter macrocephalus ) . Lqaεa n yilel n urtan deg-sen sḍis n yimeẓriyen yesɛan azal agraɣlan. [ 17 ]

Anezwu d yiɣallen n waman

Tamdint n Bgayet d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n Wasif Asemmam anda i d-ttemlili akk waman n tmurt i d-yettasen seg idurar. Bgayet d Wasif Asemmam n wadda sɛan anezwu n Yilel Agrakal. S umata yetnewway lḥal s kra n ubeddel amecṭuḥ n teẓɣelt n lawan [ 19 ] . Taẓɣelt , s umata ayen yellan d axfifan, s wazal amatu i yettbeddilen gar 11.1 °C deg tagrest arma d 24.5 °C deg unebdu.

Nnig n Wasif Asemmam, i d-yettakken ayen ilaqen i takerza deg temnaḍin i d-yezzin i temdint, Bgayet tezga-d deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen n yilel, yerna tesɛa aṭas n lehwa deg tmurt-is. TAzal n ugeffur deg tmennaḍt yezmer ad yili gar n 800 ar 1200 mm, maca kra n yiɣbula idiganen ttwasseqdacen s tɣawla ɣef ljal n uḥwaǧ ameqran [ 20 ] . Tamdint n Bgayet tettawi daɣen aman-is seg udrar yellan deffir-is akk d seg waṭas n yiɣbula niḍen, am win n Tuǧa (Toudja) i d-yeqqnen deg tallit taqburt s yiwen n uqedus ɣer temdint taqburt Saldae . [ 21 ]

Issawaḍen iɣerfanen – tikeṛṛusin d timacinin

Tamdint n Bgayet tteqqen ɣer Lezzayer tamanaɣt, Tizi Wezzu, Tubiret, Sṭif, Jijel d waṭas n tmiwa Iẓwawen s yiwen n uẓeḍḍa n yiberdan. Tesɛa daɣen yiwet n teɣsert tagejdant n lkaṛat i d-yettawin ɣer temdinin n wenẓul azzayri, gar-asent Ḥasi Mseɛud , Waregla , Ɣerdaya, Lɣawat , Dǧelfa d Busɛada .

Taɣiwant n Bgayet tettwaɛedda s waṭas n yiberdan iɣelnawen. Kra seg-sen tteddun deg yiɣeẓran d tizza i d-yellan d imukan n uɛeddi igamanen [ 22 ] : abrid aɣelnaw 9 (Abrid n Sṭif ), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiri n teftist, syin ɣef yiɣil n Xerraṭa ar Sṭif, akk d ubrid aɣelnaw 24 (Abrid n Bgayet), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiɣil n Wasif Asemmam, Tubiret , syin tamdint n Lezzayer ɣer umalu, neɣ Burǧ Buɛririǧ ɣer usammar. Llan daɣen iberdan nniḍen i d-ttɛeddayen ɣef isegraraben: abrid aɣelnaw wis 12 (abrid n Tizi Wezzu ), yettɛedday ɣef teẓgi n Iɛekkuren d yidurar-is syin ɣer Ɛzazga, Tizi Wezzu ar Bumerdas , akk d webrid aɣelnaw 75 (abrid n Tabatent ), yettɛedday ɣef Iberbacen yidurar n Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt akken ad yaweḍ ɣer Sṭif u ad yeqqen ɣer durar ɛlayen ɣer Tabatent . Abrid aɣelnaw n trmurt n Lezzayer Asamer-Ataram [ 23 ] (s taɛrabt: الطريق السيار شرق-غرب), umi qqaren daɣen Abrid aɣelnaw A1, i yekfa deg Ɣuct n 2023 deffir 17 n yiseggasen n lebni , ɣas akken yexḍa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, yeqqen ɣer temdint n Bgayet s yiberdan niḍen.

Bgayet ɣur-s yiwet n teɣsert n tmacint, d taggara n temsirt Bnimenṣur-Bgayet, i d-yettwabnan deg useggas n 1889, yerna fell-as tetteddu yiwet n tmacint n i d-yesdukklen tiɣsar n temnaḍt-a: Bnimenṣur , Tazmalt , Allaɣen , Aqbu , Laɛzib Ben Crif, Iɣzer Ameqran , Takrits , Sidi Ɛic , Ilmaten d Leqṣer [ 24 ] . Tuqqna-a gar-asent, deg Bnimenṣur, akk d yizirig n Lezzayer-Skikda, tettaǧǧa ad awḍen ɣer wakk aẓeḍḍa n yiberdan n tmacint n Lezzayer s tuqqniwin tusridin ɣer tmaneɣt tazzayrit, deg ataram, d Sṭif, deg anzul-asamar. Tella daɣen yiwet n tmacint tamnaḍant i d-yeqqnen s umata

Bgayet ɣer temnaḍin-is; tettwaseggem akken ad teldi usammar n tmennaḍt-a.

Bgayet tesɛa yiwen n unafag agraɣlan yezga-d 5 km ɣer wenẓul n temdint. Isem-is tikkelt tamezwarut "Bgayet - Anafag n Asemmam" gar n 1982 d 1999, semman-as s yisem n wasif n Summam i d-yettasen ɣer yilel agrakal deg tama n Bgayet. Yebda leqdic-is deg useggas n 1982 i leqdic aɣelnaw, deg 1993 i leqdic igraɣlanen. Deg 1999 yettwasemma "Anafag n Begayet - Asemmam - Ɛebban Ṛemḍan " deg 1999, d asmekti i uselmad n ṭṭraḍ azzayri i yesɛan amkan ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṭṭraḍ n Tlelli n Lezzayer.

Iḥricen n Bgayet

Tiɣiwanin n Bgayet

Llant 52 (sumset sin) n tɣiwanin n Bgayet

Amezruy

Uqbel n umezruy

Tilin n umdan tettwassekles deg yimukan yemgaraden n temdint. Taɣsert n yifri n AƐli Bacha tettwaḥseb d amkan aqbur akk n tnezduɣt azal n 40.000 arma d 20.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Deg umḍiq n Zigwat, cci d tɣawsiwin i d-ufan ttmeslayen-d ɣef tallit n wazal n 10.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, dɣa d tallit n tamaynut n uẓru (Neolithik; seg tegrigit νέος néos "aynum" d λίθος líthos "aẓru") [ 25 ] . Tamnaḍt-a teččur daɣen aṭas n tɣawsiwin tisekniyin am yifri n Afalou anda i d-ufan kra seg yiḍrisen iqburen akk n yergazen imaynuten, yettwasnen s yimdanen n Afalu-Bu Rmel [ 26 ] , i d-yesseknen ɣef yidles i d-yesbedden ɣef leḥnana s tmeḍlant n yimdanen deg yifran iqedsen d useqdec n ufexxar n uzwaɣ i d-yellan seg 18,000 ar 11,000 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. [ 27 ] Tiɣawsiwin-a d wid yettwassnen deg wayen umi qqaren idles n Iberomaurus [ 27 ]

Seg tallit taqburt alamma d tallit tabizantit

Ẓer daɣen: Saldae

Bgayet tesɛa ayen i d-yeqqimen seg tallit n nnḥas [ 25 ] ; ayen i d-yettwassen akk i d aẓekka aqbur amaziɣ, acku acḥal n wakud i yettwaḥseb d aẓekka afiniqi, maca deg tidet, maca deg tilawt meqqer aṭas ɣef tilin n ifiniqiyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa , yerna ur yettwassen ara melmi i d-twabna [ 28 ] .

Amḍiq-a d win yelhan imi yettwaḥudd ɣef waḍu n Cape Carbon, yerna iban belli aṭas n medden i d-zedɣen deg-s zik. Aḍris amezwaru n umezruy yeɣ amkan-a iban-d deg awines (lqern) wis 5 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, tamnaḍt-a tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya, deg tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax (d adlis agrigi aqbur i d-yettmeslayen ɣef webrid n ln yilel i d-yezzin i Yilel Agrakal d Yilel Aberkan. Yezmer lḥal yettwaru deg tlemmast n awines wis 4 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg iseggasen n 330, yerna ahat yettwaru deg Athina neɣ yiri-s.). Nnig waya, ad naf daɣen tazmert tazrirt n Ifniqen : Imeggura-a llan ttinigen ɣef tlisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa akken ad snuzun yerna ad d-sbedden imukan n tnezzut iwumi qqaren " emporioe " [ 29 ] [ 7 ] .

Ifniqen

Ifniqen llan uqbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. Ɣur-sen Bgayet tella d yiwen n umkan anda zemren ad zzenzen lqecc-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt, akk d ubrid yelzzm-asen ad ɛeddin am wakken ad kemmlen ɣer leswaq n tmura-nniḍen, mazal yella armi d tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg "Azraruḥ" (yeqreb ɣer Wedrar Ufarnu).

Numidya

Deg wakud n Numidya , Bgayet ur tesɛi ara azzal meqqṛen imi tella tebɛed aṭas ɣef tamanaɣt n Numidya Sirta

Ṛṛuman

Lexsara n Yugerten deg tagrawla-s mgal Iṛumaniyen tbeddel Numidya ɣer yiwet n tgelda i d-yeqqnen ɣer Ṛuma ɣef wakk leqrar imeqranen; Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus) yebḍa tamnaḍt-nni ɣer temnaḍin i d-yefkan Mauretania Caesariensis ( Muriṭanya n Qayṣ̣er; tamdint n Ilel neɣ Cherchell n wass-a). Ɣef wakken i d-yenna Plinus Aqbur (Gaius Plinius Secundus) , Saldae (isem aqdim n temdint-a) tella d tahrest ni Iṛumaniyen i d-yettwabnan deg tallit n tmenɣiwin timezwura deg 33 qbel uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tmanya n yiseggasen sakkin, Augustus yerra tamnaḍt n temdint-a i ugellid n Numidya Yuba II , d leɣrama n timnaḍin i d-yewṛet, maca ur s-d-yețțunefk ara zik.

Augustus daɣen yesbed-d tadmint n Tubusuptus, i d-yezgan tura d yixerban n Tiklat deg kra n ikilumitren deg yiri n wasif n Nasava ( Asif Asemmam ) (tura deg tɣiwant n Leqṣer azal n 20 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet)

Tamdint n Saldae tesεa idles alatini, sakkin, tuɣal d tamasiḥit asmi i tuɣal Tgelda n Iṛumaniyen d tamasiḥit ula d nettat [ 29 ] . Iṛumaniyen sbedden-d aẓeḍḍa n waṭas n iqudas waman i d-yeqqlen ad ttwasqedcen acḥal n leqrun sakkin ula deg tallit n Ḥammadiyen. Aqadus n waman n Tuǧa yella-d deg tallit n tgelda n Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius) . Maca tamdint-a ur tessin ara azal n usnerni am Hippo Regius ( Ɛennaba ), i d-yesεan rrbeḥ ugar ddaw tallit n Ṛuma [ 29 ] .

Seg awines amezwaru, tagrawla n Takfar-ines teggar akk imezdaɣ n Numidya n temnaḍt-nni; Takfar-ines yewwi iɣzer n Asemmam , yewwi Tiklat, yerna yewweḍ ar Saldae. Deg taggara, yettwaɣleb sɣur Aqunsul (aqunsul d amḍebber ameqran akk i yettwafernen deg Tegduda Taṛumanit seg azal n 509 arma d 27 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) Publius Cornelius Dolabella [ 29 ] . Deg awines wis 4, deg idurar iqerben ɣer Saldae, Firmus (d ageldun amaziɣ d amasiḥi) yesnejmaɛ Tamawya n Imaziɣen n Wis Xemsa ( tamaway n xemsa n leɛṛa Imaziɣen n Ǧeṛǧer n tura) mgal Iṛumaniyen. Yusa-d ageldun Theodosius s yiɣallen seg Tuṛuft akken ad yesres tagrawla; yerbeḥ deg ṭṭraḍ, maca yesɛa uguren akken ad yeɣleb iɣallen n Firmus [ 29 ] .

Ivandalen

Ivandalen, s nnuba-nsen, kecmen ɣer Tefriqt n Ugafa seg Spenyul deg useggas 429. S ufus n Gaisarīx, wwin-d ijenwiyen-nsen n wuzzal akk d times-nsen ɣer temdinin akk n rrif n ilel. Rran Saldae d tamaneɣt n uwanak-nsen amaynut armi i ṭṭfen Qerṭaj deg 439.

Ibiẓanṭiyen

Imenɣiyen i d-yellan gar wid ay d-yesdukklen ddaw aselmed n Arius d wid d-yesdukklen ddaw n uselmed n teklizt tkatulikit, yeǧǧa-d akk tamnaḍt-nni tefcel; dɣa Ibiẓanṭiyen ufan-d dihin ssebba d tagnit akken ad d-rren afus. Tamdint n Saldae teɣli-d s ddaw n yiɣallen Ibiẓanṭiyen deg ṭṭrad-nsen mgal Ivandaliyen deg 533-534. Taḥeqranit-nni tameqqrant n Ibizantiniyen teǧǧa-d ula d nettat lebɣi n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt akken ad d-sbedden tagrawla deg tallit-a armi d tazwara n Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Tefriqt n Ugafa [ 29 ] seg 647 armi 709 ; tallit tebda yiwen n yixef ɣezzifen n yimennuɣen.

Listiɛmar Aɛrab

Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Yiẓwawen , Aksel , d Dihya Tadmut

Iserdasen Aɛraben i d-yusan seg Takerwant muqlen tamdint, syin ɣer idurar i d-yezzin i Bgayet, syin tikkelt nniḍen ɣer temdint-nni iǧehden zdat-sen, dɣa semman i durar-is “el ɛadua”, taɛdawt, ɣef sseba n umennuɣ i d-yesken wegdud akken ad yeṭṭef tilelli-ines [ 30 ] [ 31 ] . Isalan ɣef tallit-a xuṣṣen neɣ mxallafen; iban-d d akken tamdint ur ttwaḍḍfent-tt ara Aɛraben s tɣawla, yewwi-asen aṭas n wakud akken ad ṭṭfen, azal n useggas n 708.

Deg useggas n 740 , imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq [ 32 ] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt [ 33 ] . Yezmer lḥal d akken imezdaɣen n Bgayet kkan deg tegrawla-nni, maca ur nesɛi ara tira i d-yeqqaren ɣef aya.

Kraḍ n awines i d-yeḍran deffir ma yebda Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Bgayet ur ṣfan acku ulac tira ɣef tegnit-is deg tallit-a. Timdint-a tella d aḥric seg wakal n Yiɣlabiyen, sakkin d win n Yifaṭimiyen, yerna ddaw n udabu-nsen tesɛa kra n tazmert.

Yettban-d belli asmi i d-yesbedd Naser Ayetḥmed* (s taɛrabt “Al-Naser ibn ALnas ibn Ḥammad” الناصر بن الناس) , agellid wis xemsa n At Ḥmed, tamaneɣt-is An- Nāṣīrīya dinna, deg 1067, lebni n Saldae taqburt yella d axrib. Llan aṭas n tiktiwin i d-yettwabnan ɣef yidles unṣib i wakken ad d-sfehmen liḥala-ines: kra seg-sen qqaren-d belli tamdint Saldae tesεu 7 n tizenzlin neɣ amḍan am wa n lḥemlat n ccwal [ 34 ] .

Yettban-d daɣen belli deg awines wis 10, tamdint tella deg ifassen n Tamawya Tamaziɣt n Iẓnagen , seg-sen i d-kkren tgelda n Iziriyen d At Ḥmed i ḥekmen ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, tella d taɣiwant i d-yezgan s tuget deg-s imezdaɣ n Andalus, akken i t-id-yessegza umagraw n Andalus Al Bakri, uqbel ma tefka tsertit n At Ḥmed azal ameqran i temdint-a [ 35 ] [ 36 ] .

Tigeldiwin Timaziɣin: Tamanegt n tmaneɣt n tallit talemmast

Deg awines wis 10, tamdint-a tella kan d asagen amecṭuḥ i d-yezgan i useyyeḍ n yiselman. Deg 1067, agellid amaziɣ n tgelda n At Ḥmed, Naser Ayetḥmed (1062-1088), i yellan yeḥkem ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast, yesnulfa tamdint-nni yerra-tt d tamaneɣt-is imi tamaneɣt-is tamezwarut — Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed (s Taɛrabt قلعة بني حماد) , ugafa-asamer n Tamsilet n wass-a deg temnaḍt n Wawras — tella ddaw uzaglu n leɛṛac yiminigen Aɛraben wid iwumi qqaren Ihilaliyen (s Taɛrabt بنو هلال Banū Hilāl). Ineggura-agi usan-d seg Wasamar alemmas deg uḥric wis sin n tegrawla n Waɛraben mgal imaziɣen n Tefriqt n Ugafa [ 37 ] .

Ayetḥmed isemma-yas i temdint-nni Al Nassiriya; isem-a yuεer-as ad yeṭṭef acku isem n Bgayet yella yettwaseqdac s waṭas. Ibnu Xaldun yeɣil belli ayagi d ssebba n yisem Bgayet i yeqqnen ɣer yisem n yiwen wegraw amazi i zedɣen amkan-a [ 38 ] :

"Deg useggas n 460 (1067-1068), netta [Naser] yeṭṭef adrar n Biǧāya, d tamnaḍt aydeg i yezdeɣ yiwen n lɛeṛc amaziɣ yesɛan isem am win n temdint. Gar-asen, Biǧāya qqaren-as Bekaïa yerna ttwasemman-as Begaya. Nacer imi yewwi-d adrar-nni, yebna-d tamdint, isemma-yas Al Nassiriya. Maca yal yiwen yeqqar-as Biǧāya, seg yisem n lɛeṛc amaziɣ."

Da, ilaq ad d-nini belli ulac ayen i d-yesbeggnen belli yella yiwen n lɛeṛc am wa. Yerna, isem-a “Biǧāya” ur d-yettbin ara d yisem aqvayli yerna ur d-yettili ara deg tikta n yismawen n leɛruc n tamurt n Leqvayel. Yezmer lḥal meqqren d akken Ibnu Xaldun yella kan yettgen-d tifratin akken llan ttgen-tent yimaruyen n tallit talemmast.

Uqbel ma tesɛa izwel n tmaneɣt, tamdint-a tesɛu annerni i d-yesskanayen s wazal-nnes, ladɣa deg weswir adelsan; tella di tidett d asagen deg tlemmast n webrid n Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed d Landalus. Ttɛeddayen-d deg-s yimusnawen d yemsenza imi deg-s akken yella d ukcem d tuffɣa n ubrid n ugellid; abrid agellid seg Yigran Imeqranen ɣer Yilel Agrakal yerna ula d abrid n tnezzut n tlisa n Tniri Tutrimt [ 39 ] . Imiren aɛṛaben n Sicilya Banu Kalb (s Taɛrabt بنو كلب) ţţuweḥḥan s tiɣermin (leqṣur) n Bgayet imi sbedden tiɣermin-nsen deg Palermo am wid n Bgayet. Bgayet, ugar n amkan yettwasnen neɣ yettwaḥemmlen, tella d tamḍiqt yettwaḥettmen deg webrid seg Landalus ɣer Usamer alemmas (ladɣa i wid yetteddun ɣer Lmekka), yerna daɣen seg Tuṛuft ɣer Tefriqt. D amkan n timlilit d umsawal n tmusni gar yimezdaɣen n Tuṛuft akk d Usamer [ 40 ] .

S ufus n imḍebbren n At Ḥmed, tamdint tuɣal d yiwen seg yiɣermanen n yidles d tussna imeqranen n umalu n Yilel Agrakal, yerna d amkan ameqran n tnezzut yesɛan azal i Turuft.

Lqedd n iɣezzuba n tnezzut n temdint-a ur tettwassen ara swaswa, maca yettban-iɣezzuba n tnezzut llan sɛan azal ameqran deg Yilel Agrakal, maca llin ara d aṭas deg umḍan am wid n Tuṛuft.

Bgayet llan ttgen-tt s waṭas yemsenza Ilatiniyen, Indalusiyen, d Yikataluniyen, d yemsenza seg Pisa d Genova [ 41 ] . Imsenza-agi seg wenẓul n Tuṛuft fkan-as ismawen yemgaraden deg tutlayin tiṛumansiyin: Bugia, Buzia, Bugea, Buzana.

Dɣa deg tallit-a —ɣef ssebba n ccmeɛ n temdint-a i yellan ttwassifiḍen ɣer Tuṛuft i usnulfu n teftilin — i d-yefkan wawal n "bougie" i tutlayt tafṛensist akk d wawal n "basane" i tabḍant (tahidurt) n wullis; wigi llan deg laṣel-nsen d tisekkirin n yismawen n temdint s tutlayin-a (deg uwenneɛ i d-yettunefken uqbel: Bougie d Buzana) [ 42 ] [ 43 ] .

Taɣremt n Yiḥemmadiyen tejbed-d imusnawen seg wakk timnaḍin yerna tella tesseqdac tasertit yeldin, ladɣa ɣer tama n Tuṛuft. Udayen d imasiḥiyen sfaydin seg lḥalat-is yelhan; Ageldun Nasir yella yettmeslay-d, yeṭṭef-d tikta, d Papa Gregory VII [ 44 ] yerna yessuter-as ad d-yessers aselway n tamasiḥit i temdint-is [ 45 ] . Tiwḍin n yimussnawen terra Bgayet d tamdint tamezwarut deg unnar n tussna; tazmert-is tezger nnig n Yilel Agrakal yerna tewweḍ arma d Tuṛuft. Deg umgarad n Lqelɛa i yellan deg tamnaḍtin n deffir n tmur, Bgayet tella tettwaḥseb d tamdint tadelsant d "tatrart"; "Tamdint tamaziɣt i yeddren s ṣṣifa n wegmuḍ", [ 46 ] aṭas n yimusnawen imeqranen ay d-yekkan seg-s neɣ d-yessuklen ad zedɣen din deg tallit talemmast: am Leonardo Fibonacci, d amussnaw n tusnakt aṭelyani, (awines wis 12), Ramon Llull akk d Ibn Xaldun (awines wis 13).

Deg useggas n 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci yewwi-d seg Bgayet ɣer Tuṛuft "uṭṭunen n taɛrabt" d usekkil n ljebra (D anagraw i tira n yimeslayen d tmiḍrant n tusnakt s useqdec n yisekkilen, Izumal, d tmeẓriwin n tusnakt). Ɣef leḥsab n kra n yiɣbula, asnulfu n tegzemt n tusnakt n Fibonacci tusa-d seg ssebba n tmuɣli-s n yimɣuṛiyen n tizizwa d usnerni n tizizwa deg temnaḍt-nni neɣ neɣ ssebba n yiwen n wugur tusnakit adigan i yeqqnen ɣer tlalit n yiɣersiwen kra i d-yessegza deg wedlis-is Liber abaci [ 43 ] [ 47 ] .

Di tallit-nni tamdint n Bgayet tuɣal d tameqrant armi, ɣef wakken i d-yenna Leo Africanus, zedɣen-tt aṭas n tmerwin n yimyilen n yemdanen seg yal tama n Tefriqt Ugafa , Asamar alemmas , Tuṛuft d Asya . Imezdaɣ n temdint llan s tuget d Imaziɣen i d-yusan si tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d waṭas n yizruzaɣ n Landalus. Al Idrissi yeqqar-d belli azal n 100 000 imezdaɣ i yellan di tallit-nni. Muḥend Mis n Tumart ( Yekka-d seg tadukli n imesmuden deg Lmerruk ) yemlal d Ɛebd Lmumen (Yekka-d seg Iznaten yettwaɛraben deg Tlemsan) i d-yesbedden sin-nsen sakkin Tagelda n Tdukli (neɣ Tagelda n Imwaḥḥden; s taɛrabt ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ ), deg tazwar s ufus n Muḥend mis n Tumart, sakkin, yessemɣer-itt Ɛebd Lmumen, ɣer tama n Bgayet azal n 1118. [ 48 ]

Muḥend Mis n Tumart yesselmad-d tuɣalin ɣer yiɣallen n tineslemt seg Mellala (tamdint i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣef Bgayet). Iseggasen uqbel, qqaren-d d akken imezdaɣ n Bgayet ssuffeɣen-d Mis n Tumart imi i d-yettcetki s waṭas ɣef tikli-nsen [ 49 ] . Amussu asertan i d-yesbedd d lsas n Tagelda n Tdukli (Imwaḥḥden) , i yeṭṭfen Bgayet deg useggas n 1152 yerna yekkes At Ḥmed seg udabu. Tamdint teṭṭef azal-is amatu di tallit n Tdukli; tuɣal d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt [ 50 ] . Axlif Ɛebd Lmumen yesbedd-d yiwen seg twacult-is d agellid n temdint [ 51 ] , d ayen i d-yesbeggnen azal-is asertan. Asagen n temdin yella deg-s lbabuṛat n Ɛebd Lmumen d wid n At Ḥmed, i d-yeṭṭef [ 52 ] . Deg useggas n 1183, deg yiwet n tallit tawezlant, At Ɣaniya ( بنو غانية s taɛrabt) —i d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Imrabḍen — ṭṭfen Bgayet, maca iɣallen n Tagelda n Tdukli rran-tt-id s tikkelt niḍen [ 53 ] .

Mi teɣli tagelda n Tdukli, Bgayet tuɣal-d ɣer Tagleda tamziɣt n Iḥafsiyen n Tunes i d-yeqqlen d ilelliyen deg yunyu 1228 [ 54 ] . Maca di tilawt, imi d-yeḍra ccwal ɣef tmeḍrit n udabu, agelid neɣ aselway Aḥafsi n Bgayet yuɣal d azarug ɣef win n Tunes; yuɣal-d d aqerruy n yiwet n tgeldunt n tidett i yeddren aṭas n tallitin. Tallit taneggarut seg-sent, uqbel ma wwḍen-d Yispenyuliyen, teḍḍef akk awines wis 15 yerna tella tettwassen s yisem n "tgeldunt n Bgayet". Tazmert n tnezzut n Bgayet d tmura timasiḥiyin deg tallit-a d teqqim s wazal-is yerna tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg tmiwa timeqranin aydeg ttwaqeblen yizruzaɣ n Landalus i irewlen seg Reconquista [ 55 ] [ 56 ] .

Iwinsen n tanhawt n Bgayet

Am akken i d-yeḍra s lmeḥna i ḍḍfen deg tgara n awines wis 15 aṭas n temdinin Tefriqt Ugafa d Tiniri n tallit talemmast i d-yellan qqnen s waṭas ɣer tnezzut n tiɣelmin d Ilel Agrakal, Bgayet tebda-d ihi tanhawt-s.

Iberdan imaynuten n tanezzut sbedden-d tikkelt niḍen n tanezzut i lfayda n yiberdan imaynuten n tnezzut n yilel — i d-yeṭṭfen deg tazwara Ipurtugaliyen, syin d Ihulandiyen, i d-yebnan srid d tlisa n Tefriqt Tataramt — yesneqs-d s waṭas azal n iberdan n tnezzut n tiɣelmin d n tnezzut n yilel i ɣef tettkel temdint n Bgayet d temdinin-nniḍen n Tefriqt Ugafa [ 57 ] .

Bgayet iswi n ṭṭmeɛ n leǧnas

Ispenyuliyen, deg tazwara n Reconquista, rran-d tiɣriwin ɣef yisafagen n Tefriqt n Ugafa. Aspenyuli Pedro Navarro yeṭṭef tamdint n Bgayet seg yifassen n Sselṭan Ɛebdalaziz deg useggas n 1510. Ispanyuliyen rran taggara i "tagelda n Bgayet" di Tameaɣa talemmast. Rran tamdint-nni d yiwet seg tneqqiḍin-nsen n tnezzut i d-yettwaḥerzen s lmendad n n wassaɣen i sɛa d Piza akk d Genova . Maca d takriḍt-nsen tessaweḍ ɣer trewla n yimezdaɣ n tmurt, dɣa d sseba n yimenɣiyen d Imaziɣen deg temnaḍin-nni iqerben. Tamdint-a ur tezmir ara ad teqqim d assaɣ i tnezzut d timura i yella deffi-s, dɣa Abu Bakr, gma-s n Ɛebd Lɛaziz, yeεreḍ ad d-yerr Bgayet deg useggas n 1512 seg tmanaɣt-is tamaynut Qsenṭina (s useqdec n unagraw n usekles n Iznyaten n awines wis 14) maca yexser [ 58 ] .

Ispenyuliyen qnen s tmehla-nsen ɣef yiwen yiwet n tamnaḍt i d-yellan d ṣṣenf n ukerdis gar Bordj Ɛebdlqader, Taqsibt d Bordj Mussa. Aḥric n temdint i yellan beṛṛa n tilisa-yagi dɣa yeɣli-d fell-as axrib imi iɣallen ispenyuliyen mebla tazmert ur zmiren ara ad ḥerezen.

Ṛṛuḥ n Tasestant n Axxam n Ccreɛ n Ddin (lnquisition) yeṭṭef-d amkan deg tsertit taspenyult tadigant imi yettwaḥettem ɣef Udayen ad ffɣen seg temdint, yerna imeqranen n temdint rewlen (tarbaɛt tamecṭuḥt n yimdanen ijehden neɣ imerkantiyen) gar-asen imusnawen. Ansay ussnan n temdint yeqqel sakkin s waṭas ɣer yizawiyen n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yellan deffir-is, ula d tira n ufus ttwakksen yerna ttwaferqent. Amḍan n imezdaɣ n temdint yeɣli s waṭas, yerna ula d iɣallen n ispenyuliyen deg-s sneqsen daɣen s waṭas; llan kan 500 n yergazen deg 1555 [ 59 ] .

Timnaḍin-nni n zik n Bgayet llan ttwabḍan, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan ugur i yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a ad rnun ad ṭṭfen tamdint-a. Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Ɛebbas, mmi-s n ugellid n Bgayet, yesbedd-d tagelda-ines ɣef yiwen n lberǧ yettwassen s yisem n Lberǧ Ayt Ɛebbas deg ugemmaḍ ataram n Asemmam. Ɛebbas yerra-d seg-s kra seg imḍebbren n temdint n Bgayet. Deg umkan-a yella deg temsizzelt d Belkadi i d-yekkan seg n umasnazref n Bgayet n At Ɣebri i d-yesbedden Tagelda N Kuku . Deg Qsenṭina , d Abu Bakr, gma-s n ugellid-nni n zik n Bgayet, i d-yesbedden iman-is d agellid ɣef wakk nu usamer n tmurt n Lezzayer n tura [ 60 ] . Imḍebbren-a, i yemxalafen gar-asen, yal yiwen deg-sen yessaram ad yerr tamdint n Bgayet u ad d-yesdukkel akk timnaḍin-is n zik [ 61 ] [ 62 ] .

Deg tallit-a, asmi i d-uɣalen ɣer deffir yiwanaken iqburen, i d-banen watmaten Ɛaruj yerna zedɣen deg temdint n Jijel. Atmaten Ɛaruj rran-d afus iwakken ad d-rren tamdint-a seg Yispenyuliyen s tmussni-nsen n yilel. Deg tgara, sbedden-d awanak-nsen deg tama n Ldzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef leqdic n iflissen, dɣa s tɣawla ssersen-d tazmert-nsen ɣef ugafa n Ldzayer, rran-d iman-nsen ɣer tama n Tgeldit n Yiɛetmaniyen, dɣa sseknen-d iman-nsen deg wallen n yimezdaɣ am akken d ixṣimen n Spanyul. Bgayet tuɣal s lemɣawla d iswi n ṭṭmeɛ; Ɛaruj s ttawil-is i yekkes Iḥafsiyen seg Qsenṭina d Ɛennaba. Carlos I agellid n Spenyul (Yettwassen daɣen s Charles V deg Tuṛuft) yesseqdec tamdint-a d amkan n tuqqna deffir tawaɣit n tuffɣa n 1541 mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer [ 63 ] [ 64 ] .

Tamdint i d-yettwaɛzelen

Atmaten Ɛaruj werǧin ssawḍen ɣer yeswi-nsen n tuṭṭfa n Bgayet deg tudert-nsen. Deg taggara, Salah Raïs, yiwen seg wid i d-yeṭṭfen amkan-nsen, i d-yekcem ɣer temdint deffir umennuɣ n Bgayet (1555) mgal Spenyul s tallelt n Yiẓwawen n Kuku[64]. Di teswiεt-a Bgayet tekcem ɣer temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Lezzayer, tezga-d ddaw lḥekma n Beylik n Qsenṭina alamma d 1830. Tabḍit temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Tefriqt n Ugafa ɣef kraḍ n yibeyliyen (Timnaḍin s tutlayt taturkit) tessers tamdint-a deg yiwen n umdiq ur nesɛi azal ameqran. Targit tasertant n watmaten Ɛaruj akken n usbedu n tamaneɣt-nsen deg Bgayet tettwaɛzel; tamaneɣt n tagelda n Yiɛetmaniyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa tella tettwasbedd yakan deg tamnaḍt Lezzayer Tamaneɣt n tura i yellan d asagan yettwaḥerzen yerna deg-s llan ttwaxedmen aṭas n yisenfaren [ 65 ] . Tuddsa tameqqrant kan i d-yeqqimen deg Bgayet deg tallit-a d tin n “dar senɛa”; d amkan i lebni n iɣerruba (lbabuṛat) n Dey n Lezzayer Tamaneɣt [ 66 ] .

Bgayet, ddaw lḥekma n lqayed aṭerki, tettwaḥsab sɣur Lezzayer d tamdint i izemren ad tqabel Lezzayer ɣas akken zzin-as-tt idurar n yiɛdawenn [ 67 ] . Lezzayer tettabaɛ-d s leḥdert tikli n yiɣallen iɛetmaniyen deg Bgayet imi tugad ad d-yili umennuɣ gar-as d Lezzayer, dɣa tceggeε-d lbabuṛat-is ɣer Bgayet ladɣa deg tegrest imi tiẓgiwin n idurar-is d tiɣremt i d-yefkan. Dɣa tamdint-a teẓra aɣelluy-nnes yettnerni s tɣawla mi ṛuḥen Ispanyulen.

Imezdaɣ n Bgayet llan sεan amḍan amecṭuḥ n yiɣerruba n tnezzut, azal n ɛecrin n tiflukin, i d-yettruḥun ɣer Lezzayer , Wehṛan , Ɛennaba d Tunes akken ad ssufuɣen lɣella n temnaḍt-a deg lḥal yelhan. Deg tegrest, iɣerruba n tnezzut-a tella tettɣimi deg teftist n “Dar Senɛa” seddaw la casbah (s taɛrabt “al-qaṣabah” القصبة "lberǧ") ar tefsut [ 68 ] .

Sselɛa i d-yettwassuffuɣen tella deg-s zzit, lxeḍra, tazart, d igelman; ttwassen-d ccac d imendiyen ttwawwin-d seg berra n temdint. Ahat iɣezzuba-a (lbabuṛat) wwin-d tiẓgi i lebni n iɣezzuba di Lezzayer [ 69 ] . Deg tallit-a, ikemmel-d ccɣel n iflissen iɛetmaniyen, ladɣa wid yellan deg Jijel. Deg useggas n 1671, sserɣen-tt lbumbat n yiɣezzuba Yigliziyen ddaw n akellef n Edward Spragge akken ad ḥebsen aẓdam n iflissen iɛetmaniyen deg yilel agrakal ɣef iɣezzuba-nsen. Deg tallit-a merra, tamdint ur tettwaḥrez ara, yerna imeslayen n waṭas n yimsebriden i d-yusan ɣer-s, ttmeslayen-d ɣef yir liḥala d lexṣaṣ n uṣeggem n lebni deg tamdint.

Seg tallit-a alamma d tagrawla tafransist, iɣallen n Tmurt n Leqvayel ɛerḍen ad ṭṭfen tamdint mebla ma yessaweḍ yiwen ɣer rbeḥ.

Deg useggas n 1823, Leɛruc n Iwanuɣen d Wasif asemmam ṭṭfen amḍebber n temdint. Deg useggas n 1825, Aɣa Yahia, amḍebber n yiɣallen n Lezzayer, yerza tamdint yerna yebda tikta n usekcam mgal Leɛruc n Wasif asemmam [ 70 ] .

Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Leqvayel

Aɣelluy n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer d tallit n ussehres afransis

Deg useggas n 1830, Ifransisen bdan-d tikli n tuṭṭfa n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer. Deg tazwara, tikli-nni tella tettwasnebgi mgal Lezzayer. Maca ur ɛeḍḍlen ara aṭas imi iɣallen-nsen bdan ttnadin ad ṭṭfen Tamurt n Leqvayel, mgal-as i d-bdan aṭas n yimenɣiyen.

Deg tallit-a, mi teɣli-d tezmert n ussehres aṭerki, ɣef ljal n axrab i d-yellan deffir waya, Leqvayel rran-d tazmert-nsen d kra n leḥkem ɣef temdint d timnaḍin n tmurt-nsen i yellan zik seddaw tamehla n Ṭṭerk yerna werɛad ur llint ddaw n tmehla n Fṛansa.

Timdint d temnaḍt-is rran-d tagrawla meqqren mgal ussehres afṛensis. Seg tazwara, am Yispenyuliyen n awines wis 16, Ifransisen qnen s yiwet n tilin tamecṭuḥt arma d 1846, dɣa bnan-d aṭas n lebni n uḥraz deg tlemmast n temdint akk d deg imukan ɛlayen n temdint [ 71 ] [ 72 ] .

Ayagi ur d-yeḥbis ara tamdint-a ad teṭṭef amkan deg waṭas n tegrawliwin d tmenɣiwin am wid n Crif Bubeɣla , yerna ladɣa nnfaq ameqran n Lḥaǧ Muḥend At Meqqran d Ccix Aḥedad deg 1871.

Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa tafransist, tamdint tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt s azal n 2000 n yimezdaɣ [ 73 ] . Tamdint tettwaɣ-d d taɣiwant s usaḍuf (lqanun) n 17 yunyu 1854 [ 74 ] . Ifransisen ččuren-d ukalil n temdint s wakal akken ad sɛun ugar n wakal yelhan i lebni, mi d-snulfan asagan n temdint yerna bnan-as-d aḥric n beṛṛa ɣer tama n yilel akken ad yesɛu ugar n wemkan i yiɣerruba. Ahil n usnerni aɣerman n temdint (asnulfu n tama n yilel d iberdan imeqranen) yeǧǧa-d azamul d ameqran deg wamek i d-tnerna temdint seg tallit-nni ar ass-a. Timdint tewwi-d cwiṭ cwiṭ amkan-is d amḍiq alemmas n tmurt n Leqvayel d asagen n ussufuɣ (usifeḍ) n ifuras n tfellaḥt n tmurt-a. Imezdaɣen iqvayliyen mazal ttkemmilen deg leqdic-nsen n usifeḍ ɣef tlisa n yilel. Deg useggas n 1906, imḍebbren n Fṛansa bnan taftilt n Cape Carbon; d tin yugaren akk deg umaḍal ɣef ssebba n umkan-is ɣef yixef n wedrar (220 n lmitrat deg teɣzi) yerna tafat-is tettaweḍ 53 n yikilumitren ɣer yilel [ 75 ] .

Ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan II

Deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Operation Torch tessers-d iɣallen imarikaniyen d ibriṭaniyen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa , gar-asen yiwen n ugraw n Royal West Kent Regiment n tgelda tageldanit deg Bgayet deg 11 wember 1942. Deg wass-nni, ɣef 4:40 n tmeddit, yiwet n terbaεt n yisafagen n iɣallen n Luftwaffe n Lalman ssersen lbumbat ɣef Bgayet s tlatin n yisafagen Ju 88 d ṣṣenf-nniḍen n yisafagen. Iɣerruba n usifeḍ (aḥemmel) Awatea d Cathay ɣḍeṣen, ma d aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ HMS Roberts yettwaɣ. Azekka-nni, aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ SS Tynwald d aɣerrabu n usifeḍ Karanja ttwaɣen yerna ɣḍeṣen [ 76 ] .

Ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer

Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer (1 Wamber 1954 – 5 Yulyu 1962 i yettwasnen daɣen s Tagrawla) , tamurt n leqvayel tella ddaw yisem n temnaḍt III s ddaw n uselway n Belqasem Krim i d-iḥettmen ad teqqim tmurt n Leqbayel ddaw leɛnaya n Leqvayel; Bgayet tella d aḥric seg temnaḍt III [ 31 ] . Agraw n Ṣummam i d-yesseggan Ɛebban Ṛemḍan yesbedd-d tawsit tasertant-taserdasit n umussu aɣelnaw azzayri deg ṭṭraḍ, yeḍra-d deg Uzellagen , deg idurar i llan deffir n Bgayet [ 77 ] . Uqbel agraw-a, Ɣef leḥsab n waṭas n tdiwennitin d inagan n Ḥusin At Ḥmed , amennuɣ ur yesɛi ara lsas iǧehden.

Tamdint tatrart

Deg yiḍ n ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer deg 1954, Bgayet tesɛa azal n 30.000 n yimezdaɣen, gar-asen 6.200 n yifṛensisen. Yiwet n tseddarin ineggura n udabu afṛansis d lebni n yiwen n aqadu (pipeline) ara yessiwḍen lpeṭrul (zzit n wakal) seg Ḥasi Mesɛud deg uneẓruf ɣer Iɣerruba n usagan n temdint. Deg useggas n 1959, Bgayet tella d taḥanut n wuzzal tameqrant akk deg tmurt n Lezzayer, i d-yettakent idrimen. Deg 1959, Bgayet tella d asagan ameqran n lpeṭrul ay yesɛan azal akk deg Lezzayer, yerna d aɣbalu n tedrimt [ 78 ] . Deg 1962, tettwaqqel ɣer temnaḍt n Sétif, uqbel ad tuɣal d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt-s deg useggas n 1974. Tamdint teẓra tigmi n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen amḍiq n Lexmis, sdeffir ma usan-d aṭas n medden seg tudrin d temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqvayel akken ad ddren deg-s [ 79 ] .

Bgayet, am temdinin-nniḍen deg Tmurt n Leqvayel, tella d yiwet seg wammasen n tmenɣiwt n tdukli tamaziɣt deg Tafsut n Yimaziɣen n 1980; yerna deg useggas n 2001 akk d deg Tefsut Taberkant . Bgayet daɣen gar tmaneɣin tidamsanin n Tmurt n Leqvayel d yiwet seg yimukan idelsanen yesɛan iswiyen idelsanen am Tizi Wezzu . Alday n unnar asertan yeǧǧa-d ad d-kkren waṭas n tdukliwin n yidles n yal ṣṣenf. Tasdawit n Bgayet, s tilin-is, tettɛawan umussu-a; llan yiɣawasen i wakken ad tili tasudut n uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt deg Bgayet [ 80 ] .

Tigmi s tɣawla n yimezdaɣ n temdint tettak-d uguren i usnulfu n tmezduɣin d uḥraz n yimukan n yidles. Tella daɣen temsalt n twennaṭ i d-yeqqnen ɣer ussuḍes i d-yettasen seg lecɣal n yixxamen d tnezzut. Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, tigmi n yimezdaɣ, lexṣaṣ n n tsertit yelhan, sneqsen ṣṣenf n twennaṭ n temdint, ɣas akken llan kra n iɣbula i yimal-is [ 81 ] [ 82 ] .

Uṭṭunen n yimezdaɣImezdaɣ

Tamdint tesɛa 177,988 imezdaɣ ɣef leḥsab n 2008.

Tugnatin n Bgayet

Iɣbula