Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet , iwumi qqaren Voltaire , d amyaru afransis, yella daɣen d afelsafi ; ilul ass n 21/11/1694 di Paris, yemmut ass n 30/05/1778 ; yeǧǧa-d later meqqren deg lqern wis XIV imi d i d agensas n tfelsafit n tifawin, yerna yezga d netta i ḥemmlen iburrjwaten iṛumiyen ama qbel neɣ mi tɛedda tegrawla tafransist.

S ubrid-is i d-yewwi mgal tiṭṭurfa tamasɣant (n ddin), amennuɣ-is yeqqen ugar ɣer tissumḥa d tlelli n wawal. Ma d tira-s teṭṭef-d deg umezgun, tamedyazt, amzruy, d tsekla-nniḍen yebḍan ɣef wungalen d tmucuha anda i d-yeggar tikta-s tfelsafiyin. Aɣanib-s seg wid iqewwan, tikwal yeslusuy-as kra usaran ; aya merra yerra-t d yiwen seg imyura icaɛen nezzeh di lqern wis XIV. Yerna ar tura mazal-is seg wid i d-beddren medden s tuget.

Tudert-is

Voltaire yekcem deg tudert n yidles d tsertit zik. Yura aṭas n yidlisen, timucuha, d yimgraden i yessawalen ɣer tilelli. Ɣef ljal n tiktiwin-is timaynutin, yekcem ɣer lḥebs, syin ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is ad yeddu ɣer tmura nniḍen am Ingiliz. Dinna, yufa tiktiwin n yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton, i yernan ɣer usikel n tfelsafit-is. Mi d-yuɣal, ikemmel amennuɣ-is mgal tasnareft(tadiktaturt) d temsizzelt n usɣan, yerna yettara taɣdemt i wid yettwakerhen.

Talalit d Tmeẓyant

Ilul deg temdint n Paris deg useggas n 1694, deg yiwet n twacult tameẓyant maca ur nelli d igellil. Isem-is aḥeqqi François-Marie Arouet. Yekcem ɣer uɣerbaz n yimassanen anda yelmed tasekla d tfelsafit. Zik i d-yemmel times n yiles-is, yella yesɛa amussu d tektiwin i yessawalen ɣer tmuɣliwin timaynutin, i yessawalen mgal udabu n tgeldit.

Takurmut d Ubeddel n Yisem

Sabab n yimedyazen-is d wawalen-is i yessawalen mgal win ilan adabu, Voltaire yettwawwet ɣer tekurmut( lḥebs ) n Bastille deg useggas n 1717. Deg takurmut-a, i yexdem isem-is amaynut Voltaire, yerna yura amezgun-is amezwaru i yessawalen Œdipe. Mi d-yeffeɣ, yuɣal d amusnaw yettwassnen deg Paris, maca yella yettnadi ɣef tilelli ur nelli deg tmurt-is.

Aserwel ɣer Ingiliz

Deg useggas n 1726, yekcem deg wemgaru d yiwen n uhaggar i yuran deg udabu. Akken ur itteddu ara ɣer takurmut tikelt nniḍen, yesserwel ɣer tmurt n Ingiliz. Tawella-a tbeddel-as tudert-is s lwudem ummid. Dinna, yufa-d timetti tatrart, tilelli n wawal, d tmuɣliwin n yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton. Yelmed ɣef tugdut, ɣef uqader n tmuɣliwin n wiyaḍ, d wamek i yezmer udabu ad yili d amsawi. Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Fransa, yura idlisen i yessawalen ɣef wayen i yelmed deg Ingiliz, i yessawalen mgal udabu n Fransa, dɣa idlisen-is ttwakerhen, netta yerwel ɣer tmurt nniḍen.

Tudert deg Cirey akked Émilie du Châtelet

Yufa-d rrefd deg temdint n Cirey akked Émilie du Châtelet, i yellan d tamussnawt tameqqrant deg tusnakt d tfizikt. Ttkemilen anadi deg tussniwin, deg tfelsafit, d wamek i yezmer umdan ad yissin agama s tameẓla. Tuɣalin-a d tallit n uselmed d unadi ameqqran, anda i yura aṭas n yimgraden ɣef tussniwin.

Tagelda n Prusse d Tuɣalin ɣer Fransa

Sakin n lmut n Émilie, Voltaire yedda ɣer tmurt n Prusse akked ugellid Frédéric II, i yellan d ameddukel-is. Maca, ɣef ljal n tmuɣliwin-is tilelliyin d yiles-is i yekkaten, ur qublen ara, ihi yerwel syin ɣer tmurt n Suisse.

Ferney d Umennuɣ ɣef Teɣdemt

Yezdeɣ deg temdint n Ferney, tama n tmurt n Suisse, i wazal n 20 n yiseggasen. Dinna, yuɣal d amerkanti, yerna yella yettara taɣdemt i wid yettwakerhen s yisem n usɣan neɣ udabu. Am temsalt n Jean Calas, anda i yennuɣ s tezmert-is akken ad d-yerr tamsawit i yiwen n urgaz yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa. Yura aṭas n yidlisen am Candide d Umawal afelsafi, anda i yessaweḍ ad yessenɣes ɣef temsizzelt d temḥeqranit.

Taggara d Usmekti

Deg useggas n 1778, yuɣal ɣer Paris anda i t-qublen medden am umsellek, am uzamul n tilelli d tmeẓla. Maca, yemmut cwiṭ n wussan sakin. Ɣef sebba n tiktiwin-is, ur t-anflen ara ad yettwamḍel deg tmeqbert n yimasiḥiyen. Maca, deg tagrawla tafransist, asirem-is yuɣal d tilawt asmi i ttwaqqen iɣsan-is ɣer Panthéon, am uzamul n tilelli d wemdan i yennuɣen ɣef uzref n wawal d tamsawit.

Tiktiwin-is Tigejdanin

Tilelli n wawal d usmeslay: Voltaire yumen belli yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yini tiktiwin-is war ma yegged kra. Yettwassen s wawal-is i d-yettwanan: "Ur qebleɣ ara ayen i d-teqqareḍ, maca ad nnaɣeɣ s tezmert-iw akken ad tesɛuḍ tilelli ad t-iniḍ."

Tasemhuyt n usɣan : Yenkeṛ tamḥeqranit gar yimdanen ɣef tmentilt n usɣan. Yura aṭas ɣef usentel-a akken ad immel belli asɣan ur ilaq ad yili d sebba n yimenɣi neɣ n temḥeqranit, yerna yal amdan yesɛa tilelli ad yaf aman-is deg usɣan i yextar.

Tameẓla d Umeɣẓan : Yettwali belli tameẓla d tafat i yessefk ad taweḍ yal amdan akken ad yefru uguren n tmetti, mačči d asɣan neɣ tarrayin tiqburin i yesderɣlen ɣef wallaɣ n umdan.

Taɣdemt d Tamsawit : Yennaɣ mgal taɣdemt ur nelli d tamsawit. Yessaweḍ ad yerr taɣdemt i yiwen umdan yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa, i yessawalen ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n teɣdemt.

Tazrirt n tfelsafit-is deg umaḍal atrar

Tiktiwin n Voltaire sɛant tazrirt tameqqrant deg umaḍal n wass-a:

Izerfan n Umdan : Tiktiwin-is ɣef tilelli d tamsawit llant d lsas n uswenni agreɣlan n yizerfan n umdan d uɣerman.

Tugdut d Talayakit : Abrid i yeldi ɣer tugdut d talayakit, akken ad yili umdan d ilelli deg tmetti-is, ad yili umgarad gar usɣan d udabu.

Tagrawla Tafransist : Imelwiyen d yimussnawen n tagrawla tafransist ssemersen tiktiwin-is akken ad sneflen anagraw aqbur n tgeldit, ad snulfun tagduda.

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