Numidia

Numidya [202 UT – 46 u qbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT)] d tagelda n zik n imaziɣen deg ugafa-utrim n Tefriqt , deg tazwara tella-d deg wakal i d-yeggran tura d Lezzayer [ 1 ] , ma d imiren terna-d deg wayen i d-yettwassen assa d Tunes d Libya . Taɣdemt-a tella deg tazwara tettwabḍa gar tamurt n Massylii deg usammar (tamanaɣt: Sirta ) d tmurt n Masaesyli deg umalu (tamanaɣt: Siga) [ 2 ] . Deg ṭṭrad wis sin gar Qerṭaj d Ṛuma (218-201 UT), Mass-nsen (neɣ Masnsen), agellid n Massylii, yeɣleb Sifaqs n Masaesyli yerna yesdukkel Numidia d tamurt tamezwarut tamaziɣt n Numidiyen deg Lezzayer n wass-a. [ 3 ] Tagelda-nni tebda d tamurt tamenzut d tamdakelt n Ṛuma, syin terna tettbeddil seg temnaḍt n Ṛuma ar temnaḍt n Ṛuma.

Numidya, deg tallit-is, tella tezga-d ɣef yiri n wasif n Moulouya deg umalu, [ 4 ] Afrika Proconsularis d Cyrenaica deg usammar, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] agelmim n Ilel Agrakal deg ugafa, d Aneẓruf Ameqran deg wenẓul, akka Numidya tezzi s lekmal-is ɣef Qerṭaj [ 7 ] anagar ɣer yilel [ 8 ] . Mass-nsen Yerna-yas-d tilisa-s sennig n Asif n Melwit (Asif n Muluya s Tcelḥit) d Bokkar, dɣa tewweḍ, deg umalu, ɣer Agaraw Aṭlantik. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

Tamaneɣt n Numidya tella tettusemma Sirta ( Qsenṭina [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] tamirant, anda id ufan aẓekka n Mass-nsen) .

Isem

Inmezruyyen igriken qqaren-asent "Νομάδες" (i.e. Igduden yettinigen), i d-yellan s usegzi n tlatinit d "Numidae". [ 19 ] Maca, anmzray Gabriel Camps yesteqsi ɣef usegzi-ya, yenna-d dakken awal-a yezmer ad yili d win i d-yusan seg Tefriqt . [ 20 ] Isem-a yettban-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Polybius (lqern wis sin uqbel n tallit-nneɣ) i wakken ad d-yini agdud d wakal i d-yezgan ɣer umalu n Qerṭaj , ladɣa deg ugafa akk n Lezzayer alamma d Asif n Melwit, azal n 160 n yikilumitren ɣer umalu n Wehran . [ 21 ]

Amezruy

Inumidiyen llan d agdud n yeɣlanen i d-yezgan deg Tefriqt Ugafa , ladɣa deg temnaḍin i d-yeggran tura deg ugafa n Lezzayer d umalu n Tunes, deg tlata n lqrun ineggura uqbel n tallit-nneɣ. Timura-nsen ttilin ɣer tilisa deg usammar n tmurt n Qerṭaj (Tunes n zik) ar wakal tamurt n Muriṭanya n zik (Lmerruk n tura) d tlisa n unezruf.

Deg tazwara n Numidya llan sin n yegduden imeqranen: Massylii deg usammar n Numidya, d Masaesyli deg umalu. Deg uswir amezwaru n Ṭṭraḍ n Qerṭaj II, imezdaɣ n Massylii n usammar, s ddaw n ugellid Gaia, llan d imdukkal n Qerṭaj, ma d imezdaɣ n Masaesyli n umalu, s ddaw n ugellid Sifaqs , llan d imdukkal n Ṛuma. Tageldit n Masaesyli ddaw n Sifaqs teṭṭef seg wasif n Muluya ar Asif Ameqran n Qsenṭina. [ 22 ] Iṛumaniyen xedmen akken ma llan akken ad sεun tameddakelt d Sifaqs, yerna ɛawnen-t akken ad yesselmed iserdasen-is ɣef titekniyin n ṭṭraḍ n uḍar.

Sifaqs yeɣleb Gaia di tazwara, ma d Mass-nsen, mmi-s n Gala, i d-yekkren di Qerṭaj, yesdukkel-d tazmert-is yerna yeɣleb Sifaqs snat n tikwal deg useggas n 212 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), dɣa yeǧǧa-t ad yerwel.

Dɣa Mass-nsen yeqqen ɣer uselway n Qerṭaj, Hasdrubal Barca, deg Spanya , anda i d-yewwi amur ameqran deg tmenɣiwt n Qerṭaj mgal Ṛuma . Mi yemmut Gaia, Qerṭaj tekkes i twacult n Mass-nsen akal-nsen, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad yeddu d Ṛuma.

Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Tefriqt, deg tazwara Mass-nsen yedda d Sifaqs mgal Qerṭaj. Maca, Hasdrubal yezweǧ yelli-s Sophonisba d Sifaqs, akken ad yeqqim d aqeddac n Qerṭaj. Sifaqs yeɣleb Mass-nsen snat n tikkal deg useggas n 205 UT, dɣa d aya ay t-yeḥettmen ad yeṭṭef abrid ɣer idurar, anda i d-yessebded tikli n tkerrust, yerra iman-is d amesbaṭli, dɣa yeddukel tazmert-is d lɛesker aṛumi n Scipio.

Deg useggas n 204 UT, ajiniṛal aṛumi Scipio Africanus yers-d di Tefriqt s yiɣallen arumiyen.

Yeddukel yid-s Mass-nsen; aneggaru-yagi yesbeggen-d tamussni-nnes s lemɛawna-nnes deg nnger n yiwen n lsas aserdasi n Qerṭaj, dɣa yeɣleb Sifaqs d Hasdrubal deg umennuɣ n Sirta deg useggas n 203 UT.

Mass-nsen yeṭṭef Sifaqs, yerna yezweǧ d Sophonisba, maca Scipio, i yettxemmimen ɣef leqdeṛ-is i Qerṭaj, yessuter-as ad tt-yefk. I wakken ur ur tt-terren ara d taklit, teṭṭef ssem, temmut deg useggas n 203 UT.

Mass-nsen yerra-d tagelda n baba-s, yerna yerra-d daɣen azaglu ɣef waṭas n wakal n Sifaqs. Ṭṭraḍ n Qerṭaj wis sin ifukk s rrbeḥ n Ṛuman deg umennuɣ n Zama deg 202 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), dɣa Mass-nsen n Massylii yesnerni amkan-is d agellid amezwaru n Numidya Yedduklen s tallelt tameqqrant n Ṛuma. [ 21 ] Iṛumaniyen llan bɣan ad sεun yiwen n wemdakel iǧheden deg Tefriqt akken ad ḥebsen aɛdaw-nsen aqdim, Qerṭaj, seg uḥezzeb n tezmert-nsen deg umalu n Ilel Agrakal .

Mass-nsen, yezga yettɛedday dima ɣef wakal ay d-yeqqimen i Qerṭaj; deg useggas n 158 UT, yeṭṭef Lepcis Magna d rrif n tmurt n Tripolitanya, yerra ddaw n lḥekma-s akk imaziɣen izedɣen gar n tmurt n Sirenaika ( Barqah deg Libya n tura) d wasif Ameqran n Qsenṭina. Tamnaḍt n Mass-nsen tettili-d seg wasif n Muluya alamma d tilisa n tmurt n Qerṭaj, yerna ɣer wenẓul-agmuḍ alamma d Sirenaika alamma d agelmim n Sirte (Sidra deg Libya n tura) , dɣa Numidya tezzi akk ɣef Qerṭaj [ 7 ] s lxilaf n tmuɣli n yilel. [ 8 ] Ugar n waya, deffir tikli n Sifaqs s tmanaɣt-is i d-yezgan deg Siga [ 2 ] , yerna deffir ma yexser Siga, yerra iman-is ɣer tmanaɣt taneggarut i wumi qqaren Tinga, Bokkar , yuɣal d aqeddac n Mass-nsen. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Mass-nsen yeṭṭef-d ula deg unẓul n idurar n Atlas, i d-yezzin ɣer Taneẓruft alamma d akal n Libya n tura; timnaḍin-a merra llant d aḥric n Numidya. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]

Mi d-yezdeɣ di Sirta , yezzi-d i yiman-is s tɣawsiwin n tɣermiwin n igriken d irumiyenn, qqaren-d belli d d netta i yesselmed imaziɣen-is deg uxeddim n tfellaḥt.

Qerṭaj teccetka-d ɣef tigawin tiɛdawin n Mass-nsen imi yeṭṭef-d s imani-is isugan n tefriqt, s wakka i yessexṣer tanezzuyt-is. Ṛuma tceggeε-d imnadiyen ɣer Tafriqt n Ugafa i wakken ad d-afen tidet.

Gar n imnadiyen-agi yella Marcus Porcius Cato (yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n Cato ameqqran neɣ Cato Censorius). Mi iwala amek i d-tbedd s tɣawla seg ṭṭrad aneggaru d lḥif ameqqran i s-d-tessers Ṛuma, iɣerruba-nnes ttwabnan-d d lɛesker-is xeddemen s lekmal-nsen, yessuter i usenger temdint n Qerṭaj. Yeεawed-d, deg isallen-is d wawalen-is, awalen-nni: "Ugar n waya, ilaq ad nessenger Qerṭaj".

Ṛuma, teṭṭalab-d ssebba i wakken ad tebdu lgirra, tufa-tt mi d-yewwet Mass-nsen temdint n Qerṭaj iwumi qqaren Uruskupa. Ḥasdrubal, s yiɣallen n 30.000 n yergazen, yella yessaram ad yekkes tamdint-nni seg ifassen n Numidya, yeɣleb-it Gulussa, mmi-s n Mass-nsen, deg useggas n 150 UT.

Mi slan belli Qerṭaj ttexdem lgirra mgal yiwen n ugellid yellan d amdakkel n Ṛuma, Iṛumiyen ssawḍen yiwen n lɛesker n 80.000 n yergazen ɣer Tefriqt. Deg useggas n 146 UT, Qerṭaj tettwassenger sɣur lɛeskeṛ n uqunsul Scipio Aemilianus deg wayen iwumi semman ṭṭrad wis tlata n Qerṭaj. Ṛuma, irebḥen, tesseneqes lqedd n Qerṭaj, terra-tt d aḥric seg wakal-is, tsemma-yas “Temnaḍt n Tefriqt.”

Mass-nsen, iḥkem 55 iseggasen armi lmut- is deg useggas n 148 UT, kra n lweqt uqbel n Nnger n Qerṭaj deg useggas n 146 UT.

Mi yemmut, tagelda-as tger-d seg wasif n Melwit alamma d tilisa n tmurt n Qerṭaj, yerna yerna ɣer wenẓul-agmuḍ armi d Cyrenaica ar ugaraw n Sirta . Anagar ɣer yilel, Numidya tezzi akk ɣef Qerṭaj. [ 7 ]

Kraḍ n warraw n Mass-nsen ḥekmen s tdukli ɣef Numidya, ddaw leɛnaya n Iṛumyen. Deg 146 UT, s lebɣi n Mass-nsen, Scipion Amilianus yebḍa tagelda n Mass-nsen. Micipsa (neɣ Ameksa-nsen s Tamaziɣt*) yeṭṭef-d n tgelda n Sirta , agensu n tgelda akk d wexxam n tadrimt. Gulussa yettunefk-as lḥekma n lεesker d taneɣlaft n ṭṭraḍ, Amastan [ 23 ] — lamaɛna-s n lisim-is d win yettḥuddun ɣef medden —(neɣ Mastanabal s tefransist) yettunefk-as udabu n ccṛeɛ deg tgelda. Arraw-is kemmlen tasertit n baba-tsen d uεiwen-is i Ṛuma deg umenɣi-ines mgal Qerṭaj, ɣas akken Micipsa, yettgen dima ɣef nnfeɛ n tmurt-is, ur yeqqim ara dima d win i d-yettakken afus i Ruma, "yettgalla dima s yiɣallen d yidrimen ... maca yezga yettεeṭṭil yerna yettraju ad iẓer d acu ara yeḍrun"]. Xeddmen akk akken ad teqqim tgelda teddukkel; lemmer ur msefhamen ara d Ruma, ur tt-ɛawnen ara, ahat ur tettwakkes ara Qerṭaj.

Kra yessegassen defir n Nnger n Qerṭaj , azal n c. 145 UT, yemmut Galussa. Mastanabal, yeḍfer-it, kra n yiseggasen mbeɛd deg azal n usegass 140 UT. Micipsa i ṛebba mmi-s n Mastanabal i wumi semman Yugar-iten (Jugurtha s tefransist) ; Yugar-iten yesɛa azal n 14 n yiseggasen di leɛmer-is.

Micipsa, imi d netta kan ay d awṛat n tgelda n Mass-nsen, yeḥkem d agellid awḥid deg Sirta , s tallelt n sin warraw-is Adherbal d Hiempsal I, d Yugar-iten, mmi-s n gma-s Manastabal.

Ddaw n Mass-nsen d mmi-s Micipsa, Numidya teǧǧuǧǧeg. Deg tallit-a n talwit, Numidya tettimɣur, treffed iman-is s waṭas; tnerna tfellaḥt, nnernant temdinin, tnerna tnezzut s s ttawilat n ussiweḍ ɣer isugan i yellan zik ddaw afus n Qerṭaj. Tagelda-nsen teṭṭef deg lebɣi yelhan n Ṛuma s ussiweḍ n yirden, lemɛawna taserdasit, gar-asen iserdasen n ṭṭraḍ n uḍar, iserdasen n ṭṭraḍ n uεudiw, d yifilen. IIgelliden n Numidya ɛerḍen ad ttekkin deg deg yedles agrigi n usamer n Yilel Agrakal . Deg wunuɣen n yiṣurdiyen-nsen, Mass-nsen d Micipsa zgan ttlusen yiwen uceṭṭiḍ amellal i yettwaqqen ɣef uqerruy-nsen; aya-gi yella tettwassen deg tallit-nni am d wansay n tasmert n tgelda tagrigit.

Nnig waya, sfaydin daɣen seg lebni s ṣṣenf agrigi deg temdinin-nsen. yerna yiwen seg warraw n Mass-nsen, Amastan, yeṭṭef-d amkan deg Wuraren Ulimpiyen.

Mi yemmut Micipsa deg useggas n 118 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), Tajmilt-is tedda ɣer warraw-is Hiempsal I, Adherbal d Yugar-iten—Micipsa i t-iṛebban am mmis— i ḥemmlen aṭas ger yimezdaɣ n Numidya. Hiempsal d Yugar-iten mxallafen akken kan i yemmut Micipsa [ 24 ] . Yugar-iten yessuddes tamettant n Hiempsal, yerna yessufeɣ-d Adherbal seg Sirta . Adherbal yerwel ɣer Ruma akken ad d-yessuter aḥraz n Senat. Maca, Jugurtha yefka-d yakan tijɛal i iṛumaniyen yesɛan tazmert, dɣa d aya ay yejjan Aseqqamu n Weɣlan n Ruma ad yebḍu Numidya deg 114 (UT): utaram n Numidya n yettunefk i Yugar-iten, ma d Adherbal yettunefk-as uḥric n usamer.

Yugurten, imi yezweǧ d yelli-s n Aweqqas I (Bocchus I s tefransist)— agellid n Muriṭanya n zik—yesdukkel lɛesker ameqran, yeẓdem ɣef tmurt n Adherbal deg useggas n 112 (UT). Adherbal yerra iman-is ɣer Sirta , anda i yeṭṭef sin n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ. Yeǧǧa-t laẓ, yerra iman-is, maca Jugurtha yenɣa-t akk d waṭas n Iṭalyanen i izedɣen di temdint.

Tigawt-agi taneggarut, n tmenɣiwt n n Iṭalyanen i izedɣen deg Sirta , d lḥemmeẓ aneggaru i yessker-d lɣecc i Ṛuma mi yenɣa kra n yimerkantiyen iṛumiyen i d-yettεawanen Adherbal. Yugar-iten yeɣleb kra n wussan mgal Ṛuma, dɣa yefka iman-is imi i s-d-tefka-d yiwet wemtawa n talwit igerrzen aṭas, ayen i d-yessekcem-d ccek ɣef kra n ugufsu.

Yugar-iten yettwaḥettem daɣen ad d-yas ɣer Ṛuma akken ad icehhed mgal amḍebber-nni. Yugar-iten yettwasqerdec s lekmal-is, imi taɣdemt taṛumit tenna-d belli d ameɣbun ur nesεi ul neɣ ṛṛeḥma g zik-is, yerna yenɣa yiwen n uxṣim-nnes anumidi akken kan ad d-yawi ayen yebɣa; ugar n tezmert, dima ugar n tezmert.

Mi t-id-ssawlen ɣer Senat ɣef tigawt-a, Yugar-iten yettwasqerdec s lekmal-is, imi taɣdemt taṛumit tenna-d belli d ameɣbun ur nesεi ul neɣ ṛṛeḥma g zik-is, yerna yenɣa yiwen n uxṣim-nnes anumidi akken kan ad d-yawi ayen yebɣa; ugar n tezmert, dima ugar n tezmert.

Maca Yugar-iten yettwaɛaqeb ara ɣef lǧal n rṣaṣ i d-yefka i yiqeddacen n Senat. Uqbel ad yeffeɣ si Ṛuma, yenɣa Massiva, mmi-s n Gulussa, i d-yeccetka fell-as.

Kra n wussan mbeɛd, yeṭṭef abrid ɣer Numidya, imi i s-d-yefka usenet lameṛ ad yeffeɣ si Ṭṭelyan. Mi d-yeǧǧa Ṛuma, qqaren-d yezga yettmuqul-d fell-as s tsusmi, dɣa yenna-d:

“Tamdint i d-yettwazenzen yerna ur tɛeṭṭel ara ad tenger, ma tufa win ara tt-id-iɣen!”

Imi teɛzem ad tfak acqirrew n Yugar-iten, Ṛuma tessuter-d Aulus mgal-is deg useggas n 109 UT. D acu kan, Aulus yettwaɣleb mi yewweḍ ɣer temdint Sutul—amkan i qirben ɣef tamandt Galma—yerna yettwaḥbes.

Yeffeɣ-d umennuɣ ger Numidya d Tegduda Taṛumaniyt, dɣa aṭas n iserdasen i d-yettwaceggɛen ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa s ddaw tamsit n Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. Iṛumaniyen ɛerḍen ad rebḥen ɣef Yugar-iten s tɣawla, maca ṭṭraḍ-nni yeṭṭef aṭas n yiseggasen ur d-tban ara taggara-s.

Metellus yesselḥay yiwen n yimenɣi ur nesɛi azal mgal yiɣallen n Yugar-iten ɣer tama n Theveste, dɣa yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yeqqel ɣer deffir deg tama n Zama deg useggas n 108 UT.

Deg useggas n 107 UT, Metellus, deffir ma iqeεεed iman-is, yeɣli-d ɣeg Numidya, yerra-d iɣallen n Yugar-iten ɣer deffir; yeṭṭef Sirta . Yugar-iten yerwel ɣer Gaetuliyen, dɣa yessuter afus n tallelt i Aweqqas.

Gaius Marius, amεawen n Metellus, yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma akken ad d-yessuter afran d Akunsul acku ur s-yeεǧib ara lḥala n ṭṭraḍ i wumi yettban-as-d mebla taggara.

Metellus yettwaɛreḍ ɣer Ṛuma akken ad iqabel taɣdemt ɣef ugufsu; i d-yewwi uxṣim-nnes aserti Gaius Marius. 29][30]

Marius yettwafren, syin yuɣal ɣer Numidya s 50.000 n yergazen akken ad yeṭṭef deg ufus-is agmuḍ n ṭṭraḍ. Iceggeɛ anemhal-is n temsal Sulla ɣer tamurt n Muriṭanya akken ad iqenneɛ agellid-is Aweqqas I ad yeḥbes lemɛawna i s-yeţţak i Yugar-iten. S tallelt n Aweqqas I Sulla yeṭṭef Yugar-iten d ameḥbus yerna yewwi ṭṭrad-nni ɣer taggara. Yugar-iten wwin-t-id ɣer Ṛuma s snasel, rran-t deg lḥebs n Tullianum. [ 25 ]

Iṛumyen nɣan Yugar-iten deg 104 UT, deffir ma smuqqlen-t deg yiberdan n Ṛumai usgunfu azayaz akk d ustehzi n uɣref deg wayen umi qqaren Tmanegt n Marius. [ 24 ]

Seld tamettant n Yugar-iten, timnaḍin ibeɛden n utaram n Numidya tefka-tent Ṛuma i Aweqqas I [ 21 ] . Tagelda n Numidya tuɣal-d d tamecṭuḥt, maca tettkemmil tettwaḥkem sɣur igeldunen n tmurt. Di lweqt-nni, Gauda, ​​mmi-s nniḍen n Manastabal i yeqqimen d anelmad i Ṛuma, yettunefk-as Numidya talemmast. Deffir n tmettant n Gauda kra n lweqt sakkin, arraw-is Hiempsal II d Hiarbas bḍan tageldit n baba-tsen, ḥekmen ddaw n tmehla n Ṛuma. Igelliden-agi n Numidya d Muriṭanya, d igensasen n Ṛuma, zgan ttṛuḥun s waṭas ɣer Ṛuma, anda i ttwaselmaden warraw-nsen yerna ttwaḥerzen ddaw n tmehla s lǧehd iwakken ad tḍemnen aḍfar-nsen akk d win n imawlan-nsen.

Ssnen mliḥ talatinit yerna ddren ɣef leḥsab n lɛada n Yiṛumyen, dɣa ttɛawanen tiẓrigin, ttcebbiḥen timdinin-nsen s ṣṣenf n Yiṛumyen, yerna ḥadren ɣef usnefli n wakal-nsen, i d-yefkan i Ṭṭelyan aṭas n tɣawsiwin n tfellaḥt. Iṭalyanen llan daɣen zedɣen deg temnaḍin i d-yefkan lɣella n tmura n imaziɣen, s waṭas deg wakal i d-yettwakksen i yimezdaɣ n tmurt. Ayagi yefka-d afus i usnerni n tṛumanit n Tefriqt n Ugafa.

Igelliden n Numidya d Muriṭanya zgan llan sfaydin-d s waṭas seg yimenɣiyen n daxel n Ṛuma akken ad sferken timsal-nsen s yiman-nsen. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan gar Marius d Sulla, Marius, i d-yenfa Sulla, yufa amkan ɣur Hiarbas, ma d Hiempsal II yefka afus n tallelt i Sulla deg useggas n 88 UT. Hiarbas, s tallelt n wid i d-yeṭṭfen afus n Marius, yeɣleb gma-s Hiempsal yerna yewwi-d tagelda-s. I wakken ad yeqbel Hiarbas d terbaɛt n Marius deg Tefriqt, Sulla iceggeɛ Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompeius) s setta n yeɣallen.

Aweqqas yefka afus n tallelt i yiɣallen n Pompeius s yiwet n tmehla tameqqrant n n yiserdasen n yifesyanen n Muriṭanya i d-yemmal Gauda, mmi-s n mmi-s Bogud. Hiarbas, yeɣleb-it Pompeius yerna yezzi-yas-d s yiɣallen deg Bulla Regia (qrib n Jenduba deg Tunes) , dɣa yewwi-d fell-as lḥal ad yefk iman-is i Gauda, dɣa yettwanɣa s lmut deffir deffir ma yettwaɛetteb. Hiempsal II yerra-d tagelda-s yerna yettunefk-as wakal aqbur n Hiarbas dig 81 UT. Azal n tallit, yemmut Aweqqas, dɣa Muriṭanya tebḍa gar sin n warraw-is: Aweqqas II, i iḥekmen ɣef tama talemmast n tgelda s temdint-nni taqburt n Ilel (Cherchell n tura deg deg temnaḍt n Tipaza ) i yellan d tamaneɣt-is, akk d Bogud, i d-yeɣlin ɣef tama n utaram s Tin Iggi neɣ d tamaneɣt-is.

Yuba I , i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n baba-s Hiempsal II deg useggas n 50 UT, yeɛreḍ ad d-yeṭṭef lfayda n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw yellan gar Gaius Julius Caesar (Caesar) d Pompeius akken ad d-yeffeɣ seg leḥkem n Ṛuman. Seg temdint n Hippo, i d-yerra d tamaneɣt-is, yessaweḍ ad d-yessekles imenfiyen i t-iεawnen ad yesdukkel lεesker n tmurt-is akken ilaq. Mi d-yeṭṭef Caesar Ṭṭelyan seg terbaεt n Senat, Attius Varus, d amɛiwen n Pompeius yerna d anemhal n lɛeskeṛ n Senat, yessawel-d ɣef lḥekma-s deg Tefriqt yerna yesdukkel d Yuba I. Ddan-d akk, ssawḍen ad rẓen aserdas n Gaius Scribonius Curio, amɛiwen n Caesar, deg umennuɣ n Bagradas—ɣef yiri n wasif n Bagradas (isem aqdim n Medjerda) deg Tunes—deg yulyu 49 UT. Ɣef leḥsab n lewṣayat n Pompeius, Varus yeṭṭef-d tiwwura n isugan n Tefriqt akken ad yeḥbes aɛiwed n sselɛa ɣer Ṛuma, aya i d-yessawḍen ɣer laẓ deg Ṭṭelyan, anda ula d aklan bdan la ttmettaten s laẓ. D acu kan, yewweḍ-d yiwen n usgunfu gar imḍebbren-nni yemxallafen; walan ayen i d-yeǧǧa leqdic-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣ n Ṛuma, dɣa ǧǧan aḥebbes n tikli n lbabuṛat n tnezzut seg néɣ ɣer isugan.

Iɣallen n Pompeius, i d-yeqqimen di Tefriqt s ddaw n Varus, dduklen-d yid-sen Titus Labienus (aɛessas aqbur n Caesar), Metellus Scipio (aḍeggal n Pompeius) , Afranius, Porcius Cato, d Gnaeus Pompeius s timmad-is. S uɛiwen n Yuba I d yiserdasen-nnes imaziɣen, iɣallen iɣerfanen ḥbsenCaesar, ḥettmen-t ad d-yebdu lḥemla tamaynut mgal-nsen.

Seg Ṛuma, Caesar yemsawaḍ d Publius Sittius, yiwen n umesbaṭli n Kampanya (Tamnaḍt deg Wenẓul n Ṭṭelyan) i d-yeṭṭfen yiwet n teɣlamt tamecṭuḥt n Iṛumyen, n Igaliyen, n Ispenyuliyen, d Imaziɣen di Tefriqt. Yennay-asen i Aweqqas II d Bogud kra n wakal n Yuba I ma yella ad t-εiwnen.

Caesar yerkeb ɣer yiri n Hadrumetum (ass-a d aḥric seg Susa , deg Tunes) deg waggur n wember 47 UT. Di tazwara, s 5000 n yiserdasen kan mgal 60.000 n yeεdawen-is, Caesar ur yessaweḍ ara ad yawi Hadrumetum maca yewwi-d leqdeṛ d aḍman n Ruspina (tamding n Iṛumyen, tela deg Munastir , deg Tunes) d Leptis Parva (Asagen aṛumi, temdint tamaynut n Lemta, deg wenẓul n Munastir) .

Deg tallit-nni, Sallustius Crispus, amesbaṭli-ines, yeṭṭef-d tigzirin n Qerqna (tarbaɛt n tegzirin i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n wenẓul n Tunes deg Ugelmim n Gabes), d tiɣilt n usekles i lεeskeṛ n Pompeius. Sittius yeṭṭef Sirta , iḥettem i Yuba I ad yessiweḍ iɣallen-nnes ɣer webrid niḍen akken ad iqabel Igaetuliyen ay d-yellan d iɣewwaɣen.

S wazal n 30,000 n yergazen i d-yesǧehden deg Ruspina, Caesar yeɣleb Tapsus (Asagen aṛum azal n 30 km. deg wenẓul n Munastir); deg wass n 6 Fuṛaṛ 46 UL, yeɣleb iɣallen imdukal n Scipion i yellan ttnadin ad d-rren tamdint-nni.

Yuba, mi yeεreḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer Zama-Regia (“Zama Tagellidt”, tamdint taqburt deg Tunes) , yufa-d tiwwura-s qqlent, dɣa yenɣa-t yiwen n wakli mi yekcem Caesar ɣer temdint-nni deg amernay. Scipio, imi zzin-as-d yiɣallen n Sittius deg Ugelmim n Hippo, yenɣa yiman-is dɣa yeɣreq.

Mi yerbeḥ, Caesar iceggeɛ mmi-s n Yuba I ɣer Ṛuma, anda i d-yettwaselmed deg yidles n aṛumi d leqdeṛ i tezmert-is. Caesar yerra tama-s n usammar n Numidya ɣer tamnaḍt n Ṛuma n Afrika Nova, yerra amḍebber-is Sallustius Crispus d aqerru n tamnaḍt-nni. Sallustius yessexdam lbaṭel deg tamnaḍt-is tamaynut, yejmeɛ-d idrimen d imeqranen s ssebba n uɛaqeb n imezdaɣ-is ɣef tallalt i d-fkan i Pompey.

Aweqqas II yettunefk-as-d akal nniḍen deg Muriṭanya Sitifensis, ma d Bogud yeṭṭef-d usamer n Numidya. Sittius, yettwasnerna, yettunefk-as Sirta d tdukliwin-is, yettwakkes seg Masanasses, d amdakkel n Yuba I . Imḍebbren igdudanen ay d-yeqqimen ddren rewlen ɣer Spenyul. Caesar, s tallelt n yiɣallen imaziɣen ddaw n Bogus, yeɣleb-iten deg Munda (tamdint n wenẓul n Spenyul) deg useggas i d-yeddan.

D aya i d taggara n tuqqna i d-yellan mgal Caesar yerna llan wid i d-yeqqaren d akken daɣen d taggara n Numidya.

Usamer n Numidya yetettwakkes-as deg 46 UT akken ad d-tesnulfu tamnaḍt taṛumanit tamaynut, Africa Nova. Utaram n Numidya tettwakkes daɣen d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n Africa Nova deffir ma yemmut ugellid-nnes aneggaru, Arabio. Arabio iḥekmen ɣef temnaḍt n umalu gar 44 d 40 UT [ 26 ] . Ɣef leḥsab n Appianus Alexandrinus, yella d mmi-s n Masinissa II d mmi-s n Gauda, i yebḍan Numidya gar warraw-is deg useggas n 88 UT. [ 27 ]

Deg tallit-nni n wezzil (30-25 UT) Yuba II (mmi-s n Yuba I ) iḥkem d amsaɣ - agellid (iban-d mazal-it d ilelli, maca yella ddaw uḍar n Ṛuma) n Numidya deg wakal n temnaḍt-nni n zik n Afrika Nova.

Tafellaḥt

Tagelda n Numidya tella tettwassen s waṭas n tafellaḥt-s; rnu ɣer cclaḍa, tidal, d waṭas n imendi i ččan yakan Imaziɣen seg zik-nsen, Numidya tella tettwassen daɣen s waṭas s tẓidanin-is yesɛan azal ameqqran, am irden i d-yettwaḥerzen ɣef yiri n wasif n Nil n Maṣer. Akken i d-yenna anmezray aṛumi Plinius Amɣar:

Gar yirden i d-yettwazen ssya ɣer Ṛuma, yella yirden ixfifen i d-yettwazen seg tamurt n Liggul ur yekkis ara taẓeyt d lgelba (9 kilu n wass-a). Taẓeyt n yirden n Sardinya tugar taẓeyt n Liggu s 225 agram, taẓeyt n Biossya tugar taẓeyt n Liggul s 450 agram, ma d yirden n Tefriqt tugar taẓeyt n yirden n Liggul s 787 agram. [ 28 ]

Tazmilt: deg uḍris s teglizit n Wikipidia, anda i d-yettwakkes uselmed-a, yettmeslay-d ɣef lmizan s taẓeyt d lgelba neɣ Boisseau yesɛan taẓayt n 20 livres. 20 livres (n tallit-nneɣ) = 9 kilu, yiwet n livre = 450 igramen, tlata n uḥricen n (neɣ 75%) n 450 igramen = 337 igramen. 450 igramen + 337 igramen = 787 igramen.

Deg useggas n 179 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), agellid Mass-nsen n Numidya yeṭṭef-d tasmert n ddheb seg imezdaɣ n Delos, imi i sen-yefka lbabuṛ n yirden. Yella-d yiwen n usebdad n Mass-nsen deg Delos bnan-tt i ccan-is, s yiwet n tira i d-yuran sɣur yiwen n wemdan n Rudes akken ad t-snamreɣen. Ula d arraw-is, rran-as-d isebdaden deg tegzirt n Delos; agellid n Bitinya, Nicomedes, yebna-yas-d daɣen asebdad i Mass-nsen. 26] Deg useggas n 143, lqedd nzzit n uzemmur n Numidya nettwazenz deg Tgelda Taṛumaniyt yuweḍ-d ɣer lqedd n yirden nettwazenz deg Tgelda Taṛumaniyt.

Deg useggas n 200 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman yellan di Masidunya, yewwi-d 17,508 n hiktuliter n yirden n Numidya; deg useggas n 198 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman di tmurt n Legrik, yessuter-d daɣen lqedd-nni n yirden. Deg useggas n 191 UT, Ṛuma tewwi 26,262 hiktuliter n yirden d 21,885 hiktuliter n timẓin; tamurt n Legrik, deg useggas-nni, tewwi 43,770 hiktuliter n yirden d 26,262 hiktuliter n timẓin. Dɣa, deg useggas n 171 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman di tmurt n Masidunya, yewwi-d 87,540 n hiktuliter n yirden.

S ujemmal Ṛuma tessaweḍ-d ayen i d-iteddun [ 29 ] :

Izwilen-a ţmettilen-d kan amur amectuḥ seg tɣawsiwin n tgelda n Mass-nsen. D ayen i d-ssaweḍ-ed i Ṛuma deg useggas n 170 UT, d ayen i d-yettbanen d aḥric kan seg wayen i texdem tgelda-s, acku yečča-t lḥal imi i s-tefka Ṛuma lexlaṣ ɣef yirden i sen-d-yefka deg useggas-nni. Deg tallit-nni, Mass-nsen ur εad yessali afus-is ɣef wakal-nni wakal igerzen i yeččuṛen d lɣella n Emporia (Tamnaḍt n ugafa-amalu n Libya n zik); s umata, timẓin i d lɣella tameqrant n tgelda-s, imi ttemɣin-tt deg wakal ifessusen d wakal n wedrar, imi d ayen ilaqen i tmenɣiwt-is.

Tasegda

Isem-a "Tasegda n Tgelda Tanumidit" yettwasnulfa akken ad d-yessiwel ɣef yimedyaten n lbeni i bnan igelliden n Numidya. [ 30 ] llan deg-sen yiẓekwan, tiqbucin n lqaɛa d yiẓra i d-yettwasbedden ɣef uẓekka neɣ ɣef yiẓekwan, d yimukan n tẓallit. Kra n yimedyaten-nsen d aẓekka n Thugga, aẓekka n Sifaqs (Beni Rhenane, Lezzayer) , aẓekka n Henchur Burgu deg Djerba (Tunes) akk d sin yiẓekwan yettwasnen s yisem n imedɣasen akk d Uẓekka Yuba II . [ 30 ] Llan daɣen iseflawen i d-yettwabnan deg Chemtou neɣ Chimtou (tamdint tamaziɣt d taṛumiyt azal 20 km seg temdint n Jenduba Tunes deg tama n tlisa n Lezzayer) d Kbor Klib. Iẓekwan-a merra bnan-d deg temnaḍt i iḥkem Mass-nsen d tarwa-s. [ 30 ]

Isugan d tnezzut

Numidya teṭṭef amur ameqran seg yisugan n Qerṭaj yettwassnen i yellan d yiwen seg wid yesɛan azal akk deg Yilel Agrakal. Cicero, amsarag aṛumi yettwassnen d umezruy, yenna-aɣ-d belli agellid n Numidya Mass-nsen yella yesɛa tagriwa n ṭṭrad akken ad iḥareb ɣef tnezzut-is. Deg yiwet n tmɛayt, tanawt n Mass-nsen tṛuḥ ɣer Malta yerna teṭṭef tigejdatin timeqqranin n yilef seg Lǧameɛ n Juno (yiwet n taṛebbit taṛumaniyt, d taɛessast d tnemhalt uslig n uwanak) , tuɣal ɣer Numidya yerna ttefka-ten d arraz i Mass-nsen. Mi yeẓra ugellid ɣef laṣel n tmeɣra-nni, iheggad-d yiwet n tmeẓdit n xemsa n yiɣerruba, yerra-ten-id ɣer wanda i d-usan. Taqsiṭ-a tessewhamt teqqar-aɣ-d dakken mačči kan Mass-nsen i yesεan aṭas n lbabuṛat ara ixedmen ccɣel akken i s-yehwa, maca ula d taflukin-a llan ttilin deg beṛṛa n teftisin n Tefriqt ɣer Yilel Agrakal alemmas.

Amgarad n wid n Qerṭaj i yeggmen tadamsa ɣef wudem n Yegriken ɣer yiḥricen imeqqranen n Tefriqt n Ugafa, Mass-nsen yeldi tadamsa akk d yemsenza f Giriken, Imaṣriyen, Iṣyuriyen d yemsenza n Ṭṭelyan. Mass-nsen yella yettak-d i yimezdaɣ n Rudes asɣar d tzelɣa. [ 31 ] Deg Sirta , ufan-d aṭas n yimfuras n Rhode seg lqern wis sin u qbel n tallit-nneɣ, yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tira (Sodamos). [ 32 ] Ẓer: daɣen Asekkil n Tamaziɣt taqburt , d Tutlayt n Numidya/Tanumidt

Ẓer: daɣen Asekkil n Tamaziɣt taqburt , d Tutlayt n Numidya/Tanumidt

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