Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ

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Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ (s taglizit : Cold War , s tarusit : Холодная война), d tamenziɣt deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin , seg 1945 ar 1991 , gar Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt , Tadukli Tasuvyatit ed yimsisan-nsen [ 1 ] , Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ tella deg tasertit , tadamsa ed tazniwt , aseqdec n yemrigen d win yesεan lḥedd [ 2 ] .

Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ d awal yura-t i tikelt tamezwarut s umaru aglizi George Orwell , deg umagrad i yeffeɣ-d deg 1945 [ 2 ] .

Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d tallit n umennuɣ asertan, d usnaktawi i d-yebdan seld Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin (deg 1945) yerna yekfa s uɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991. Fkan-as isem (isem-is) "asemmaḍ" acku ur d-yelli ara d ṭṭrad iẓrilew neɣ d imenɣi srid gar snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (IYM) d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (TT).

Iẓuran n Umennuɣ: Tazdukla mgal Tamsihrit

Deg yiwet n tama, tella Marikan d yimsisan-is n utaram, i yellan dduklend ɣer unagraw n tamsihrit , tugdut talibiralit, d uzayez n tlelli tudmawant. Sɛan tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli.

Deg tama nniḍen, tella Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ. TT tella tettabaɛ anagraw n tazdukla , s unabaḍ imeslemmes s waṭas, anda akabar amyiwen i d-yettaṭṭafen adabu.

Yal yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin-a tella tettnadi ad tesnerni tazrirt d tesnakta-ines deg umaḍal.

1. Anagraw n Wataram: Tamsihrit d Tugdut Talibiralit

Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d yimsisan-nsen n Wataram (am Tgelda Yedduklen, Fṛansa, atg.) llan ḍefren anagraw yebnan ɣef:

2. Anagraw n Wegmuḍ: Tazdukla d Unagraw n Ukabar Amyiwen

Tadukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ n Turuft i teddukul (i yellan seddaw n tecḍaḍt-is) llan ḍefren anagraw yemgarraden s tidett:

Amgired i d-Yeslulen Ṭṭrad

Imenɣi d umgired n tesnakta i d-yebdan uqbel Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, maca yuɣal d aṣeḥḥan seld 1945.

Seg temliliyin n Yalta d Potsdam, Iwunak Yedduklen d Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek ara tili Turuft mbeɛd ṭṭrad. Marikan tebɣa timura tilelliyin s tefranin n tugdut. Tadukli Tasuvyatit, i yexsren aṭas n yimdanen, tebɣa ad tesbedd "tamnaḍt n uḥuddu" gar-as d Wegmuḍ n Turuft, s usbeddi n yinabaḍen izduklanen i s-yeddan deg tmura am Pulunya, Hungarya, d Rumanya.

Widak n Wataram walan anect-a d tamsulta d usnerni n tezdukla s yiɣil. Dɣa yal tama tebda tettwali tamaniḍt d amihi ɣef tilin-is. Anect-a i d-yeslulen beṭṭu n Turuft d umaḍal ɣef sin n yiḥricen, d tallit n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen

Yiwet seg tmeẓri timeqranin n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d "tazzla ɣer leslaḥ," ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen. Seg wasmi i sseqdec Iwunak Yedduklen tibumbtin tiɣisanin deg 1945, Tadukli Tasuvyatit texdem tirmit ines tamezwarut deg 1949.

Anect-a yebda tallit n "tuggdi n uɣisan". Snat n tmura-a wwḍent ɣer tnezmart n ussexṛeb n umaḍal acḥal d tikkelt. Tuggdi-a n ussexṛeb d ayen i d-yeslulen lḥers ameqqran, maca deg yiwet n tama, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad usrid gar-asent.

"Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen" d timsizzelt tameqqrant i d-yellan gar Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d Tdukli Tasuvyatit iwakken ad snernin yerna ad afen imrigen iweɛṛen ugar, ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen.

Mačči d tazzla ɣef yimrigen iklasikiyen kan i yellan, maca d tazzla ɣef tknulujit n ussexṛeb ameqqran.

1. Tagara n Uḥkar

Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ yebda s yiwet n tnezmart kan i yesɛan abrid ɣer umrig aɣisan.

2. Tameẓla n Usseḥbes

Ilaq ad nefhem ayɣer i ṣerrfen idrimen ɣef yimrigen-a. Tameẓla tamezwarut d "asseḥbes" neɣ "aṣerheb".

Anamek: Yal tama tella tettnadi ad tesɛu imrigen i yeqqnen iwakken ad teṣerheb tama nniḍen. Tikti-nni tella akka: "Ma tebɣiḍ ad iyi-d-tewteḍ, ilaq ad teẓreḍ belli sɛiɣ ayen s wayes ara k-ssexṛbeɣ ula d kečč, yerna s tarrayt iweɛṛen."

Anect-a yebna ɣef tuggdi. Yal tama tuggad tanezmart n tama nniḍen.

3. Asali n Tnezmart: Seg Tbumbt 'A' ɣer Tbumbt 'H'

Tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara deg tbumbt taɣisant tamenzut (A-Bomb).

Amyezzyi-a yuɣal d "anwa ara yesɛun tabumbt i d-yettawin axeṣṣar ugar."

4. Timsizzelt n umseḍru

Aṭas n yimrigen ur yettunfaɛ ara ma ur tesɛiḍ ara amek ara ten-tesserwteḍ ɣer umnaḍ (iswi). Dɣa tebda tazzla nniḍen:

5. Tuggdi n Ussexṛeb Gar-asent

Deg yiseggasen n 1960, snat n tnezmarin-a wwḍent ɣer yiwet n tegnit iɣef ur zmirent ara ad uɣalent ɣer deffir.

Sɛant i sin ayen i yeqqnen n yimrigen iɣisanen iwakken ad ssexṛbent tamaniḍt n yal yiwen acḥal d tikkelt. Anagraw-a n tuggdi yettusemma s Tenglizt "MAD" .

Tameẓla-a, ɣas d tamcumt, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad asrid gar-asent. Yal yiwen yuggad ad yebdu imenɣi acku yessen inalkamen: assexṛeb n umaḍal.

6. Tazɣent n Imrigen n Kuba (1962)

D anect-a i d akud iweɛṛen akk deg Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ. Asmi i tebɣa TT ad tesbedd imrigen iɣisanen deg Kuba (tama n Marikan), amaḍal yewweḍ ɣer yiri n ṭṭrad aɣisan n tidett. D anect-a i d-yesbeggnen amihi ameqqran n tazzla-a ɣer yimrigen.

7. Inalkamen

Tazzla-a tesɛa inalkamen imeziwiyen:

Deg taggara, mbeɛd tazɣent n Kuba, bdan yimtawayen am "SALT" iwakken ad ssenqsen ɣef yimrigen-a, maca tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara s tidett armi d taggara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Amennuɣ ɣef Tallunt d Tknulujit

Amennuɣ mačči d aserdas kan. Yella daɣen "Tazzlan ɣer Tallunt". D anect-a i d-yesbeyynen anwa unagraw i d-yufraren deg tɣawsiwin n tmusni d tussna d tknulujit.

1957: Tadukli Tasuvyatit tessefɣ-d agensa amezwaru, "Sputnik 1".

1961: Yuri Gagarin (Asubyati) yuɣal d amdan amezwaru i d-yezzin ɣef umtiweg n wakal.

1969: Marikan terra-d s tuwwḍa n "Apollo 11", anda Neil Armstrong yersa ɣef Wayyur.

Ṭṭradat s Uwkil d Uɣrab n Berlin

Iwakken ad myaɣen war ma nnuɣen srid, IYM d TT llan ssexdamen "ṭṭradat s uwkil". Llan ttgen tadrimt yerna ttgrn imrigen i yimsisan nsen deg yimenɣan n tmura nniḍen. Amedya:

Deg Turuft, yebna "Aɣrab n Berlin" deg 1961. Aɣrab-a yebḍa tamdint n Berlin ɣef sin, yerna yuɣal d azamul n beṭṭu n Wegmuḍ (tazdukla) d Wataram (tamsihrit).

Tagara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettidir tizɣatin timeqqranin n tdamsa d tsertit. Tismeskal n "Perestroika" (aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa) d "Glasnost" (tuffɣa ɣer tafat/lfiraq) i d-yewwi Mikhail Gorbachev, ur ssawḍen ara ad sselken anagraw.

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