Atiliskup Jmes Webb

Atiliskup James Webb (s teglizit: James Webb Space Telescope - JWST) d yiwen n wallal n tussna ameqqran akk i d-yettwaxedmen i tmuɣli d unadi deg tallunt. Yettwaḍleq deg 25 Dujember 2021. D asenfar i d-xedmen lwaḥid Tuddsa Tamirikanit n Tallunt (NASA), Tuddsa n Tallunt n Turuft (ESA), akked Tuddsa n Tallunt n Kanada (CSA).

Iswiyen-is igejdanen:

Amezruy n umeɣraḍ:

Atiliskup James Webb yettwaqeddec iwakken ad yili am tmacint n wakud i yettarran imassanen ɣer yizri lqayen n umeɣraḍ-nneɣ. Imi tafat tettawi akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ seg yimukan ibeɛden, ayen i nettwali ass-a deg tallunt d ayen yeḍran zik. Ɣef waya, ma nmuqel ɣer yimukan yebɛeden ugar, nettwali tugniwin tiqburin n umeɣraḍ, ayen yettaǧǧan atiliskup-a ad iẓer tikkelt tamenzut i d-nnulfan yitran d yimazellawen kra n lweqt kan deffir n "Big Bang".

Ayen i t-yettajjan ad yessewti iswi-ya d tamusni-ines deg tmuɣli s teẓririyt n uzeggaɣ-adda. Imi ameɣraḍ-nneɣ yettimɣur yerna yettkemmil deg uwsay-is, tafat i d-yeffɣen seg yimazellawen imenza akk deg umezruy tetteɣzif teɣzi n temdeswalin-is am "kawiču" akken tettaweḍ-d ɣur-nneɣ, almi tkeččem srid deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda. Atiliskup James Webb yewjed s wallalen ussnanen ilqayen iwakken ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a tabadut i ur yezmir ara ad tt-iwali wallen n wemdan neɣ yitiliskupen n tmuɣli tagnawt (am uqbur-nni Hubble).

S usnirem-a, atiliskup James Webb yettnadi ad yefhem tamhazt n umeɣraḍ seg wussan-is imezwura. Yebɣa ad d-iwali amek i d-yennulfa uɣebbar d lgaz deg tallunt i d-yefkan iferdisen imenza, d wamek i ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen-a s tezmert n Taẓeyt (neɣ n teldayt) iwakken ad d-fken imazellawen yemgaraden i nettwali ass-a. Akka, allal-a isewseɛ tamusni-nneɣ, yettarra-d ɣef yisteqsiyen lqayen i yesseɣbalen talsawt ɣef dduḥ n wamaḍal, yerna yettak-aɣ-d tagnit ad negzu amek i d-bennun yimtiwgen i izemren ad awin tudert.

Asnirem n yimtiwgen:

Atiliskup-a ur yettnadi ara kan ɣef yimazellawen i d-yennulfan zik yebɛeden aṭas, maca yerra daɣen lwelha-s s telqayt ɣer yimtiwgen imaynuten i itezzin ɣef yitran beṛṛa n unagraw-nneɣ afukan. Iswi-is ameqqran deg uḥric-a d taɣuri n tegnawt i d-yezzin i yimtiwgen-a iwakken ad yefhem d acu n yiferdisen i ten-id-yesbedden. S useqdec n tmuɣli-ines tameqrant deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup yezmer ad d-yeṭṭef tafat n yitran mi ara d-tɛeddi seg tegnawt n yimtiwgen-nsen. Aya yettaǧǧa imassanen ad farsen tafat-nni iwakken ad d-afen ticraḍ n lgazat am waman, uksid n ukaṛbun, neɣ lmiṭan, ayen i d-yemmalen addad n yimtiwgen-a d wayen i izemren ad d-yefk isallen lqayen ma yella wemtiweg-nni yesɛa tiwtilin i izemren ad seddunt tudert neɣ ala.

Rnu ɣef waya, asnirem-a yettεawan-aɣ ad negzu ula d amek i d-ttnulfun unagrawen n yimtiwgen s timmad-nsen. Atiliskup yezmer ad ixezzer srid ɣer wadiren n uɣebbar d lgaz i d-yezzin i yitran imecṭuḥen i d-ilulen d imaynuten, anda i d-ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen iwakken ad xedmen imtiwgen imenza. Tamuɣli-ya tettekkes aɣummu ɣef tisuraf timezwura n tlalit n wakalen n tigennawin, yerna tessebgan-d amek i d-yettili wemhaz-nsent si tazwara. Xas akken allal-a yettnadi s waṭas deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ, yezmer daɣen ad d-yerr tamuɣli-s ɣer unagraw-nneɣ afukan iwakken ad iwali s tseddi imtiwgen am Mezweɣ, Adanbala, neɣ ula d ayyuren-nsen. S webrid-a amserreḥ, tasnallunt tettali ɣer uswir amaynut, anda imdanen zeḍḍen assaɣen gar wamek i d-ttnulfun yimtiwgen d wamek i tezmer ad tili tudert deg yimukan nniḍen beṛṛa n wakal-nneɣ.

Tlalit n yitran:

Atiliskup James Webb yeldi tiwwura timaynutin iwakken ad negzu amek i d-ttlalalen yitran deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ. Zik, imassanen llan ttafen ugur d ameqqran imi itran ttnekmalen-d daxel n yisignawen imeqqranen i d-yecsan s uɣebbar d lgaz, ayen i yeṭṭfen tafat tamagnut ur tt-yeṭṭaǧǧa ara ad d-teffeɣ iwakken ad tt-nwali. Maca tura, s tmuɣli-ines lqayen deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup-a yezmer ad iwexxer aɣummu-nni n uɣebbar swaswa am wakken yettwali deffir n srid. Aya yettaǧǧa allal-a ad d-yeṭṭef tugniwin n yitran imecṭuḥen deg tseddarin-nsen timezwura n tlalit, mi ara llan d isignawen i d-yettejmaɛen cwiya cwiya s lǧehd n teẓeyt. S usnirem-a s telqayt, tasnallunt tezmer ad tzar s tseddi amek agraw-nni n lgaz yettqaraṣ yerna yettaẓay almi d-yefka itri amaynut i d-yettfeǧǧiǧen. Taɣuri-ya ur tettak ara kan isallen ɣef yitran ibeɛden, maca tessefham-aɣ-d ula d amek i d-tlul tfukt-nneɣ zik-nni d wamek tebda tudert n unagraw afukan. S webrid-a, atiliskup yettak-d inagan imaynuten ɣef umezruy awessar n tallunt d wamek yal itri yesɛa tamacahut tuzzigt n tlalit-is.

Ameɣraḍ amenzu d tlalit n yimazellawen imenza:

Atiliskup James Webb yettarra-aɣ ɣer deffir deg wakud swaswa am tmacint n lweqt, iwakken ad nwali tagnit ideg yella umeɣraḍ kra n yimelyan n yiseggasen kan deffir Uṭerḍeq Ameqqran (Big Bang). Imi tafat tettaṭṭaf akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ, ayen akken i d-nwala ibeɛd aṭas deg tallunt, d ayen yellan zik-nni deg umezruy. Iswi ameqqran n utiliskup-a d asikad n yimazellawen imenza i d-ilulen, wid i d-yefkan tafat-nsen tamezwarut. Tafat n yimazellawen-a teqdim aṭas yerna teɣzif ugar s tsebba n usihrew n umeɣraḍ, d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tekcem srid deg tiddi n uzeggaɣ-adda, ayen umi neqqar asekḥer ɣer uzeggaɣ . Imi atiliskup Hubble ur yezmir ara ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a i d-yewwḍen ɣer ṭṭerf, James Webb yusa-d s wallalen-is lqayen iwakken ad yekkes aɣummu ɣef tallit-a taqburt aṭas n umeɣraḍ . S waya, imassanen zemren ad farsen amek i d-nejmaɛen yitran imenza s lǧehd n teẓeyt iwakken ad d-xedmen imazellawen, d wamek i d-yemhaz umeɣraḍ seg yiwet n tignewt yeḥman almi d-yefka anagraw-a ameqqran i nessin ass-a, yeččuran d tuddesnin yemgaraden.

Amkan-is d tewtilin n umahil-is:

Atiliskup-agi ur yezzi ara ɣef tegnit am yigensawen-nniḍen, maca yezga-d deg yiwen n wemkan yebɛeden aṭas ɣef lqaɛa s wazal n 1,5 n yimelyan n yikilumitren (amkan-a yettusemma Lagrange L2). Amkan-a yettaǧǧa-t ad yeqqim d asemmiḍ aṭas (yesɛa yiwen n uɣummu ameqqran i t-iḥeddren ɣef yiṭij), ayen i as-yettaken tagnit ad yeṭṭef tugniwin s tewtilin d telqayt timeqqranin.

Segmi i d-yebda tawuri-is, James Webb yessewhem imusnawen s tugniwin yelhan i d-yessufeɣ, yerna yeldi-d tiwwura timaynutin i tussna iwakken ad negzu ugar amek i d-yennulfa umaḍal d tallunt.