Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru

Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru , qqaren as daɣen d Ṭṭraḍ Ameqqran , d ccwal si 1914 ar 1918 gar; ( Lalman d Tutrict-Hungri syin akin msefhamen akked Iturkiyen (1914) ed Bulgarya (1915)), mgal ( Serbya , Fransa , Rusya , Biljik ed Briṭanya msefhamen akked Yapan (1914), Ṭṭelyan (1915), Rumanya ed Portugal (1916), Marikan , Legrig , Ccinwa ed timura nniḍen n Tamrikt n Wenẓul (1917)) [ 1 ] .

Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru[b] (28 Yulyu 1914 – 11 Wamber 1918), isem-is daɣen Ṭṭraḍ Ameqqran, yella d ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan gar sin n yigiman: At tdukli d wat tlemmast . Amenɣi yella aladɣa deg Uruppa d Usammar Alemmas, akked kra n tamiwin deg Tefriqt d Asya-Apasifik. Deg Uruppa, yettwasen s wayen umi qqaren "trench warfare" (imenɣi deg yiɣezran), aseqdec n yimrigen n tmacint d yimrigen ikruranen (gaz), akked usexdem n yigensaten d yisafagen i tikkelt tamezwarut. Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru yella d yiwen seg yimenɣiyen yeǧǧan aṭas n yimeɣban deg umezruy, s wazal n 10 imelyan n yiɣermanen yemmuten d ugar n 20 imelyan n wid yettwaǧerḥen, akked 10 imelyan n yiɣermanen i yemmuten seg wuguren am Tanɣaɣreft(genocide) . Amussu n waṭas n yimdanen yella d taɣawsa tamenzut i d-yewwin aṭṭan n abeḥri tleggiḍt taspenyulit. [ 2 ]

Timental n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru tegber asenker n Lalman d waddad yettnuɣbuyen n Tegeldunin Tuṭmanin(taturkit), ayen iɣewlen asemmezger n yhil n tezmert aqbur deg Uruppa, akked umyemsizzwer agerdasmi gar tmura yettwanefken s temguri d temhersa. Simmal yettimɣur ccwal gar tmura timeqqraninn, ihi deg Balkans wwḍen ɣer yixef nsen ass n 28 Yunyu 1914, asmi yiwen n Uṣirbi Abusnawi, Gavrilo Princip, yenɣa Archduke Franz Ferdinand, anesbaɣur n ugelliḍ n Tegeldunin n Uṭruc-Hungaria. Aṭruc-Hungaria terza Ṣirbya s tmasayt, tɣewwel-as-d s ṭṭraḍ ass n 28 Yulyu. Syin akkin, Rrus tekker ar uḥuddu n Ṣirbya, Lalman tɣewwel-as-d s ṭṭraḍ i Rrus d Fransa yellan deg tdukli. Tagelda Yedduklen tekcem ṭṭraḍ skud Lalman tekcem Biljik. Tigeldunin Tuṭmanin dduklent ɣer wat tlemmast deg Wamber. Tastratijit n Lalman deg 1914 tella d tuṭṭfa n Fransa s lemɣawla, syin ad tesmutti iɣallen-is ɣer usammar, maca inig-is yettwaqim deg Ctember, ɣer taggara n useggas tirni tutrimt tella deg-s yiwen n yizirig n yiɣeḍmen ay yezgan yettiɣzif seg terga tanglizit ɣer sswis. tirni n Usammer yella d amḥerrek ugar, maca ula d yiwen seg yidis-a ur yeṭṭif aḥric amaway. Ṭṭalyan, Bulgari, Rumanya, Lagris d wiyaḍ kecmen deg 1915 d syin.

Imenɣiyen imeqqranen, gar-asen win n Verdun, Somme, d Passchendaele, Ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ asalu-nni deg tirni n utrim. Deg Yebrir 1917, Iwunak Yedduklen kecmen ɣer tdukli deffir ma tebda Lalman imenɣi n ddaw yilel war tilisa mgal yiɣerruba n Ugaraw Aṭlasi. Syin, Ibuljiviken ṭṭfen tazmert deg Rrus s tegrawla n Tuber; Rrus Tasuvyatit terra testenya amtawa n uḥbas n yimenɣi akked wat tlemmast deg Dujember, syin iḍfer-itt talwit deg Meɣres 1918. Deg waggur-nni, Lalman teqqim i wakken ad tekker s unṭeg n tefsut deg utaram, ɣas akken tella-d s tunigt tamezwarut, maca teǧǧa Aserdas Alalmani yeɣli yernunned. Anṭeg n "Hundred Days" n yat tdukli tebda deg Ɣuct 1918 tessenger tirni n Lalman. Ɣer tazwara n Wamber, Bulgari, Tigeldunin Tuṭmanin d Aṭruc-Hungaria tezmel aḥbas n yimenɣi akked yat tdukli, Lalman tuɣal d-twaḥid. Mgal tagrawla deg tmurt-is, Kayser Wilhelm II yeǧǧa amkan-is ass n 9 Wamber, ṭṭraḍ yekfa s tezmel n uḥbas n yimenɣi deg 11 Wamber 1918.

asenker n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru

Deg ɣucṭ 1914, timenɣiwt n umeqdas Fṛanswa-Firdinand d tmeṭṭut-is di temdint n Saṛajivu d taɣawsa i d-yessawḍen iɣeblan ɣer yiwen n uswir d afellay. Maca, ṭṭrad-a tesɛa iẓuran iɣezfanen, yemgaraden.

Gar sebat timeqqranin, ad naf:

Akken yebɣu yili lḥal, deg unebdu n 1914 Lalman, d nettat kan i d tamurt iwejden ad d-teg amgaru atrar meqqren.Timura niḍen akk ttwaṭṭfent s tɣawla.

Taɛdawt gar yiduba n Turuft

Tamhersa Tuṛufit terna-d ccwal gar tzemmar, ladɣa s ussehres. Asarag n Berlin (1885) yeǧǧa Tafriqt ad tebḍu, maca rnan timenzaɣen, am gar Fransa d Briṭanya Tameqrant deg Maṣer d Sudan ( tezɣent n Fachoda, 1898) neɣ gar Fransa d Lalman deg Meṛṛuk (kra n 1905 d 1911). Lalman, ɣas akken tamgurant, tḥulfa tettwaɛzel seg beṭṭu amhersan, ancta yerna aḥulfu n lalman mgal tzemmar-iḍen.

Deg wayen yerzan tadamsa, alluy n temguri talmanit yettqelliq Fransa d Briṭanya, ma d Lalman tettagad anerni adamsan d tmezdagnut n Rrus, Kra n tmiwa yettnadin ɣef yimenɣi n uḥezzeb, Xas akken llan wassaɣen idamsanen di tuṛuft, Tazɣent gar Fransa d Lalman mazal-itt tella teǧhed, yesserwet-it wugur n Alsace-Lorraine d yimgaraden n tmezdagnut.

Tagara, William II yesεedda-t yixeddamen ifrusyawiyen, yettwali amyenkaf deg Yibalqan d tagnit tasnuddsant i izemren ad d-yefk lḥeqq i tnekra ɣef Fransa.

Tagara, William II, yella ddaw n tazrirt n waddad amatu n prusyan, yettwali amyenkaf deg Yibalqan d tagnit tasnuddsant i izemren ad d-yefk lḥeqq i tnekra mgal Fransa.

Tazitla n wakal di turuft

Tamnekda n Tutrict-tahungarit, deg-s aṭas n tdersiyin, tettqabal imussuyen imunanen, Tamnekda taɛetmanit tesseḍɛef-itt tegrawla n yilmeẓyen iturkiyen (1908), truḥ-as Busnya ed Hirziguvina, yettwaqqen sɣur Tutrict-Hungari ay yettnadin ad tqabel tazrirt n Serbya.

Taneggarut-agi, i deffir-s rrus, iswi-s ad tesdukkel islaviyen n unẓul deg yiwet n youguslavya tameqqrant. tnerna "tmes" deg Yibalkanen.

Imgura n Balqan (1912-1913) sseḍɛefen tamnekda Taɛetmanit yernu d usnerni n ccwal gar Serbya, Tutrict-Hungari d Bulgarya. Rrus tettnadi ad teḥkem Iberdan n yilel ɣer Yilel Agrakal, ma d Lalman d Tgelda Yedduklen snernayent ayen i tent-yecqan(nnfeɛ-nsen) deg Ṭṭerk.

Ṭṭalyan, ɣas akken zik d at talwit, tessutur akkalen n Tutrict, yerna tebɣa ad teḍḍef Adriatik. Deffir ma texṣer tazitla-nnes tamhersant deg Tefriqt, teṭṭef Libya (1911). Teẓmekt-a tagelsant(n wakal) d tɣelnaẓrit tesserɣay anezwi i umyenkaf deg Tuṛuft.

Anagraw n temsisit

Deg tgara n lqern wis 19 d tazwara n lqern wis 20, sin n yinagrawen imeqranen n temsisiyin ay d-yennulfan deg Tuṛuft. Tamsisit n Kraḍ tesdukkel Lalman, Tutrict-Hungary akked Ṭṭelyan, ddaw tmehla n Bismarck, i wakken ad ɛezlen Fransa. Ṭṭelyan tekcem ɣer tdukli deg useggas n 1881, maca isutar-is n wakal deg Tutrict d umtawa-ines uffir akked Fransa deg useggas n 1902 yessenqes azal n tadukli-a. Deg 1914, Amenkud Aɛetmani yeqreb ɣer Lalman ɣef ljal n wuguren ay yellan gar-as ed Tgelda Yeddukklen d Rrus.

Deg tiririt, yella-d umtawa n Kraḍ nat dukli, Teffeɣ-d Fransa seg uɛzal-is s yiwet n temsisit taredsant tuffirt d Rrus deg 1891, tesseǧhed iman-nnes deg 1912. Tagelda Yedduklen tecɣeb-itt walluy n Lalman, testenya amtawa n Cordial akked Fransa deg 1904.

Deg 1907, yella-d wemtawa gar Rrus d Briṭanya Tameqrant ay d-yeglan s Kraḍ nat dukli (Triple Entente), dɣa d aya ay yesnernan ccwal d lḥeṛs n timjiwin(risques) n yimenɣi amaḍlan.

Anṭag n Sarajevu

Ayen i d-yesbedden ṭṭrad amaḍlan amezwaru d timenɣiwt n Archduke François-Ferdinand d tmeṭṭut-is deg Sarajevo ass n 28 yunyu 1914 sɣur Gavrio Princip, d taɣelnaẓri aserbi abusni. Imir-nni kan ay terda Tutrict-Hungary Serbya yernu tettwali anṭag-nni d tasebbiwt ay yessefken ad t-tekkes.

Anekcum ɣer umgaru(ṭṭrad)

Tazɣent n yulyu

Ass n 23 Yulyu 1914, Tutrict-Hungary s lemɛawna n Lalman, tuzen-d amenḍar aneggaru ɣer Serbya deffir ma tenɣa Archduke François-Ferdinand. Serbya teqbel akk tignatin ala ma teǧǧa imseftiyen n Tutrict ad ddun deg wakal-is. Imir-nni, Tutrict terẓa assaɣen-nnes idiplumatiyen yernu tberreḥ-d s ṭṭrad ass n 28 Yulyu.

Akken ad d-terr Rrus, terra amur seg yiserdasen-nnes deg 29 Yulyu, sakkin tegzem-d asmuzzeɣ amatu ass n 30 Yulyu. syin ad d-yessuffeɣ abgas amatu ass n 30 yulyu. Lalman tessutur ad teḥbes tikli-a, tberreḥ-d s ṭṭrad mgal rrus ass n 1er n ɣuct, teḍfer-itt Fransa i d-yuɣalen s nnuba-s.

Lalman teẓdem ɣef luxembourg, yerna tettazen amenḍar aneggaru ɣer Biljik akken ad tɛeddi iserdasen-nnes din. Biljik tugi, Yegla-d s unekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n tgelda yedduklen ass n 4 ɣuct.

Amyenkaf-nni dindin yeṭṭef-d yiwet n tsekta tamaḍlant s uttekki n temdinin tibriṭaniyin d tefṛansit, Japun (23 ɣuct) akked Temnekda Taɛetmanit (1 furar) ɣer tama n Tnezmarin tilemmasin.

Amgaru n uzref, amgaru n tezniwt

Lawan n uheggi n umenzu n ɣuct 1914, kecmen ad ḥudden tamurt wala deg ṭṭraḍ n ttar. Aneffig d tixeṭṭay, maca tiferfent(patriotisme) tettɣimi teǧhed, Deg Lalman d Tgelda Yedduklen, tella yiwet n tiferfent am ta, ma deg Rrus, tanmegla n ṭṭraḍ tetteflal-d gar ilelliyin d yigrawliwin.

Inabaḍen n umgaru la d-ssenkaren amennuɣ aɣamsan, la d-ssuffuɣen arraten idiplumatiyen (White Paper deg Lalman, Adlis Awraɣ deg Fṛansa) akken ad d-fken lḥeqq i tigawin-nsen. Tazniwt-a temmug i uselḥu n rray azayez, Ad ttwasqedcen deg 1919 i wakken ad d-afen tasebba i umagrad wis 231 n Umtawa n Versailles, d tamasit n umennuɣ ɣer Lalman d yimsisan-is. [ 3 ]

Deg trenkiwin(tranchées), tadrest d tezniwt i d-yettaken isallen, ɣas akken iserdasen n Fransa ssawḍen ad d-slellin iman-nsen s tɣuri n waṭas n yidlisen. Deg Lalman, tasekla taɣelnawti tḥekkem deg-s. Ṭṭraḍ yesεa tazrirt daɣen ɣef uselmed n yigerdan, iɣerbazen d tmezgida izerεen yiwen yinaw aɣelnaw d usfelan

Ɣer taggara, deg Tutrict d Hangari, tazniwt iǧehden tebɣa ad tewet deg Serbya i d-yettwaseknen d tamurt tamcumt. Aya yesskanay-d takriṭ meqqren deg unekcum aṣerbi, yessebɣes-itt yijiniralen n Tutrict d Hangari.

Iswiyen n ṭṭraḍ

Asenfali n yiswiyen n ṭṭraḍ d taluft taḥulfut i wid yettnaɣen deg ṭṭraḍ-a. Iqeṛṛa n Uwanak ur d-ttmuddun ara iswiyen ibanen s talqayt akken ur ttgen ara iman-nsen ɣef wayen i yuεren ad d-awḍen, D Tgelda Yedduklen kan i d-yeqqaren s tidet belli tebɣa ad d-terr azarug (indépendance) n Biljik akken ad teḥbes Lalman seg usbeddi n isaduren iserdasiyen i yetteggzen sswaḥel-is. Fṛansa d Biljik bɣant ad ssuffɣent acengu, ad d-slellint akal-nsent.

Ttawilat n yisalan, ddaw n tmehla n uwanak, ttekkant deg tezniwt n ṭṭraḍ, ad d-rren tamacahut tasaḍt yernu tikwal ttεawaden-as-d tilɣa n lekdeb, Am wakken teḍra deg 1917, asmi i d-tennulfa yiwet n teqsiḍt i yerdan lalman ad tɛawed ad d-tesseɣli tifekkiwin n yimdanen ɣef wussis n ṭṭrad. lbaṭel s tidet i d-yellan deg Beljik d Fransa yettwaḥekmen (tmes, lmut, isekcemen) d ayen i d-yettakken lqima i tmuɣli-ya n lbaṭel.

Imenkuden ilemmasen llan sseqdacen iswiyen n ṭṭraḍ akken ad d-ssekren imezdaɣ-nsen, ad sεun tazrirt ɣef tmura tarawsanin(neutre) u ad ggzen ixṣimen-nsen. Nnig waya, amgaru-a yesɛa udem adamsan, iswi-nnes ad yeḥkem iẓuran(neɣ ibarden) n tnezzut d teɣbula timaynutin n tnegwa timezwura, ladɣa deg Tefriqt.

Timhal tiserdasiyin

Ṭṭraḍ n Umussu deg 1914

Ṭṭraḍ n umussu deg 1914, d netta i d amecwaṛ amezwaru deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan. Nemgal ɣef ṭṭrad n wadig ara d-iḍefren, tallit-a tella-d s tenṭagt taruradt d usenkez n trebbuyaɛ tisardasin. Yettiɣzif s tuget seg ɣuct ar furar 1914, ama deg tirni n umalu neɣ Usammar.

Tagnit d yiɣawasen istratijiyen

Uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ umyenkaf-nni, tizemmar timeqqranin n Tuṛuft jebdent-d iɣawasen iserdasiyen akken ad awḍent ɣer trennawt s tɣawla.

Aɣawas n Schlieffen (Lalman): Iswi yella-d akken ur d-yettili ara ṭṭraḍ ɣef sin n tirniwen, s tyita s uɣiwel mgal fransa uqbel ad d-tezzi ɣer tmurt n rrus. Yella yetteggi ad d-yeṭṭef kra n ẓẓedma s tɣawla ɣer biljik i wakken ad ad ɛeddin ɣef temḥadit n Fransa.

Aɣawas XVII (Fransa): Yella yebna ɣef yiwen n unṭag ijerrḥen deg Alsace-Lorraine I wakken ad d-rren akal iruḥen deg 1871.

Tasnuddsa tarusit d Tutrict-Hungari: Rrus tella tettkel ɣef ubgas arurad i wakken ad tekcem ɣer Prusya Usammar, ma d Tutrict-Hungari tella tebɣa ad terza ɣer sdat deg Serbya d Galicia .

Tanekra n ṭṭrad d unṭag n biljik

Ass n 28 Yulyu 1914, Tutrict-Hungari Iberreḥ-d s amgaru ɣef Serbya, terna-d yiwen n usemdu n duminu ay yessawḍen Tuṛuft s tɣawla ɣer umyenkaf. Akken ad d-terr i temsisiyin tiserdasiyin d uheggi amatu, Lalman tesseḍfar aɣawas n Schlieffen, dɣa teɣtes ad tekcem ɣer Biljik, tamurt tarawsant, ad tεeddi ɣef temḥaddit tafransist u ad terbeḥ s tɣawla ɣer umalu.

Deg 4 ɣuct 1914, iserdasen n Lalman zegren tilisa n Biljik, d ayen i d-yeglan s wurfan agraɣlan d unekcum ɣer ṭṭraḍ n Tgelda Yedduklen iḍemnen tarawsa tabeljikit. Aqabel(zbu) abiljiki, ɣas akken tabɣest, ur yettεeṭṭil ara iεedda fell-as umḍan d tetiknulujit yugaren iɣallen n Lalman.

Ṭṭef Liège (5-16 ɣuct) : Igudar n Liège, yettwassnen s lǧehd-nsent, mgal tuṭṭfa qessiḥen. D acu kan, aseqdec n ṛṣaṣ ẓẓayen deg Lalman, gar-asent 420 mm tjeɣlalin, iḥettem tamdint ad tefk iman-is mi εeddan εecra n wussan seg umennuɣ yeqwan.

Tuṭṭfa n Bruxelles (20 ɣuct) : Taredsa tabiljikit, ddaw leεnaya n tikli n Lalman, tuɣal ɣer Antwerp syin ɣer umalu, teǧǧa tamanaɣt gar ifassen n umnekcam.

Imenɣi n Charleroi d Mons (21-23 Ɣuct) : Iɣallen Ifṛansisen d Yibriṭaniyen la ɛerrḍen ad d-sseɣlin tanṭagt talmanit. Amennuɣ n "Mons" yewwi-d lεehd ameqqran amezwaru n yiɣallen inemlayen ibriṭaniyen (BEF), d ayen i d-yeglan s lexṣara meqqren deg Walmaniyen maca terra-t tmara ad uɣalen ɣer deffir seg tmengart-nsen tumḍint.

Anekcum ɣer Biljik yurar tamlilt s wazal-is deg uheggi n tikti tazayezt mgal Lalman, iεawed i uguccel n At tdukli akken ad kemmlen ṭṭraḍ. D ayen i d-yemmalen daɣen tazwara n kra n yimennuɣen n yidammen ara d-yawin ɣer tukksa n unṭag almani deg Marne.

Tanṭagt talmanit d tririt n At tdukli

Seld mi rẓan deg Biljik d ugafa n Fransa, iserdasen n Lalman uẓan s tɣawla ɣer Paris, tteggzen ad rebḥen tarennawt meqqren. Acu kan, anerni-yagi yemlal-d aṭas n yicqerriwen i yessaẓayen abrid-nsen.

Talujistikt d facal n trebbuyaɛ: Tikli n lalman d tin yebnen ɣef umussu arurad, Akken yebɣu yili lḥal, izirigen n ussiweḍ ttnejbaden s umihi, ttarran iserdasen d uṛhifen(vulnérable) ugar.

Azbu afrensis d abriṭani: Taredsa tafrensist, s unzaḍ n Joland , Ad d-teg tasetratijit n uwexxer askudan s uheggi n kra n umgelmedya.

Imenɣi n Marne (6-9 ctamber 1914): Iɣallen imsisan deg wudem n tikli n lalman, kkren-as i yiwet n tama n umgelmedya tameqqrant, s useqdec n yiṭaksiyen n paris s tɣawla, i wakken ad awin tirebbuyaɛ, Igen (armée) afṛensis yeḥbes acengu-nni yerna iḥettem-iten ad uɣalen ɣer ugafa n Aisne. Amennuɣ-agi d tuzzya tasnuddsant(tournant stratégique) s uḥbes n trennawt talmanit taruradt.

Seld lexsara-ya, lεesker n Lalman yeǧǧa asirem n ṭṭraḍ n lberq(guerre éclaire), I d-yeslulen tirni irekden i d-iberrḥen s usiweḍ ɣer ṭṭraḍ n iɣẓren(tranchées).

Tazzla ɣer yilel akked taggara n ṭṭrad n umussu

Seld mi yexser umennuɣ n Marne, iserdasen At tdukli d Walmaniyen ttnadin ad alin s uεeddi n yimukan inemgalen. Yeḍra-d uεraḍ-a yessewhamen, yettwassnen s yisem n "Course à la Mer, neɣ tazzla ɣer yilel", seg Ctembeṛ ɣer Wamber 1914 yerna llan deg-s aṭas n uḥerrek ɣer ugafa akken ad ḥekmen deg unekcum ɣer Manche d yisugan isnudddsanen.

Sin-nni n yidisan εerḍen ad εeddin ɣef yizirigen iεdawen, maca yal aεraḍ ur yettεeṭṭil ara ad d-yeglu s kra n uzbu yemgaraden. Imussuyen-a ttawin ɣer waṭas n yimenɣiyen imeqranen.

Imenɣi n Yser (Ṭuber 1914) : Taredsa tabiljikit, ttwaɛawnen sɣur iɣallen n Fransa d Yibriṭaniyen, tessaweḍ ad teḥbes tikli n lalman s uḥemmal n waman n tmura tisnuddsanin ɣef yiri n wasif n Yser. Asizwer-a yezga yettεassa aεdaw yerna yettεassa aḥric aneggaru seg wakal abiljiki ur nettwaṭṭef.

Imenɣi amezwaru n Ypres ( wamber 1914): Amennuɣ-a qessiḥen gar iɣallen ibriṭaniyen d Fransa mgal Walmaniyen yettnadin ad ṭṭfen isugan n La Manche. Amennuɣ-nni d ukriḍ ladɣa yerna yesskanay-d tazwara n usexdem meqqren n yiserdasen n uḥaraz. Ulamma xeṣren mliḥ deg snat tamiwin, ssawḍen Yimsisan ad d-ṭṭfen mgal tanṭagt n Lalman.

Aserked n n unyir: s wudem awezɣi n uεeddi n yizirigen n yeεdawen, Imenɣiyen bdan qqazen iɣeẓran akken ad sjehden imukan-nsen. Ɣer taggara n useggas 1914, yella yiwen uẓeṭṭa n yiɣeẓran yettkemmilen i d-yettruḥen seg lebḥer n Ugafa ɣer tlisa n Sswis, yerra asersi n taggara ɣer ṭṭraḍ n umussu deg tieni n umalu.

Akka i yekfa "Course à la mer" deg yiwet n lexsara i snat n tamiwin : yiwen ur yessaweḍ ad d-yawi kra n lfayda meqqren, dɣa ṭṭraḍ yekcem deg deg tallit n usgufsu(arkad).Tadyant-a d tin ay d-yesskanayen abeddel ɣer yimenɣi n umkan ɣezzifen yerna d win ara iḥekmen iseggasen ay d-yetteddun.

Ṭṭraḍ n umussu ɣef tirni-nniḍen

Deg wakud aydeg amennuɣ yettkemmil deg utaram, ula d imezgunen niḍen n tigawin ttwalin imussuyen iεejlen n yiserdasen, ttwalin awadem amaḍlan n umennuɣ seg tazwara maḍi. D anagi ɣef ugama amaḍlan n ccwal seg wasmi yebda.

Tirni Usamar:

Rrus, s timmenyaft-is tumḍint tameqqrant, tekcem Prusya Usammar, maca texser mliḥ deg umennuɣ n Tannenberg (27-30 ɣuct 1914), anda i d-yewwi ujiniral Hindenburg lexṣara meqqren ɣef yiɣallen irusiyen, teṭṭef luluf n yiserdasen. [ 4 ]

D acu kan, deg Galicia, lɛesker arusi yerbeḥ-d mennaw n imenɣiyin mgal Tutrict-Hungari, d ayen ay d-yeglan s lexṣara d tameqrant yernu yeṭṭef tamdint tasnuddsant n Lvov deg Ctembeṛ 1914.

Ẓẓedmat ɣef teɣzi n amwan(lexrif) tettkemmil, maca inezwi-nni qessiḥen d wuguren n tlujistikt ssneqsen imussuyen n lɛesker.

Tirni n Balqan:

Tutrict-Hungari la tεerreḍ ad tekcem ɣer Serbya, tessaram ad terbeḥ s tɣawla, maca attan tettqabal azbu qessiḥen.

Imenɣi n Drina (Sṭember 1914) yella-d d lexsara tamezwarut i Yitruciyin-Ihungariyen i yenḥafen s waṭas yerna terra-ten tmara ad uɣalen ɣer deffir.

Serbya, ɣas akken d ameẓyan deg umḍan, tḥudd akal-is akken iwata, tεeṭṭel lebɣi n Temnekda Tutrict-tahungarit.

Tirni n Lquqaz:

Tamnekda taɛetmanit ikecmen ɣer ṭṭraḍ ɣer tama n Tnezmarin tilemmasin, tettekka deg ccwal mgal Rrus deg tmurt n Lquqaz.

Tiyitwin timezwura deg unbir 1914 sseknent-d amennuɣ i d-iteddun n Sarikamish, anda ara εerḍen yiserdasen iɛetmaniyen ad d-awin tiyita meqqren i yiɣallen irusiyen.

Akka, ṭṭrad n umussu ur yeqqim ara kan ɣer tirni n umal,. txeddem daɣen amennuɣ deg usammar d yibalkuten s tikli d tuɣalin ɣer deffir s wuguren n wakal d tegnatin n tegnawt qessiḥen. Maca, am umalu, imenɣi-yagi, ttawin cwiṭ cwiṭ ɣer usrusu(neɣ ar warkad) n tirni d ṭṭrad n facal.

Imenɣi n umkan (1915-1917): ṭṭrad n tistratijiyin timaynutin

1915: Ṭṭraḍ n usnulfu aserdasi amezwaru

Seld mi yexser umenṭag n 1914, ṭṭraḍ-nni yekcem deg yiwet n tfasa n uɣelluy i d-yettwacerḍen s usmemmi n tarrayt n facel d ɛeggu. Aseggas 1915 yella-d s uεeyyen n umennuɣ ɣef waṭas n tirni d usemres n tetiknulujiyin tiserdasiyin timaynutin.

Ɣer tama umalu, Imsisan gren-d aṭas n tmenɣiwin n Artwas d Ucampan i wakken ad d-snesren lḥers ɣef tirni tarusit maca ur ssawḍen ara ɣef lǧal n lexṣaṣ n ṛṣaṣ ẓẓayen d temḥaddit talmanit i d-yettwaheggan akken ilaq. Aseggas-nni iwala daɣen asekcem n yemrigen imaynuten, gar-asen igazen isnafsanen i yettwaseqdacen i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Ypres ass n 22 yebrir sɣur Walmaniyen, s yisemda n twaɣit, meɛna sɛan talast deg unnar astratiji.

Ṭṭraḍ yettawi-d yiwet n tsekta tummidt s usismel ummid n teɣbula n tmura n ṭṭraḍ. Lalman tessenker ṭṭrad-nni ddaw waman s uxebber n waman ibriṭaniyen "asun n ṭṭraḍ", ma d Imsisan ḥettmen-d agdal adamsan ɣef Tgelda talmanit. Ṭṭelyan tekcem ɣer ṭṭraḍ ɣer tama n Yimsisan deg mayyu, teldi tirni tajdidt mgal tamnekda n Tutrict-Hungari.

Deg Tefriqt, amennuɣ yettkemmil gar yiserdasen imhersanen d yiɣallen ilmaniyen, ladɣa deg Tefriqt Tagmuḍant d Utaram. Deg tallit-nni, deg Usammar Alemmas, Lawrence n Saɛudi yessuddes tagrawla taɛrabt mgal tamnekda Taɛetmanit.

Ɣer taggara, 1915 illa-d daɣen ineḍruyen iweḥciyen am tazwara n tmenɣiwt taṛminit i d-yewwi Temnekda Taɛetmanit d tawayt n Dardanelles, d lexsara tasnuddsant meqqren i Yimsisan.

1916: Verdun d Somme, d agejdan n ṭṭraḍ n facel

Aseggas 1916 d sin n yimennuɣen imeqqranen i iḥekmen : Verdun d Somme.

Anṭag almani mgal Verdun, yekker-d deg Fuṛaṛ, yebɣa ad yessefcal lɛesker n Fransa imi ay t-iḥettem ad iḥudd amkan-a asnuddsan akken yebɣu yili. Ajiniṛal Pétain yessuddes azbu-nni yernu yessebded-d " Abrid amqeddes " akken ad d-yefk afus n tallelt iserdasen. Seld acḥal n wayyuren n yinṭagen d yinṭagen mgal tiyita, yekfa umennuɣ war afara meqqren i Walmaniyen, Maca s tecrawtl n tmettant ameqqran n ugar n 700.000 n yimuḍan.

Deg yulyu, bdan Yimsisan tanṭagt n Somme akken ad kksen lḥers ɣef Verdun. Ulamma heggan-d ṛṣaṣ aẓayan meqqren, tanṭṭagt-nni dindin tettezzi ɣer tawaɣit, ladɣa i yiɣallen ibriṭaniyen i d-yettwanɣan s waṭas seg wass amezwaru. Aseqdec n tankiwin timezwura sɣur Ibriṭaniyen deg cṭember ur d-ikeffu ara akken ad beddlen tagnit. Deg taggara, amennuɣ n Somme yeffeɣ-d s 1,2 imelyan n yimdanen i yemmuten d cwiṭ n lfayda n wakal i yimsisan(at dukli) [ 5 ]

Deg tirni n usammar, Irusiyen bdan yiwen n unṭag d ameqqran mgal Tutrict-Hungari, maca rrbeḥ-nsen ixuṣ imi yella lexṣaṣ n ttawilat, Deg Ṭṭelyan, amennuɣ deg idurar n Alp yettkemmil war igmaḍ ad yawwin timarniwt.

1917 : tazɣent n lxaṭer d tuzzya tasnuddsant(tastratijit)

Aseggas 1917 tettwacreḍ s tezɣent lqayen deg yakk idarren. Ɣer tirni umalu, d lexsara n tenṭagt n " ubrid n tlawin" di yebrir i d-yeglan s lmuja n tnekra daxel n yigen (armée) afransis, Imussuten-agi n tnekra ttwaḥebsen s lǧehd sɣur Jiniṛal Pétain, Acu kan, i yesselhan tiwtilin n tudert n yiserdasen i wakken ad d-rren lxaṭer-nsen.

Ibriṭaniyen, seg tama-nsen, gan-d yiwen n ẓẓedma deg Passchendaele deg lexrif, maca amennuɣ deg tegnatin n waluḍ yegla-d s lexṣara meqqren i rrbeḥ ur nesεi azal. Ɣer tirni n Ṭṭelyan, lexsara n Caporetto mgal Tutrict-Lalmaniyen yessekcem-d Ṭṭelyan deg wuguren imeqranen, yessefk i Fransa d Legliz ad d-ceyyεen aseǧhed.

Tuzzya n 1917 d anekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n yiwunak yedduklen deg yebrir, Deffir n uɣreq n uɣerrabu n marikan sɣur lalman d uwekked n utiligṛam zemmermann. Asekcem-a yewwi-d tanezmart tadamsant d taserdasit amuqran i Yimsisan, Ɣas akken iserdasen imarikaniyen ur d-ttawḍen ara s waṭas ɣer tuṛuft armi d 1918.

Tagara, tagrawla tarusit deg Tubeṛ tessaweḍ ad teɣli tirni usammar. tuṭṭfa n udabu sɣur ibulsheviyin d ustenyi n Armistice Brest-Litovsk deg Duǧember yeǧǧa ilmaniyen ad rren ddehn-nsen ɣer tirni umalu, akken i d-yettheggi iman-is i ẓẓedma tameqqrant n 1918 [ 6 ]

Deg tgara, tallit n 1915-1917 tella-d s wemgaru n ussefcal d yimeṭṭi aydeg yal agrur yeɛreḍ ad yessefcal wayeḍ war ma yessaweḍ. D acu kan, asiɣzef n umennuɣ ɣer tirni timaynuten d unekcum ɣer ṭṭraḍ n Marikan, ibeddel amnekni, yerna d ayen i d-yesskanayen abeddel ameqran deg 1918.

Taggara n umennuɣ (1918)

imenṭagen n Lalman d tririyin n yimsisan

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1918, asuffeɣ n Rrus seg umyenkaf i d-iḍefren Amtawa n Brest-Litovsk deg meɣres yessaweḍ Lalman ad d-tεawed ad d-tger iman-is s waṭas ɣer Tirni Umalu. S yiswi n rrbeḥ meqqren uqbel ad d-awḍen yiserdasen imarikaniyen, taredsa talalmanit tesker aṭas n ẓẓedmat, anṭag ameqqran amezwaru yeḍra-d ass n 21 meɣres 1918 deg Saint Quentin, yerra iserdasen ibriṭaniyen deg wuguren. Ulamma kra n rrbeḥ i d-tewwi tazwara, ur d-yettili ara ufraq neɣ aɣelluy n tidet deg Terni n At dukli(Imsisan). Syin, Taredsa talmanit tkemmel lmejhud-nnes, ladɣa s yiwen uneqlab deg ubrid n Tlawin(chemain des dames) ass n 27 Meɣres, tewweḍ ɣer Reims d Soissons deffir ma tuẓa 60 n yikilumitren ɣer sdat.

Paris tettwaɣ-d s yibumbaden istrategyen sɣur d yimrigen iɣezfanen n Pariser Kanonen, d ayen i d-yeglan s tuffɣa n 500.000 n yimezdaɣen. D acu kan, aguccel-nni ay d-yettwagezmen n temsisatin(At Dukli) ur yenqis ara. effeɣ-d yiwen n unṭag almani d amaynu deg Champagne ass n 15 Yulyu 1918, maca Ifṛansisen, i yesnesena(seqdecen) tasnuddest n uzbu n Pétain, mgal tuṭṭfa almani. Mi εeddan tlata n wussan, yiwen n unṭag-amgalen afransis-amarikani deg Villers-Cotterêts iḥettem Ilmaniyen ad uɣalen ɣer deffir, i d-yemmalen tazwara n awexxar war tuɣalin n ilmaniyen.

Imgalen imsisan d udram n yimenkuden ilemmasen

Deg tazwara n 8 ɣuct 1918, d yiwen n unṭag meqqren i d-yewwin Ikanadiyen, Usṭralya, Ibriṭaniyen d yifṛensisen di Picardy, rẓan izirigen n Lalman. Ajiniṛal Ludendorff yenna-d ass-a d " leḥzen n tredsa talmanit", d azamul n lexṣara timezgit n sɣur yiɣallen n Kaiser. Ɣer tama n wenẓul, amennuɣ n Vittorio Veneto yessaweḍ ɣer lexsara n yiserdasen n Tutrict-Hungari, yewwi ɣer umtawa n Villa Giusti ass n 4 wamber.

Imsisan la ttkemmilen tikli-nsen, la ttfaraṣen war assuddes d urway deg terdsa talalmanit, Deg teswiεt-nni kan, tagrawla la tetthuddu deg Lalman : ass n 3 deg furar, yebda-d umutti n Kiel, d yiwet n tnekra tamatut, ḥettmen William II ad yeffeɣ seg udabu ass n 9 Wamber. Deg wudem n uɣelluy agensan d uɛsekri, ad yettwastenyi wemtawa-nni n uḥbes n tmenɣiwt umbɛed ass n 11 deg wunbir 1918 di teẓgi n "Compiègne" .

Igmaḍ d tmuɣliwin n lexsara

amtawa n uḥbes n ṭṭrad tessers-d tiwtilin ẓẓayen ɣef Lalman, Gar-asent tiririt n tenga-yines taɛsekrit d tuffɣa n ugemmaḍ azelmaḍ n rhin D acu kan, lexṣas n umennuɣ deg wakal almani d ayen i d-yettawin tazniwt n "tiyita deg weɛrur", i ssexdamen ɣer sdat yinaẓiyen i wakken ad d-inin d akken lalman ur texṣera ara ṭṭrad, imi tezmert tamgurant (industrielle) n Lalman, Tamuɣli d akken tredsa talalmanit ur yettwaɣelben ara, tebda tenfufed deg kra n yidigan n lalman.

Ulamma rẓaget-nni i d-yeddan d taggara n ṭṭraḍ, d leḥzen i d-yellan d lebni-nni yuεren n tmettiwin tiurufiyin i ibeddlen s telqey deg rebεa iseggasen n umennuɣ.

agzul n yinelkamen n umgaru amaḍlan amezwaru

Asemdu n yimidyaten d usmekti

Amenɣi amezwaru n umaḍal yella d amenɣi amezwaru i d-yettwasnen s ttawil n teknilujiyin timaynutin (abelinugraf, taliwgraf war tinelli) akked tneflit n uɣmis n umenɣi. Tamedyant-agi tessemɣer iserdassen i yeɣlin deg imenɣi, tettwassekled s lebni n yisebdaden n yiserdasen yiɣlen deg ṭṭrad akked usenulfu n timeqbrin n yiserdassen. Deg tama-nniḍen, banen-d aṭas n yisegzayen isertanen, am "Dolchstoßlegende" (tamacahut n tiyita deg weɛrur) di Lalman, Yesnerna urfan ameqqran ɣer wat Lalman, yessawḍen ɣer tneflilt n ukabar anazi.

Tacrawt n talsant d tdimugṛafit

Amyenkaf-nni yegla-d s wazal n 10 n yimelyunen n yimettanen d 8 n yimelyunen n yimeɛdar, s yiɣeblan ilqayen n tmetti. Fransa d nettat i d tamurt akk i yennulen s 1,45 imelyan n lmeyytin, yettgensis-d 30% seg yimezdaɣ-is irgazen iqeddcen(ixeddamen-is). Serbya d Rumanya xesrent 6 ar 10% seg yimezdaɣen-nsent akk. Anfafad Aspenyuli n 1918-1919 yessemɣer tacrawt-agi s wazal n 4 imelyan n lmeyytin-nniḍen. Lexṣaṣ n tlalit yella d ameqqran: 5.4 imelyan i Lalman, 3 imelyan i Fransa d 26 imelyan i Rrus. Tawaɣit-a tegla-d s temɣer deg leɛmer n ugdud, rnu yesra aseqdec n yinig ɣer waṭas n tmura n tuṛuft.

Abeddel n yimezdaɣ d tekriḍt meqqren

Ṭṭraḍ-nni yeslal-d imussuyen n yimezdaɣ werǧin ten-nwala zik. yettḥaz ugar n 12 imelyan n yizrazaɣen deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt d Usammar. Yella-d daɣen s tmenɣiwt tamezwarut i d-yettwaheyyan i tmenɣiwt n lqern wis εecrin, tin n Yiṛminiyen (800.000 alamma d 1,5 imelyan n teɣtas), teḍfer-itt-id tmenɣest n 275.000 n Yisiriyen d tmenɣiwt n Yiqenṭaniyen igrikiyen (360.000 n teɣtas). Aṭas n yiɣermanen daɣen i yenneɛtaben, gar-asen deg Biljik d ugafa n Fransa, anda i d-tga lɛesker almani timenɣiwin n lɣaci, tukerḍa n yimdanen d ussehres (déstruction).

Tajmilt d usmekti

Mi yekfa ṭṭraḍ, d ismektayen i wid yemmuten i yeǧǧuǧǧgen deg tmura merra n ṭṭraḍ. Deg Fransa, llan azal n 6000 n yismektayen deg tudrin d tɣiwanin. Ttwabnan-d yimeḍqan n tmeqbert n yiserdasen am tmeqbert n Douaumont i lmend n usmekti n yiserdasen ay yeɣlin. Tettwasbedd leεbada n userdas-nni ur nettwassen deg waṭas n tmura. Aɣan-a n usmekti iban-d ladɣa deg tegnit n usmekti wis 100 iseggasen n ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan amezwaru, s usnulfu n tuɣdaḍin n usmekti am tin ay d-yesbedd unabaḍ afransis deg 2012.

Axeṣṣaṛ deg ingawiyen d twennaṭ

Axeṣṣaṛ n tenga yella-d d win muqran, ladɣa deg Fransa, anda teɣli-d yiwet n "temnaḍt tazewwaɣt" n 120,000 n yihektar tettwahuddu. Aɛiwed n lebni yeḥwaj asnulfu n yiɣlifen ay yettwawehhan i waya deg Fṛansa ed Biljik. Iɣeblan n twennaḍt ttdummen aṭas n lweqt: asluɣu n wakal s yimɣuzen ẓẓayen, tilin n imelyan n tjeɣlalin(obus) ur d-ṭṭerḍqen ara, asenṭeḍ n temnaḍin n yilel s lbumbat d ṛṣaṣ (munitions) ay d-yellan deg waman. Iɣeblan-a n wakal d yilel, mazal-itent ttakent-d uguren n twennaḍt meqqren di lqern wis xxi.

Uguren n tnefsit d tmetti i d-yeǧǧa ṭṭraḍ

Iɣeblan d uguren n tnefsit llan d imeqqranen nezah, gar yimennuɣen d yimezdaɣ iɣermanen. Tamiḍrant n "wudmawen yerẓan" terra-tt tmara ad d-tesbedd isuḍaf d tfekkiwin timaynutin akken ad terr tiɣtas-a ɣer tmetti. Tisnafsiten(psychanalystes) n tallit-nni, gar-asent Sigmund Freud, snulfant-d tarrayin timaynutin i udawi d i useḥbiber ɣef wuguren n wallaɣ. Ṭṭraḍ yeǧǧa-d daɣen imelyan n yigujilen d rruḥ n lkerh d ttar i d-yettheggin yakan iman-nsen i ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Xas akken iban-d umussu n talwit, iberreḥ-d belli ṭṭrad-agi "La Der des Ders"(Aneggaru n Meṛṛa Imenɣiyen).

Asemdu adamsan d temguri

Amgaru ibeddel timguriwin n tmura n ṭṭraḍ, terra-t tmara ad iεawed ad yebnu asnas-nsen afarsan akken ad iεawen wussis(lmeǧhud) n ṭṭraḍ. Xas akken yella uṣerref azayaz aṭas, tadamsa tafransist tḥuza-tt mliḥ s uɣelluy n 35% deg GDP. Tuṛuft teǧǧa-d tazmert-is tadamsant deg umaḍal i Iwunak Yedduklen i yuɣalen d imerḍalen imeqranen akk deg umaḍal, Tiwsiwin timerkantiyin ẓran-d asenqes n yidrimen-nsen s tmerniwt n ssuma d lexṣaṣat n temḥaddit, Ma d tirisṭuqraṭit d tburǧwazit d tid i d-yettwaḥerzen s waṭas deg wayen yerzan timettanin.

Abeddel n Iwunak d yimtawayen n talwit

Iwunak (ddula) rnan-d tizemmar-nsen deg tallit n yimenɣi, s ussemres (centralisation) n udabu d ussemɣer n tzemmar-nsen, ladɣa s ussebded n tadrest(tsensurt, censure). Rebεa n temnekdiwin ɣlint (Lalman, tarusit, Tutrict-Hungari d Tɛetmanit), i ibeddlen s telqey takarḍa n Tuṛuft. Amtawa n Versailles iḥettem-d lexlaṣ ẓẓayen deg Lalman, s 132 n yimelyaṛen n Mark-n-wureɣ, gar-asent ala 22,8 n yimelyaṛen ay yettwaxellṣen s tidet send ad ttwaǧǧen yisutar deg 1932. Fɣen-d yiwanaken imaynuten, s umata sseqdacen inagrawen n imniriyen (lbarlaman), maca snat n tmerwin n yiseggasen i d-iteddun yella-d deg-s ccewal amuqran n daxel, ussebded n yinhilen n udabu (régimes) yibnan ɣef tmudemt tadiktaturit deg waṭas n tmura.

Iwunak inemgalen

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