Emmanuel Kant

[ 1 ] Emmanuel Kant d afelsuf almani (illul-d deg 22 yebrir 1724 di Königsberg - immat deg 12 furar 1804 di Königsberg, Prusen agiuḍan ). Yettwasnen am tmeddurt talemmast n tfelsuft tatrart.

Tudert-is:

Immanuel Kant ilul yerna yemmut di temdint n Königsberg di tmurt n Prusse (d Kaliningrad di tmurt n Rrusya tura). Tudert-is yakk i tt-yesɛedda din, yerna urǧin yeffiɣ i temnaḍt-is. Yettwassen s tudert-is iṣeḥḥan yerna yeččuṛen d annaḍ ; yal ass, medden zemren ad walin melmi ara d-iffeɣ neɣ melmi ara d-yuɣal s axxam-is, acku yella yettawi yiwet n tikkelt yal ass ur ittbeddil ara.

Kant yella d aselmad di tesdawit n Königsberg, yesselmad aṭas n tɣawsiwin am tesnallunt, tasengama, yakk d tfelsafit. Isem-is yuɣal meqqer mliḥ s yidlisen-is imeqqranen, gar-asen:

Tiẓri tafelsafit:

Tafelsafit n Kant d tin yebnan ɣef anagraw iǧehden, yerna tbeddel udem i tfelsafit n lweqt-nni d tin i d-yernan deffir-s. Aɣawas-is ameqqran yella d asnirem n tilisa n wallaɣ n umdan. Acu i nezmer ad nessen s tidet? Amek i glaq ad idir umdan? D acu i nezmer ad nessirem?

Tussna d Tilawt

Send n Kant, llan sin yiberdan imeqqranen di tfelsafit ɣef tussna:

Kant yusa-d ad yessemlil gar snat n tidmiwin agi. Yenna-d belli tussna tusa-d s snat tɣawsiwin:

S wakka, Kant ibeṭṭa gar sin wudmawen n tmagit:

Timlilɣi d Waɣan

Di teḥḥerci n tmellilɣa, Kant ur yettwali ara ɣer "inalkamen" n tigawt i wakken ad yini ma telha neɣ xaṭi. I wumi iwala, d "lmeqsud" neɣ "lebɣi" n win ixedmen tigawt-nni. I usuyes agi, yebna-d yiwen amenzay isem-is "Annaḍ Amagdez" .

Annaḍ agi yesɛa aṭas n talɣiwin , maca snat deg-sent d tigejdanin:

Ihi, i Kant, tigawt telha ma yella texdmeḍ-tt ɣef ddemma n waɣan s yiman-is, mačči ɣef ddemma n tadfi neɣ n lexsara.

Tasertit d Taɣdemt

Kant yella d anazur n tidmi n talluyt (les Lumières). Yumen s tezmert n umdan ad isseqdec tameẓla -s i wakken ad yefhem ddunit yerna ad ibnu tudert yelhan. Awal-is yettwassnen "Sapere aude!" anamek-is: "Err-d lhemm, sselmed iman-ik!"

Di tsertit, yella yettwali belli adabu yelhan d win ibedden ɣef tlelli n yemdanen, tamsawit zdat n walugen , d tezmert n yal amdan ad yefk rray-is. Deg udlis-is "Asenfar n talwit amaɣlal", yefka-d aɣawas amek i zemrent tmura ad idirent di talwit war imenɣi.

Asemdu: Kant yegla-d s ubeddel ameqqran i tfelsuft tatrart. Tiktiwin-is ɣef tmussni, azalen d tlelli n umdan mazal sɛant azal armi d ass-a. Yettwassen s useqdec n tmusni tarayt d userwes deg tezrawin-is. Ifelsafen n zdat-is ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin nnig n wayen i d-yenna Kant mebla ma bnan ɣef tiktiwin-is neɣ mgalan yid-s. [ 2 ]

Axemmem n Kant ɣef wayen i d-yekkan seg termit:

Deg tazwara, ilaq ad nẓer belli Kant yefka azal meqqren i wayen i d-yekkan seg termit deg tmussni n umdan. Yenna-d belli yal tamussni tebda s termit, maca ur tḥebbes ara din. Ɣur-s, tamussni tebda-d mi ara ad yemmager umdan tamawt tanaddalt s useqdec n yiḥulfan-is.

Deg tegnit-a, yefka-d Kant amedya yessefhamen: mi ara nwali aɣrum yeḥman, ad nḥulfu s teẓɣelt-is s ufus-nneɣ (d termit), sakin allaɣ-nneɣ ad yaf assaɣ ger teẓɣelt d wayen i tt-id-yessekren. Dagi i d-yettak Kant azal i wamek i tettili termit d allal agejdan deg tmussni.

Deg wayen yerzan talɣa n tmussni i d-yekkan seg termit, Kant yessegza-d belli tella gar sin n yiḥricen:

Deg tseddart-a, ad d-nessegzi tiẓri n Kant ɣef wassaɣen yellan ger termit d tmussni: yenna-d belli tamussni ur d-tettili ara kan s termit, ur d-tettili ara daɣen s wallaɣ kan. Ilaq ad msefhament akken ad d-ffɣent s tmussni timeɣradant.

Ayen i d-yefka Kant deg wayen yerzan tamussni i d-yekkan seg termit yessaweḍ ad ibeddel amek i nettwali talɣiwin n tmussni. Yessers llsas i waṭas n yiḍrisen d tezrawin i d-yusan seld-s, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tussniwin n ugama d tfelsuft.

Deg taggara, ad d-nini belli tiẓri n Kant ɣef termit, ɣas akka teẓdi, maca tella d tamatut. Tessufeɣ-d azal n termit deg tmussni n umdan, tessegza-d amek i tettekki deg usnulfu n tmussni, daɣen teskan-d assaɣen yellan ger yiḥulfan d wallaɣ deg tmussni.

Tiẓri-a mazal-itt tettwasexdam deg tezrawin timiḍranin n tfelsuft d tussniwin n wallaɣ, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tamussni n umdan d wamek i d-tettili. D tiẓri i d-yeqqimen d llsas i waṭas n tezrawin timaynutin deg unnar-a.

tiẓri n Kant ɣef wayen yellan deg wallaɣ s timmad-is:

Deg wayen yerzan aḥric wis sin n tiẓri n Kant ɣef tmussni, yemmeslay-d ɣef wayen i nessaweḍ ad t-nissin s useqdec n wallaɣ kan, war ma neḥwaǧ i termit. Aya d asentel agejdan n tezrawt-is "Azɣan n teɣẓint tazedgant"(Critique de la raison pure) ideg yefka-d tasleḍt tameqqrant i tezmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet.

Anamek n "wayen yellan deg wallaɣ s timmad-is": Kant yessegza-d belli llan kra n yiḥricen deg tmussni-nneɣ ur d-kkanen ara seg termit. Aya yeskan-d belli allaɣ yesɛa tazmert ad yaf tidet s timmad-is. Amedya ɣef waya: tussna n tusnakt, anda nezmer ad naf tidet war ma nesteqsa ayen i d-yezgan ɣef termit.

Talɣiwin n tmussni tanalmasit: Deg wayen yerzan allal n wallaɣ, Kant yessegza-d belli llan sin n yiḥricen:

Azal n tmussni tanalmasit: Kant yefka azal ameqqran i tmussni timsislit acku teskanayd tazmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet s timmad-is. Yessefhem-d belli tamussni-ya tettak-aɣ-d tamusni yettwasnen s wudem amenṣuf, ur tettbeddil ara ɣas mbeddalen wakuden d yimukan.

Tudert n tmussni tanalmasit: Deg tseddart-a, Kant yessegza-d amek i tetteddu tmussni tanalmasit deg wallaɣ n umdan:

Taggara:

S yiraten agi merra, Immanuel Kant yegla-d s "tagrawla" di tfelsafit. Yerra amdan di tlemmast n tussna d tmellilɣa. Mačči d ddunit i d-yettaken isefka i wallaɣ-nneɣ, maca d allaɣ -nneɣ i yettakken annaḍ d talɣa i ddunit i neẓer. Tafelsafit-is tameẓdut d yennegman mazal-itt tesɛa tazrirt meqqren ar ass-a.

Tiẓri n Kant ɣef tmussni tanalmasit tbeddel amek i nettwali tazmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet. Tessers llsas i tfelsuft tamaynut, tesskan-d belli tamussni ur d-tekki ara kan seg termit, maca tezmer ad d-tekk seg wallaɣ s timmad-is. Tiẓri-a mazal tettwasexdam deg tezrawin n tfelsuft armi d ass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tamussni d tezmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet. https://ia601704.us.archive.org/23/items/encyclopedia-of-philosophy_202010/Volume%205.pdf