Leonardo da Vinci

D anaẓur alsawi, aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla, d asreqqat, d amasdag, d ajenyur u d amassan. Leonardo da Vinci d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di temdint Vinci zdat n Firenze . Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad ( garzone akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg tnemselt n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg useggas 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d anaẓur ilelli.

Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n Milano . Deg useggas 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg useggas 1506. Deg useggas 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n Louis XII n Fransa izedɣen imiren di Milano.

Seg usegg°as 1514 ar useggas 1516 idder di Rome s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) Léon X , izdeɣ di teɣremt Belvedère di "le Vatican ", din iqqdec tussna.

Deg useggas 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n François I . Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519.

Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant:

Leonardo da Vinci d yiwen seg yimdanen imeqqranen akk i d-yellan deg umezruy n talsa. D amekla, d amassan, d amasnulfu, d amasnulfu n tmacinin, d amussnaw n tfekka n wemdan, d amussnaw n ugama. Isem-is yeqqen ɣer tallit n tlalit tamaynut n yidles d tussna deg Tuṛuft, andi yessaweḍ ad yesdukel taẓuri d tussna deg yiwen n uxemmem ur nesɛi ara tilisa.

Tameddurt-is s telqayt

Tallalit d temẓi-s

Ilul Leonardo da Vinci deg wass n 15 yebrir n useggas 1452, deg yiwen n tudert meẓẓiyen i wumi qqaren Vinci, i d-yezgan qrib i temdint n Firenze deg tmurt n Iṭaliya. D mmi-s n Ser Piero da Vinci, yiwen n umsiraw, d Caterina, yiwet n tmeṭṭut taḥurrit. Ɣas akken ur d-yekkir ara deg yiwet n twacult tameẓyant s wudem unṣib, baba-s yerra tamawt ɣef tiɣri-s d usileɣ-is. Seg temẓi-s, Leonardo yemmal-d tawnafit tameqqrant ɣef ugama, yessen ad yessuneɣ s ufus-is tugniwin yessewhamen.

Almad d temhelt deg Firenze

Mi yesɛa azal n mraw d sḍis n yiseggasen, Leonardo yudef ɣer uxxam n umahil n Andrea del Verrocchio, yiwen seg yimeskla imeqqranen n tallit-nni deg Firenze. Dinna, yelmed taẓuri n ukla, n useggem n yimɣuzen, d tussna n tusnakt. Yessen ad yexdem s yimassanen yemgaraden, yelmed amek ara yesseqdec tafat d tilli. Tugna tamezwarut i ikkin deg usikel-is n tẓuri d tasemhuyt n waman, andi yessken tamussni-s tameqqrant deg usuneɣ n waman d yigenni. Deg useggas 1472, yuɣal d amekla unṣib, maca yeqqim yettmahal akked uselmad-is.

Tallit n Milan d yimeẓla imeqqranen

Deg useggas 1482, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdint n Milan, yexdem deg uxxam n Ludovico Sforza, agellid n temdint-nni. Deg tallit-a, Leonardo ur yexdim ara kan deg taẓuri, maca yexdem daɣen deg tesnujya, deg usnulfu n yimrigen n umgaru, d tussna n waman. Yessumer i ugellid-nni asnirem n yimrigen imaynuten n usɣimi d lmdafiɛ n lbarud d yimrigen n waman.

Deg temdint n Milan i yessuneɣ yiwet seg tugniwin-is timeqqranen akk: Asihar aneggaru, i yessunɣen ɣef lḥiḍ n uxxam n yemdanen iqedsen. Tugna-a tettwassen s useqdec n usentel n yimdanen d wamek i ten-yessers deg tjumma.

Asikel, Roma, d Fṛansa

Seld n uɣelluy n Milan deg ufus n Iṛumyen deg useggas 1499, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdinin yemgaraden am Mantova d Venezia, sakkin yuɣal ɣer Firenze. Deg tallit-a i yessuneɣ tugna-nni i wumi qqaren Mona Lisa, i yellan d tugna tameẓyant s talɣa maca d tameqqrant s yisem-is d wudem n tmeṭṭut i yellan deg-s.

Deg useggas 1513, yunag ɣer Roma andi yexdem deg uxxam n ubabam, maca ur yufi ara aṭas n tallelt. Deg useggas 1516, agellid n Fṛansa François I, yessuter-it ad yili deg uxxam-is deg temdint n Amboise. Leonardo yedda ɣer Fṛansa, yuɣal d amassan amezwaru n ugellid. Dinna, yexdem deg yisenfaren n tesnujya d usuddes n tfaskiwin.

Taggara n tmeddurt-is

Leonardo da Vinci yemmut deg wass n 2 mayu n useggas 1519, deg uxxam n Clos Lucé qrib i Amboise deg Fṛansa. Yemmut mi yesɛa 67 n yiseggasen. Ɣas akken tameddurt-is tfuk, ayen i d-yeǧǧa deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin d tugniwin-is yeqqim d ayen ur nettfaka ara i tussna d taẓuri.

Tussna d Tfelsaft-is: Tigawin-is deg Tussna, Tasnujya d Ugama

Tafelsaft n Ugama d Tussna

Deg uxemmem n Leonardo da Vinci, taẓuri, tussna, d tfelsaft llant d yiwen n ubrid. Ur yumin ara belli amdan yezmer ad yefhem tilisa n ugama s useqdec n tussna kan war taẓuri, neɣ s taẓuri war tussna. I netta, kulci deg ugama yeqqen ɣer wayeḍ s wudem ur nettwali ara s wallen n wemdan aḥerfi. Yella yumen belli ilugan i yessedduyen aman deg wasif d nitni daɣen i yessedduyen idammen deg tfekka n wemdan, d wamek i tteddun yiferran n yimɣan deg waḍu. Tafelsaft-is tebna ɣef sin n yiḥricin igejdanen: annay s wudem ussnan d tirmit. Ur yelli ara yettamen s wayen i d-yuran deg yidlisen n zik kan, maca yella yessenqad, yettarem, yessawal i ugama i wakken ad as-d-yefk tiririt s yiman-is.

Leonardo da Vinci ur yelli ara kan d amekla neɣ d amesnulfu, maca d afelsaf lqayen i d-yewwin tamuɣli tamaynut ɣer ugama d tussna i ibeddlen udem n txelqit deg tallit n Tleslalit. Tamuɣli-ines tebna ɣef yiwet n tikti tagejdant: agama d yiwen n udem yemmed, d anagraw anda yal taɣawsa teqqen ɣer tayeḍ s lqis d tmeẓla. Ur yeqbil ara ad yeṭṭfer tiktiwin n yimenza s wudem aderɣal d wawal wis-sin, maca yessers-d llsas n tussna tatrart i yebnan ɣef tigawt lqayen d tirmit tusridt. Ɣur-s, ur nezmir ara ad nefhem ameɣraḍ s wawal neɣ s teẓri kan; ilaq ad nexdem tawassna s tmuɣli yessan d usenqed amekmil i wayen i aɣ-d-yezzin. S wakka, yezwar-d tallit-ines, imi yessken-d belli tussna ilaq ad tili d tin ittcaren , i yezmren ad teẓr ayen ara d-yeḍrun s tseddi ma negza asrag d unalkam.

Deg tfelsaft-is n ugama, Da Vinci yettwali ameɣraḍ amzun d yiwet n tfekka tameqqrant (macrocosme), anda amdan d agzul-is uffir (microcosme). Imyerren n ugama, am waman, aḍu, d wakal, s wudem-nsen d umussu-nsen, ttemcabin s waṭas ɣer yimyerren n tfekka n wemdan am yidammen d yiɣsan. Yal amussu deg txelqit yeṭṭafar yiwen n waskar n usuddes s yilugan n tusnakt n dima. Ayagi yettawi-aɣ-d ɣer tmuɣli tafelsafit i d-yemmalen belli ulac zher neɣ agacuran deg ugama, yerna yal tigawt deg umaḍal d tanigawt tanzeggant n tfasna gar yiferdisen. S useqdec n yilugan am warid imzireg , yessaweḍ ad yekcem ɣer n tidet i d-yessebganen tillin n tɣawsiwin deg tallunt.

Tussna n Tfekka d Tesnujya

Gar tigawin-is timeqqranin akk deg tussna, nezmer ad nebder tussna n tfekka n wemdan. Leonardo yesleḍ aṭas n tfekkiwin n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen i wakken ad yissin amek i tella tfekka seg daxel, amek i tteddun igmanen-is. Yessuneɣ iɣsan, iẓẓuran, d yigmanen n wemdan s wudem ur nessin ara tilisa n telqayt. Yella d amezwaru i yesskanayen s wudem ussnan amek i yella ul n wemdan, amek i tteddun yigmanen mi ara yili umdan yedder, d wamek i tteddun wallen. Yessaweḍ daɣen ad yessuneɣ amded seg daxel n uɛebbuḍ n tyemmat, d wamek i yettnerni. Tira-s ɣef tfekka n wemdan qiment d asas i tesnajya tatrart, yerna ldint abrid i yimassanen i d-yusan sakin.

Da Vinci yezger tilisa n teklut iwakken ad yuɣal d amesnujya i yettnadin ad yegzu "tmacint" tukkiwt n wemdan. Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yebda s wemkan d waskar n lxedma-ines. Deg tallit-nni, anadi daxel n tfekka n wemdan yella d ayen ur nettwaqbel ara sɣur tamezgida tamaṣiḥit(Taklizt) s wudem azayez, maca Leonardo yexdem tigawt-is i yiswi n tussna, alammi i yessaweḍ ad isleḍ ugar n kṛaḍt n tmerwin (30) n tfekkiwin n yemdanen immuten. Iswi-ines mačči kan d asnulfu n yisufar n sbitar, maca d tussna lqayen n wamek i d-yettili umussu deg tfekka. Yettwali belli yal aɣes d yal aksum d allal ittcaren s tmezla, yesɛan anamek deg tuzzya d uwzan n tfekka. S wudlifen-is ifazen, yebda yettagem-d tugniwin tis-kṛaḍiyin (en 3D) n yiɣsan d yiksumen s yiwet n tseddi ur d-nelli uqbel-is, yerna yesseqdec iqɛiden n tmuɣli am warid imzireg iwakken ad d-yessken telqayt d wadeg n yal aẓar daxel n tfekka ɣef lkaɣeḍ.

Ger wayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yellan d azamul deg umezruy n tesnujya, d anadi-ines ɣef wul d yidammen. Uqbel-is, llan ttwalin ul d ammas n yirwiḥen kan, maca netta d amezwaru i t-id-isegzan s wudem ussnan belli d aksum afessug yesɛan ukkuẓ n tixxamin, yerna yessken-d amek i xeddment texxamin-agi n wul iwakken ad d-ssiwḍent idammen ɣer yiceqfan n tfekka mebla ma uɣalen-d ɣer deffir. Rnu ɣef waya, yexdem tawassna tamezwarut deg umezruy i lehlak n yiẓuran n yidammen (artériosclérose), mi gesleḍ tafekka n yiwen n wemɣar yemmuten. Yella daɣen d amezwaru i d-yessuksen s wudem ussnan amgun deg tɛebbuṭ n yemma-s, yessken-d lxiḍ n tmitteṭ d wamek i yettili daxel n walluy.

S umata, Leonardo da Vinci yeǧǧa-d idlisen n ufus iččuren d tiwlafin d yizmulen i d-yesskanen tafekka amzun d anagraw awurman. Yezdi taẓuri akked tussna d yiwet n tɣawsa: tiṭ-is n unazur tɛawen-it ad iwali ayen llan ttnadin yimesnujya s wallaɣ, yerna tussna-s n tenzeggit tefka-as allal iwakken ad d-yessuneɣ tilawt-nni. Ɣas akken axeddim-is deg tesnujya yeqqim d uffir aṭas n yiseggasen deffir tmettant-is yerna ur yeffiɣ ara deg yidlisen n zzman-nni, ass-a yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenza i d-yessersen llsas n tesnujya tatrart.

Timacinin

Leonardo ur yelli ara kan d amussnaw n ugama, maca d amasnulfu n timacinin i yezwaren tallit-is s waṭas n yiseggasen, neɣ s waṭas n tsuta. Deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin, yessuneɣ timacinin n waddud i yessawḍen ad ilin d amedya i yisafagen n wass-a. Yessenqad igḍaḍ s yelqayt, yelmed amek i tteddub yifer-nsen, yessumer timacinin i yezmren ad awin amdan deg ugenni. Yessuneɣ daɣen amrig i wumi qqaren asafag n waddud, win i yellan d amezwaru deg umezruy, i yesskanayen amek i yezmer ad yili umrig ara yawin amdan ɣer igenni s useqdec n tmawin yettezzin.

Deg taɣult n umgaru, yexdem aṭas n yimrigen am ikerrusen imrigen, lmedfeɛ, d timacinin n unṭag i yettuseqdacen i uẓuy n yidɣaɣen ɣer yimukan yembaεden. Yessuneɣ ula d tixutam i wemgaru, i yellan am yimrigen n wass-a, akked yimrigen n waman i yessawḍen ad beddlen amek i ttilin yimenɣiyen deg yilel.

Tafizikt, Tusnakt d Tenzeggit

Deg tfizikt, Leonardo yelmed aṭas n tɣawsiwin ɣef taẓeyt. Yessenqad amek i tteddu tafat d tilli, yura aṭas n tezmilin ɣef wamek i gzunt wallen n wemdan tafat, d wamek i ttwalint initen. Yelmed daɣen tussna n waman, amek i tettekk tezɣelt n wakal, d wamek i ttruḥun isaffen. Yufa iɣersiwen d yimɣan n zik i yuɣalen d aẓru deg yidurar, yefhem belli akal anda llan yidurar-a yella zik d ilel. Tikti-a tella d tamaynut s waṭas deg tallit-nni, yerna tekcem-as azal ameqran deg tussna n wakal.

Leonardo yesseqdec tusnakt iwakken ad isegzi ameɣraḍ d ugama.

Ɣer Da Vinci, tanzeggit d llsas n yal timusni, alammi i d-yenna wawal-is yettwassnen: "Ur iyi-d-iɣerri ara win ur nelli d amusnak". Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut mačči d asider n yilugan imaynuten deg tusnakt s timmad-is am wamek xedmen yimusnaken imeqqranen n zzman-is neɣ wid i t-id-iḍefren, maca d asdukkel-is ameqqran gar tusnakt lqayen akked taẓuri, d useqdec-is i tenzeggit iwakken ad yefhem asuddes n txelqit. Yekkes tilisa gar ayen yellan d tussna d wayen yellan d taẓuri, yerra-ten d yiwen n webrid i d-yettawin ɣer tidet.

Deg uḥric n teklut, Leonardo yesseqdec tanzeggit akken ad d-yesnulfu arid imzireg s wudem yeflalen i d-yettaken udem n tilawt i tfelwiyin-is. Deg tfelwit n "Imensi Aneggaru", nettaf belli yal izirig yeffɣen yettemlil deg yiwen n wammas, ayen i d-yesseknen belli yesseqdec iqɛiden n tusnakt iwakken ad yekkel allal n tmuɣli n umdan( ad iɣurr tiṭ n wumdan deg tmuɣli-s ). Askar i yesseqdec deg tmuɣli-a yebna ɣef yimyerren inzegganen n tfekka d wemkan, ayen i yeǧǧan iẓri n wemdan ad yekcem deg telqayt n tfelwit amzun akken yella daxel-is.

Yenna-d daɣen aṭas ɣef tmeẓla n tfekka n wumdan d wamek tetteddu d tenzeggit. Tugna-ines yettwassnen aṭas, "Amdan n Vitruvius", d agzul n tikti-a. Deg-s, yessebgan-d wamek tafekka n wemdan, mi ara d-teldi ifassen-is d yiḍarren-is, tzemmer ad tekcem s tseddi deg sin n yimkuẓen igejdanen n tenzeggit: amkuẓ d umnenniḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d amṣada gar wemdan akked umeɣraḍ, anda lqis n tfekka yeṭṭafar ilugan n tusnakt.

Rnu ɣef waya, amussnaw-a yexdem aṭas d umusnak Luca Pacioli, yerna i netta i d-yexdem tiwlafin tinzegganen i d-yesskanen "Amur Illawi neɣ Amḍan n wureɣ" deg udlis-is. Leonardo d amezwaru i d-yewwten ad d-yessken talɣiwin tinzegganin tis-kṛaḍiyin (3D) s wudem ifazen, ayen i d-yefkan abrid i tsegda tatrart. S yagi, yezmer ad d-yexdem aɣawas iwatan i yal tamacint neɣ allal uqbel ad t-yebnu. Yal tigawt deg tmacinin-is tebna ɣef usiḍen(leḥsab) n tusnakt d tenzeggit iwakken ad tili d tin ittcaren i wayen ara d-yeḍrun deg tilawt, mebla ma yeɣleṭ.

Tamuɣli-ines ɣer tenzeggit tefka-as allal akken ad iwali ayen ur ttwalin ara wiyaḍ, d ubrid i yesseqdec iwakken ad iselḥu amussu n waman, tuzzya n yigenni, d usuddes n tfekka n wemdan.

Tizmilin d Tira n Lemri

Akk tussna-a, akk tigemmi-a n uxemmem, Leonardo yura-tt deg waṭas n tzmilin. Tira-s llant s ufus azelmaḍ, seg yeffus ɣer zelmaḍ. Tarrayt-a n tira, i wumi qqaren tira n lemri, tella i wakken ur tent-yettɣar ara win ur nelli d netta s wudem afraray, neɣ i wakken ad yeḥrez tiktiwin-is i yiman-is. Deg tzmamil-a, yella yessuneɣ unuɣen n timacinin, n tfekka n wemdan, n waman, n yigenni, d kra n wawalen i d-yesskanayen tafelsaft-is ɣef tudert, ɣef tmettant, d ɣef wadeg n wemdan deg ugama.

Isegziyen ifelsafiyen i yeffren deffir n tfelwiyin-is tigraɣlanin yettwassnen

1. Mona Lisa (La Joconde) – Assaɣ gar Umdan d Ugama

Tafelwit-a ur telli ara kan d tugna n tmeṭṭut tameḥzunt neɣ d acmumeḥ awḥid, maca d tiẓri ɣef wamek yeddukkel umdan akked ugama (macrocosme d microcosme).

2. Imensi Aneggaru (La Cène) – Gar Tlelli n Tigawt d Twenza

Deg tfelwit-a, Leonardo yewwi-d yiwet n taswiɛt kan seg umezruy: mi d-yenna Ɛisa belli yiwen seg yinelmaden-is ad t-yexdeɛ.

3. Taḥbayrit n Yidɣaɣen – Iba, Tidet, d Lqern n Zzman

Tafelwit i d-yessebganen Mariya, Ɛisa ameẓyan, d Yenḥya (Jean) deg yiwen n wemkan yeffren, yeččur d iẓra .

4. Yenḥya Aɣeṭṭas (Saint Jean-Baptiste) – Tafat d Ṭṭlam

D tafelwit-is taneggarut. Yenḥya yessken s uḍad-is ɣer dges (asawen), s ucmumeḥ yeffren, yerna yeffeɣ-d seg ṭṭlam iberriken.

Muqel daɣen

Tamselyut