Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin

Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit (s tarusit : Союз Советских Социалистических Республик ( asusru ) ), d awanak aqbur n Turuft ed n Asya , seg 1922 ar 1991 , tamanaɣt-ines Musku , tajumma-ines ahat 22 400 000 km² [ 1 ] . Tadukli Tasuvyatit teṭṭef-d seg yilel n Baltik ar yilel Aberkan ed ugaraw Amelwi . Deg iseggasen-is ineggura, xemsṭac n tigdudiwin tinemlayin tisuvyitiyin i yellan deg awanak-nni : Arminya , Azerbijan , Byilurusya ( Byilurusya n tura), Isṭunya , Jurjya , Kazaxestan , Kirgizistan ( Kirgizistan n tura), Latvya , Litwanya , Muldavya ( Muldavya n tura), Rusya , Ṭaǧikstan , Turkmenistan , Ukrayin ed Uzbekistan [ 2 ] .

S yisem-is d awanek ameqqran akk deg umaḍal ɣef teɣzi n lqern wis 20, Tadukli Tasuvyatit teṭṭef sḍis seg tjumma n wakal,mraw d yiwet n tmiwa n wakud, seg Yilel Abalti d Yilel Aberkan ɣer Ugaraw Amelwi, aḥric akk n ugafa-agmuḍan n Eurasya. D amur ameqqran seg wakal n Temnekda Tarusit n zik, Ma nekkes Pulunya d Finland i yellan d timziregt seg ṭṭraḍ aɣarim arusi seg 1918 ar 1921, yerna yennerna wakal seg tallit n Stalinist deg Tuṛuft Usammar d Ugmuḍ (ccerq) Alemmas gar 1939 d 1945.

S waya, akal n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yettnegmu ɣef wakud, ladɣa deg tallit n umgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin ed deffir-s. Tadukli Tasuvyatit llan deg-s Tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyen(amḍan-nni ideg mgaraden daɣen ssya ɣer da) deg tallit-nni ideg ay yuɣalent d timziregtin asmi tettwakkes Tukli Tasuvyatit.

Aseɣnew n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yella d yiwen seg yinalkamen n tegrawla tarusit n 1917. Tagrawla n fuṛaṛ tfuk tagelda n yitsaren , ideg yella Nikulas II d agensas aneggaru, dɣa yesbedd Tagduda tarusit i d-yeɣlin ass n 7 furar 1917 sɣur Ibulcivikiyen deg Tegrawla n tuber. Yiwen seg yiɣallen ay d-yesnekren asnulfu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit d lebɣi n Vladimir Lenin akken ad yesseḍru taɣuri-nnes tadyulujit tafidiṛalit s ubeddel n Rrus taduklit ɣer tdukli n tegdudiwin ay d-yettwasbedden s wemenzay yigellusen itniniyen ay yesɛan kra n tfulmant tadelsant tadigant. Deg tazwara, tikti-s tella mgal tin n tɣelnaẓrit tasuvyitit n Juzef Stalin i yebɣan ad d-yesnulfu yiwet n tegduda tafidiṛalit tasuvyitit n Rrus. D acu kan, Stalin yuɣal deg tiktiwin-is, dɣa deg yiseggasen n 1925-1939, netta s timmad-nnes yella yettḍafar asnulfu n waṭas n tegdudiwin ay d-yellan deg-sent (deg Quqaz, deg Karilya ed Asya Talemmast).

USSR yeḥkem-itt Ukabar Azduklan n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (PCUS) ladɣa sɣur tnarit-nnes taslekmant, Pulitburu . Akk ibenkan (uṣdif, aselkam neɣ aɣedman), am wakken ay llant tɣamsa d tmetti taɣarimt s umata, llant srid ddaw n udabu n ukabar-a amyiwan d yimsulta-nnes isertiyen (s wudem unṣib Cheka , Guépéou , NKVD, MGB, KGB, atg.), i yerran war azal amuqqran timanit n tmenḍawt n tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyin d tuddsiwin-nniḍen tifulmanin.

Tikliwin-a, i d-yesleḍ Andrei Amalrik deg useggas n 1970 sɣur Andrei Amalrik d azaglu asertan, anmetti d tdamsa, d ayen i d-yeglan s lexṣara n usirem d uzref, i d-yessuffɣen anabaḍ asuvyati, seg 1985 sɣur Mikhail Gorbachev, akken ad yesmeskel anagraw s tsertit n uṭlasnost ("transparency") d perestroika ("aselmed"). Ulamma yella-d ufraniman deg waggur n meɣres 1991, ideg wwḍen 77.85 deg tlemmast n yimefranen ivuṭin akken ad ḥerzen Tadukli Tasuvyatit, d tiyita n uwanek deg ɣuct 1991 i d-iḥettmen aɣelluy n tmurt.

Amezruy

Talalit n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tegrawla ɣer Ṭṭrad Aɣarim (1917-1921)

Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin, neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit, tella d yiwet seg yiduba imeqqranen n lqern wis 20. Laṣel-is ur d-yusi ara s talwit, maca d agemmuḍ n snin n tegrawla, ṭṭrad, d tezɣent tagensit i d-yeglan s uɣelluy n Tmenkda tarusit. Tallit gar 1917 d 1921 d tallit yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy-a.

Send 1917, Rusya tella d tamnekda tameqqrant i yeḥkem Umenkad (Tsar) Nikulas I I. Maca, tamnekda-a tella tettidir deg waṭas n wuguren:

Ugur-a yewweḍ ɣer Tegrawla n Furar 1917 . Agdud yeffeɣ ɣer yiberdan, iserdasen ugin ad ṭṭfen deg umenkad. Amenkad Nicolas II yeǧǧa adabu. Yekker-d "Unabaḍ Uɛḍil", maca ur yezmir ara ad yefru uguren n ṭṭrad d lexṣaṣ.

Deg tallit-nni n tezɣent , Akabar Abulcuvik, s tmalayt n Vladimir Lénine, yewweḍ ad yesɛu tazrirt tameqqrant. Ibulcuviken llan d iɣarimen imṭarfen (aẓaran), bɣan ad sbedden anagraw azduklan.

Deg tuber 1917 (neɣ Nuvembir s teswast tagrigurit), Ibulcuviken sḥebsen Anabaḍ Uɛdil. Tagi d "Tegrawla n Tuber".

Tuṭṭfa n udabu sɣur Ibulcuviken ur teqbil ara teswiɛt meṛṛa. Seg yimir-nni, tekker tallit n ṭṭrad aɣarim yesseṛwa-n idammen, i d-yellan gar sin yiḥricen imeqqranen:

Imsisan Ibeṛṛaniyen: Iwunak ibeṛṛaniyen (am Fṛansa, Briṭanya Tameqqrant, Marikan, Yapu) ugin anagraw abulcuvik. Ceggɛen iserdasen d lemɛawna i Yiserdasen Imellalen akken ad nnaɣen mgal Ibulcuviken.

Amek i d-yella Ṭṭrad: Ṭṭrad-a yella d ameqqran s takriḍt tameqqrant seg yidis n Yizeggaɣen ("Terror Ruj") neɣ deg yidis n Yimellalen ("Terror Blanc"). Yegla-d s umilyun n lmut, ama s ṭṭrad, ama s laẓ neɣ s waṭṭanen.

Ibulcuviken (Izeggaɣen) ɣas akken llan deg-sen uguren, rebḥen ṭṭrad aɣarim. Llant aṭas n tmentilin iɣef tmerniwt-a:

Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim s nnṣer n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen (ɣef useggas 1921-1922), Akabar Abulcuvik (i yuɣalen d Akabar Azduklan) yessemɣer adabu-ines.

Deg Dujember 1922, sbedden s wudem unṣib Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit . Tdukli-a tesdukel Rusya (i yuɣalen d Tddukkla Tasuvyatit Tarusit) d Tddukkliwin tisuvyatiyin nniḍen (am Ukranya, Byilurusya, d Transcaucasia).

Tallit-a n 1917-1921 tella d tallit n usbeddi aẓaran i yesseḍḥan tamnekda taqdimt, yerna tessel-d yiwen seg yiduba i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg umezruy n ddunit.

Tdukli Tasuvyatit gar sin n yimenɣiyen imaḍlanen(1921-1939)

Tallit gar 1921 d 1939 deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tallit n usnulfu n udabu ajdid, maca daɣen d tallit n takriḍt tameqqrant d unbeddel aẓaran n tmetti. Seg taggara n ṭṭrad aɣarim armi d tikecmt deg Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin, tamurt tenneɛtab aṭas maca tesbedd-d iman-is d yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit.

Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim (1921), Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella deg yir liḥala. Tamurt texṛeb, laẓ yella s waṭas, tadamsa teɣli. Akabar Azduklan (Abulcuvik) yella iḥkem, maca lɣaci ɛyan.

Vladimir Linin yerra-d s yiwen uɣawas ajdid i wumi semman Tasertit tadamsant tamaynut (SDM)

Awexxer Ameẓyan: Lénine yefhem belli "tazduklant n ṭṭrad" i ssexdamen di ṭṭrad ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel s yes.

Deg Dujember 1922, Tdukli Tasuvyatit (USSR) tesbedd-ed iman-is s wudem unṣib, tesdukel Rusya, Ukranya, Byilurusya d Tddukkla n Transcaucasie.

Linin yemmut deg Yennayer 1924. Lmut-is teǧǧa-d tallunt tameqqrant deg tmalayt n ukabar. Yekker-d umennuɣ d adrugan ɣef anwa ara yeddmen amkan-is, ladɣa gar sin yirgazen:

Stalin yexdem s tuffirt. Yessexdem tazrirt-is deg ukabar akken ad wexxar Truski d yimsisan-is. Deg 1928, Stalin yuɣal d netta i d imḍebber amezwaru n Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

Stalin yebɣa ad yerfed Tdukli Tasuvyatit seg tmurt tafellaḥt ɣer tmurt yesɛan tamguri tameqqrant s tɣawla. I wakka, yesbedd-d sin yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

A) Iɣawasen n Semmus n Yiseggasen : D iɣawasen n tdamsa yessefk Ad gen aya deg semmus n yiseggasen. Iswi amezwaru d asenker n "tamguri taẓayent": tamguri n wuzzal, tamguri n yireǧ, d trisiti. Xeddmen s yiwen n uɣrudan ameqqran, ssexḍen i yixeddamen ad xedmen aṭas n wakud s yir ttawilat.

B) Tasedduklant: Akken ad yessečč agdud n temdinin i yettimɣuṛen d uzenz n ifarisen n wučči ɣer beṛṛa (akken ad d-aɣen ttawilat n tamguri, Stalin yegdel tanezzut tusligt n yifellaḥen (yekkes SMD).

Deg yiseggasen n 1930, Stalin yebda yettugad ɣef udabu-ines. Yebda "asfeḍ" ameqqran akken ad yekkes yal yiwen i yezmer ad as-yili d amihi.

Deg tallit-a, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella tettqellib amek ara teḥrez iman-is.

Amtawa-a d netta i d-yelhan abrid i Hitler ad yenṭag Bulunya deg Ctambeṛ 1939, ayen i d-yeskerren Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin .

Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin: Tdukli Tasuvyatit (1941-1945)

Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin yebda deg 1939, maca Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur tekcim ara mgal Lalman almi d 1941. Deg 1939, Stalin yestenya "Amtawa n Mulutuv-Ribbentup" d Hitler. Maca, amtawa-a yettwarẓa mi tenṭeg Lalman ɣef tdukla tasuvyatit.

Deg 22 Yunyu 1941, Lalman tanazit tenṭeg ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit s tuffra deg yiwet n tamhelt tameqqrant i wumi semman "Tamhelt Barbarussa".

Axelleɛ: Iserdasen izeggaɣen ur llin ara heggan. Stalin yella ur yettamen ara belli Hitler ad yerẓ amtawa. Yerna, "Asizdeg Ameqqran" n yiseggasen n 1930 yekkes aṭas n yimḍebbṛen iserdasiyen yesɛan tirmit.

Ẓẓdma Ameqran: Deg wagguren imezwura, iserdasen almanen (Wehrmacht) ẓeḍmen s terbaɛt muqqran, ṭṭfen amur ameqqran n Ukranya, Byilurusya, d temnaḍin n Baltik. Asɣimi n tamdint n Liningrad (i yeqqimen 900 n wussan s laẓ).

Azbu n Musku: Deg taggara n 1941, iserdasen almanen wwḍen ɣer tewwura n Musku. Maca, s uzbu ameqqran, d usemmiḍ n tegrest ur nettwaḥsab, Iserdasen izeggaɣen ḥebsen-ten. D tagi i d laxṣaṛa tamezwarut tameqqrant n Hitler .

Aseggas n 1942 yella d aqesḥan i Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Hitler ibeddel iswi, yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lbitṛul n Qawqaz.

Seg 1944, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tebda tesseɣli-d tanezmart-is meṛṛa ef ugmmaḍ n turuft.

Deg Yennayer 1945, Iserdasen izeggaɣen kecmen ɣer tmurt n Lalman, Deg Yebrir 1945, Iserdasen Izeggaɣen zzin-d i Berlin. Timenɣiwt-a tella s idammen, maca deg 30 Yebrir, Hitler yenɣa iman-is deg tesraft - ines. Deg 8-9 Mayyu 1945, Lalman testeɛref s texsara-s war ttawilat. Ṭṭrad deg Turuft yekfa. (Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem daɣen deg ṭṭrad mgal Japun deg Uɣust 1945, maca d ayen yeṭṭfen drus n wakud).

Ṭṭrad-a yeǧǧa-d tacrawt meqqren i Tdukli Tasuvyatit, D tamurt i yessexsren aṭas akk n yimdanen. Llan gar 20 d 27 milyon n tiɣtas , gar-asen iserdasen d lɣaci. Amur ameqqran n tadamsa n umalu n tmurt texṛeb (timdinin, ixxamen...), maca, Ɣas akken texṣer aṭas, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d seg ṭṭrad d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit, akk d Marikan. Ayen i d-yeglan s " Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ "

Tallit Taneggarut n Stalin (1945-1953)

Mi yekfa Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin deg 1945, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n umaḍal, nutni d Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan. Maca, tamurt teɣli, texṣer ugar n 20 n yimilyunen n yimdanen, yerna timdinin d temguri uɣalent am akken ssusement.

Tallit taneggarut n Jozif Stalin tebḍa ɣef sin n yimeẓra timeqqranin: aɛawed n lebni n tmurt d ubeddi n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Seld ṭṭrad, Stalin yessefra aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa tazayezt, ladɣa tamguri tazayezt d unagraw n tsertit . Aɣawas n Lebni n Stalin yekemmel s yiɣawasen n 5 n yiseggasen. Ayen yelhan deg-sen, d asenker n tferkiwin n wuzzal, n lminat, d tasareɣt. Akken ad yexdem anecta, isseqdec aṭas n yimeḥbas n yigruren n lxedma (Gulag).

Asemɣer n Uqmaḍ Aɣrudan: Deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, Stalin yuɣal Yettagad ugar iɣelliten d wid ara s-yekksen adabu. "yessezdeg" amussu azduklan s wid iɣil d "iɣeddaṛen". Anect-a yewwid tiɣtas n Tuggdi, tallit-a teččur d tuggdi, Stalin yebda "tasestant" deg 1952, i wumi ssawalen "Taluft n tbluzin timellalin". Deg-s, yebda yezzem imejjayen amur ameqqran deg-sen d Udayen, yenna-d belli xedmen anguz akken ad nɣen imḍebbren isuvyatiyen. Aṭas i yettwaṭṭfen uqbel lmut-is.

Deg tallit-a, assaɣ ger Tdukli Tasuvyatit d yimsisan-ines n ṭṭrad (Marikan d Tgelda Yedduklen) yeɣli mliḥ mliḥ. taredsa tasuvyatit teqqim deg tmura n Turuft n Usemmar i yeslelli si Tenazit. Stalin yerra timura-nni (Pulunya, Čikusluvakya, Hungarya, Rumanya, Bulgarya) d "igensaten" isuvyatiyen. Yesbedd deg-sent idabuyen izduklanen iɣef yesɛa aɣmar ameqqran.

"Aɣrab n Wuzzal": Deg 1946, Winstun Curcil (aneɣlaf amezwaru n Britanya) yefka yiwet n yinaw anda i d-yenna belli "yiwen uɣrab n wuzzal yeɣli-d ɣef Turuft", yebḍa-tt ɣef sin: Asemmar (Est) s ddaw n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, d Umalu ilelli. Wagi d anza n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tazɣent n Berlin: Deg 1948-1949, Stalin iger anagraw n uḥbas ɣef Berlin Umalu akken ad yerr Marikan, Fṛansa, d Britanya ad ffɣen seg temdint-nni. Maca, Iwunak Yedduklen xedmen "Tiqenṭert n Yigenni" iwakken ad ssawḍen lqut i yimezdaɣ. D tazɣent tamezwarut n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tabumbat Taɣisant: Asemdu ameqqran akk n tallit-a d asmi i tesɛa Tdukli Tasuvyatit tabumbat-is taɣisant tamezwarut deg 1949. Anecta yebeddel tamsukt n tnezmarin n umaḍal. Tdukli Tasuvyatit tuɣal d tanezmart taɣisant tis snat.

Deg Meɣres 1953, Juzif Stalin yemmut. Tameṭṭant-is teɣleq tallit-a n tuggdi d uqmaḍ, yerna teldi-d tiwwura i tallit tajḍiṭ n umennuɣ asemmaḍ d ubeddel agensan deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

Amezruy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tmettant n Stalin (1953) ar Uɣelluy (1991)

Mi yemmut Joseph Stalin deg Meɣres 1953, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem deg tallit n leḥkem amazday uqbel ad d-yali Nikita Xrusčev d amaray amezwaru ameqqran.

Tukksa n Testalinit: Deg 1956, deg Wegraw wis 20 n Ukabar Azduklan, Xrusčev yefka-d "Awal Uffir" ideg i d-yesken ttrika d takriḍt n leḥkem n Stalin. Ayagi yeldi tawwurt i wayen umi semman "Tukksa n Ugris", anda i d-tella cwiṭ n tilelli n wawal d umdel n igran n Gulag.

Tidukla s Talwit: Deg tsertit n beṛṛa, Xrusčev yessefra-d anagraw n "Tidukla s Talwit" d Yiwunak Yeddukklen, maca tallit-a teččuṛ daɣen d tazɣent, am Tmesɣiwt n Hungarya (1956) d Tazɣent n Yimrigen n Kuba (1962), i yeqquren ad d-tawi ṭṭraḍ aɣisan.

Tallunt d Tdamsa: D tallit-a i d-yellan usnirem ameqqran ɣer tallunt (Sputnik 1, agensa amezwaru deg 1957, d Yuri Gagarin, amdan amezwaru deg 1961). Xrusčev yerra-d daɣen lwelha-s ɣer tfellaḥt d usnerni n lfaydat n tmetti, maca aṭas n yiswiyin-is ur wwiḍen ara.

Xrusčev teɣli-yas tezmart deg 1964 sɣur imeqqranen n ukabar-is (ladɣa Brejnev) i t-iwalan iṛuḥ mebɛid deg ubeddel d "ussexṛeb n udabu".

Mi yettwkkes Xrusčev, yuli-d Liyunid Brejnev, i yeḥkmen azal n 18 n iseggasen. Tallit-is tettwassen s yisem n "Tallit n Tyersi".

Mi yemmut Brijnev deg 1982, ulin-d sin n imḍebbren i wakken kan: Yuri Andrupuv (1982-1984) d Kunstantin Cernk (1984-1985). Nutni ẓran belli tadamsa tella deg wugur ameqqran, maca tterka d leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ten-ǧǧin ara ad xedmen tismeskal ilaqen.

Deg 1985, yuli-d Mixayil Gurbacev, d amḍebber si tsuta tamaynut, i yebɣan ad isseɣret Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Yessefra-d sin n yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

Aɣelluy (1989-1991)

semseɣṛiten n Gurbacev rẓan lsas n Tdukli Tasuvyatit:

Deg 8 Dujembeṛ 1991, iselwayen n Rrus (Yeltsin), Ukṛanya, d Byilurusya msefhamen ɣef usebḍu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Deg 25 Dujembeṛ 1991, Mixayil Gurbacev yesteɛfa, yerna Tdukli Tasuvyatit tesres-d i lebda.

Tagrayt

Aɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991 ur d-yelli ara kan seg sebba n Gurbacev, maca d inalkamen n 40 n iseggasen n wuguren. Seg tiyersi n tdamsa n tallit n Brijnev, ar umenɣi n Afɣanistan, armi d isemseɣṛiten n Gurbacev i d-yessakin anagraw i yellan yakan yeṛwa. Taggara n Tdukli Tasuvyatit temla-d taggara n ṭṭrad Assemaḍ d talallit n unagraw n annaḍ amaynut umaḍal.

Tizmilin