Mars (itrikli)

Mezweɣ neɣ Imzuyeɣ ( azamul-is : ) d amtiweg wis 4 deg wuggug (lbeɛdan) ɣef tfukt deg unagraw anafuk , mezweɣ iga d anarag uffiɣ n deffir n tegnit , akken i yettusesmel d amtiweg anamur yettemcabin i tegnit [ 1 ] . Isem-is deg tutlayin tmaziɣin yekka-d seg tezweɣ acku yettbin-d d azeggaɣ deg igenni s usrag (s ssebba) n wakal-is d tegnewt-is, ma d yisem-is Alatin ( Mars ) d isem n yellu n umsenɣi ɣer iṛumaniyen, akken i yettwassen daɣen s yisem n umtiweg azeggaɣ deg tlemmast n imusnawen acku ini n umtiweg-a d azwawaɣ imalen ɣer tezweɣ s usrag n ugedṛur n ukṛuksid n wuzzal yellan s tuget deg tiggi-ines d tignewt-is. [ 2 ]

Akdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer wazal n 6792 km, ayen yegdan azgen n ukdu n tegnit, akken iga d amtiweg ameẓyan wis sin deg wudus anafuk send n uziweɣ , anda tajumma-ines tla (tesɛa) azal n wezgen n tjumma n tegnit.

Mezweɣ itezzi ɣef tfukt deg tmezzit yaggugen (ibeɛden) fell-as s wazal n 228 km (1,5 n tikkal n westum gar n tegnit d tfukt). Amda agafan deg ugafa n tsegla iteddel azal n 40% n umtiweg, ayen i d-igellun s usemdu meqqren fell-as. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Mezweɣ ila (yesɛa) sin n wayyuren , amezwar isem-is Dimus (anamek-is d arameɣ s tutlayt Tagrikt ) ma d wis sin d Fubyus (anamek-is d Tugdi ), isin-nsen meẓẓiy-it ur mgadan ara deg talɣa akken izemren ad ilin d izunyuren i d-ildey [ 5 ] [ 6 ] am 5261 Eureka [ 7 ] , igan d atṛuyan amazwaɣ . [ 8 ]

Taẓɣelt tajummant tafellayt deg umtiweg-a d tin yettawaṭen alamma d 27° ma d taẓɣelt taddayt -133°, ma d tignut-is d tin igebren seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d unitrujin d wergun d yirragen n waman d kracn igazen niden. Azamul-is asnallun d ♂ .

Ussan d tsemhuyin n useggas deg mezweɣ d wid yemrawasen i wayen yellan deg tegnit acku tallit n tuzzya d umili n tedɣert n tuzzya d tid yettemcabin s waṭas, Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken amtiweg n mezweɣ yella yeččur d aman send n 3,8 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen ayen i d-ten-iǧǧan ad brun i teẓri n tilit n tudert deg-s ɣas ma zik-nni, akken illant deg-s idurar yugaren wid yellan deg tegnit yakk d isafen yeqquren. Akken i tella deg-s teẓrumest tameqqṛant yakk deg wudus anafuk isem-is Olympus Mons yeddmen isem-a seg wedrar n ulimpus ,Akken ig yella deg-s wasif n Marineris igan d yiwen seg tiɣa meqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk.

Asekkud n Mezweɣ s wallen d ayen yefraren (isehlen) s waṭas, Azal-is amaskad yettawaṭ ɣer -2.94, dɣa azal amaskad n Yebter d tatrit d wayyur d tafukt ugaren agla n Mezweɣ [ 9 ] .

S unect n tezrawt n sin n imusnawen n Marikan , Mezweɣ yezmer ad yili d amtiweg ur yesmid ara (ur ikemmel ara) gemmu-ines seld mi ig slek seg waṭas n imickaṭen yakk d yesmilen d iseffuden d tfekkiwin tigennawin niden i d-illan seg wass mi i d-innulfa wudus anafuk (ayen i d-iglan s temɣer n yimtiwgen akken ma llan), Anecta yessegzaw-d temẓi n ubleɣ n mezweɣ s wassaɣ ɣer tegnit d tatrit , Dɣa sin n imusnawen-a ffɣen-d s ugemmud-a seld n tezrawt taminigt i ifuras n werjan imezzerzen deg iseffuden.

Iylanen n umtiwen n mezweɣ

Tajumma mezweɣ d tin yugaren amacemma akuẓ n tjumma n tegnit (28,4% n tjumma n Tagnit), [ 10 ] yerna tineẓẓi n mezweɣ de tin yemgaraden ɣef tneẓẓi n tegnit, anda ableɣ-is isgensis-d azal n 15% n ubleɣ n tegnit. Ma d takura-ines tegda amraw (1/10) neɣ 11% n tkura n tegnit, ma d taldayt tajummant n mezweɣ tegda 38% s umerwes ɣer teldayt n tegnit, adad agennaw deg tjumma n mezweɣ 0,75% n wadad agennaw deg tegnit.

Udem azeggaɣ/ačinay n tjumma n mezweɣ yegla-d yis [[uksyd n wuzzal (III) yakk d ubṛac (ṣṣdid) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] , ma d initen imezdiyen nniden deg tjumma-ines gan d aras, azegza d urɣan (s ugani ɣef telmas n yimɣuzen yellan. [ 12 ]

Azwu n mezweɣ yegber seg 95% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun , 3% uẓut , 1,6% argun [ 13 ] d kra n wuksujin d waman. [ 14 ] dɣa deg useggas n 2000 kra n imusnawen ssawṭen ɣer igemmuden i d-iqqaren s tilin n tudert deg mezweɣ deg yizri seld n tmuɣli n tgezmiwin n yiwen n useffud ufant deg Antraktika yekka-d seg mezweɣ, maca tiẓri ayi mači d tin deg wacu i d-yella usentem ummid. [ 15 ]

Mezweɣ yettumeggez d amtiwen anamur , u tuget n tjumma-ines zeggaɣ-t anagar kra n icamiṭen imsullsen s usrag n wakal-is d yiẓra-ines. Ma d tineẓẓi n adad-is agennaw d tamidrust, tegber s talɣa tagejdant seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d kra seg yirragen n waman. Anezwu n mezweɣ semmeṭ ugar n tegnit ma d aseggas degs 687 seg wussan n tegnit. [ 16 ]

Tafelwit i d-immalen imgaraden n iylanen ger n mezweɣ d tegnit:

Tasuddest tagensawt

Yeṭra i mezweɣ ayen yetran i tegnit seg tmagarda tamtiwgant , tamagarda dagi d tamhelt i d-ittfarasen amgirred deg tneẓẓi d isegran n yal tissi n tiddiwin n umtiweg, anda ul n umtiweg yettili tneẓẓi-ines teflal ma d ayen i d-izgan dennig-s tineẓẓi-ines tettili ddaw n tneẓẓi n wul. [ 17 ]

Tignut tamtiwgant

Mezweɣ yeẓli-as (iṛuḥ-as) wadad-is adekran send n 4 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen, [ 18 ] ahat s usrag n imickaḍen i imeknen amtiweg-a, [ 19 ] ihi, d ayen i yettaǧǧan aḍu anafuk yessikkic srid yakked A-ionosfir n Mezweɣ, dɣa anecta igellu-d s usedres n tneẓẓi n tegnut tamtigwant s tukksa n tissi tuffiɣt i yibelkimen . Mars Express yesnarem-d tizelɣiwin n tegnut tamtigwant tA-ionosfirant i d-ittmaren ɣer tallunt akin i mezweɣ, [ 20 ] [ 21 ] akken i d-tettili tezrawt-nsent sɣur n tsenqadt n MAVEN . Ass-a, addad agennan n mezweɣ yegda seg 30 paskal (0,030 k/p) deg wedrar n Ulimpus alamma d 1,155 paskal di Hellas Planetia, ma d isig alemanas n wadad deg tiggi yegda 600 paskal (0,60 k/p). [ 22 ]

Taneẓẓi tafellayt yakk deg mezweɣ tegda tin yellan deg teflel n 35 km di tegnit. [ 23 ] ma d isig n wadad id ittwagemḍen iga kan 0,6% seg wadad n tegnit (101,3 k/p).

Teflel n tegnut tamtiwgant tga azal n 10,8 km [ 24 ] , dɣa tugar agla n tegnit i yeflalen s 6 km, acku taldayt n mezweɣ ur tugar ara 38% seg tin n tegnit, ihi asemdu-ayi tettmagar-it-id tudra deg teẓɣelt d 50% n yisig yeflalen seg wazuk axeclawan i tegnut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ. Tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ tegber seg wazal n 96% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 1,9% n waṛgun , 1,89% n nitrujin yakk d ufimiḍi meẓẓiyen n waman d wuksijin. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ d tagedṛurant s waṭas, tegber seg txeclawin aqqaṛ-nsent iga 1,5 mikṛumiter , dɣa tixeclawin-a i d-ittaken ini amsekkef i tegnawt n mezweɣ mi ara ad yettwaskad seg tiggi. [ 27 ] Isalan imezwura ɣef tegnawt n mezweɣ llan-d s tezrart n yinigen n Mariner 3 d Mariner 4 , anda i d-yella usentem (uwekked) d akken amtiweg-a ila tignut tamtiwgant sdiden (rqiqen) yegda 0,01 seg tignut tamtiwgant n tegnit. Tignut-a sdiden tegber seg CO 2 di tuget-is anda i yettaweḍ ufimiḍi-ines ɣer 95% seg yisegran-is. [ 28 ] sin akin tella-d tesladṭ n yisegran n tegnawt sɣur n Viking 1 i wakken ad tessufeɣ tagrayt ɣef tsuddest n tegnawt akken i tella di tfelwit-a:

Seg tfelwit, nettwali d akken afimiḍi n yirragen n waman deg tegnawt n mezweɣ d win idrusen s waṭas, ayen yettaǧǧan tignewt-is d taɣurart. Maca s usrag n usemmiḍ imsullsen, afimiḍi-ayi idrusen n yirragen n waman keffun-d i wakken ad t-sseṛwun.

Anezwu

Gar n yimtiwgen n wudus anafuk yakk, d tisemhuyin n mezweɣ i yettemcabin s waṭas i tsemhuyin n tegnit, s usrag n wannuz yemgadan n ugellus n tuzzya n sin n imtiwegen-a . Tanzagt n tsemhuyin n mezweɣ gdant snat n tikkal n tenzagt n tsemhuyin n tegnit acku amaccaq n mezweɣ ɣer tfukt yugar amaccaq n tegnit ɣer tfukt (yiwet n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, tettqabal-itt snat n tuzzyiwin n mezweɣ ɣef tfukt). Dɣa taẓɣelt deg mezweɣ temgarad seg izaduren anda tettili -143 C (-225 F) deg tegrest tasafaylut [ 29 ] alamma d yiswiren anda tettawaṭ ɣer 35 C (95 F) deg unebdu asbegsan. [ 30 ]

Amgarad hrawen deg tezɣelt yettuɣal usrag-is (sebba-ines) ɣer wadad agennaw usdid ur nezmir ara ad iffren aṭas seg teẓɣelt n tfukt d waẓaẓ drusen n wakal n mezweɣ. [ 31 ] mezweɣ yaggug (yebɛed) 1,52 n tikkal ɣef tfukt seg wala tagnit , ayen i s-d-itfarasen 43% kan n tesmekta n tafat n tfukt. [ 32 ]

Awah tmezzit yecban agla n tegnit i mezweɣ, tili tisemhuyin-is ad ilint am wagla n tegnit acku annuz-is agellusan yemmug am tmezzit n tegnit.

Llan deg mezweɣ iluɣluɣen (aṭu n wakal) imeqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk , anda tettawaṭ tazzla-ines ar ugar n 160 km/ t . Zemren ad mgaraden seg iluɣluɣen deg tjumma meẓẓiyen alamma d iluɣluɣen icafcalen i zemren ad ffren amtiweg s timmad-is. iluɣluɣen-a ttmagen-d aladɣa mi ara ad yades (ad iqerreb) ɣer tfukt . [ 33 ]

Timezzit n mezweɣ d tuzzya-ines

Tudert deg mezweɣ

Ayyuren n mezweɣ

Asnirem n mezweɣ

Tamawin timazrayin

Mezweɣ deg yidles

Tiwlafin

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