Takfarinas agellid

Takfar-ines [ 1 ] , Takfarinas (Talɣa talatinit n Takfar-ines [ 1 ] n tmaziɣt anamek-is s tmaziɣt "Iseɣ i netta" neɣ "Iseɣ-is") neɣ Takfarin yella d aqerru n trad mgal Rruman di tidmi amenzu baɛd talalit n Ɛisa (yemmut deg useggas 24).

Isem-is s tlaṭinit d Tacfarinas (ljenitif Tacfarinatis ), anamek-is d "win n Takfarin" wissen yella Takfarin (neɣ Tikfarin ) d isem n teddart ansi d-yekka.

Takfarinas yella d aserdas aqbur n lɛasker n Rruman. Yessemlal-d kra iserdasen yid-es, u ffɣen-d si lɛasker n Rruman, anda ruḥen ad nnaɣen mgal ugellid n Muritanya Yuba II , i ḥesben ixeddem ilmend Rruman, u d wigi i t-yesulin ar udabu n tgelda n Tmazɣa.

Mi ɛeddan 7 iseggasen n trad, yuɣal yenɣa-t lkunsul n Rruman di Tmazɣa Dolabella .

Tameddurt

Laṣel

Takfarinas illul deg Thubursicu Numidarum (Tura sawalen-as: Xemisa, Lezzayer), deg unẓul n Suq Ahras n tura, Lezzayer (s yisem-is Tagaste), Drus i yettwassnen ɣef twacult, neɣ ɣef temẓi n Takfarinas, siwa d-akken yella seg udrum n imaziɣen, iban-d ur yelli ara seg twacult tagellidt, neɣ ur yelli ara d aɛeggal n twacult n tgelda. Mi yewweḍ leɛmeṛ ad d-yerr ɣer lεesker, yekcem ɣer tredsa n Ṛuma i d-yusan ɣer Tefriqt. Asseqdec-a daɣen ur nesɛi ara fell-as aṭas n yiḍrisen (documents) n umezruy, dɣa ur neẓri ma yella s lebɣi neɣ s lḥeṛs i yekcem ɣer tredsa n ṛuma. Ur iban ara daɣen ma yella yekcem ɣer yiwet n tmehla n yimnayen neɣ n yimenṭagen n yiḍarren. Ɣef leḥsab n Tacitus, yeqdec acḥal n yiseggasen deg tredsa n ṛuma.

Ɣas ma yella agafud udmawan n Takfarinas ur aɣ-ssinen ara, maca yezmer lḥal ad yili unekcum arumi deg tallit n Ugust ɣer wayla d wakal n temaksiwt n Yimuslamen, d aɣref amaziɣ, d lebni n yiberdan deg tallunt-a, d ugdal n unekcum ɣer wigi, yella d ayen ay d-yesbedden ulday n tmenɣiwt n Tacfarinas d tnekra ay d-yessuddes. Takfarinas, yuɣal mgal tamnekda Tarumanit deg tallit n umenkad Tiberius sebεa iseggasen uqbel ad t-nɣen deg lḥers deg Auzea, tura "Sour El Ghozlane" deg Lezzayer.

Tanekra mgal adabu aṛumani

Takfarinas tettwassen s ṭṭraḍ-nni i d-yewwi mgal Ruma i yeṭṭfen azal n 7 iseggasen seg 17 ar 24 A.D. Tanekra-a tewwid azen n 4 n yimḍebbren yemseḍfaren ɣer temnaḍt n Tefriqt (deg Tunes n tura). Aḥric-a amecṭuḥ n temnekda yella yesεa azal adamsan ɣer Temnekda Tarumanit, imi d netta i d aɣbalu n kra n weḥric meqqren seg lemεawna n yirden deg Ruma, Deg useggas 24, deffir yiwen n uḍfar ɣezzifen gar iserdasen n Rruman d iserdasen n tnekra, Yewwi-t lḥal ad yeffer iman-is deg yiwen n umkan di Auzea . Yemmut din mi d-yeɣli yiwen n unṭag yusa-d yeffer s tɣawla, yettwaxdem deg ṣṣbeḥ sɣur iṛumaniyen, anṭag-agi yella yettwahegga-d deg yiḍ deg teẓgi.

Ɣas akken tella-d tnekra-a, iserdasen n Takfarinas, ur yesɛi ara aṭas n ttawilat, ur nesɛi ara aṭas n tmussni n umnuɣ, ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu asirem n tidet n uḥettem n tezmert n Rrum ad teffeɣ seg temnaḍt-nni, ur yezmir ad yawwi imenɣi muqran i lfayda-s. Amur ameqran seg tnekra-a d tiɣriwin (raids), tukerḍa, tikerkas, ddaw yiwen n udabu ay izemren ad d-yili s yisem n “guerrilla”. i wakken ad sxeṣren tadamsa n temnaḍt-nni ay d-yettawin irden yerna ad sxeṣren aẓeḍḍa adamsan n Rruman, s usirem d akken tazɣent-a ad d-tessiweḍ ɣer taggara ɣer ccwal aɣarim (désordre civile) deg Ruma s timmad-nnes.

Seld akemmel n tuṭṭfa n temnaḍt-agi sɣur Ṛuma, agwni atunsi merra yuɣal d taɣzut n ufares n yirden deg 29-30 A.D , tura ddaw n tebzert(tiwsi) n wayla, "tanemmirt" i tukksa n temnaḍin n yimɣan n Yimuslamen, d ayen i d-yessawḍen ineggaru-a ad ddun ɣer yidurar n wawres(Aurés). [ 2 ]

Deg tgara, yettwaḥseb daɣen d akken tanekra-nni d usseqdec-nnes s ljehd, ay yellan d llsas neɣ d sseba n wefran n ugellid Claudius akken ad yeqqen ɣer tgelda n Ṛuma, Muriṭanya yellan ɣer tama n umalu n yimuslamen.

Tiɣbula n tudert-is

tudert n Takfarinas d imenɣi-nnes ttwaseknen-d kan deg yiḍrisen n Tacitus, d axeddim ay d-yura azal n 98 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tacitus yefka-d fell-as aḥric s telqay, Deg tidet, Tacitus yefka-d yiwen ullis s ttfaṣil, maca ur nezmir ara ad d-nini ma yella d tidet. Tacitus, deg tilawt, yeεǧeb-as umdan n Tiberius(amenkad aṛumani) d tnefsit-is. I yella yettwali-t d azamul n yiwen umesbaṭli; tanekra n Yimaziɣen, "tazzla ɣef teɣzi n lweqt", s waya, d ttbut i umeskar ɣef lqella n tmussni n win ara d-yeḍḍfen amkan n Augustus(d Tiberius).

Tacitus yemslay-d amek i yeɣleb wurrif Tibirus mi i s-d-yefka Takfarinas Tiwtilin n talwit. Acku yettwali iman-is d win yellan nnig n Takfarinas, imi Tiberius yettwali aneggaru-agi d win yellan d aserdas kan, mačči d amenkad am netta.

Iferdisen-a ssawḍen Charles Richard Whittaker ad d-yessken kra n ccek ɣef tuggza-nni n tidet i d-tefka tnekkra n Takfarinas. Tacit yella yrennu-d seg wazal n umyenkaf akken ad d-yesnulfu yiwen n usemdu d ameqqran i d-yezzin ɣef war tazmert n Tiberius akken ad yefru tagnit-nni. [ 3 ]

Tacfarinas ur yezmir ara ad yerr kra n usutel(siége militaire) ay d-yellan s rrbeḥ, d ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ad d-nini belli Tacitus yerna i tilawt d umezruy ugar n wayen yellan s tidet !.

Amnaḍ (neɣ tagnit)

Tamnaḍt yettwazedɣen s kra n yimezdaɣ

Deg tallit taṛumant, Tafriqt n Ugafa zedɣen-tt tmettiyin timaziɣin i d-igren iman-nsent deg tfellaḥt d tmeksiwt n lmal iceban azgen deg-s tin n yibedwanen.(ur ttɣimin ara deg yiwen umḍiq). Timnaḍin n wenẓul, ur sɛint ara aṭas n tɣermin, ttwaḍḍfent-d sɣur yiɣerfan imezwura am Yigetuliyen, Imusulamen d Yigaramanten, ay yeddren seg tmekswit.

Asnerni n Yiṛumyen deg wakal-a, ladɣa deg tlemmast n tmurt n Tunes, yessawḍ-d ɣer yimenɣiyen d yimezdaɣen-is, Seg wasmi ay d-yella deg tgelda n Augustus, Ruma tella tesselḥay aṭas n tḥemliwin tiserdasiyin i lmend n usgunfu deg temnaḍt-a, ladɣa ddaw n tgelda n Lucius Cornelius Balbus Minor. Tamenɣiwt-a tuɣal d imenɣi n tagrawla (guerrilla) ay d-yellan s tɣawla, d aḥric aydeg d-ilul Takfarinas. [ 4 ]

D acu kan, kra n yidrumen d imezdaɣ-is fernend ad msefhamen d Ṛuma s usekcem nsen ɣer yigen (tredsa) d ayen ten-yeǧǧan ad sɛun taɣermant (citoyenneté) d wakal. imenayen(iεewdiwin) inumidiyen yettwasnen s tɣawla-nsen d tezmert-nsen, llan d amur ameqran deg yiserdasen n Ṛuman seg mi d-yeḍra umenɣi wis sin n Punic, Yettban-d deg tmehlin n ussehres d tɣawsiwin n ussefqed. Ɣas akken llhan s tɣawla-nsen, imennuɣen-a qqimen d wid ur nezmir ara ad qabelen iserdasen iṛumiyen deg yimenɣiyen imeqqranen. [ 5 ]

Imenɣi d Ruma

Aẓar n taluft

Ssebbat n Wemgaru n Takfarinas ur iban ara, imi iɣbula iqburen xuṣṣen deg ttfaṣil. Tacitus d netta kan ay d-yefkan aḥric seg-s, maca ur inuda ara ad d-yesfehm ssebbat-nnes. Aṭas n yinmezrayen atraren i yezwaren kraḍ(tlata) n teẓriyin tigejdanin:

1.Tamenɣiwt tadelsant d tɣerma gar Rruman d Yimaziɣen.

2.Amennuɣ gar yimhuras iṛumaniyen d yigduden imaziɣen azgen-amgalat(semi-nomades).

3.Tiririt i uḥbas n tsertit n usiɣrem aṛumani

Jean-Marie Lassère yessumer-d asegzi-nniḍen : tulya n ubrid asnuddsan sɣur Irumaniyen ɣef tẓegwa n Tefriqt n Wenẓul tili ssawḍen ɣer tnekkra n Takfarinas d yimsisan-is ɣef lǧal n uḥekkem ameqqran ɣef yiberdan n usikel.

Tazwara n tnekra (lewhi n 17 seld talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Tacfarinas, yellan d aεeggal aqbur n yigen (armée) n Rruman, yeffeɣ-d seg-s yerna yesdukkel Inselmen, Icinitiyen d Yimuṛiyen ddaw n Mazippa mgal Rruman. Tanekra-ines teffeɣ-d seg Syrte tamecṭuḥt armi d Muriṭanya. Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef lebɣi Ṛuma yebɣan ad teḥkem ɣef yimzdaɣ imgalaten yerna ad d-tessers deg-sen imzdaɣ imaynuten, Yekker-as i ṭṭrad n lḥers i yeṭṭfen sa(sebɛa) n yiseggasen. Ruma teɛreḍ ad tebḍu leεṛac-nni n tnekra s lewṣayat n tukci n wakal. Ɣer tagara, aneɣlaf Cornelius Dolabella ad yekfu imenɣi s tenṭagt taserdast i ifuken s waɛzel n Takfarinas deg 24 seld talalit n lmasiḥ.

Taneɣlaft n Markus Furius Kamilus (15-17 seld talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Di tazwara, Takfarinas yeṭṭef-d tikli d ẓẓedmat s terbaεt n yimcumen, maca amussu-nnes yuwey-d ljehd asmi ay t-qeblen Yinselmen d imḍebber yerna yufa-d lemɛawna n Yimuṛiyen d Yicinitiyen. Tacfarinas imir-nni yessuddes-d taredsa(lɛeskeṛ) n tidet.

Deg useggas n 17 send talalit n Lmasiḥ, Markus Furius Kamillus, aselway n Tefriqt, iqubel takfarinas Ɣas akken llan d ilemẓiyen deg wuṭṭun(ddrus yid-sen sdat taredsa n takfarinas), taredsa n rruman yettwasuddes akken iwata tewwi-d tarennawt(rrbeḥ) meqqren. Tacfarinas yerwel ɣer uneẓruf, maca ur yeǧǧi ara amennuɣ. Yerfed tataktit n tagrawla, yerna yessedrem tiɣawsiwin n tmeṣkiwt (infrastructure) armi yessaweḍ ɣer tezɣent tadamsant, ladɣa deg Ruma.

Taneɣlaft n Lucius Aprunius(18-20 seld talalit n Lmasiḥ) [ 6 ]

Deg useggas n 18 send talalit n Lmasiḥ, Lucius Aprunius yeṭṭef amkan n Camillus. Takfarinas ikemmel tanṭagin-nnes, Tuffɣa ur nelhi ara n yiɣallen irumiyen tessaweḍ ɣer lmut n wemḍebber-nsen, Decius. Akken ad iεaqeb ɣef lexsara-agi, Aprunius yessuter ad ttwaqleɛ terbaɛt-agi n yiserdasen n Rruman.

Takfarinas yaεerreḍ ad d-yili lḥers d ajdid deg Tala , maca tikelt-a, iserdasen iṛumiyen zebbun mgal anṭag-agi. Imi yeẓra belli ur yezmir ad iqabel Iṛumaniyen deg umennuɣ ansay, yuɣal ɣer deffir, yuɣal yebda imenɣi n tagrawla(guérilla). D acu kan, yeɣleb-it Lucius Aprunius Caesianus, ihi ddin yuɣal ɣer deffir ɣer tmurt n Wawres(Aurès). Am warraz, Lucius Aprunius yewwi-d cciɛa n rrbeḥ deg useggas n 20 send talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Taneɣlaft n Quintus Junius Blaesus(21-23 seld talalit n Lmasiḥ)

seld lexsara niḍen, Takfarinas iceyyeɛ tamahelt ɣer ruma s usummer n talwit s ubeddel n wakal. Tiberius yugi tikci-nni, imi ay d-yenna ur yettwaqbal ara ma yella yiwen n wemdan ay d-irewlen s tɣawla seg taredsa n Rruman, ad yawweḍ ad yamcaweṛ d Ruma. Sakkin, yuzen Quintus Junius Blaesus, d ajiniṛal yesɛan tarmit s tredsa(lɛeskeṛ) yettwasǧehden (seg 10.000 arma d 20.000 n yergazen). Blaesus yeṭṭef tasertit tamaynut : yefka-d tikci n ssmaḥ i yemdukal n Tacfarinas yerna yebna aṭas n tɣiwanin timeẓyanin (castella) i tɛessast n wakal yezgan. Takti-a, am tin ay sseqdacen Yebriṭaniyen mgal Yibueren, d tin ay yessḍeɛfen imenɣiyen.

Deg useggas n 22 send talalit n Lmasiḥ, gma-s n Tacfarinas yettwaṭṭef. Tiberius iwali ccwal ifuk, yefka-as i Blaesus azwel n yiseɣ.

Iɣbula