milerssliu/battery-device-data-qa huggingface dataset:
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Electrospun nanomaterials are very promising electrode materials for SCs in terms of outstanding electronic conductivity and electrolyte accessibility, rich and uniform porosity, and excellent structural stability. In this review, we extensively discussed the recent advances in electrospun nanomaterial electrodes for SCs. Firstly, pore engineering (i.e. activation, blend polymer electrospinning, addition of metal salts, and template method) and heteroatom doping as two major approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of electrospun CNFs were reviewed. Furthermore, due to their superb mechanical strength, high electronic conductivity, good compatibility and lightweight characteristics, CNFs acting as the attractive host/substrate for diverse electroactive materials such as metal oxides, metal phosphides, and metal–organic frameworks were summarized with critical insights. Finally, electrospun carbon-free materials represented by metal oxides in different compositions (spinel-type oxides, perovskites, metal oxide–metal oxide composites, etc.) and architectures (porous, hollow, core–shell, etc.) were also discussed. Despite increasingly successful examples demonstrating the great potential of electrospun nanomaterial electrodes, there are still challenges and opportunities in this field which have not been fully explored:
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181080
question_id: 66160
text: iodine 
context: The photovoltaic performances of the crosslinked cells are higher than the non-crosslinked ones for both TiO2 and NiO based DSSCs, whatever the redox mediator used in the electrolyte. For TiO2 based DSSCs, this mostly results from a larger short circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) with the crosslinked dyes. On the other hand, the crosslinked NiO based p-DSSCs display much higher Voc with both redox mediators. However, on NiO based p-DSSCs the iodine based electrolyte gives lower Jsc after crosslinking. Jsc is controlled by the light harvesting efficiency (LHE), the charge injection quantum yield, the charge recombination reactions and by the charge collection efficiency. LHE is certainly not the cause of the lower Jsc, because the absorbance has not changed after crosslinking. Likewise, the hole injection efficiency is most certainly not affected by the crosslinking, because the current density is not diminished after crosslinking with the cobalt electrolyte. If an enhancement of the charge recombination reactions was the cause of the lower Jsc, first the Voc would be decreased as well, which is the reverse and second it would occur with the cobalt electrolyte, which is not the case either. Logically, we can therefore interpret the lower Jsc as a consequence of the lower efficiency of the dye regeneration step, which directly reduces the charge collection efficiency. It was previously reported by Xu and co-workers, that electron deficient triazoles similar to those involved in this study can make anion–π interaction with iodide. This hypothesis is supported by observing that the 1H NMR chemical shift of triazole of the reference compound benzyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester 15 was down-field shifted upon addition of Bu4NI in the NMR tube (Fig. S24†). As a result, after crosslinking the concentration of iodide is certainly raised in the vicinity of the DPP 2 and might therefore hinder the approach of triiodide and consequently limit the charge regeneration efficiency of the reduced DPP after hole injection. In both devices, the increase of the Voc after crosslinking is most probably due to lower interfacial charge recombination coming from lower access of the redox mediator to the surface semiconductor. Indeed, inspection of the current/voltage characteristics of the solar cell recorded in the dark demonstrate that current of the crosslinked solar cells is significantly lower than the non-crosslinked ones (Fig. S20–S23†). Interfacial charge recombination between the redox mediator and the hole in NiO is known to be a major source of energy loss in p-DSSCs, therefore it is not unexpected that the reduction of this process impacts more importantly NiO based solar cells than TiO2 DSSCs.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The study of the voltage traces follows the methodology introduced in previous studies, to observe the characteristic peaking behaviour that originates from pitting of the stripping electrode. Previous reports have assigned the typical voltage profile to specific deposition and pitting processes: when plating Li, there is initially a large overpotential associated with the nucleation of Li deposits, which then decreases rapidly towards a local minimum due to an increased surface area for deposition. When switching polarity after the first deposition, the microstructures formed previously in the first half cycle are oxidised and removed from the stripping electrode. When all of the microstructures have been dissolved completely (or been detached from the electrode surface forming ‘dead Li’) the overpotential increases rapidly. A peak is seen as the overpotential drops again, labelled “pitting” in Fig. 4a, as this behaviour has been assigned to the onset of bulk metal dissolution or pitting of the Li metal surface and an increase in surface area. When comparing different electrolytes, a more pronounced peaking behaviour has been associated with substantial impedance differences and spatial variations in the SEI layers that lead to non-uniform stripping and the formation of dead Li.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: In addition to such capabilities, integration of CMOS fabrication with silicon micromachining allowed for the incorporation of on-chip circuitry, such as signal amplifiers, multiplexers to reduce output channel count, or application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). Furthermore, the monolithic integration of on-chip circuitry and electrodes reduced the parasitic capacitance between the circuits. Silicon dioxide films were often used to cover electrodes to reduce artifacts induced at the electrode–electrolyte interface.
qas: question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 181053
question_id: 66159
text: graphite
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181082
question_id: 66160
text:  DME-based
context: In order to enhance the capacity and rate performance of the electrodes, Fan et al. used 2,6-AQDS 1b in combination with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a DME-based electrolyte. Reversible Qm was up to 174 mA h g−1, higher than the theoretical value. It was partially attributed to the contribution from CNTs (23 mA h g−1). The authors assembled a full cell, which had pre-potassiated graphite as an anode. The cell had a Qm of up to 87 mA h g−1 (per mass of AQDS) with an average discharge voltage of 1.1 V. At 500 mA g−1, the capacity retention of the full cell was 33% after 2500 cycles.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The preparation of N-doped carbon nanofibers decorated with Mo2C quantum dots (Mo2C@NCF) is illustrated in Scheme 1. Mo2C@NCF was first fabricated via an electrospinning technology followed by a high-temperature annealing process. Afterwards, facile glow discharge plasma (GPD) was employed on the surface of Mo2C@NCF. Fig. 1a shows the XRD patterns of as-prepared Mo2C@NCF and GDP-Mo2C@NCF. The diffraction peaks of both Mo2C@NC and GDP-Mo2C@NC are in good agreement with that of hexagonal Mo2C (JCPDS 35-0787) without any impurity peaks, suggesting the high purity of Mo2C. After high energy glow plasma treatment, all the characteristic peaks become stronger. As shown in the SEM and TEM images (Fig. 1b and c), Mo2C@NCF displays a fibrillar structure with a smooth surface and an average diameter of ∼100 nm, and the one-dimensional orientation benefits fast transport of electrons/ions. The HRTEM images show the distribution of Mo2C quantum dots with an average diameter of 3–4 nm encapsulated in the carbon fiber though there are no lattice fringes (Fig. 1d and e). Different from that of Mo2C@NCF, the surface of GDP-Mo2C@NCF is etched using the high energy particles during the plasma process, leading to a rough appearance and exposure of Mo2C quantum dots (Fig. 1f and g). This morphological change offers a large electrode–electrolyte contact area to ensure high availability of catalytically active sites. The HRTEM images clearly demonstrate the presence of Mo2C quantum dots, and an observed lattice fringe spacing of 0.24 nm corresponding to the (101) plane of Mo2C (Fig. 1h and i). The EDX mapping images confirm the uniform distribution of C, N and Mo elements on the carbon fiber (Fig. 1j).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Herein, a Li/LiV2(PO4)3 primary battery (Fig. 1a) with a long shelf life is proposed, which exhibits impressive electrochemical performances under high power densities and low-temperature conditions. It has been found that the corrosion of the Al current collector triggered by the organic radical cations generated from the electrochemical oxidation of EC at high potentials; and the detrimental reaction between LiV2(PO4)3 and electrolyte lead to the self-discharge of Li/LiV2(PO4)3 primary batteries. When EC was replaced by PC, the corrosion of the Al foil was alleviated. LiBOB was found to be conducive to increase the shelf life of the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 primary batteries as it formed a protective film on the surface of the cathode, which effectively alleviated the side reaction between LiV2(PO4)3 and the electrolyte. Most importantly, the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 primary batteries exhibited excellent performances at high charge/discharge rates (up to 50C) and even at temperatures as low as −40 °C.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228442
question_id: 66160
text: LP30 
context: To compare different time scales, both relatively long and short pulse lengths were initially chosen, with TON = TOFF of either 1 s or 5 ms. The electrochemistry for pulse plating at 1 mA cm−2 and TON, TOFF = 1 s in LP30 electrolyte is shown in Fig. 5 (see Fig. S26 and S27† for additional pulse plating data for other electrolyte formulations); this corresponds to a duty cycle of θduty = TON/(TON + TOFF) = 0.5 and an average current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. Thus, the data can be readily compared to the constant current experiments at 0.5 mA cm−2.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181124
question_id: 66160
text: LP30
context: Fig. 2a shows the 7Li in situ NMR spectra continuously acquired during a 0.5 mA cm−2 constant current experiment. The resonance from Li metal depends on the orientation of the Li metal anode strip with respect to the static magnetic field, B0, due to Li metal's temperature independent paramagnetism (TIP). Aligning the cell perpendicular to the B0 field results in a 7Li resonance at around 245 ppm for the pristine Li metal (Fig. 2a) and all in situ cells presented in this work were aligned in this fashion. When depositing Li in both LP30 and LP30 + FEC, a new peak around 260 ppm emerges that continues to grow as a current of 0.5 mA cm−2 is passed (Fig. 2a). This new resonance is indicative of mossy structures growing near to the Li metal surface. Whisker-like morphologies are observed in the SEM micrographs as the major morphology after plating for 3.5 mA h cm−2 in LP30 electrolyte, whereas dense, thick buds (diameter of surface features ∼5–10 μm) are observed for LP30 + FEC (Fig. 2b).
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228436
question_id: 66160
text: 0.5 M K2SO4
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228437
question_id: 66163
text: CO2-saturated 0.5 M K2SO4
context: The electrocatalytic application of HEA NPs in the selective CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has also been reported recently. For example, Nellaiappan et al. reported quinary fcc-AuPtAgPdCu NPs as an efficient CO2RR electrocatalyst toward CH4 and C2H4 in the low overpotential region. The five elements in the quinary HEA NPs were homogeneously distributed, whose chemical environments adopt metallic characteristics determined by XPS analysis except for Cu; a small amount of Cu2+ content was observed. The quinary fcc-AuPtAgPdCu NPs obtained superior selectivity toward the CO2RR in the low overpotential region, that is, FEmethane = 38.2% and FEethylene = 29.5% at −0.9 VAg/AgCl (−0.3 VRHE) in a CO2-saturated 0.5 M K2SO4 electrolyte (FE: faradaic efficiency). Based on their DFT calculation, the excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the CO2RR has mainly originated from redox-active Cu content in AuPtAgPdCu, while other elements provide an additional synergy in the CO2RR. Also, the long-term stability of the catalyst was verified by a chronoamperometry test for 5 h in a CO2-saturated 0.5 M K2SO4 electrolyte.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The concentration of 7Li electrolyte as a function of time is, ce7(t) = [Li+]fe7(t) with the initial condition for the fraction of 7Li in the electrolyte, fe7(0) = 0.92 (the natural abundance of 7Li). Since the diffusion coefficient in lithium metal, Dm, is more than four orders of magnitude smaller than the diffusion Li+ coefficient in the electrolyte (Table 1), the diffusion of Li+ throughout the electrolyte is considered instantaneous.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228516
question_id: 66158
text: Li3V2(PO4)3
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228520
question_id: 66159
text:  Li metal
question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) electrode slurry was prepared by mixing LVP, carbon black (Super P), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a weight ratio of 8:1:1 in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP); this slurry was coated on the Al foil followed by drying at 120 °C for 24 h. Then, the electrodes were cut into disks with a diameter of 14.0 mm and used for coin cell assembly. The mass loading of the LVP electrodes was 2.3–2.6 mg cm−2. The primary batteries (CR2016, coin-type cell) were assembled using the Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode, Celgard 2325 separator, electrolytes, and Li metal anode in an argon-filled glove box.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228513
question_id: 66158
text: NVP 
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228529
question_id: 66159
text: NTP 
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228453
question_id: 66160
text: Na–H2O–urea–DMF
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228454
question_id: 66163
text: Na–H2O–urea–DMF
context: Fig. 4c shows the electrochemical impendence spectra of the full cell in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte before cycling, after the first cycle and after 100 cycles. The Rs value of the battery in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte, connected to the intercept on the real impedance axis at a high frequency in the EIS spectra, is relatively small and equal for the pristine state and after cycling, which suggests good ion diffusion in the electrolyte and good stability of the electrode materials before and after cycling. The Rct value represented the charge transfer resistance increase after the first cycle and after 100 cycles, indicating that a passivation layer may be formed on the NTP anode, which could be a significant factor in the improvement of the cycling performance of the NVP/NTP full cell. Moreover, the XRD patterns (Fig. S16†) and SEM images (Fig. S17†) of NVP/C and NTP/C before and after 500 cycles were recorded, respectively. The results indicate that the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte is conducive to achieving excellent stability of the NVP cathode. In addition, a NiHCF//NTP full cell displays 80% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 2C rate (Fig. 4d).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228517
question_id: 66158
text: Mo6S8
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228518
question_id: 66159
text: Sn-based alloy-type MIB
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228433
question_id: 66160
text: non-Grignard and Lewis acid-free
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228519
question_id: 66162
text:  alloy-type
context: Herein, we report a new finding that 3Mg/Mg2Sn alloy can be a promising solution to the aforementioned issues in Sn-based alloy-type MIB anodes. It is shown that 3Mg/Mg2Sn, which is composed of ternary phases (crystalline Mg-rich (c-Mg), amorphous Mg-rich (a-Mg), and intermetallic Mg2Sn phases), reversibly magnesiates/de-magnesiates a significant amount of Mg2+ ions in a non-Grignard and Lewis acid-free electrolyte even under high rates of C/D. In Table 1, the unprecedented electrochemical performance of 3Mg/Mg2Sn is compared with that of other popular alloy-type anodes. The origin of high capacities and excellent rate-capabilities is also discussed in the context of structural features. Finally, we describe the compatibility of 3Mg/Mg2Sn with versatile conventional electrolytes and the optimality of using 3Mg/Mg2Sn with Mg2+-trapping cathodes (e.g., Mo6S8).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228515
question_id: 66158
text: RuO2 loaded on Ni foam
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228521
question_id: 66159
text: Na 
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228440
question_id: 66160
text: 1 M NaClO4 in TEGDME organic electrolyte
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228522
question_id: 66162
text: Na metal
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228441
question_id: 66163
text: NASICON solid electrolyte
context: To elucidate the practical applicability, HSABs were assembled using metallic Na as the anode immersed in 1 M NaClO4 in TEGDME organic electrolyte, NASICON solid electrolyte as the separator, O2-saturated 0.1 M NaOH aqueous as the aqueous electrolyte, Pt3Ni1/NixFe LDHs, 20% Pt/C, and RuO2 loaded on Ni foam as the cathode (Fig. 1a). During the discharge process, the Na metal on the anode side is oxidized to Na+ and moves into the NaOH aqueous through the NASICON separator, and the ORR simultaneously occurs at the cathode. On charging, the Na+ ions were transported from the aqueous electrolyte into the anode chamber and reduced to metallic Na, together with the concurrent OER at the cathode side.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228511
question_id: 66158
text: NMC 
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 228530
question_id: 66159
text: In metal
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228455
question_id: 66160
text: 75Li2S–25P2S5 (LPS)
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 228512
question_id: 66161
text: LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2
context: In the current study, we investigate composite cathodes that combine a NMC cathode (LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2) with amorphous 75Li2S–25P2S5 (LPS) solid electrolyte. The cathode material was coated with an amorphous Li–Zr-oxide (LZO) layer to reduce the reaction between NMC and LPS and to minimize the effect of the chemical instability on the electrochemical performance. SSB cells were constructed with In metal as the anode, a composite of NMC/LPS/carbon nanofiber (CNF) in a weight ratio of 60:35:5 as the cathode, and LPS as the solid electrolyte. All the cells were cycled between 1.4 and 3.7 V vs. In (between 2 and 4.3 V vs. Li/Li+) using constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charging and constant-current discharging at a rate of 0.05 mA cm−2. The details of the cell fabrication have been previously reported and are provided in the ESI.†
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228438
question_id: 66160
text: hydrogel
context: The fast advancement in portable and wearable electronics has aroused growing demand for energy storage devices not only with high electrochemical performance but also having extra appealing characteristics, such as high safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and so on. Supercapacitors are a kind of energy storage device demonstrating distinct advantages of simplicity in fabrication and high power density. However, the insufficient energy density has indeed hampered their application. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries possess a much higher energy density, but suffer considerably from cost and safety issues especially under some extreme conditions. Recently, rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries have attracted significant research interest due to their unique features, including high safety, light weight, nontoxicity and ease of fabrication. Solid-state rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries coupled with hydrogel electrolytes show excellent cycling stability, making them a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, most electrodes for rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries are made from synthetic and expensive materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, acetylene black, etc., which encounter obstacles, such as complex synthesis process, low yield, insufficient capacity, and environmental incompatibility. It is also important to note that most of the recent studies on rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries were focused on the optimization of electrochemically active substances, but ignored the structural design of the bulk electrode materials. As is well recognized, the hierarchical microstructure of electrodes may affect their electrochemical properties profoundly, in particular when the electrode is thick or the load of active substances is high.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228444
question_id: 66160
text: TBA PF6 electrolytes and TBA PF6:DBSA mixed electrolytes
context: OECT device fabrication. OECT devices were oxygen plasma ashed before spin-coating the polymer solutions at 1000 rpm for 60 s. This was followed by baking the devices at 60 °C for 60 s before removing the sacrificial parylene layer. Following the parylene peel-off the devices were further baked at 140 °C for 30 min. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) well was fabricated using Sylgard-184 base and a curing agent in a 10:1 ratio. The PDMS well contained the electrolyte with a total volume of 300 μl. TBA PF6 electrolytes and TBA PF6:DBSA mixed electrolytes (in both ACN and DCM) had a concentration of 0.1 M. The ratio of TBA PF6:DBSA was kept constant at 1:1 for all mixed electrolyte measurements.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228463
question_id: 66160
text: LP30 
context: As the initial SEI formed on copper modifies the nucleation and growth of lithium metal in a way that gives rise to a columnar microstructure, understanding the formation of this layer and its resulting properties is imperative. XPS results show that the initial SEI formed by galvanostatically bringing copper working electrodes to 0 V vs. Li/Li+ at 0.5 mA cm−2 in LP30 electrolyte with and without added HF are quite similar in chemical composition (Table S1†). Both SEIs contain primarily LiF, LiOH, and organic species (Fig. 4), indicating that the nanostructure of this layer rather than its chemistry is likely key to modifying lithium nucleation and growth. The thickness of this initial SEI layer is roughly 2–3 nm based both on the charge passed (∼3 nm, assuming fully dense and uniform LiF (Fig. 3a)) and the Ar ion sputter rate (∼2 nm, calibrated using SiO2, Fig. S3†). The presence of a smaller peak around 687.6 eV in the F1s spectrum for the as-received sample in Fig. 4a corresponds to PF6− and could be due to a more porous SEI that traps electrolyte. This is another indication of different SEI structures with and without an HF additive. Alternatively, this could be residue from incomplete electrolyte removal during rinsing.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 228467
question_id: 66160
text: NASICON 
context: The NASICON solid electrolyte material characterization was performed through an XRD analysis using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα X-ray source. Measurements were performed with a 2θ range of 10°–80°. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis of the films was performed using a Verios 460, FEI and XFlash 6130, Bruker, respectively, operated at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV.