milerssliu/battery-device-data-qa huggingface dataset:
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84082
question_id: 66158
text: MnO2 
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84083
question_id: 66161
text: MnO2 
context: In the last few decades, the demand for batteries has rapidly increased in various application fields. Although rechargeable batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries) have become a focus of attention, primary batteries still occupy a large market share in many civilizations and military applications such as portable power sources, signal lights, and space and ocean exploration. As a result, efforts to develop primary batteries with high energy density, high power density, and low cost have never stopped ever since the invention of volt batteries in 18th century. Especially in recent years, large number of batteries with high energy density have been developed, such as the Zn–O2, Mg–O2, Al–O2, Na–O2, and Li–O2 systems. In addition, primary batteries, such as the currently developed Li–SO2, Li–SOCl2, Li–MnO2, and Li-CFx systems, have also been developed under isolated conditions for applications such as ocean and out space. Primary batteries are usually required to have high energy density, long shelf life, stable discharge voltage, and low self-discharge rate and should be readily available for use. Currently, the Li/MnO2 batteries account for more than 80% share of the lithium primary battery market due to their low cost, high safety, and natural abundance of Li and Mn. Moreover, the Li/MnO2 batteries possess a high practical specific energy of 308 W h kg−1 and a long shelf life of about 10 years. However, the application of Li/MnO2 batteries is limited by their poor electrochemical performance at high power output and low temperature, which is ascribed to several issues including low electronic conductivity, low lithium diffusion coefficient, and structural susceptibility of the MnO2 cathode. To address these issues, numerous methods, such as structural design and composite, coating, and metal cation doping, have been studied to optimize the performance of the MnO2 cathode. In addition, to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the current cathode materials, exploring novel cathode materials is a potential strategy for promoting the performance of lithium primary batteries.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84090
question_id: 66158
text: CNF@V2S3 
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84091
question_id: 66161
text: CNF@V2S3 
context: In order to further study the chemisorption of LiPSs on the electrodes, we carried out the visual adsorption experiment of Li2S6 on the CNF@V2S3 cathodes. As shown in Fig. 3g, the dark-yellow colour of Li2S6 solution containing CNF@V2S3 fades in the visible region obviously after 24 h; while the solution containing CNFs, by contrast, almost shows no change in its colour, directly demonstrating that CNF@V2S3 cathodes can anchor LiPSs strongly. Moreover, we also compare the colour change of the polypropylene separators used in the assembled LSBs. As shown in Fig. S6,† after 100 cycles, the separator in the LSBs based on CNF@V2S3 composites almost retains its own white colour; while that based on CNF@V2S3 and CNFs cathodes show an apparent change in colour from white to light yellow, especially that based on CNFs. These visual comparisons of the change in colour again indicate that the CNF@V2S3 composites could greatly inhibit the shuttling of LiPSs between the electrodes. Furthermore, first-principles simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been applied to theoretically study the chemisorption behaviours of LiPSs. Fig. 2h shows the adsorption conformation of LiPSs (Li2Sn: n = 2, 4 and 6) on the (204) plane of V2S3. And the Eads between V2S3 and Li2S/Li2S4/Li2S6 were estimated to be 1.29, 0.81 and 1.02 eV, which are much higher than those values of the Eads between C and LiPSs.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: In order to understand the relationship between self-discharge and electrolyte composition, the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 batteries were disassembled after one-week storage. The images of the Al current collectors and metallic Li of the disassembled battery are shown in Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 2a and j, the Al current collector was obviously corroded, and many black precipitates were formed at the edge of the metallic Li electrode with the LPE-EC electrolyte. However, the appearances of the Al current collector and metallic Li electrode of the batteries with the LPE-PC and LPE-PC–LiBOB electrolytes were significantly better, as displayed in Fig. 2b, c, k and l, showing smooth Al current collectors and clean metallic Li surfaces. SEM was performed in order to verify the actual condition of the Al surface. As shown in the SEM images of the Al current collectors (Fig. 2d and g), the surface morphologies of the corroded Al current collector of the battery with the LPE-EC electrolyte displayed a high pit density, whereas those in the case of the batteries with the LPE-PC and LPE-PC–LiBOB electrolytes were smoother. The pits on the Al current collector were probably caused by the electrochemical oxidation of EC at high potentials generates a proton and triggers the chemical corrosion of aluminum foils. Pitting corrosion of the Al current collector can cause serious problems: passivation of cathode materials, increase of electrical resistance, contamination of the electrolyte, and reduction reactions of dissolved Al3+ on the anode side. Thus, the observed black precipitates on the metallic Li electrode could be the Li–Al alloy (LixAl) or a mixture of metallic Li and Li–Al alloy (cathodic: Al → Al3+ + 3e−; anodic: Al3+ + 3e− + Li → LixAl). The growth of precipitates can lead to separator piercing and internal short circuit of a battery, which is responsible for the rapid voltage drop and self-discharge of the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 batteries with the LPE-EC electrolyte (Fig. 1b). SEM images of the surface of the Al current collector of a battery with the LPE-PC and LPE-PC–LiBOB electrolytes after one-week storage are shown in Fig. 2e and h and Fig. 2f and i, respectively. Almost no obvious pitting corrosion was observed on the surfaces of the Al current collectors, confirming the better shelf stabilities of the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 batteries with the LPE-PC and LPE-PC–LiBOB electrolytes than that of the Li/LiV2(PO4)3 battery with the LPE-EC electrolyte (Fig. 1c and d), respectively. Therefore, the electrolyte composition can affect the stability of the current collector. The corrosion of the current collectors is a key reason for the self-discharge behavior of batteries.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: The FIB-SEM tomography and electrochemical testing results together strongly suggest that the severe mechanical degradation is the main cause of the rapid capacity fade in the SSB composite electrode, particularly in later cycles. In current study, the crack development is mostly observed near the cathode/solid electrolyte interface, which suggests that the cathode particle volume change is the origin of the mechanical failure during cycling. Thus, minimizing this mechanical degradation is critical to extending the cycle life of SSBs.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84084
question_id: 66158
text: anhydrides and imides of tetracarboxylic aromatic acids 
context: When used as cathode materials, anhydrides and imides of tetracarboxylic aromatic acids undergo two-electron reversible reduction, as depicted in Scheme 2. The reduction of the remaining carbonyls occurs at low voltages; it is generally considered irreversible, although some data on using these structures as anode materials indicate the opposite (see Section 3.3).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
context: Nowadays, a variety of multifunctional electrocatalysts are being developed while there is still a lack of suitable design to fully realize their multifunctionalities. Here, we propose a general, simple, two-component design of an electrolyser to replace the traditional three-component design for decoupled water splitting. Trifunctional (OER, HER and ORR) electrocatalysts (such as nickel sulfide foams with surface grown N-doped carbon nanotube arrays) are used as the gas evolution electrode to replace both the cathode and the anode, while materials with suitable redox activities (NaTi2(PO4)3 or commercial Ni(OH)2) are used as the relay electrode. In such a design, the H2/O2 evolution can be switched by reversing the current polarity, and the ORR before the HER consumes the residual O2 left in the electrolyser, guaranteeing the high purity (∼99.9%) of the as-obtained H2. With NaTi2(PO4)3 as the relay electrode and the nickel sulfide foam as the gas evolution electrode, owing to the high decoupling efficiency of the NaTi2(PO4)3 relay (97%) and the low HER/OER overpotentials of the trifunctional nickel sulfide foam, an energy conversion efficiency of up to 94.3% can be obtained for the as-assembled electrolyser at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. When combined with a commercial Si PV module with an efficiency of 14.4%, the as-designed PV-electrolysis system showed a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of up to 10.4%. Utilization of trifunctional electrocatalysts greatly reduces the complexity of the electrolyser and the overall cost for electrochemical H2 production, and these electrolysers may potentially be used to construct highly competitive water splitting systems for continuous H2 production and green energy harvesting. Our research may also bring new insights into the utilization of multifunctional electrocatalysts in other devices, such as metal–air batteries and fuel cells.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84098
question_id: 66158
text: DBHF 
context: Therefore, the above results demonstrate the superior energy/power densities and high efficiency of the DBHF sample, which, based on the above discussions, are associated with the “fiber-in-tube” hierarchical structure, hollow and defective oxide bubbles and conductive and porous carbon network of the DBHF fibers. The combined effects of the features are favourable for the generation of more active sites, superior catalytic activities and enhanced kinetics of the DBHF cathode in the hybrid batteries.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84078
question_id: 66158
text: NVP/C
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 84079
question_id: 66159
text: NTP 
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 84080
question_id: 66160
text:  Na–H2O–urea–DMF
context: To better understand the good cycling stability of the full cell in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis of the vanadium concentration in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte and analysis of electrochemical impedance parameters were carried out before and after cycling. As shown in Fig. 4b and Table S3,† it is found that the concentration of V-ions in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte before cycling is 0.05 μg mL−1. After 50 cycles and after 100 cycles, the concentrations of V-ions in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte are 16.65 μg mL−1 and 20.12 μg mL−1, respectively. In 1 M Na2SO4 solution, the concentrations of V-ions are 0.08 μg mL−1, 60.68 μg mL−1 and 72.34 μg mL−1, respectively. Compared to 1 M Na2SO4 solution, the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte can obviously inhibit the dissolution of the electrode materials. Upon comparison of the V-ion concentrations in NaClO4 solution, Na–H2O–DMF, and Na–H2O–urea electrolyte of the NVP//NTP full cell after 50 cycles (Fig. S14†), it is found that the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte can suppress the dissolution of V-ions in the charge–discharge process. This result is consistent with the cycling performances of the NVP//NTP full cell in different electrolytes (Fig. S13†). Thus, it can be concluded that the NVP/C cathode is much more stable in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte, which is beneficial for the long lifespan of the full cell. Similarly, as illustrated in Fig. S15,† the NTP anode in the Na–H2O–urea–DMF electrolyte displays high coulombic efficiency and good cycling stability relative to that in 17 M NaClO4 and 1 M Na2SO4 solution.
qas: question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 84088
question_id: 66159
text: nanomesh-based
context: P. M. V. conceived the idea of the nanomesh-based cathodes and their development was supervised by S. P. Z. S. P. Z. developed the method for coating the nanomesh with MnO2 and its thermal activation and performed thermodynamic simulations and electrochemical testing. D. C. contributed to the development of the MnO2 coating, activation of the cathodes with Li citrate and electrochemical testing. D. C. also assisted in the in situ XRD experiments performed by F. Mattelaer in the group of C. Detavernier, University of Ghent. The manuscript was written by S. P. Z. and revised by P. M. V. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84097
question_id: 66158
text: LiNiO2 
context: Chemical reactions during storage generate electrically insulating carbonate which elevates internal cell resistance and also alters the surface morphology. The electronic and ionic insulation of carbonate induces a sequence of chemical/electrochemical reaction behaviors. For instance, the transformed Lewis base surfaces can react with electrolytic species, generating detrimental species such as HF and gases. Therefore, extra cautions are required when preparing or handling LiNiO2-based materials before the battery assembly (Fig. 1). Herein, we evaluate the battery performance of the LiNiO2 cathode after storage in the dry box (humidity: ∼30%) and Ar glove box (the water level was ∼0.5 ppm) for two weeks. Two weeks would be a reasonable time frame between the synthesis of cathode powders and their processing into batteries in the actual manufacturing.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: However, due to the slow kinetics of both HER at the cathode and UOR at the anode in urea–water electrolysis, electrocatalysts on the electrodes are necessary to speed up the reactions to achieve high energy efficiency. Traditional noble metal catalysts, such as Pt/C, RuO2, or IrO2, can effectively catalyze monolithic electrolysis, but their low abundance and high cost limit their wide application. Therefore, it is necessary to explore efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts, such as transition metal compounds, transition metal oxides, macrocycles, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, etc. Among these catalyst materials, the phosphides have been explored most recently, mainly due to their good conductivity and wettability, including MoP, CoP, FeP, and Ni2P. With regard to cost, abundance, catalytic activity, stability and applicable pH range, MoP has been shown to be a promising candidate.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84089
question_id: 66158
text: UTCNF 
context: The UTCNF cathode was prepared via a simple and efficient ultrasonic-treatment strategy. In detail, a piece of pre-cleaned CNF (1 cm × 3 cm × 0.15 cm), thoroughly washed with acetone and water, was immersed in 3 M HCl. Next, the solution was transferred to an ultrasonic apparatus and ultrasonicated for 10 min. After the ultrasonic treatment, the CNF was rinsed with distilled water twice and dried at 60 °C to obtain the UTCNF. The mass loading of the cobalt/nickel composite hydroxide, obtained by comparison of the weight change between UTCNF and CNF, is ∼6.0 mg cm−2.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84096
question_id: 66158
text: sulfur 
context: Lithium–sulfur batteries have low material costs and high energy densities, which have attracted considerable research interest for application in next-generation energy-storage systems. However, the practical applications of Li–S batteries face challenges owing to their poor sulfur utilization, service lifetimes, and rate capability. Recently, great progress has been made in the design, synthesis, and application of micro/nanostructured metal sulfides to address obstacles facing Li–S batteries. This review aims to highlight valuable concepts from the latest reports. Major approaches to improve sulfur cathodes and strategies for preparing metal sulfide-based materials are first summarized with a particular focus on their main functions and useful properties. Then, the electrochemical activities of metal sulfides are classified and their applications in Li–S batteries are introduced to provide a fundamental understanding of the material interactions involved. In parallel, advancements in the use of interlayers, modification of separators, and protection of lithium anodes that involve metal sulfides are surveyed. Finally, special attention is paid to the general design principles, future prospects, and challenges facing metal sulfides for high-energy-density Li–S batteries.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: The technology of engineering nanostructured materials is usually applied to create numerous active sites, which can significantly improve the electrochemical performance. Recently, the 2D morphology of nanosheet materials with high specific area has been proved to effectively accelerate the electrochemical kinetics between the active materials and the electrolytes, which are therefore supposed to be promising materials for energy storage. Unfortunately, the serious aggregation behavior in 2D materials, derived from the van der Waals forces among individual nanosheets, will decrease the exposed active sites, thus leading to poor conductivity. Carbon cloth (CC) has been known to be an inexpensive substrate/current collector capable of providing continuous pathways for the transport of electrons. Following the above-mentioned discussions, it would be reasonable to believe that an intriguing way of overcoming the above problems is the in situ growth of 2D nanosheet compounds on a flexibly conductive substrate to obtain a free-standing cathode, aiming at achieving good rate capability, high capacity, and energy density simultaneously.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84099
question_id: 66158
text: oxygen 
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 84100
question_id: 66159
text: Li foil 
context: A carbon nanotube film was used as the oxygen cathode and Li foil with 0.5 mm thickness as the anode for LOBs. A glass fiber separator wetted with a 100 μL electrolyte composed of 1.0 M LiTFSI in TEGDME was employed to separate the cathode and anode. All assembled cells were measured on a LAND electrochemical testing system at 25 °C. The cycling test was conducted with the capacity limited at 1000 mA h g−1 at a current density of 300 mA g−1.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84109
question_id: 66158
text: Co-free Ni-rich
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84110
question_id: 66161
text: LiNiO2-based
context: Co-free Ni-rich cathode materials, particularly LiNiO2 and its doped analogs, face ongoing challenges as the need for commercialization rises. To address surface instability and its associated phenomena, a systematic and accurate understanding is highly required. In this work, we systematically studied the fragile surfaces of the LiNiO2-based cathode materials, with the goal of identifying how experimental conditions may influence characterization results. We presented the challenges in characterizing and analyzing the surface chemistry of LiNiO2-based materials using two comparative cathodes as a model platform, i.e., LiNiO2 versus Mg/Ti–LiNiO2. The surface lithium residuals are inevitable and highly dependent on various sample storage and handling conditions. Due to the highly reactive surfaces, we found that the sample preparation for electron microscopy and surface-sensitive X-ray analyses greatly influences the final observations, resulting in skewed surface chemistry analytical results. We also provided some recommendations regarding how to obtain representative characterization analyses. Using simple comparisons, we further illustrated the advantages of Mg/Ti dual dopants to enhance the surface structural resistance to many circumstances, while corroborating previously reported observations. However, we found that the surface of Mg/Ti–LiNiO2 material still encounters a series of problems caused by the fragile CEIs at elevated temperatures. Efforts should be devoted towards the development of highly stable CEIs either by cathode surface coating, doping, electrolyte modification or combining multiple strategies.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
context: In this paper, MoP and NiCo-LDH are used to synthesize a composite of MoP@NiCo-LDH, which is supported on nickel foam to form a bifunctional composite catalyst (abbreviated as MoP@NiCo-LDH/NF), as shown in Fig. 1. During the synthesis, different electrodeposition times are used to optimize the catalyst's performance toward both UOR and HER. Both instrumental characterization and electrochemical measurements confirm that the composition between MoP and NiCo-LDH as well as their electrodeposition onto the NF surface can increase the material's specific surface area and produce a synergetic effect toward high performance. To validate this bifunctional catalyst, a two-electrode electrolyser (MoP@NiCo-LDH/NF-20‖MoP@NiCo-LDH/NF-20) with this catalyst on both the anode and the cathode was designed and constructed, and the test results show that this catalyst has better catalytic performance than that of a Pt/C/NF‖IrO2/NF electrolyser, where noble metal materials (Pt and IrO2) are used as the catalysts.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84124
question_id: 66158
text: LMO
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 84125
question_id: 66159
text: S-C(PAN)
context: Fig. S3d† and 4d display cyclic voltammogram (CV) curves obtained using the S-C(PAN) anode with bare LMO and LMO-30 min in the potential range of 1.0–3.2 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1, respectively. One peak is observed in both positive and negative scans in both samples. For the LMO-30 min cathode, a more pronounced peak appearing at 2.63 V in the first positive scan is observed and the peak is shifted to 2.45 V in the subsequent cycles. The peak of the negative scan appears at 1.77 V as depicted in Fig. 4d, which shows that PVDF@LGLZNO does not practically involve in the redox reactions of the tested voltage range, thus the composite coating must be stable and did not contribute to the capacity. The large polarization between the peaks in the first and following cycles is due to SPAN activation energy and the SEI formation. This means that more energy is needed to dissociate the sulfur atom from the pyridine-derivative, which is usually termed as the unique activation process of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.