milerssliu/battery-device-data-qa huggingface dataset:
qas: question: What is the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 81173
question_id: 66158
text: Al foil
context: The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight.
qas: question: What is the anode?
answers: answer_id: 81174
question_id: 66159
text: Cu foil
context: The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight. Finally, the obtained electrodes were cut into desired shapes on demand. It should be noted that the electrode mass ratio of cathode/anode is set to about 4, thus achieving the battery balance.
qas: question: What is the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 84066
question_id: 66158
text: SiC/RGO nanocomposite
context: In conclusion, the SiC/RGO nanocomposite, integrating the synergistic effect of SiC flakes and RGO, was synthesized by an in situ gas–solid fabrication method. Taking advantage of the enhanced photogenerated charge separation, large CO2 adsorption, and numerous exposed active sites, SiC/RGO nanocomposite served as the cathode material for the photo-assisted Li–CO2 battery.
qas: question: What is the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77046
question_id: 66161
text: NV NSs@ACC
context: The calculated diffusion coefficient of Zn2+ was of the order of 10−9–10−10 cm−2 s−1 (Fig. 4f), which is comparable to that of the reported V-based materials (Table S3†). These results clearly demonstrate that the NV NSs@ACC cathode allows the stable and fast migration of Zn2+, leading to good rate capability.
qas: question: What is the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77058
question_id: 66158
text: Ni-rich layered oxides, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM)
context: Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are expected to have a cell-level specific capacity of >350 W h kg−1 by 2025 to meet the market demanded driving range of an electric vehicle (EV). Among the state-of-the-art cathode materials, Ni-rich layered oxides, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) with x + y + z = 1 and x ≧ 0.8, have an unbeatable high capacity of ∼200 mA h g−1.
qas: question: What is the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78557
question_id: 66158
text: Mg-doped P2-NMM10 and Zn-doped P2-NMZ10
context: Mg-doped P2-NMM10 and Zn-doped P2-NMZ10 cathode materials are synthesized by a solid state method, whose P2-type layered structures are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Fig. S1† and a summary of the crystallographic data is given in Tables S1–S4†). Their compositions are verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (Fig. S2†), showing that all the dopants are successfully introduced into the bulk materials and uniformly distributed.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78630
question_id: 66158
text: potassium hexacyanoferrate
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 78627
question_id: 66159
text: PTCDA-derived polymer P10
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 78628
question_id: 66160
text: K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M) 
context: Li and co-authors applied PTCDA-derived polymer P10 as the anode for aqueous K-ion batteries. Saturated solutions of K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M) were tested as the electrolytes. The potassium nitrate solution enabled better rate capabilities with P10 as the active material, owing to the higher conductivity. Particularly, ∼90 mA h g−1 was delivered at 5.4 A g−1, which was about 70% of the value achieved at 0.36 A g−1. A full cell with the potassium hexacyanoferrate cathode had an energy density of 24.2 W h kg−1 (per mass of both electrodes), could reach a high power of 2.08 kW kg−1, and retained 74% of the capacity after 300 cycles.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
context: Electrolytic water splitting in an electrochemical cell can produce both hydrogen and oxygen through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, respectively. The electrolysis process can be expressed by eqn (1)–(3).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77056
question_id: 66158
text: sulfur
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 77054
question_id: 66159
text:  LiAl alloy
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 77055
question_id: 66162
text: LiAl
context: Lithium-ion/sulfur (Li-ion/S) batteries consisting of metallic lithium-free anodes and sulfur cathodes are promising energy storage solutions. Anode prelithiation enables the Li-ion/S battery assembly with the extensively-developed sulfur cathodes. However, it’s very challenging owing to the low lithiation potentials of anode materials (e.g. Al, 0.32 V vs. Li/Li+). Here, a free-standing LiAl alloy anode (c-LiAl) is prepared via an easy-to-implement chemical prelithiation, by using a newly exploited reagent of lithium 9,9-dimethylfluorene (Li-DiMF) with a lower redox potential of 0.22 V vs. Li/Li+. Compared with the LiAl anode prepared by electrochemical prelithiation (e-LiAl) and the lithium metal anode by electrodeposition (e-Li/Cu), the c-LiAl displays a superior cyclability in half cell test and high resistance towards polysulfide or ambient-air corrosion. When paired with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Li-ion/S battery with c-LiAl demonstrates a much better cycling performance than the Li-ion/S battery with e-LiAl and the lithium/sulfur battery with e-Li/Cu.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 77064
question_id: 66159
text: organic-based
context: The data for organic-based anode materials are provided in Table 2. Only a few reports, which were discussed in Section 3.3, were dedicated to aqueous batteries. For this reason, the summary and outlook will be focusing on the non-aqueous systems. As in the case of cathode materials (Section 2.7), we chose several inorganic benchmarks, which showed superior capacities, rate capabilities or cycling stability. These benchmarks include graphite, porous carbon (p. C), N-doped carbon (N-d. C), bismuth, antimony, iron disulfide and red phosphorous.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78598
question_id: 66158
text: LFP
question: What's the anode?
context: We explore a novel ether aided superconcentrated ionic liquid electrolyte; a combination of ionic liquid, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C3mpyrFSI) and ether solvent, 1,2 dimethoxy ethane (DME) with 3.2 mol/kg LiFSI salt, which offers an alternative ion-transport mechanism and improves the overall fluidity of the electrolyte. The molecular dynamics (MD) study reveals that the coordination environment of lithium in the ether aided ionic liquid system offers a coexistence of both the ether DME and FSI anion simultaneously and the absence of ‘free’, uncoordinated DME solvent. These structures lead to very fast kinetics and improved current density for lithium deposition-dissolution processes. Hence the electrolyte is used in a lithium metal battery against a high mass loading (~12 mg/cm2) LFP cathode which was cycled at a relatively high current rate of 1mA/cm2 for 350 cycles without capacity fading and offered an overall coulombic efficiency of >99.8 %. Additionally, the rate performance demonstrated that this electrolyte is capable of passing current density as high as 7mA/cm2 without any electrolytic decomposition and offers a superior capacity retention. We have also demonstrated an ‘anode free’ LFP-Cu cell which was cycled over 50 cycles and achieved an average coulombic efficiency of 98.36%. The coordination chemistry and (electro)chemical understanding as well as the excellent cycling stability collectively leads toward a breakthrough in realizing the practical applicability of this ether aided ionic liquid electrolytes in lithium metal battery applications, while delivering high energy density in a prototype cell.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78618
question_id: 66158
text: graphite
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 78621
question_id: 66159
text: Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78619
question_id: 66161
text: graphite
context: 2.1.5 Electrochemical performance measurements. The electrochemical performances of an individual electrode, Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx anode, and graphite cathode were examined in a three-electrode system in an Ar-filled glove box with O2 and H2O levels below 0.1 ppm, using platinum foil as the counter electrode and a silver-ion electrode as the reference electrode. For full device testing, a two-electrode electrolyzer was employed, with an Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx anode and graphite cathode. The electrolyte was 1 M EMIm+[PF6]− ionic liquid (1.2 mL) dissolved in PC (1.5 mL) and EMC (3 mL) solvent. CV and GCD experiments were performed using a CHI660E electrochemical workstation (Chenhua, China). EIS was conducted at open-circuit potential, with an amplitude of 5 mV and frequencies ranging from 10 mHz to 100 kHz.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
context: The increased environmental hazards from the use of carbon-emitting fuels and the rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels have triggered the research community to find alternatives to fossil-fuel-based technologies. In many innovative approaches to address these challenges, electrocatalytic water splitting driven by a renewable energy input to produce clean H2 has been widely viewed as a promising strategy as hydrogen is produced from renewable sources (such as solar and wind energy), which can be stored, transported and consumed without generating any carbon-based byproducts. Electrolysers are a crucial factor for water electrolysis. Currently, great efforts are being made to develop new electrocatalysts with high efficiency for overall water splitting. In addition to the advancement of electrocatalysts, another equally important aspect of water electrolysis is the development of novel electrolyzer design. The conventional cell design of a alkaline water electrolyser is illustrated in Scheme 1a. Both electrodes are dipped into an aqueous alkaline electrolyte with a separator (ion exchange membrane or porous diaphragm) between them. H2 and O2 are produced on the electrodes via two half-cell reactions: the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In the lab, these electrolysers are used directly, while in industry, these electrolysers are used in stacks to scale-up H2 production. For electrolysers, major costs are due to the fabrication and material for the three main components: anodes, cathodes and separators. The existence of a separator not only increases the cost of the electrolyser, but also induces extra overpotentials for water splitting. A new electrolyser with a simple, condensed, membrane-free design is highly desired since it not only requires lower overpotentials, but also needs smaller areas and fewer materials, which reduces the overall cost of the electrolyser cells and promotes the electrochemical water splitting.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77075
question_id: 66158
text: sulfur–carbon composite
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77077
question_id: 66161
text:  S/NC
context: For full cell testing, sulfur–carbon composite cathodes were used. It is well known that S, lithium disulfide and other reaction intermediates have poor electronic conductivity. To improve this, S nanoparticles were impregnated into a nitrogen doped carbon matrix (from now on labelled ‘S/NC’); a detailed account on the synthesis of the cathode was given in our previous report. The carbon composite matrix with good electronic conductivity and a high surface area (700 m2 g−1) contained graphene and multiwall carbon nanotubes in an equal weight ratio. The morphology of the cathode material is illustrated in the SEM image shown in Fig. S4.† Further, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) shows a S loading of ∼55 wt% in the S/NC cathode (Fig. S5, ESI†).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78591
question_id: 66158
text: K0.5MnO2
context: Recently, potassium manganese oxides (KMOs) have gained more attention as positive materials due to their high operating voltage, high conductivity and controllable flexible interlayer spacing, which are beneficial for K+ ion diffusion and offer more ion intercalation channels over the whole exposed surface. For example, Kim et al. reported a P3-type layered structure of K0.5MnO2 as the cathode material for non-aqueous potassium-ion batteries, which exhibited a specific capacity of ≈100 mA h g−1 with good capacity retention. Zhao et al. synthesized AlF3-coated K1.39Mn3O6 microspheres that showed a highly reversible capacity of 110 mA h g−1 at 10 mA g−1, excellent cycling stability and rate capability. Xia et al. prepared the high K-content K0.77MnO2·0.23H2O for high-performance non-aqueous K-ion batteries with 134 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78614
question_id: 66158
text: organic-based
question: What's the anode?
context: The data for organic-based cathode materials are summarized in Table 1. All these compounds were reported for non-aqueous batteries, which should be mainly due to the mismatch between their working potentials and water stability voltage window. Some n-type materials, such as quinones or aromatic imides, can operate without decomposition of water, especially with highly concentrated electrolytes. However, their working potentials are close to the onset of the hydrogen evolution reaction, which makes them more suitable for anodes rather than for cathodes (see Section 3.3). There are several reports on aromatic amines and nitroxyl radicals as cathodes for aqueous Li-, Na-, Zn- and ammonium-based cells. It might be expected that similar K-based aqueous dual-ion batteries will become successful in the future.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78631
question_id: 66158
text: Li-rich layered
context: When cycled at 4.5 V, as shown in Fig. 6(a), P2-NMZ10 has 68% capacity retention after 200 cycles, while P2-NMM10 only has 51% capacity retention after 200 cycles, indicating that the Zn-doped sample possesses superior cyclability. Our detailed structural analysis reveals that the dopant precipitates in P2-NMZ10 samples are more stable upon continuous cycling, while the precipitates in P2-NMM10 samples are not stable. As shown in Fig. 6(b–d), the morphology of Mg-enriched precipitates changes obviously with increasing cycle numbers, especially from 100 cycles to 200 cycles, and finally high density intragranular cracks and nano-voids (revealed in Li-rich layered cathodes ) are developed after 200 cycles. Note that bulk degradations initiate from the grain interior after prolonged cycles (see more examples in Fig. S11(a and b)†). For the P2-NMZ10 sample, the precipitates are quite stable once formed. As illustrated in Fig. 6(e–g), the lamellar morphology and the density of the precipitates remain similar up to 200 cycles. More P2-NMZ10 examples are shown in Fig. S11(c and d).† The stabilized structure enables the stable cyclability of P2-NMZ10. Therefore, a good dopant should form high-density stable nano-precipitates so that the bulk structure does not degrade upon prolonged cycling.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 77061
question_id: 66158
text: ‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’ and ‘0 Mn/0.5 Ti’ Na-TM-oxide
context: A very rapid increase in separation between the ‘charge-averaged’ discharge and charge voltages, within the first few cycles (i.e., ∼10 cycles), can be observed for the ‘no’ Ti-containing Na-TM-oxide (i.e., ‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’) (see Fig. 4a and b). This is a direct reflection of the rapid increment in corresponding voltage hysteresis (see Fig. 3a), and also ties-up with the rapid capacity fading observed in these very first 10 cycles (see Fig. 3d). By contrast, the changes in ‘charge-averaged’ voltages in case of the fully Ti-substituted Na-TM-oxide are insignificant, even up to the entire duration of galvanostatic cycling (viz., 100 cycles). Interestingly, despite the notable difference in behavior between the ‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’ and ‘0 Mn/0.5 Ti’ Na-TM-oxide cathodes in the context of variations of the ‘charge-averaged’ discharge and charge voltages during cycling, the corresponding net-average voltages (viz., average of Vdischarge and Vcharge) do not appear to change during cycling in both the cases, with the net-average voltage for the fully Ti-substituted counterpart being consistently greater than that for the ‘control’ Na-TM-oxide cathode by ∼0.25 V. A decrease and increase in Vdischarge and Vcharge, respectively, during electrochemical cycling, are primarily manifestations of build-up of electrode/cell impedance (as also suggested by Jung et al.), whereas any notable variation of the net-average voltage during cycling (as not observed here) is more likely to be a manifestation of irreversible change in the structure (even if just at the surface) of the concerned electrode material. Accordingly, the above observations (viz., Fig. 4) indicate that replacement of Mn-ions by Ti-ions in the Na-TM-oxide cathode considerably suppresses the build-up of electrode/cell impedance upon electrochemical cycling. These will be discussed in more detail in the next two sections.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78595
question_id: 66158
text: SSB
context: In this work, we use focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM)-based tomography with sub-100 nm spatial resolution to visualize and quantify the loss of mechanical contact in an SSB cathode composite after cycling. Quantitative analysis of the microstructural evolution and interface separation reveals a correlation between the capacity fade and the loss of physical contact between the cathode particles and solid electrolyte upon cycling.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: • A high sulfur loading is essential to produce practical Li–S batteries. The metal sulfides for the design of 3D free-standing and sandwich-type cathodes contribute to a high sulfur loading without sacrificing rate capacities and cycling stability.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 78633
question_id: 66159
text: lithium metal
context: The working electrode was composed of carbon paper, the as-prepared electrocatalysts (70 wt%), super P (20 wt%) and a PVDF binder (10 wt%). The mass loading of the electrocatalysts on the carbon paper was 0.6–0.8 mg cm−2. The electrolyte was 1 M lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, LiTFSI, in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 2032-type coin LOBs, which included a lithium metal anode (Ø = 15 mm), a glass-fiber separator (GFC, Whatman, Ø = 19 mm) impregnated with an electrolyte, and a well-prepared cathode (Ø = 14 mm), were assembled in a glove box filled with high purity Ar. The electrochemical performance of the assembled LOBs was measured in a sealed home-made container filled with high purity O2. The galvanostatic discharge–charge tests were carried out on a LAND BT 2000 battery testing system. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted on a CHI 604B electrochemical workstation. Before each electrochemical test, the as-assembled LOBs were first equilibrated for several hours. In this work, all the current densities and specific capacities of LOBs were normalized by the actual mass loading of the active materials.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78652
question_id: 66158
text: sulfur 
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 78653
question_id: 66159
text: lithium 
context: In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the design, synthesis, and application of metal sulfides in rechargeable Li–S batteries. We aimed to summarize important concepts to boost the practical development of high-energy-density Li–S batteries. As a promising polar substrate, metal sulfides have considerable benefits, including a moderately strong affinity for active sulfide binding, high electronic conductivity, the ability to modulate redox reaction kinetics, and a high activity capacity contribution. Through the use of metal sulfides, great progress has been made in improving sulfur cathodes, design of interlayers, modification of separators, and protection of lithium anodes. Despite these achievements, challenges remain in terms of developing affordable large-scale synthesis techniques, elucidating an in-depth mechanism of binding LiPSs, enhancing the rationality and reliability of theoretical simulations, and building stable high-energy-density Li–S batteries over routine LIBs. We hope that this review will inspire greater interest in the use of metal sulfides and other related materials with similar effects as polar substrates for the exploitation of advanced Li–S batteries.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
context: Long cyclic lifespan under high-current density is an important factor to assess the possibility of practical application. Fig. 3e presents the GCD result at a high current density of 2.0 A g−1. Approximately 85% retention of the capacity over 1000 cycles (the initial capacity was 183 mA h g−1) and CEs of the NV NSs@ACC electrode more than 99% were measured, demonstrating the outstanding stability and efficacy of rapid electron transfer during the charge/discharge processes. By contrast, the NV-ACC electrode only shows a capacity of 45 mA h g−1 with obvious long-time active phenomenon (Fig. S3c†). The worsening performance of the NV-ACC electrode is mainly caused by the loose binding force between the active materials and the ACC substrate as well as the non-active binder, resulting in low conductivity and instability. This kind of traditional electrode needs more cycles to activate the cathode materials, which could be attributed to the inefficient electronic and mechanical contact between the active materials and the electrolyte, compared with the binder-free 2D ultrathin nanosheets grown on the ACC. To better verify this hypothesis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to investigate the ion transport property within the NV NSs@ACC electrode, as shown in Fig. S4a,† where a lower charge-transfer resistance (Rct) can be clearly observed compared to that of NV-ACC.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 78642
question_id: 66158
text: LCO 
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 78644
question_id: 66160
text: 1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1/1 (v/v))
context: As a supplementary experiment to further confirm this advantageous effect of the DETA CB powders, we fabricated a coin-type (2032R) half cell (printed LCO cathode/liquid electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1/1 (v/v)))-filled polyethylene separator/Li metal anode) and investigated its electrochemical performance. The cell containing the DETA CB powders showed the higher discharge rate capability compared to its counterpart containing the pristine CB powders at a fixed charge current density of 0.1C (Fig. S4B†). Moreover, the cell with the DETA CB powders exhibited the higher charge rate capability at a fixed discharge current density of 0.1C (Fig. S4C†). It should be noted that this superior charge rate capability enabled by the DETA CB powders is expected to improve the storage efficiency of the electric energy generated by the cSiPV module.