milerssliu/battery-device-data-qa huggingface dataset:
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: • Enhancing affinity toward LiPSs promotes surface conversion to decrease the total amount of soluble LiPSs in the electrolyte, thereby ensuring shuttle suppression and high capacity. Metal sulfides with a high surface area, well-designed porosity, enhanced surface polar (functional or defective surface), desired surface selectivity (exposed crystal faces), and tailored crystalline form are a high-priority target.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179112
question_id: 66160
text: 1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate 
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179113
question_id: 66163
text: 1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC, 1:1 v/v, marked as LPE-EC), 1.0 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (PC/DEC, 1:1 v/v, marked as LPE-PC), and 1.0 M LiPF6 in PC/DEC (1:1 v/v, with 0.005 M LiBOB, marked as LPE-PC–LiBOB)
context: In this study, three types of electrolytes were prepared for investigation: 1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC, 1:1 v/v, marked as LPE-EC), 1.0 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (PC/DEC, 1:1 v/v, marked as LPE-PC), and 1.0 M LiPF6 in PC/DEC (1:1 v/v, with 0.005 M LiBOB, marked as LPE-PC–LiBOB). All the electrolytes were prepared in an argon-filled glove box.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Moreover, cycling stability is a very important parameter of the electrochromic films in practical applications. We have measured the CV curves for more than 200 cycles from −0.6 to 0.9 V. In each cycle, the reversible process of coloring and bleaching can be observed in the annealed WO3−x film. Fig. 4d shows the CV curves for the first, 50th, 100th, 150th and 200th cycle. The CV curves in the first 50 cycles show slight promotion, and remain almost stable without any degradation even after 200 cycles. Such a high cycling stability may originate from the solid nanostructure of the annealed WO3−x film and the prevention of the harmful side reaction at the WO3−x film/electrolyte interface.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the electrolyte?
context: For dual-ion batteries, increasing Qm is also principally possible by, for example, increasing the concentration of redox-active nitrogen atoms in aromatic amines. For such optimized materials, where most of the active units are involved, it is expected that the operation potentials will get higher at least for conjugated structures because polymers with a high positive charge at the backbone are harder to oxidize. It will therefore be important to develop electrolytes for potassium batteries, which are tolerant to high voltages, or to elaborate protective coatings at the cathode surface. Certain progress in the development of high-voltage potassium battery electrolytes has already been achieved.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 179082
question_id: 66158
text: sulfur-based
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 179080
question_id: 66159
text: Li
question: What's the electrolyte?
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 179081
question_id: 66162
text: Li 
context: To address the challenges facing Li–S batteries, considerable efforts have been made to develop sulfur-based cathode composite materials, modify separators, protect Li anodes, and use conductive interlayers and/or novel electrolyte additives (Fig. 1b). These approaches have all yielded certain encouraging results. However, the above strategies often have variable effects on the performance of Li–S batteries, owing to the specificity and interdependency of the S8–Li2Sn–Li2S (solid–liquid–solid) multistage transformation. For example, the conductive interlayer introduced between the separator and cathode suppresses the migration of LiPSs, which also offers additional electron pathways that cover the top surface of the cathode. This performance enhances the use of active materials and reduces random deposition of Li2S on the surface of the Li anode, thereby restraining dendrite formation and improving the anode stability to a certain degree.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: In summary, it's proposed that stacking few-layer Nb2CTx with Ti3C2Tx nanosheets into composite structures is a simple and effective approach to improve the electrochemical performance of Nb2CTx-based films for supercapacitors. The intercalated Ti3C2Tx nanosheets between Nb2CTx layers effectively increase the interlayer spacing of Nb2CTx layers and impede the self-restacking of Nb2CTx nanosheets, which are favorable for electrolyte ions to rapidly diffuse and transport in the hybrid electrodes. The optimized Ti3C2Tx/Nb2CTx films possess enhanced capacitive performance and rate performance. A gravimetric capacitance of 370 F g−1 can be delivered at 2 mV s−1 and 56.1% capacitance retention at a high scan rate of 200 mV s−1. The energy density of the assembled all-solid-state supercapacitors can reach 5.5 mW h g−1 at a power density of 141.4 mW g−1, and 1.1 mW h g−1 at a high power density of 2350.0 mW g−1. The all-solid-state supercapacitors presented good flexibility and long cycling life. The all-solid-state supercapacitor was also integrated with a flex sensor to fabricate a self-powered device, where the all-solid-state supercapacitor served as a stable power source unit to drive the flex sensor. The route to fabricate Ti3C2Tx/Nb2CTx hybrid films is also applicable for other M2CTx MXenes, for example, Ti2CTx and V2CTx, improving the application potential of MXenes in flexible supercapacitors and integrated electronic devices.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Nowadays, carbon nanomaterials are considered as the most important supercapacitor electrode materials. But it's still a great challenge to design rational structures of carbon materials at both nano and micro scales to endow carbon electrode materials with outstanding electrochemical performance. Herein, a well-designed compressible and elastic N-doped porous carbon nanofiber aerogel (N-PCNFA) with hierarchical cellular structures in both the PAN/ZIF-8-based carbon nanofibers and the 3D carbon monolith was prepared by a simple method. A large specific surface area was obtained for the construction of abundant pore structures and a robust architecture was built by the introduction of mechanically reinforced structures, which would endow the N-PCNFA electrode material with a vast surface area for ion adsorption/desorption, plenty of short channels for electrolyte diffusion and stable frameworks during the charge/discharge process. N heteroatoms were also incorporated into the carbon material as active sites for faradaic redox reactions. Thus, the N-PCNFA electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 279 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, consisting of pseudocapacitance (∼46%) and electrochemical double-layer capacitance (∼54%), remarkable rate performance of 59% at 20 A g−1 and excellent long-term durability. Moreover, the simple and general strategy for construction of compressible and elastic porous carbon nanofiber aerogels with delicate microstructures is also applicable to other advanced functional materials for a wide range of applications.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The mechanism of the one-cell, two-electrode decoupled water splitting using Ni(OH)2 as the relay is shown in Fig. 1a. For the H2 evolution step, H2O is reduced on the GEE and the Ni(OH)2 electrode is oxidized to NiOOH simultaneously. By reversing the current polarity, O2 is produced on the GEE by an anodic oxidation of OH−; meanwhile the NiOOH electrode is reduced to Ni(OH)2. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) curve of the Ni(OH)2 electrode tested at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 using Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode is shown in Fig. 1b. One pair of redox peaks located at 0.423 V/0.238 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) can be indexed to the reversible Ni(OH)2/NiOOH processes, which is consistent with the potential of the Ni(OH)2 electrode in the HER and OER processes. In operation, the one-cell, two-electrode design requires a cell voltage of 0.17 V for the OER step and 1.52 V for the HER step (Fig. 1c). The different operating voltages of the cell for HER and OER steps are caused by the redox potential of the RE (NiOOH/Ni(OH)2), which is much closer to the potential for the OER than the HER. As shown in Fig. 1d, at a cell current of 100 mA, the two-step water splitting process can be reversibly cycled for 24 rounds in 8 hours without noticeable decay. The duration for each OER and HER step was 10 min and the duration can be extended up to 3.5 h before the RE was fully consumed (Fig. S6†). Interestingly, in each gas evolution cycle, after the OER step, there is always a potential drop in the following HER step (inset in Fig. 1d). Meanwhile the HER process does not show this kind of peak. Since the ORR requires lower potential than the HER, after the OER step, there is residual O2 trapped on the GEE or dissolved in the electrolyte, and the ORR occurs to consume this O2, which temporarily reduces the cell voltage.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 179085
question_id: 66158
text: NCM-811
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 179074
question_id: 66159
text: LiF@Po–Li
question: What's the electrolyte?
context: In summary, we developed a formation method of a Li protective artificial SEI layer to form a LiF and polymeric composite protection layer directly on lithium metal foil using the electrochemical reaction between the Li and the sacrificial PTFE film by using roll-pressing. The roll-press process is facile, cost-effective, eco-friendly and a mass and large-area scalable process. The composite protection layer composed of a LiF-rich layer and polyene/unsaturated fluoropolymer rich layer could significantly improve the electrochemical properties of LMBs. The LiF@Po protection layer provides a stable interface between the Li metal and the electrolyte, enabling improved Li plating/stripping behavior and ultra-long cycling stability in both the Li‖Li symmetric cell and Li‖LCO/Li‖NCM full cells. In particular, the full cell with the NCM-811 cathode and LiF@Po–Li anode exhibits reasonable electrochemical performance even with transition metal dissolution. The material design strategies presented here could provide important avenues for forming an artificial SEI layer in various applications not only in Li metal systems but also in other metal systems including sodium and potassium.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179127
question_id: 66160
text: 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M KOH
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179128
question_id: 66163
text: 0.5 M KOH
context: To evaluate the performances of 2D GeP nanosheet-based photodetectors at an exact wavelength, selected wavelengths of lights (350, 365, 380, 400, 475, 550 and 650 nm) were employed (Fig. 4) in 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M KOH electrolytes. It is clear to see that the photocurrent density values are greatly smaller than the values under simulated light because of inferior light irradiation. The photocurrent density and photoresponsivity show a similar trend to the results in a simulated light state. Notably, it is also shown that such 2D GeP nanosheet-based photodetectors exhibit a higher sensitivity at a short wavelength range, especially at 350, 365 and 380 nm (Fig. 4c, f and i) and the highest photoresponsivity is 187.5 μA W−1 at 380 nm wavelength, 0.6 V applied bias potential and in 0.5 M KOH electrolyte. The above photo-response results at different wavelengths are in strong agreement with the UV-Vis absorption spectrum in Fig. 1g. Such results demonstrate great potential for high-performance UV-Vis photodetector application.
qas: question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 179075
question_id: 66159
text: lithium foil
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179122
question_id: 66160
text: 1 M LiPF6
context: The detailed preparation processes of positive electrodes can be found in previous work. The mass loading of active material was ∼3.0 mg cm−2 for positive electrodes. In 2032-type half cells, lithium foil was used as the anode. Pre-lithiated MCMB was utilized as the negative electrode in full cells. The electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in mixed solvents of DMC and EC (7:3 by volume). Galvanostatic charge–discharge was conducted using a LAND tester (CT-2001A). All electrochemical testing was performed at room temperature (25 °C).
qas: question: What's the cathode?
question: What's the anode?
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 179126
question_id: 66160
text: CNF–PAM hydrogel
context: The stretchability was also tested through stretching the developed spring ssZIBs. First, a spring solid-state battery was prepared by sealing the cathode, anode, and CNF–PAM hydrogel electrolyte in a spring-type plastic tube. As shown in Fig. 3i, a digital clock was powered by the developed blue spring solid-state battery. As shown by the figure in Fig. 3j and k and the video provided in ESI III and IV,† the spring solid-state battery still worked well under repeated tension and contraction. This demonstrates the robust stability, high stretchability and flexibility of our ssZIBs.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Flexible lithium-ion batteries have attracted extensive attentions in electronics. However, their practical applications are primarily limited by low open-circuit voltage and energy density. Herein, we report a novel surface/interface modification strategy to obtain electrolyte-phobic carbon nanotube film as the flexible current collector for foldable lithium-ion batteries. The as-assembled battery exhibits a high open-circuit voltage of 4.04 V and energy density of ~293 Wh kg-1 with excellent flexibility and stable cycle performance. The outstanding performance is ascribed to the electrolyte-phobic surface/interfacial layer of carbon nanotube film, which restrains the intercalation of lithium ions into carbon-based current collector. This work not only demonstrates a practical solution to appreciably revamp the voltage and energy density of flexible lithium-ion batteries, but more importantly, offers valuable insights in modifying the surface/interface chemistry of carbon-based current collectors for high-performance energy storage devices.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181072
question_id: 66160
text: 0.1 M KOH 
context: The slurry for the electrocatalytic study was prepared by dispersing 10 mg active material and 5 mg Super P carbon in 250 μL isopropyl alcohol and 750 μL distilled water. After sonicating the solution for 15 minutes, 5 μL Nafion binder was added followed by further sonication for 30 minutes. Then, 5 μL of the slurry was drop-casted on a glassy carbon rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE). The electrocatalytic study was carried out at room temperature using a CH instrument (CHI700E) bipotentiostat using 0.1 M KOH as the electrolyte.
qas: question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 181056
question_id: 66158
text: DBHF nanofibers
question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 181048
question_id: 66159
text: Zn nanosheet@carbon
question: What's the electrolyte?
question: What's the cathode?
answers: answer_id: 181057
question_id: 66161
text: DBHF
context: For the first time, DBHF nanofibers are constructed as flexible cathodes for HZBs. The formation mechanism of the DBHF structure is probed and the relationships between the synthetic conditions and the structures of the products are carefully investigated. Moreover, the HZBs are fabricated based on the DBHF cathode, Zn nanosheet@carbon cloth anode and a polymer electrolyte. Benefitting from the unique structure, the hybrid battery achieves high energy/power density and long-term cycling stability. Moreover, the high flexibility and “air-charging” capability make it a good uninterrupted power source for flexible electronics in different environments (Fig. 1h and i).
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: To gain more insight into the morphological changes on the electrodes, as well as the causes of mNMR < mechem, we performed spectral fittings to determine how the relative fractions of the peaks assigned to Li microstructures vs. “bulk metal” change upon plating. The spectra were deconvoluted by using two peaks around 245–252.5 ppm (“bulk metal”) and one peak at around 257.5–262.5 ppm corresponding to the microstructural peak (see an example in Fig. 2f and more detailed explanation in the ESI†). We note that previous work has shown both experimentally and with simulations that dendrites and structures growing away from the Li metal surface give rise to larger shift around 270 ppm compared to microstructures close to the surface. In the current study, the in situ PEEK capsule cell applies constant pressure within the cell and more compact structures form, leading to a narrower range of shifts. The observed shifts of the microstructure peaks (Fig. S1†) are thus similar for both electrolytes although the microstructures have very distinct morphologies as seen in the SEM figures (Fig. 2b).
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181085
question_id: 66160
text: carbonate-based 
context: For small molecules, making composites with conductive fillers is one of the main strategies to enhance the rate capability. Decreasing the particle size, e.g., via ball-milling, is apparently another effective approach. Conjugated polymers should have better electron conductivity and potentially perform better than non-conductive small molecules. However, the performance of reported conjugated structures was generally moderate. We suppose that this is partly because non-optimal carbonate-based electrolytes were used with these materials.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The ITO-coated glass samples were cleaned with acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol, sequentially. The vacant assemblies were prepared by using two ITO-coated glass samples with and without WO3 layers, respectively, which were stacked with a 60 μm-thick Surlyn adhesive film. Then, two electrolyte inlets were drilled into the ITO-coated glass side without the WO3 layer. The prepared electrolyte was injected into the vacant assemblies, and the inlets were closed. All the working areas were of 2.34 cm2 (1.3 cm × 1.8 cm). Finally, the filled assemblies were subjected to UV irradiation at a wavelength of 360 nm for periods of 0, 5, 10, and 20 min.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181068
question_id: 66160
text: 65 mM Na[FeIII-racEDDHA], 0.7 M Na2SO4, 155 mM borate pH 9
context: EIS experiments. The electrolyte 65 mM Na[FeIII-racEDDHA], 0.7 M Na2SO4, 155 mM borate pH 9, was reduced at the negative electrode to reach 50% SoC (determined by photometry), using the same setup outlined in the charge–discharge cycling experiments. Potassium ferro/ferricyanide at 50% SoC was directly prepared with 32.5 mM K3[FeIII(CN)6], 32.5 mM K4[FeII(CN)6], 0.7 M Na2SO4, 1 mM borate, pH 9. Three-electrode configuration with two CRLEs used as working and counter electrode and a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl) were connected to a BioLogic VSP potentiostat. The impedance spectra were recorded from 3 × 104 Hz to 5 × 10−2 Hz. An AC amplitude of 100 mV was applied on top of a DC potential matching the open cell potential at 50% SoC. All electrodes used had a similar roving length (72 mm) and weight (0.23 g).
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: While selecting the optimal potential range for oxocarbon derivatives, it is important to know that poorly reversible transformations can occur, especially at high potentials. For example, it is known that oxidation products of rhodizonates dissolve in the electrolytes, causing a rapid capacity decay. For this reason, only four-electron reduction is considered suitable for the practical operation of rhodizonates.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: To assemble the ssZIBs, the polymer electrolyte was synthesized via polymerization of PAM combined with CNFs. Specifically, 1.33 g of CNFs (1.5 wt% water suspension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA) were first dispersed in 20 mL of 1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 solution with extensive high-speed stirring. After that, 50 mg of ammonium persulfate, 3 g of acrylamide (AM) monomers and 50 mg of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) were added to the suspension. After being stirred at 25 °C for 2 h, the mixture was cast onto a glass Petri dish. Then, the formed membrane was put in an oven and heated at 60 °C for half an hour. During this heating treatment, acrylamide was grafted onto the CNF surface through free radical polymerization. Finally, after being cooled to room temperature, a crosslinked CNF–PAM film was obtained. The prepared polymeric film shows high flexibility, and can be applied as a solid-state separator directly.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: Solid-state Zn–air battery with a sandwich structure was assembled by replacing the zinc sheet and liquid electrolyte with a zinc foil (purity 99.9 wt%) and the as-fabricated PAM sheet, respectively.
qas: question: What's the anode?
answers: answer_id: 181096
question_id: 66159
text: Cu foil
question: What's the electrolyte?
answers: answer_id: 181116
question_id: 66160
text: a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and ethylene carbonate (EC) (DMC/EMC/EC = 5/2/3 v/v/v)
context: The as-prepared polymer SP, Super P carbon and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binder with a mass ratio of 6/3/1 were added to a flask, and then dispersed in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) after being vigorously stirred for 10 h. The obtained slurry was coated on Cu foil, followed by drying at 100 °C in vacuo. The Cu foil was punched with a diameter of 14 mm as the anode electrode and the mass of SP was about 1.8 mg. A CR2032 coin-type cell was assembled in a glove box with SP as the working electrode, Celgard2400 polypropylene as the separator, lithium foil as the counter and reference electrode, and the prepared electrolyte consisted of a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and ethylene carbonate (EC) (DMC/EMC/EC = 5/2/3 v/v/v). The galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and rate properties were determined by using a LAND battery test system at room temperature. After being pre-cycled at 0.2 C (20 mA h g−1) for three cycles, the battery was then tested at 1 C (100 mA h g−1) for 200 cycles. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) ranging from 0.01 V to 3 V were recorded with a CHI600E electrochemical working station with a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1.
qas: question: What's the electrolyte?
context: The specific capacitances of the as-prepared ASSPs at different scan rates are presented in Fig. 3(d). The maximum specific capacitance of Bi/CNTs is 68.7 F cm−3 calculated from CV curves, which is larger than the values of the ASSPs based on 2D Bi (specific capacitance of 36.8 F cm−3) and CNTs (specific capacitance of 29.4 F cm−3). More importantly, the specific capacitance of the as-assembled Bi/CNT ASSP still maintains 33.0 F cm−3 with 48% capacitance retention when the scan rate is increased 20-fold from 5 to 100 mV s−1, superior to 43% capacitance retention of 2D Bi, demonstrating its good rate capability. The high specific capacitance and good rate capability of the as-prepared Bi/CNT SCs are mainly attributed to the excellent electronic conductivity of the exfoliated Bi NSs and CNTs, which can provide an effective charge transport pathway during the charge/discharge process. Meanwhile, the buckled layer structure of the Bi NSs offers abundant active sites with the full surface exposed and enable fast access of electrolyte ions.