Newsgroup: it.politica
Titolo: feudalesimo in Italia

 Britannica [...]
e basta con 'sta Britannica!
8-D
-- 
Maurizio Morabito
mmor...@geocities.com
                                Ulm, Germany
"I for one could offer a lot of thoughts on any subject,but in many 
cases they would be based on speculation at best, or misinformation 
at worst."       D.P.Chassin
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8977

Per i gentili interlocutori, forse un po' arrugginiti nella conoscenza
della storia, che non sanno che in Italia in sistema feudale esisteva
fino all'inizio dell'800 e in alcune zone fino all'unita', includo cosa
scrive la Britannica sull'argomento: Land Reform and Tenure - Modern
European reforms.
Per chi non vuole arrovellarsi a tradurre anticipo brevemente che
secondo la Britannica "solo dopo il 1848" l'Italia "libero' i contadini
e redistribui' la terra", superando il sistema feudale.  Come ho gia'
detto in passati interventi di fatto il sistema feudale fu superato in
Padania gia' sotto Napoleone, e le leggi del 1848 non fecero altro che
sancire un sistema ormai affermatosi di fatto.  Diversa fu la situazione
a Sud, il sistema feudale sopravvisse fino all'unita', e seppur non
formalmente anche oltre.  L'articolo della Britannica riassume un po'
sbrigativamente il caso italiano ma nel complesso chiarifica bene quando
venne superato il sistema feudale in Italia ed Europa. Nel corso del
1800, caro Bianchini.
                   Land Reform and Tenure
                   Modern European reforms.
                   The French Revolution brought a new era in the history
                   of land reform. Reform meant dealing with survivals of
                   the medieval tenures that had left a common heritage in
                   most European countries and, through them, in the
                   colonies. The measures and approaches varied from place
                   to place and period to period. (see also Index: France,
                   Middle Ages)
                   On the eve of the Revolution, French society was
                   polarized, with the nobility and clergy on one side and
                   the rising business class on the other. The middle class
                   was relatively small, especially in the rural areas. The
                   majority of the peasants were hereditary tenants, either
                   censiers, who paid a fixed money rent, or mainmortables,
                   or serfs, who paid rent in the form of labour services,
                   corvée, of about three days a week. The peasants paid
                   various other feudal dues and taxes, from which the
                   nobility and clergy were exempted. The Revolution
                   overthrew the ancien régime and the feudal order and
                   introduced land reform. (see also Index: serfdom ,
                   feudal land tenure)
                   The reform repealed feudal tenures, freed all persons
                   from serfdom, abolished feudal courts, and cancelled all
                   payments not based on real property, including tithes.
                   Rents based on real property were redeemable. Once the
                   law had been passed, however, the peasants seized the
                   land and refused to pay any rents or redemption fees; in
                   1792 all payments were finally cancelled. Land of the
                   clergy and political emigrants was confiscated and sold
                   at auction, together with common land. The terms of
                   sale, however, often favoured the wealthy, which may
                   explain the rise of a new class of large landowners
                   among the supporters of Napoleon.
                   The social and political objectives of the reformers
                   were fully realized. The censiers and serfs became
                   owners. Feudalism was destroyed, and the new regime won
                   peasant support. The economic effects, however, were
                   limited. Incentives could not be increased substantially
                   since the peasants already had full security of tenure
                   prior to the reform. The scale of operations was not
                   changed; and no facilities for credit, marketing, or
                   capital formation were created. The major achievements
                   were the reinforcement of private, individual ownership
                   and perpetuation of the small family farm as a basis of
                   democracy. The small family farm has characterized
                   French agriculture ever since.
                   There were other reforms in most European countries.
                   England resolved its land problems by the enclosure
                   movement, which drove the small peasants into the towns,
                   consolidated landholdings, and promoted large-scale
                   operation and private ownership. Sweden and Denmark
                   pioneered between 1827 and 1830 by peacefully abolishing
                   village compulsion, or imposed labour service, and the
                   strip system of cultivation, by consolidating the land,
                   and by dividing the commons among the peasants. Though
                   influenced by the French Revolution, only after the 1848
                   revolutions did Germany, Italy, and Spain free the
                   peasants and redistribute the land. Reform in Ireland
                   took a whole century before substantive results were
                   achieved, in the mid-1930s, after Ireland was divided
                   into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. The
                   tenants were converted into owners by subsidized
                   purchase of the land. (see also Index: United Kingdom)
                   The first major Russian reform was the emancipation of
                   the serfs in 1861. At the time of emancipation about 45
                   percent of the land was private property and the
                   remainder was held as allotment land, cultivated in
                   units averaging 9.5 acres (3.8 hectares) by the peasant
                   serfs against rent in kind and labour, payable to feudal
                   lords. In contrast, fewer than 1,000 noble families
                   owned about 175,000,000 acres (70,000,000 hectares) and
                   received rent therefrom. Conflict between such extremes
                   of poverty and wealth caused restlessness among the
                   peasants and rendered reform inevitable. As Tsar
                   Alexander II put it: "It is better to abolish serfdom
                   from above than to await the day when it will begin to
                   abolish itself from below." (see also Index: Russia)
                   The Emancipation Act of 1861 abolished serfdom and
                   distributed allotment land among the peasants. The
                   homestead became hereditary property of the individual,
                   but the field land was vested in the village mir as a
                   whole. The peasant paid redemption through the village
                   authority, while the landlord received state bonds as
                   compensation equal to 75 to 80 percent of the land
                   market value. Though legally freed, the private serf had
                   to ransom his freedom by surrendering a part of the
                   allotment land. In contrast, serfs belonging to the
                   imperial family were emancipated in 1863 and received
                   the maximum amount of land fixed by law. Serfs of the
                   state were emancipated in 1866 and allowed to keep the
                   land they occupied against money rent. The Cossacks
                   received two-thirds of the land, to be held in common,
                   but in lieu of redemption payments they had to serve 20
                   years in the army. The serfs in mines and households
                   were freed but received no economic assets.
                   [...]
                   Reform in eastern Europe was complicated by the fact
                   that most of the eastern European countries remained
                   under foreign rule until the middle of the 19th century
                   or later. In Hungary, the Decree of 1853 abolished the
                   robot, or forced labour and feudal dues, freed the
                   serfs, liberalized land transaction, and encouraged
                   consolidation. The Romanian reform of 1864 freed the
                   serfs and distributed both the land and the redemption
                   payments in proportion to the number of cows or oxen
                   each peasant had. Formal emancipation in Bulgaria was
                   introduced by the Turkish government in the 1850s, but
                   actual reform came in 1880, after independence. Each
                   peasant, including sharecroppers and wage workers, who
                   had worked the land for 10 years without interruption,
                   was entitled to the land he had cultivated. With the
                   exception of Bulgaria, the distribution of ownership
                   throughout most of eastern Europe remained highly
                   uneven. Political instability reached a dangerous point
                   between the two world wars. Following World War II, the
                   eastern European countries established Communist
                   governments with a strong tendency toward collective,
                   cooperative, and mechanized agriculture.
-- 
Alberto
What really makes science grow is new ideas, including false ideas.
K. Popper.

E perche' basta Britannica? e' una delle migliori, piu' note e
attendibili enciclopedie del mondo. Nonche' delle piu' politically
correct. Sarei curiosa di affiancare il corrispondente lemma traendolo
dalla Treccani, ma in queste lande tecnologiche ingegneristiche tale 
enciclopedia non si trova.
-- 
Serena Sangiorgi - Bibliotecaria             tel: +39  521  905592
Biblioteca Generale - Ingegneria - Parma     fax: +39  521  905718   
@ : 
bib...@ipruniv.cce.unipr.it

enciclopedia non si trova.
	Siamo tutti d'accordo, Serena (tranne Claudio Bianchini, ovviamente)!
	Maurizio stava scherzando, no?  Non ti ricordi che lui citava la
	Britannica in continuazione?  :-)
	Ciao,   Carlo
==== Carlo Izzo = 
http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/~izzo/italian.html
 ====
In that world, you'll be able to rise in the morning with the spirit you
have known in your childhood: that spirit of eagerness, adventure and
certainty which comes from dealing with a rational universe.   (Ayn Rand)

 enciclopedia non si trova.
stavo scherzando. avevo messo lo smiley ;-)
sono stato io a portare la Britannica su SCI, con una mitragliata di
interventi che hanno fatto venire l'ittero a piu' d'uno (ad esempio,
Bianchini)
Alberto ha capito come fare e adesso e' lui a torturare CB 8-))
