Newsgroup: it.politica
Titolo: "Così è nato il partito dei pm".  Le nozze fra Pci-Pds e giudici

Da Libero di oggi
«Così è nato il partito dei pm»
Un pezzo grosso di Magistratura
Democratica, ora in pensione, racconta le nozze fra Pci-Pds e giudici:
«Negli anni ’90 si creò un vuoto di potere, la Quercia ci usò per
scardinare il sistema»
Tutto cominciò da una paginata tragicamente profetica de Il manifesto:
una colata di piombo negli anni delle colate di fango. «Iniziò tutto,
se non mi sbaglio, da un dossier pubblicato sul quotidiano Il
manifesto sulla questione giustizia (tra il maggio e luglio ’90, o
’91): fu preso molto a cuore dagli ultimi comitati centrali Pci/Pds.
Si trattava di un report che descriveva a e dettava esattamente i
rapporti nascenti tra i magistrati e l’ex Partito comunista, prima
erano inestistenti, anzi. Dal Manifesto si evinceva un nuovo modo per
scardinare il sistema, si illustrava come, attraverso le nuove leve
della giustizia, si sarebbe arrivati al potere. Una strategia che il
Pci- Pds cavalcò. Perché, in quel momento c’era un buco, un vuoto di
potere; e c’era un’ideologia di sinistra a cui serviva un partito...».
Il “partito dei giudici”. La parole sono sdrucciole. L’accen - to al
telefono di chi spiega, qui sopra, genesi e eziologia della forza
storica che affolla le aule di tribunale è napoletano. Appartiene a un
signore perbene che, sgranando i propri ricordi di magistrato in
pensione da vent’anni, si rivela profondo conoscitore della Procura
milanese, già pezzo grosso all’interno di Magistratura Democratica.
PROCURATORI POLIZIOTTI Ovviamente, per questioni di mera
sopravvivenza, l’ex pretore e piemme preferisce mantenere l’anonimato.
Eppure da deluso della sinistra («Non lo sono più. Ma non posso
rinnegare certo gli anni passati in Magistratura Democratica. I miei
valori di sinistra rimangono, fula loro interpretazione ad essere
sbagliata») rievoca progetti e intenzioni del “partito dei giudici”
che, col tempo, «si rivelarono lo specchio di ciò che poi è
avvenuto...». «Per dirle: esiste un un documento datato 12 marzo 1988
che riassume una riunione a Renate, nella villa di Gherardo Colombo,
dove lo stato maggiore dell’Md milanese discuteva sulla riforma
dell’ordinamento giudiziario (che vedrà la luce il 24 ottobre 1989) e
soprattutto del nuovo ruolo del pubblico ministero... » confida il
magistrato. Breve parentesi. Md è una corrente fondata a Bologna il 4
luglio 1964, che ha visto progressivamente crescere il proprio peso
all’interno dell’Associazione Nazionale Magistrati. Nel 1969 una
scissione interna ne dimezzò i risultati alle elezioni dell’Anm del
1970 rispetto alle precedenti. Gli aderenti a Md, allora, si divisero
in due tronconi: il primo rimase appunto all’interno di Magistratura
Democratica, il secondo, guidato da Adolfo Beria d’Argentine, confluì
nel movimento “Impegno Costituzionale”, in contrapposizione con l’area
che si presumeva più direttamente legata all’estrema sinistra. Chiusa
parentesi. Torniamo alle riunioni in casa Colombo. C’erano tutti. Dai
magistrati che in un paio d’anni daranno vita al pool di Mani pulite,
giudici e pretori a - guarda caso - Nicoletta Gandus, che da
presidente della prima sezione penale del tribunale di Milano giudicò
(nonostante una richiesta di ricusazione) il premier Silvio Berlusconi
sul cosiddetto caso Mills. «La Gandus era una mia amica, conoscevo
anche Oscar Magi e benissimo la Boccassini, dura ma molto brava. Ma da
quando sono uscito dalla loro corporazione nessuno di loro -scusi- mi
ha cagato più...», continua il nostro uomo. Tutti gli interventi di
quel giornosono contenutiin un fascicolo intitolato “I mestieri del
giudice”( Etm). L’articolo più interessante fu soprattutto quello di
Riccardo Targetti, allora sostituto alla Procura di Milano. «Targetti,
alla luce del nuovo codice di procedura penale teorizzava la nascita
del “pm dinamico”, diverso dal magistrato “statico”, che sta lì ad
aspettare dietro la scrivania la notitia criminis dai carabinieri e
che si occupa di micro- criminalità da strada, malavita urbana e
violazioni di legge. Il pm dinamico doveva dedicarsi anima e corpo
alla “contrapposizione con altri poteri, palesi e occulti, dello Stato
e della società”, alle “manifestazioni di devianza dei colletti
bianchi”. E lo faceva sulla base di qualsiasi suggestione poteva avere
pure da canali non ufficiali».
IL SOGNO DEL CRIMINE Il concetto è: se,
teoricamente, il pm sogna soltanto che qualcuno commette un crimine,
può indagarlo. «Teoricamente sì. Il suo potere è enorme. E preoccupa,
pensando che che all’in - terno di Md sono quasi tutti schierati a
sinistra e che alla Procura di Milano quasi tutti sono di Md. Tra
l’altro, anche chi non lo è si guarda bene dallo scontrarsi con la sua
stessa casta». Cane non mangia cane. «Esatto ormai il pm è un
poliziotto: per questo la soluzione migliore sarebbe la separazione
della carriere...». Il giudice pentito ha la voce stanca, rotta
dall’emozione. E, sulla strategia difensiva del premier è pessimista:
«Denunciare i magistrati allo Stato? Inutile. Qualunque cosa faccia
sbatterà contro un muro. D’altronde la strategia è chiara: stralciare
la posizione di Berlusconi e andare a giudizio anche in un mese,
comunque prima delle amministrative ». Il racconto s’interrompe in un
sospiro: dà l’idea d’una giustizia e d’una politica dalla tristezza
infinite.

 Un pezzo grosso di Magistratura
Perché Belpietro non ci racconta del falso attentato a lui? :-)
-- 
EU®

 Da Libero di oggi
Libero in che senso , scusa ?
-- 
Angelo


E' molto triste questa cosa, e purtroppo ï¿œ una storia che si conosce 
giï¿œ, ma che un magistrato la vada a raccontare ï¿œ davvero raro. Che il 
PM abbia poteri esagerati a discapito degli inquirenti ï¿œ un dato di 
fatto, e che le commistioni fra i PM e chi deve giudicare ï¿œ davvero 
scandaloso, e di nessuna garanzia per il cittadino, e non sto parlando 
di Berlusconi. Poi c'ï¿œ da considerare che ogni procura ha situazioni 
piï¿œ o meno ibarazzanti, e pensa che nella procura della mia cittï¿œ c'ï¿œ 
una tradizione lavorativa che si tramanda da padre in figlio, ed ï¿œ 
abbastanza comune trovare che vi lavoprano PM cugini fra loro, e 
avvocati e giudici fratello e sorella, per non parlare di qualche 
figlio. Davvero increscioso.
-- 
One's best.
Strike

 Da Libero di oggi
Ah ecco... ci risiamo ... ma un quotidiano che sia NON di proprietà del nano 
troione , no eh?  :-D 

 esagerati a discapito degli inquirenti è un dato di fatto, e che le 
Sai è molto triste che in Italia neanche di fronte a cose che vediamo 
riguardo al premier si abbia il pudore di dimettersi.
-- 
EU®


Quindi grandi BUFALE
-- 
Gattobianco

 non parlare di qualche figlio. Davvero increscioso.
Sì è veramente increscioso trovare in consiglio regionale della Lombardia, 
una igienista dentale come la Minetti o un trota pluribocciato alla 
maturità.. e sol perchè hanno dimostrato PRIMA di avere delle ottime qualità 
politiche.
E menomalechesilvioc'è eh?

 E' molto triste questa cosa
E' agghiacciate.
Ed è possibile che questa sia solo una piccola parte di quanto 
successo...

 Ed è possibile che questa sia solo una piccola parte di quanto successo...
Già... basterebbe che il nano si dimettese e il governo di cdx potrebbe 
continuare.
-- 
EU®

 E' agghiacciate.
L'unica cosa agghiacciante è che siete così fessi da farvi ANCORA prender 
per il culo da un vecchio coglione troione che va troie minorenni e poi 
telefona al Questore per fregnare
Idioti. 

 «Così è nato il partito dei pm»
Ed ora approfondiamo le ragioni per cui su "Libero" (?) si legge questa 
roba.
Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine or 4-PO-DMT) is a prodrug for the 
classical hallucinogen - more specifically, psychedelic - psilocin, or 
4-HO-DMT (4-hydroxyl-dimethyltryptamine), the active metabolite of 
psilocybin, responsible for all of the psychoactive effect of the drug. 
Both drugs are members of the indole and tryptamine classes. 
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms are used both recreationally, and 
traditionally, for spiritual purposes, as entheogens, with a history of 
use spanning millennia. It is produced by hundreds of species of fungi, 
including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis, 
Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe cyanescens, and has also been 
reportedly isolated from about a dozen other genera. Collectively known 
as psilocybin mushrooms, these are commonly called "boomers," "sacred 
mushrooms," "magic mushrooms," or more simply "'shrooms." Possession, 
and in some cases usage, of psilocybin or psilocin has been outlawed in 
most countries across the globe.[1] Proponents of its usage consider it 
to be an entheogen and a tool to supplement various types of practices 
for transcendence, including in meditation, psychonautics, and 
psychedelic psychotherapy. The intensity and duration of entheogenic 
effects of psilocybin mushrooms are highly variable, depending on 
species or cultivar of mushrooms, dosage, individual physiology, and set 
and setting.
Once ingested, psilocybin is rapidly metabolised to psilocin, which then 
acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors 
in the brain. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin typically last 
anywhere from 3 to 8 hours; however, to individuals under the influence 
of psilocybin, the effects may seem to last much longer, since the drug 
can distort the perception of time.
[edit] HistoryThe American banker and amateur mycologist R. Gordon 
Wasson and his wife Valentina discovered that the ancient religious 
practices of the Indians in a remote village of Mexico included 
ingestion of mushrooms. In 1957, they published an article in Life 
magazine (Seeking the Magic Mushroom), where they described the 
occurrence of hallucinatory experiences during these rituals. They were 
accompanied on a later expedition by the French mycologist Roger Heim, 
director of the musée national d'histoire naturelle, when it was 
possible to identify several of the fungi as Psilocybe species.[2] Heim 
was able to successfully cultivate the mushroom in France, and sent 
samples to the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann for analysis. Hofmann, who 
had in 1938 created LSD in his Sandoz laboratory, was the first to 
recognize the importance and chemical structure of the pure compounds he 
called psilocybin and psilocin. Leading a research group that was able 
to isolate and identify the compounds from Psilocybe mexicana,[3] 
Hofmann was aided in the discovery process by his willingness to ingest 
mushroom extracts.[4] He and his colleagues later synthesized a number 
of compounds chemically related to the naturally occurring psilocybin:
These were essentially the same molecules except that: (1) the 
phosphoryl or hydroxy group at the top of the indole ring was moved 
around to other ring positions, and (2) different numbers of methyl 
groups (CH3) and other carbon chains were added to the side chains and 
to the nitrogen on the indole ring to see how these changes would affect 
psychoactivity.[5]
Two diethyl (two ethyl groups in place of the two methyl groups) analogs 
of psilocybin and psilocin were synthesized by Hofmann, 
4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, called CY-19, and 
4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, called CZ-74. Because their effects 
last only about three and a half hours (compared to roughly double that 
with psilocybin), they proved more manageable in European clinics using 
"psycholytic therapy"—psychotherapy in conjunction with the controlled 
use of psychedelics.[5]
In the early 1960s, Harvard University became the testing ground of 
psilocybin, through the efforts of Timothy Leary and his associate 
Richard Alpert (now known as Ram Dass). Leary was able to obtain 
synthesized psilocybin from Hofmann through Hofmann's employer, Sandoz 
pharmaceutical (now Novartis). Although a number of experiments in the 
early 1960s demonstrated positive results using psilocybin in clinical 
psychiatry, the LSD hysteria of the times swept psilocybin along with it 
into the Schedule I category of illicit drugs in 1970. The 1970s would 
witness the emergence of psilocybin as the "entheogen of choice".[6] 
This was due in large part to a wide dissemination of information on the 
topic, which even included fictional works such as those by Carlos 
Castaneda, and several books that taught the technique of growing one's 
own psilocybin mushrooms. One of the most popular of these books was 
produced under the pseudonyms O.T. Oss and O.N. Oeric by J. Bigwood, 
D.J. McKenna, K. Harrison McKenna and T.K. McKenna, entitled Psilocybin: 
Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Over 100,000 copies had been sold by 1981:[7]
These authors adapted San Antonio's technique (for producing edible 
mushrooms by casing mycelial cultures on a rye grain substrate; San 
Antonio 1971) to the production of Psilocybe [Stropharia] cubensis. The 
new technique involved the use of ordinary kitchen implements, and for 
the first time the layperson was able to produce a potent entheogen in 
his own home, without access to sophisticated technology, equipment or 
chemical supplies.[8]
[edit] Biology
Psilocybin was first isolated from Psilocybe mexicana, shown 
here.Psilocybin is a naturally occurring compound found in varying 
concentrations in over 200 species of Basidiomycota mushrooms, 
distributed amongst the following genera: Psilocybe (116 species), 
Gymnopilus (14), Panaeolus (13), Copelandia (12), Hypholoma (6), Pluteus 
(6) Inocybe (6), Conocybe (4), Panaeolina (4), Gerronema (2) and 
Agrocybe, Galerina and Mycena (1 species each).[9] The spores of these 
mushrooms do not contain psilocybin or psilocin. Mushroom caps tend to 
contain more of the psychoactive compounds than the stems.[10][11][12] 
The total potency varies greatly between species and even between 
specimens of one species in the same batch.[13] Younger, smaller 
mushrooms have a higher concentration of alkaloids and have a milder 
taste than larger, mature mushrooms. In general, the psilocybin content 
of mushrooms is quite variable (approximately 0.5–2% dry weight) and 
depends on species, growth and drying conditions, and mushroom size.[14] 
Mature mycelium contains some psilocybin, while young mycelium (recently 
germinated from spores) does not contain appreciable amounts of 
alkaloids.[15] Many species of mushrooms containing psilocybin also 
contain small amounts of the psilocybin analogs baeocystin and 
norbaeocystin.[16][17][18] Most species of psilocybin-containing 
mushrooms bruise blue when handled or damaged[19] due to the oxidization 
of phenolic compounds. This reaction, however, is not a definitive 
method of identification or determining a mushroom's potency.
[edit] ChemistryPsilocybin 
(O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a prodrug that is 
converted into the pharmacologically active compound psilocin in the 
body by a dephosphorylation reaction.[20] This chemical reaction takes 
place under strongly acidic conditions, or under physiological 
conditions in the body, through the action of enzymes called 
phosphatases. Psilocybin is a tryptamine compound having a chemical 
structure derived from tryptophan and containing a ring configuration 
called an indole linked to an ethylamine substituent. It bears a close 
structural resemblance to the neurotransmitter serotonin 
(5-hydroxytryptamine). Psilocybin is a zwitterionic alkaloid that is 
soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol, and 
insoluble in most organic solvents. Exposure to light is detrimental to 
the stability of aqueous solutions of psilocybin, and will cause it to 
rapidly oxidize—an important consideration when using it as an 
analytical standard.[21] A method for the large-scale synthesis of 
psilocybin was reported by a Japanese group in 2003.[22]
[edit] Analytical methods
Structure of the neurotransmitter serotoninMany analytical techniques 
have been used to identify and evaluate the quantity of psilocybin in 
mushroom material. These techniques include thin layer 
chromatography,[23] gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry 
(GC-MS),[24] ion mobility spectrometry,[25] capillary zone 
electrophoresis,[26] ultraviolet spectroscopy,[27] infrared 
spectroscopy,[28] high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with 
ultraviolet,[21] fluorescence,[29] electrochemical,[30] or electrospray 
mass spectrometric detection methods.[31] The earliest techniques used 
gas chromatography, however, a problem with this method is that 
psilocybin dephosphorylates to psilocin prior to analysis, complicating 
the analysis.[32][33]
Various chromatographic methods have been developed to detect psilocin 
in body fluids: the rapid emergency drug identification system (REMEDi 
HS), a drug screening method based on HPLC;[34] HPLC with 
electrochemical detection;[35][36] GC-MS;[34][37] and liquid 
chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.[38] Although the 
determination of psilocin levels in urine can be performed without 
sample clean-up, the analysis in plasma or serum requires a preliminary 
extraction, followed by derivatization of the extracts in the case of 
GC-MS. A specific immunoassay has also been developed to detect psilocin 
in whole blood samples.[39]
[edit] Concentrations in body fluidsPsilocin concentrations in the 
plasma of adult volunteers averaged about 8 µg/L within 2 hours after 
ingestion of a single 15 mg oral psilocybin dose. A young man arrested 
for driving under the influence of psilocybin mushrooms had serum and 
urine psilocin levels of 18 and 52 µg/L, respectively.[40]
[edit] PharmacologyPsilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to 
psilocin which then acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin 
receptor in the brain where it mimics the effects of serotonin (5-HT). 
Psilocin is a 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C agonist.[41] The psychotomimetic 
effects of psilocin can be blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by the 
5-HT2A antagonists ketanserin and risperidone.[42] Psilocybin and 
psilocybin analogues have been used to help model the structure of the 
5-HT2C G-protein coupled receptor.[43]
[edit] MedicinePsilocybin has been investigated as an experimental 
treatment for several disorders.
In 1961, Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert ran the Harvard Psilocybin 
Project, carrying out a number of experiments concerning the use of 
psilocybin in the treatment of personality disorders and other uses in 
psychological counseling.[44]
A pilot study led by Francisco Moreno at the University of Arizona and 
supported by Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 
studied the effects of psilocybin on nine patients with 
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).[45] The study found that psilocybin 
could be safely given to patients with OCD, and it was associated with 
substantial reductions in OCD symptoms in several of the patients.[46]
Two current studies are investigating the possibility that psilocybin 
can ease the psychological suffering associated with cancer. One study, 
led by Charles Grob, involves 12 subjects with terminal cancer being 
administered the hallucinogen or a placebo in two separate sessions.[47] 
A second study, led by Roland Griffiths at Johns Hopkins, will 
administer psilocybin on two occasions to people "with a current or past 
diagnosis of cancer who have some anxiety or are feeling down about 
their cancer".[48] In 2008, the Johns Hopkins research team published 
guidelines for responsibly conducting medical research trials with 
psilocybin and other hallucinogens in humans.[49]
Additionally, psilocybin has shown promise to ease the pain caused by 
cluster headaches, often considered not only the most painful of all 
types of headaches,[50] but "one of the worst pain syndromes known to 
mankind."[51] In a 2006 study, 22 of 26 cluster headache patients 
reported successfully using psilocybin to abort the attacks, and 18 of 
19 psilocybin users reported longer attack-free periods.[52]
[edit] Toxicity
Dried psilocybe mushrooms showing the characteristic blue bruising on 
the stemsThe toxicity of psilocybin is low; in rats, the oral LD50 is 
280 mg/kg, approximately one and a half times that of caffeine. When 
administered intravenously in rabbits, psilocybin's LD50 is 
approximately 12.5 mg/kg[53] (however rabbits are extremely intolerant 
to the effects of most psychoactive drugs). The lethal dose from 
psilocybin toxicity alone is unknown at recreational or medicinal 
levels, and has never been documented; a 2008 case report noted "Death 
from psilocybin intake alone is unknown at recreational or medicinal 
levels."[54] Psilocybin makes up roughly 1% of the weight of Psilocybe 
cubensis mushrooms, and so nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 
17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to 
reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.
People taking lithium should exercise caution with psilocybin as the 
combination has led to seizures in several anecdotal reports.[55]
[edit] PhysiologyPsilocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth 
and stomach. Effects begin 10–40 minutes after ingestion of 
psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and last from 2–6 hours depending on 
dose, species, and individual metabolism. A typical recreational dosage 
is from 10–50 mg psilocybin. However, a very small number of people are 
unusually sensitive to psilocybin's effects, where a normal threshold 
dose of around 2 mg of psilocybin can result in effects usually 
associated with medium and high doses. Likewise, there are some people 
who require relatively high doses of psilocybin to gain low-dose 
effects. Individual brain chemistry and metabolism play a large role in 
determining a person's response to psilocybin.[56]
Psilocybin is metabolized mostly in the liver where it becomes psilocin. 
It is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. MAO inhibitors have 
been known to sustain the effects of psilocybin for longer periods of 
time; people who are taking an MAOI for a medical condition may 
experience highly potentiated effects.
Mental and physical tolerance to psilocybin builds and dissipates 
quickly. Taking psilocybin more than three or four times in a week 
(especially on consecutive days) can result in diminished effects. 
Tolerance dissipates after a few days, so frequent users often keep 
doses spaced five to seven days apart to avoid the effect.
One study reported in 2008 concluded that, based on US data from the 
period 2000–2, adolescent-onset (defined here as ages 11–17) usage of 
hallucinogenic drugs (including psilocybin) did not increase the risk of 
drug dependence in adulthood; this was in contrast to adolescent usage 
of cannabis, cocaine, inhalants, anxiolytic medicines, and stimulants, 
all of which were associated with "an excess risk of developing clinical 
features associated with drug dependence".[57]
[edit] EffectsThe effects of psilocybin are highly variable and 
dependent on the current mood and overall sense of well-being by the 
individual. Initially the subject may begin to feel somewhat 
disoriented, lethargic, and euphoric or sometimes depressed. At low 
doses, hallucinatory effects may occur, including enhancement of colors 
and the animation of geometric shapes. Closed-eye hallucination may 
occur, where the affected individual may see multi-colored geometric 
shapes and vivid imaginative sequences. At higher doses, hallucinatory 
effects increase and experiences tend to be less social and more 
introspective or entheogenic. Open-eye visuals are more common, and may 
be very detailed although rarely confused with reality.[58] Based on a 
study of 27 hospital admissions of patients (ages ranging from 12 to 24 
years) who consumed Psilocybe semilanceata, a 1980 clinical report 
summarized the distribution of clinical symptoms of psilocybin overdose 
as follows: perceptual disorder (23 patients), mydriasis (pupil 
dilation) (20), dysphoria (an unpleasant mood) (13), hyperreflexia 
(twitching) (12), tachycardia (increased heart rate) (10), drowsiness 
(7), and euphoria (elation) (5).[59] These clinical responses are 
similar to results obtained in several earlier studies where pure 
psilocybin was administered to human volunteers.[60][61][62][63][64]
[edit] Perceptual distortionsDistortions in the experience of time in 
psilocybin-induced states have been subjectively reported,[65] and 
objectively measured.[66] In these studies, psilocybin significantly 
decreased subjects’ reproduction of time intervals longer than 2.5 
seconds, impaired their ability to synchronize to inter-beat intervals 
longer than 2 seconds, and reduced their preferred tapping rate. Recent 
studies into the effects of psilocybin on time interval reproduction may 
shed light on qualitative alterations of time experience in 
experimentally-induced altered states of consciousness, mystical states, 
or in psychopathology.[67]
Users having a pleasant experience can feel ecstatic, a sense of 
connection to others, nature, the universe, and other feelings/emotions 
are often intensified. The vernacular term "bad trip" describes a 
reaction accompanied by fear of varying degrees, other substantial 
unpleasant feelings or sometimes dangerous behavior. Bad trip is 
generally used to describe a reaction which is primarily characterized 
by fear or other unpleasant emotions, not just transitory experience of 
such feelings. A variety of reasons may contribute to a psilocybin user 
experiencing a bad trip, including "tripping" during an emotional or 
physical low, or in a non-supportive/inadequate/etc. environment (see: 
set and setting); ingesting psilocybin in combination with other drugs 
or with alcohol can also induce a bad trip.[68] Latent psychological 
issues may be triggered by the strong emotional components of the 
experience.[69]
[edit] Mystical experiences
Mandala-like round window above the altar at Boston University's Marsh 
Chapel, site of Marsh Chapel ExperimentSome of these individuals report 
that they have experienced a 'spiritual' episode. For example, in the 
Marsh Chapel Experiment, which was run by a graduate student at Harvard 
Divinity School under the supervision of Timothy Leary, almost all of 
the graduate degree divinity student volunteers who received psilocybin 
reported profound religious experiences.[citation needed]
In 2006, a group of researchers from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 
led by Roland R Griffiths conducted an experiment assessing the degree 
of mystical experience and attitudinal effects of the psilocybin 
experience; this report was published in the journal Psychopharmacology. 
Thirty-six volunteers without prior experience with hallucinogens were 
given psilocybin and methylphenidate (Ritalin) in separate sessions, the 
methylphenidate sessions serving as a control and psychoactive placebo; 
the tests were double-blind. The degree of mystical experience was 
measured using a questionnaire on mystical experience developed by Ralph 
W Hood; 61% of subjects reported a "complete mystical experience" after 
their psilocybin session, while only 13% reported such an outcome after 
their experience with methylphenidate. Two months after taking 
psilocybin, 79% of the participants reported moderately to greatly 
increased life satisfaction and sense of well-being. About 36% of 
participants also had a strong to extreme “experience of fear” or 
dysphoria (i.e., a “bad trip”) at some point during the psilocybin 
session (which was not reported by any subject during the 
methylphenidate session), with about one-third of these (13% of the 
total) reporting that this dysphoria dominated the entire session. These 
negative effects were reported to be easily managed by the researchers 
and did not have a lasting negative effect on the subject’s sense of 
well-being.[70] Further measures at 14 months after the psilocybin 
experience confirmed that participants continued to attribute deep 
personal meaning to the experience.
Further studies by this group have investigated the relationship of 
psilocybin dose to likelihood of mystical experience in healthy 
volunteers. A double-blind study showed that psychedelic mushrooms could 
provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and 
spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported 
that ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually 
significant event of their lives, and over two-thirds reported it among 
their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the 
other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme anxiety.[71][72] 
Related research being conducted by this group is investigating whether 
mystical experiences in volunteers given psilocybin can help with 
anxiety and poor mood due to cancer.[73]
There has been 1 case report of psilocybin and cannabis possibly causing 
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder;[74] the recent clinical 
study showed no such side effects.[71]
[edit] Possible Psychiatric Adverse EffectsPanic reactions can occur 
after consumption of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, especially if the 
ingestion is accidental or otherwise unexpected. For example, reactions 
such as violence, aggression, homicidal and suicidal attempts,[75] 
prolonged schizophrenia-like psychosis,[42][76] and convulsions[77] have 
been reported in the literature. The similarity of psilocybin-induced 
symptoms to those of schizophrenia has led to the drug being used in 
both behavioral and neuroimaging studies of this psychotic disorder. In 
both cases, psychotic symptoms are thought to arise from a "deficient 
gating of sensory and cognitive information" in the brain that 
ultimately lead to "cognitive fragmentation and psychosis".[78]
[edit] Social and legal aspectsIn the United States, psilocybin (and 
psilocin) were first subjected to federal regulation by a law that is 
commonly referred to as "the Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965". 
This law, a product of a bill sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, was 
passed in July 1965 and took effect on February 1, 1966. The law was an 
amendment to the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and was intended to 
regulate the unlicensed "possession, manufacture, or sale of depressant, 
stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs”.[79] The statutes themselves, 
however, did not list the "hallucinogenic drugs" that were being 
regulated.[79] Instead the term "hallucinogenic drugs" was meant to 
refer to those substances that supposedly have a "hallucinogenic effect 
on the central nervous system".[79]
Despite the seemingly strict provisions of the law, many people were 
exempt from prosecution. Specifically the statutes "permit[ted]… people 
to possess such drugs so long as they were for the personal use of the 
possessor, a member of his household, or for administration to an 
animal".[79] The federal law that specifically banned psilocybin and 
psilocin was enacted on October 24, 1968. The latter substances were 
said to have "a high potential for abuse", "no currently accepted 
medical use" and "a lack of accepted safety".[80] And, finally, on 
October 27, 1970, both psilocybin and psilocin became classified as 
Schedule I and were simultaneously labeled "hallucinogens" under a 
section of the “Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act” 
known as the "Controlled Substances Act".[81] Schedule I drugs are 
illicit drugs that are claimed to have no known therapeutic benefit. 
Parties to the treaty are required to restrict use of the drug to 
medical and scientific research under strictly controlled conditions. 
Most national drug laws have been amended to reflect this convention 
(for example, the US Psychotropic Substances Act, the UK Misuse of Drugs 
Act 1971, and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act), with 
possession and use of psilocybin and psilocin being prohibited under 
almost all circumstances, and often carrying severe legal penalties.
Possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including the bluing species 
of Psilocybe, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many 
national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of 
ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores 
of these mushrooms, as well as a strong element of selective enforcement 
in some places. Additionally, there has been a general shift in 
attitudes regarding research with psilocybin and other hallucingenic 
agents; after a long moratorium on the use of these drugs, many 
countries are revising their positions and have started to approve 
studies to test the physiological and therapeutic effects of 
hallucinogens.[82] For more details on the legal status of psilocybin 
mushrooms and Psilocybe spores, see: Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms.
-- 
Namib
"Lo spirito della valle non muore" (“Tao Tê Ching”, VI, 1)

 classical hallucinogen - more specifically, psychedelic - psilocin, or
LOL 

Umberto ha pensato forte :

Non voglio sminuire l'importanza della poltica, e della buona 
amministrazione, ma quando si parla di tribunali si parla di un luogo 
dove dovrebbe regnare la professionalità di chi ci lavora, ed è 
fondamentale che nel gioco delle parti, tra accusa e difesa, e ancor 
più da parte di chi giudica, sia nel civile che nel penale, vi sia un 
esito finale quanto più imparziale possibile.


 Ed ï¿œ possibile che questa sia solo una piccola parte di quanto successo...
E' solo la descrizione di ciï¿œ che ï¿œ successo, ma gli effetti sono stati 
ben altri.  ;-)


 amministrazione, ma quando si parla di tribunali si parla
Si parla di due poteri dello stato e però , le critiche di "familismo 
amorale alla bossi"  vanno rivolte solo alla magistratura , mica anche alla 
politica eh?
Ma por favor   ... 


Allora, cerco di spiegare meglio.
Può anche succedere che una figlia, diciamo così, d'arte come Bianca 
Berlinguer, possa fare benissimo il suo lavoro in una tv pubblica 
pagata da tutti e in maniera molto imparziale, e se non lo facesse, si 
contrapporrebbe comunque con gli ascolti bassi di quel TG, e con la 
concorrenza di altri considerati "migliori". Le conseguenze non 
sarebbero poi così tragiche, visto che anche Di Pietro, paladino della 
giusitzia, ha un figlio che vuole fare carriera in politica.
Nei tribunali invece, non deve esistere una situazione per cui 
l'avvocato della parte avversa sia un parente di 3° grado, magari 
acquisito,  del giudice che deve giudicare una mia causa, o magari in  
un processo penale in cui sono coinvolto.
Oppure, che un PM si sia occupato di fare condannare dei clandestini, 
poi in veste di giudice si trova a dovere giudicare altri clandestini 
portati a giudizio da un collega.
Ma di esempi ne potrei fare altri, comunque reali, ed effettivamente 
accaduti.


 in cui sono coinvolto.
Mentre vuoi dire... che invece in politica .. dove si decide delle sorti tue 
, dei tuoi figli e di tutti... � meno grave l'esser governati da un figlio 
del potente di turno?
E sono gli STESSI poteri dello stato eh? ... mh�

 fatto, [..]
Puoi portare qualche elemento concreto a riprova di questo?
Grazie,
M

 «Così è nato il partito dei pm»
Maurizio Belpietro, su "Libero": "È evidente a chiunque che il 
governatore non può stare al suo posto un giorno di più... Le ragioni 
per rimuoverlo in fretta sono note: è stato colto in una situazione 
imbarazzante, ma in seguito il suo comportamento è stato tutt'altro che 
limpido... Ha cercato di confondere le acque fornendo versioni di 
comodo che non trovano riscontri e che ora gli inquirenti stanno 
cercando di verificare... È impresentabile. Il buon senso avrebbe 
suggerito di toglierlo di mezzo al più presto".
-- 
Professò, sui reati e sui delitti che commette l'ignoranza,
si muove tutto l'ingranaggio della macchina mangereccia della società 
costituita; l'ignorante è una cartella di rendita; voi mettetevi un 
ignorante vicino
e campate di rendita per tutta la vita.
(Eduardo de Filippo)

 piů presto".
LOL   :-D   Grande Travaglio  :-D  come smerda lui sti 4 deficeinti servi 
del nano  !!! 

 E sono gli STESSI poteri dello stato eh? ... mhà
Non ho detto che sia meno grave la poltica, ho detto che nei Tribunali 
la commistione tra PM, avvocati, e giudicanti, NON DEVE proprio 
esistere, pena la immancabile imparzialità della giustizia.


 pena la immancabile imparzialità della giustizia.
Vabbè, ancora non vuoi comprendere:
il potere legislativo è quello che fa una legge, mentre il giudiziario la 
applica.
Se il politico fa una pessima legge, il giudiziario applica una legge 
pessima.
Familismo o non familismo.
Ergo, il potere legislativo che non funziona  -  ;- )  -  dovrebbe 
preoccuparti più di quello giudiziario :-D

 preoccuparti più di quello giudiziario :-D
Infatti mi preoccupa molto il potere legislativo che non fa le riforme 
della giustizia. :D


 ha scritto nel messaggio 
news:4d556e3b$0$30905$5fc...@news.tiscali.it...

:-DD
sì, ma quella ossessione in testa al berluschino .....   ;-D  ... no  quella 
non è una "riforma"  ;-D 

Il 11/02/2011, Michele Ancis ha detto :

E' solo un esempio: il potere del PM di promuovere una azione penale 
senza alcuna denuncia della polizia giudiziaria.


Il 11/02/2011, Umberto ha detto :

Io non ho ossessioni, ma scrivo in legalese.
La politica non ti fa ragionare. :D


 La politica non ti fa ragionare. :D
Questa qua attuale, disgustosa, di certo.

 Questa qua attuale, disgustosa, di certo.
Non parlavo degli altri. :D


 Non parlavo degli altri. :D
Seh seh, ma io ti ho risposto proprio che mi disgusta  ;-DD ,  *questa* 
politica :-D