Newsgroup: it.fan.culo
Titolo: Muoiono due grandi: lutto per il mondo della cultura

24.01.2002
È morto Pierre Bordieu, maestro della sociologia contemporanea
di red.
 Pierre Bourdieu, uno dei maestri della sociologia contemporanea, è morto
mercoledì 24 gennaio nell'ospedale Sant-Antoine di Parigi. Aveva 71 anni e
da tempo era malato di cancro. Il grande studioso francese, titolare della
cattedra di sociologia del College de France, è considerato uno dei
rinnovatori delle scienze sociali negli ultimi quattro decenni. I suoi saggi
hanno offerto agli ambienti accademici e ai ricercatori nuovi ambiti di
indagine, come quelli fino a qualche tempo fa quasi inesplorato della
«sofferenza sociale» e delle nuove povertà. Pierre Bourdieu era nato a
Denguin il 10 agosto 1930. Dopo aver studiato al liceo di Pau, e poi al
liceo Louis-le-Grand a Parigi, entra all'Ecole normale superieure nel 1951.
Professore di filosofia nel 1954, insegna l'anno successivo al liceo di
Moulins. Tra il 1955 e il 1958 fa il servizio militare in Algeria, allora in
guerra. Diventa quindi assistente all'Università di Algeri. Tornato in
Francia nel 1960, come assistente alla Sorbona, nel 1961 è professore
incaricato all'Università di Lille. Nel 1964 viene nominato direttore di
studi all'Ecole pratique des hautes etudes e nel 1981 è chiamato alla
cattedra di sociologia del College de France. Ha diretto le riviste «Actes
de la recherche en sciences sociales» (fondata nel 1975) e «Liber».
Influenzato contemporaneamente dal marxismo e dallo strutturalismo,
Bourdieu, intellettuale militante di sinistra, si è dedicato in particolare
alla sociologia dei processi culturali, elaborando il concetto originale di
«violenza simbolica», connessa secondo lui con i processi educativi.
Autore di oltre 200 tra articoli e saggi, Bourdieu ha pubblicato la
«Sociologia dell'Algeria» (1956), a cui seguì un volume dedicato a «Gli
algerini», stampato dalle edizioni universitarie di Boston (1962). Dopo
altri studi dedicati all'Algeria, Bourdieu acquistò una certa notorietà
pubblicando con Jean-Claude Passeron «Gli eredi» (1964), un'opera che
quattro anni prima del Maggio '68 formulava una critica fondamentale al
sistema dell'insegnamento francese. Seguirono opere come «Saggio sull'uso
sociale della fotografia» (1965), «Rapporto sulla pedagogia e la
comunicazione» (1966), «Il mestiere del sociologo» (1968). Più
caratterizzati da un intento prettamente accademico appaiono le opere «Il
senso pratico» (1980), «Questioni di sociologia» (1981), «Homo academicus»
(1984). Il grande successo è arrivato a Bourdieu nel 1993 quando apparve il
suo libro «La miseria del mondo», un'inchiesta sui vari sintomi della
«sofferenza sociale» nella società contemporanea. Il libro divenne un
bestseller, toccando in Francia in pochi mesi le 300mila copie vendute e
traduzioni in tredici lingue.
Philosopher Nozick dies at 63
University professor was major intellectual figure of 20th century
By Ken Gewertz
Gazette Staff
Professor Robert Nozick
University Professor Robert Nozick, one of the late 20th century's most
influential thinkers, died on the morning of Jan. 23 at the age of 63. He
had been diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1994.
Nozick, known for his wide-ranging intellect and engaging style as both
writer and teacher, had taught a course on the Russian Revolution during the
fall semester and was planning to teach again in the spring. His last major
book, "Invariances: The Structure of the Objective World," was published by
Harvard University Press in October 2001.
According to Alan Dershowitz, the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law and a
longtime friend, Nozick had been talking with colleagues and critiquing
their work until a week before his death.
"His mind remained brilliant and sharp to the very end," Dershowitz said.
He added that Nozick was "constantly probing, always learning new subjects.
He was a University Professor in the best sense of the term. He taught
everybody in every discipline. He was a wonderful teacher, constantly
rethinking his own views and sharing his new ideas with students and
colleagues. His unique philosophy has influenced generations of readers and
will continue to influence people for generations to come."
Harvard President Lawrence H. Summers said of Nozick's passing, "I was
deeply saddened to learn of the death of Robert Nozick. Harvard and the
entire world of ideas have lost a brilliant and provocative scholar,
profoundly influential within his own field of philosophy and well beyond.
All of us will greatly miss his lively mind and spirited presence, but his
ideas and example will continue to enrich us for years to come."
Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Jeremy R. Knowles said, "Bob Nozick
was a luminous and wide-ranging philosopher who engaged students and
colleagues from across the University and beyond. The loss to philosophy and
to Harvard is grievous."
Philosophy Department Chair Christine Korsgaard described Nozick as "a
brilliant and fearless thinker, very fast on his feet in discussion, and
apparently interested in everything. Both in his teaching and in his
writing, he did not stay within the confines of any traditional field, but
rather followed his interests into many areas of philosophy. His works throw
light on a broad range of philosophical issues, and on their connection with
other disciplines. The courage with which he faced the last years of
illness, and the irrepressible energy with which he continued to work, made
a very deep impression on all of us."
Nozick's controversial and challenging views gained him considerable
attention and influence in the world beyond the academy.
His first book, "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" (1974), transformed him from a
young philosophy professor known only within his profession to the reluctant
theoretician of a national political movement.
He wrote the book as a critique of "Theory of Justice" (1971), by his
Harvard colleague John Rawls, the James Bryant Conant University Professor
Emeritus. Rawls' book provided a philosophical underpinning for the
bureaucratic welfare state, a methodically reasoned argument for why it was
right for the state to redistribute wealth in order to help the poor and
disadvantaged.
Nozick's book argued that the rights of the individual are primary and that
nothing more than a minimal state - sufficient to protect against violence
and theft, and to ensure the enforcement of contracts - is justified.
"Anarchy, State, and Utopia" won the National Book Award and was named by
The Times Literary Supplement as one of "The Hundred Most Influential Books
Since the War."
A former member of the radical left who was converted to a libertarian
perspective as a graduate student, largely through his reading of
conservative economists Friedrich Heyek and Milton Friedman, Nozick was
never comfortable with his putative status as an ideologue of the right.
In a 1978 article in The New York Times Magazine he said that "right-wing
people like the pro-free-market argument, but don't like the arguments for
individual liberty in cases like gay rights - although I view them as an
interconnecting whole. ..."
Whether they agreed or disagreed with the political implication of the book,
critics were nearly unanimous in their appreciation for Nozick's lively,
accessible writing style. In a discipline known for arduous writing,
Nozick's approach was hailed as a breath of fresh air.
He explained his approach in the article cited above: "It is as though what
philosophers want is a way of saying something that will leave the person
they're talking to no escape. Well, why should they be bludgeoning people
like that? It's not a nice way to behave."
Despite the notoriety and influence that his first book brought him, Nozick
moved on to explore very different territory in his second book,
"Philosophical Explanations" (1981). This need to be intellectually on the
move at all times characterized his career. He once told an interviewer, "I
didn't want to spend my life writing 'The Son of Anarchy, State, and
Utopia.'"
In "Philosophical Explanations," Nozick took on subjects that many academic
philosophers had dismissed as irrelevant or meaningless, such as free will
versus determinism and the nature of subjective experience, and why there is
something rather than nothing. In dealing with these questions, he rejected
the idea of strict philosophical proof, adopting instead a notion of
philosophical pluralism.
"There are various philosophical views, mutually incompatible, which cannot
be dismissed or simply rejected," he wrote in "Philosophical Explanations."
"Philosophy's output is the basketful of these admissible views, all
together." Nozick suggested that this basketful of views could be ordered
according to criteria of coherence and adequacy and that even second- and
third-ranked views might offer valuable truths and insights.
Nozick continued to develop his theory of philosophical pluralism in his
next book, "The Examined Life" (1989), an exploration of the individual's
relation to reality that, once again, emphasized explanation rather than
proof.
In his book, "The Nature of Rationality" (1995), Nozick asked what function
principles serve in our daily life and why we don't simply act on whim or
out of self-interest. "Socratic Puzzles" (1997) was a collection of essays,
articles, and reviews, plus several examples of Nozick's philosophical short
fiction.
His next work, "Invariances: The Structure of the Objective World," (2001)
looks at the nature of truth and objectivity and examines the function of
subjective consciousness in an objective world. It also scrutinizes truth in
ethics and discusses whether truth in general is relative to culture and
social factors.
Nozick's teaching followed the same lively, unorthodox, heterogeneous
pattern as his writing. With one exception, he never taught the same course
twice. The exception was "The Best Things in Life," which he presented in
1982 and '83, attempting to derive from the class discussion a general
theory of values. The course description called it an exploration of "the
nature and value of those things deemed best, such as friendship, love,
intellectual understanding, sexual pleasure, achievement, adventure, play,
luxury, fame, power, enlightenment, and ice cream."
Speaking without notes, Nozick would pace restlessly back and forth, an
ever-present can of Tab in his hand, drawing his students into a
free-ranging discussion of the topic at hand.
He once defended his "thinking out loud" approach by comparing it with the
more traditional method of giving students finished views of the great
philosophical ideas.
"Presenting a completely polished and worked-out view doesn't give students
a feel for what it's like to do original work in philosophy and to see it
happen, to catch on to doing it."
He also used his teaching as a way of working out his ideas, often leading
to views that he would later present in book form. "If somebody wants to
know what I'm going to do next, what they ought to do is keep an eye on the
Harvard course catalogue," he once told an interviewer.
Nozick, who grew up in Brooklyn and attended public school there, came to
philosophy via a paperback version of Plato's "Republic," which he found
intellectually thrilling. Nozick described the experience in his 1989 book,
"The Examined Life" - "When I was 15 years old, or 16, I carried around on
the streets of Brooklyn a paperback copy of Plato's 'Republic'; front cover
facing outward. I had read only some of it and understood less, but I was
excited by it and knew it was something wonderful."
Nozick obtained an A.B. degree from Columbia College in 1959, and M.A. and
Ph.D. degrees from Princeton in 1961 and 1963, respectively. After stints at
Princeton and the Rockefeller University, Nozick came to Harvard as a full
professor in 1969, at the age of 30. He became Arthur Kingsley Porter
Professor of Philosophy in 1985 and in 1998 was named the Joseph Pellegrino
University Professor.
Nozick was the recipient of many awards and honors, among them the
Presidential Citation from the American Psychological Association in 1998,
which described him as "one of the most brilliant and original living
philosophers."
Nozick was also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a
member of the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress, a
corresponding fellow of the British Academy, and a senior fellow of the
Society of Fellows at Harvard. He served as the president of the American
Philosophical Association's Eastern Division from 1997 to 1998, was a
Christensen visiting fellow at St. Catherine's College, Oxford University,
1997, and a cultural adviser to the U.S. Delegation to the UNESCO Conference
on World Cultural Policy in 1982.
In the spring of 1997, he delivered the six John Locke Lectures at Oxford
University. He held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the
Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
He is survived by his wife, Gjertrud Schnackenberg, and his two children,
Emily Sarah Nozick and David Joshua Nozick.
Nozick will be buried in a private ceremony. A memorial service is being
planned for sometime in February.

 ha scritto nel messaggio
E di Nunzio Filogamo non ci dici niente?
Carlo

 E di Nunzio Filogamo non ci dici niente?
Era quello he giocava nel Brescia?

 E di Nunzio Filogamo non ci dici niente?
E` morto.
-- 
Ciao, 
Fabrizio