Newsgroup: it.cultura.storia
Titolo: La grande guerra Paraguaiana

Vorrei sapere se qualcuno ha qualche notizia da darmi sulla grande guerra
paraguaiana.
Mille grazie

 Mille grazie
Nel Dizionario delle guerre di G. Kohn non ho trovato alcun conflitto con
quel nome.
Alla voce Paraguay, ci sono:
Sommosse dei comuneros (1723-35)
Guerra per l'indipendenza paraguaiana (1810-11)
Guerra paraguaiana (1864-70)
Guerra del Chaco (1932-35)
Guerra civile paraguaiana (1947)
Rivolta del Paraguay (1954)
Sommosse paraguaiane (1959-60)
Se la guerra che ti interessa è una di quelle presenti in questo elenco,
indicami di quale si tratta e ti scriverò ciò che riporta in dettaglio il
Dizionario.
Alessandro

Guerra paraguaiana (1864-70)
Dev'essere questa. E` nota anche come guerra della triplice alleanza
(War of the triple alliance). Fu una lotta impari fra il Paraguay,
guidato dal dittatore Francisco Solano Lopez, contro la triplice
alleanza formata da Argentina, Brasile e Uruguay. Lo scontro duro`
cinque anni (dal 18/3/1865 al 20/6/1870) e si concluse, dopo la morte
di Solano Lopez, con la disfatta del Paraguay. Gran parte della
popolazione del Paraguay venne uccisa: alla fine della guerra rimasero
in Paraguay solo 28 mila uomini e 200 mila donne. Il Paraguay cedette
territori ai paesi limitrofi per circa 190 mila km quadrati, mentre
alcune citta`, fra cui la capitale Asuncion, vennero occupate per anni
da truppe degli stati vincitori. Nella guerra il Brasile perse 165
mila uomini, l'Argentina 20 mila, e l'Uruguay 3 mila. (Ho tratto
questi dati dalla americana Columbia Encyclopedia).
Ciao
Ferdinando


Questa guerra, nota anche come "Guerra dell'aleanza triplice", e stata
combattuta dal 1864 al 1870 tra il Paraguay e l'alleanza triplice
Argentina, Brasile e Uruguai (sembra un Mundialito di calcio). Nata come
un tentativo di conquista da parte del dittatore Paraguaiano Solano
Lopez della provincia Brasiliana di Mato Grosso e conclusasi con la
disfatta completa del Paraguai.
Questa guerra e' entrata nel 'Guinnes book of Records' come la guerra
che  causo', in termini relativi, il maggior numero di vittime tra la
popolazione di un paese. Infatti, durante il conflitto, la popolazione
del Paraguai scese da 1,4 milioni a circa 220.000.
Per saperne di piu', dai un'occhiata al sito:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0021)
Saluti:
Igor Machin,
San Mateo, California
Sent via Deja.com 
http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.

Dizionario.
ARTAMANO:la voce che mi interessa è la terza,relativa alla guerra del
1864-1870 grazie

 1864-1870 grazie
Anche se vedo che alcuni amici ti hanno già risposto, ti riporto quanto
afferma il Kohn a proposito della guerra del 1864-1870. Aggiungendo
un'avvertenza: il libro dal quale cito - tutt'altro che famoso - è molto
utile per orientarsi, ma va preso con parecchia... precauzione. Come ho già
avuto modo di verificare in altre occasioni, infatti, a volte le
informazioni che riporta a proposito di alcune guerre contengono
imprecisioni piuttosto gravi (dovute, probabilmente, a una stesura
frettolosa; come ho già detto, il libro è tutt'altro che famoso).
In ogni caso, ecco ciò che ho trovato:
"Paraguaiana, guerra (Guerra di Lopez) 1864-1870
Francisco Solano Lopez (1827-1860), presidente dittatore del Paraguay,
sognava di governare un grande stato sudamericano sul Rio della Plata con
centro in Paraguay. L'intervento militare brasiliano nella politica
uruguaiana per appoggiare i Colorados (1864) indusse Lopez, che appoggiava i
Blancos, rivali dei Colorados, a chiedere il ritiro delle truppe imperiali
brasiliane. I brasiliani non obbedirono e l'esercito paraguaiano invase e
occupò lo stato brasiliano del Mato Grosso alla fine del 1864; Lopez
dichiarò guerra al Brasile. Essendogli stato rifiutato il permesso di
attraversare il territorio argentino per invadere il Brasile meridionale,
Lopez dichiarò guerra all'Argentina il 18 marzo 1865. Brasile, Argentina e
Uruguay formarono la Triplice alleanza contro il Paraguay (1 maggio 1865) e
formarono armate alleate comandate dal generale argentino Bartolome Mitre
(1821-1906). Le forze navali brasiliane vinsero una battaglia sul fiume
Paranà, a sud di Corrientes a metà del 1865, e costrinsero i paraguaiani a
retrocedere e successivamente a combattere una guerra difensiva nel porprio
paese.
Lopez portò il suo esercito alla vittoria contro gli alleati invasori nella
battaglia di Curupayti (22 settembre 1866) dopo aver subito numerose
sconfitte. Le forze alleate risalirono lentamente il fiume Paraguay nel 1867
e conquistarono la fortezza fluviale strategica di Humaita mentre Lopez con
il suo esercito si ritirò verso Nord, ad Angustura e Ypacarai. Quando queste
due città vennero conquistate dagli alleati, alla fine del 1867, Asuncion,
capitale del Paraguay, fu occupata e saccheggiata dai brasiliani, il cui
generale Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, duca di Caxias (1803-80), aveva preso
il posto di Mitre al comando delle forze alleate. In fuga con truppe
partigiane, Lopez portò avanti una guerriglia nel Paraguay settentrionale e
orientale, e venne ucciso il 1 marzo 1870 mentre si batteva contro i
brasiliani nella provincia di Concepcion. Il governo provvisorio paraguaiano
e gli alleati stipularono un trattato di pace (20 giugno 1870) in base al
quale l'Argenitna e il Brasile ottennero 88.000 chilometri quadrati di
territorio paraguaiano. La guerra aveva devastato il paese la cui
popolazione di circa 525.000 (sic, ndr) abitanti era ridotta a 221.000, di
cui solo 29.000 uomini adulti. Questo fu il più sanguinoso conflitto della
storia latinoamericana".
Alessandro

 Mille grazie
Non so come ti trovi con l'inglese, ma questo e' quello che dice
l'enciclopedia britannica. E' strano perche' il punto 2 e il punto
3 si contraddicono: secondo il primo fu il Paraguay a dichiarare
guerra all'Argentina, secondo il 3 il contrario.
1) Francisco Solano Lopez and the War of the Triple Alliance
   ---------------------------------------------------------
Francisco Solano López in 1862 was the inexperienced, spoiled son of
an iron-willed dictator. He overestimated the military strength of
his nation and felt that Paraguay should have a larger voice in the
affairs of the region. Thus, when Uruguay, wracked by civil war, was
threatened with intervention by Brazil, López took an increasingly
bellicose position. When Brazil ignored his warnings and ultimatums
and invaded Uruguay in August 1864 to support a pro-Brazilian faction
in the civil war, López decided to use the strength of his military
machine. In November he ordered the capture of a Brazilian war steamer
and sent units of his army and navy north to invade the Mato Grosso,
simultaneously preparing a larger army corps to strike south to destroy
the Brazilian army in Uruguay. When Argentina denied his request for
transit of a Paraguayan army, he declared war on Argentina as well,
in March 1865. In May, as Paraguayan troops were approaching, a puppet
Uruguayan government signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance with
Brazil and Argentina, committing all three to the war against Paraguay.
The Paraguayan force heading southward was destroyed at Uruguaiana,
in Brazil, and a strike into northeast Argentina resulted in heavy
Paraguayan casualties and the virtual destruction of López' fleet
n 1865. Much of the rest of the war was fought in southwestern
Paraguay, near and around Humaitá. In May 1866 López threw the cream
of his army into suicidal attacks against allied forces at Tuyutí,
losing almost 20,000 of his best men. Other lost battles in 1866-68,
as well as widespread epidemics of Asiatic cholera, devastated the
population of the country. In 1869 and 1870 the tragedy was completed
as López, pursued by large allied forces, retreated through the
interior of his nation with a shattered army and thousands of civilian
refugees, dragging famine, disease, and death in his wake. Perhaps at
this point unhinged [=non ci stava con la testa], he ordered the
executions of hundreds of people, including his own two brothers and
two brothers-in-law and scores of his officers. Finally, on March 1,
1870, his last camp was attacked at Cerro Corá by Brazilian cavalry,
and López died in combat. His country by then lay in ruins, with
one-third of its former population of 450,000 dead. A Brazilian
occupation army remained, further draining the country, until 1876.
This Paraguayan War, or War of the Triple Alliance, was the bloodiest
in Latin American history.
2) The War of the Triple Alliance
   ------------------------------
Paraguayan War,
also called WAR OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE, Spanish GUERRA DE LA
TRIPLE ALIANZA, Portuguese GUERRA DA TRÍPLICE ALIANÇA
(1864/65-70), the bloodiest conflict in Latin-American history,
fought between Paraguay and the allied countries of Argentina,
Brazil, and Uruguay.
Paraguay had been involved in boundary and tariff disputes with its
more powerful neighbours, Argentina and Brazil, for years. The
Uruguayans had also struggled to achieve and maintain their
independence from those same powers, especially from Argentina.
In 1864 Brazil helped the leader of Uruguay's Colorado Party to
oust his Blanco Party opponent, whereupon the dictator of Paraguay,
Francisco Solano López, believing that the regional balance of power
was threatened, went to war with Brazil. Bartolomé Mitre, president
of Argentina, then organized an alliance with Brazil and
Colorado-controlled Uruguay (the Triple Alliance), and together
they declared war on Paraguay on May 1, 1865.
López' action, following his buildup of a 50,000-man army, then the
strongest in Latin America, was viewed by many as aggression for
self- and national aggrandizement; but, as the war wore on, many
Argentines and others saw the conflict as Mitre's war of conquest.
At the opening of the war, in 1865, Paraguayan forces advanced
northward into the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso and
southward into the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Logistical
problems and the buildup of the allied troop strength, which soon
outnumbered Paraguay's by 10 to 1, then forced the Paraguayans
to withdraw behind their frontiers. In June 1865 Brazilian naval
forces defeated a Paraguayan flotilla on the Paraná River at
Riachuelo, near the Argentine city of Corrientes; by January 1866
the allies had blockaded the rivers leading to Paraguay. In April
Mitre led an allied invading force into southwestern Paraguay but
was prevented from advancing for two years. Fierce battles were
fought; the most notable, won by the Paraguayans at Curupayty in
September 1866, inhibited any allied offensive for nearly a year.
Both sides suffered heavy losses in the campaign.
In January 1868 Mitre was replaced as commander in chief by the
Brazilian Marquês (later Duke) de Caxias. In February Brazilian
armoured vessels broke through Paraguayan defenses at the river
fortress of Humaitá, near the confluence of the Paraná and
Paraguay rivers, and pressed on to bombard Asunción, the capital.
In the Campaign of Lomas Valentinas in December, the Paraguayan
army was annihilated. López fled northward and carried on a
guerrilla war until he was killed on March 1, 1870.
The Paraguayan people had been fanatically committed to López
and the war effort, and as a result they fought to the point of
dissolution. The war left Paraguay utterly prostrate; its prewar
population of approximately 525,000 was reduced to about
221,000 in 1871, of which only about 28,000 were men. During the
war the Paraguayans suffered not only from the enemy but also from
malnutrition, disease, and the domination of López, who tortured
and killed countless numbers. Argentina and Brazil annexed about
55,000 square miles (140,000 square km) of Paraguayan territory:
Argentina took much of the Misiones region and part of the Chaco
between the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers; Brazil enlarged its Mato
Grosso province from annexed territory. They both demanded a
large indemnity (which was never paid) and occupied Paraguay
until 1876. Meanwhile, the Colorados had gained control of
Uruguay, and they retained that control until 1958.
3) Francisco Solano Lopez
   ----------------------
López, Francisco Solano
 b. July 24, 1827, Asunción, Paraguay
 d. March 1, 1870, Concepción province
dictator of Paraguay responsible for the Paraguayan War (also
known as the War of the Triple Alliance), in which Paraguay was
practically destroyed by Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.
López, the eldest son of the dictator Carlos Antonio López, seized
power upon his father's death (Sept. 10, 1862) and quickly
established his own supremacy with the help of the army. Showing
little understanding of his country's need to remain neutral in
squabbles between the two South American giants, Brazil and
Argentina, early in 1863 he allowed himself to be drawn into
boundary disputes with both countries and to become entangled in a
civil war raging in Uruguay in which Brazil and Argentina were
involved. He evidently hoped to play the role of arbitrator in the
dispute and thereby take centre stage in Latin-American politics. As
a result of complicated diplomatic intrigues, however, López found
himself at war with Brazil in December 1864. By demanding the
right to place troops in the Argentine province of Corrientes, he
violated Argentina's desire to remain neutral and provoked the
alliance of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay on
May 1, 1865.
Although López had successfully invaded the Brazilian province of
Mato Grosso in late 1864, his invasion of Uruguay in 1865 was a
disaster. The allies defeated him at Tuyutí in May 1866, captured
the fortress of Humaitá in July 1867, and forced López to withdraw
into northern Paraguay, where he was killed.
