Newsgroup: it.politica.internazionale
Titolo: Storia delle no-fly zones

Posto due artt. di dati (da
http://www.casi.org.uk/discuss/2001/msg00176.html
 , con altre utili
notizie). Da notare l'interessante errore dei terroristi USA-UK, il 14
aprile 1994, che uccide 26 uomini (15 USA) facenti parte di una
missione ONU. Anche oggi, 01-12-02, nonostante la presenza degli
ispettori ONU, le pattuglie aeree illegali USA-UK hanno bombardato
l'Iraq, in cerca dell'inevitabile casus belli. La "nullit‡-assenza"
della servit˘ UE Ë completa: una "confederazione" civile avrebbe
bandito la nazione-valletto (UK) dalla UE; ma i valletti scontenti
hanno il diritto morale di rimproverare i valletti contenti?
Onestamente, diventa difficile stupirsi del terrore, quando se ne
produce tanto... Ed Ë farisaico lamentarsi delle "violazioni del
diritto internazionale" quando ci si sputa ogni giorno...
Namib
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*  Chronology of Strikes Against Iraq
The Associated Press, Fri 16 Feb 2001
A list of some of the most significant strikes by allied forces
against Iraq
since the Persian Gulf War. U.S. and British warplanes strike Iraqi
defense
sites almost daily in the no-fly zones.
Iraq does not recognize the no-fly zones and has been challenging
allied
aircraft since December 1998. The allies say their planes never target
civilians, but Iraq says strikes have killed some 300 people and
injured
more than 800.
ãFeb. 26, 1991: U.S.-led coalition forces Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.
Baghdad accepts cease-fire two days later.
ãApril 1991: United States, France, Britain declare 19,000-square-mile
area
of northern Iraq ``safe haven'' for Kurds and impose no-fly zone north
of
36th parallel.
ãAug. 27, 1992: United States, backed by Britain and France, declares
``no-fly'' zone over southern Iraq to protect Shiite Muslim rebels.
United
States and some allies begin air patrols.
ãJan. 7, 1993: After Baghdad refuses to remove missiles that United
States
says it has moved into southern Iraq, allied warplanes and warships
attack
missile sites and a nuclear facility near Baghdad.
ãJune 27, 1993: U.S. warships fire 24 cruise missiles at intelligence
headquarters in Baghdad in retaliation for what the United States
calls plot
to assassinate President Bush.
ãApril 14, 1994: Allied planes enforcing no-fly zone shoot down two
U.S.
helicopters carrying a U.N. relief mission, mistaking them for Iraqi
helicopters. Twenty-six people are killed, including 15 Americans.
ãSept. 3-4, 1996: U.S. ships and airplanes fire scores of cruise
missiles at
Iraqi anti-missile sites to punish the Iraqi military for venturing
into the
Kurdish ``safe haven'' in northern Iraq.
ãSept. 11, 1996: Iraqi forces fire a missile at two F-16s in the
northern
no-fly zone. United States responds by sending more bombers, stealth
fighters and another aircraft carrier to the Persian Gulf region. Iraq
accuses Kuwait of an ``act of war'' for allowing U.S. jets into
Kuwait.
ãNovember, 1996: Two U.S. F-16 pilots fire missiles at Iraqi radar
sites
near the 32nd parallel in the southern no-fly zone.
ãJune 30, 1998: A U.S. F-16 fighter fires a missile at an Iraqi
surface-to-air missile battery in southern Iraq after Iraqi radar
locks on
four British patrol planes.
ãDec. 16, 1998: Weapons inspectors withdrawn from Iraq. Hours later,
four
days of U.S.-British air and missile strikes begin, pounding Baghdad.
ãFeb. 10, 1999: U.S. and British warplanes fire at two air defense
sites in
Iraq after three waves of Iraqi fighter jets violate southern
``no-fly''
zone.
ãFeb. 24, 1999: Air Force and Navy aircraft attack two Iraqi
surface-to-air
missile sites near Al Iskandariyah, about 30 miles south of Baghdad,
in
response to anti-aircraft artillery fire and an Iraqi aircraft
violation of
southern no-fly zone.
ãNovember 22, 1999: Navy fighters fire missiles at a ``surface-to-air
missile site'' after Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire at a coalition
aircraft. The site was located near the city of an-Najaf, about 85
miles
south of Baghdad.
ãApril 4, 2000: Coalition aircraft target four Iraqi military sites
with
precision-guided munitions ã including a military radar site at
Nasiriyah,
17 miles southeast of Baghdad. Iraq says two killed in U.S.-British
air raid
in the south.
ãFeb. 16, 2001: U.S. and British warplanes bomb sites around Baghdad
on
Friday, hitting targets U.S. officials said posed threat to air
patrols.
Twenty-four attack planes involved, much more than in recent missions
over
northern and southern Iraq.
*  History of the 'no-fly' zones in Iraq
London Evening Standard (Reuters), 16th February
The "no-fly" zones over Iraq, which Baghdad has rejected for years,
were
imposed unilaterally by the Western allies over the northern and
southern
part of the country at the end of the 1991 Gulf War that drove Iraqi
troops
from Kuwait.
On Friday, American and British planes attacked Iraqi military
installations
south of Baghdad, outside of the southern air exclusion zone. The
Pentagon
said they were attempting to destroy air defense radars the Pentagon
said
was threatening U.S. and British aircraft.
The no-fly zones ban Iraq from using all aircraft, including
helicopters.
The zones have not been authorized by the United Nations. When they
were
first imposed, there were few protests in the U.N. Security Council
but
Russia and others have been criticizing them in recent years.
Northern no-fly zone: The United States, Britain and France set up a
"no-fly
zone" north of the 36th parallel in 1991 when Baghdad flew helicopter
gunships to quell a Kurdish uprising. France, however, pulled out of
this
watch in 1998. The area covers 19,000 square miles (49,000 sq km).
Southern no-fly zone  A second no-fly zone was imposed by the three
allies
south of the 32nd parallel in 1992 to protect Shi'ite Muslims who also
rebelled against Baghdad.
Late in 1996, the southern zone was extended northward to the 33rd
parallel,
closer to the southern suburbs of Baghdad and covering the southern
third of
Iraq.
France declined to participate in the expansion.
Iraqi reaction: In September 1996, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein said
he
would no longer recognize the no-fly zones, calling them a breach of
international law and the U.N. Charter.

grazie Namib
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