Newsgroup: it.politica.internazionale
Titolo: Domande

Vorrei sapere che cosa trovano di positivo i filocinesi arrabbiati 
nell'occupazione del Tibet.
Lo chiedo da tempo, ma risposte nessuna.
Parlano di regime teocratico, ma non risulta che l'armata cinese che ha 
invaso il Tibet sia accorsa in aiuto di una rivolta del popolo tibetano 
contro i monaci, che in realtà non c'è mai stata. Al contrario.
I loro sparuti argomenti assomigliano a quelli dei colonizzatori che 
"portano la civiltà".  Direbbero volentieri, come Bush, "la democrazia", ma 
questo proprio non possona farlo, perché in Cina non esiste neppure la 
democrazia formale degli USA.
In subordine vorrei sapere: che cosa trovano di positivo nel capitalismo 
autoritario cinese, oltre uno sviluppo economico fondato sullo sfruttamento 
feroce del lavoro e mostruose diseguaglianze
Perché si scaldano tanto, come se qualcuno avesse proposto di fare guerra 
alla Cina o d'imporre pesenti  sanzioni (che del resto si ritorcerebbero 
contro l'Occidente), quando si tratta soltanto di dare un segno di 
disapprovazione nei confronti dell'oppressione a cui è sottoposto il popolo 
tibetano, boicottando almeno la cerimonia inaugurale dei Giochi o anche in 
altro modo efficace.
Se si rendano conto di lasciare alla destra (che in realtà, a parte alcuni 
ingenui, è molto cauta, come esisgono gli interessi del capitalismo 
occidentale) l'occsione di presentarsi come l'unico difensore dei diritti 
umani, ripetendo l'errore coomesso in occasione dell'invasione 
dell'Ungheria.
In attesa di imprecazioni e insulti
outis
 

 Lo chiedo da tempo, ma risposte nessuna.
hai ragione i cinesi sono indegni di essere nel novero delle nazioni 
civili e dovremmo rispedire a casa tutti quelli che sono arrivati in italia

 la democrazia formale degli USA.
Avresti ragione se la Cina si apprestasse ad invadere il Tibet. Ma lo ha 
già fatto 50 anni fa, ergo, riesumarne l'indipendenza (una maggiore 
autonomia sarebbe ragionevole, per contro) è dannoso per l'equilibrio 
del mondo. Una (improbabilissima, per fortuna) "nazione tibetana" (come 
pure una "nazione curda") riprodurrebbe e moltiplicherebbe i problemi 
nati con la dissoluzione dell'URSS. E tutto questo, btw, per riproporre 
una (sia pur benevola) teocrazia. La "libertà" implica curiose "cause"...
Namib

 Avresti ragione se la Cina si apprestasse ad invadere il Tibet. 
No, ha ragione: gli argomenti sono esattamente quelli. Che poi 
l'indipendenza sia inopportuna per gli equilibri del mondo, e indi per i 
nostri (di noi che non siamo direttamente coinvolti) portafogli, e 
sopratutto impraticabile, e quindi non desiderabile e' una 
considerazione altrettanto vera ma che non cancella quanto ha scritto outis.
Palmiro Pangloss
-- 
Tarpaulin: Amarcord Cold War
http://tarpaulin.blogspot.com/

 feroce del lavoro e mostruose diseguaglianze
che viene corretto dallo stato, che proprio quest'anno ha emanato un
nuovo codice del lavoro che dà enormi tutele ai lavoratori, i cui
salari sono cresciuti del 40% nell'ultimo anno.

 outis.
vabbeh apprestiamoci a dare l'indipendenza al tirolo e al regno delle 
due sicilie allora.

 outis.
A me, che l'autonomia del Tibet che sia "giusta" (rispetto a cosa?) o 
meno non interessa minimamente (argomento principe della teppaglia 
filo-USA era lo scontro di civiltà e la "lotta alla dittatura"), ed ero 
contrario all'invasione dell'Iraq per le stesse ragioni per le quali 
sono contrario a quella del Tibet. Btw, in Iraq Saddam è stato appunto 
un "modernizzatore", eh. Ora invece lì siamo alla guerra civile fra 
preti sotto la "supervisione" balorda di un'occupazione senza 
pianificazione. Quindi i MIEI argomenti non somigliano nemmeno per 
sbaglio a quelli dei "portatori di democrazia" (tanto più che io ritengo 
il capitalismo cinese il pessimo e inevitabile futuro del nostro 
capitalismo).
Namib

 Lo chiedo da tempo, ma risposte nessuna.
Beh, una l'hai ricevuta.
Allego una timeline che mi sembra possa essere un buon riferimento
-----------------------------------------
Ancient Times
Lord Tonpa Shenrab Miwo [Mibo], living some thousands of years ago, is 
considered the legendary founder of Bön. His status to Bön (the 
pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet) is akin to that of Shakyamuni's 
(Padmasambhava) to Buddhism. He reformed and systematised the primitive 
animism of ancient Shen people into ordered doctrines and rituals, and 
then devoted the rest of his life to propagating this new religion. His 
disciples spread his teachings to India, Zhang-zhung [alt. Shangshung] 
(roughly in present-day W Tibet, later to become heartland for Bön 
religion), China, and eventually Tibet, where it was translated from 
Zhang-zhung into Tibetan.
- or -
Mythological beginnings
The mating of a monkey and an ogress, whose progeny gave birth to 
Tibetan people in Yarlung valley. DL5 embellished story in 5c, adding 
that monkey was emanation of Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezi) and ogress was 
emanation of goddess Tara. In Kham, the epic hero King Gesar is 
considered founding ancestor of Kham Tibetans.
2nd mill. BC
Xichang tribes (in present-day Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan) first 
mentioned in Chinese records (in 1700 BC), consisting of over 100 
tribes, whose culture distinct from Chinese Shang Dynasty culture. Parts 
of Xichang group are ancestors of Qiang, as well as Naxi, Pumi and other 
Yunnan ethnic groups.
1st mill. BC
First mention of Qiang ('shepherd') tribes, nomadic and pastoral people 
living on steppes of NW China in Tarim Basin (present-day Xinjiang), 
from whom Tibetans probably descended.
Cir. 500 BC
Birth of Shakyamuni Buddha in India
Tsenpo Kings, 127 BC - 842 AD
Enthronement of immortal king Nyatri Tsenpo, 1st of Tibet’s 42 Tsenpo 
kings, was start of lineage that lasted over a thousand years. The 
Tsenpo kings initially ruled over pre-Buddhist society who believed in 
an animistic, shamanistic religion, practices of which varied from 
region to region, but which are considered today to have constituted 
original Bön religion (which has little in common with New Bön, which 
itself is almost entirely indistinguishable from Tibetan Buddhism). 
Later, Buddhism was welcomed and in 792 adopted as state religion (thus 
marking start of demilitarisation of Tibet, previously an expansionist 
empire). Most illustrious kings from this line – ‘Three Great Kings’ - 
were Songtsen Gampo (unified Tibet, promulgated Tibetan script), Trisong 
Detsen (est. Buddhism as state religion) and Ralpachen (further elevated 
status of Buddhism in Tibet).
140-67 BC
Reign of Han emperor Wudi who, in response to attacks on trade routes in 
W frontier regions by Xiongnu and Qiang tribes, wages military 
campaigns. By 121 BC, Chinese military garrison in place near Xining, 
and Chinese colonisation of Qing-Tib plateau (betw. Lake Kokonor and 
Yellow R. source) soon follows.
127 BC on
Official Tibetan Royal Year begins with legendary enthronement of 
Tibet's first historical king, Nyatri Tsenpo, in 127 BC (according to 
White Annals), who either a) commuted between heaven and earth via 
sky-cord (as did his successors up until 100 BC, when the 7th Tsenpo 
king, Drigum Tsenpo, accidentally cut his sky-cord, thus having 
unfortunate distinction of becoming Tibet's first mortal king); or b) 
was a native of India who, upon losing battle in Indian epic 
Mahabharata, fled to Tibet, where locals mistakenly believed him to have 
come from heaven.
Culture known as Böd (present-day Tibet , word comes from 'Bön', the 
culture/religion prevalent at time there) comes into existence in 
Yarlung and Chongye valleys around time of King Nyatri Tsenpo (who is 
credited with uniting several of these small kingdoms - speculative!). 
Böd will continue to grow until whole of today's greater Tibet is united 
under King Songtsen Gampo.
65 AD
Buddhism becomes established in China.
late 6c-early 7c
Major tribes of Qing-Tib Plateau at this time: Yangtong (NW of Tibet), 
Supi (present-day Nakchu, Chamdo, Jyekundo), Duomi (upper reaches of 
Yangtze), Dangxiang (present-day Gansu), Xishan (present-day Sichuan), 
Yarlung (present-day Shannan area), and Tuguhun (est. jointly by Xianbei 
tribe and Xiqiang tribe (present-day N Qinghai to S Xinjiang).
602
More reliable Tibetan history starts here. Local ruler from Yarlung 
valley, Namri Songtsen (considered 32nd Tsenpo king), unifies much of 
central Tibet under an alliance of petty rulers. He is known in Chinese 
(Sui Dynasty) records as 'Commander of 100,000 Warriors'.
618
Beginning of Tang dynasty, which soon attacks western tribes. Dangxiang, 
Tuguhun, Xishan and Yangtong tribes send envoys pledging allegiance to 
Tang gov't.
629-650
Reign of Songtsen Gampo (son of Namri Songtsen). Crowned 33rd Tsenpo 
king, he's also 1st of the 9 Religious Kings ('Chogyal'), who altogether 
reigned from 630-836. Under his reign (considered zenith in Tibet 
history), whole of today's greater Tibet unified, capital at Lhasa. 
Tibet begins to expand into China, India and Nepal. This period of 
military expansion, lasting into 9c, known as Tubo Empire (in Tang 
dynasty, Tibetans referred to as Tubo. Incidentally, English word 
'Tibet' derived from 'tubo'), and is the only time that greater Tibet 
was unified under one government.
Yarlung annexes Yangtong and Supi, thus expanding area under its control 
E and N. Marks establishment of Tubo kingdom.
King Ligmincha of Zhang-zhung assassinated on orders of Songtsen Gampo, 
and Zhang-zhung, up to now a fully independent kingdom, annexed by 
Tibet, where it is eventually fully assimilated into Tibet (though some 
say not until 14c).
Re Zhang-zhung - it's said that it was Zhang-zhung priests who, invited 
to central Tibet, introduced their shamanistic religion (which is 
considered early Bön and is speculated to have come to Zhang-zhung from 
Persia) to Tibet for the first time. These teachings, translated from 
Zhang-zhung language into Tibetan, constitute first Bön scriptures. 
Zhang-zhung was a kingdom now considered to have comprised lands to west 
of today's Lhasa/Shigatse area, from Gilgit in the west to Namu Cuo in 
east, from Khotan in north to Mustang in south, incl. Mt. Kailash, in a 
great confederacy of states, whose origins possibly from E Tibetan 
region. Located as it was by culturally rich centres such as Gilgit and 
Khotan, it was natural corridor through which many religious ideas 
spread into Tibet. Ruled by dynasty of 18 kings up until 9c (quite 
speculative, still lots of research and digging to be done).
Nepal subjugated. Then in 632, king marries Nepalese princess Bhrikuti, 
and in 641, in hopes of curbing Tibet's expansionist tendencies, Chinese 
emperor Taizong (Tang dynasty) offers Songtsen Gampo his daughter, 
Princess Wencheng, to take as a wife. These two princesses considered 
influential in introducing Buddhism into Tibet, though Songtsen Gampo 
himself continued to adhere to Bön.
641-650
Construction of Potala Palace, and Jokhang and Ramoche temples to house 
Buddha images.
Written history only dates back to this period, when Songtsen Gampo 
sends his minister Sambhota and other scholars to India to study 
Sanskrit, which they then modified to make a Tibetan script. Previously 
had been no written Tibetan language. However, some say that a 
pre-cursor to Tibetan script was already in existence in Zhang-zhung, 
which had long had its own fully developed script.
During this period, Tibet (whose culture at this time still Bön as 
opposed to Buddhist) brought into contact (owing to its warrior ways) 
with many other cultures, and ends up adopting some Indian Buddhist 
principals, such as that of cause and effect, cyclic existence and a 
state beyond suffering.
7c and 8c
Increasingly difficult times for Bön religion - many Bönpo scholars, 
lamas hide sacred texts and flee Central Tibet. Drenpa Namkha, one of 
greatest Bönpo masters of that time, embraces Buddhism out of fear of 
being killed and for sake of preserving Bönpo teachings in secret.
665-692
Far-eastern Tibet (today's Kham and Amdo) brought into fold of Tibetan 
Empire of Yarlung kings. Both Bön and Tibetan Buddhism have been strong 
in these regions ever since.
670
After brief stalemate beginning with Songtsen Gampo's death, conflict 
between Tibet and Tang China starts up again, mainly to do with trade 
controls over Central Asian Silk Routes.
Tibet conquers Amdo, Tarim Basin.
680
Tibetan army has advanced as far as Nanzhao kingdom (based in today's Dali).
733
Chinese, under Emperor Ming Li, allies with Nanzhao Kingdom and others 
to face Tibetan expansion which threatens SW China frontier.
745
Commissioned by Emperor Ming Li to repel danger at China's SW border, 
King Pilaoko of Nanzhao kingdom in Dali launches war against Tibet.
750
King Kolofeng of Nanzhao kingdom now allies with Tibet.
762
King Trisong Detsen (reigning from 742-797, during which Buddhism really 
takes off in Tibet) converts from Bön to Buddhism. He then holds a 
debate between Bön priests and Buddhists and,  surprise surprise, 
declares Buddhists the winners.
763
Tibet captures Tang Dynasty capital Changan (present-day Xian). China 
must pay annual tribute (50,000 rolls of silk).
774
Encountering difficulties establishing Buddhism in Tibet, King Trisong 
Detsen invites Padmasambhava (a.k.a. 'the Lotus Born', a.k.a. Guru 
Rinpoche), Tantric* master from Indo-Iranian country of Uddiyana. He is 
able to suppress native Tibetan demons and convert them into guardians 
of the Dharma, thus clearing way for Buddhism in Tibet.
*the ‘tantric’ path to enlightenment involves prayer of mind, mouth and 
body (mandala, mantra, mudra)
779
Founding of Samye Gompa (Nyingmapa), first major monastery in Tibet 
(made possible by Padmasambhava's converting of the local gods into 
protectors of the Dharma). Indian and Chinese monks begin work of 
translating Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan. Subsequently native Bön 
religion is generally discouraged, at times actively attacked. Still 
many Bön adherents among both commoners and aristocrats, and Bön 
survives. Little known about development of Bön from this period up 
until 11c. This period of Buddhism is known as the Early Translation (or 
First Translation), as opposed to 'New Translation' which took place 
10c/11c.
792
Conflict arises between Chinese monks (adherents of Zen - 'sudden 
enlightenment' - to achieve enlightenment one should empty the mind so 
to fill the heart with compassion) and Indian monks over doctrinal 
interpretation, so King Trisong Detsen calls for second debate, to 
determine which form of Buddhism would prevail in Tibet. Indian monks 
declared winners, and in aftermath of great debate, Buddhism established 
as state religion of Tibet , and Chan (Zen) Buddhist tradition 
effectively proscribed. The adopting of Buddhism as state religion marks 
beginning of demilitarisation of Tibet and shrinking of empire.
794
China and Nanzhao Kingdom having become allies again, king Imoshun of 
Nanzhao kingdom invades Tibet, capturing 16 towns.
815-836
Reign of Ralpachen. Peace with China established, Buddhism further 
elevated, many temples built, new system of weights established (based 
on Indian model). Ralpachen ordains that every 7 households should 
support 1 Buddhist monk.
821-822
Peace treaty signed with China. It's to be final one.
838
King Ralpachen assassinated by his brother, Lang Dharma, a Bön follower.
838-842
Reign of Lang Dharma, 42nd and last Tsenpo king. Whether it was hate of 
Buddhism, or his need to support Bön so to secure throne (aristocracy at 
time was more Bön), under his reign Buddhism severely persecuted, 
monasteries, images, sacred books destroyed. Many Buddhist monks flee to 
Qinghai, setting up monasteries there. Its ties with India thus broken 
off, religion of Tibetan Buddhism comes more into its own as an 
independent branch of Buddhism. In 842, Lang Dharma is assassinated by 
Buddhist monk, resulting in political fragmentation of Tibet and more 
than a century of civil disorder and wars.
Collapse of Empire & Rise of Sarma ('New') Traditions, 842 - 1247
With collapse of Yarlung Dynasty, the Tibetan Empire ceases to exist, 
replaced by islands of local hegemonic rule. This time serves as an 
incubator period during which shamanic and clerical Buddhism become 
firmly established, with Buddhist and Bön religious centres initially 
under the patronage of various local powers, but they soon become 
involved in competition for political influence in their own right. In 
11c, with return of exiled Buddhist monks, a second period of 
translation occurs which is to give rise to Kagyüpa, Sakyapa and Gelukpa 
traditions, among others. Period ends with head of Sakyapa submitting to 
Godan Khan, thus establishing precedence whereby Mongols are heavily 
involved in central Tibetan politics. Kham forms into various states, 
kingdoms, etc. (ruled by regents, kings, chieftains, etc.), which for 
the most part maintain their independence - from Lhasa, from China and 
from each other.
 From 971
Second dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet begins in small kingdom of 
Ngari in W Tibet, whose king, Yeshe O, sends 21 young monks to India so 
to bring back teachings to Tibet. One of these was Rinchen Zangpo 
(958-1055 AD), who became gifted translator of Sanskrit scriptures into 
Tibetan. These translations and all which followed came to be called 
Sarma ('new ones'), while any translations before his time were called 
Nyingma ('old ones').
1002
Dangxiang people set up Tangut empire of Xi-xia on stretch of Northern 
Silk road in Amdo. Its people were partly Tibetanised - they believed in 
Buddhism, spoke Tibetan and used Tibetan alphabet. [Xi means west, Xia 
is ancient name for China ]
Around this time, fellow named Gusiluo unites Tibetan tribes in 
present-day Qinghai and Gansu.
1017
Discovery of hidden texts by Shenchen Luga (of Shen clan, descendents of 
Kongtsha Wangden, whose father was Tonpa Shenrab, the legendary founder 
of Bön) marks Bön revival, ending its long slumber (at least by all 
appearances - there's a lack of historical data from 8c to 11c on this). 
With him, Bön tradition now becomes fully systematised. During his time 
first Bön monasteries built with intent to study and practice the 
tradition. These monasteries, close to Shigatse Yeru, were Wensakha 
(destroyed by flood in 1386, it was replaced by Menri), Kyikhar Rizhing, 
and Zangri. Since Bön communities rather small, they never posed a 
threat to institutionalised Buddhist traditions and thus were able to 
establish themselves in Tibet. Later many more monasteries built in 
Khyungpo, Kham, and Amdo (all told over 330), while aforementioned ones 
remained most important Bön monasteries until Chinese takeover in 1959.
1026 	
Kalachakra doctrine (a.k.a. tantric mysticism) introduced into Tibet. It 
had first become prominent in India in early 10c, spread by Indian 
master Chilupa.
1032
To resist powerful Xi-xia empire, natural alliance formed between Song 
empire and Gusiluo, who was granted official title 'general' by Song 
emperor. During this time, Song also maintained economic ties with 
Tibetan tribes of Qing-Tib plateau via 'tea-horse trade'. Gusiluo regime 
crumbles end of 11c, and Song dynasty admin. prefectures est. to fill void.
c. 1039
The translator Marpa travels to India, receives tantric teachings from 
Naropa and returns to Tibet. During his lifetime he undertook a number 
of arduous journeys from Tibetan plateau, periodically retrieve 
Vajrayana teachings to take back to Tibet. He passed them on to his 
foremost student Milarepa (who along with Marpa is considered founder of 
Kagyüpa order).
1042
Famous Bengali scholar Atisha (founder of Kadampa tradition) arrives, 
also at invite of King Yeshe O of Ngari. Atisha and translator Rinchen 
Zangpo are the two major driving forces of 'Second Translation', the 
movement responsible for reintroducing Buddhism into Tibet (and which 
directly gave rise to both Kagyüpa and Sakyapa traditions).
1073
Sakyapa monastery founded in Tsang (today's Shigatse and Gyantse 
regions) province by Khon Konchog Gyalpo (1034-1102), founder of Sakyapa 
order. His son and successor, Sakya Kunga Nyingpo, further establishes 
Sakyapa tradition.
1165
Karmapa I founds Karma Kagyüpa (one of the many sub-branches of the 
Kagyü order) monastery of Kampo Nenang in Ronko township (80 km fr. 
Litang). This is in Puborgang mtn. range (which forms watershed between 
Yangtze around Batang and lower Yalong basin), an area traditionally a 
stronghold for both Karma Kagyüpa and Katokpa branch of Nyingmapa.
1206
Genghis Khan becomes first leader of unified Mongol nation, and the next 
year sends envoys to Tibet demanding submission. Tibetans agree to pay 
tribute, so friendly relations established. Mongol tribes to dominate 
grasslands for some 500 years, up into 18c.
Outside Tibet, Muslim rampage across India in 12c and 13c results in 
destruction of countless Buddhist centres, one effect being to force 
self-sufficiency on Tibetan monasteries in producing scholars, rather 
than relying on India to produce them.
1227
Mongols defeat Xi-xia empire (which stretched from Lanzhou W to Qilian 
mtn range), leaving rest of Tibet very exposed.
Genghis Khan dies.
Period of Sakya, Pagdu [P'agmodrupa] and Karmapa Rule, 1247 - 1642
During this period, 3 political powers successively rule over Tibet. 
Rule of thumb is that religious order which enjoys favour of the 
strongest Mongols is that which has the political power. Sakyapa's rule 
lasted from 1254 to 1350 with succession of Sakyapa lamas, then followed 
by Pagdu's rule in Lhaoka and finally by Karmapa's rule in Tsang region 
(Shigatse).
1247 	Having ignored Tibet up to this point, Genghis' grandson Godan 
Khan orders Sakya Pandita ['scholar from Sakya'], the head lama of the 
Khon family (who were believed to possess a particularly powerful body 
of ritual practices) and hereditary abbot of the main Sakyapa monastery, 
to his court. Seeing resistance as pointless, Pandita offers Tibetan 
submission. Thus Mongols' western frontier is neutralised, while head 
lamas of Sakyapa would be first religious rulers of Tibet . While some 
say Mongolian khans were eager to receive blessings/religious teachings 
of Tibetan monks, and a patron-priest relationship was thus established 
between Tibetan Lamas and Mongol Khans, others scoff at this notion, 
maintaining Mongols were Shamanists who had no need for such blessings, 
and used foreign religions to serve their political purpose only, and 
that Mongols only became Buddhist during Ming dynasty, after creation of 
reformist Gelukpa order.
1252-53
Kublai Khan leads Mongols from Sichuan into Yunnan. Tibetan tribes of 
Do-kham (refers to Amdo and Kham regions) offer allegiance to Kublai as 
he passes through on his way to conquer Yunnan.
1253
Sakyapa heavily strengthened when Sakya Phagpa (1235-80), nephew of 
Sakya Pandita, given title of Supreme Authority over Tibet by Kublai 
Khan. From this year up to 1350, Tibet will be ruled by succession of 20 
Sakyapa lamas. In general, power of Sakyapa rulers will rise and fall in 
proportion to rise and fall in power of Mongol khans in China.
1274
Yunnan taken by Mongols, for the first time becoming an imperial province.
1279
Mongol conquest of China's Song dynasty is complete.
1295
With death of Kublai, influence of Sakyapa priest-rulers gradually declines.
1350
Tibetan nationalist movement led by Changchub Gyaltsen (who had close 
ties w/ Drigungpa and Phagmodrupa - both sub-orders of Kagyüpa) wrests 
power from Mongol-backed Sakyapa order (read: Yuan Dynasty). He assumes 
title of Gongma (king) over secular dynasty of Sitya. The Mongol  (Yuan) 
dynasty in China, themselves on the way out, have little choice but to 
accept matters.
1355
Birth of Tsongkhapa (died 1419), monastic reformer and founder of 
Gelukpa order, in Amdo (Kumbum later built at site).
1358
Central provinces Ü and Tsang fall into hands of monk of Phamo Drugpa 
(sub-order of Kagyüpa). For next 86 years, 11 lamas of Phamo Drugpa 
tradition rule Tibet. They're based at Neudong, in Ü province.
1368
Mongol empire falling fast as ethnic Han Ming Dynasty gains control of 
China.
1381
Ming forces crush Mongol resistance in Yunnan. However, from 14c on the 
, Amdo region is still under control of Mongol tribes.
1409
Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) founds Ganden Gompa. Although doubtful he 
intended to found new tradition, many attracted by his return to 
original teachings of Atisha. Especially as by this time, the 2 major 
traditions - Sakyapa and Kagyüpa - politically tainted. The new 
tradition that sprung up was called Gelukpa ('virtuous order'). A 
monastic reformer, he imposed that monks should be celibate, monks and 
nuns should depend on donations and should not seek worldly powers, and 
instituted Geshi system (similar to PhD in theology).
1419
Founding of Sera Gompa (Gelukpa). Together, Ganden, Drepung (founded 
1416) and Sera are 3 'Pillars of Buddhism'.
1434
Period of constant power struggles between Tibet's 2 central provinces - 
Ü (ruled by Gelukpa) and Tsang (ruled by Karmapa) - but from 1435-1481 
it's Karmapa supporters who, having wrested control from Sitya court, 
hold power.
c. 1448
Ladro Tobden, 31st generation of ancient Gar family (from which kings of 
Derge descended), moves his capital to present-day Dege (extreme W Sichuan).
1544
Gelukpa temple Khe'ong Dewachen Sonam Dargyeling founded in Mili by Lama 
Dampa Neten Tsultrim Zangpo.
1578 	
16c is the start of large-scale conversion of Mongol tribes to Tibetan 
Buddhism's Gelukpa school, contributing to Tibetanisation of the Mongols 
(who are to become active in central Tibet 's politics). This year, 
Gelukpa leader Sonam Gyatso (the 3rd reincarnation of Tsongkhapa's 
youngest disciple) visits Mongolia and is successful in converting 
Mongol leader Altan Khan, who then gives Sonam Gyatso the title 'Dalai' 
(ocean), and he in turn posthumously gives titles of Dalai Lama I and II 
to first 2 incarnations (thus making he himself the 3rd DL).
1580
DL3 Sonam Gyatso oversees founding of Lithang Gompa (Gelukpa), thus 
firmly eclipsing Karmapa (Kagyüpa sub-order) tradition, which had been 
dominant in this area (kings of Jang Sadam (Lijiang) were patrons of 
Karma Kagyüpa, and Litang's Kampo Nenang Gompa (Kagyüpa) had been 
founded by Karmapa I).
1588
Birth (or finding) of DL 4 (died 1616), a Mongol prince (possibly 
great-grandson of Altan Khan) and only non-Tibetan DL
1596
Founding of Ganden Shedrub Namgyeling (Gelukpa) by Pakti Rabjampa Samten 
Zangpo. Gelukpa tradition well on its way to becoming the dominant order 
in region.
1617
Collapse of Ü province (Gelukpa) by victorious Tsang provincial forces, 
resulting in rise in power of Karmapa order
1633
Gushri Khan (leader of Khoshut Mongols, and descendent of younger bro of 
Genghis Khan) establishes Mongol empire in Lake Kokonor region.
pre-1640
Despite intertribal rivalries, Kham states (present-day W Sich. and E. 
TAR) noted for their religious tolerance. Nyingmapa, Kagyüpa, Sakyapa 
and Gelukpa traditions represented, as well as Bön religion. Kagyüpa 
strongest in Nangchen (Nangqian) and Derge (Dege); Sakyapa strongest in 
Jyekundo (Yushu) and Derge (Dege); Nyingmapa strongest in Zelmogang, 
Nyarong (Xinlong) and S Derge (Dege); while Gelukpa strongest in Chamdo 
(Changdu) and Litang.
1635-42
 From 1635-1642 much of Tibet in civil war, power of kings of Tsang 
(Kagyüpa adherents) of Shigatse challenged by kings of Ü (Gelukpa 
adherents) of Lhasa. The former backed by Tsanba Khan and his armies, 
the latter backed by Gushri Khan and his armies. Gushri Khan will win 
out, killing the last of the Tsang kings and causing Karmapa to flee 
Tibet. DL 5 then sets about consolidating his power, waging war in Kham 
and forcibly converting monasteries (esp. Bön and Kagyüpa ones) to Gelukpa.
In 1639, Gelukpa establishes itself in Batang valley, and 2 monasteries 
constructed - Batang Chode and Jakhyung Rito Pendeling Gon. In 1640, 
Mongols subdue Litang area, allowing the Gelukpa Lithang Gompa to become 
largest in Puborgang, and dominant influence on local cultural life. 
Today, it rivals Chamdo and Kandze as one of most influential Gelukpa 
monasteries in Kham.
In 1641, all the way from kingdom of Beri (13 km NW of Ganzi) down to 
Drango (present-day Luhuo), subdued. Up until this time, Beri had been 
cultural centre of this part of Kham as well as Bön stronghold - the 
Beri tusi (native local admin. leader) was pro-Bön, and Gushri's 
principal opponent. Mongol armies establish Trehor ('Hor States', with 
Hor referring to populations of Turkic origin) - 5 overlapping states in 
Ganzi valley (largest tract of cultivated land in Kham): Beri, Kangsar, 
Masur, Trewo and Drango - each led by hereditary lay ruler.
In 1642, construction of Kandze Gompa and Khangsar and Mazur castles 
make Kandze largest and most important town in Trehor region, and 
monastery second only to Chamdo Gompa in size. Altogether, Mongols built 
13 monasteries in region of present-day Ganzi, Luhuo and Daofu, known as 
13 Hor monasteries. Its inhabitants, who intermarried with Mongols, have 
since been known as Trehor Khampans.
Gradually, new admin. at Lhasa is able to exert its influence on other 
regions to south, incl. Drayab (Zaya), Markham (Mangkang), Bathang 
(Batang), Chaktreng (Xiangcheng) and Chakla. However, monasteries in 
Nangchen (Nangqian county, includes Chichu) area manage to avoid 
Gushri's armies and maintain their Drukpa (Kagyüpa sub-order) heritage. 
This may be due to area's inhabitants' nomadic lifestyle and hostile 
terrain. Today, 70% of 78 monasteries located in Nangqian county are 
Kagyüpa.
Period of Ganden Podrang's Administration, 1642 - 1951
Period in which DL is undisputed ruler of Tibet (his gov't constituted 
central Tibet, parts of W. Tibet and those parts of Kham west of Mt. 
Bönri), starting in 1642 AD when DL 5 gazumped ruling power from Tsang 
faction. In 8c, rule of 8th to 12th DLs all quite ineffectual. DL rule 
in Tibet ends de facto in 1951, with arrival of 'liberation' army.
c. 1642 	Abbot of Tashilhunpo Gompa, teacher of DL 5, declared 1st 
Panchen Lama by his student DL 5.
1644
Manchu armies capture Beijing, overthrow Ming dynasty, establish Qing 
dynasty. Qing dynasty policy was to patronise and support Gushri Khan 
and the DL.
c. 1650
King Thangtong of Dêrge completes Lhundup Teng, which becomes most 
important centre for Ngorpa (one of the two major sub-schools of the 
Sakya) in Kham.
1652
DL 5 invited to Beijing to meet Qing Emperor Shunzhi. Following year 
he's given title 'all-knowing, vajra-holding DL', while Gushri Khan 
given title 'righteous and wise Gushri Khan'. Following wars in Kham, 
there is increasing strife as Muslim overlords from Kokonor (Amdo) rival 
Tibetan gov't and Chinese warlords for control of profitable (owing to 
junction of major trade routes there) Jyekundo (Yushu) region.
1678-38
Reign of Tenpa Tsering. Derge reaches height of its power by conquering 
outlying N districts of Dzachuka. While this kingdom was primarily of 
Sakyapa tradition, it gave wide scope to non-Sakyapa traditions, 
particularly Nyingmapa and Kagyüpa.
1682
DL 5 dies, but death concealed for 14 years by his regent, Sangye Gyatso 
(Sanjie), during which time he finds and raises DL 6 to adulthood, thus 
hoping to avoid period of instability which usually follows death of a 
DL. Especially important now, as Mongol power on the wane and the new 
Manchu power begins to threaten Tibet.
1696
Choice of DL 6 proves to be less than auspicious - he was overly fond of 
women, poetry and songs. A weak leader, a new and strong dynasty 
(Manchus) ruling China, and increasing dissension amongst Tibet's Mongol 
allies all bode ill for Tibet.
1705
Unhappy with his nation's relationship with Tibet, Lhabzang [alt. 
Lhazang] Khan of Khoshut [alt. Qosot] Mongols (and son of Gushri), after 
successfully appealing to Qing Emperor Kangxi for support, invades Tibet.
1706
Lhabzang Khan kills regent Sangye Gyatso, and deposes DL 6 (whom he 
considered false), who is taken to appear before Qing court. Though he 
dies en route, during his kidnapped journey to Beijing while staying at 
Kumbum monastery, he has vision that his incarnation will be found in 
Kumbum area. However, Lhabzang Khan, still in Lhasa, goes ahead and 
enthrones a monk of his own choice as the 'real' DL 6. Nowadays, true DL 
6 is considered to be the first one.
1708
A reincarnation of the deposed DL 6 discovered. He takes refuge in 
Kumbum Monastery
1717
Dzungar Mongols, who were angered at Lhabzang's actions, or just needed 
a good excuse, invade Lhasa and kill Lhabzang, plundering city and 
looting DL 5's tomb in the process.
Founding of Pelpung Tubden Chokhorling Gompa (Kagyüpa) - largest Kagyüpa 
monastery within kingdom of Derge. It rapidly becomes most important 
centre in Kham for study of Kagyüpa tradition.
1720
DL 7 discovered in Lithang (Litang), and struggle ensues between Mongols 
and Manchus to gain control over him, so to be able to exercise their 
influence in Tibet. Manchus succeed, and so it was when Emperor Kangxi 
sent military expedition to Lhasa to vanquish Dzungar Mongols (who were 
or weren't still there) and avenge death of their ally Lhabzang, they 
brought with them young Kelsang Gyatso, who they installed as DL 7, who 
would rule until his death in 1757. Emperor declares Tibet protectorate 
of China, and places 2000-strong garrison in Lhasa. This start of 200 
years of Manchu overlord-ship. It was after this mess that the Lhasa 
government adopted the Kashag (cabinet) system, idea being that it would 
ease confusion of future DL successions.
1721
Qing abolish system of leaving Tibet political affairs to Mongolian 
khans and Tibetan regents, instead placing 4 galoons in charge of 
Tibetan admin. affairs.
1723
Manchu troops leave Lhasa.
1724
As result of anti-Manchu campaigns by Khoshut [Qosot] Mongols in Amdo, 
new Qinghai province annexes Amdo and Nangchen (Nangqian), placing them 
under direct military control. With Mongols pacified, political vacuum 
in Amdo gets filled by Muslims, who encroach SW from Xining towards 
Jyekundo (Yushu), dominating trade routes.
1726
Qing court delineates Yangtze as border between Tibet and Sichuan. The 
area to the west handed over to rule of DL while Tibetan chiefs of land 
to the east of the Yangtze were given seals as semi-independent 
territories of China. In reality, kingdoms and tribes of east Tibet 
remained de facto independent.
Following fighting between Tibetans and Muslims in Amdo, the land 
occupied by the 79 nomadic tribes around Yellow R. headwaters was 
divided into Qinghai (land of 40 of the tribes) and Tibet (land of the 
other 39 tribes - became known as 39 Hor tribes) administrative areas.
1727
Qing gov't places Amban ('Residential Commissioner') in Lhasa, as symbol 
of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, responsible for carrying out daily 
administrative routines. Working through interpreter, with very small 
staff, the position was more impressive on paper than anything else. 
Practically speaking, it was still DL along with the Kashag who 
exercised real control.
Muslim clan of Ma ('Ma' being the Chinese rendering of the first 
syllable of Mohammed) gains control of area that is today's Qinghai 
province. They will continue to control entire Amdo area up until mid 20c.
1728-47
With support of Manchus, Pholhanas - a Tsang nobleman - has effective 
rule of Tibet until his death. He'd been supporter of Lhabzang Khan.
starting 1746
Emperor Qianlong (grandson of Kangxi) sends armies into Gyarong area 
(present-day Kangding, Danba, Xiaojin, Jinchuan, Ma'erkang, Heishui and 
Lixian counties), an area comprised of 18 independent mini kingdoms who 
managed to keep imperial armies at bay for 10 years, and maintained de 
facto independence all the way up until 1949.
1757
DL 7 dies. In 120 years from his death to when DL 13 took over temporal 
power, DLs only wielded actual power for 7 years, rest of time Tibet run 
by Regents.
1789
Start of conflict between Nepal and Tibet, whose relations had been 
tense for awhile.
1792
Gurkha troops invade Tibet, capture Shigatse. DL 8 requests help from 
Emperor Qianlong, who sends Manchu troops which chase Gurkha troops out 
and seal off border.
1793
Feeling they were kept uninformed by Tibetan gov't, Manchu court uses 
its leverage to up status of Amban, empowering him to deal direct with 
DL, supervise treasury, and be conduit through which all foreign 
communications must pass. Further, Qianlong sends golden urn to be used 
for picking future reincarnations of DL and Panchen Lamas. Still, 
records indicate Amban was still kept out of the loop of state affairs. 
However, as long as lamas were submissive and posed no threat, and Tibet 
did not try to break away, this state of affairs was acceptable to both 
sides.
1837-63
Nyarong (present-day Xinlong) chieftain Gompo Namgyel embarks on 
military campaign against neighbouring Kham kingdoms. Trehor, Derge 
(Dege), Dzachuka, Lhato, Nangchen (Nangqian), and Jyekundo (Yushu) in 
NW, Bathang, Lithang, Chaktreng (Xiangcheng), and Gyalthang (Zhongdian) 
in far south, and Chakla, Trokhyab and Tawu (Daofu) in east, all 
succumb. In the end, he controls most of Kham.
1865
Lhasa sends army to subdue forces of Nyarong chieftain, bringing an end 
to his conquests and restoring original rulers back to power. Derge, 
Lingtsang, the Hor States and Nyarong, which had been independent of 
Lhasa, now become Lhasa's protectorates (this continues until 1904). 
However, the relationship was a fairly lax one.
1861-74
Hui and Salar populations (Chinese Muslims settled in farming areas 
around Xining) are involved in major rebellion, and sporadic fighting 
continues between Muslim and Chinese government troops well into the 20c.
1876
DL 13, Thupten Gyatso, age 19, takes over temporal power from the 
regent. He's the first DL since 1757 to rule in his own right.
1901
Tibetan gov't refuses to have dealings with British, who were dealing 
over their heads with Chinese. This coincided with new contacts between 
Russia and Tibet around 1900-1 (a Tibetan monk had visited the Tsar of 
Russia in 1898).
1904
Resulting from British fears about Russian involvement in Asia, the Col. 
Younghusband 'expedition', after defeating hundreds of poorly armed 
Tibetan soldiers, arrives victorious in Lhasa. DL 13 flees to Mongolia.
Trade agreement signed between Abbot of Ganden Gompa and Great Britain 
on September 7 - a face-saving measure for Britain, to add some 
legitimacy to their uninvited presence in Lhasa. About as meaningful as 
an invading force into England signing a treaty with the Archbishop of 
Canterbury.
1909
In the wake of the British incursion into Tibet, Manchus respond with a 
more interventionist policy in Kham, forcibly removing the governments 
of the various petty states and replacing them with a network of Chinese 
magistracies. Chao Er-Feng is dispatched to adopt a 'forward policy' 
which sought to carve out a new 33-district province (Xikang), an area 
covering most of E Kham.
1909-18
The new Qing dynasty policy leads to a general uprising. War is soon 
raging in Kham between locals and forces of Chao Er-Feng. Derge, Chamdo 
and Kandze occupied by Chinese troops, and castles of Mazur and Khangsar 
(in Kandze) destroyed.
1910
With Chinese now in control of much of Kham, troops enter central Tibet. 
DL 13 appeals to Britain for help and is rebuffed.
During Monlam festival, 2,000-strong force of Chinese soldiers enters 
Lhasa, causing misery and mayhem. DL 13 flees to India.
1911
Manchu Dynasty collapses. When news reaches Lhasa, fighting breaks out 
between Chinese troops and their Manchu officers. The following year, 
Chinese troops in Lhasa, along with the Amban, are expelled by Tibetans, 
and Tibet enjoys real de facto independence for first time in ages.
1913
Bilateral treaty signed between Tibet and Mongolia, both countries 
declaring themselves free and separate from China, with DL 13 
proclaiming Tibet a 'religious and independent nation'.
1913-19 	
DL 13 preoccupied with warfare in Kham and the Simla talks (post-treaty 
conference which resulted from Brits calling a conference to clarify its 
relationship with Tibet and China. Talks resulted in China and Tibet 
recognising nominal Chinese suzerainty but giving Tibetans complete 
internal authority. However, China disavowed the action of its 
representative and refused to sign the Convention; the Tibetans 
interpreted China’s action as renouncing benefits of suzerainty).
While making no effort to seek diplomatic recognition, DL 13 was able to 
preserve a precarious balance of forces between the Brits in India, 
Chinese warlords to the immediate east, China's weak central government, 
and the Soviet Russians. He embarked on ambitious plan, strengthening 
contact with the people, improving the rule of law, minimising bribery 
and corruption, introducing a more merciful judicial system (no more 
losing an eye for looking askance at a monk), and creating Tibet’s first 
professional army, over the objection of the clergy. [Prior to this the 
Lhasa govt’s army had been outnumbered by at least 2 to 1 by the 
‘fighting monks’ of the 3 main Gelukpa monasteries around Lhasa.] DL 
13’s insistence upon no interference by clergy in secular affairs caused 
a dispute leading to the Panchen Lama fleeing to China in 1923, where he 
eventually died.
1917-18
Tibet defeats Chinese forces in Kham, recovers Chamdo (lost in 1910).
1918
Chinese and Tibetan troops engage in fighting around Beri, Kandze and 
Dargye Gompa (Sichuan). Eventually a peace deal is reached between 
Beijing and Lhasa, whereby Lhasa recognised all areas east of the 
Yangtze, with the exception of Baiyu and Dege, as being under Chinese 
rule (although DL would still retain control over the monasteries there).
1924-25
Feeling his authority challenged, DL 13 dismisses British-trained 
officers. Army goes into decline.
1930-33
China captures Derge in Kham in first Sino-Tibetan clash since 1918. The 
fighting results in a general power vacuum throughout all of Kham, with 
Tibetan outlaws ruling in lieu of Chinese magistrates or Tibetan chiefs 
or princes.
1933
Truce ends China-Tibet fighting, with Lhasa losing control even of the 
monasteries east of the Yangtze. Also DL 13 dies this year. Tibet falls 
under control of Reting Rinpoche the following year. During his reign, 
and up until DL 14’s official accession of throne in 1950, the 
conservative influence of the large Gelukpa gompas is reasserted, 
causing Tibet to undergo period characterised by extreme conservative 
social order rigidly opposed to change and completely cut off from the 
outside world.
1934
Tibet allows China to open Lhasa mission, re-establishing communication 
between the two.
1935
Present DL born in Tsongkha Khar (Amdo). Amdo had been firmly under 
control of the Muslim warlord Ma Bu-feng* ever since start of 20c (and 
will continue to be so until 1949); consequently Tibetan government has 
to pay him a large ransom to ensure DL's safe passage to Lhasa.
*At the start of 20c (in the power void left by the collapse of the Qing 
dynasty), the Ma clan, who ruled over much of Qinghai as well as parts 
of Gansu, commenced ambitious consolidation of their power by, among 
other things, constucting motorable road from Xining to Yushu, as well 
as establishing goldmines in the Amnye Machen range. From 1917 to 1941 
occurred constant military expeditions against the fiercely independent 
Golok, who objected to the Ma clan's incursion of their territory 
(around Amnye Machen).
1940
Tenzin Gyatso, age 5, enthroned as DL 14. China invited to witness 
ceremony, and based on this claims to have presided over ceremony.
1949 	Founding of the People's Republic of China.
1950
Mao moves against Tibet, sending 40,000-strong PLA force which by 
October has routed Tibetan army at Chamdo - capital of Kham HQ of 
Tibetan Army's Eastern Command. Chinese forces also stealthily 
infiltrating Tibet 's north- eastern border province, Amdo.
Also this year, at tender age of 15, DL 14 assumes full spiritual and 
temporal powers.
1951
On Sep. 9, a 3,000-strong 'liberation force' marches into Lhasa. Having 
appealed to western democracies, but to no avail, in May the DL sends a 
negotiating team to Beijing, which is pressed to supersede their 
authority and signs the '17-point Agreement' for the Peaceful Liberation 
of Tibet. This gave post facto consent to PLA's entry into Tibet and 
recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet (first time in Tibetan 
history). In return, Beijing recognised the right of DL's gov't to 
continue to govern Tibet, and promised to leave the social and religious 
system - along with DL's status and local officials' positions - unchanged.
Post 1951
For accounts of this much debated period of history, read Melvyn 
Goldstein's A History of Modern Tibet, Tom Grunfeld's The Making of 
Modern Tibet, and Tsering Shakya's The Dragon in the Land of Snows.
by 1954
Over 200,000 members of PLA now stationed in Tibet , causing rampant 
famine conditions as country's subsistence agricultural system gets 
stretched beyond capacity. DL and Panchen Lama visit Beijing. At airport 
met by Zhou En-lai and Zhu De. DL, age 19, made Vice-Chairman of 
Standing Committee.
1956
Despite revolutionary nature of new Chinese government, no attempts at 
first made to 'liberate' (socially reform) Tibet and other 'minority 
areas' on China's periphery - so long as Tibet willing to accept Chinese 
sovereignty, then Beijing is willing to accept 'feudal serf system', and 
the Tibetans were allowed a degree of political autonomy to run local 
affairs. This setup given name 'United Front'. In practical terms it 
meant alliance between Communists and Tibetan ruling class. However, 
this was not the case in areas east of the Yangtze, which were 
integrated directly into the administrative structure of the PRC, and 
social reforms were immediately pursued, thus attacking the power of the 
ruling class. So no surprise that it was in this area where the fighting 
began. In February, active resistance to Chinese occupation breaks out 
in several areas in Kham and Amdo, with heavy casualties inflicted on 
the Chinese army. Chinese troops relocate from western Tibet to Kham to 
strengthen forces to 100,000. PLA then began bombing and pillaging 
monasteries in Kham, arresting nobles, senior monks and guerrilla leaders.
late 1950's
With the imposition of communism, immigrants outnumbering Tibetans, 
alienation of the children (many of whom were shipped off east for a 
'better' education), subversion of Tibetan culture, and the loss of 
Tibet’s self-rule, Tibet - and Lhasa in particular - was becoming 
increasingly politicised. Tibetans from all ranks are uniting in 
opposition of Chinese occupation.
1958
Resistance leaders from Kham form Chushi Gangdruk ('Four Rivers, Six 
Ranges' - another name for Kham) guerrilla movement. Litang tribesmen 
(Lithangpas), renowned even amongst fierce Khampas for their fighting 
skills, take to hills and begin guerrilla campaign. CIA begins to arm 
and secretly train Khampan resistance fighters, in Colorado of all 
places. Another resistance movement, Tensung Danglang Maggar ('Volunteer 
Freedom Fighters for Tibet '), is formed; recruits soon number more than 
5,000. They will eventually fight over 100 battles with Chinese, but in 
the end are out-manned and out-gunned. By Dec., Chinese military command 
threatening to bomb Lhasa and DL's palace if unrest not contained. To 
Lhasa's S and NE 20,000 guerrillas and several thousand civilians 
engaging with Chinese troops.
The Golok people, located largely in SE corner of Qinghai, were at first 
not completely averse to being ‘liberated’; the establishment of simple 
schools, hospitals and trading posts was quite well received. But by 
1958, tired and wary of China’s increasing influence, they too finally 
joined the anti-Chinese resistance movement.
1959
On 10 March begins start of a mass uprising in Lhasa. On night of March 
17th the DL, along with family members and high officials, secretly 
leaves the Norbulingka, and crosses the Indian border 13 days later. 
Tens of thousands of refugees will follow in his path. On Mar. 19, 
fighting breaks out in Lhasa and continues for two days. An estimated 
87,000 Tibetans die in anti-Chinese revolt.
Post Liberation, 1959 on
1962
Current DL, going against tradition, attempts to merge all four orders 
under his authority. Although the late 16th Karmapa recognised DL's 
political authority, he led the other three in fighting consolidation.
1962-75
Tibet's peasants herded into communes by collectivisation campaign.
1963
DL approves democratic constitution for Tibetan exile community - a 
first in Tibetan history.
1964
Panchen Lama arrested after sending Mao an open letter widely 
criticising party's treatment of Tibetans, especially policies of the 
Great Leap Forward.
1965
China sets up Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), which comprises an area 
equivalent to the pre-1950s Tibetan state which was governed from Lhasa, 
comprised of Ü-Tsang and W Kham.
1966
United States recognises China's sovereignty over Tibet.
1966-76
Cultural Revolution. Red Guards vandalise temples, attack  'four olds' 
(old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits) .
1969-71
Tibet put under PLA military rule in order to suppress overzealous Red 
Guards.
1971
Following Nixon's rapprochement with China, the CIA cuts off military 
aid to Tibetan resistance fighters, effectively leaving many for dead.
1974
Under pressure from China, Nepal forces Tibetan resistance fighters, 
who'd carried on in spite of the ending of US support, to abandon its 
base in Mustang. Many were then killed or imprisoned in Nepal.
1989
DL receives Nobel Peace Prize.
1995
DL recognises Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, age 6, as 11th Panchen Lama. Beijing 
denounces DL's choice, whisks boy away and proffers their own choice. 
DL-recognised Panchen Lama is youngest person on Amnesty's list of 
political prisoners.
1999 	The 17th Karmapa (Urgyen Trinley Dorje), age 16, who'd been living 
in Lhasa, surprises everyone by fleeing to India. He's now being tutored 
by the DL.

 Vorrei sapere 
scusa, c'ero prima io.
il Dalai Lama ha mai condannato l'occupazione USA-UK dell'Iraq? 
.. e le torture di Abu Ghraib? 
E la porcata del lager di Guantanamo? 
E le "Extraordinary renditions" ? 
E la porcata del governo israeliano che ha trasformato Gaza in un 
lager ? 
Giusto per sapere cosa ne pensa il Dalai Lama su questi argomenti. 
-- 
visitate 
http://www.comunisti-italiani.it/frames/index.htm
 
http://www.larinascita.org
http://www.italia-cuba.it/associazione/associazione.htm
VOTATE LA SINISTRA L'ARCOBALENO
questo articolo e` stato inviato via web dal servizio gratuito 
http://www.newsland.it/news
 segnala gli abusi ad 
ab...@newsland.it

 
sai per caso se le critiche delle hollywood stars lamaiste nei confronti 
della guerra in iraq sono state altrettanto veementi che quelle contro 
la cina per il tibet

 minimo di IQ.  
per questo hai molte ragioni piu' di noi per essere contrario alla
moderazione.
-- 


 alcuni ingenui, è molto cauta
Ecco, appunto.
Destra di merda  e sinistra di merda si trovano sempre perfettamente 
d'accordo quando si tratta di lasciar fare lo sporco lavoro a qualche 
dittatura infame.
Non temere. I diritti umani sono patrimonio comune di tutte le persone 
decenti, che non sono poi molte.
Comunque abbi i miei complimenti.
E ti ringrazio per la dimostrazione che dai: c'è vita anche in aree 
politiche che per altri versi non mi sognerei mai di frequentare.
Tb
-- 
E' una grande mitzvah essere sempre felici (R. Nachman di Breslavia)

Chiocciolo ha scritto:

Merdadivacca, fai pena anche come morpher.


 No, ha ragione: gli argomenti sono esattamente quelli. 
Eh già. Quanti metri, quanti pesi. E  tutti sbagliati.


 decenti, che non sono poi molte.
e non comprendono chi non vorrebbe Bush e co davanti al tribunale
dell'Aja

 un "modernizzatore", eh. 
Lo so, e infatti lo facevi notare gia' da prima del 2003.


 ha
scritto:

50 anni di occupazione non cancellano i diritti di un popolo. Con
questo ragionamento il nostro Risorgimento sarebbe stato illegittimo e
bisognava opporsi a coloro che intendevano lottare per scacciare le
potenze occupanti dall'Italia aliter "patrioti". E non li cancellano
neppure considerazioni geopolitiche, che sono spesso quelle con cui
gli USA giustificano il loro interventismo (leggere "il nuovo secolo
americano" e i documenti strategici che ne discendono). Per curiosità
ritieni cancellati anche i diritti dei palestinesi sui territori
occupati? Trovi ragionevole una "maggiore", cioè reale, autonomia, che
è quello che chiede il Dalai Lama. Qualora se ne iniziasse a
discutere, forse sarebbe possibile una soluzione non violenta e
potremmo aspettarne in silenzio l'esito. Ma la Cina ha una posizione
di totale chiusura e si affida alla repressione, dicendosi convinta di
aver concesso anche troppo. E allora, bisogna o no dare qualche
segnale per farla recedere dalla sua intransigenza? E il segnale non
può essere una accorata esortazione, dal momento che il governo cinese
invita gli altri stati a non occuparsi dei suoi "problemi interni". E
allora, bisogna o no fare qualcosa? Chi è contro il boicottaggio dei
Giochi dovrebbe proporre un'altra misura che faccia capire al governo
cinese che l'oppressione dei tibetani ha un prezzo. In questo NG ho
sentito dire cose orrende come che gli ungheresi in rivolta erano
tutti fascisti giustamente schiacciati dall'URSS o che che la
soluzione del problema è sparare alla testa dei tibetani. E questo da
sedicenti "compagni".

salari sono cresciuti del 40% nell'ultimo anno.
Avete trovato un altro "paradiso dei lavoratori"? :)

 gli USA giustificano il loro interventismo
con la piccola differenza che il Tibet è territorio dello stato
cinese, l'Iraq no.

 Avete trovato un altro "paradiso dei lavoratori"? :)
delle tue risate me ne sbatto le palle, 800 milioni di lavoratori
sanno che oggi stanno meglio di 20 anni fa, e il resto sono
chiacchiere.

 chiacchiere.
Questo in quasi tutti i paesi capitalisti, nonostante il declino degli 
ultimi anni 

 Questo in quasi tutti i paesi capitalisti
ma ROTFL...