Newsgroup: it.politica.internazionale
Titolo: Traduzione del testo della Costituzione irachena

Link to text:  Thanks to BBC.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/24_08_05_constit.pdf
TEXT OF THE DRAFT IRAQI CONSTITUTION
(Translated from the Arabic by The Associated Press)
We the sons of Mesopotamia, land of the prophets, resting place of the 
holy imams, the leaders of civilization and the creators of the 
alphabet, the cradle of arithmetic: on our land, the first law put in 
place by mankind was written; in our nation, the most noble era of 
justice in the politics of nations was laid down; on our soil, the 
followers of the prophet and the saints prayed, the philosophers and the 
scientists theorised and the writers and poets created.
Recognizing God's right upon us; obeying the call of our nation and our 
citizens; responding to the call of our religious and national leaders 
and the insistence of our great religious authorities and our leaders 
and our reformers, we went by the millions for the first time in our 
history to the ballot box, men and women, young and old, on January 30 
2005, remembering the pains of the despotic band's sectarian oppression 
of the majority; inspired by the suffering of Iraq’s martyrs - Sunni and 
Shiite, Arab, Kurd and Turkomen, and the remaining brethren in all 
communities - inspired by the injustice against the holy cities in the 
popular uprising and against the marshes and other places; recalling the 
agonies of the national oppression in the massacres of Halabja, Barzan, 
Anfal and against the Faili Kurds; inspired by the tragedies of the 
Turkomen in Bashir and the suffering of the people of the western 
region, whom the terrorists and their allies sought to take hostage and 
prevent from participating in the elections and the establishment of a 
society of peace and brotherhood and cooperation so we can create a new 
Iraq, Iraq of the future, without sectarianism, racial strife, 
regionalism, discrimination or isolation.
Terrorism and “takfir” (declaring someone an infidel) did not divert us 
from moving forward to build a nation of law. Sectarianism and racism 
did not stop us from marching together to strengthen our national unity, 
set ways to peacefully transfer power, adopt a manner to fairly 
distribute wealth and give equal opportunity to all.
We the people of Iraq, newly arisen from our disasters and looking with 
confidence to the future through a democratic, federal, republican 
system, are determined - men and women, old and young - to respect the 
rule of law, reject the policy of aggression, pay attention to women and 
their rights, the elderly and their cares, the children and their 
affairs, spread the culture of diversity and defuse terrorism.
We are the people of Iraq, who in all our forms and groupings undertake 
to establish our union freely and by choice, to learn yesterday's 
lessons for tomorrow, and to write down this permanent constitution from 
the high values and ideals of the heavenly messages and the developments 
of science and human civilization, and to adhere to this constitution, 
which shall preserve for Iraq its free union of people, land and 
sovereignty.
CHAPTER ONE: BASIC PRINCIPLES
Article (1): The Republic of Iraq is an independent, sovereign nation, 
and the system of rule in it is a democratic, federal, representative 
(parliamentary)
republic.
Article (2): 1st - Islam is the official religion of the state and is a 
basic source of legislation:
(a) No law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of Islam.
(b) No law can be passed that contradicts the principles of democracy.
(c) No law can be passed that contradicts the rights and basic freedoms 
outlined in this constitution.
2nd - This constitution guarantees the Islamic identity of the majority 
of the Iraqi people and the full religious rights for all individuals 
and the freedom of creed and religious practices.
Article (3): Iraq is a multiethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect 
country. It is part of the Islamic world and its Arab people are part of 
the Arab nation.
Article (4): 1st - Arabic and Kurdish are the two official languages for 
Iraq. Iraqis are guaranteed the right to educate their children in their 
mother tongues, such as Turkomen or Assyrian, in government educational 
institutions, or any other language in private educational institutions, 
according to educational regulations.
2nd - the scope of the phrase “official language” and the manner of 
implementing the rules of this article will be defined by a law that 
includes:
(a) issuing the official gazette in both languages.
(b) speaking, addressing and expressing in official domains, like the 
parliament, Cabinet, courts and official conferences, in either of the 
two languages.
(c) recognition of official documents and correspondences in the two 
languages and the issuing of official documents in them both.
(d) the opening of schools in the two languages in accordance with 
educational rules.
(e) any other realms that require the principle of equality, such as 
currency bills, passports, stamps.
3rd - Federal agencies and institutions in the region of Kurdistan use 
both languages.
4th - The Turkomen and Assyrian languages will be official in the areas 
where they are located.
5th - Any region or province can take a local language as an additional 
official language if a majority of the population approves in a 
universal referendum.
Article (5): The law is sovereign, the people are the source of 
authority and its legitimacy, which they exercise through direct, secret 
ballot and its constitutional institutions.
Article (6): Government should be rotated peacefully through democratic 
means stipulated in this constitution.
Article (7): 1st - Entities or trends that advocate, instigate, justify 
or propagate racism, terrorism, “takfir” (declaring someone an infidel), 
sectarian cleansing, are banned, especially the Saddamist Baath Party in 
Iraq and its symbols, under any name. It will be not be allowed to be 
part of the multilateral political system in Iraq, which should be 
defined according to the law.
2nd - The state will be committing to fighting terrorism in all its 
forms and will work to prevent its territory from being a base or 
corridor or an arena for its
(terrorism's) activities.
Article (8): Iraq shall abide by the principles of good neighbourliness 
and by not intervening in the internal affairs of the other countries, 
and it shall seek to
peacefully resolve conflicts and shall establish its relations on the 
basis of shared interests and similar treatment and shall respect its 
international obligations.
Article (9): 1st - (a) The Iraqi armed forces and security apparatuses 
consist of the components of the Iraqi people, keeping in consideration 
their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion. 
They fall under the command of the civil authority, defend Iraq, don't 
act as a tool of oppression of the Iraqi people, don't intervene in 
political affairs and they play no role in the rotation of power.
(b) Forming military militias outside the framework of the armed forces 
is banned.
(c) The Iraqi armed forces and its personnel – including military 
personnel working in the Defence Ministry and in any offices or 
organizations subordinate to it - are not allowed to run as candidates 
in elections for political
office. They should not engage in election campaigning for candidates 
and should not take part in activities forbidden by the regulations of 
the Defence Ministry. This ban includes the activities of the previously 
mentioned individuals acting in their personal or professional 
capacities, but does not include their right to vote in the elections.
d) The Iraqi national intelligence service shall gather information and 
assess threats to national security and offers advice to the Iraqi 
government. It is under civilian control; it is subjected to the 
supervision of the executive authority; it operates according to the law 
and to recognized human rights principles.
e) The Iraqi government shall respect and implement Iraq's international 
commitments regarding the non-proliferation, non-development, 
non-production, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological 
weapons. Associated equipment, material, technologies, and 
communications systems for use in the development, manufacture, 
production, and use of such weapons shall be banned.
2nd - Military service shall be regulated by a law.
Article (10): The holy shrines and religious sites in Iraq are religious 
and cultural entities. The state is committed to maintain and protect 
their sanctity and ensure the exercising of (religious) rites freely in 
them.
Article (11): Baghdad is the capital of the republic of
Iraq.
Article (12): 1st - The flag, emblem and national anthem of Iraq shall 
be fixed by law in a way that symbolizes the components of the Iraqi people.
2nd - Medals, official holidays, religious and national occasions and 
the official calendar shall be fixed by law.
Article (13): 1st - This constitution shall be considered as the supreme 
and highest law in Iraq. It shall be binding throughout the whole 
country without exceptions.
2nd - No law that contradicts this constitution shall be passed; any 
passage in the regional constitutions and any other legal passages that 
contradict this constitution shall be considered null.
CHAPTER TWO: RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
PART ONE: RIGHTS FIRST: Civil and political rights.
Article (14): Iraqis are equal before the law without discrimination 
because of sex, ethnicity, nationality, origin, colour, religion, sect, 
belief, opinion or social or economic status.
Article (15): Every individual has the right to life and security and 
freedom and cannot be deprived of these rights or have them restricted 
except in accordance to the law and based on a ruling by the appropriate 
judicial body.
Article (16): Equal opportunity is a right guaranteed to all Iraqis, and 
the state shall take the necessary steps to achieve this.
Article (17): 1st - Each person has the right to personal privacy as 
long as it does not violate the rights of others or general morality.
2nd - The sanctity of the home is protected. They cannot be entered or 
searched or violated except by judicial decision and in accordance with 
the law.
Article (18): 1st - An Iraqi is anyone who has been born to an Iraqi 
father or an Iraqi mother.
2nd - Iraqi nationality is a right to all Iraqis and it is the basis of 
their citizenship.
3rd - (a) It shall be forbidden to withdraw the Iraqi citizenship from 
an Iraqi by birth for any reason. Those who have had their citizenship 
withdrawn have the right to reclaim it and this should be regulated by law.
(b) Iraqi citizenship shall be withdrawn from naturalized citizens in 
cases stated by law.
4th - Every Iraqi has the right to carry more than one citizenship. 
Those who take a leading or high-level security position must give up 
any other citizenship. This shall be regulated by law.
5th - Iraqi citizenship may not be granted for the purposes of a policy 
of population settlement disrupting the demographic makeup in Iraq.
6th - Citizenship regulations shall be determined by law, and the proper 
courts should hear suits arising from the regulations.
Article (19): 1st - The judiciary is independent, with no power above it 
other than the law.
2nd - There is no crime and no punishment except by the text (of law). 
And there is no punishment except for an act that the law considers a 
crime at the time of its commission. No punishment can be enacted that 
is heavier than the punishment allowed at the time of the crime's 
commission.
3rd - Trial by judiciary is a right protected and guaranteed to all.
4th - The right to defence is holy and guaranteed in all stages of 
investigation and trial.
5th - The accused is innocent until his guilt is proven in a just, legal 
court. The accused cannot be tried for the same accusation again after 
he has been freed unless new evidence appears.
6th - Every individual has the right to be treated in a just manner in 
all judicial and administrative procedures.
7th - Court sessions will be open unless the court decides to make them 
secret.
8th - Punishment is for individuals.
9th - Laws do not apply retroactively unless otherwise has been 
legislated, and this exception does not include laws of taxes and duties.
10th - Punitive law shall not be applied retroactively unless it is best 
for the defendant.
11th - The court shall appoint an attorney to defend defendants charged 
with a felony or a misdemeanour who don't have an attorney and it shall 
be at the state's expense.
12th - (a) (Arbitrary) detention shall not be allowed.
(b) Arrest or imprisonment is not allowed in places other than those 
designated for that according to prison laws that are covered by health 
and social services and are under the control of the state.
13th - Preliminary investigation papers shall be shown to the concerned 
judge no later than 24 hours from the time of the detention of the 
accused and cannot be extended except once and for same duration.
Article (20): Citizens, male and female, have the right to participate 
in public matters and enjoy political rights, including the right to 
vote and run as candidates.
Article (21): 1st - An Iraqi shall not be handed over to foreign bodies 
and authorities.
2nd - Political asylum to Iraq shall be regulated by law and the 
political refugee shall not be turned over to a foreign body or 
forcefully returned to the country from which he has fled.
3rd - Political asylum shall not be granted to those accused of 
committing international or terror crimes or to anyone who has caused 
Iraq harm.
SECOND: Economic, social and cultural rights
Article (22): 1st - Work is a right for all Iraqis in a way that 
guarantees them a good life.
2nd - The law regulates the relation between employees and employers on 
an economic basis, while keeping in consideration rules of social justice.
3rd - The state guarantees the right to form or join syndicates or 
professional unions. This shall be regulated by law.
Article (23): 1st - Private property is protected and the owner has the 
right to use it, exploit it and benefit from it within the boundaries of 
the law.
2nd - Property may not be taken away except for the public interest in 
exchange for fair compensation. This shall be regulated by law.
3rd - (a) An Iraqi has the right to ownership anywhere in Iraq and no 
one else has the right to own real estate except what is exempted by law.
(b) Ownership with the purpose of demographic changes is forbidden.
Article (24): The state shall guarantee the freedom of movement for 
workers, goods and Iraqi capital between the regions and the provinces. 
This shall be regulated by law.
Article (25): The state shall guarantee the reforming of the Iraqi 
economy according to modern economic bases, in a way that ensures 
complete investment of its resources, diversifying its sources and 
encouraging and developing the private sector.
Article (26): The country shall guarantee the encouragement of 
investments in the different sectors. This shall be regulated by law.
Article (27): 1st - Public property is sacrosanct, and its protection is
the duty of every citizen.
2nd - Regulations pertaining to preserving and administrating state 
property, the conditions set for using it and the cases when giving up 
any of the property may be allowed shall be regulated by law.
Article (28): 1st - Taxes and fees shall not be imposed, amended, 
collected or eliminated except by law.
2nd - Low-income people should be exempted from taxes in a way that 
guarantees maintaining the minimum level necessary for a living. This 
shall be regulated by law.
Article (29): 1st - (a) The family is the foundation of society and the 
state should preserve its (the family's) existence and ethical and 
religious value.
(b) The state shall guarantee the protection of motherhood, childhood 
and old age and shall take care of juveniles and youths and provide them 
with agreeable conditions to develop their capabilities.
2nd - Children have the right to upbringing, education and care from 
their parents; parents have the right to respect and care from their 
children, especially in times of want, disability or old age.
3rd - Economic exploitation of children in any form is banned and the 
state shall take measures to guarantee their
protection.
4th - Violence and abuse in the family, school and society shall be 
forbidden.
Article (30): 1st - The state guarantees social and health insurance, 
the basics for a free and honourable life for the individual and the 
family - especially children and women - and works to protect them from 
illiteracy, fear and poverty and provides them with housing and the 
means to rehabilitate and take care of them. This shall be regulated by law.
Article (31): 1st - Every Iraqi has the right to health service, and the 
state is in charge of public health and guarantees the means of 
protection and treatment by building different kinds of hospitals and 
health institutions.
2nd - Individuals and associations have the right to build hospitals, 
dispensaries or private clinics under the supervision of the state. This 
shall be regulated by law.
Article (32): The state cares for the disabled and those with special 
needs and guarantees their rehabilitation to integrate them in society. 
This shall be regulated by law.
Article (33): 1st - Every individual has the right to live in a correct 
environmental atmosphere.
2nd - The state guarantees protection and preservation of the 
environment and biological diversity.
Article (34): 1st - Education is a main factor for the progress of 
society and it is a right guaranteed by the state. It is mandatory in 
the primary school and the state guarantees fighting illiteracy.
2nd - Free education is a right for Iraqis in all its stages.
3rd - The state encourages scientific research for peaceful purposes in 
a way that benefits humanity and it promotes excelling, creativity and 
the different
manifestations of excellence.
4th - Private and national education is guaranteed and regulated by law.
PART TWO: Freedoms
Article (35): 1st - (a) The freedom and dignity of a person are protected.
(b) No one may be detained or investigated unless by judicial decision.
(c) All forms of torture, mental or physical, and inhuman treatment are 
forbidden. There is no recognition of any confession extracted by force 
or threats or torture, and the injured party may seek compensation for 
any physical or mental injury that is inflicted.
2nd - The state is committed to protecting the individual from coercion 
in thought, religion or politics, and no one may be imprisoned on these 
bases.
3rd - Forced labour, slavery and the commerce in slaves is forbidden, as 
is the trading in women or children or the sex trade.
Article (36): The state guarantees, as long as it does not violate 
public order and morality:
1st - the freedom of expressing opinion by all means.
2nd - the freedom of press, publishing, media and distribution.
3rd - freedom of assembly and peaceful protest will be organized by law.
Article (37): 1st - Freedom to establish and belong to political 
organizations and parties is guaranteed, and it will be organized by law.
2nd - No person can be forced to join or remain a member of a political 
party or organization.
Article (38): The freedom of communications and exchanges by post, 
telegraph, telephone and by electronic and other means is guaranteed. 
They will not be monitored or spied upon or revealed except for legal 
and security necessity in accordance with the law.
Article (39): Iraqis are free in their adherence to their personal 
status according to their own religion, sect, belief and choice, and 
that will be organized by law.
Article (40): 1st - The followers of every religion and sect are free in:
(a) the practice of their religious rites, including the (Shiite) 
Husseiniya Rites.
(b) the administration of religious endowments and their affairs and 
their religious institutions, and this will be organized by law.
2nd - The state guarantees freedom of worship and the protection of its 
places.
Article (41): Every individual has freedom of thought and conscience.
Article (42): 1st - The Iraqi citizen has freedom of movement and travel
and residence within Iraq and outside it.
2nd - No Iraqi can be exiled or forced out or forbidden to return to his 
nation.
Article (43): 1st - The state is keen to strengthen the role of civil 
society groups and to support, develop them and preserve their 
independence in accordance with peaceful means to realize legitimate 
goals. This shall be regulated by law.
2nd - The state is keen to advance Iraqi tribes and clans and it cares 
about their affairs in accordance with religion, law and honourable 
human values and in a way that contributes to developing society and it 
forbids tribal customs that run contrary to human rights.
Article (44): All individuals have the right to enjoy the rights stated 
in international human rights agreements and treaties endorsed by Iraq 
that don't run contrary to the principles and rules of this constitution.
Article (45): Restricting or limiting any of the freedoms and liberties 
stated in this constitution may only happen by, or according to, law and 
as long as this restriction or limitation does not undermine the essence 
of the right or
freedom.
CHAPTER THREE: THE FEDERAL AUTHORITIES
PART ONE: THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY
Article (47): The federal legislative authority is made up of the 
Council of Representatives and the Council of Union.
FIRST: The Council of Representatives (Parliament).
Article (48): 1st - The Council of Representatives is made up of a 
number of members at a proportion of one seat for every 100,000 people 
from the population of Iraq. They represent the entire Iraqi people and 
are elected by general, direct, secret ballot, and they take care to 
represent all groups
of people.
2nd - A candidate for membership in the Council of Representatives must 
be a fully qualified Iraqi.
3rd - Conditions for candidates and voters and everything connected to 
elections will be regulated by law.
4th - The Council of Representatives will promulgate a law dealing with 
replacing of its members when they resign or are removed or die.
5th - It is not permitted to hold membership in the Council of 
Representatives and another official position.
Article (49): Members of the Council of Representatives shall take the 
constitutional oath in front of the council before starting their work, 
as follows:
“I swear by God almighty to carry out my legal duties and 
responsibilities with dedication and devotion and to preserve the 
independence and sovereignty of Iraq and to look after the interests of 
its people and to see to the safety of its land, sky, water, wealth and 
democratic, federal system and to work to preserve the public and 
private freedoms and the independence of the judiciary and to abide by 
honestly and impartially implementing the legislation. God is the 
witness of what I say.”
Article (50): The Council of Representatives shall establish an internal 
system to regulate its work.
Article (51): 1st - The Council of Representatives should determine the 
correctness of the membership of a member by a two-third majority within 
30 days of the registering of an objection.
2nd - The council's decision may be challenged before the Supreme 
Federal Court within 30 days of the day it was issued.
Article (52): 1st - Sessions of the Council of Representatives shall be 
public unless it is necessary to do otherwise.
2nd - Sessions reports shall be published in the way the council sees fit.
Article (53): The president of the republic calls on the council to 
convene by a presidential decree within 13 days of the date that the 
results of the general elections have been certified. The session shall 
be held under the
chairmanship of the oldest member, to elect the president of the council 
and his deputies. Extensions for more than the previously mentioned 
period are not allowed.
Article (54): In its first session, the council shall elect by absolute 
majority its president, then a first deputy and a second deputy by 
direct, secret balloting.
Article (55): 1st - The duration of the council's cycle is four calendar 
years, starting with the first session and ending by the end of the 
fourth year.
2nd - The election of a new Council of Representatives takes place 45 
days before the cycle ends.
Article (56): The Council of Representatives has two legislative seasons 
a year, running for eight months. Internal rules will determine how they 
shall be held. The season in which the general budget is submitted to 
the council shall not end before it is approved.
Article (57): 1st - The president of the republic, the prime minister, 
the president of the Council of Representatives or 50 members of the 
council may call for an extraordinary session, and the meeting shall be 
confined to the issues that have made it necessary to call for the session.
2nd - The legislative season for the Council of Representatives may be 
extended for no longer than 30 days to accomplish the tasks that require 
this, based on a request from the president of the republic, the prime 
minister, the president of the Council of Representatives or 50 members.
Article (58): 1st - Quorum for sessions of the Council of 
Representatives shall be reached by the attendance of the absolute 
majority of its members.
2nd - Decisions shall be made in the Council of Representatives by 
simple majority, as long as it has not been stated otherwise.
Article (59): The Council of Representatives is given the following duties:
1st - Legislating federal laws.
2nd - (a) Examining draft laws submitted by 10 of the council's members 
or by one of its specialized committees.
(b) Examining draft laws suggested by the president of the republic and 
the prime minister.
3rd - Overseeing the performance of the executive authority.
4th - Certifying treaties or international agreements by a two-thirds 
majority of the members of the Council of Representatives, as will be 
regulated by law.
5th- Approving the appointments of: (a) the head and members of the 
Federal Cassation Court, the head of the General Prosecutors Office and 
the head of
the Judiciary Inspection Department by absolute majority, based on the 
recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council.
(b) ambassadors and those with special ranks, based on the 
recommendation of the Cabinet.
(c) the army chief of staff, his deputies and those who hold the title 
of division leader and up, the head of the intelligence service, based 
on the recommendation of the Cabinet.
6th - (a) Questioning the president of the republic based on a request 
that mentions the reason for questioning, passed by an absolute majority 
of the Council of Representatives.
(b) Relieving the president of the republic of his duties by absolute 
majority of the members of the Council of Representatives after he has 
been convicted from the Supreme Federal Court in one of the following cases:
1 - Violating the constitutional oath.
2 - Violating the constitution.
3 - Grand treason.
7th - (a) A member of the Council of Representatives has the right to 
ask the prime minister and the ministers questions about any subject 
that falls under any their specialties, and each has the right to answer 
the members. He/she who asks the question is the only one who has the 
right to comment on the answer.
(b) At least 25 members of the Council of Representatives may propose a 
general topic for discussion to clarify the policy or performance of the 
Cabinet or one of the ministries, and it is then presented to the 
president of the Council of Representatives, and the prime minister or 
the ministers set a date to come before the Council of Representatives 
to discuss it.
(c) A member of the Council of Representatives, with the approval of 25 
members, may direct an interpellation to the prime minister or the 
ministers to hold them accountable for the affairs under their 
specialty. Discussing the
interpellation may not take place before seven days from the date it was 
submitted.
8th - (a) The Council of Representatives may withdraw confidence from a 
minister by absolute majority, and he/she is considered removed from the 
date of the withdrawal of confidence. The issue of confidence in a 
minister can only be put forth at his request or because of a request 
signed by 50 members as a result of discussing an interpellation 
directed to him. The council may not decide on the request except after 
at least seven days from the day it has been submitted.
(b) 1 - The president of the republic may submit a request to the 
Council of Representatives to withdraw confidence from the prime minister.
2 - The Council of Representatives, based on a request from one-fifth of 
its members, may vote to withdraw confidence from the prime minister. 
This request may not be submitted except after an interpellation 
directed to the
prime minister and after at least seven days from the submission of the 
request.
3 - The Council of Representatives decides the withdrawal of confidence 
from the prime minister by absolute majority of its members.
(c) The Cabinet shall be dissolved in the case that confidence is 
withdrawn from the prime minister.
(d) In the case of a vote withdrawing confidence from the whole Cabinet, 
the prime minister and ministers remain in their positions to run the 
daily affairs for a period no longer than 30 days until a new Cabinet is 
formed.
(e) The Council of Representatives has the right to question and relieve 
the officials of independent associations from their duties according to 
the procedures relating to the ministers and by absolute majority.
9th - (a) Approving the declaration of war and a state of emergency by a 
two-thirds majority, based on a joint request by the president of the 
republic and the prime minister.
(b) The state of emergency may be declared for 30 days, which may be 
extended by approving it each time.
(c) The prime minister shall be given the necessary powers to enable him 
to run the country's affairs during the period of a declaration of war 
or a state of emergency. These powers shall be regulated by law in a way 
that does
not run contrary to the constitution.
(d) The prime minister presents to the Council of Representatives the 
measures adopted and the results during the period of a declaration of 
war or a state of emergency within 15 days from the time they have ended.
Article (60): 1st - The Cabinet presents the general budget bill and the 
final accounting statement to the Council of Representatives for approval.
2nd - The Council of Representatives has the right to rearrange between 
the parts of the general budget, reduce its total amount of money and it 
may, when necessary, propose to the Cabinet to increase general costs.
Article (61): 1st - The rights and privileges given to the president of 
the Council of Representatives and his deputies and the members of the 
council shall be fixed by law.
2nd - a) A member of the Council of Representatives enjoys impunity that 
covers the opinions he expresses during the time of convening (the 
council); he shall not be sued before courts for this.
b) A member may not be arrested during the duration of the council's 
cycle unless he is accused of a felony and by the approval of the 
absolute majority of the members that he be stripped of his immunity or 
if he was arrested red-handed.
Article (62): 1st - The Council of Representatives shall be dissolved by 
the absolute majority of its members, based on a request from third of 
its members or a request from the prime minister and with the approval 
of the president of the republic. The council may not be dissolved while 
interpellating the prime minister.
2nd - The president of the republic calls for a general election in the 
country no later than 60 days after the council of representatives has 
been dissolved. In that case, the Cabinet is considered dissolved and it 
continues to run the daily affairs.
SECOND: The Council of Union
Article (63): 1st - A legislative council called the “Council of Union” 
will be established and will include representatives of regions and 
provinces to examine bills related to regions and provinces.
2nd - The makeup of the council, the conditions for membership and all 
things related to it will be organized by law.
PART TWO: THE EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY
Article (64): The federal executive authority consists of the president 
of the republic and the Cabinet. It carries out its authorities based on 
the constitution and the law.
FIRST The President
Article (65): The president of the republic is the president of the 
country and the symbol of the nation's unity and represents the 
sovereignty of the country and oversees the guarantees of adherence to 
the constitution, the preservation of Iraq's independence and unity and 
the security of its territory, in accordance to the law.
Article (66): The candidate for the president's post must:
1st - be Iraqi by birth from Iraqi parents.
2nd - be legally competent and have reached the age of 40.
3rd - have a good reputation and political experience and be known for 
his integrity, rectitude, justice and devotion to the homeland.
4th - not have been convicted of a crime that violates honour.
Article (67): The rules of nomination for the president's post shall be 
regulated by law.
Article (68): 1st - The Council of Representatives selects from among 
the candidates a president of the republic by a two-thirds majority.
2nd - If no single candidate gets the required majority, the two 
candidates with the highest votes will compete and whoever wins a 
majority of votes in the second round is declared president of the republic.
Article (69): The president of the republic is sworn in in front of the 
Council of Representatives, using the wording mentioned in article 49 in 
the constitution.
Article (70): 1st - The term of president of the republic is limited to 
4 years.
2nd - The Council of Representatives elects a new president for the 
republic, three months before the end of the former president's term.
Article (71): The president of the republic enjoys the following powers:
(a) issuing special amnesty, upon a recommendation from the prime 
minister, to pardon those convicted in international crimes, terrorism, 
financial or
administrative corruption or crimes against personal rights.
(b) endorsing treaties and international agreements following approval 
by the Council of Representatives.
(c) endorsing and issuing laws enacted by the Council of 
Representatives. They are considered validated 15 days after the date 
they were sent to him.
(d) calling for the elected Council of Representatives to convene within 
a period not exceeding 15 days from the date that election results are 
ratified, and in other cases stated in the constitution.
(e) awarding medals and badges upon recommendation of the prime minister 
and in accordance with the law.
(f) receiving ambassadors.
(g) issuing republican protocols.
(h) endorsing execution verdicts issued by the proper courts
(i) taking leadership of the armed forces for ceremonial and 
commemoration purposes.
(j) practicing any other presidential powers mentioned in the constitution.
Article (72): The law determines the salary and allowances for the 
president of the republic.
Article (73): 1st - The president of the republic can present a written 
resignation to the prime minister, and it is considered valid after 
seven days of the date it is lodged to the Council of Representatives.
2nd - A «deputy» of the president of the republic replaces the president 
during his absence.
3rd - The deputy of the president of the republic replaces the president 
of the republic when the post is empty for any reason, and the Council 
of Representatives has to elect a new president within a period not 
exceeding 30 days from the date the post is vacant
4th - In the case when the post of the president of the republic is 
vacant, the president of the Council of Representatives replaces the 
president if there is no deputy for him, and a new president should be 
elected in a period not exceeding 30 days from the time the position is 
vacant, according to the laws of the constitution.
SECOND The Cabinet.
Article (74): 1st - The president assigns the candidate of the 
parliamentary majority to form a Cabinet during the first 15 days from 
the date of the first session of the Council of Representatives.
2nd- The prime minister is assigned to name members of his Cabinet 
within a period of 30 days, at the longest, from the date of the assignment.
3rd - The president assigns a new candidate to be the prime minister 
within 15 days if the prime minister assigned form the cabinet during 
the period mentioned in the 2nd Clause fails.
4th - The assigned prime minister presents the names of the members of 
his cabinet and its ministerial platform to the Council of 
Representatives. He is considered to have won confidence when his 
ministers are approved individually and his ministerial platform is 
approved by an absolute
majority.
5th - The president will take up the assigning of another candidate to 
form a cabinet within 15 days if the Cabinet does not win confidence.
Article (75): 1st - The prime minister must meet the conditions set for 
the president of the republic. He must have a university degree or an 
equivalent and must be no younger than 35.
2nd - Ministers must meet the same conditions set for candidates to the 
Council of Representatives. A minister must have a university degree or 
an equivalent.
Article (76): The prime minister is the direct executive responsible for 
the general policy of the nation, the general commander of the armed 
forces and carries out the administration of the Cabinet and presides 
over its sessions. The prime minister has the right to remove ministers, 
with the consent of the Council of Representatives.
Article (77): The prime minister and the ministers carry out the 
constitutional oath of office before the Council of Representatives in 
the manner laid out in Article (49) of the constitution.
Article (78): The Cabinet carries out the following duties:
1st - planning and implementing the general policy of the state; general 
plans; supervising the work of the ministers and offices not subordinate 
to a ministry.
2nd - proposing draft laws.
3rd - issuing regulations, instructions and decisions to implement the laws.
4th - preparing the draft of the general budget and the final accounting 
statement and development plans.
5th - recommending to the Council of Representatives for approval the 
appointments of undersecretaries of ministers, ambassadors, those who 
have special ranks; the army chief of staff, his deputies and those who 
are division leaders or higher; the head of the national intelligence 
service and the heads of the security apparatuses.
6th - negotiating treaties and international agreements and signing them 
or designating someone to sign.
Article (79): 1st - The president of the republic becomes the acting 
prime minister when the position is empty for any reason.
2nd - The president of the republic must name another prime minister 
within no more than 15 days and in accordance with the provisions of 
Article 74 in this constitution.
Article (80): The salaries and allowances of the prime minister and the 
ministers and those at their rank shall be fixed by law.
Article (81): The responsibility of the prime minister and the ministers 
before the Council of Representatives shall be collective and personal.
Article (82): 1st - The work of the security apparatuses and the 
intelligence service shall be fixed by law; their duties and powers 
shall be specified and they shall work according to the principles of 
human rights and shall be subjected to the supervision of the Council of 
Representatives.
2nd - The national intelligence service is tied to the Cabinet.
Article (83): The Cabinet shall lay down a system of internal rules to 
regulate its work.
Article (84): The forming of ministries and their functions and 
responsibilities and the powers of the minister shall be regulated by law.
Article (85): The judiciary is independent and will be represented by 
courts of different kinds and levels, and they will issue their rulings 
according to law.
Article (86): Judges are independent, with no authority over them in 
their rulings except the law. No authority can interfere in the 
judiciary or in the affairs of justice.
Article (87): The federal judiciary will include the Supreme Judiciary 
Council, the Supreme Federal Court, the Federal Cassation Court, the 
Prosecutor's Office, the Judiciary Inspection Department and other 
federal courts that are organized by law.
FIRST: The Supreme Judiciary Council
Article (88): The Supreme Judiciary Council will administer judicial 
affairs in accordance with the law.
Article (89): The Supreme Judiciary Council will exercise the following 
powers:
1st - administering and supervising the federal judiciary system.
2nd - nominating the head and members of the Supreme Federal Court and 
presenting their names to parliament for endorsement.
3rd - nominating the head of the Federal Cassation Court, the chief 
prosecutor and the head of the Judiciary Inspection Department, and 
presenting them to parliament for approval.
4th - proposing the annual budget for the federal judiciary system and 
presenting it to parliament for approval.
SECOND: The Supreme Federal Court
Article (90): 1st - The Supreme Federal Court is an independent judicial
body, financially and administratively, its work and its duties will be 
defined by law.
2nd - The Supreme Federal Court will be made up of a number of judges 
and experts in Sharia (Islamic Law) and law, whose number and manner of 
selection will be defined by a law that should be passed by two-thirds 
of the
parliament members.
Article (91): The Supreme Federal Court will have the following duties:
1st - overseeing the constitutionality of federal laws before they are 
issued.
2nd - overseeing the constitutionality of the laws and standing regulations.
3rd - interpreting the text of the constitution.
4th - ruling in cases that emerge from the implementation of federal laws.
5th - ruling in disputes between the federal government and the 
governments of the regions and the provinces and local administrations.
6th - ruling in disputes between the governments of the regions or 
provinces.
7th - ruling in accusations against the president of the republic, the 
prime minister and the ministers.
8th - endorsing the final results of parliamentary general elections.
Article (92): Resolutions of the Supreme Federal Court are binding for 
all authorities.
THIRD: General Provisions:
Article (93): Establishing private or exceptional courts is forbidden.
Article (94): The law shall regulate the establishment of courts, their 
kinds, degrees, duties and the means of appointing judges, members of 
the General Prosecutors Office, the provisions for disciplining them and 
moving them into retirement.
Article (95): Judges shall not be impeached except in the cases 
determined by law; the law will also specify the rules pertaining to 
them and regulate disciplinary actions against them.
Article (96): It is forbidden for a judge or a member of the prosecution to:
1st -simultaneously hold a judicial position and a legislative or 
executive position or any other job.
2nd - belong to any party or political organization or engage in any 
political activity.
Article (97): The military judiciary shall be fixed by law and the 
responsibilities of the military courts, which are limited to crimes 
with a military nature committed by members of the armed forces and 
security forces, shall be
specified within the limits of the law.
Article (98): It is forbidden to legislate into a law provisions 
protecting any administrative action or decision from being challenged 
in court.
Article (99): It is permissible by law to establish a state council to 
handle the tasks of the administrative judiciary, advising, phrasing, 
representing the state and all other public associations in front of the 
judiciary, except what the law exempts.
PART FOUR: INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS
Article (100): The Supreme Commission for Human Rights and the Supreme 
Independent Commission for Elections and the Integrity Agency are 
considered independent associations subject to the supervision of the 
Council of Representatives. Their work is regulated by law.
Article (101): 1st - The Iraqi Central Bank, the Financial Inspection 
Office, the media and communications agency, and the offices of 
(religious) endowments are considered financially and administratively 
independent associations.
Each of their activities is regulated by law.
2nd - The Iraqi central bank is responsible before the Council of 
Representatives, and the Financial Inspection Office and the media and 
communications agency are tied to the Council of Representatives.
3rd - Offices of endowments are affiliated to the Cabinet
Article (102): An agency shall be established called the Institution of 
the Martyrs, affiliated to the Cabinet, and its operations and powers 
will be regulated by law.
Article (103): A public agency will be founded to guarantee the right of 
the regions and of provinces that do not belong to a region to fair 
participation in the administration of the various federal state 
institutions, missions, fellowships, delegations and regional and 
international conferences. It shall be made up of representatives of the 
federal government, regions and
provinces that do not belong to a region, and it shall be regulated by law.
Article (104): A general body shall be established by law to monitor and 
allocate federal incomes; the body shall consist of experts from the 
federal government, the regions and the provinces and representatives 
from them. It should shoulder the following responsibilities:
1st - verifying fairness in distribution of international grants, aid 
and loans based on what the regions and the provinces that do not belong 
to a region deserve.
2nd -ensuring that federal financial resources are being used and 
distributed in the best way.
3rd - ensuring transparency and justice when allocating money to the 
regional governments and provinces according to the decided ratios.
Article (105): A council, to be called the federal public service 
council, shall be established and it shall be responsible for regulating 
the affairs of the federal
public office, including appointments and promotions. Its formation and 
responsibilities shall be regulated by a law.
Article (106): It is allowed to establish other independent associations 
according to need and necessity and by law.
CHAPTER FOUR: POWERS OF THE FEDERAL AUTHORITIES
Article (107): The federal authority will maintain the unity of Iraq, 
its integrity, independence, sovereignty and its democratic federal system.
Article (108): The federal authorities will have the following exclusive 
powers:
1st - drawing up foreign policy, diplomatic representation, negotiating 
international accords and agreements, negotiating and signing debt 
agreements, drawing up foreign sovereign economic and trade policies.
2nd - drawing up and executing national defence policy including setting 
up and operating the armed forces to ensure the protection and security 
of Iraq's borders and its defence.
3rd - drawing up financial and customs policy, issuing currency, 
organizing trade policy among regions and provinces in Iraq, setting the 
general budget for the nation, drawing up currency policies and 
establishing and administering a central bank.
4th - organizing issues of weights and measures.
5th - organizing issues of nationality and naturalization, residence and 
asylum rights.
6th - organizing a policy of broadcast wavelengths and the mail.
7th - setting the general and investment budgets.
8th - planning policies connected to water resources from outside Iraq 
and guaranteeing levels of water flow into Iraq, according to 
international law and custom.
9th - conducting the general census of the population.
Article (109): Oil and gas is the property of all the Iraqi people in 
all the regions and provinces.
Article (110): 1st - The federal government will administer oil and gas 
extracted from current fields in cooperation with the governments of the 
producing regions and provinces on condition that the revenues will be 
distributed fairly in a manner compatible with the demographical 
distribution all over the country. A quota should be defined for a 
specified time for affected regions that were deprived in an unfair way 
by the former regime or later on, in a way to ensure balanced 
development in different parts of the country.
This should be regulated by law.
2nd - The federal government and the governments of the producing 
regions and provinces together will draw up the necessary strategic 
policies to develop oil and gas wealth to bring the greatest benefit for 
the Iraqi people, relying on the most modern techniques of market 
principles and encouraging investment.
Article (111): All that is not written in the exclusive powers of the 
federal authorities is in the authority of the regions. In other powers 
shared between the federal government and the regions, the priority will 
be given to the region's law in case of dispute.
Article (112): The following duties will be shared by the federal and 
regional authorities:
1st - administering and organizing customs, in coordination with the 
regional government, and this will be regulated by law.
2nd - organizing and distributing the main electrical power resources.
3rd - drawing up environmental policy to guarantee the protection of the 
environment from pollution and the preservation of its cleanliness, in 
cooperation with the regions.
4th - drawing up general planning and development policies.
5th - drawing up general health policy, in cooperation with the regions.
6th - drawing up general education and childrearing policy, in 
consultation with the regions.
CHAPTER FIVE: AUTHORITIES OF THE REGIONS
Article (113): The federal system in the republic of Iraq is made up of 
the capital, regions, decentralized provinces, and local administrations.
Article (114): 1st - The regions comprise one province or more, and two 
regions or more have the right to join into one region.
2nd - One province or more have the right to form a region, based on a 
request for a referendum, which can be presented in one of two ways:
a) a request by a third of the members of each of the provincial 
councils in the provinces that desire to form a region.
b) a request by 1/10 (one-tenth) of the voters in each of the provinces 
that desire to form a region.
3rd - a) The general referendum is held among the residents of the 
particular provinces concerned with what is referred to in «1st» of this 
article. The referendum takes place when the provincial councils are in 
session, and the referendum is considered a success with the agreement 
of the majority
of voters.
b) the referendum is not repeated, unless 2/3 (two-thirds) of the 
members in each of the provincial councils, or ¼ (one-quarter) of the 
concerned provinces' residents, put forward a request for a new referendum.
Article (115): The authorities of each region include legislative, 
executive and judicial authorities.
Article (116): 1st - The governments of regions have the right to 
practice legislative, executive and judicial powers according to this 
constitution, except in what is listed as exclusive powers of the 
federal authorities.
2nd - The regional authority has the right to amend the implementation 
of the federal law in the region in the case of a contradiction between 
the federal and regional laws in matters that do not pertain to the 
exclusive powers of the
federal authorities.
3rd - It is permissible to delegate the authorities practiced by the 
federal government to the regional governments and vice versa, with the 
approval of both.
4th - A fair share of the revenues collected federally is designated to 
regions, in a way that suffices their duties and obligations, taking 
into consideration the (region's) resources and needs.
5th - Offices for regions and provinces are to be established in 
embassies and diplomatic missions to follow up on cultural, social and 
local development affairs.
PART ONE: LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES OF THE REGION.
Article (117): The legislative authority of a region consists of one 
council called the National Council for the Region.
Article (118): Members of the National Council for the Region are elected
by residents of the region through universal direct secret ballot.
Article (119): 1st - The National Council for the Region devises the 
regional constitution, stipulates laws, in a way that does not 
contradict with this constitution and the federal laws.
2nd - The regional constitution is put up for a referendum to the 
residents of the region and becomes effective after approval by a 
majority and its publication in the official newspaper.
PART TWO: EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES OF THE REGION.
Article (120): The executive authority is made up of the president of 
the region and the regional cabinet.
Article (121): The executive authority carries out its responsibilities 
as designated in the regional constitution, in a way that does not 
contradict this constitution.
FIRST: The president of the region
Article (122): The president of the region is the highest executive 
president in the region.
Article (123): The president of the region is elected according to the 
constitution of the region.
Article (124): The constitution of the region determines the 
responsibilities of the president and the authorities designated to the 
regional constitutional agencies in a way that does not contradict this 
constitution.
SECOND: The Cabinet of the region
Article (125): The Cabinet is the highest executive authority in the 
region and practices its authorities under the supervision and guidance 
of the president of the region.
Article (126): The Cabinet consists of the prime minister and a number 
of ministers set according to the constitution of the region.
Article (127): The Cabinet practices the authorities accorded to it 
following the constitution of the region.
Article (128): 1st - The revenues of the region are made up of its 
designated share from the state budget and from the region's local 
resources.
2nd - The Cabinet of the region prepares the annual budget for the 
region and the final expense account, and a law is issued for them by 
the National Council for the Region. The Cabinet presents a copy of the 
region's general budget and the final expense account to the federal 
finance ministry, after they are approved by the National Council for 
the region.
Article (129): The region's government is responsible for all that is 
required to manage the region, in particular establishing and organizing 
internal security forces for the region such as police, security and 
regional guards.
PART THREE: JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES OF THE REGION
Article (130): The judicial authority of the region consists of the 
judicial council of the region, the courts, the prosecutor’s offices, 
and the regional court of
cassation is considered the highest judicial authority in the region.
Article (131): The types of courts, their levels and specializations are 
organized according to the judicial authority law of the region, 
provided it does not contradict this constitution.
PART FOUR: PROVINCES NOT ORGANIZED INTO A REGION
Article (132): 1st - Provinces consist of districts, counties and villages.
2nd - Provinces that were not included into a region are given extensive 
administrative and financial authorities to enable them to self-manage 
according to the principal of administrative decentralization, and this 
is regulated by law.
3rd - The provincial governor, who is elected by the provincial council, 
is considered the highest executive president of the province to carry 
out the responsibilities designated to him by the council.
4th - The election of the provincial council, the governor and their 
authorities will be regulated by law.
5th - The provincial council is not subject to the domination or the 
supervision of any ministry or any party unrelated to a ministry, and it 
has its independent
finances.
Article (133): It is permissible to delegate the federal government's 
authorities to the provinces or vice versa, with the two parties' 
approval, and this is regulated by law.
PART FIVE: THE CAPITAL
Article (134): Baghdad with its administrative boundaries is the capital 
of the republic of Iraq, and it consists of the province of Baghdad with 
its administrative boundaries, and its status is regulated through a law.
PART SIX: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
Article (135): This constitution guarantees the administrative, 
political, cultural, educational rights for the various ethnicities such 
as Turkomen, Chaldeans,
Assyrians, and the other components, and this is regulated through a law.
CHAPTER SIX: FINAL AND TRANSITIONAL GUIDELINES
FIRST: FINAL GUIDELINES
Article (136): 1st - The president of the republic and the Cabinet 
together, or one- fifth of the members of the Council of 
Representatives, can suggest amending the constitution.
2nd - The basic principles of the constitution mentioned in Chapter One 
of this constitution cannot be amended, except after two consecutive 
parliament cycles and based on the consent of two-thirds of the members 
of the Council of Representatives, a public referendum and the 
endorsement of the president of the republic within seven days.
3rd - Other items not covered by the 2nd clause of this article can only 
amended by two-thirds of the members of the Council of Representatives, 
the consent of the people in a general referendum and the endorsement of the
president within seven days.
4th - No amendment is allowed that lessens the powers of the regions 
that are not among the exclusive powers of the federal authority, except 
with the agreement of the legislative council of the concerned region 
and the consent
of a majority of its population in a general referendum.
5th - An amendment is considered in effect upon the date of its 
publication in the official gazette.
Article (137): It is not permitted for the president of the republic, 
the prime minister and Cabinet, the president of the Council of 
Representatives and its members and delegates, members of the judicial 
authority and holders of
special positions to use their influence to buy or rent anything from 
the finances of the state or to sell or rent to the state anything from 
their own finances or to bring suit against the state over these things 
or to strike
contracts with the state in their capacity as concessionairies, 
importers or contractors.
Article (138) : Laws and judicial rulings are issued in the name of the 
people.
Article (139): Laws are published in the official gazette, and are in 
effect from the publishing date as long as it is not legislated otherwise.
Article (140): Legislation remains in effect as long as it is not 
nullified or amended in accordance to the rules of this constitution.
Article (141): Every referendum mentioned in this constitution is passed 
by a simple majority unless mentioned otherwise.
SECOND: TRANSITIONAL GUIDELINES
Article (142): 1st - The state guarantees the welfare of political 
prisoners and those who were harmed by the practices of the former 
dictatorial regime.
2nd - The state guarantees compensation to the families of martyrs and 
those who were wounded by terrorist acts.
3rd - What is provided for in these first and second clauses will be 
regulated by law.
Article (143): The Council of Representatives shall rely in its first 
session on the internal organization of the Transitional National 
Assembly until its own internal organization is decided.
Article (144): The Supreme Iraqi Criminal Court will continue its 
activities as an independent judicial agency, looking into the crimes of 
the dictatorial regime and its leading figures. The Council of 
Representatives can
dissolve it by law once its work is finished.
Article (145): 1st - The National De-Baathification Committee will 
continue its work as an independent body in coordination with the 
judiciary and the executive authorities in the framework of law 
regulating its work. The committee is linked to the Parliament.
2nd - The Council of Representatives can dissolve the committee after it 
finishes its work.
3rd - It is a condition upon candidates for the positions of president 
of the republic, prime minister, ministers, parliament speaker and 
parliament members, head of the Federal Council and its members and all 
similar posts in the regions, and members of the judiciary and other 
posts included under de-Baathification, that they not be included under 
the provisions of de-Baathification.
4th - The condition mentioned in the 3rd clause of this article will 
remain in effect until it is abolished by law.
Article (146): 1st - The Property Claims Agency will continue its 
operations as an independent body in coordination with judicial 
authorities and executive bodies in accordance with the law, and it is 
linked to the Council of Representatives.
2nd - The Council of Representatives can dissolve the agency by a 
two-thirds majority.
Article (147): Rules in articles concerning the Council of Union 
wherever they appear in this constitution will not come into effect 
until a decision is reached by the Council of Representatives, with a 
two-thirds majority, in its second cycle following the enactment of this 
constitution.
Article (148): 1st - The phrase (Presidential Council) replaces the 
phrase (President of the Republic) wherever it appears in this 
constitution, and regulations concerning the president of the republic 
will come into effect after one session following the enactment of this 
constitution.
2nd - (a) The Council of Representatives will elect a president for the 
nation and two deputies for him to form a council called the 
Presidential Council. It will be elected in one list with a two-thirds 
majority.
(b) The rules for removing the president of the republic in this 
constitution apply to the president and members of the Presidential Council.
(c) The Council of Representatives can remove any member of the 
Presidential Council for reasons of lack of competence or integrity with 
a three-quarters majority vote by its members.
(d) If any position in the Presidential Council should come empty, the 
Council of Representatives shall elect a replacement by a two-thirds 
majority.
3rd - Members of the Presidential Council must meet the same conditions 
as those for a member of the Council of Representatives, that they must:
(a) have reached 40 years of age.
(b) possess a good reputation, integrity and uprightness.
(c) have left the dissolved party at least 10 years before its fall if 
they were members in it.
(d) not have participated in the repression of the 1991 uprising or the 
Anfal Campaign or have committed any crime against the Iraqi people.
4th - The Presidential Council must take its decisions unanimously, and 
any member can delegate his position to one of the other two members.
5th - (a) Laws and resolutions passed by the Council of Representatives 
are sent to the Presidential Council for approval by unanimity, to be 
issued within 10 days of the date of their arrival at the council.
(b) If the Presidential Council does not approve, the laws and 
resolutions are returned to the Council of Representatives to examine 
the aspects that were objected to and to vote on them once more by 
majority, whereupon they are sent again to the Presidential Council for 
approval.
(c) If the Presidential Council does not approve the laws or resolutions 
again with 10 days of their arrival, they are returned to the Council of 
Representatives which can adopt them by a three-fifths majority of its 
members. This cannot be opposed and it is considered approved.
6th - The Presidential Council practices the powers provided for the 
president of the republic until the issuing of a decision by the Council 
of Representatives as provided for in the 1st clause of this article.
Article (149): 1st - The executive authority will take the necessary 
steps to complete implementation of the requirements of Article (58) of 
the Transitional Administration Law for the Iraqi State, with all its 
clauses.
2nd - The responsibilities placed on the executive authority provided 
for in Article (58) of the Transitional Administration Law for the Iraqi 
State are extended to and will continue for the executive authority 
until the completion of (normalization, census, ending with a census in 
Kirkuk and other disputed areas to determine the will of the people) in 
a period no longer than 12/31/2007.
Article (150): Laws legislated in Kurdistan since 1992 remain in effect, 
and decisions made by the government of the Kurdistan region - including 
contracts and court decisions - are effective unless they are voided or 
amended according to the laws of the Kurdistan region by the concerned 
body, as long as they are not against the constitution.
Article (151): A proportion of no less than 25 percent of the seats in 
the Council of Representatives is specified for the participation of women.
Article (152): The Transitional Administration Law for the Iraqi State 
and its appendix are voided upon creation of the new government, except 
for what appears in paragraph (a) of Article (53) and Article (58) of 
the Transitional
Administration Law.
Article (153): This constitution comes into effect after its approval by 
the people in a universal referendum and its publication in the official 
newspaper and the election of the Council of Representatives in 
accordance with its
provisions.

 ha scritto nel messaggio 
news:mFhQe.34489$F23.4...@twister2.libero.it...


 italiano
Basta leggere questo articolo per vedere di che si tratta :
Article (2): 1st - Islam is the official religion of the state and is a
basic source of legislation:
(a) No law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of Islam
L Islam non solo è la religione ufficiale ma la "sorgente di base" della 
legislazione ,le leggi non possono opporsi alle regole dell Islam.....
Bella costituzione

 basic source of legislation:
"A basic source" e' gia' un progresso: negli altri paesi dell'area e' 
"The basic source".
Palmiro Pangloss
-- 
You know, you come from nothing - you're going back to nothing.
What have you lost? Nothing!

 
Fesso, se ha messo il link era proprio per evitare che coglioni come te
la inviassero sul newsgroup.
-Stefano

 Bella costituzione
Discreta.
-Stefano

 "The basic source".
bah direi proprio di no, solo l'Arabia è più integralista (almeno in Iran
vale l'interpretazione degli ayatollah)
-- 
You_fuck_with_the_bull-You_gonna_get_the_horns

 bah direi proprio di no, 
Direi proprio di si, leggiti le costituzioni "moderate" della zona.



Infatti non è per nulla male (certo poteva essere meglio, ma anche 
quella italiana è piena di incongruenze).
Al contrario di te che ti sei fermato alla prima riga (sei andato in 
buffer overflow?) io me ne sono letto un bel pezzo (ma non fino alla fine).
a) No law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of Islam.
(b) No law can be passed that contradicts the principles of democracy.
(c) No law can be passed that contradicts the rights and basic freedoms 
outlined in this constitution.
Perché una legge sia ammissibile da questa costituzione DEVE soddisfare 
tutte e tre le clausole contemporanemamente:
1) Non contraddire le indisputabili regole dell'Islam
     Quali sono indisputabili? Già li sarà da ridere tra Shiiti e 
Sunniti (senza aggiungere gli Alawiti, i Sufi e molte altre sette) su 
cosa è indisputabile
2) Non si possono passare leggi che contraddicano i principi della 
democrazia
3) Nessuna legge può passare che contraddica i diritti e le libertà 
basilari enunciate in questa costituzione.
Quindi se uno vuole passare una legge islamica, deve anche assicurarsi 
che rispetti la democrazia e i diritti fondamentali e le libertà 
enunciate nella costituzione.
Un esempio?
Le donne valgono la metà di un uomo in tribunale, come testimoni.
Bocciata, perché è islamica, ma non è indisputata, contraddice la 
costituzione e non è democratica.
Le donne ereditano di meno degli uomini?
Bocciata.
E pure vietato dichiarare uno "Takfir" cioè infedele!!!!
Mirco

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Solito preambolo, ma interessante.
Non mi pare ci sia gran che su cui si possa non concordare.

Mirco Romanato wrote:
 > CHAPTER ONE: BASIC PRINCIPLES
 > Article (1): The Republic of Iraq is an independent, sovereign nation,
 > and the system of rule in it is a democratic, federal, representative
 > (parliamentary) republic.
Qualche cosa che sia simile all'Iran o all'Afghanistan dei talebani?
Anzi, la costituzione afghana è molto peggio di questa.
"democratica" "federale" "rappresentativa" "repubblica"
Si sono dimenticati "Islamica"???
 > Article (2): 1st - Islam is the official religion of the state and is
 > a basic source of legislation:
UNA sorgente basilare di legislazione;
quindi ci sono altre sorgenti basilari di legislazione che non sono 
l'Islam (notare che Corano, Hadit, Sira, concili di Imam e Mullah non 
vengono nominati).
Notare anche che per l'Islam, la Bibbia è parte dei testi sacri (la dove 
non contraddice i testi precedenti).
 > (a) No law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of
 > Islam.
 > (b) No law can be passed that contradicts the principles of democracy.
 > (c) No law can be passed that contradicts the rights and basic
 > freedoms outlined in this constitution.
Già il fatto che dichiarino "regole non disputate dell'Islam", significa 
che tutti gli islamici devono concordarci e non ci devono essere dispute 
tra shiiti e sunniti e con le altre sette sulla regola.
Se si mettono tutti d'accordo, possono solo BLOCCARE una legge 
altrimenti non possono fare nulla.
I punti (b) e (c) semplicemente castrano ulteriormente l'utilizzo dell' 
Islam come sorgente legislativa, perché impongono alle leggi di 
soddisfare altri requisiti che nella maggior parte dei casi 
contraddicono molte regole (disputate e non) dell'Islam.
 > 2nd - This constitution guarantees the Islamic identity of the
 > majority of the Iraqi people and the full religious rights for all
 > individuals and the freedom of creed and religious practices.
Il fatto che "garantisca" l'identità islamica della maggioranza della 
popolazione irachena è un biscottino regalato ai fondamentalisti, dato 
che sotto garantisce la libertà di credo e di pratica religiosa e, 
sopratutto non dice come viene garantita la islamicità della maggioranza 
(tenendo conto che per i sunniti, gli shiiti sono idolatri e infedeli).
Già meglio che in Egitto, dove c'è la Shaaria e uno non può neanche 
costruire una chiesa o fare una processione in pubblico, figurarsi 
predicare ai mussulmani
Inoltre si parla di libertà individuali di credo e di culto, quindi i 
gruppi non sono considerati in questo articolo.
 > Article (3): Iraq is a multiethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect
 > country. It is part of the Islamic world and its Arab people are part
 > of the Arab nation.
Ancora, dice che l'Iraq è parte del mondo Islamico e del mondo arabo 
(che significa, in pratica?), ma prima dice che è uno stato multi-etnico 
(quindi non solo arabo) e multi religioso (quindi non solo islamico) e 
multi settario (quindi non solo shiita o sunnita).
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Niente da dire, tranne che mi piace il diritto del popolo di scegliersi 
una lingua ufficiale aggiutiva con un referendum popolare.
Molto meglio che lasciare la scelta ai politici.
 > Article (5): The law is sovereign, the people are the source of
 > authority and its legitimacy, which they exercise through direct,
 > secret ballot and its constitutional institutions.
Altro pezzo della Shaaria che va giù per il cesso.
La legge (non l'Islam, il Corano o altro) è sovrana.
L'autorità e la leggittimità deriva dal popolo (non da Allah o da 
qualche concilio di chierici).
Voto segreto e diretto: Dio ti vede, l'Imam no.
 > Article (6): Government should be rotated peacefully through
 > democratic means stipulated in this constitution.
Ovvio, ma tanto per chiarire che i colpi di stato sono incostituzionali.
 > Article (7): 1st - Entities or trends that advocate, instigate,
 > justify or propagate racism, terrorism, “takfir” (declaring someone an
 > infidel), sectarian cleansing, are banned, especially the Saddamist 
Baath Party in
 > Iraq and its symbols, under any name. It will be not be allowed to be
 > part of the multilateral political system in Iraq, which should be
 > defined according to the law.
Altro pezzo della shaaria che va giù per il cesso.
Manco dichiarare uno infedele si può più, in Iraq.
Ogni partito che faccia questo, usi il terrorismo o il razzismo, la 
pulizia settaria, etc. è bandito.
Ti credo che Zarkawi e Sadr sono incazzati come delle bisce.
Non li vogliono far giocare con loro e li vogliono cacciare.
 > 2nd - The state will be committing to fighting terrorism in all its
 > forms and will work to prevent its territory from being a base or
 > corridor or an arena for its (terrorism's) activities.
Chissà perché se la prendono così contro il terrorismo.
 > Article (8): Iraq shall abide by the principles of good neighbourliness
 > and by not intervening in the internal affairs of the other countries,
 > and it shall seek to
 > peacefully resolve conflicts and shall establish its relations on the
 > basis of shared interests and similar treatment and shall respect its
 > international obligations.
Grazie al cielo evitano di "ripudiare la guerra".
 > Article (9): 1st - (a) The Iraqi armed forces and security apparatuses
 > consist of the components of the Iraqi people, keeping in
 > consideration
 > their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion.
 > They fall under the command of the civil authority, defend Iraq, don't
 > act as a tool of oppression of the Iraqi people, don't intervene in
 > political affairs and they play no role in the rotation of power.
OK
 > (b) Forming military militias outside the framework of the armed
 > forces is banned.
La fine delle milizie.
Ce l'hanno proprio con Sadr!!!
 > (c) The Iraqi armed forces and its personnel – including military
 > personnel working in the Defence Ministry and in any offices or
 > organizations subordinate to it - are not allowed to run as candidates
 > in elections for political
 > office. They should not engage in election campaigning for candidates
 > and should not take part in activities forbidden by the regulations of
 > the Defence Ministry. This ban includes the activities of the previously
 > mentioned individuals acting in their personal or professional
 > capacities, but does not include their right to vote in the elections.
I militari possono votare, ma per il resto devono stare fuori dalla 
politica.
 > d) The Iraqi national intelligence service shall gather information and
 > assess threats to national security and offers advice to the Iraqi
 > government. It is under civilian control; it is subjected to the
 > supervision of the executive authority; it operates according to the law
 > and to recognized human rights principles.
I servizi di sicurezza rispondono solo all'esecutivo, e sono sotto 
controllo civile. Devono operare entro i limiti dei principi dei diritti 
umani.
 > e) The Iraqi government shall respect and implement Iraq's international
 > commitments regarding the non-proliferation, non-development,
 > non-production, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological
 > weapons. Associated equipment, material, technologies, and
 > communications systems for use in the development, manufacture,
 > production, and use of such weapons shall be banned.
 > 2nd - Military service shall be regulated by a law.
Bene, non si può coscrivere la gente al di fuori della legge.
 > Article (10): The holy shrines and religious sites in Iraq are religious
 > and cultural entities. The state is committed to maintain and protect
 > their sanctity and ensure the exercising of (religious) rites freely
 > in them.
Solo entità culturali e religiose, non politiche.
E non si parla di Islam.
Quindi anche chiese e altri luoghi di culto.
 > Article (11): Baghdad is the capital of the republic of
 > Iraq.
 > Article (12): 1st - The flag, emblem and national anthem of Iraq shall
 > be fixed by law in a way that symbolizes the components of the Iraqi
 > people.
 > 2nd - Medals, official holidays, religious and national occasions and
 > the official calendar shall be fixed by law.
 > Article (13): 1st - This constitution shall be considered as the supreme
 > and highest law in Iraq. It shall be binding throughout the whole
 > country without exceptions.
Sopra il Corano?
Miscredente!!!
 > 2nd - No law that contradicts this constitution shall be passed; any
 > passage in the regional constitutions and any other legal passages that
 > contradict this constitution shall be considered null.
Cavoli, non c'è proprio nessun cavillo fer far passare qualche cosa di 
puramente, antidemocraticamente, islamico???
 > CHAPTER TWO: RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
 > PART ONE: RIGHTS FIRST: Civil and political rights.
 > Article (14): Iraqis are equal before the law without discrimination
 > because of sex, ethnicity, nationality, origin, colour, religion,
 > sect, belief, opinion or social or economic status.
E l'Islam che dice che i kafir valgono niente o meno e che devono essere 
sottomessi? Idem per le donne?
Forse, se sono bravi, riescono ancora a prendersela con i gay, ma devono 
lavorarci sopra.
 > Article (15): Every individual has the right to life and security and
 > freedom and cannot be deprived of these rights or have them restricted
 > except in accordance to the law and based on a ruling by the
 > appropriate judicial body.
Niente tribunali islamici, niente fatwe???
Il mondo gira al rovescio.
 > Article (16): Equal opportunity is a right guaranteed to all Iraqis,
 > and the state shall take the necessary steps to achieve this.
Cioè, non si possono favorire sfacciatamente gli islamici???
Roba che gli potrebbero far passare un "Affirmative Act" per tutelare 
cristiani ed ebrei, magari anche i buddisti e gli indù.
 > Article (17): 1st - Each person has the right to personal privacy as
 > long as it does not violate the rights of others or general morality.
Passiamolo, tanto c'è una roba simile anche nella costituzione italiana.
 > 2nd - The sanctity of the home is protected. They cannot be entered or
 > searched or violated except by judicial decision and in accordance
 > with the law.
Certo che se uno deve sempre passare dal giudice prima, oppure avere un 
motivo legale.
 > Article (18): 1st - An Iraqi is anyone who has been born to an Iraqi
 > father or an Iraqi mother.
Anche un ebreo???
 > 2nd - Iraqi nationality is a right to all Iraqis and it is the basis
 > of their citizenship.
Ovvio
 > 3rd - (a) It shall be forbidden to withdraw the Iraqi citizenship from
 > an Iraqi by birth for any reason. Those who have had their citizenship
 > withdrawn have the right to reclaim it and this should be regulated 
by law.
Questo riguarda un mucchio di persone, non ultimi gli ebrei espulsi 
dall'Iraq negli anni '50 a cui fu tolta la cittadinanza.
Voglio proprio vedere se qualche ebreo ha voglia di tornare e come 
reagiranno gli iracheni.
 > (b) Iraqi citizenship shall be withdrawn from naturalized citizens in
 > cases stated by law.
Ovvio, se si comportano male.
 > 4th - Every Iraqi has the right to carry more than one citizenship.
 > Those who take a leading or high-level security position must give up
 > any other citizenship. This shall be regulated by law.
Non mi pare ci siano problemi
 > 5th - Iraqi citizenship may not be granted for the purposes of a policy
 > of population settlement disrupting the demographic makeup in Iraq.
Evitiamo di fare come Saddam.
Evitiamo che gli shiiti importino shiiti iraniani per alterare la 
struttura dell'Iraq. Idem con i sunniti.
 > 6th - Citizenship regulations shall be determined by law, and the
 > proper courts should hear suits arising from the regulations.
La politica non decide la cittadinanza delle persone, solo la legge.
 > Article (19): 1st - The judiciary is independent, with no power above
 > it other than the law.
Giudici indipendenti in M.O.
A parte Israele, dove altro???
 > 2nd - There is no crime and no punishment except by the text (of law).
 > And there is no punishment except for an act that the law considers a
 > crime at the time of its commission. No punishment can be enacted that
 > is heavier than the punishment allowed at the time of the crime's
 > commission.
Non retroattività della legge e questa deve sempre essere valutata in 
favore del reo. Bene.
 > 3rd - Trial by judiciary is a right protected and guaranteed to all.
No processi religiosi.
 > 4th - The right to defence is holy and guaranteed in all stages of
 > investigation and trial.
Uno può anche difendersi in tribunale.
Non capita spesso in M.O., sopratutto nell'Iraq di Saddam.
 > 5th - The accused is innocent until his guilt is proven in a just, legal
 > court. The accused cannot be tried for the same accusation again after
 > he has been freed unless new evidence appears.
Sarebbe stato meglio se non potevano proprio riprocessarlo.
Ma va bene anche così.
 > 6th - Every individual has the right to be treated in a just manner in
 > all judicial and administrative procedures.
Niente favoritismi, please.
 > 7th - Court sessions will be open unless the court decides to make
 > them secret.
Processi a porte chiuse, solo in casi straordinari e solo su decisione 
del giudice.
 > 8th - Punishment is for individuals.
Non si puniscono i gruppi, solo gli individui.
 > 9th - Laws do not apply retroactively unless otherwise has been
 > legislated, and this exception does not include laws of taxes and duties.
 > 10th - Punitive law shall not be applied retroactively unless it is 
best for the defendant.
 > 11th - The court shall appoint an attorney to defend defendants charged
 > with a felony or a misdemeanour who don't have an attorney and it shall
 > be at the state's expense.
Quasi meglio che in Italia.
 > 12th - (a) (Arbitrary) detention shall not be allowed.
 > (b) Arrest or imprisonment is not allowed in places other than those
 > designated for that according to prison laws that are covered by health
 > and social services and are under the control of the state.
Niente progioni private o senza controllo statale.
 > 13th - Preliminary investigation papers shall be shown to the concerned
 > judge no later than 24 hours from the time of the detention of the
 > accused and cannot be extended except once and for same duration.
 > Article (20): Citizens, male and female, have the right to participate
 > in public matters and enjoy political rights, including the right to
 > vote and run as candidates.
Cittadini maschi e femmine uguali nei diritti politici!!!
 > Article (21): 1st - An Iraqi shall not be handed over to foreign
 > bodies and authorities.
Niente estradizione.
 > 2nd - Political asylum to Iraq shall be regulated by law and the
 > political refugee shall not be turned over to a foreign body or
 > forcefully returned to the country from which he has fled.
Asilo politico
 > 3rd - Political asylum shall not be granted to those accused of
 > committing international or terror crimes or to anyone who has caused
 > Iraq harm.
Non ci tiriamo dentro terroristi che fanno le vittime.
 > SECOND: Economic, social and cultural rights
 > Article (22): 1st - Work is a right for all Iraqis in a way that
 > guarantees them a good life.
Meglio dello stesso articolo in Italia.
 > 2nd - The law regulates the relation between employees and employers on
 > an economic basis, while keeping in consideration rules of social 
justice.
 > 3rd - The state guarantees the right to form or join syndicates or
 > professional unions. This shall be regulated by law.
Speriamo più velocemente che in Italia, che non ha regolato legalmente i 
sindacati in 60 anni.
 > Article (23): 1st - Private property is protected and the owner has the
 > right to use it, exploit it and benefit from it within the boundaries of
 > the law.
 > 2nd - Property may not be taken away except for the public interest in
 > exchange for fair compensation. This shall be regulated by law.
 > 3rd - (a) An Iraqi has the right to ownership anywhere in Iraq and no
 > one else has the right to own real estate except what is exempted by law.
 > (b) Ownership with the purpose of demographic changes is forbidden.
 > Article (24): The state shall guarantee the freedom of movement for
 > workers, goods and Iraqi capital between the regions and the provinces.
 > This shall be regulated by law.
 > Article (25): The state shall guarantee the reforming of the Iraqi
 > economy according to modern economic bases, in a way that ensures
 > complete investment of its resources, diversifying its sources and
 > encouraging and developing the private sector.
 > Article (26): The country shall guarantee the encouragement of
 > investments in the different sectors. This shall be regulated by law.
 > Article (27): 1st - Public property is sacrosanct, and its protection
 > is the duty of every citizen.
 > 2nd - Regulations pertaining to preserving and administrating state
 > property, the conditions set for using it and the cases when giving up
 > any of the property may be allowed shall be regulated by law.
 > Article (28): 1st - Taxes and fees shall not be imposed, amended,
 > collected or eliminated except by law.
Meglio che in Italia.
 > 2nd - Low-income people should be exempted from taxes in a way that
 > guarantees maintaining the minimum level necessary for a living. This
 > shall be regulated by law.
Meglio che in Italia
 > Article (29): 1st - (a) The family is the foundation of society and the
 > state should preserve its (the family's) existence and ethical and
 > religious value.
Quindi una famiglia cristiana (per dire) deve essere protetta nei suoi 
valori etici e religiosi.
 > (b) The state shall guarantee the protection of motherhood, childhood
 > and old age and shall take care of juveniles and youths and provide
 > them with agreeable conditions to develop their capabilities.
Bene
 > 2nd - Children have the right to upbringing, education and care from
 > their parents; parents have the right to respect and care from their
 > children, especially in times of want, disability or old age.
Benino, mi lascia insicuro sulle conseguenze.
 > 3rd - Economic exploitation of children in any form is banned and the
 > state shall take measures to guarantee their protection.
 > 4th - Violence and abuse in the family, school and society shall be
 > forbidden.
Accidenti.
E la Shaaria e il fatto che si può correggere la moglie e i figli a 
bastonate???
Non c'è più religione!!!
 > Article (30): 1st - The state guarantees social and health insurance,
 > the basics for a free and honourable life for the individual and the
 > family - especially children and women - and works to protect them
 > from illiteracy, fear and poverty and provides them with housing and
 > the means to rehabilitate and take care of them. This shall be
 > regulated by law.
Far studiare donne e bambini???
 > Article (31): 1st - Every Iraqi has the right to health service, and
 > the state is in charge of public health and guarantees the means of
 > protection and treatment by building different kinds of hospitals and
 > health institutions.
 > 2nd - Individuals and associations have the right to build hospitals,
 > dispensaries or private clinics under the supervision of the state.
 > This shall be regulated by law.
Sanità pubblica e privata.
 > Article (32): The state cares for the disabled and those with special
 > needs and guarantees their rehabilitation to integrate them in
 > society. This shall be regulated by law.
Bene.
 > Article (33): 1st - Every individual has the right to live in a
 > correct environmental atmosphere.
 > 2nd - The state guarantees protection and preservation of the
 > environment and biological diversity.
Via l'ecologia!!!
 > Article (34): 1st - Education is a main factor for the progress of
 > society and it is a right guaranteed by the state. It is mandatory in
 > the primary school and the state guarantees fighting illiteracy.
 > 2nd - Free education is a right for Iraqis in all its stages.
 > 3rd - The state encourages scientific research for peaceful purposes
 > in a way that benefits humanity and it promotes excelling, creativity
 > and the different manifestations of excellence.
 > 4th - Private and national education is guaranteed and regulated by
 > law.
Tutti a scuola.
Mi sa che con l'articolo 4 ci saranno problemi con le madrasse.
 > PART TWO: Freedoms
 > Article (35): 1st - (a) The freedom and dignity of a person are 
protected.
 > (b) No one may be detained or investigated unless by judicial decision.
 > (c) All forms of torture, mental or physical, and inhuman treatment are
 > forbidden. There is no recognition of any confession extracted by force
 > or threats or torture, and the injured party may seek compensation for
 > any physical or mental injury that is inflicted.
Bene.
 > 2nd - The state is committed to protecting the individual from coercion
 > in thought, religion or politics, and no one may be imprisoned on these
 > bases.
Niente conversioni con la spada???
E se uno si converte da mussulmano a cristiano??
Sarà da vedere quello che succede.
Questo garantisce che, non appena le acque si calmano, in Iraq 
arriverranno una frotta di missionari e prdicatori cristiani.
 > 3rd - Forced labour, slavery and the commerce in slaves is forbidden,
 > as is the trading in women or children or the sex trade.
E tutto l'esempio dato da Maometto sul commercio di schiavi, su come si 
riduce in schivitù la gente, etc.???
1.400 anni di civiltà buttati nel cesso.
 > Article (36): The state guarantees, as long as it does not violate
 > public order and morality:
 > 1st - the freedom of expressing opinion by all means.
O.K.
Niente Cicciolina in pubblico.
Ma il resto va bene.
 > 2nd - the freedom of press, publishing, media and distribution.
Niente porno, almeno ai ragazzini
 > 3rd - freedom of assembly and peaceful protest will be organized by law.
O.K.
 > Article (37): 1st - Freedom to establish and belong to political
 > organizations and parties is guaranteed, and it will be organized by law.
Meglio che in Italia.
 > 2nd - No person can be forced to join or remain a member of a
 > political party or organization.
Bene.
 > Article (38): The freedom of communications and exchanges by post,
 > telegraph, telephone and by electronic and other means is guaranteed.
 > They will not be monitored or spied upon or revealed except for legal
 > and security necessity in accordance with the law.
 > Article (39): Iraqis are free in their adherence to their personal
 > status according to their own religion, sect, belief and choice, and
 > that will be organized by law.
Cioè, uno può non essere più mussulmano e non essere decapitato 
legalmente???
 > Article (40): 1st - The followers of every religion and sect are free in:
 > (a) the practice of their religious rites, including the (Shiite)
 > Husseiniya Rites.
Si possono fare le processioni cristiane!!!
"Avanti col Cristo, che a procession se ingruma!!!"
 > (b) the administration of religious endowments and their affairs and
 > their religious institutions, and this will be organized by law.
 > 2nd - The state guarantees freedom of worship and the protection of
 > its places.
Cioè, uno può adorare quello che vuole.
Finalmente anche il satanismo in Iraq.
Un progresso!!!
 > Article (41): Every individual has freedom of thought and conscience.
Ma i mussulmani non erano sottomessi a Allah??
Forse in Iraq non più.
 > Article (42): 1st - The Iraqi citizen has freedom of movement and
 > travel and residence within Iraq and outside it.
 > 2nd - No Iraqi can be exiled or forced out or forbidden to return to
 > his nation.
Bene
 > Article (43): 1st - The state is keen to strengthen the role of civil
 > society groups and to support, develop them and preserve their
 > independence in accordance with peaceful means to realize legitimate
 > goals. This shall be regulated by law.
 > 2nd - The state is keen to advance Iraqi tribes and clans and it cares
 > about their affairs in accordance with religion, law and honourable
 > human values and in a way that contributes to developing society and
 > it forbids tribal customs that run contrary to human rights.
Le tribù che si comportano civilmente le aiutiamo, le altre le mazzuliamo.
 > Article (44): All individuals have the right to enjoy the rights stated
 > in international human rights agreements and treaties endorsed by Iraq
 > that don't run contrary to the principles and rules of this constitution.
PIù è meglio, meno no.
 > Article (45): Restricting or limiting any of the freedoms and
 > liberties
 > stated in this constitution may only happen by, or according to, law
 > and as long as this restriction or limitation does not undermine the
 > essence of the right or freedom.
Chi ha voglia può commentare dal capitolo 3 in poi.
Mirco

 ha scritto nel messaggio 
news:4312037C...@people.it...


 ha scritto nel messaggio 
news:2vCQe.35939$HM1.1...@twister1.libero.it...
cut
Perché una legge sia ammissibile da questa costituzione DEVE soddisfare
tutte e tre le clausole contemporanemamente:
1) Non contraddire le indisputabili regole dell'Islam
     Quali sono indisputabili? Già li sarà da ridere tra Shiiti e
Sunniti (senza aggiungere gli Alawiti, i Sufi e molte altre sette) su
cosa è indisputabile
cut


cosa intendi dire
Esattamente quello che ho scritto.  Ma d'altronde lo affermi tu stesso.
-Stefano

e per mantenere buoni rapporti con i lanzichenecchi !!
*ROTFL*
-Stefano