Newsgroup: it.politica.internazionale
Titolo: x castagno: evidenza del creazionismo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism
Se leggi tutto tutto ti accorgerai che se l'evoluzione è solo una teoria il
creazionismo sono solo visioni e retaggi culturali. Non ti piace tanto
wiki... USALO!!!
Jewish creationists
In Judaism a small number of classical rabbis believed that the world is
billions of years old, and that life as we know it today did not always
exist. Rabbis who had this view based their conclusions on verses in the
Talmud and works of Kabbalah (esoteric Jewish mysticism.) This is the view
of Rabbi Yitzchak of Akko (a student of Maimonides in the 12th century),
and today is the view of Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan.
Philosophical rationalists such as Maimonides held that it was ignorant to
read the book of Genesis in a literal fashion. However until the late 1800s
the mainstream Jewish view was that the world was 6,000 years old, and that
Genesis should be read in a literal fashion. With the advent of Darwin's
theory of evolution, the Jewish community found itself engaged in a
conversation and argument over how to reconcile traditional Jewish
principles of faith with modern scientific findings.
By the early 1900s the great majority of Conservative Judaism and Reform
Judaism came to accept the existence of evolution as a scientific fact.
They then reinterpreted Genesis in light of this fact. Orthodox Judaism
offered more resistance to this idea, with many Orthodox rabbis developing
rejections of evolution that exactly paralleled the rejections in the
Christian community. Orthodox Jews who rejected evolution held that the
scientists were mistaken, were heretics, or were being deliberately misled
by God.
In the late 1880s Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, an influential leader in the
early opposition to non-Orthodox forms of Judaism. wrote on the topic. He
did not fully embrace all the ideas of evolutionists, but concluded that
the basic ideas that all life developed from one common organism through
natural selection were valid for a religious Jew to hold, and may even
cause one to be more reverent of God.
    This will never change, not even if the latest scientific notion that
the genesis of all the multitudes of organic forms on earth can be traced
back to one single, most primitive, primeval form of life should ever
appear to be anything more than what it is today, a vague hypothesis still
unsupported by fact. Even if this notion were ever to gain complete
acceptance by the scientific world, Jewish thought, unlike the reasoning of
the high priest of that notion, would nonetheless never summon us to revere
a still extant representative of this primal form as the supposed ancestor
of us all. Rather, Judaism in that case would call upon its adherents to
give even greater reverence than ever before to the one, sole God Who, in
His boundless creative wisdom and eternal omnipotence, needed to bring into
existence no more than one single, amorphous nucleus and one single law of
"adaptation and heredity" in order to bring forth, from what seemed chaos
but was in fact a very definite order, the infinite variety of species we
know today, each with its unique characteristics that sets it apart from
all other creatures. (Collected Writings, vol. 7 pp. 263-264)
Many other Orthodox rabbis, such as Abraham Isaac Kook, saw evolution as
compatible with Jewish theology. Over time a growing minority of Orthodox
rabbis and laypeople came to accept the existence of biological evolution
as a fact. However, the majority of Orthodox rabbis and laypeople seem to
have regarded the idea as false, heretical, and as an affront to Judaism.
One can find an array of Orthodox views on the age of the universe, the age
of the earth, and views on evolution, in Challenge: Torah Views on Science
and Its Problems edited by Aryeh Carmell and Cyril Domb, and in Gerald
Schroeder's "Genesis and the Big Bang". These works attempt to reconcile
traditional Jewish texts with modern scientific findings concerning
evolution, the age of the earth and the age of the Universe. Prominent
Orthodox rabbis who affirm the veracity of scientific findings in these
areas include Aryeh Kaplan, Israel Lipschitz, Sholom Mordechai Schwadron
(the MaHaRSHaM), Zvi H. Chajes, and Abraham Isaac Kook. To be sure, these
rabbis do not accept the views of strict evolutionists, such as Richard
Dawkins, who hold that evolution has no room for God. Rather, each proposes
their own understanding of theistic evolution, in which the world is
billions of years old, and that life does evolve over time in accord with
natural law, but also holding that God has a role in this process.
Resistance to any form of evolution is strong within much of Haredi
Judaism.
As recently as 2005 some Orthodox rabbis who wrote about evolution have had
their books banned and have been labeled as a heretic. Rabbi Nosson
Slifkin, popularly known as the "Zoo rabbi" for his writings about animals
in Jewish thought, wrote a number of books including "The Camel, the Hare &
the Hyrax," and "The Science of Torah", in which he states that science has
proven that the world is billions of years old, and that rabbis who hold
that it literally is only 6,000 years old have erred.
One of the most prominent writers on this subject in the Orthodox Jewish
community is Gerald Schroeder, an Israeli physicist. He has written a
number of articles and popular books attempting to reconcile Jewish
theology with modern scientific findings that the world is billions of
years old and that life has evolved over time. (Genesis and the Big Bang:
The Discovery of Harmony Between Modern Science and the Bible) His work has
received approbations from a number of Orthodox rabbinic authorities. Until
recently his work was featured on the official website of Aish Hatorah, an
Orthodox Jewish outreach group. However the group recently deleted his
essay. After complaints from the author, Aish HaTorah put the essay back on
their website, but only after the author was forced to partially recant; he
was forced so say that perhaps the world is really only 6,000 years, and
that God is testing the faith of Jews by deliberately deceiving them as to
the age of the world.
slamic creationism
In the Islamic world, due to the continued prevalence of religious belief,
the theory of evolution has not yet taken hold, and traditional Islamic
beliefs regarding creation remain dominant. However, several liberal
movements within Islam, which are generally partial to secular scientific
thought, subscribe to evolution.
In recent years, however, due to increased contact between Islamic and
Western cultures, the arguments of "intelligent design" style creationism
have grown in popularity in parts of the Islamic world and among Muslim
immigrants in the Western diaspora.
The centre of the Islamic creationist movement is Turkey. Its main exponent
is the writer Harun Yahya (or Adnan Oktar, b. 1956) who uses the Internet
for the propagation of his ideas. His BAV (Bilim Ara?t?rma Vakf?/ Science
Research Foundation) organizes conferences with leading American
creationists. Another leading advocate of Islamic creationism is Fethullah
Gülen (b. 1941). The movement seems to have a considerable following in
Indonesia and Malaysia whereas interest seems to be low in the Arabic
countries and Iran. As in the Western context, the theory of evolution is
held responsible for a materialist worldview that is the Reason of many
social problems and negative political developments.
Islam also has its own brand of evolutionary creationism, which holds that
mainstream scientific analysis of the origin of the universe is supported
by the Qur'an. [1] (
http://www.submission.org/universe.html
)
[edit]
Popular attitudes
In recent years, however, popular attitudes have been moving away from
inerrancy to a more nuanced view of the Bible. According to a 1998 Gallup
Poll, approximately half the population of the United States believes: "The
Bible is the inspired word of God, not everything in it should be taken
literally." This compares with a 1963 poll which found that two out of
three Americans believed: "the Bible is the actual word of God and is to be
taken literally, word for word."
However, leading Young Earth Creationists argue that they take the Bible
plainly, i.e. in the meaning the author intended. So they take the poetic
books (e.g. Psalms) poetically, and the historical books historically,
arguing that Genesis has the structure of Hebrew narrative. This is within
the classic statements of biblical inerrancy, e.g., the Chicago Statement
on Biblical Inerrancy:
    "Simply put, our bottom line is that the proper interpretation of
Scripture is to take it 'plainly', meaning 'as the author intended it to be
understood by the original audience'. This incorporates a literal
interpretation of a literal context, poetic interpretation of poetic
context, etc.
    "E.g., with Genesis, we can tell it is meant to be historic narrative
because it has all the grammatical features of Hebrew narrative, e.g., the
first verb is a qatal (historic perfect), and the verbs that move the
narrative forward are wayyiqtols (waw consecutives); it contains many
'accusative particles' that mark the objects of verbs; and terms are often
carefully defined."
[edit]
Distribution of creationist views
The distribution of creationist and evolutionist views varies widely with
geography. In some areas, such as Europe, evolution has achieved
near-universality. In other areas, such as the Middle East, a type of
creationism based on the locally accepted religious faith is nearly
universal. Finally, in places such as the United States, opinions are
widely mixed, and the debate rages in educational, political, and some
academic circles.
[edit]
United States
In the United States, creationism remains popular among the general
population, and unpopular in the academic and scientific communities.
According to a 2001 Gallup evolution poll on the origins of humans, 72% of
Americans believe in some form of creationism (as defined above). About 45%
of Americans ascribe to the more Biblically literal creationism, believing
that "God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within
the last 10,000 years.".
Among the scientific community, the Big Bang, abiogenesis, and biological
evolution are overwhelmingly considered to be the correct description of
the origins of the universe and life on Earth. According to a 1997 Gallup
poll, 55% of scientists ascribe to a completely atheistic evolution, with a
total rejection of any deistic involvement. In 1987, Newsweek reported: "By
one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic
credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who
ascribed to Biblically literal creationism".
In 2000, a People for the American Way poll found that:
    20% of Americans believe public schools should teach evolution only;
    17% of Americans believe that only evolution should be taught in science
classes ? religious explanations should be taught in another class;
    29% of Americans believe that Creationism should be discussed in science
class as a 'belief,' not a scientific theory;
    13% of Americans believe that Creationism and evolution should be taught
as 'scientific theories' in science class;
    16% of Americans believe that only Creationism should be taught;
[edit]
The western world outside the United States
Most vocal creationists are from the United States, and creationist views
are much less common elsewhere in the Western World.
According to a PBS documentary on evolution, Australian Young Earth
Creationists claimed that "five percent of the Australian population now
believe that Earth is thousands, rather than billions, of years old." The
documentary further states that "Australia is a particular stronghold of
the creationist movement." Taking these claims at face value, Young Earth
Creationism is very much a minority position in Western countries.
In Europe, creationism is a less well-defined phenomenon, and regular polls
are not available. However, evolution is taught as scientific fact in most
schools. In Roman Catholic?majority countries, papal acceptance of
evolution as worthy of study has essentially ended debate on the matter for
many people. Nevertheless, creationist groups such as the German
Studiengemeinschaft Wort und Wissen[2] (
http://www.wort-und-wissen.de/
) are
actively lobbying there as well. In the United Kingdom the Emmanuel Schools
Foundation (previously the Vardy Foundation), which owns two colleges in
the north of England (out of several thousand in the country) and plans to
open several more, teaches that creationism and evolution are equally valid
"faith positions." In Italy, the prime minister Silvio Berlusconi wanted to
retire evolution from schools in the middle level; after one week of
massive protests, he reversed his opinion. [3]
(
http://www2.onnachrichten.t-online.de/dyn/c/19/01/33/1901336.html
)
Of particular note for Eastern Europe, Serbia suspended the teaching of
evolution for one week in 2004, under education minister Ljiljana Colic,
only allowing schools to reintroduce evolution into the curriculum if they
also taught creationism. [4] 
(
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/09/09/wdarw09.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/09/09/ixworld.html
)
"After a deluge of protest from scientists, teachers and opposition
parties," says the BBC report, Ms Colic's deputy made the statement, "I
have come here to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive," and announced
that the decision was reversed. [5]
(
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3642460.stm
) Ms. Colic resigned after
the government said that she had caused "problems that had started to
reflect on the work of the entire government"

 wiki... USALO!!!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design
Raffaele
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design
allora 
1- è una corrente di pensiero emersa per merito dei finanziamenti di un
think tank conservatore.
2- la totalità dei paleontologi e biologi ritiene valida la teoria
dell'evoluzione (anche se c'è un dibattito su come avvenga la speciazione)
per spiegare la totalità o quasi dei fenomeni inerenti alla vita sulla
terra
3- rispetto a 3 miliardi di anni di evoluzione ci sono relativamente pochi
dati (fossili dna di animali estinti ecc) è ovvio che qualcuno per
speculazione politica voglia infilarsi e tentare di portare la scienza dove
più gli conviene (anche komeini lo faceva) soprattutto se è un invasato
religioso. Ma la verità sta da un'altra parte.