Newsgroup: it.scienza.astronomia.seti
Titolo: una domanda di astronomia!

Una cosa piuttosto notevole, della cultura maya primaria del 1800ac é che,
esistono indizi REALI e diretti, d'oggetti che potrebbero essere dei
telescopi maya (nonostante i maya non lavorassero il vetro)
 
http://planet.racine.ra.it/testi/maya.htm
 
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologia_maya#Venere
 
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_Dresda
 
 
Ora, per vedere le fasi di Venere serve un telescopio di almento 40x, le
fasi di Venere furono descritte per la prima volta, da Galileo nel 1560dc
circa 
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
 
 
Un telescopio con 40 ingrandimenti = 40x equivalgono ad almeno 400/10 di
vista tuttavia i maya intorno al 1800ac già avevano descritto le fasi di
Venere!.
 
http://www.astralis.it/maya.htm
 
 
Quante tonnellate di mirtilli amazzonici, si sono strafogati i maya per
poter vedere ad occhio nudo le fasi di venere?!
 
-- 
UFO alieni ed antichi astronauti?! O ce n'é e ce n'é stati O ce n'é di 
rimpiattati!

 poter vedere ad occhio nudo le fasi di venere?!
 
Non serve un telescopio, se hai un'ottima vista puoi vederle ad occhio 
nudo:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_Venus#Naked_eye_observations
 
 
lo stesso vale anche per altri corpi celesti, come ad esempio Mizar e  
Alcor, se hai un'ottima vista puoi correttamente identificarle come 
stella binaria, in caso contrario vedrai una sola stella.
 
Inoltre devi considerare l'inquinamento luminoso, fino a poco tempo fa 
era inesistente, adesso devi andare in culo ai lupi per poter vedere 
qualche cosa.
 
-- 
For within each seed, there is a promise of a flower,
and within each death, no matter how small,
there's always a new life. A new beginning.

 qualche cosa.
la tua spiegazione puzza di supermelanina Dogon di Sirio B. Infatti a 
parte i ciechi, che poveracci sono disabili, tutti gli altri noteranno 
che le fasi di venere descritte da Galilei, hanno parecchio a che fare 
con la visibilità e la luce di Venere, che non a caso é stata descritta e 
calcolata, proprio come se i maya avessero un telescopio. Poi bisogna 
capire che le osservazioni servivano per costruire un calendario ed un 
modello immaginifico del mondo maya e non c'e' nessuna teoria 
gravitazionale newtonaiana nella cultura maya, perche' ai maya serviva 
solo un calendario, non mandare sonde sulla Luna.
 
 
http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_astronomy.htm
 
 
Architectural alignments of specialized assemblages of buildings provide
further documentation for a number of Maya astronomical skills.  Quite
uncharacteristic of Western astronomy, the paramount aim of the Maya
astronomers’ endeavors seems to have been to discover commensurate
relationships both among celestial cycles and between astronomically
derived periodicities and non astronomical cycles. One of the several
problems that must have been a proverbial thorn in the sides of Maya
astronomers for hundreds of years, is that of the five visible planets (to
the naked eye) only the mean synodic periods of Jupiter (of 399 days) and
Saturn (of 378 days) did not factor evenly into any of their recognized
calendrica, it is now possible to demonstrate that the formerly enigmatic
819-day cycle, developed and used by the Maya rather late in the Classic
period, is the end product of a methodological construct specifically
designed to rectify this situation, the Maya, by necessity, incorporated
the mean synodic periods of Jupiter and Saturn into a distinctly parallel
methodological construct that in turn couples with those previously
existent. As learn from the inscriptions in Quiriguá's (Stela K) in A.D.
815, and one from Tikal. 819-day counts are also expressed in the Dresden
codex. The 819-day cycle, relative to Jupiter and Saturn, is directly
parallel to the relationship of the 949-
day cycle, relative to the Haab and Venus.
 
 
 
Venus: (Lamat Glyph, Venus), Chak Ek' was the astronomical object of
greatest interest, the Maya knew it better than any civilization outside
Mesoamerica. In Maya myth, Venus is the companion of the sun. This no
doubt reflects the fact that Venus is always close to the sun in the sky,
rising not long before sunrise as morning star (Ah-Chicum-Ek') or after
sunset as evening star (Lamat). They thought it was more important than
the Sun. They watched it carefully as it moved through its stations, it
takes 584 days for Venus and the Earth to line up in their previous
position as compared to the Sun. It takes about 2922 days for the Earth,
Venus, the Sun, and the stars to agree. The Maya made daytime observations
of Venus. Venus had a psychological effect upon the Maya, it has been
shown in the Dos Pilas staircase, that the Maya were timing some of their
wars based on the stationary points of Venus and Jupiter, (The famous Star
War between Tikal and Dos Pilas,  Naranjo and allies). Humans were
sacrificed on first appearance after Superior Conjunction when Venus was
at its dimmest magnitude but they most feared the first Heliacal Rising
after Inferior Conjunction. In the Dresden Codex, the Maya had an almanac
that displayed the full cycle of Venus. Venus cycles were the mean synodic
Venus year of 584 days and a "great cycle" of 37960 days (the lowest
common multiple of the Tzolkin,  and the Venus year, equal to 104 calendar
years or 2 calendar rounds). In Rio Azul's tomb 19  the Lamat or Venus
Glyph is beautifully painted.  A "star war" is a full-scale war planned in
accordance with specific astronomical events, usually the first appearance
in the morning sky of the planet Venus. The heliacal rising of the
brilliant "star" in the pre-dawn sky was considered by the Maya as a
highly evil portent. As such it was an appropriate herald of warfare, at
least on the part of the attacker. (Schelle)
 
While Kepler solved the sidereal problem of Mars by proposing an
elliptical heliocentric orbit, anonymous but equally ingenious Maya
astronomers discovered a pair of time cycles that not only accurately
described the planet's motion, but also related it to other cosmic and
terrestrial concerns. Pages 43b-45b of the Codex are concerned with the
synodic cycle of Mars, and a complex table on pages 69-74 describe the
sidereal cycle.
 
Orion: The Maya called Orion Ak' Ek' or "Turtle Star",  Orion is  depicted
in the Madrid Codex as a turtle with three tun ("stone")  glyphs on its
back.  Because the sky has not yet been raised, before the creation, the
hearth is a location in both earth and sky. The turtle shell is an earth
symbol, like the back of the crocodile at the foot of the World Tree.
Here is the place of Creation, where the sky will rise and saw the nearby
ecliptic constellation of Gemini as the motherMadrid Codice p 71, Turtle
of creation peccary and the belt stars are her children.  In addition, the
Maya used three stars in the constellation Orion: The great blue giant,
Rigel, Kappa Orionis, the star Saiph and the belt star, Alnitak. These
three stars form an equilateral triangle called, Oxib X'kub'  or “The
Three Stones of the Hearth”. They represent the Maya hearth, made of three
stones placed in a triangular pattern. The hearth was and is the very
foundation of the Maya home. Directly in the center of the Three Stones of
the Hearth, you will find the Orion nebula, M42. It acts as the flame
called, “K’ak”. Toward dawn on the Creation night of Aug 13,  the
constellation OrionClassic Jade plate showing the Maize god, reborn from
the Turtle of Creation, Petén. moves toward the zenith. The K'iche'
people still refer to a triad of three bright stars in Orion as "the
hearth stones", and the hazy nebula below Orion's belt is called "the
smoke from the hearth".
 
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/caracol3.html
 
 
This rise and fall of Venus as a morning star takes 263 days. For the next
50 days, Venus disappears and cannot be seen in the sky at all.
 
Then, Venus reappears in the evening sky, where it remains for another
263-day phase before disappearing below the horizon for 8 days. At the end
of these 8 days, Venus reappears as a morning star, and the cycle begins
again.
 
The entire cycle—263 as a morning star, 50 days absent, 263 days as an
evening star, and finally, 8 days absent—takes 584 days, an interval also
known as the synodic period of Venus.
 
It just so happens that the synodic period of Venus (584 days) relates to
the orbital period of the earth (365 days) in a relatively simple ratio of
5:8. Five times the synodic period of Venus (5 x 584 days) is 2,920 days.
If you divide 2,920 by the 365 days in our year, you get 8. In short, the
motions of Venus relative to our sun repeat almost exactly every 8 years.
Eight years would have been a useful span of time for ancient sky-
watchers, who relied heavily on natural cycles to mark time.
 
There is a simple way to track this 8-year cycle. Like the sun, the
position of Venus against the horizon appears to shift with the seasons.
Venus shifts north in the summer and south in the winter. Exactly how far
Venus shifts each year depends on where it is in its 8-year cycle, but the
extreme points in the back-and-forth oscillation are known as the northern
extreme and the southern extreme of Venus. An observer will see Venus rise
at each of these extreme points once every 8 years.
 
 
http://astrology.wikia.com/wiki/Mayan_Astrology
 
 
For example, a large distance number in the Dresden’s Venus Pages, long
count 9.9.16.0.0, has been shown to be equally divisible by most of the
important Maya astronomical and calendrical cycles (Aveni 1980:192). The
distance number totals 1,366,560 days. Cycles which evenly divide into it
include; the Tzolk’in (260 days), the tun (360 days), the solar year (365
days), the Venus synodic period (584 days), the Mars synodic period (780
days), the correction factor of the Venus tables (2,340 days), the Venus/
solar period (2,920 days), and the Calendar Round (18,980 days or 52
years).[
 
http://www.starteachastronomy.com/mayan.html
 Venus held a particular
attraction for the Mayans. It was considered to be connected with the
major deity Quetzalcoatl. It was called Xux Ek, the "Great Star," and the
Mayans knew that it is the same object that appears in both the morning
and the evening at different times of the year. The priest-astronomers
determined the synodic period of Venus (how long it takes to orbit the
sun) to be 584 days, which is again incredibly close to the actual period
of 583.92 days. When Venus rose in the mornings, it was considered bad
luck, and everyone would stay inside their homes and block their chimneys
so that the evil light from Venus could not enter.
The Mayans also calculated the synodic periods of Mars as 780 days (actual
= 779.936 days) and Mercury as 117 days (actual = 116 days), but they
seemed uninterested in Jupiter and Saturn, the other bright planets. None
of the planets were actually seen as objects different from the rest of
the stars, which is unusual considering that they move significantly in
relation to the fixed stars.
 
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/dresden/dresdencodex04.htm
 
 
The mythological association between Venus and the sun has an astronomical
foundation. Aveni suggests that it reflects Venus' "unique visual
relationship to the sun". He notes that Venus "remains close to the sun,
always becoming visible a few hours either before sunrise over the place
the sun will come up, or after sunset over the place it went down".(4)
 
The Aztecs identified Venus as a dog who leads the sun, and the souls of
kings, to the underworld. The two-headed Maya "cosmic monster",
illustrated in both the Dresden Codex and Classical inscriptions, is
marked by Venus symbols on one head, and solar symbols on the other. It
too likely represents Venus leading the sun. The hero twins  myth cycle is
an account of the apparitions of Venus.
 
The heliacal rise of Venus, when it first rises in the morning sky in the
east, marks the direction of sunrise and rebirth. Cosmical rise, when
Venus  rises at sunset in the west, is associated with evening and death.
The period of invisibility between disappearance in the west at sunset and
heliacal rise in the east marks Venus' sojourn in the underworld.(5)
 
 According to the Manuscript of Serna, on the day of the heliacal rise of
Venus, the natives "prepared a feast, warfare, and sacrifices". Perhaps
because of its association with war, the heliacal rise of Venus came to be
regarded as a time when dire events could be expected.
 
The Anales de Cuauhtitlan (Codex Chimalpopca)(6),another post-conquest
document from central Mexico, reports that at heliacal rise, Venus
exercised a dangerous influence:
 
And so, when he [Venus] goes forth [rises], they know on what day  sign he
casts his light on certain people, venting his anger against them,
shooting them with darts.
 
 
This was certainly part of Maya augury in the post-Classical period.
 
The Dresden Codex Venus pages show Venus deities armed with spears to
pierce their victims. The primary function of the Venus table appears to
have been to fix the dates of rituals associated with the apparitions of
Venus and supply auguries for these dates.
 
The table is entered at a heliacal rise of Venus on the tzolk'in date 1
(hun) Ahaw, and tracks through 65 synodic periods of Venus (37960 days).
 
Familiarity with the Maya calendar is a prerequisite to a proper
understanding of the Venus table. For an introduction to the calendar,
see  a brief Note on the Maya Calendar, where you will also find links to
more detailed discussions of the calendar.
