Newsgroup: it.hobby.radioamatori
Titolo: Allargamento 40 metri e morse

Leggo ora che la IARU ha deciso di allargare la banda dei 7Mhz nella
regione 1. Da 7000khz a 7200khz.
Un successo... le radio di broadcasting dovranno lasciare la porzione
7100-7200 entro il 2009 ! (saranno pochi ma sono sempre 6 anni.....)
Il Morse obbligatorio o meno a discrezione delle autorita' competenti di
ciascun paese.... chissa l'Italia, padre di Marconi, cosa decidera' di
fare.
Ciao !
Fabio
IZ1EGT
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Per chi è interessato ai punti discussi e alle risoluzioni ecco quanto
pubblicato dalla IARU:
New Regulations For The Amateur Services
By Michael Owen, VK3KI
WRC-03 IARU Observer Team Member
Introduction
On 4th July 2003 the World Radiocommunication Conference, Geneva, 2003 ended
and on the following day, the 5th July 2003 the new international
regulations governing the amateur and amateur satellite services, Article 25
of the Radio Regulations, that had been adopted by the Conference come into
effect.
The language of many provisions in Article 25 as it was before 5th July 2003
was the language of many years ago, reflecting the priorities, structures
and attitudes of a time long gone. Provisions such as requiring amateur
stations to use "plain language", that communications be limited to messages
"relating to experiments", and remarks "for which by reason of their lack of
importance, the use of the telegraph service could not enter into
consideration", the prohibition of "international communications emanating
from third parties", though that provision "may be modified by special
arrangements between the interested countries", the requirement for Morse
Code, and a number of other provisions are to be found in Article 8 of the
General Radio Regulations annexed to the International Telecommunication
Convention, Madrid, 1932.
The IARU policy was to seek the simplification of the Regulations affecting
the amateur services by removal of regulations that were no longer
necessary, the removal of provisions that were redundant because the subject
matter was covered elsewhere in the Radio Regulations, the updating of
provisions to reflect today's attitudes and activities, the identification
of some standards for the qualification of amateurs and the addition of
provisions that encouraged amateurs to be given the ability to provide
emergency communications and to encourage the international recognition of
amateur licences.
The Radio Regulations, the international regulations, define the
fundamentals of the amateur services, and regulate international
communications between stations in the amateur and amateur-satellite
services. Administrations may and do make additional regulations, and
regulate in detail the amateur services in their country.
This article compares the previous regulations with the new regulations and
attempts to identify what is new and what is different. It does not attempt
to explain why the particular provision was adopted in a particular form,
which is another story told elsewhere. The numbers used to identify
provisions are the temporary numbers used by the ITU in the course of the
WRC.
Banned countries list
The first provision of Article 25, the so called "banned countries" list is
a provision that is to be found in the 1932 Regulations, and is almost the
same as the previous regulation except that it is now expressed positively
rather negatively. The provision reads:
25.1 Radiocommunications between amateur stations of different countries
shall be permitted unless the administration of one of the countries
concerned has notified that it objects to such radiocommunications.
That is a provision that has only a limited effect on most amateurs.
The balance of Article 25 is more directly relevant to the day to day
activities of radio amateurs.
What may be transmitted by Amateur Stations
The old international regulation relating to what an amateur station may
transmit was as follows:
"When transmissions between amateur stations of different countries are
permitted, they shall be made in plain language and shall be limited to
messages of a technical nature relating to tests and to remarks of a
personal character for which, by reason of their unimportance, recourse to
the public telecommunications service is not justified."
This dealt with two distinct matters, the content of messages and the
encryption of messages.
The phrase "messages of a technical nature relating to tests and to remarks
of a personal character" could be construed unnecessarily narrowly, and did
not reflect today's world, and the qualifying phrase "which, by reason of
their unimportance, recourse to the public telecommunications service is not
justified" was both vague and uncertain, and certainly reflected a time when
in most countries the common carrier was a government monopoly.
So, the old provision was replaced by a new provision as follows:
25.2 Transmissions between amateur stations of different countries shall be
limited to communications incidental to the purposes of the amateur service,
as defined in No. 1.56 and to remarks of a personal character.
The term "incidental to" is wide, certainly not requiring a narrow
connection with the "purposes of the amateurs service" and as the "purposes"
of the amateur service set out in the definition are "self-training,
intercommunication and technical investigations", the subject matter goes
much beyond "tests". The new provision much more accurately reflects what in
fact is the subject matter of amateur transmissions today.
Coded Messages
It is assumed that the phrase in the old provision requiring transmissions
to be in "plain language" meant something transmitted by either voice or
Morse that anyone could hear and understand. But today amateurs use many
codes, and so what is meant by the phrase "plain language" could become a
question in some countries. The language is no longer really appropriate.
And, in any event a total prohibition is not appropriate as encryption is
required for the control of satellites by command stations.
The requirement is not for "plain language" but a prohibition of messages
encoded for the purposes of obscuring their meaning.
So, the simple phrase in the old regulation was replaced by a new provision,
as follows:
25.2A Transmissions between amateur stations of different countries shall
not be encoded for the purpose of obscuring their meaning, except for
control signals exchanged between earth command stations and the space
station in the amateur satellite service.
The IARU had suggested that it would be desirable for the exception to be
expressed more widely than limited to satellite control signals, but a
number of countries resisted this for security reasons. Of course the
provision applies only to international communications. Therefore, repeater
control signals, which are almost invariably transmitted within a single
country and so are subject to national rather than international,
regulation, may be encoded unless prohibited by national regulation.
"Third party" messages
One of the most difficult areas was the old provisions dealing with so
called "third party messages." The provisions were as follows:
It is absolutely forbidden for amateur stations to be used for transmitting
international communications on behalf of third parties.
The preceding provisions may be modified by special arrangements between the
administrations of the countries concerned.
That prohibition of international communication on behalf of third parties
is very wide. What is a communication on behalf of a third party? School
children speaking to an astronaut is a communication on behalf of a third
party, as is participation in the Jamboree on the Air. The provision
inhibited preparation for disaster communication, and indeed, international
disaster relief communications unless a special arrangements were in place
between the two countries concerned.
The requirement that the prohibition could be modified by "special
arrangements between the administrations of the countries concerned" was
slow and clumsy, in many countries involving the ministry responsible for
foreign relations.
The IARU suggested the suppression of both provisions, taking the view that
each administration was fully empowered to regulate its amateurs, and in
particular to define what communication could and could not be carried by an
amateur station both nationally and internationally.
Of course, the fundamental requirement that the amateur service is non
commercial is to be found in the definition of the amateur service and
Article 25.2 set out above.
The new provision reads as follows:
25.3 Amateur stations may be used for transmitting international
communications on behalf of third parties only in the case of an emergency
or disaster relief. . An administration may determine the applicability of
this provision to amateur stations under its jurisdiction.
The exception to the blanket prohibition for cases of emergency and disaster
relief is important, and when read with the new provision intended to
encourage emergency communication by amateur stations will hopefully lead
administrations to adopt new regulations to facilitate such activities.
This second sentence of this provision enables each administration to define
what is a communication on behalf of a third party, and with whom the
stations under its jurisdiction may exchange such communications. If the
other station's administration permits the same communication, then the
communication may be exchanged internationally.
The removal of the requirement for bilateral agreements between countries is
significant as the new regulation certainly provides the means by which each
administration can permit many activities, such as disaster relief, practice
for emergency communication, and educational communications to take place
internationally.
Morse Code
The old regulation that Morse was a requirement for the operators of amateur
stations below 30 MHz was found in a provision that read as follows:
Any person seeking a licence to operate the apparatus of an amateur station
shall prove that he is able to send correctly by hand and to receive
correctly by ear texts in Morse code signals. The administrations concerned
may, however, waive this requirement in the case of stations making use
exclusively of frequencies above 30 MHz.
That was replaced with a provision giving each administration the right to
decide whether or not Morse is a required qualification as follows:
25.5 Administrations shall determine whether or not a person seeking a
licence to operate an amateur station shall demonstrate the ability to send
and receive texts in Morse code signals.
The alternative of simply deleting the old provision was rejected because a
number of administrations thought that the matter was so important that a
positive decision not to require Morse as a qualification was appropriate.
The effect is actually the same: Morse code is no longer an internationally
required qualification for an amateur licence, though an administration may
still require it.
The Qualification of Amateurs
Apart from the Morse code as a qualification, the previous regulation
provided:
Administrations shall take such measures as they judge necessary to verify
the operational and technical qualifications of any person wishing to
operate the apparatus of an amateur station.
This was replaced by a new provision as follows:
25.6 Administrations shall verify the operational and technical
qualifications of any person wishing to operate an amateur station. Guidance
for standards of competence may be found in the most recent version of
Recommendation ITU-R M.1544.
The reference to the Recommendation is a non-mandatory reference. That is,
an administration is not bound to follow it, but it is expected that all
administrations will take the Recommendation into account when setting the
qualification for an amateur licensee.
The Recommendation is very general, for example providing that any person
seeking a license to operate an amateur station should demonstrate a
"theoretical knowledge of: Radio regulations, international, domestic", and
under the heading "Radio system theory", "transmitters, receivers, antennas
and propagation and measurements." Consistently with the decisions of the
Conference, the Recommendation does not suggest any requirement for a Morse
skill.
That accords with the IARU position that the Radio Regulations should give
some guidance as to the qualification appropriate for an amateur licence,
but should not attempt to set a syllabus, as the diversity of environments
for which a standard must be set is very great.
The identification of a standard, the topics on which knowledge is required,
reflects one of the essential elements of the amateur service, namely that
an amateur is a person who has demonstrated an operational and technical
qualification, distinguishing that amateur from many other users of the
spectrum.
Power
The next provision in the new Regulations is:
25.7 The maximum power of amateur stations shall be fixed by the
administrations concerned.
That is almost the same as the old regulation, but with the words after
those words in the old provision being omitted, so the words "having regard
to the technical qualifications of the operators and to the conditions under
which these stations are to operate" are no longer part of the provision.
The application of other provisions of the Radio Regulations
Again, Article 25.8 is a shortened version of the previous article, and
reads as follows:
25.8 All pertinent Articles and Provisions of the Constitution, the
Convention and of these Regulations shall apply to amateur stations.
That changes the reference to "general rules" to "pertinent" provisions of
the current ITU documents and omits the sentence "In particular, the emitted
frequency shall be as stable and as free from spurious emissions as the
state of technical development for such stations permits." which is
unnecessary as the requirements apply to amateur stations in any event.
In reality, there is no change arising from the different wording. Probably
the provision is unnecessary in any event, but it offered some assurance to
administrations that amateurs will abide by all pertinent rules.
Call signs
Finally, a provision that is the same as the previous provision:
25.9 During the course of their transmissions, amateur stations shall
transmit their call sign at short intervals.
Emergency Communications
Then, a completely new provision is included in Article 25, a provision that
really needs no explanation.
25.9A Administrations are encouraged to take the necessary steps to allow
amateur stations to prepare for and meet communication needs in support of
disaster relief.
That provision should be read in conjunction with Article 25.3, and it is
hoped that administrations will make regulations that facilitate amateurs
preparing for emergency situations and providing communications in
emergencies and for disaster relief. This was an important IARU objective.
The international recognition of the licences of visiting amateurs
A further completely new provision is added to Article 25:
25.9B Administrations may determine whether or not to permit a person who
has been granted a licence to operate an amateur station by another
administration, to operate an amateur station while that person is
temporarily in its territory, subject to such conditions or restrictions it
may impose.
This provision has been interpreted by some to mean that an administration
may, if it wishes, permit a licensee from another country to operate in its
territory without issuing a licence, as would otherwise be required by
Article 18 of the Radio Regulations. There is some substance in
interpretation, as the provision deals with "permissions" and applies only
to a person temporarily in the territory of the other administration.
The interpretation of the provision is, of course, a matter for
administrations, but hopefully it is a provision that will encourage
administrations to allow amateurs to enjoy their hobby while travelling by
recognising the foreign licence. A global recognition would fill in the gaps
left by the CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01 and the International Amateur
Radio Permit of the OAS.
The Amateur-satellite service
The final two provisions deal with amateur-satellite service, the first
being unchanged and reading as follows:
25.10 The provisions of Section I of this Article shall apply equally, as
appropriate, to the amateur-satellite service.
The next provision is the only operative provision in Article 25 dealing
with the amateur-satellite service. The previous provision read as follows:
Space stations in the amateur-satellite service operating in bands shared
with other services shall be fitted with appropriate devices for controlling
emissions in the event that harmful interference is reported in accordance
with the procedure laid down in Article 22. Administrations authorizing such
space stations shall inform the IFRB and shall ensure that sufficient earth
command stations are established before launch to guarantee that any harmful
interference which might be reported can be terminated by the authorizing
administration (see No. 2612).
The provision was unnecessarily complex, repeating obligations that are
found elsewhere in the Radio Regulations, particularly Article 22.
In the end, the following simplified provision was adopted:
25.11 Administrations authorizing space stations in the amateur-satellite
service shall ensure that sufficient earth command stations are established
before launch to ensure that any harmful interference caused by emissions
from a station in the amateur-satellite service can be terminated
immediately (see No. 22.1).
The new provision avoids the repetition in different words of regulations
that already apply to the stations, and simply requires that sufficient
earth command stations are established before launch.
The Definition of the Amateur Service
When, in 1996, the IARU commenced its examination of the issues raised by
placing Article 25 of the Radio Regulations on the agenda of a future World
Radiocommunication Conference, it very quickly saw that the definition
remained as relevant and appropriate as it had been over the many years that
it been a part of the Radio regulations.
It is worth setting out that definition for the sake of completeness:
1.56 Amateur service: A radiocommunication service for the purpose of
self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out
by amateurs, that is, by duly authorised persons interested in radio
technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.
Similarly, the definition of the amateur-satellite service remains
unchanged:
1.57 Amateur-satellite service: A radiocommunication service using space
stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur
service.
The Conference decided that no change was required to those definitions in
Article 1.
Conclusion
The Radio Regulations are the written result of the welding together of the
different views of different people with different languages and from
different cultures. It is no doubt easy to say that some of the provisions
could be expressed more elegantly, and that some of the provisions are not
necessary.
Of course, it is true that the narrower provisions of the old international
regulations have not really inhibited the amateur service in many countries,
with administrations preferring a liberal interpretation. But in the long
run, the amateur service cannot afford to have countries ignore the
international regulations. It is fundamental that the amateurs have
appropriate "operational and technical qualifications." A speed limit that
is unrealistic and not enforced is going to be ignored. What was appropriate
in 1932 may not be appropriate in 2003.
In the end it is suggested that the meaning of Article 25 is clear, even if
expressed in language different from the language suggested by the IARU.
What is important is the substance, not the form, and it is suggested that
the changes and additions made to Article 25 by WRC 2003 will meet the needs
for the future of the amateur service identified by the IARU.

 ha scritto...
Stracuut
ma uno straccio di traduzione? :P
Beh, lo leggerò con calma più tardi!
-- 
=============================
Imagination is more important
than knowledge. A. Einstein
=============================
Best 73's de Angelo IT9AMQ

A parte la questione delll'allargamento della banda dei 40 m (che č una
manna dal cielo) e del requisito della telegrafia per l'accesso alle HF (che
preferisco non commentare), ci sono altre cosette interessanti:
1- č possibile ufficialmente gestire messaggi di terze parti in caso di
emergenza
2- č ammessa la crittografia dei dati di controllo dei satelliti
3- le amministrazioni sono invitate ad aiutare i radioamatori a mettere su
le strutture per le radiocomunicazioni d'emergenza
4 - la nuova definizione di servizio di radioamatore č piů realistica e va
oltre i semplici test tecnici

 ha scritto...

Allora č da leggere subito!
Per stamani basta post a ping pong :-)
Ciao Vittorio ed a presto!


 Leggo ora che la IARU
La IARU?
Non credo che la IARU abbia questa facolta' .
Probabilmente l'ha deciso la ITU.