Newsgroup: it.hobby.scuba
Titolo: Fumo e immersioni...

Da una lista americana... se avete bisogno della traduzione fate un
fischio...
Ciao
Sf
There's been a discussion here on Techdiver about drug testing and how in
some cases random drug testing nets a lot of divers in the commercial diving
industry. But there's another drug we should consider.
One thing that I never expected when I started scuba diving was the large
number of divers, especially instructors, who smoked cigarettes. When I took
up cave diving it was even more stunning to me how many smoked.
Last year my Mother died of lung cancer. It took her two years to die and
many dozens of hours sitting in a chair with an IV in her arm being infused
with toxic chemicals, but not so much toxicity that it would kill her before
it killed her cancer. As a result of those chemicals, she lost all of her
hair and couldn't eat. She also got irradiation treatment and the procedure
burned her skin and made her sicker. In the last months my Father became
desperate to find someone who could save her. He changed treatments and she
lived a little longer. She always smiled, she rarely complained--you'd think
she wasn't sick. She died a little over a year ago - of a cancer related to
cigarette smoking.
My Father lived another nine months and died on New Year's eve. He was
victim number two even though he didn't smoke, but he'll never show up on a
smoking death statistic.
470,000 people die each year from tobacco use. This compares to 1,000 deaths
due to alcohol abuse or 10,000 deaths due to murders. The annual death count
due to tobacco use is equivalent to two jumbo jets crashing EVERY DAY with
no survivors. Imagine.
The chemicals found in tobacco are so toxic that you can't dump them in a
landfill.
3,000 kids become regular smokers each day ... one MILLION each year.
Year-to-date, 110,000 kids have become daily smokers. Smoking before the age
of 15 versus the age of 25 puts them at TEN TIMES more risk to get cancer.
82% of adults who smoke started before the age of 18. My Mother smoked most
of her life.
Smoking racks up $50 Billion a year in direct medical costs.
The tobacco industry spends more than $6 Billion annually in advertising
programs directed at getting new smokers - targeting children, women, and
minorities.
How? Movies, advertising outside schools (targeted billboard campaigns),
free gifts, and misleading advertising stating that smoking is healthy,
"cool" and fun.
The tobacco industry uses science to obfuscate the truth and generate
controversy. They hide and lie to the public about the dangers of tobacco
use and nicotine addiction. They put profits ahead of public health and
safety. They have lead an advertising campaign that arouses their addicted
millions to believe that somehow the effort to educate them about cigarettes
and to make smoking in public more difficult is somehow a civil rights
issue. They want you to believe that smokers who die from cigarette smoking
deserve what they get because, hey, it says it right there on the pack:
Cigarette Smoking May be Harmful to Your Heath.
All those happy, smoking people who die unknown in the privacy of their
beds. They just disappear. It isn't like an airline disaster, it's quiet and
private. And because of that it's just a part of the scenery . . . nothing
to get upset about.
We all have the right to kill ourselves so long as we are endangering no one
else. But if no adults smoked and there was no market for it do you think
that any children would start? If there was no cigarette money for
advertising and sports endorsements and for all those colorful clothes and
bags and belt buckles, would kids still know how "cool" it was?
As long as we are discussing the impact of drugs on sport, specifically
diving, and the potential for injury and death, I wonder if smoking
shouldn't be included in that discussion? How many people died last year
from marijuana? I couldn't find any statistics anywhere, even in the usually
paranoid and slanted government literature. The pro-pot pages say "0." The
picture I have is of a railroad driver who got stoned and ran into a busload
of kids. I don't know if it's true, but that's how they say pot kills you. I
smoked pot from the time I was 18 until my son turned 11. I didn't want him
to use me as an excuse to smoke pot. None of the joints I smoked gave me
half the pleasure and satisfaction that diving does.
Drugs alter your perceptions and that could be fatal to a diver given that
diving itself can alter your perceptions. Death could certainly follow in
stressful situations. So sure, pot could kill.
But what kind of numbers are we talking about here? 10? 100? How does that
compare to 470,000 annually? I wonder how many divers around the world have
died from smoking related illnesses? My guess is that it would eclipse by
many, many times the deaths from all other causes.
In the last weeks as the cancer consumed my Mother she weighed almost
nothing. Her eyes were sunken in her head, her skin discolored. She stopped
wearing the wig she had bought to hide her baldness. She had to sit in a
chair to sleep because the cancer prevented her from breathing when lying
down. Every breath was a wheezing effort and every breath caused her pain.
On March 12th, early in the morning, she asked my Father to lie with her on
the bed and with his arm around her that is where she died. She died from
smoking those satisfying cigarettes that she just couldn't quit.
Enjoy.
JoeL
--
"Se vi è magia su questo pianeta, è contenuta nell'acqua...
La sua sostanza arriva ovunque;
interessa il passato e prepara il futuro;
scorre al di sotto dei poli e vaga sottile e alta nell'aria.
Può assumere forme di squisita perfezione
in un fiocco di neve o ridurre una creatura vivente
a un osso che luccica in balia del mare"
The immense journey
LOREN EISELEY

fischio...
Fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Molto interessato ma anglofobico!
Se vuoi avrai per sempre la mia riconoscenza!
Ciao
Tato.

smoking those satisfying cigarettes that she just couldn't quit.
Nelle ultime settimane, mentre il cancro la consumava, mia madre pesava
pochissimo. I suoi occhi erano inofssati nella testa, la pelle senza colore.
Smise di metter la parrucca che aveva comprato per nascondere la perdita dei
capelli. Doveva dormire stando seduta su una sedia perché il cancro non le
permetteva di respirare stando distesa. Ogni respiro era uno sforzo immane
che le causava dolore. Il 12 marzo, la mattina presto, chiese a mio padre di
stendersi con lei sul letto e tra le sue braccia morì. Morì a causa di
quelle soddisfacenti sigarette di cui non riusciva a fare a meno.


 up cave diving it was even more stunning to me how many smoked.
In effetti mi sono anch'io stupito della quantità di sub ed istruttori
subacquei che fuma e soprattutto si accende una sigaretta appena
terminata l'immersione (come se l'aria delle bombole fosse troppo pura
:-)))). D'altra parte l'abitudine al fumo è diffusa anche nei nei
medici. A parte i dati epidemiologici mi ha molto colpito in passato
il confronto fra i polmoni di un fumatore, neri  e rovinati, e quelli
di un soggetto normale conservati sotto formalina al museo di anatomia
dell'ospedale Forlanini.
Le multinazionali del tabacco hanno subito condanne per milioni di
dollari per i danni causati dall'uso delle sigarette ma, putroppo,
come tutte le droghe, non c'è una sufficiente consapevolezza dei
consumatori e troppi ci guadagnano sopra, stato e contrabbandieri
compresi.
Max max

Scubaf pezdimerd ,
io perdo il sonno per tradurre due procedure del wkpp e oltretutto male e te
in mezz'ora fai queste cose?
ma io ti massacro ti stronco e distrubiusco il tuo cellulare a mezza
albania!!
D'ora in poi preparati perchè ne avrai di traduzioni da fare ;-)))))))

[....]
Hazz! Pensavo ad un articolo 'scientifico' e invece non lo e'...
Sara' meglio che impari l'inglese e smetta di fumare!
Grazie per la traduzione tempestiva...
Veramente impressionato dal contenuto dell'articolo e dalla
velocita' di traduzione..
Ossequi
Tato.

Scusate ma non ho proprio saputo resistere!!!
Forse sono OT, ma oltre naturalmente ad essere daccordo con
voi, volevo dire quanto mi fa inca@@are il fatto che io faccio tanto
per non fumare, e la mattina mentre vado a lavoro ci sono tre stronzi
su quattro che fumano contemporaneamente in auto!
Di ragionarci non se ne parla nemmeno (sei tu quello esagerato) e
così sono stato costretto ad organizzarmi per il viaggio da solo!
Ciao a tutti e scusate ancora lo sfogo!
Piero.


A tutto aggiungo due dati statistici:
1) In Italia 60.000 - 80.000 decessi l'anno possono essere attribuiti al
fumo.
2) In Italia, una morte su 6 è da attribuire al fumo (un numero dieci
volte superiore a quello dei morti per incidenti stradali e cento volte
superiore alle morti per omicidio)
3)  Negli Stati Uniti negli anni '90  si è calcolato che il tabacco è
stato la causa del 30 % dei decessi avvenuti tra i 35 e i 69 anni.
Fate vobis!!
Ciao
Enrico

Dato che l'argomento potrebbe essere di quelli ESENTI DA POLEMICHE (o c'è
qualcuno che dice che il fumo fa bene?) vi posto quest'articolo che parla
degli effetti del fumo sul subacqueo , io l'ho letto e per quanto ho capito
, se un tumore t'ammazza in 3 anni , fumo e subacquea possono fare
prima...non vorrei fare l'allarmista od altro però su queste cose non è il
caso di scherzarci...
Scubaf potresti perdere un poco del tempo che dedichi alle pause di lavoro
fra un giretto a milano e la palestra a tradurre o rendere comprensibile
questa roba?
The Impacts of Smoking on Diving
- - - - - - - - -
BY ART RANZ, DDS
Cigarette smoking is one of the largest preventable health and death risks
in the United States. It receives enormous amounts of negative media
attention and yet millions of people start smoking every year.
Unfortunately, it is frequently difficult to have a prudent, scientific
discussion about the risks of smoking with someone who is addicted to
nicotine. The addiction leads smokers to rationalize or deny the risks of
smoking. However, this "head in the sand" response allows them to ignore the
obvious impact that smoking has upon their bodies and the more subtle ways
it effects many aspects of their lives, such as scuba diving.
The effects of smoking are especially significant for persons who
participate in scuba diving. A review of scientific literature about the
body's reaction to smoking and nicotine addiction illustrates how smoking
can effect diving performance. While the diving and health limitations
imposed by tobacco use vary according to the degree of use, tobacco always
has some impact on individual health.
The most extensive, long-term, prospective study on smoking and other health
issues is the Framingham study. This ongoing study has followed 5,000 people
for more than 34 years, providing a wide range of statistical information.
For instance, the 30-year-old who smokes 15 cigarettes a day - or less than
one pack - shortens his life by five years. Smokers experience a 20-fold
increase in lung cancer and greatly increased cancer rates in other organs,
including skin, bladder, pancreas, mouth and throat. Smokers have twice the
risk of cardiovascular disease, 2.2 times the number of strokes and 3.5
times more intermittent claudication expressed as leg cramping due to a lack
of circulation. At any given age, the risk of dying for any reason is twice
that of a non-smoker. Smokers have seven times the normal incidence of
airway damage and respiratory distress. Children who smoke beginning at age
14 only develop 92 percent of the lung function, on average, that a
non-smoking child does. This loss of function is permanent. Obviously,
efficient lung function is essential to managing stressful situations and
promoting efficient inert gas removal from a diver's blood. Poor circulatory
efficiency can have dangerous impacts on inert gas elimination and oxygen
delivery to needy muscles, greatly effecting a diver's personal safety.
Atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels form twice as fast when smoking is
added to a high fat diet. There are great increases in the LDL ("bad
cholesterol") that reduces circulatory efficiency and complicates inert gas
removal. Inert gas (especially nitrogen) appears to lodge in fatty deposits,
creating likely sites for bubble congregation and growth. Furthermore, 90
percent of patients with infections after spinal surgery are smokers and
bone marrow density in men is decreased almost 20 percent and in women 25-30
percent, while the incidence of back pain from a work related injury
increases from one in five to one in two for smokers. Hyperbaric bone damage
(osteonecrosis) has gained increasing concern among medical professionals as
researchers strive to demonstrate the cause of occasional bone degradation.
To be sure, reduced bone density due to smoking aggravates the problem and
some researchers are suggesting a more careful analysis of the relationship
between hyperbaric damage and tobacco smoking.
How does tobacco cause such dangerous repercussions?
There are four groups of dangerous substances present in cigarette smoke:
1. Carcinogens and co-carcinogens are mostly polycyclic aromatic alcohols
that directly initiate cancer formation. These affect areas in direct
contact with the smoke and also distant organs through absorption into the
bloodstream.
2. Irritants cause immediate coughing and broncoconstriction, inhibit
cilliary action in the lung and stimulate mucus secretion.
3. Chronic exposure to nicotine induces an increase in the number of
nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain, causing structural and
functional changes in the brain and nervous system. It induces tolerance and
physical and psychological changes upon withdrawal. These are classic
developments from an addictive drug.
4. Toxic gases are inhaled, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and
hydrogen cyanide.
Smoking related cancer is tragic, costly and largely preventable, but the
direct impact to diving is often less obvious. By way of illustration, the
irritants present within smoke induce a chronic inflammation of the alveoli
causing the body to produce proteolytic enzymes that eat away at the
alveolar wall. Cilia are microscopic hairs that fan and carry harmful
particles out of the lung. The irritants present in smoke impede these
cilliary actions. With the addition of increased secretions, the lung has
now lost a significant part of its defenses from outside agents. Chronic
bronchitis develops, making smokers more susceptible to emphysema, viral and
bacterial infections. As this process continues over the years and more
alveolar damage occurs, there is a loss of capillaries in the walls which
causes "ventilation-perfusion abnormalities." This damaging chain of events
leads to a reduction in the area of alveolar membrane available for gas
exchange and also to perfusion of unventilated areas and ventilation of
unperfused areas. In simple terms, gas exchange is compromised and air (or
other gases) is not reaching the blood for exchange. General lung function
is often severely compromised in the smoking population as is evidenced by
several clinical measurements in the lung. The standard measure of lung
function is the forced expiratory volume in one second or FEV1. This is the
amount of air that can be exhaled in one second. The Framingham study showed
the FEV1 to be decreased to 80 percent of expected values in smokers. This
decrement in lung function creates less efficient ventilation on exertion
and decreases the force of the cough (a vital protective mechanism for the
lung) and may indicate a general degradation of lung health. The forced
vital capacity (FVC) is another common measure of lung function and measures
the amount of air one can expel from a full inhale to a full exhale. On
average, smoking reduces FVC by 10 percent in moderate smokers. A 10 percent
reduction in vital capacity is a significant indication of lung dysfunction
and an obvious deterrent to pulmonary exchange in decompression.
Nicotine is not only a powerfully addictive drug, but a potent
pharmacological agent. Nicotine promotes platelet aggregation and fibrinogen
formation, which are precursors to the clots that obstruct small blood
vessels. An obstruction initiates negative repercussions that increases the
risk of diving and decompression. The heart rate increases, elevating oxygen
consumption and the shrinking of small blood vessels increases total
peripheral resistance. The resistance, in turn, causes more problems such as
increased blood pressure and poor circulation in the periphery of the body.
Peripheral circulation involves the miles of very small blood vessels all
over the body. The vessels are problematic in efficient inert gas
elimination. For example, the extremities contain numerous areas of reduced
circulatory efficiency such as the joints (responsible for the majority of
decompression sickness). When divers begin to get chilled, a natural
reduction in blood circulation to the peripheral system occurs to maintain a
reasonable core temperature. Smoking exacerbates this problem as studies
show that the circulation in small blood vessels is reduced 19 percent after
just two cigarettes. Poor gas exchange and increased risk of decompression
sickness results.
It is important to understand the Oxygen Dissociation Curve when reviewing
the impact of smoking on oxygen transport mechanisms. This curve (fig 1)
illustrates the assimilation of oxygen in large amounts even with low oxygen
pressures in the lungs. Hemoglobin picks up the oxygen from the lungs and
transports it to the tissues where it is released. Several factors control
how easily the oxygen is released from its hemoglobin carrier. Higher
concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood cause the body to react as if
there is poor ventilation and a greater need for oxygen. This environment
initiates the release of more oxygen to the tissues. Under these conditions
the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is reduced, making it easier for oxygen
to be released. In reference to the Dissociation Curve, this condition is
sometimes referred to as a "shift to the right" and results in a greater
supply of oxygen to the tissues. However, a "shift to the left" prevents
oxygen from being released to the tissues. This condition is prominent with
the carbon monoxide accumulation that results from smoking.
The primary mechanism behind the risk of carbon monoxide impact is twofold.
First it binds to hemoglobin 250 times better than oxygen, making a compound
called carboxyhemoglobin. This compound replaces the oxygen in the
hemoglobin molecule and prevents the leftward shift of the Oxyhemoglobin
Dissociation Curve. The increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen results
in a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity and impaired release of the oxygen
once it reaches the tissues. Non-smokers have about one percent
carboxyhemoglobin while smokers have close to 15 percent. To illustrate the
severely harmful effects of CO in the blood, imagine that an individual has
50 percent of their hemoglobin bound to CO. Compare this individual with
another person who has lost half of their hemoglobin (due to severely
bleeding ulcers, chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or massive injuries, for
instance).The individual who has 50 percent of their hemoglobin bound with
CO will die. But, the person who has a 50 percent loss of hemoglobin will
still not experience hypoxia while in a resting state.
Furthermore, chronic hypoxia (reduced oxygen) results from the smoking
induced impairment of oxygen transport and causes the production of more red
blood cells. The red blood cells are the containing mechanism for oxygen
transport in the hemoglobin. The Framingham study has shown that smokers
have a significant increase in the percentage of red blood cells in the
blood (increased hematocrit). Normally the red blood cells are about 35-40
percent of the blood by volume. Smoking can cause this to increase by 20
percent, making the blood much more viscous, inducing obvious complications
to efficient circulation. This problem is further aggravated by the
pressures found below the surface and causes sludging of the red blood cells
in the small capillaries, damaging the cells lining the blood vessels
(endothelium).
The transport of hydrogen cyanide to the lungs during smoking creates
additional decrements to health and diving safety. This noxious gas directly
prevents use of oxygen by the cells by interfering with the cellular engine-
the mitochondria. Even small amounts of hydrogen cyanide are deadly. The
presence of this toxic substance causes direct injury to the lung by
interfering with the alveolar enzymes normally responsible for maintaining
the integrity of the alveolar membranes. Hydrogen sulfide is another
dangerous substance in cigarette smoke and is a direct toxin to most all
cell life, especially to tissues it directly contacts such as the lungs. The
numerous impediments to a healthy circulatory and respiratory system
establish an insidious cycle of unacceptable risk to safe diving practices.
For instance, when increasing environmental demands require the delivery of
more oxygen, the smoker is at a serious disadvantage. An increased supply of
oxygen in the inspired air does not help delivery of more oxygen to the
tissues where it is needed. There are two ways to increase oxygen delivery
with increased demand: increasing blood flow through the tissue and raising
the coefficient of oxygen usage. The former is compromised by the inferior
cardiovascular condition of the smoker (consider the number of serious
atheletes who smoke). The latter is increased by two things that happen
automatically: greater partial pressure of oxygen between blood and tissue
(resulting from the increase in oxygen consumption in the tissues) and the
rise in carbon dioxide as a byproduct of increased metabolism. This increase
in carbon dioxide causes the hemoglobin curve to shift to the right and
allow more release of oxygen. This typically beneficial reaction is
countered by the smoker's CO poisoning and the shift back to the left. The
really adverse effect of smoking is the 20-30 percent rise in peripheral
resistance (closing or restriction of small blood vessels) caused by the
presence of nicotine. Small blood vessels are where the exchange of gases
takes place and a reduction of circulatory efficiency in this area may be
significant. Reduced blood flow and impeded oxygen release prevent efficient
oxygenation especially when it is needed most. Therefore, the simple act of
smoking initiates circulatory reactions that place divers in harm's way.
Whether from decompression illness risk or ineffectual response to stressful
environments, the smoker intentionally places himself and his team at
greater risk.
Smokers and those who choose to dive with them should consider not only the
long-term health impacts, but the immediate implications of smoking and
diving. Consider the increase in sudden cardiac death, the reduced ability
to absorb and deliver oxygen to the cells, the obvious cognitive impairment,
the likely increased risks of decompression illness, the increased
likelihood of lung overpressurization injuries and the many other dangerous
effects of smoking and diving. With all of the damage and risk associated
with smoking and diving, what possible justification (save addiction) can
there be to continue? Individuals with drug addictions, which is clearly
what smoking is, must be encouraged to seek assistance and be freed from
this damaging habit.
Consider that many "diving deaths" are thought to be cardiovascular in
nature: cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarcts and strokes just to name a
few. The smoker's incidence of these maladies is much higher. With this in
mind, can a smoker be a responsible diving buddy? Can they help other divers
out of trouble or are they merely likely to create problems? With increased
anxiety, the heart beats faster and the breathing rate increases. Increased
heart rate is the number one cause of increased oxygen use by the heart
muscle and the heart of a smoker has a reduced ability to deal with the
increased demand for oxygen. As a result, pulmonary exchange is poorer and
utilization of breathed gases is compromised, leading to greater gas
consumption and reduced ability to assist other divers. All dives are
decompression dives. The list is long on how smoking causes decreased gas
exchange and potential for decompression sickness. The ability of the lungs
to filter bubbles is a major reason that every dive does not result in
clinical decompression injury. The lungs are directly damaged by smoking.
Ventilation, monitored by FEV1, is decreased, and the Forced Vital Capacity,
or FVC, is decrease by at least 10%. With decreased pulmonary function, the
lungs' function as a big bubble trap is compromised and the risk of
decompression illness is increased.
Nicotine causes significant peripheral constriction, further compromising
elimination of gas in the areas most difficult to get the inert gases out -
the small vessels and the area they perfuse. It causes increased platelet
aggregation and fibrinogen production which only gives the body a head start
on the same process that bubbles produce in occluding vessels and damaging
vessel walls. One prominent theory of decompression illness suggests that
bubbles in the bloodstream cause damage to the endothelium, the lining of
the blood vessel walls, setting off a cascade of body reactions to repair
itself. With nicotine in the body this process is aggravated and
accelerated, causing platelets and blood clots to clog the small blood
vessels. This reduces the body's ability to get rid of inert gasses.
Nicotine gives the body a head start on the bad things that happen with
bubble formation. The smoker has increased numbers of red blood cells per
volume, or increased hematocrit, which sounds good, but actually makes the
blood "thicker." Increased atmospheric pressure from diving causes sludging
of red blood cells in small vessels and the clogging of these vessels is
aggravated by the increased hematocrit of the smoker. This is more bad news
for perfusing the small vessels in the decompression part of the dive.
Increased hematocrit may be directly involved with the endothelial damage
which has been implicated in DCS. Carbon monoxide inhibits the
transportation of oxygen mostly in its effect upon the hemoglobin and the
hemoglobin disassociation curve. Smoking directly reduces pulmonary blood
volume and the number of open capillaries in the lung, causing a ventilation
to perfusion impairment with the obvious impairment of gas transfer at a
time when every little bit is vital.
Acute nicotine withdrawal causes severe performance degradation, memory
impairment, confusion, impulsiveness and slowed reaction time, just to name
a few. Any of these are serious problems when simple decisions become life
or death decisions under water. In a recent study of "undeserved hits" (a
dive where supposedly all decompression limits are met and ascent rates are
appropriate, but the diver still suffers from decompression illness),
smoking and lung damage from smoking seemed to play a key role. Two groups
emerged, those with intra-cardiac shunts and those without. Those with
shunts had more brain symptoms and none smoked, while those without shunts,
50 percent smoked, a remarkable number. These divers experienced mostly
spinal neurological sequelae and had deficits identical to divers with rapid
ascents and pulmonary barotrauma. This implies that the smokers had occult
lung disease that precipitated the pulmonary barotrauma giving more evidence
of hindrance on the body's bubble filter. This makes perfect sense when
considering the damage caused by smoking on the small airways and the
alveolar walls which allow bubble to pass though the system instead of being
filtered. Please think about these facts before picking up that next
cigarette or diving with someone who smokes. If you smoke, see your doctor
for help with overcoming the addiction. Make your diving safe and fun.
References
1. Freund Karen MD et al. The health risks of smoking, The Framingham study:
34 years of follow-up AEP Vol. 3, No. 4 July 1993 417-424
2. American Heart Association. Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Heart and Stoke
Guide 1998
3. American Lung Association. Smoking Fact Sheet 1998
4. Sorle Paul. Influence of cigarette smoking on lung function at baseline
and follow-up in 14 years: The Framingham study J. Chron Dis Vol. 40, No. 9
pp. 
849-856 1987
5. Olofson J. Mortality related to smoking habits, respiratory symptoms and
lung function. Eur J Respir Dis (1987) 71, 69-76
6. Wolf Philip MD. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: The
Framingham Study. JAMA Feb. 19, 1988-Vol 259, No. 7
7. Tager Ira B. Effect of cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of
children and adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985 131:752-759
8. Beck Gerald Smoking and lung function Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981
Feb;123(2):149-55.
9. Castelli William P. MD Diet, smoking, and alcohol: Influence on coronary
heart disease risk. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol. XVI, No. 4
Suppl 1 (October) 1990: pp 41-46
10. Kwiathkowski, Timothy C. Cigarette smoking and its orthopedic
consequences. Amer J Orthop 1996 Sept 25(9) 590-
11. Slolnick, ET Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of
adverse respiratory events in children receiving general anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 1998 May:88(5):1144-53
12. Anderson HR Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of
the epidemiological evidence. Thorax 1997 Nov;52(11):1003-9
13. Valkonen M, Passice smoking induces atherogenic changes in low-density
lipoprotein. Circulation 1998 May 26;97(20):2012-6
14. Chan D Cigarette smoking and age related macular degeneration Optom Vis
Sci 1998 July;75(7):476-84
15. Solberg Y The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases.
Surv Opthalmol 1998 May-Jun;42960:535-47
16. American Lung Association Fact Sheet: Second Hand Smoke 1998
17. Hackshaw AK Lung cancer and passive smoking Stat Methods Med Res 1998
Jun;7(20):119-36
18. Armin Ernst, MD Carbon Monoxide Poisoning NEJM Vol. 339, No. 22, Nov.
26, 1998 pp. 1603-8
19. Timisjarvi J et. al. Effect of smoking on the central circulation at
rest and during exercise as studied by radiocardiograpy. Mukliarmedizin
1980;19(50:239-43
20. Sommese Teresa MD et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoking withdrawal:
Review of the literature. Aviation, space and Environmental Medicine Feb.
1995 pp. 164-7
21. West Robert Ph.D. What happened to anxiety levels on giving up smoking?
Am J Psychiatry 154:11 Nov. 1997 1589-92
22. Wilmshurst P Role of cardio-respiratory abnormalities, smoking and dive
characteristics on the manifestations of neurological decompression illness.
Clin Sci 1994 Mar;86(3):297-303
23. Brodbeck John R. et al. Best and Taylor's Physiological Basic of Medical
Practice Ninth Edition Williams and Wilkins Company. 1973

bloodstream.
1. carcinogeni e co-carcinogeni sono principalmente alcoli aromatici
policiclici che danno direttamente il via alla formazione del cancro. Questi
colpiscono le aree in diretto contatto con il fumo e anche gli organi
distanti tramite l'assorbimento sanguigno...


 ha scritto nel messaggio
news:8iqohl$6qd$1...@nslave1.tin.it...


:-)))))))))))))))))))
Haz! Beh... visto che non ci hai messo proprio tanto...
Finiscilo, dai! :o)
Magari poi smetto davvero... 
Ciao.
Tato.
P.s. Queste traduzioni sono oro colato, davvero!

Bravissimo!
A quando la seconda parte?
Fiorella Bertini

Fiorella Bertini
Spero presto... magari oggi pomeriggio, però poi dello stipendio e dei costi
per la connessione al mio boss chi si occupa?   :-)))))))))))))))))))))
Sf
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Fiorella Bertini
Mi associo!
Stamattina ho la gola riarsa da quelle ca@@o di nicorette...
Sono le 10:00 e non ne ho accesa manco una!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dai Scubaf... dammi 'na mano... magari 'sta volta mi riesce!
;o) Tato.

 wrote in message
3951c853...@news.tin.it...
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Io ho provato già 2 volte a smettere senza successo.
3 anni fa ho iniziato con i toscani e ti garantisco che dopo la prima
settimana,non fumare le sigarette non è cosi' difficile. Ora mi fumo un
paio di toscani al giorno ( senza aspirarli ovviamente) è non ho più mal
di gola, ho ripreso il fiato perso, non ho più la tosse. Certo l'ideale
sarebbe non fumare perché anche i sigari non sono certo salutari, ma se
proprio non vuoi rinunciare al gusto del tabacco ti consiglio per il
momento di fare come me.
Prima o poi smetterò anche questo .. spero !
Ciao e scusate l'OT.
--
Lorenzo Riva
lor...@tin.it
ICQ # 63056773

(endothelium).
Inoltre, l'ipossia cronica dovuta al fumo provoca problemi nel trasporto di
ossigeno e la produzione di più globuli rossi. I globuli rossi sono in
meccanismo per il trasporto dell'ossigeno all'interno dell'emoglobina. Lo
studio Framingham ha dimostrato che i fumatori hanno un significativo
aumento nella percentuale di globuli rossi nel sangue (aumento
dell'ematocrito (nota di Scubaf: Pantani fuma?)) Normalmente i globuli rossi
contano per circa il 35-40% del volume del sangue. Fumare può causare un
aumento del 20% rendendo il sangue più viscoso, provocando ovvie
complicazioni ad una circolazione efficiente. Questo problema è inoltre
aggravato dalla pressione che si trova soto la superfice marina che causa
(nota di Scubaf: non trovo la traduzuione di sludgini, il dizionario riporta
sludge = fango) (?) dei globuli rossi nei piccoli capillari, danneggiando le
cellule dell'endotelio (quella membrana che ricopre i vasi sanguigni).
Adesso vado a mangiare, il rsto alla prossima puntata
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Adesso vado a mangiare, il rsto alla prossima puntata
Grazie di nuovo Scubaf.
Sono le 12:30 e ancora non ho toccato tabacco stamattina!
Magari a forza di cagarsi sotto si smette! :o)
Ciao.
Tato
P.s. Aspetto pure 'the last part' ... eccheca@@o, si dice cosi'?!?

Magari a forza di cagarsi sotto si smette! :o)
Mio padre ha smesso perché si è cagato sotto... ma non leggendo...
provandolo sulla sua pelle... io non so quanto tu fumi... lui era a 2
pacchetti e 1/2 al giorno (leggasi 50 sigarette) di SUPER senza filtro (non
è pubblicità perché, da crica un mese, none sistono più)...
Di conseguenza ho smesso anch'io che, fino a 10 anni d'età, mi sono "fumato"
il suo fumo passivo...
Ciao
Sf
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Grazie scuba , il tuo lavoro vale 100 mail del barberini ;-)
Allora chi è interessato ai grafici alle quali si riferisce l'articolo potrà
trovarli a breve sul sito 
www.zen.it/nwd
  (gemy se po fare?) .
Aggiungerei che sarebbe interessante vedere se c'è qualche statistica che
relaziona gli incidenti subacquei col fumo.
Chi è abbastanza vicino al dan per informarsi?
Grazie ancora a scubaf
Cosi si fa girare un ng

 cellule dell'endotelio (quella membrana che ricopre i vasi sanguigni).
Potrebbe essere "sfregamento" o "accumulo", in sostanza i globuli rossi
fanno fatica a passare e danneggiano le cellule endoteliali.
Complimenti. Il resto era tutto a posto, mi pare.
Ciao
Enrico

Sino a 4 anni fa, la subacquea veniva da me vissuta come un passatempo cui
dedicare pochi giorni all'ann,o per dirla breve non era vissuta tipo :
Annalga, D.R., Barbs e chi piu ne ha, ebbene da quattro anni avendo
coniugato la subacquea con l'ambiente questo precedente passatempo
incostante e' invece divenuto fulcro della mia esistenza la certezza di cio'
l'ho avuta quando fumatore di 50 sigarette al giorno il 18 dicembre 1998 ho
deciso, con grande sofferenza, ma poi con grande soddisfazione di smettere
di fumare proprio perche' riemergendo da un'immersione mi sono soffiato il
naso (magari non e' elegante come motivazione) assicuro che la presa visione
della crosta di nicotina accumulata  sui polmoni e' stata molto convincenti
nel'indurmi a dire basta, forse se non ci fosse stata la subacquea strarei
ancora fumando.
Debbo comunque rilevare una cattiva educazione dei fumatori, c'e' una cosa
che mi fa incazzare e che ci sono alcuni amici che non appena usciti devono
accendersi una sigarette come ex fumatore li capisco ma come attuale non
fumatore gli do' addosso e la cosa tremenda e che vedi caso in barca sono
sempre posizionati sottovento incuranti di chi gli sta dietro.
            Smettere di fumare presenta anche i suoi lati negativi come ad
esempio l'inevitabile aumento di peso ca@@o ho messo su 15kg.
           Se volete fumare almeno non infettate l'aria  altrui.
                Salutoni e sigh sigh sigh for me Stop alle immersioni sino a
meta' luglio penso di essermi beccato una leggera infiammazione al trigemino
da sbalzo termico. Meglio che mi fermo o mi fotto la subacquea.
            Fausto DC

 Annalga....
Personalmente ora la subacquea occupa un ruolo importante nella mia vita, ma
questo è possibile perchè in fondo ho più tempo di altri, non ho una
famiglia, una casa, un marito o dei figli!
Chi tutte queste cose ce le ha deve scendere a compromessi e io ammiro
quelli di voi che, pur avendo famiglia e lavoro, riuscite a ritagliarvi del
tempo solo per questa passione. Io non so se ce la farò, ci sono già alcune
persone che mi dicono che trascuro altre cose PER COLPA della subacquea.....
e le altre cose sono in realtà le mie altre passioni: il gruppo teatrale,
gli amici.....
Vabbè, intanto domani mattina parto per la toscana (due giorni di girovagare
mi ci vogliono!) e poi......BIG DIVE!
Baci e abbracci
Anna

 wrote in message 8iqohl$6qd$1...@nslave1.tin.it...
Avrei voluto scrivere prima, ma non ci sono riuscita! Io volevo fare un
appunto al racconto strappalacrime che ha scritto ScubaF.
Vorrei porre una domanda: come mai al vigile del fuoco che ha raccontato di
un fatto vissuto di persona, in cui ha recuperato la salma di un ragazzo,
abbiamo fatto la festa, č stato insultato per la crudezza del messaggio, che
cmq era molto legato alla subacquea, mentre a Scubaf battiamo le mani perchč
grazie al suo post "terroristico" smettiamo di fumare????
Credo che tutti quelli che fumano sappiano di essere schiavi di un vizio
infame!
Io per prima lo ammetto (x Massimo Infantino: hai visto che pubblicamente
confesso il mio vizio? :-))))) ma che vuoi, mi sembrava eccessivo essere
perfetta! :-)))) Ovviamente sto scherzando!!!!!!), ma non riesco a capire
perchč, alla luce di questo post, il NG abbia reagito in quel modo al
racconto del vigile del fuoco, che oltretutto credo che non scriva piů!!!!!!
Cmq piccola nota!: da domenica non ho fumato neppure una sigaretta! ma non
grazie al post di Scubaf, solo per il fatto che lo so benissimo cosa succede
ai miei polmoni e per il fatto che, se riesco, vorrei fare a meno di buttare
i miei soldini in fumo (niente battute!!!!!:-))))).
Un abbraccio a tutti e 10 bolle
Un abbraccio in particolare a Franz,non ti volevo attaccare, ma solo non
sono d'accordo con questo modo di agire!
Anna

sono d'accordo con questo modo di agire!
Se tutto ciò che ho considerato attacco nella mia vita fosse stato come
questo avrei 10 anni in più da vivere assicurati...
Per quanto riguarda il primo post, che in effetti è strappalacrime, cosa
dire... spererei che leggendo quel messaggio uno solo (magari fossi tu) di
voi smettesse di fumare o, quantomeno, ci pensasse una volta in più prima di
accendersi la fatidica... lo interpreto (soprattutto la traduzione... che
finirò... prometto Andrea) come un minimo servizio al NG...
Prima di leggere l'articolo che ha postato il Tarla, dicendo ad un subacqueo
di non fumare gli avrei potuto solo spiegare che non doveva farlo perché fa
male (anche al sedere quando butta il mozzicone in acqua), magari ora posso
essere un po' più convincente e approfondire il discorso...
Mi prendo il mio abbraccio particolare e te ne do uno io... consapevole che,
nello scambio, ci guadagno di sicuro...
Sf
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