diff --git "a/test.txt" "b/test.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/test.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,22131 @@
+Three-dimensional	B-Process
+digital	I-Process
+subtraction	I-Process
+angiographic	I-Process
+(	O
+3D-DSA	B-Process
+)	O
+images	O
+from	O
+diagnostic	O
+cerebral	B-Process
+angiography	I-Process
+were	O
+obtained	O
+at	O
+least	O
+one	O
+day	O
+prior	O
+to	O
+embolization	B-Process
+in	O
+all	O
+patients	O
+.	O
+The	O
+raw	O
+data	O
+of	O
+3D-DSA	B-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+DICOM	B-Material
+file	I-Material
+were	O
+used	O
+for	O
+creating	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+3D	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+target	I-Task
+vessel	I-Task
+segment	I-Task
+.	O
+These	O
+data	O
+were	O
+converted	O
+to	O
+standard	B-Process
+triangulation	I-Process
+language	I-Process
+(	O
+STL	B-Process
+)	O
+surface	O
+data	O
+as	O
+an	O
+aggregation	O
+of	O
+fine	O
+triangular	B-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+using	O
+3D	B-Process
+visualization	I-Process
+and	O
+measurement	B-Process
+software	O
+(	O
+Amira	B-Material
+version	I-Material
+X	I-Material
+,	O
+FEI	O
+,	O
+Burlington	O
+,	O
+MA	O
+,	O
+USA	O
+)	O
+.	O
+An	O
+unstructured	O
+computational	B-Material
+volumetric	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+was	O
+constructed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+triangulated	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+Smoothing	B-Process
+and	O
+remeshing	B-Process
+followed	O
+as	O
+next	O
+steps	O
+.	O
+The	O
+STL	B-Material
+file	I-Material
+was	O
+then	O
+transferred	O
+to	O
+a	O
+3D	B-Material
+printer	I-Material
+(	O
+OBJET30	B-Material
+Pro	I-Material
+;	O
+Stratasys	O
+Ltd.	O
+,	O
+Eden	O
+Prairie	O
+,	O
+MN	O
+,	O
+USA	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resolution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+build	O
+layer	O
+was	O
+0.028mm	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+3D	O
+printed	O
+vessel	O
+model	O
+was	O
+produced	O
+using	O
+acrylic	B-Material
+resin	I-Material
+(	O
+Vero	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+Following	O
+immersion	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+for	O
+a	O
+few	O
+hours	O
+,	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+the	O
+3D	B-Material
+printed	I-Material
+model	I-Material
+was	O
+smoothed	B-Process
+by	O
+manually	O
+removing	O
+spicule	O
+.	O
+
+Fig.	O
+9	O
+displays	O
+the	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+two	O
+of	O
+the	O
+main	O
+corrosion	B-Material
+products	I-Material
+that	O
+develop	O
+or	O
+form	O
+on	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+Cu40Zn	B-Material
+with	O
+time	O
+,	O
+hydrozincite	B-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+9a	O
+)	O
+and	O
+Cu2O	B-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+9b	O
+)	O
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+remembered	O
+that	O
+both	O
+phases	O
+were	O
+present	O
+already	O
+from	O
+start	O
+of	O
+the	O
+exposure	O
+.	O
+The	O
+data	O
+is	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+absorbance	B-Process
+units	I-Process
+and	O
+allows	O
+comparisons	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+made	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+amounts	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+each	I-Task
+species	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+two	I-Task
+Cu40Zn	I-Task
+surfaces	I-Task
+investigated	I-Task
+,	O
+DP	B-Material
+and	O
+HZ7	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+tendency	O
+is	O
+very	O
+clear	O
+that	O
+the	O
+formation	B-Process
+rates	I-Process
+of	O
+both	O
+hydrozincite	B-Material
+and	O
+cuprite	B-Material
+are	O
+quite	O
+suppressed	O
+for	O
+Cu40Zn	B-Material
+with	O
+preformed	O
+hydrozincite	B-Material
+(	O
+HZ7	B-Material
+)	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+the	O
+diamond	B-Material
+polished	I-Material
+surface	I-Material
+(	O
+DP	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+summary	O
+,	O
+without	O
+being	O
+able	O
+to	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+simonkolleite	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+an	O
+increased	O
+surface	O
+coverage	O
+of	O
+hydrozincite	B-Material
+reduces	O
+the	O
+initial	B-Process
+spreading	I-Process
+ability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+NaCl-containing	B-Material
+droplets	I-Material
+and	O
+thereby	O
+lowers	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+formation	B-Process
+rate	I-Process
+of	O
+hydrozincite	B-Material
+and	O
+cuprite	B-Material
+.	O
+
+AA	B-Material
+2024-T3	I-Material
+aluminium	I-Material
+alloy	I-Material
+is	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+for	O
+aerospace	B-Task
+applications	I-Task
+due	O
+to	O
+its	O
+high	O
+strength	O
+to	O
+weight	O
+ratio	O
+and	O
+high	O
+damage	O
+tolerance	O
+that	O
+result	O
+from	O
+copper	B-Material
+and	O
+magnesium	B-Material
+as	O
+the	O
+principal	O
+alloying	B-Material
+elements	I-Material
+and	O
+appropriate	O
+thermomechanical	B-Process
+processing	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+microstructure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+is	O
+relatively	O
+complex	O
+and	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+compositionally-distinct	B-Process
+phases	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+identified	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+possessing	O
+favourable	O
+mechanical	O
+properties	O
+,	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+is	O
+relatively	O
+susceptible	O
+to	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+and	O
+generally	O
+requires	O
+surface	B-Process
+treatment	I-Process
+in	O
+practical	O
+applications	O
+.	O
+The	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+behaviour	O
+of	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+is	O
+particularly	O
+affected	O
+by	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+intermetallic	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+differing	O
+potentials	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+[	O
+2	O
+–	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Copper-containing	B-Material
+second	I-Material
+phase	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+surface	O
+are	O
+particularly	O
+detrimental	O
+to	O
+the	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+resistance	I-Process
+as	O
+they	O
+provide	O
+preferential	O
+cathodic	O
+sites	O
+[	O
+2,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+One	O
+of	O
+the	O
+principle	O
+types	O
+of	O
+second	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+particle	I-Material
+that	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+the	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+behaviour	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+alloy	O
+is	O
+the	O
+S	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+(	O
+Al2CuMg	B-Material
+)	O
+particle	O
+[	O
+1,11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Dealloying	O
+of	O
+S	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+may	O
+account	O
+for	O
+∼	O
+60	O
+%	O
+of	O
+the	O
+constituent	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+in	O
+AA2024	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+,	O
+is	O
+commonly	O
+observed	O
+when	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+is	O
+exposed	O
+to	O
+an	O
+aggressive	O
+environment	O
+.	O
+The	O
+particles	B-Material
+are	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+important	O
+initiation	O
+sites	O
+for	O
+severe	O
+localized	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+[	O
+11	O
+–	O
+22	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+dealloying	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+S	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+enrichment	B-Process
+of	O
+copper	B-Material
+result	O
+in	O
+a	O
+decrease	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Volta	I-Process
+potential	I-Process
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+the	O
+matrix	O
+and	O
+hence	O
+the	O
+dealloyed	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+become	O
+active	O
+cathodic	B-Material
+sites	I-Material
+[	O
+23	O
+–	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Measuring	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analysing	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+hold	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+CPA	I-Task
+pill	I-Task
+allows	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+resistance	I-Process
+within	O
+the	O
+pill	B-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+assessed	O
+;	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+dictates	O
+the	O
+actual	O
+temperature	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+CPA	B-Material
+crystals	I-Material
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+cold	B-Material
+finger	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+maintained	O
+at	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+temperature	O
+by	O
+a	O
+servo	B-Process
+control	I-Process
+program	I-Process
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+17	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+profile	O
+during	O
+the	O
+recycling	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+CPA	B-Material
+pill	I-Material
+and	O
+subsequent	O
+operation	B-Process
+at	I-Process
+200mK	I-Process
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+hold	O
+time	O
+,	O
+the	O
+servo	B-Process
+control	I-Process
+program	I-Process
+maintained	O
+the	O
+CPA	B-Material
+pill	I-Material
+temperature	O
+to	O
+within	O
+a	O
+millikelvin	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+that	O
+microkelvin	B-Process
+stability	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+with	O
+fast	B-Process
+read-out	I-Process
+thermometry	I-Process
+(	O
+which	O
+was	O
+not	O
+available	O
+at	O
+the	O
+time	O
+of	O
+testing	O
+but	O
+which	O
+will	O
+be	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+mKCC	B-Task
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+this	O
+would	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+temperature	O
+control	O
+on	O
+much	O
+faster	O
+(	O
+millisecond	O
+)	O
+timescales	O
+than	O
+the	O
+current	O
+(	O
+approximately	O
+1s	O
+)	O
+thermometry	O
+readout	O
+used	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+product	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+between	O
+batches	B-Material
+#	I-Material
+1	I-Material
+/#	I-Material
+2	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+others	O
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+influential	O
+on	O
+the	O
+test	O
+results	O
+.	O
+The	O
+redesign	O
+and	O
+upgrade	O
+to	O
+110-nm	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+technology	I-Process
+reduces	O
+the	O
+pass	O
+rate	O
+at	O
+LNT	B-Material
+by	O
+approximately	O
+half	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+mainly	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+the	O
+increased	O
+incidence	O
+of	O
+erase	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+program	I-Process
+timeouts	I-Process
+with	O
+some	O
+contribution	O
+from	O
+long	B-Process
+erase	I-Process
+and	O
+program	B-Process
+times	I-Process
+and	O
+bit	B-Process
+errors	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+difference	O
+in	O
+pass	B-Process
+rates	I-Process
+at	O
+88K	O
+between	O
+batches	B-Material
+#	I-Material
+3	I-Material
+/#	I-Material
+4	I-Material
+and	O
+#	B-Material
+5	I-Material
+/#	I-Material
+6	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+use	O
+the	O
+same	O
+process	B-Process
+technology	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+same	O
+dimensions	O
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+explained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+fabrication	O
+in	O
+different	O
+assembly	B-Process
+lines	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+other	O
+processes	O
+or	O
+base	O
+materials	O
+may	O
+have	O
+been	O
+changed	O
+.	O
+This	O
+means	O
+different	O
+tolerances	B-Process
+in	O
+base	O
+materials	O
+and	O
+production	O
+process	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+more	O
+pronounced	O
+the	O
+lower	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+differences	O
+of	O
+technology	O
+scale	O
+may	O
+reflect	O
+shifts	O
+in	O
+transistor	B-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+transconductance	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+gain	I-Process
+,	O
+threshold	B-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+threshold	B-Process
+slope	I-Process
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Prior	O
+to	O
+assembling	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+miniature	I-Task
+ADR	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+mKCC	B-Material
+MR	I-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switch	I-Material
+could	O
+not	O
+be	O
+fully	O
+thermally	B-Process
+characterised	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+cryostat	B-Material
+constraints	I-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+based	O
+on	O
+experiments	O
+and	O
+research	O
+conducted	O
+at	O
+MSSL	O
+on	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+tungsten	B-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switches	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+estimated	O
+.	O
+In	O
+Hills	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+an	O
+equation	O
+is	O
+derived	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+thermal	O
+conductivity	O
+(	O
+κ	B-Process
+)	O
+below	O
+6K	O
+to	O
+be	O
+calculated	O
+as	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+(	O
+B	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+temperature	O
+(	O
+T	O
+)	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Eq.	O
+(	O
+1	O
+))	O
+.	O
+To	O
+estimate	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+mKCC	B-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switch	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+parameters	O
+in	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+have	O
+been	O
+taken	O
+from	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+thermal	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+another	O
+MSSL	B-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switch	I-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+same	O
+1.5mm	O
+square	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+,	O
+a	O
+free	O
+path	O
+length	O
+of	O
+43cm	O
+and	O
+a	O
+RRR	O
+of	O
+20,000	O
+;	O
+it	O
+has	O
+been	O
+observed	O
+from	O
+experiments	O
+conducted	O
+at	O
+MSSL	O
+that	O
+there	O
+is	O
+little	O
+change	O
+in	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+performance	I-Process
+for	O
+tungsten	B-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switches	I-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+RRR	O
+between	O
+20,000	O
+and	O
+32,000	O
+(	O
+subject	O
+of	O
+a	O
+future	O
+publication	O
+)	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+20,000	B-Material
+RRR	I-Material
+heat	I-Material
+switch	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+assumed	O
+to	O
+be	O
+a	O
+good	O
+approximation	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+5	O
+gives	O
+the	O
+calculated	O
+thermal	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+mKCC	B-Material
+switch	I-Material
+at	O
+0	O
+,	O
+1	O
+,	O
+2	O
+and	O
+3T	O
+based	O
+on	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+constants	O
+b0	O
+,	O
+a1	O
+,	O
+a2	O
+,	O
+a3	O
+,	O
+a4	O
+and	O
+n	O
+have	O
+the	O
+values	O
+0.0328	O
+,	O
+1.19	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+4	O
+,	O
+3.57	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+6	O
+,	O
+1.36	O
+,	O
+0.000968	O
+and	O
+1.7	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+the	O
+calculated	O
+thermal	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+mKCC	B-Material
+switch	I-Material
+presented	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+5	O
+has	O
+been	O
+validated	O
+by	O
+comparing	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+of	O
+the	O
+miniature	B-Material
+ADR	I-Material
+with	O
+modelled	O
+predictions	O
+(	O
+this	O
+is	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+3.3	O
+).(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+κ	O
+(	O
+T	O
+)=	O
+b0T2	O
++	O
+1a1	O
++	O
+a2T2T	O
++	O
+Bna3T	O
++	O
+a4T4	O
+
+An	O
+early	O
+attempt	O
+to	O
+combine	B-Task
+sets	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+networks	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+visualization	I-Task
+relied	O
+on	O
+first	O
+drawing	O
+an	O
+Euler	B-Process
+diagram	I-Process
+then	O
+placing	O
+a	O
+graph	O
+inside	O
+it	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+,	O
+however	O
+the	O
+sets	O
+were	O
+often	O
+visualized	O
+with	O
+convoluted	O
+,	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+follow	O
+curves	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+only	O
+limited	O
+kinds	O
+of	O
+set	O
+data	O
+could	O
+be	O
+shown	O
+as	O
+the	O
+system	O
+was	O
+limited	O
+to	O
+well-formed	O
+Euler	B-Process
+diagrams	I-Process
+.	O
+Compound	B-Material
+graphs	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+restricted	O
+kinds	O
+of	O
+grouped	O
+network	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Graph	B-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+are	O
+visualized	O
+with	O
+transparent	B-Process
+hulls	I-Process
+by	O
+Santamaria	O
+and	O
+Theron	O
+[	O
+39	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+technique	O
+removes	O
+edges	O
+from	O
+the	O
+graph	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+not	O
+sufficiently	O
+sophisticated	O
+for	O
+arbitrary	O
+overlapping	O
+sets	O
+.	O
+Itoh	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+proposed	O
+to	O
+overlay	O
+pie-like	O
+glyphs	B-Material
+over	O
+the	O
+nodes	O
+in	O
+a	O
+graph	O
+to	O
+encode	O
+multiple	O
+categories	O
+.	O
+Each	O
+set	O
+is	O
+hence	O
+represented	O
+using	O
+disconnected	O
+regions	O
+that	O
+are	O
+linked	O
+by	O
+having	O
+the	O
+same	O
+colour	O
+.	O
+This	O
+causes	O
+difficulties	O
+with	O
+tasks	O
+that	O
+involve	O
+finding	B-Task
+relations	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+sets	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+T1	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+T3	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+T4	I-Process
+in	O
+Section	O
+5.3	O
+.	O
+A	O
+related	O
+class	O
+of	O
+techniques	O
+visualize	B-Process
+grouping	I-Process
+information	I-Process
+over	I-Process
+graphs	I-Process
+using	O
+convex	B-Process
+hulls	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+Vizster	B-Process
+[	O
+22	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+they	O
+do	O
+not	O
+support	O
+visualizing	O
+set	O
+overlaps	O
+.	O
+
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+one	O
+observes	O
+segregation	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+by	O
+the	O
+XRD	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+probably	O
+took	O
+place	O
+at	O
+high	O
+temperature	O
+,	O
+and	O
+were	O
+partially	O
+quenched	B-Process
+to	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+The	O
+phase	O
+analysis	O
+showed	O
+up	O
+to	O
+three	O
+distinct	O
+phases	O
+,	O
+which	O
+should	O
+have	O
+hence	O
+a	O
+distinct	O
+measurable	O
+phase	O
+transition	O
+temperature	O
+,	O
+if	O
+they	O
+crystallise	B-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+liquid	B-Material
+on	O
+the	O
+surface	B-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+thermograms	B-Process
+these	O
+effects	O
+are	O
+not	O
+observable	O
+as	O
+different	O
+solidification	B-Process
+arrest	I-Process
+or	O
+clear	B-Process
+inflections	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+proportion	O
+of	O
+new	O
+appearing	O
+phases	O
+is	O
+small	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+the	O
+latent	B-Process
+heat	I-Process
+released	O
+by	O
+this	O
+new	O
+phase	O
+will	O
+be	O
+also	O
+small	O
+.	O
+The	O
+reflected	B-Process
+light	I-Process
+signal	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+only	O
+showed	O
+one	O
+phase	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+during	O
+cooling	O
+.	O
+As	O
+well	O
+,	O
+the	O
+location	O
+of	O
+this	O
+segregation	B-Process
+cannot	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+exactly	O
+in	O
+the	O
+molten	B-Material
+pool	I-Material
+or	O
+later	O
+in	O
+the	O
+re-solidified	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+is	O
+measured	O
+,	O
+the	O
+material	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+by	I-Task
+Raman	I-Task
+spectroscopy	I-Task
+has	O
+not	O
+shown	O
+signs	O
+of	O
+segregation	B-Process
+,	O
+so	O
+that	O
+also	O
+the	O
+uncertainties	O
+in	O
+composition	O
+for	O
+the	O
+phase	B-Process
+transition	I-Process
+are	O
+taken	O
+from	O
+the	O
+uncertainties	O
+from	O
+the	O
+XRD	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+most	O
+abundant	O
+phase	O
+at	O
+each	O
+composition	O
+in	O
+re-solidified	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Myocardial	B-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+simulated	O
+using	O
+the	O
+monodomain	B-Material
+or	I-Material
+bidomain	I-Material
+PDEs	I-Material
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+its	O
+capacity	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+complex	O
+geometries	B-Material
+with	O
+ease	O
+,	O
+approximations	O
+are	O
+often	O
+obtained	O
+using	O
+the	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+FEM	B-Process
+)	O
+to	O
+discretise	O
+the	O
+PDEs	B-Material
+in	O
+space	O
+on	O
+realistic	O
+cardiac	B-Material
+geometry	I-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+;	O
+this	O
+results	O
+in	O
+very	O
+large	O
+(	O
+up	O
+to	O
+forty-million	O
+degrees	O
+of	O
+freedom	O
+(	O
+DOF	O
+)	O
+for	O
+human	B-Task
+heart	I-Task
+geometries	I-Task
+)	O
+systems	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+linear	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+which	O
+must	O
+be	O
+solved	O
+many	O
+thousands	O
+of	O
+times	O
+over	O
+the	O
+course	O
+of	O
+even	O
+a	O
+short	O
+simulation	B-Process
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+they	O
+are	O
+extremely	O
+computationally	O
+demanding	O
+,	O
+presenting	O
+taxing	O
+problems	O
+even	O
+to	O
+high-end	B-Process
+supercomputing	I-Process
+resources	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+computational	O
+demand	O
+means	O
+that	O
+effort	O
+has	O
+been	O
+invested	O
+in	O
+developing	B-Task
+efficient	I-Task
+solution	I-Task
+techniques	I-Task
+,	O
+including	O
+work	O
+on	O
+preconditioning	B-Task
+,	O
+parallelisation	B-Task
+and	O
+adaptivity	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+space	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+[	O
+7	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+study	O
+,	O
+we	O
+investigate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+potential	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+reducing	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+DOF	I-Task
+by	O
+using	O
+a	O
+high-order	B-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+FEM	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+–	O
+15	O
+]	O
+to	O
+approximate	O
+the	O
+monodomain	B-Material
+PDE	I-Material
+in	O
+space	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+significantly	B-Task
+improving	I-Task
+simulation	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+over	O
+the	O
+piecewise-linear	B-Process
+FEM	I-Process
+approach	O
+commonly	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+[	O
+16	O
+–	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+schemes	O
+where	O
+the	O
+polynomial	O
+degree	O
+p	O
+of	O
+the	O
+elements	O
+is	O
+adjusted	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+error	O
+in	O
+the	O
+approximation	O
+,	O
+this	O
+is	O
+known	O
+as	O
+the	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+p-version	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+work	O
+presented	O
+here	O
+,	O
+we	O
+work	O
+with	O
+schemes	O
+which	O
+keep	O
+p	O
+fixed	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+we	O
+develop	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+approach	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+DEA	I-Task
+suitable	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+modelling	I-Task
+three-dimensional	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+present	O
+DEA	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+rely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+one	O
+can	O
+easily	O
+parametrise	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+being	O
+modelled	O
+,	O
+and	O
+then	O
+apply	O
+an	O
+orthonormal	B-Process
+basis	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+over	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+boundary	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+coordinate	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+two	O
+dimensions	O
+this	O
+is	O
+simple	O
+as	O
+the	O
+boundary	O
+may	O
+be	O
+parametrised	O
+along	O
+its	O
+arc-length	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+associated	O
+momentum	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+direction	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+coordinate	I-Material
+taken	O
+tangential	O
+to	O
+the	O
+boundary	O
+.	O
+The	O
+basis	O
+can	O
+be	O
+any	O
+suitable	O
+(	O
+scaled	O
+)	O
+univariate	B-Material
+basis	I-Material
+in	O
+both	O
+position	O
+and	O
+momentum	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+a	O
+Fourier	B-Material
+basis	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+or	O
+Chebyshev	B-Material
+polynomials	I-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Defining	O
+a	O
+suitable	O
+parametrisation	O
+for	O
+the	O
+spatial	O
+coordinate	O
+in	O
+three-dimensions	O
+becomes	O
+much	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+.	O
+In	O
+momentum	O
+space	O
+spherical	B-Process
+polar	I-Process
+coordinates	I-Process
+may	O
+be	O
+employed	O
+and	O
+so	O
+these	O
+problems	O
+do	O
+not	O
+arise	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+order	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+discrete	I-Task
+unknowns	I-Task
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+vector	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+unknowns	I-Material
+,	O
+xPS	B-Material
+=[	I-Material
+X,L	I-Material
+]	I-Material
+,	O
+contains	O
+the	O
+nx	O
+unknown	O
+nodal	B-Material
+coordinates	I-Material
+,	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+nb	O
+unknown	O
+discrete	O
+Lagrange	B-Material
+multipliers	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+linear	O
+systems	O
+to	O
+be	O
+solved	O
+in	O
+the	O
+course	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Newton-based	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+of	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+10	O
+)	O
+,	O
+subject	O
+to	O
+the	O
+displacement	B-Material
+constraint	I-Material
+(	O
+9	O
+)	O
+,	O
+then	O
+have	O
+saddle-point	B-Process
+structure	I-Process
+,(	O
+15	O
+)	O
+where	O
+E	O
+is	O
+the	O
+tangent	B-Process
+stiffness	I-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+unconstrained	B-Material
+pseudo-solid	I-Material
+problem	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+two	B-Material
+off-diagonal	I-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+Cxl	B-Material
+and	O
+Clx	B-Material
+=	I-Material
+CxlT	I-Material
+arise	O
+through	O
+the	O
+imposition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+displacement	O
+constraint	O
+by	O
+the	O
+Lagrange	B-Material
+multipliers	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+for	O
+the	O
+proof	O
+of	O
+the	O
+LBB	B-Material
+stability	O
+of	O
+this	O
+discretisation	B-Process
+;	O
+see	O
+also	O
+[	O
+35,36	O
+]	O
+for	O
+a	O
+discussion	O
+of	O
+the	O
+LBB	B-Material
+stability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Lagrange-multiplier-based	B-Process
+imposition	I-Process
+of	O
+Dirichlet	B-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+conditions	I-Process
+in	O
+related	O
+problems	O
+.	O
+We	O
+note	O
+that	O
+during	O
+the	O
+first	O
+step	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Newton	B-Process
+iteration	I-Process
+,	O
+E	O
+is	O
+symmetric	O
+positive	O
+definite	O
+since	O
+it	O
+represents	O
+the	O
+tangent	B-Material
+stiffness	I-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+relative	O
+to	O
+the	O
+system	O
+’s	O
+equilibrium	B-Process
+configuration	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Inequality	B-Process
+(	O
+22	O
+)	O
+indicates	O
+that	O
+the	O
+maximum-norm	B-Material
+is	O
+the	O
+loosest	O
+among	O
+all	O
+p-norms	B-Material
+.	O
+Fortunately	O
+,	O
+this	O
+loosest	O
+constraint	O
+would	O
+not	O
+seriously	O
+affect	O
+the	O
+accuracy	O
+since	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+||	B-Material
+y	I-Material
+||∞	I-Material
+is	O
+comparable	O
+to	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+2-norm	B-Material
+and	O
+1-norm	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+maximum-norm	B-Material
+provides	O
+us	O
+with	O
+the	O
+largest	O
+number	O
+of	O
+possible	O
+solutions	O
+under	O
+a	O
+given	O
+error	O
+limitation	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+would	O
+greatly	O
+enhance	O
+the	O
+possibility	O
+of	O
+finding	O
+a	O
+group	O
+of	O
+optimized	B-Material
+coefficients	I-Material
+when	O
+scanning	O
+a	O
+vast	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+set	I-Process
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+checking	O
+the	O
+maximum	B-Material
+deviation	I-Material
+sounds	O
+more	O
+reasonable	O
+than	O
+checking	O
+the	O
+“	O
+distance	O
+”	O
+between	O
+the	O
+accurate	O
+and	O
+approximated	O
+wave	O
+numbers	O
+since	O
+it	O
+is	O
+not	O
+working	O
+in	O
+the	O
+space	O
+domain	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+we	O
+chose	O
+the	O
+maximum-norm	B-Material
+as	O
+our	O
+criterion	O
+for	O
+designing	O
+the	O
+objective	B-Material
+functions	I-Material
+to	O
+extend	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+accurate	I-Task
+wave	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+coverage	I-Task
+as	O
+widely	O
+as	O
+possible	O
+.	O
+
+Similar	O
+numerical	B-Material
+oscillations	I-Material
+to	O
+those	O
+described	O
+above	O
+also	O
+emerge	O
+in	O
+the	O
+ISPM	B-Material
+when	O
+utilising	O
+classical	O
+IBM	B-Process
+kernels	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+lack	O
+of	O
+regularity	O
+(	O
+with	O
+discontinuous	O
+second	O
+derivatives	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+remark	O
+that	O
+the	O
+immersed	O
+structure	O
+stresses	O
+are	O
+captured	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Lagrangian	B-Process
+description	I-Process
+and	O
+hence	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+compute	O
+them	O
+accurately	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+that	O
+these	O
+spurious	O
+oscillations	B-Material
+are	O
+not	O
+introduced	O
+via	O
+the	O
+kernel	B-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+specifically	O
+designed	O
+a	B-Task
+new	I-Task
+family	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+kernel	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+which	I-Task
+do	I-Task
+not	I-Task
+introduce	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+spurious	I-Task
+oscillations	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+kernel	O
+functions	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+taking	O
+into	O
+account	O
+discrete	O
+reproducibility	O
+conditions	O
+as	O
+originally	O
+introduced	O
+by	O
+Peskin	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+(	O
+in	O
+our	O
+case	O
+,	O
+tailor-made	O
+for	O
+Cartesian	B-Process
+staggered	I-Process
+grids	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+regularity	O
+requirements	O
+to	O
+prevent	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+spurious	O
+oscillations	B-Material
+when	O
+computing	B-Process
+derivatives	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+Maple	B-Task
+computer	I-Task
+program	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+explicit	I-Task
+expressions	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+kernels	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Contact	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+and	O
+used	O
+in	O
+Lagrangian	O
+staggered-grid	B-Material
+hydrodynamic	I-Material
+(	O
+SGH	B-Material
+)	O
+calculations	O
+for	O
+many	O
+years	O
+.	O
+Early	O
+examples	O
+of	O
+contact	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+are	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+Wilkins	O
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Cherry	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Hallquist	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+provides	O
+an	O
+overview	O
+of	O
+multiple	O
+contact	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+used	O
+in	O
+various	O
+Lagrangian	B-Process
+SGH	I-Process
+codes	O
+dating	O
+back	O
+to	O
+HEMP	B-Process
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Of	O
+particular	O
+interest	O
+,	O
+Hallquist	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+describes	O
+the	O
+contact	B-Process
+surface	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+used	O
+in	O
+TOODY	B-Process
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+and	O
+later	O
+implemented	O
+in	O
+DYNA2D	B-Process
+[	O
+36	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+contact	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+of	O
+TOODY	B-Process
+uses	O
+a	O
+master	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+slave	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+this	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+to	O
+treat	O
+the	O
+nodes	B-Material
+on	O
+the	O
+contact	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+in	O
+a	O
+manner	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+an	O
+internal	B-Material
+node	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+physical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+slave	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+are	O
+interpolated	O
+to	O
+a	O
+ghost	B-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+(	O
+termed	O
+phony	B-Material
+elements	I-Material
+in	O
+[	O
+17	O
+])	O
+that	O
+overlays	O
+the	O
+slave	B-Material
+zones	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+physical	O
+properties	O
+are	O
+interpolated	O
+from	O
+the	O
+slave	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+to	O
+the	O
+ghost	B-Material
+zones	I-Material
+using	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+weights	O
+.	O
+The	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+weights	O
+are	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ratio	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ghost	B-Material
+zone	I-Material
+surface	I-Material
+area	I-Material
+to	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+of	O
+the	O
+master	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+contact	B-Task
+surface	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+for	O
+nodal-based	B-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+cell-centered	I-Process
+hydrodynamics	I-Process
+(	O
+CCH	B-Material
+)	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+will	O
+use	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+weights	O
+similar	O
+in	O
+concept	O
+to	O
+those	O
+in	O
+TOODY	B-Process
+.	O
+Following	O
+the	O
+area	B-Process
+fraction	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+of	O
+TOODY	B-Process
+may	O
+seem	O
+retrospective	O
+;	O
+however	O
+,	O
+using	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+weights	O
+naturally	O
+extends	O
+to	O
+the	O
+new	O
+CCH	B-Material
+methods	O
+that	O
+solve	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+Riemann-like	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+node	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+zone	I-Task
+[	O
+10,24,25,3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Three	O
+Runge	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Kutta	I-Process
+IMEX	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+were	O
+tested	O
+by	O
+Ullrich	O
+and	O
+Jablonowski	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+for	O
+the	O
+HEVI	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+equations	O
+governing	O
+atmospheric	B-Process
+motion	I-Process
+.	O
+They	O
+tested	O
+the	O
+ARS	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+2,3,2	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+of	O
+Ascher	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+and	O
+also	O
+suggested	O
+the	O
+less	O
+computationally	O
+expensive	O
+but	O
+nearly	O
+as	O
+accurate	O
+Strang	B-Process
+carryover	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+involves	O
+Strang	B-Process
+splitting	I-Process
+but	O
+the	O
+first	O
+implicit	O
+stage	O
+is	O
+cleverly	O
+re-used	O
+from	O
+the	O
+final	O
+implicit	O
+stage	O
+of	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+time-step	O
+and	O
+so	O
+there	O
+is	O
+only	O
+one	O
+implicit	O
+solution	O
+per	O
+time-step	O
+.	O
+Another	O
+novel	O
+approach	O
+taken	O
+by	O
+Ullrich	O
+and	O
+Jablonowski	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+is	O
+to	O
+use	O
+a	O
+Rosenbrock	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+treat	O
+all	O
+of	O
+the	O
+vertical	O
+terms	O
+implicitly	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+just	O
+the	O
+terms	O
+involved	O
+in	O
+wave	B-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+Rosenbrock	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+is	O
+one	B-Process
+iteration	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+Newton	I-Process
+solver	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+circumvents	O
+the	O
+time-step	B-Process
+restriction	I-Process
+associated	O
+with	O
+vertical	B-Process
+advection	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+cost	O
+of	O
+slowing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+vertical	I-Process
+advection	I-Process
+.	O
+
+After	O
+all	O
+micro	O
+elements	O
+reach	O
+a	O
+relaxed	O
+steady-state	O
+,	O
+measurements	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+using	O
+a	O
+cumulative	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+to	O
+reduce	B-Task
+noise	I-Task
+.	O
+Each	O
+micro	O
+element	O
+is	O
+divided	B-Process
+into	I-Process
+spatially-oriented	I-Process
+bins	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+y-direction	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+resolve	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+velocity	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+shear-stress	I-Process
+profiles	I-Process
+.	O
+Velocity	O
+in	O
+each	O
+bin	O
+is	O
+measured	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Cumulative	B-Process
+Averaging	I-Process
+Method	I-Process
+(	O
+CAM	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+stress	B-Process
+tensor	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+is	O
+measured	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Irving	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Kirkwood	I-Process
+relationship	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+least-squares	B-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+fit	I-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+data	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+,	O
+which	O
+helps	O
+reduce	B-Task
+noise	I-Task
+further	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fit	O
+produces	O
+a	O
+continuous	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+that	O
+avoids	O
+stability	B-Process
+issues	I-Process
+arising	O
+from	O
+supplying	B-Process
+highly	I-Process
+fluctuating	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+macro	I-Process
+solver	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+least-squares	B-Process
+fit	I-Process
+is	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+an	O
+Nth	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+polynomial	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+velocity	O
+profile	O
+in	O
+the	O
+core	O
+region	O
+,	O
+and	O
+an	O
+Mth	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+polynomial	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+velocity	O
+profile	O
+in	O
+the	O
+constrained	O
+region	O
+:(	O
+16	O
+)〈	O
+ui,core	O
+〉=∑	O
+k	O
+=	O
+1Nbk,iyi′	O
+(	O
+N	O
+−	O
+k	O
+)	O
+,	O
+for	O
+0	O
+⩽	O
+yi′	O
+⩽	O
+hcore	O
+,	O
+and	O
+(	O
+17	O
+)〈	O
+ui,cs	O
+〉=∑	O
+k	O
+=	O
+1Mck,iyi	O
+″(	O
+M	O
+−	O
+k	O
+)	O
+,	O
+for	O
+0	O
+⩽	O
+yi	O
+″⩽	O
+hcs	O
+,	O
+where	O
+bk,i	O
+and	O
+ck,i	O
+are	O
+the	O
+coefficients	O
+of	O
+the	O
+polynomials	B-Material
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+core	O
+micro	O
+region	O
+and	O
+constrained	O
+region	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+An	O
+estimate	O
+of	O
+the	O
+new	B-Material
+slip	I-Material
+velocity	I-Material
+uB	O
+for	O
+input	O
+to	O
+the	O
+macro	B-Material
+solution	I-Material
+(	O
+6	O
+)	O
+is	O
+taken	O
+directly	O
+from	O
+the	O
+compressed	B-Material
+wall	I-Material
+micro-element	I-Material
+solution	I-Material
+(	O
+16	O
+)	O
+,	O
+at	O
+yi′	O
+=	O
+0	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+is	O
+interesting	O
+to	O
+quantify	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+effects	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Schmidt	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+chemical	I-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+rate	I-Task
+on	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+B	I-Material
+in	O
+water	O
+.	O
+The	O
+data	O
+could	O
+present	O
+important	O
+information	O
+on	O
+evaluating	O
+the	O
+environmental	O
+impacts	O
+of	O
+the	O
+degradation	B-Material
+product	I-Material
+of	O
+B	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+acidification	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+by	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+.	O
+Here	O
+,	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+B	I-Material
+is	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+(	O
+24	O
+)	O
+CB	O
+⁎¯=∫	O
+01	O
+〈	O
+CB	O
+⁎〉(	O
+z	O
+⁎)	O
+dz	O
+⁎	O
+Fig.	O
+15	O
+depicts	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Schmidt	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+rate	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+CB	I-Material
+⁎¯	I-Material
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+worth	O
+to	O
+mention	O
+here	O
+that	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+B	I-Material
+reaches	O
+approximately	O
+0.6	O
+as	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+rate	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+Schmidt	B-Material
+number	I-Material
+increase	O
+to	O
+infinite	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+concentration	O
+is	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+the	O
+equilibrium	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+A	I-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+.	O
+This	O
+figure	O
+indicates	O
+that	O
+progress	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+is	O
+somewhat	O
+interfered	O
+by	O
+turbulent	B-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+in	O
+water	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+is	O
+up	O
+to	O
+approximately	O
+60	O
+%	O
+.	O
+The	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	O
+reaction	O
+in	O
+water	O
+will	O
+be	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Reynolds	B-Material
+number	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+water	O
+flow	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+could	O
+increase	O
+as	O
+the	O
+Reynolds	O
+number	O
+increases	O
+.	O
+We	O
+need	O
+an	O
+extensive	O
+investigation	O
+on	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+aquarium	B-Process
+chemical	I-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+near	O
+future	O
+to	O
+extend	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+this	O
+study	O
+further	O
+to	O
+establish	O
+practical	B-Process
+modelling	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+between	O
+air	O
+and	O
+water	O
+.	O
+
+Numerical	B-Task
+simulation	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+through	O
+such	O
+non-trivial	O
+internal	O
+geometries	O
+is	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+extremely	O
+challenging	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+conventional	B-Process
+continuum	I-Process
+fluid	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+assumes	O
+that	O
+locally	O
+a	O
+gas	O
+is	O
+close	O
+to	O
+a	O
+state	O
+of	O
+thermodynamic	B-Process
+equilibrium	I-Process
+,	O
+becomes	O
+invalid	O
+or	O
+inaccurate	O
+as	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+channel	B-Material
+height	I-Material
+)	O
+approaches	O
+the	O
+mean	O
+distance	O
+between	O
+molecular	B-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+,	O
+λ	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+An	O
+accurate	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+flexible	I-Process
+modelling	I-Process
+alternative	I-Process
+for	O
+these	O
+cases	O
+is	O
+the	O
+direct	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+Monte	I-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+DSMC	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+DSMC	O
+can	O
+be	O
+prohibitively	O
+expensive	O
+for	O
+internal-flow	B-Process
+applications	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+typically	O
+have	O
+a	O
+geometry	O
+of	O
+high-aspect	B-Material
+ratio	I-Material
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+are	O
+extremely	O
+long	O
+,	O
+relative	O
+to	O
+their	O
+cross-section	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+high-aspect	O
+ratio	O
+creates	O
+a	O
+formidable	O
+multiscale	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+:	O
+processes	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+resolved	O
+occurring	O
+over	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+a	O
+channel	O
+ʼs	O
+height	O
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+over	O
+the	O
+largest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+length	O
+of	O
+a	O
+long	B-Process
+channel	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+simultaneously	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+test	O
+cases	O
+confirm	O
+that	O
+the	O
+high-order	B-Process
+discretisation	I-Process
+retains	O
+exponential	B-Process
+convergence	I-Process
+properties	I-Process
+with	O
+increasing	O
+geometric	O
+and	O
+expansion	O
+polynomial	O
+order	O
+if	O
+both	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Material
+and	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+are	O
+smooth	O
+.	O
+Errors	O
+are	O
+found	O
+to	O
+saturate	O
+when	O
+the	O
+geometric	O
+errors	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+parametrisation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+elements	I-Process
+,	O
+begin	O
+to	O
+dominate	O
+the	O
+temporal	O
+and	O
+spatial	O
+discretisation	O
+errors	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+smooth	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+considered	O
+as	O
+test	O
+cases	O
+,	O
+the	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+this	O
+dominance	O
+of	O
+geometric	O
+errors	O
+quickly	O
+limits	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	O
+of	O
+further	O
+increases	O
+in	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+degrees	O
+of	O
+freedom	O
+,	O
+either	O
+through	O
+mesh	B-Process
+refinement	I-Process
+or	O
+higher	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+orders	I-Process
+.	O
+Increasing	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	B-Process
+parametrisation	I-Process
+reduces	O
+the	O
+geometric	B-Process
+error	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+analytic	B-Task
+test	I-Task
+cases	I-Task
+presented	O
+here	O
+use	O
+a	O
+coarse	B-Material
+curvilinear	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+;	O
+for	O
+applications	O
+,	O
+meshes	B-Material
+are	O
+typically	O
+more	O
+refined	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+capture	B-Process
+features	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+solution	I-Process
+and	O
+so	O
+will	O
+better	O
+capture	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+and	O
+consequently	O
+reduce	B-Process
+this	I-Process
+lower	I-Process
+bound	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Material
+error	O
+.	O
+If	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+not	O
+smooth	O
+,	O
+we	O
+do	O
+not	O
+expect	O
+to	O
+see	O
+rapid	O
+convergence	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+that	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+smooth	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+is	O
+not	O
+,	O
+then	O
+exponential	B-Process
+convergence	I-Process
+with	O
+P	B-Material
+and	O
+Pg	B-Material
+can	O
+only	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+if	O
+,	O
+and	O
+only	O
+if	O
+,	O
+the	O
+discontinuities	B-Process
+are	I-Process
+aligned	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+boundaries	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+if	O
+discontinuities	O
+lie	O
+within	O
+an	O
+element	O
+,	O
+convergence	O
+will	O
+be	O
+limited	O
+by	O
+the	O
+geometric	B-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+cannot	O
+be	O
+captured	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+cardiac	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+both	O
+the	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+and	O
+solution	B-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+smooth	O
+.	O
+
+DPD	B-Process
+was	O
+first	O
+proposed	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+recover	O
+the	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+isotropy	B-Process
+(	O
+and	O
+Galilean	B-Process
+invariance	I-Process
+)	O
+that	O
+were	O
+broken	O
+in	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+lattice-gas	B-Process
+automata	I-Process
+method	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+DPD	B-Process
+,	O
+each	O
+body	O
+is	O
+regarded	O
+as	O
+a	O
+coarse-grained	B-Material
+particle	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+particles	B-Material
+interact	O
+in	O
+a	O
+soft	O
+(	O
+and	O
+short-ranged	O
+)	O
+potential	O
+,	O
+allowing	O
+larger	O
+integration	O
+timesteps	O
+than	O
+would	O
+be	O
+possible	O
+in	O
+MD	B-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+simultaneously	O
+decreasing	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+degrees	O
+of	O
+freedom	O
+required	O
+.	O
+As	O
+in	O
+Langevin	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+thermostat	B-Process
+consisting	O
+of	O
+well-balanced	O
+damping	O
+and	O
+stochastic	O
+terms	O
+is	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+each	O
+particle	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+unlike	O
+in	O
+Langevin	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+,	O
+both	O
+terms	O
+are	O
+pairwise	O
+and	O
+the	O
+damping	O
+term	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+relative	O
+velocities	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+the	O
+conservation	O
+of	O
+both	O
+the	O
+angular	B-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+linear	B-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+property	O
+of	O
+Galilean	B-Process
+invariance	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+the	O
+dependence	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+relative	I-Process
+velocity	I-Process
+)	O
+makes	O
+DPD	B-Process
+a	O
+profile-unbiased	B-Process
+thermostat	I-Process
+(	O
+PUT	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+6,7	O
+]	O
+by	O
+construction	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+it	O
+is	O
+an	O
+ideal	O
+thermostat	O
+for	O
+nonequilibrium	B-Task
+molecular	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+NEMD	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+momentum	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+propagate	O
+locally	O
+(	O
+while	O
+global	O
+momentum	O
+is	O
+conserved	O
+)	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+the	O
+correct	O
+hydrodynamics	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+in	O
+DPD	B-Process
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+as	O
+demonstrated	O
+previously	O
+in	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+aforementioned	O
+properties	O
+,	O
+DPD	O
+has	O
+been	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+to	O
+recover	B-Task
+thermodynamic	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+dynamical	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+rheological	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	O
+complex	B-Material
+fluids	I-Material
+,	O
+with	O
+applications	O
+in	O
+polymer	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+,	O
+colloidal	B-Material
+suspensions	I-Material
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+,	O
+multiphase	B-Material
+flows	I-Material
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+biological	B-Material
+systems	I-Material
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+DPD	B-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+Langevin	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+for	O
+out-of-equilibrium	O
+simulations	O
+of	O
+polymeric	B-Process
+systems	I-Process
+in	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+,	O
+where	O
+as	O
+expected	O
+the	O
+correct	O
+dynamic	B-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+polymers	B-Material
+were	O
+obtained	O
+with	O
+the	O
+former	O
+but	O
+not	O
+with	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+.	O
+
+Copper-catalyzed	B-Material
+Huisgen	I-Material
+cycloadditions	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+recently	O
+extensively	O
+studied	O
+by	O
+polymer	O
+chemists	O
+for	O
+the	O
+synthesis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+functional	I-Task
+polymers	I-Task
+(	O
+either	O
+end-functional	O
+or	O
+side-functional	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+post-functionalization	O
+of	O
+synthetic	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+macromolecular	B-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+as	O
+many	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+mechanisms	O
+are	O
+rather	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+bulky	O
+or	O
+functional	O
+groups	O
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+telechelic	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+polymers	B-Material
+with	I-Material
+defined	I-Material
+chain-ends	I-Material
+)	O
+can	O
+be	O
+efficiently	O
+prepared	O
+using	O
+a	O
+combination	O
+of	O
+atom	B-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+radical	I-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+(	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+CuAAC	B-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+strategy	O
+was	O
+independently	O
+reported	O
+in	O
+early	O
+2005	O
+by	O
+van	O
+Hest	O
+and	O
+Opsteen	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Lutz	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+32	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+Matyjaszewski	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+33	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+step	O
+was	O
+important	O
+since	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+very	O
+popular	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+method	O
+in	O
+modern	O
+materials	O
+science	O
+[	O
+34,35	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+facile	O
+technique	O
+,	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+preparation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+well-defined	I-Process
+polymers	I-Process
+with	O
+narrow	O
+molecular	O
+weight	O
+distribution	O
+,	O
+predictable	O
+chain	O
+length	O
+,	O
+controlled	O
+microstructure	O
+,	O
+defined	O
+chain-ends	O
+and	O
+controlled	O
+architecture	O
+[	O
+36	O
+–	O
+41	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+range	O
+of	O
+possibilities	O
+of	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+further	O
+broadened	O
+by	O
+CuAAC	B-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+instance	O
+,	O
+the	O
+ω-bromine	B-Material
+chain-ends	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+prepared	O
+by	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+transformed	O
+into	O
+azides	B-Material
+by	O
+nucleophilic	B-Process
+substitution	I-Process
+and	O
+subsequently	O
+reacted	O
+with	O
+functional	O
+alkynes	B-Material
+(	O
+Scheme	O
+3	O
+)	O
+[	O
+32	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+very	O
+high	O
+chemoselectivity	O
+of	O
+CuAAC	B-Process
+,	O
+this	O
+method	O
+is	O
+highly	O
+modular	O
+and	O
+may	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+synthesize	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+ω-functional	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+the	O
+formed	O
+triazole	B-Material
+rings	I-Material
+are	O
+not	O
+“	O
+passive	O
+”	O
+spacers	O
+but	O
+interesting	O
+functions	O
+exhibiting	O
+H-bonds	B-Process
+capability	O
+,	O
+aromaticity	O
+and	O
+rigidity	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+viscoelastic	B-Process
+behavior	I-Process
+of	O
+elastomers	B-Material
+containing	O
+small	O
+amounts	O
+of	O
+unattached	O
+chains	O
+has	O
+been	O
+investigated	O
+to	O
+characterize	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+chains	I-Task
+trapped	O
+in	O
+fixed	O
+networks	O
+[	O
+66	O
+–	O
+68	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Polymer	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+trapped	O
+in	O
+fixed	O
+networks	O
+constitute	O
+a	O
+simpler	O
+system	O
+for	O
+the	O
+study	O
+of	O
+the	O
+polymer	B-Material
+chain	I-Material
+dynamics	O
+than	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+uncrosslinked	O
+polymer	B-Material
+melts	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+the	O
+complicated	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+motion	O
+of	O
+the	O
+surrounding	O
+chains	O
+on	O
+the	O
+dynamics	O
+of	O
+the	O
+probe	B-Material
+chain	I-Material
+–	O
+called	O
+“	O
+constraint	B-Process
+release	I-Process
+”	O
+[	O
+69	O
+]	O
+–	O
+is	O
+absent	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fixed	O
+network	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+Most	O
+of	O
+the	O
+earlier	O
+studies	O
+employed	O
+randomly	O
+crosslinked	B-Material
+elastomers	I-Material
+as	O
+host	O
+networks	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+case	O
+,	O
+precise	O
+control	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+mesh	I-Task
+size	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+host	O
+networks	O
+is	O
+not	O
+possible	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+mesh	O
+size	O
+has	O
+a	O
+broad	O
+distribution	O
+.	O
+The	O
+end-linking	O
+systems	O
+give	O
+the	O
+host	O
+networks	O
+a	O
+more	O
+uniform	O
+mesh	O
+size	O
+,	O
+and	O
+they	O
+can	O
+control	O
+the	O
+mesh	O
+size	O
+by	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+precursor	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+investigated	O
+the	O
+dynamic	O
+viscoelasticity	O
+of	O
+end-linked	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+elastomers	I-Material
+containing	O
+unattached	O
+linear	O
+PDMS	O
+as	O
+functions	O
+of	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+unattached	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+(	O
+Mg	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+network	B-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+(	O
+Mx	B-Material
+)	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+9a	O
+)	O
+[	O
+70	O
+]	O
+.	O
+We	O
+employed	O
+two	O
+types	O
+of	O
+host	O
+networks	O
+with	O
+Mx	B-Process
+>	I-Process
+Me	I-Process
+and	O
+Mx	B-Process
+<	I-Process
+Me	I-Process
+where	O
+Me	O
+(≈	O
+10,000	O
+for	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+molecular	O
+mass	O
+between	O
+adjacent	O
+entanglements	O
+in	O
+the	O
+molten	O
+state	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Mx	B-Process
+>	I-Process
+Me	I-Process
+and	O
+Mx	B-Process
+<	I-Process
+Me	I-Process
+networks	O
+(	O
+designated	O
+as	O
+NL	B-Process
+and	O
+NS	B-Process
+,	O
+respectively	O
+)	O
+were	O
+designed	O
+by	O
+end-linking	O
+the	O
+long	O
+(	O
+Mn	O
+=	O
+84,000	O
+)	O
+and	O
+short	O
+precursor	O
+chains	O
+(	O
+Mn	O
+=	O
+4,550	O
+)	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+The	O
+mesh	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+NL	O
+networks	O
+is	O
+dominated	O
+by	O
+trapped	O
+entanglements	O
+,	O
+while	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+NS	O
+network	O
+is	O
+governed	O
+by	O
+chemical	O
+cross-links	O
+.	O
+
+When	O
+incompatible	O
+three	O
+component	O
+polymer	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+are	O
+tethered	O
+at	O
+a	O
+junction	O
+point	O
+,	O
+the	O
+resultant	O
+star	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+ABC	O
+type	O
+are	O
+in	O
+a	O
+very	O
+frustrated	O
+field	O
+in	O
+bulk	O
+.	O
+That	O
+is	O
+,	O
+their	O
+junction	O
+points	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+aligned	O
+on	O
+two-dimensional	O
+planes	O
+but	O
+on	O
+one-dimensional	O
+lines	O
+,	O
+as	O
+schematically	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+1.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+when	O
+the	O
+chain	O
+length	O
+difference	O
+is	O
+not	O
+so	O
+large	O
+,	O
+the	O
+array	O
+of	O
+junction	O
+points	O
+tends	O
+to	O
+be	O
+straight	O
+and	O
+long	O
+one	O
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+each	O
+domain	O
+with	O
+mesoscopic	O
+sizes	O
+becomes	O
+cylinders	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+their	O
+cross	O
+sections	O
+could	O
+be	O
+conformed	O
+by	O
+polygons	B-Material
+[	O
+28,29	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+three	B-Material
+interfaces	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+A	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+B	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+B	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+C	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+C	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+A	I-Material
+are	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+be	O
+flat	O
+since	O
+there	O
+exist	O
+no	O
+junction	O
+points	O
+at	O
+interfaces	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+chain	B-Process
+entropy	I-Process
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+free	O
+energy	O
+of	O
+structure	O
+formation	O
+is	O
+considerably	O
+small	O
+comparing	O
+with	O
+regular	O
+block	O
+and	O
+graft	O
+copolymer	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+matter	O
+of	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+Dotera	O
+predicted	O
+several	O
+tiling	O
+patterns	O
+by	O
+the	O
+diagonal	B-Process
+bond	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+new	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+Simulation	I-Process
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+,	O
+while	O
+Gemma	O
+and	O
+Dotera	O
+pointed	O
+out	O
+that	O
+only	O
+three	O
+regular	O
+tilings	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+(	O
+6.6.6	O
+)	O
+,	O
+(	O
+4.8.8	O
+)	O
+and	O
+(	O
+4.6.12	O
+)	O
+are	O
+permitted	O
+for	O
+three-branched	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+proposed	O
+as	O
+the	O
+“	O
+even	B-Process
+polygon	I-Process
+theorem	I-Process
+”	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+living	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+reaction	B-Process
+without	O
+transfer	O
+and	O
+termination	B-Process
+reactions	O
+that	O
+can	O
+proceed	O
+up	O
+to	O
+complete	O
+monomer	B-Process
+conversion	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+when	O
+initiation	O
+is	O
+quantitative	O
+and	O
+fast	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+the	O
+propagation	B-Process
+reaction	O
+,	O
+polymers	B-Material
+with	O
+precisely	O
+controlled	O
+chain	O
+length	O
+and	O
+narrow	O
+molar	O
+mass	O
+distribution	O
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+an	O
+industrial	B-Task
+styrene	I-Task
+polymerization	I-Task
+this	O
+would	O
+permit	O
+to	O
+avoid	O
+any	O
+specific	O
+washing	B-Process
+or	O
+degassing	B-Process
+steps	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+necessary	O
+in	O
+the	O
+radical	O
+process	O
+to	O
+remove	O
+residual	O
+monomer	O
+and	O
+low	B-Material
+molar	I-Material
+mass	I-Material
+oligomers	I-Material
+.	O
+Since	O
+head-to-head	O
+defects	O
+along	O
+the	O
+chains	O
+are	O
+absent	O
+,	O
+anionic	B-Material
+polystyrene	I-Material
+would	O
+exhibit	O
+also	O
+a	O
+better	O
+thermal	O
+stability	O
+than	O
+radical	O
+one	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+production	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+anionic	I-Task
+polystyrene	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+PS	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+would	O
+be	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+if	O
+the	O
+conditions	O
+required	O
+to	O
+control	O
+the	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+could	O
+be	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+the	O
+market	O
+and	O
+be	O
+able	O
+to	O
+compete	O
+economically	O
+with	O
+industrial	O
+radical	O
+processes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+organic	B-Material
+solvents	I-Material
+and	O
+of	O
+expensive	O
+alkyllithium	B-Process
+initiators	I-Process
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+relatively	O
+low	O
+reaction	O
+temperatures	O
+required	O
+,	O
+was	O
+some	O
+important	O
+limitation	O
+to	O
+overcome	O
+.	O
+The	O
+possibilities	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+a	O
+quantitative	O
+living-like	O
+anionic	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+styrene	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+solvent	B-Material
+and	O
+at	O
+elevated	O
+temperature	O
+,	O
+using	O
+inexpensive	O
+initiating	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+were	O
+the	O
+main	O
+targets	O
+identified	O
+to	O
+tremendously	O
+decrease	O
+the	O
+cost	O
+of	O
+the	O
+anionic	O
+process	O
+.	O
+This	O
+implied	O
+at	O
+first	O
+to	O
+control	O
+the	O
+reactivity	O
+and	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+initiating	O
+and	O
+propagating	B-Process
+active	I-Process
+species	I-Process
+in	O
+such	O
+unusual	O
+operating	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+hydroxyl-functionalized	O
+poly	O
+(	O
+butylene	O
+succinate	O
+)	O
+based	O
+polyester	B-Material
+was	O
+prepared	O
+by	O
+conventional	O
+polycondensation	B-Process
+of	O
+benzyl-protected	O
+dimethyl	B-Material
+malonate	I-Material
+and	O
+1,4-butanediol	B-Material
+(	O
+Scheme	O
+2	O
+(	O
+a	O
+))	O
+[	O
+24a	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Yao	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+reported	O
+on	O
+the	O
+direct	O
+polycondensation	B-Process
+of	O
+l-lactic	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+and	O
+citric	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+poly	B-Material
+[(	I-Material
+l-lactic	I-Material
+acid	I-Material
+)-	I-Material
+co	I-Material
+-(	I-Material
+citric	I-Material
+acid	I-Material
+)]	I-Material
+,	O
+obtaining	O
+a	O
+polyester	B-Material
+oligomer	I-Material
+with	O
+both	O
+pendant	O
+carboxylic	O
+and	O
+hydroxyl	O
+groups	O
+[	O
+24b	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+PLCA	B-Material
+oligomer	I-Material
+was	O
+reacted	O
+with	O
+dihydroxylated	B-Material
+PLLA	I-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+macromonomer	O
+,	O
+yielding	O
+a	O
+PLCA	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+PLLA	I-Material
+multiblock	I-Material
+copolymer	I-Material
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Scheme	O
+2	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+.	O
+While	O
+lipases	B-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+investigated	O
+for	O
+the	O
+ring-opening	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+(	O
+ROP	B-Process
+)	O
+of	O
+cyclic	B-Material
+ester	I-Material
+monomers	I-Material
+[	O
+25,26	O
+]	O
+,	O
+they	O
+have	O
+also	O
+been	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+preparation	O
+of	O
+polyesters	B-Material
+by	O
+polycondensation	B-Process
+reactions	O
+.	O
+The	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+this	O
+technique	O
+is	O
+that	O
+these	O
+enzyme-catalyzed	B-Process
+reactions	O
+proceed	O
+without	O
+protection	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pendant	O
+functional	O
+groups	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+field	O
+,	O
+hydroxyl-bearing	B-Material
+polyesters	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+synthesized	O
+by	O
+the	O
+copolymerization	B-Process
+of	O
+divinyl	B-Material
+adipate	I-Material
+with	O
+various	O
+triols	B-Material
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+glycerol	B-Material
+,	O
+1,2,4-butanetriol	B-Material
+)	O
+as	O
+represented	O
+in	O
+Scheme	O
+2	O
+(	O
+c	O
+)	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+and	O
+by	O
+copolymerizations	B-Process
+of	O
+1,8-octanediol	B-Material
+with	O
+adipic	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+and	O
+several	O
+alditols	B-Material
+[	O
+28	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Very	O
+recently	O
+,	O
+several	O
+α-hydroxy	B-Material
+acids	I-Material
+derived	O
+from	O
+amino	B-Material
+acids	I-Material
+were	O
+homo	O
+-	O
+and	O
+copolymerized	O
+with	O
+lactic	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+by	O
+polycondensation	B-Process
+in	O
+bulk	O
+without	O
+protected	O
+monomers	B-Material
+(	O
+Scheme	O
+2	O
+(	O
+d	O
+))	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Biodegradable	B-Material
+polyesters	I-Material
+with	O
+various	O
+pendant	O
+groups	O
+were	O
+obtained	O
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+molecular	O
+weights	O
+remained	O
+low	O
+(	O
+1000	O
+–	O
+3000gmol	O
+−	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Despite	O
+the	O
+loss	O
+of	O
+directed	O
+,	O
+self-complementary	O
+hydrogen	B-Process
+bonding	I-Process
+through	O
+alkylation	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+imidazole	O
+ring	O
+,	O
+electrostatic	B-Process
+aggregation	I-Process
+of	O
+imidazolium	B-Material
+salts	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+tunable	O
+,	O
+self-assembly	O
+process	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+instrumental	O
+to	O
+several	O
+applications	O
+.	O
+Imidazolium	B-Material
+salts	I-Material
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+extract	O
+metal	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+from	O
+aqueous	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+and	O
+coat	O
+metal	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+,	O
+dissolve	O
+carbohydrates	B-Material
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+create	O
+polyelectrolyte	B-Process
+brushes	I-Process
+on	O
+surfaces	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+atom	B-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+radical	I-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+(	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+)	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+graft	O
+poly	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+1-ethyl	I-Material
+3	I-Material
+-(	I-Material
+2-methacryloyloxy	I-Material
+ethyl	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+imidazolium	I-Material
+chloride	I-Material
+)	O
+brushes	O
+onto	O
+gold	B-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+One	O
+of	O
+the	O
+imidazolium	B-Material
+salt	I-Material
+’s	O
+most	O
+promising	O
+attributes	O
+is	O
+its	O
+antimicrobial	B-Process
+action	I-Process
+[	O
+12,18	O
+]	O
+and	O
+molecular	O
+self-assembly	O
+into	O
+liquid	B-Material
+crystals	I-Material
+[	O
+19,20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium	B-Material
+chlorides	I-Material
+and	O
+bromides	B-Material
+,	O
+1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium	B-Material
+chlorides	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+N-alkyl-N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium	B-Material
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+all	O
+exhibit	O
+strong	O
+biocidal	B-Process
+activity	I-Process
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Hydrogels	B-Material
+form	I-Material
+from	O
+polymerized	B-Material
+methylimidazolium-based	I-Material
+ionic	I-Material
+liquids	I-Material
+with	O
+acryloyl	B-Material
+groups	I-Material
+;	O
+the	O
+polymer	B-Material
+self-assembles	O
+into	O
+organized	B-Material
+lamellae	I-Material
+with	O
+unique	O
+swelling	O
+properties	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+bioactive	B-Task
+applications	I-Task
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Other	O
+bioactive	O
+applications	O
+for	O
+imidazolium	B-Material
+salts	I-Material
+include	O
+antiarrhythmics	B-Material
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+,	O
+anti-metastic	B-Material
+agents	I-Material
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+imidazolium-based	B-Material
+steroids	I-Material
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Separation	B-Process
+applications	I-Process
+include	O
+efficient	B-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+CO2	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Imidazolium	B-Material
+salts	I-Material
+enhance	O
+vesicle	B-Process
+formation	I-Process
+as	O
+imidazolium	B-Material
+surfactants	I-Material
+[	O
+26	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+they	O
+also	O
+find	O
+application	O
+in	O
+polymeric	B-Process
+actuators	I-Process
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Although	O
+the	O
+basic	O
+mechanisms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+AD	B-Process
+process	O
+are	O
+reasonably	O
+well	O
+understood	O
+,	O
+it	O
+has	O
+not	O
+proved	O
+simple	O
+to	O
+apply	O
+existing	O
+theories	O
+to	O
+the	O
+interpretation	O
+of	O
+experimental	O
+data	O
+.	O
+What	O
+is	O
+needed	O
+is	O
+a	O
+combination	O
+of	O
+the	O
+AD	O
+theory	O
+and	O
+the	O
+electronic	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+realistic	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+including	O
+surface	B-Material
+defects	I-Material
+and	O
+adsorbed	B-Material
+species	I-Material
+.	O
+Such	O
+electronic	O
+structure	O
+calculations	O
+are	O
+still	O
+complex	O
+and	O
+time-consuming	O
+.	O
+In	O
+many	O
+cases	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+insulating	O
+surfaces	O
+,	O
+attempts	O
+to	O
+model	O
+MIES	B-Material
+spectra	I-Material
+use	O
+simple	O
+or	O
+intuitive	O
+models	O
+.	O
+In	O
+Refs	O
+.	O
+[	O
+4,6,23	O
+]	O
+it	O
+is	O
+assumed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+main	O
+transition	O
+mechanism	O
+is	O
+Auger	B-Process
+de-excitation	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+MIES	B-Material
+spectra	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+simulated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+density	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+(	O
+DOS	B-Process
+)	O
+projected	O
+on	O
+the	O
+surface	B-Material
+oxygen	I-Material
+ions	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+uppermost	O
+surface	O
+layer	O
+using	O
+a	O
+Hartree	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Fock	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+the	O
+crystal	B-Process
+code	I-Process
+[	O
+24,25	O
+])	O
+and	O
+a	O
+density	B-Process
+functional	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+(	O
+DFT	B-Process
+)	O
+method	O
+(	O
+the	O
+cetep	B-Process
+code	I-Process
+[	O
+26	O
+])	O
+.	O
+The	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+overlap	O
+between	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+and	O
+He	O
+(	O
+1s	O
+)	O
+wavefunctions	O
+was	O
+taken	O
+into	O
+account	O
+only	O
+approximately	O
+by	O
+applying	O
+an	O
+additional	O
+z-dependent	O
+exponential	O
+factor	O
+to	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+DOS	B-Process
+.	O
+Other	O
+workers	O
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+estimated	O
+the	O
+AD	B-Process
+transition	I-Process
+probability	O
+using	O
+a	O
+DOS	B-Process
+projected	O
+on	O
+to	O
+the	O
+projectile	O
+1s	O
+atomic	O
+orbital	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+they	O
+were	O
+not	O
+able	O
+to	O
+use	O
+state-of-the-art	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+electronic	O
+structure	O
+.	O
+Yet	O
+the	O
+success	O
+of	O
+the	O
+simplified	O
+treatments	O
+[	O
+4	O
+–	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+MIES	B-Material
+features	O
+such	O
+as	O
+relative	O
+energies	O
+of	O
+the	O
+different	O
+peaks	O
+,	O
+suggests	O
+that	O
+real	O
+spectra	O
+are	O
+indeed	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+projection	O
+of	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+DOS	B-Process
+on	O
+to	O
+the	O
+projectile	O
+orbital	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+section	O
+,	O
+we	O
+use	O
+the	O
+terrain	B-Process
+data	I-Process
+processing	I-Process
+as	O
+an	O
+example	O
+to	O
+describe	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+geodetic	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+transformation	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+.	O
+Since	O
+Google	O
+Maps	O
+/	O
+Earth	O
+server	O
+only	O
+gives	O
+the	O
+terrain	O
+data	O
+in	O
+graphical	O
+display	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+to	O
+get	O
+terrain	B-Material
+digital	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+from	O
+other	O
+sources	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fine-resolution	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+3	I-Process
+″	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+finer	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+terrain	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+bases	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+SRTM	B-Process
+(	O
+Shuttle	B-Process
+Radar	I-Process
+Topographical	I-Process
+Mission	I-Process
+)	O
+or	O
+USGS	O
+'s	O
+DEM	B-Process
+(	O
+Digital	B-Process
+Elevation	I-Process
+Model	I-Process
+)	O
+data	O
+are	O
+necessary	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+since	O
+3DWF	O
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+model	O
+the	O
+fine-scale	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+meters	I-Process
+up	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+100m	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+atmospheric	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+needs	O
+fine	O
+resolution	O
+terrain	O
+data	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+project	O
+,	O
+we	O
+use	O
+the	O
+terrain	O
+elevation	O
+data	O
+set	O
+from	O
+SRTM	B-Process
+(	O
+Farr	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+2007	O
+)	O
+with	O
+3-arcsecond	O
+(~	O
+90m	O
+resolution	O
+at	O
+the	O
+equator	O
+)	O
+resolution	O
+.	O
+The	O
+data	O
+covers	O
+the	O
+land	O
+area	O
+,	O
+nearly	O
+global	O
+from	O
+56S	O
+to	O
+60N	O
+latitudes	O
+.	O
+We	O
+use	O
+the	O
+processed	O
+version	O
+4	O
+SRTM	O
+data	O
+set	O
+as	O
+described	O
+in	O
+Gamache	O
+(	O
+2005	O
+)	O
+in	O
+which	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+missing	O
+data	O
+holes	O
+were	O
+filled	O
+.	O
+The	O
+original	O
+data	O
+is	O
+organized	O
+in	O
+WGS84	B-Material
+(	O
+World	B-Material
+Geodetic	I-Material
+System	I-Material
+84	I-Material
+)	O
+geodetic	O
+coordinate	O
+system	O
+.	O
+When	O
+the	O
+data	O
+are	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+the	O
+3DWF	B-Process
+model	O
+,	O
+they	O
+are	O
+transformed	O
+to	O
+the	O
+local	O
+East	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+North	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+Up	I-Material
+(	O
+ENU	B-Material
+)	O
+coordinate	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+the	O
+3DWF	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+fine	O
+scale	O
+wind	O
+model	O
+and	O
+its	O
+entire	O
+model	O
+domain	O
+is	O
+not	O
+intended	O
+to	O
+be	O
+larger	O
+than	O
+20	O
+×	O
+20km	O
+,	O
+this	O
+Cartesian	B-Material
+coordinate	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+good	O
+choice	O
+with	O
+very	O
+little	O
+distortion	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+curvature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Earth	O
+'s	O
+surface	O
+.	O
+The	O
+transformation	O
+from	O
+the	O
+WGS84	O
+data	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ENU	O
+coordinate	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+as	O
+follows	O
+(	O
+Fukushima	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+;	O
+Featherstone	O
+and	O
+Claessens	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Apache	B-Process
+Pig	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+platform	O
+for	O
+creating	O
+MapReduce	B-Process
+workflows	I-Process
+with	O
+Hadoop	B-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+workflows	O
+are	O
+expressed	O
+as	O
+directed	B-Material
+acyclic	I-Material
+graphs	I-Material
+(	O
+DAGs	B-Material
+)	O
+of	O
+tasks	O
+that	O
+exist	O
+at	O
+a	O
+conceptually	O
+higher	O
+level	O
+than	O
+their	O
+implementations	O
+as	O
+series	O
+of	O
+MapReduce	B-Process
+jobs	O
+.	O
+Pig	B-Process
+Latin	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+procedural	O
+language	O
+used	O
+for	O
+building	O
+these	O
+workflows	O
+,	O
+providing	O
+syntax	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+the	O
+declarative	O
+SQL	B-Process
+commonly	O
+used	O
+for	O
+relational	O
+database	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+to	O
+standard	O
+SQL	B-Process
+operations	I-Process
+,	O
+Pig	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+extended	O
+with	O
+user-defined	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+(	O
+UDFs	B-Process
+)	O
+commonly	O
+written	O
+in	O
+Java	O
+.	O
+We	O
+adopted	O
+Pig	B-Process
+for	O
+our	O
+implementation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+correlator	O
+to	O
+speed	O
+up	O
+development	O
+time	O
+,	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+ad	O
+hoc	O
+workflow	O
+changes	O
+,	O
+and	O
+to	O
+embrace	O
+the	O
+Hadoop	B-Material
+community	O
+׳	O
+s	O
+migration	O
+away	O
+from	O
+MapReduce	B-Process
+towards	O
+more	O
+generalized	O
+DAG	B-Task
+processing	I-Task
+(	O
+Mayer	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Specifically	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+event	O
+that	O
+future	O
+versions	O
+of	O
+Hadoop	B-Material
+are	O
+optimized	O
+to	O
+support	O
+paradigms	O
+other	O
+than	O
+MapReduce	B-Process
+,	O
+Pig	B-Material
+scripts	I-Material
+could	O
+take	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+these	O
+advances	O
+without	O
+recoding	O
+,	O
+whereas	O
+explicit	O
+Java	B-Process
+MapReduce	I-Process
+jobs	O
+would	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+rewritten	O
+.	O
+
+The	B-Task
+threshold	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+removing	I-Task
+large	I-Task
+caters	I-Task
+were	I-Task
+determined	I-Task
+by	O
+examining	O
+the	O
+craters	O
+within	O
+the	O
+study	O
+area	O
+,	O
+referencing	O
+previous	O
+studies	O
+(	O
+Molloy	O
+and	O
+Stepinski	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+some	O
+trial	O
+and	O
+error	O
+.	O
+After	O
+the	O
+parameter	O
+values	O
+are	O
+determined	O
+,	O
+the	O
+rest	O
+of	O
+the	O
+process	O
+is	O
+automated	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+we	O
+do	O
+anticipate	O
+some	O
+minimum	O
+manual	B-Process
+editing	I-Process
+may	O
+be	O
+needed	O
+in	O
+some	O
+complicated	O
+terrains	O
+when	O
+apply	O
+it	O
+to	O
+all	O
+of	O
+Mars	O
+.	O
+To	O
+minimize	O
+the	O
+distortion	O
+resulted	O
+from	O
+map	O
+projection	O
+on	O
+global	O
+datasets	O
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+choose	O
+an	O
+equal	O
+area	O
+projection	O
+by	O
+evaluating	O
+the	O
+options	O
+suggested	O
+in	O
+Steinwand	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1995	O
+)	O
+or	O
+conduct	O
+geodesic	O
+area	O
+calculation	O
+using	O
+software	O
+such	O
+as	O
+“	O
+Tools	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+Graphics	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+Shapes	I-Process
+”	O
+(	O
+http	O
+://	O
+www.jennessent.com	O
+/	O
+arcgis	O
+/	O
+shapes	O
+_	O
+graphics.htm	O
+)	O
+Although	O
+post-formational	O
+modification	O
+to	O
+the	O
+valleys	O
+may	O
+be	O
+minimum	O
+(	O
+Williams	O
+and	O
+Phillips	O
+,	O
+2001	O
+)	O
+,	O
+there	O
+may	O
+nonetheless	O
+be	O
+modifications	O
+such	O
+as	O
+eolian	O
+fill	O
+and	O
+mass	O
+wasting	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+Grant	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+the	O
+volume	O
+estimates	O
+derived	O
+with	O
+PBTH	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+represents	O
+a	O
+lower	O
+bound	O
+.	O
+Comparing	O
+the	O
+estimates	O
+from	O
+MOLA	B-Material
+and	O
+HRSC	B-Material
+data	O
+reveals	O
+that	O
+MOLA	B-Material
+estimate	O
+is	O
+about	O
+91	O
+%	O
+of	O
+HRSC	B-Material
+value	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+MOLA	B-Material
+has	O
+global	O
+coverage	O
+whereas	O
+HRSC	B-Material
+does	O
+not	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+for	O
+areas	O
+where	O
+there	O
+is	O
+only	O
+MOLA	B-Material
+coverage	O
+,	O
+the	O
+estimate	O
+may	O
+be	O
+scaled	O
+upward	O
+by	O
+1.1	O
+times	O
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+has	O
+been	O
+tested	O
+on	O
+DEMs	B-Material
+with	O
+various	O
+resolutions	O
+(	O
+2	O
+m	O
+for	O
+simulated	O
+DEM	B-Material
+,	O
+75m	O
+for	O
+HRSC	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+463m	O
+for	O
+MOLA	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+It	O
+can	O
+certainly	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+higher	O
+resolution	O
+DEMs	B-Material
+for	O
+Mars	O
+when	O
+they	O
+become	O
+available	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+threshold	O
+values	O
+will	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+adjusted	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+research	O
+traces	O
+the	O
+implementation	O
+of	O
+an	O
+information	O
+system	O
+in	O
+the	O
+form	O
+of	O
+ERP	B-Material
+modules	I-Material
+covering	O
+tenant	O
+and	O
+contract	O
+management	O
+in	O
+a	O
+Chinese	O
+service	O
+company	O
+.	O
+Misalignments	O
+between	O
+the	O
+ERP	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+specification	O
+and	O
+user	O
+needs	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+adoption	O
+of	O
+informal	O
+processes	O
+within	O
+the	O
+organisation	O
+.	O
+These	O
+processes	O
+are	O
+facilitated	O
+within	O
+an	O
+informal	O
+organisational	O
+structure	O
+and	O
+are	O
+based	O
+on	O
+human	O
+interactions	O
+undertaken	O
+within	O
+the	O
+formal	O
+organisation	O
+.	O
+Rather	O
+than	O
+to	O
+attempt	O
+to	O
+suppress	O
+the	O
+emergence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+informal	O
+organisation	O
+the	O
+company	O
+decided	O
+to	O
+channel	O
+the	O
+energies	O
+of	O
+staff	O
+involved	O
+in	O
+informal	O
+processes	O
+towards	O
+organisational	O
+goals	O
+.	O
+The	O
+company	O
+achieved	O
+this	O
+by	O
+harnessing	O
+the	O
+capabilities	O
+of	O
+what	O
+we	O
+term	O
+a	O
+hybrid	B-Process
+ERP	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+,	O
+combining	O
+the	O
+functionality	O
+of	O
+a	O
+traditional	O
+(	O
+formal	O
+)	O
+ERP	B-Process
+installation	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+capabilities	O
+of	O
+Enterprise	B-Process
+Social	I-Process
+Software	I-Process
+(	O
+ESS	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+However	O
+the	O
+company	O
+recognised	O
+that	O
+the	O
+successful	O
+operation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+hybrid	O
+ERP	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+would	O
+require	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+organisational	O
+design	O
+in	O
+areas	O
+such	O
+as	O
+reporting	O
+structures	O
+and	O
+communication	O
+channels	O
+.	O
+A	O
+narrative	O
+provided	O
+by	O
+interviews	O
+with	O
+company	O
+personnel	O
+is	O
+thematised	O
+around	O
+the	O
+formal	O
+and	O
+informal	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+the	O
+organisation	O
+as	O
+defined	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+.	O
+This	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+definition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+the	O
+hybrid	O
+organisation	O
+and	O
+strategies	O
+for	O
+enabling	O
+a	O
+hybrid	O
+organisation	O
+,	O
+facilitated	O
+by	O
+a	O
+hybrid	B-Process
+ERP	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+directs	O
+formal	O
+and	O
+informal	O
+behaviour	O
+towards	O
+organisational	O
+goals	O
+and	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+template	O
+for	O
+future	O
+hybrid	O
+implementations	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+addressed	O
+the	O
+question	O
+whether	B-Task
+carbohydrate	I-Task
+coupling	I-Task
+increased	I-Task
+antigen	I-Task
+uptake	I-Task
+by	O
+DCs	O
+via	O
+C-type	B-Process
+lectin	I-Process
+receptor	I-Process
+targeting	I-Process
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+antigens	B-Material
+were	O
+labeled	O
+with	O
+pHrodo	B-Material
+Red	I-Material
+dye	I-Material
+(	O
+Invitrogen	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+a	O
+dye	O
+that	O
+specifically	O
+fluoresces	B-Process
+as	O
+pH	O
+decreases	O
+from	O
+neutral	O
+to	O
+acidic	O
+,	O
+as	O
+provided	O
+in	O
+endosomes	B-Material
+/	O
+lysosomes	B-Material
+of	O
+cells	O
+.	O
+In	O
+vitro	O
+characterization	O
+of	O
+the	O
+cellular	O
+uptake	O
+of	O
+neoglycocomplexes	B-Material
+using	O
+bone	B-Material
+marrow	I-Material
+derived	I-Material
+dendritic	I-Material
+cells	I-Material
+(	O
+BMDCs	B-Material
+)	O
+demonstrated	O
+superior	O
+ingestion	B-Process
+of	O
+mannan-conjugates	B-Material
+MN	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+Ova	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+MN	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+Pap	I-Material
+(	O
+Supplementary	O
+Fig.	O
+S4A-D,F	O
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+was	O
+confirmed	O
+in	O
+vivo	O
+by	O
+intradermal	B-Task
+needle-injection	I-Task
+of	O
+labeled	O
+antigen	O
+into	O
+the	O
+ear	O
+pinnae	O
+of	O
+mice	O
+.	O
+Antigen	B-Material
+uptake	O
+and	O
+transport	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ear	O
+dLNs	O
+were	O
+measured	O
+after	O
+24h	O
+by	O
+FACS	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+.	O
+DCs	O
+in	O
+cervical	O
+LNs	O
+were	O
+identified	O
+according	O
+to	O
+their	O
+high	O
+expression	O
+of	O
+MHC	O
+class	O
+II	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+3A	O
+)	O
+and	O
+additionally	O
+characterized	O
+by	O
+CD8α	B-Material
+,	O
+CD11b	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+CD11c	B-Material
+expression	O
+and	O
+uptake	O
+of	O
+pHrodo-labeled	B-Material
+antigen	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+3B	O
+,	O
+D	O
+–	O
+F	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+showed	O
+significantly	O
+elevated	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+pHrodo	B-Material
++	I-Material
+MHCIIhigh	I-Material
+DCs	I-Material
+for	O
+mannan	O
+conjugates	O
+MN	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Ova	I-Material
+and	O
+MN	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Pap	I-Material
+(	O
+and	O
+to	O
+a	O
+lesser	O
+degree	O
+for	O
+MD	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Pap	I-Material
+)	O
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+the	O
+unmodified	O
+antigens	B-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+3C	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+carbohydrates	B-Material
+targeted	O
+antigen	B-Material
+preferentially	O
+to	O
+CD8α	B-Material
+−	I-Material
+DCs	I-Material
+,	O
+as	O
+indicated	O
+by	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+CD8α	B-Material
+−/	I-Material
+pHrodo	I-Material
++	I-Material
+DCs	I-Material
+compared	O
+to	O
+unmodified	O
+antigens	B-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+3E	O
+and	O
+F	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Nevertheless	O
+,	O
+whether	O
+the	O
+antigens	O
+were	O
+taken	O
+up	O
+in	O
+situ	O
+by	O
+dermal	O
+DCs	O
+or	O
+by	O
+LN	O
+resident	O
+APCs	O
+via	O
+the	O
+afferent	O
+lymphatics	O
+could	O
+not	O
+be	O
+fully	O
+elucidated	O
+.	O
+Histology	O
+revealed	O
+that	O
+antigen-loaded	B-Material
+cells	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+dLNs	O
+were	O
+already	O
+present	O
+30min	O
+after	O
+intradermal	B-Process
+injection	I-Process
+(	O
+Supplementary	O
+Fig.	O
+S4G	O
+)	O
+,	O
+suggesting	O
+both	O
+mechanisms	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+mesoporous	B-Material
+silica	I-Material
+particles	O
+were	O
+prepared	O
+by	O
+the	O
+surfactant	B-Process
+self-assembly	I-Process
+method	O
+described	O
+previously	O
+[	O
+18,24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Briefly	O
+,	O
+a	O
+homogeneous	B-Material
+solution	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+soluble	B-Material
+silica	I-Material
+precursor	I-Material
+,	O
+tetraethylorthosilicate	B-Material
+(	O
+TEOS	B-Material
+;	O
+Sigma-Aldrich	O
+Corp.	O
+,	O
+St.	O
+Louis	O
+,	O
+MO	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+hydrochloric	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+was	O
+mixed	O
+in	O
+ethanol	B-Material
+and	O
+water	B-Material
+.	I-Material
+A	O
+surfactant	B-Material
+,	O
+cetyltrimethylammonium	B-Material
+bromide	I-Material
+(	O
+CTAB	B-Material
+;	O
+Sigma-Aldrich	O
+Corp.	O
+,	O
+St.	O
+Louis	O
+,	O
+MO	O
+)	O
+,	O
+with	O
+an	O
+initial	O
+concentration	O
+much	O
+less	O
+than	O
+the	O
+critical	O
+micelle	O
+concentration	O
+was	O
+added	O
+to	O
+lower	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+tension	O
+of	O
+the	O
+liquid	O
+mixture	O
+and	O
+act	O
+as	O
+the	O
+mesoporous	B-Material
+structure-directing	I-Material
+template	I-Material
+.	O
+Aerosol	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+of	O
+soluble	B-Material
+silica	I-Material
+plus	O
+surfactant	B-Material
+were	O
+then	O
+generated	O
+with	O
+nitrogen	B-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+carrier	O
+atomizing	B-Material
+gas	I-Material
+using	O
+a	O
+commercially	O
+available	O
+atomizer	B-Process
+(	O
+Model	O
+9392A	O
+,	O
+TSI	O
+,	O
+Inc.	O
+,	O
+St.	O
+Paul	O
+,	O
+MN	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+aerosol	B-Material
+droplets	I-Material
+were	O
+solidified	O
+in	O
+a	O
+tube	B-Process
+furnace	I-Process
+at	O
+400	O
+°	O
+C	O
+until	O
+dry	O
+.	O
+Once	O
+dried	O
+,	O
+a	O
+durapore	B-Material
+membrane	I-Material
+filter	I-Material
+,	O
+kept	O
+at	O
+80	O
+°	O
+C	O
+,	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+collect	O
+the	O
+particles	O
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+final	O
+step	O
+,	O
+the	O
+surfactant	B-Material
+was	O
+removed	O
+at	O
+400	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+5h	O
+via	O
+calcination	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+the	O
+mesoporous	B-Material
+silica	I-Material
+core	I-Material
+in	O
+these	O
+studies	O
+was	O
+chemically	O
+modified	O
+with	O
+10wt.	O
+%	O
+or	O
+15wt.	O
+%	O
+by	O
+aminopropyltriethoxysilane	B-Material
+(	O
+APTES	B-Material
+;	O
+Sigma-Aldrich	O
+Corp.	O
+,	O
+St.	O
+Louis	O
+,	O
+MO	O
+)	O
+conducted	O
+identically	O
+as	O
+previously	O
+described	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+to	O
+create	O
+a	O
+positive	O
+surface	O
+charge	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+loading	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+negatively	O
+charged	O
+cargo	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+,	O
+Liu	O
+and	O
+colleagues	O
+report	O
+the	O
+colloidal	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+these	O
+protocells	B-Material
+with	O
+lipid	O
+bilayers	O
+,	O
+excess	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+liposomes	B-Material
+(	O
+50μg	O
+liposomes	O
+per	O
+0.5mg	O
+silica	O
+were	O
+used	O
+[	O
+18	O
+])	O
+.	O
+
+Ultrasound	B-Process
+(	O
+US	B-Process
+)	O
+can	O
+initiate	O
+the	O
+release	O
+of	O
+drugs	O
+from	O
+liposomes	B-Material
+via	O
+an	O
+event	O
+called	O
+inertial	B-Task
+cavitation	I-Task
+,	O
+whereby	O
+the	O
+rarefactional	O
+phase	O
+of	O
+an	O
+ultrasound	O
+wave	O
+causes	O
+the	O
+expansion	O
+of	O
+a	O
+gas	B-Material
+bubble	I-Material
+followed	O
+by	O
+a	O
+violent	O
+collapse	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+inertia	O
+of	O
+the	O
+surrounding	O
+media	O
+.	O
+This	O
+collapse	O
+creates	O
+shock	O
+waves	O
+which	O
+can	O
+disrupt	O
+the	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+co-localised	O
+liposomal	O
+drug	O
+carriers	O
+.	O
+To	O
+date	O
+,	O
+studies	O
+have	O
+concentrated	O
+on	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+low	O
+frequency	O
+or	O
+high	O
+intensity	O
+US	B-Process
+to	O
+generate	O
+gas	B-Material
+bubbles	I-Material
+in	O
+situ	O
+,	O
+and	O
+most	O
+recently	O
+such	O
+parameters	O
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+a	O
+variable	O
+level	O
+of	O
+triggered	O
+drug	O
+release	O
+following	O
+an	O
+intratumoral	B-Process
+injection	I-Process
+of	O
+liposomes	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+concerns	O
+persist	O
+over	O
+the	O
+damage	O
+to	O
+non-target	O
+tissue	O
+that	O
+such	O
+US	B-Process
+exposure	O
+parameters	O
+may	O
+cause	O
+and	O
+whether	O
+ultimately	O
+they	O
+will	O
+be	O
+widely	O
+clinically	O
+applicable	O
+.	O
+An	O
+alternative	O
+strategy	O
+is	O
+to	O
+utilise	O
+high-frequency	O
+US	O
+pulses	O
+at	O
+pressures	O
+in	O
+the	O
+diagnostic	O
+range	O
+in	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+pre-existing	O
+gas	O
+bubbles	O
+.	O
+This	O
+provides	O
+an	O
+inertial	B-Task
+cavitation	I-Task
+stimulus	O
+for	O
+drug	O
+release	O
+using	O
+safe	O
+,	O
+clinically	O
+achievable	O
+US	B-Process
+exposure	O
+conditions	O
+and	O
+approved	O
+US	B-Material
+contrast	I-Material
+agents	I-Material
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+improving	O
+the	O
+delivery	O
+of	O
+therapeutics	O
+such	O
+as	O
+oncolytic	B-Material
+viruses	I-Material
+,	O
+this	O
+approach	O
+has	O
+already	O
+shown	O
+great	O
+promise	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+further	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+this	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+that	O
+US-induced	B-Process
+cavitation	I-Process
+events	O
+produce	O
+distinct	O
+acoustic	O
+emissions	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+recorded	O
+and	O
+characterised	O
+providing	O
+non-invasive	O
+feedback	O
+,	O
+a	O
+feature	O
+which	O
+has	O
+proven	O
+useful	O
+in	O
+ablative	O
+US	B-Process
+applications	O
+[	O
+17	O
+–	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+most	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+ion	O
+source	O
+in	O
+FIB	B-Process
+instruments	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+gallium	B-Material
+(	O
+Ga	B-Material
+)	O
+liquid	O
+metal	O
+ion	O
+source	O
+(	O
+LMIS	O
+)	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Gallium	B-Material
+is	O
+attractive	O
+as	O
+an	O
+ion	O
+source	O
+because	O
+of	O
+its	O
+low	O
+melting	O
+temperature	O
+(	O
+29.8	O
+°	O
+C	O
+at	O
+standard	O
+atmospheric	O
+pressure	O
+[	O
+4	O
+])	O
+and	O
+its	O
+low	O
+volatility	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+some	O
+materials	O
+show	O
+sensitivity	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Ga	B-Process
+ion	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+sensitivity	O
+is	O
+manifested	O
+as	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+and	O
+chemical	O
+composition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+starting	O
+material	O
+upon	O
+exposure	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Ga	O
+ion	O
+beam	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Group	O
+III	O
+–	O
+V	O
+compound	O
+semiconductors	B-Process
+are	O
+one	O
+class	O
+of	O
+materials	O
+that	O
+show	O
+such	O
+sensitivity	O
+.	O
+Cryo-FIB	B-Task
+milling	I-Task
+has	O
+recently	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+to	O
+suppress	O
+the	O
+reactions	O
+between	O
+the	O
+Ga	B-Process
+ion	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+and	O
+III	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+V	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+suggested	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+cryo-FIB	B-Task
+milling	I-Task
+over	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+milling	O
+of	O
+Group	B-Material
+III	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+V	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+is	O
+appealing	O
+,	O
+given	O
+the	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+present	O
+and	O
+potential	O
+future	O
+applications	O
+for	O
+these	O
+materials	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+as	O
+electronic	O
+or	O
+photonic	O
+devices	O
+given	O
+the	O
+favorable	O
+electron	O
+transport	O
+and	O
+direct	O
+band	O
+gap	O
+properties	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+several	O
+III	O
+–	O
+V	O
+semiconductor	B-Process
+systems	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+According	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ellipsometric	B-Process
+spectra	I-Process
+,	O
+optical	B-Process
+constants	I-Process
+and	O
+other	O
+physical	O
+parameters	O
+can	O
+be	O
+extracted	O
+by	O
+an	O
+appropriate	O
+fitting	O
+model	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+estimate	O
+the	O
+optical	B-Process
+constants	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+dielectric	I-Process
+functions	O
+of	O
+Ni-doped	B-Material
+TiO2	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+,	O
+a	O
+three-phase	B-Process
+layered	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+(	O
+air	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+film	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+substrate	I-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+was	O
+utilized	O
+to	O
+study	O
+the	O
+ellipsometric	O
+spectra	O
+.	O
+TiO2	O
+belongs	O
+to	O
+the	O
+wide	O
+band	O
+gap	O
+semiconductors	B-Process
+.	O
+Considering	O
+the	O
+contribution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+M0	O
+type	O
+critical	O
+point	O
+with	O
+the	O
+lowest	O
+three	O
+dimensions	O
+,	O
+its	O
+dielectric	O
+function	O
+can	O
+be	O
+calculated	O
+by	O
+Adachi	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+15,22,23	O
+]	O
+:	O
+ε	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+Ε	I-Process
+)=	I-Process
+ε	I-Process
+∞+{	I-Process
+A0	I-Process
+[	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+−(	I-Process
+1	I-Process
++	I-Process
+χ0	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+−(	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+−	I-Process
+χ0	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+]}/(	I-Process
+EOBG2	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+3χ02	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+model	O
+,	O
+E	B-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+incident	B-Process
+photon	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+,	O
+ε	B-Process
+∞	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+high-frequency	B-Process
+dielectric	I-Process
+constant	I-Process
+,	O
+χ0	B-Process
+=(	I-Process
+E	I-Process
++	I-Process
+iΓ	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+,	O
+EOBG	B-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+optical	O
+gap	O
+energy	O
+,	O
+and	O
+A0	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+Γ	I-Process
+are	O
+the	O
+strength	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+broadening	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+EOBG	B-Process
+transition	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+As	O
+an	O
+example	O
+,	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+SE	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+film	O
+TN1	O
+at	O
+an	O
+incident	O
+angle	O
+70	O
+°	O
+by	O
+dot	O
+scatter	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+4.	O
+The	O
+Fabry	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Pérot	I-Material
+interference	I-Material
+oscillations	O
+due	O
+to	O
+multiple	O
+reflections	O
+within	O
+the	O
+film	O
+have	O
+been	O
+found	O
+in	O
+the	O
+photon	O
+energy	O
+from	O
+1.5eV	O
+to	O
+3.5eV	O
+(	O
+354nm	O
+–	O
+826nm	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+indicates	O
+that	O
+the	O
+films	O
+are	O
+transparent	O
+in	O
+this	O
+region	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+a	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+of	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+and	O
+calculated	O
+spectra	O
+is	O
+attained	O
+in	O
+the	O
+whole	O
+measured	O
+photon	O
+energy	O
+range	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fitting	O
+thickness	O
+for	O
+film	O
+TN2	O
+is	O
+159nm	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+very	O
+near	O
+to	O
+the	O
+value	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+SEM	B-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+(	O
+b	O
+))	O
+.	O
+
+Fig.	O
+7	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+the	O
+testing	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+and	O
+friction	B-Process
+coefficients	I-Process
+of	O
+various	O
+samples	O
+under	O
+dry	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+There	O
+exist	O
+running	O
+in	O
+and	O
+steady	O
+wear	O
+period	O
+in	O
+the	O
+wear	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+of	O
+uncoated	B-Material
+AZ31	I-Material
+and	O
+anodizing	B-Material
+coating	I-Material
+without	I-Material
+Al2O3	I-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+while	O
+there	O
+has	O
+a	O
+steady	O
+wear	O
+period	O
+only	O
+in	O
+the	O
+wear	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+of	O
+composite	B-Material
+anodizing	I-Material
+coating	I-Material
+with	O
+Al2O3	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+same	O
+time	O
+,	O
+the	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+nano-particles	B-Material
+to	O
+electrolyte	B-Material
+led	O
+to	O
+reduction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+friction	I-Process
+coefficient	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+friction	O
+coefficient	O
+of	O
+composite	B-Process
+coating	I-Process
+is	O
+relatively	O
+lower	O
+and	O
+more	O
+stable	O
+than	O
+what	O
+has	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+in	O
+literature	O
+[	O
+24,25	O
+]	O
+for	O
+anodizing	B-Material
+coatings	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+may	O
+be	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+“	B-Process
+rolling	I-Process
+effect	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+made	O
+by	O
+Al2O3	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+on	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+oxide	O
+coating	O
+.	O
+Spherical	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+change	O
+sliding	O
+into	O
+rolling	O
+,	O
+which	O
+reduce	B-Process
+friction	I-Process
+,	O
+making	O
+the	O
+friction	B-Process
+coefficient	I-Process
+becomes	O
+more	O
+stable	O
+.	O
+The	O
+friction	O
+coefficient	O
+of	O
+anodizing	B-Material
+coating	I-Material
+without	I-Material
+Al2O3	I-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+has	O
+large	O
+fluctuation	O
+maybe	O
+for	O
+the	O
+damage	O
+of	O
+coating	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+the	O
+uncoated	B-Material
+AZ31	I-Material
+magnesium	I-Material
+alloy	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+anodizing	B-Material
+coatings	I-Material
+show	O
+slightly	O
+lower	O
+friction	B-Process
+coefficient	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+can	O
+be	O
+attributed	O
+to	O
+their	O
+higher	O
+load-bearing	O
+capacity	O
+for	O
+high	O
+hardness	O
+.	O
+
+Functionally	B-Material
+Graded	I-Material
+Materials	I-Material
+(	O
+FGMs	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+described	O
+in	O
+detail	O
+by	O
+Suresh	O
+and	O
+Mortensen	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+,	O
+are	O
+a	O
+type	O
+of	O
+heterogeneous	B-Material
+composite	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+exhibiting	O
+gradual	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+volume	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+their	O
+constituents	O
+from	O
+one	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+the	O
+material	O
+to	O
+the	O
+other	O
+,	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+properties	O
+which	O
+vary	O
+continuously	O
+across	O
+the	O
+material	O
+.	O
+The	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Functionally	B-Material
+Graded	I-Material
+Material	I-Material
+is	O
+not	O
+a	O
+new	O
+one	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+in	O
+fact	O
+many	O
+natural	O
+materials	O
+which	O
+exhibit	O
+this	O
+property	O
+.	O
+Study	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+bone	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+shell	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+balsawood	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+bamboo	I-Task
+shows	O
+that	O
+they	O
+are	O
+all	O
+graded	O
+with	O
+their	O
+greatest	O
+strength	O
+on	O
+the	O
+outside	O
+,	O
+in	O
+areas	O
+where	O
+the	O
+greatest	O
+protection	O
+is	O
+required	O
+.	O
+However	O
+it	O
+was	O
+not	O
+until	O
+the	O
+1980s	O
+in	O
+Japan	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+that	O
+the	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Functionally	B-Material
+Graded	I-Material
+Material	I-Material
+was	O
+actively	O
+researched	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+gain	O
+advances	O
+in	O
+heat	B-Material
+resistant	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+for	O
+use	O
+in	O
+aerospace	B-Task
+and	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+fission	I-Task
+reactors	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Recently	O
+together	O
+with	O
+structural	B-Process
+efficiency	I-Process
+,	O
+passenger	B-Task
+safety	I-Task
+is	O
+also	O
+an	O
+important	O
+issue	O
+in	O
+application	O
+of	O
+material	O
+to	O
+transportation	B-Process
+industries	I-Process
+.	O
+Hence	O
+,	O
+the	O
+crashworthiness	B-Material
+parameters	I-Material
+are	O
+introducing	O
+to	O
+predict	O
+the	O
+capability	O
+of	O
+structure	O
+to	O
+prevent	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+massive	I-Task
+damage	I-Task
+and	O
+protect	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+passenger	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+event	O
+of	O
+a	O
+crash	O
+.	O
+Crashworthiness	B-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+for	O
+various	O
+thin-walled	O
+tubes	O
+made	O
+from	O
+metal	B-Material
+or	O
+fibre	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+resin	I-Material
+composites	I-Material
+in	O
+different	O
+geometries	O
+have	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+.	O
+A	O
+critical	O
+difference	O
+of	O
+tubular	B-Process
+composites	I-Process
+failure	I-Process
+modes	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+metallic	O
+is	O
+the	O
+brittle	B-Process
+collapse	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+in	O
+composites	B-Material
+,	O
+tubular	B-Material
+failure	I-Material
+modes	I-Material
+are	O
+involved	O
+with	O
+micro-cracking	B-Process
+development	I-Process
+,	O
+delamination	B-Process
+,	O
+fibre	B-Process
+breakage	I-Process
+,	O
+etc.	O
+,	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+plastic	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+.	O
+Implementation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+composite	I-Task
+materials	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+crashworthiness	O
+is	O
+attributed	O
+to	O
+Hull	O
+,	O
+who	O
+in	O
+80s	O
+and	O
+90s	O
+of	O
+the	O
+last	O
+century	O
+studied	O
+extensively	O
+the	O
+crushing	B-Process
+behaviour	I-Process
+of	O
+fibre	B-Material
+reinforced	I-Material
+composite	I-Material
+material	I-Material
+.	O
+He	O
+found	O
+that	O
+the	O
+composite	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+absorbed	O
+high	O
+energy	O
+in	O
+the	O
+face	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fracture	B-Process
+surface	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+mechanism	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+plastic	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+as	O
+observed	O
+for	O
+metals	B-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+observation	O
+has	O
+inspired	O
+others	O
+to	O
+further	O
+investigation	O
+about	O
+crashworthiness	B-Process
+characteristics	I-Process
+of	O
+composite	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+.	O
+Studies	O
+have	O
+examined	O
+the	O
+axial	B-Process
+crushing	I-Process
+behaviour	I-Process
+of	O
+fibre-reinforced	B-Material
+tubes	I-Material
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+fibreglass	B-Material
+tubes	I-Material
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+PVC	B-Material
+tubes	I-Material
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+and	O
+carbon	B-Material
+fibre	I-Material
+reinforced	I-Material
+plastic	I-Material
+(	O
+CFRP	B-Material
+)	O
+tubes	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Nanoparticle	B-Process
+Tracking	I-Process
+Analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+NTA	B-Process
+)	O
+has	O
+been	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+characterising	O
+soot	B-Material
+agglomerates	I-Material
+of	O
+particles	O
+and	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+Transmission	B-Process
+Electron	I-Process
+Microscoscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+TEM	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+Soot	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+were	O
+extracted	O
+from	O
+used	O
+oil	O
+drawn	O
+from	O
+the	O
+sump	O
+of	O
+a	O
+light	O
+duty	O
+automotive	O
+diesel	O
+engine	O
+.	O
+The	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+prepared	O
+for	O
+analysis	O
+by	O
+diluting	O
+with	O
+heptane	B-Material
+.	O
+Individual	O
+tracking	O
+of	O
+soot	B-Material
+agglomerates	I-Material
+allows	O
+for	O
+size	B-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+size	O
+of	O
+soot	O
+was	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+length	O
+measurements	O
+of	O
+projected	O
+two-dimensional	O
+TEM	B-Process
+images	O
+of	O
+agglomerates	B-Material
+.	O
+Both	O
+the	O
+techniques	O
+show	O
+that	O
+soot-in-oil	O
+exists	O
+as	O
+agglomerates	O
+with	O
+average	O
+size	O
+of	O
+120nm	O
+.	O
+NTA	B-Process
+is	O
+able	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+particles	O
+in	O
+polydisperse	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+and	O
+reports	O
+the	O
+size	O
+and	O
+volume	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+soot-in-oil	B-Material
+aggregates	I-Material
+;	O
+it	O
+has	O
+the	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+being	O
+fast	O
+and	O
+relatively	O
+low	O
+cost	O
+if	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+TEM.Nanoparticle	O
+Tracking	O
+Analysis	O
+(	O
+NTA	O
+)	O
+has	O
+been	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+characterising	O
+soot	O
+agglomerates	O
+of	O
+particles	O
+and	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+Transmission	O
+Electron	O
+Microscoscopy	O
+(	O
+TEM	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+Soot	O
+nanoparticles	O
+were	O
+extracted	O
+from	O
+used	O
+oil	O
+drawn	O
+from	O
+the	O
+sump	O
+of	O
+a	O
+light	O
+duty	O
+automotive	O
+diesel	O
+engine	O
+.	O
+The	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+prepared	O
+for	O
+analysis	O
+by	O
+diluting	O
+with	O
+heptane	O
+.	O
+Individual	O
+tracking	O
+of	O
+soot	O
+agglomerates	O
+allows	O
+for	O
+size	O
+distribution	O
+analysis	O
+.	O
+The	O
+size	O
+of	O
+soot	O
+was	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+length	O
+measurements	O
+of	O
+projected	O
+two-dimensional	O
+TEM	O
+images	O
+of	O
+agglomerates	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+the	O
+techniques	O
+show	O
+that	O
+soot-in-oil	O
+exists	O
+as	O
+agglomerates	O
+with	O
+average	O
+size	O
+of	O
+120nm	O
+.	O
+NTA	O
+is	O
+able	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+particles	O
+in	O
+polydisperse	O
+solutions	O
+and	O
+reports	O
+the	O
+size	O
+and	O
+volume	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+soot-in-oil	O
+aggregates	O
+;	O
+it	O
+has	O
+the	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+being	O
+fast	O
+and	O
+relatively	O
+low	O
+cost	O
+if	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+TEM	O
+.	O
+
+Fig.	O
+11	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+wear-mode	B-Material
+map	I-Material
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+,	O
+in	O
+which	O
+the	O
+early-stage	O
+friction	O
+coefficients	O
+and	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+roughness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pure	O
+surface	O
+were	O
+chosen	O
+.	O
+The	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fracture	O
+toughness	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+was	O
+calculated	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+reference	O
+data	O
+in	O
+other	O
+literature	O
+[	O
+22	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Sc	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+was	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+Sc,critical	O
+under	O
+all	O
+tested	O
+conditions	O
+during	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+stage	O
+of	O
+friction	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+wear	O
+mode	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+was	O
+powder	B-Process
+formation	I-Process
+or	O
+plowing	B-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+powder	B-Process
+formation	I-Process
+and	O
+plowing	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+distinguished	O
+using	O
+a	O
+dimensionless	B-Material
+parameter	I-Material
+(	O
+Sc	O
+⁎)	O
+and	O
+a	O
+critical	O
+parameter	O
+(	O
+Sc,critical	O
+⁎).(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+Sc	O
+⁎=	O
+HvRmaxKIc	O
+(	O
+4	O
+)	O
+Sc,critical	O
+⁎=	O
+51	O
++	O
+10μwhere	O
+Hv	O
+is	O
+the	O
+Vickers	O
+hardness	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+[	O
+Pa	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+initial	O
+wear	O
+mode	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+was	O
+determined	O
+as	O
+powder	O
+formation	O
+under	O
+all	O
+tested	O
+conditions	O
+,	O
+as	O
+demonstrated	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+12	O
+(	O
+a	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+wear-mode	O
+map	O
+at	O
+2	O
+×	O
+104	O
+cycles	O
+was	O
+constructed	O
+,	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+12	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+map	O
+,	O
+all	O
+plots	O
+moved	O
+near	O
+the	O
+transition	O
+curve	O
+to	O
+plowing	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+the	O
+plots	O
+for	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+sliding	O
+against	O
+stainless	O
+steel	O
+or	O
+Al2O3	O
+balls	O
+were	O
+nearer	O
+than	O
+SiC	O
+or	O
+Si3N4	O
+balls	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+sliding	O
+against	O
+SiC	O
+and	O
+Si3N4	O
+balls	O
+showed	O
+relatively	O
+higher	O
+wear	O
+than	O
+the	O
+other	O
+counterpart	O
+materials	O
+.	O
+Nevertheless	O
+,	O
+these	O
+results	O
+from	O
+the	O
+wear-mode	O
+maps	O
+indicated	O
+that	O
+the	O
+wear	O
+mode	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+was	O
+powder	O
+formation	O
+accompanied	O
+with	O
+microcracks	O
+under	O
+all	O
+tested	O
+conditions	O
+in	O
+this	O
+study	O
+,	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+low	O
+wear	O
+(<	O
+5	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+9mm2	O
+/	O
+N	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+the	O
+observation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+worn	O
+surfaces	O
+revealed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+catastrophic	O
+wear	O
+of	O
+RH	O
+ceramics	O
+accompanied	O
+by	O
+large	O
+brittle	O
+fracture	O
+was	O
+prevented	O
+overall	O
+,	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+13	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+lateral	B-Task
+force	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+Q	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+measured	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+recorded	I-Task
+throughout	O
+the	O
+entire	O
+test	O
+by	O
+a	O
+piezoelectric	B-Process
+load	I-Process
+cell	I-Process
+which	O
+is	O
+connected	O
+to	O
+the	O
+quasi-stationary	O
+LSMB	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+LSMB	O
+is	O
+mounted	O
+on	O
+flexures	B-Material
+which	O
+provide	O
+flexibility	O
+in	O
+the	O
+horizontal	O
+direction	O
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+majority	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lateral	O
+force	O
+is	O
+transmitted	O
+though	O
+the	O
+much	O
+stiffer	O
+load	O
+path	O
+which	O
+contains	O
+the	O
+load	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+2.	O
+Both	O
+displacement	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+load	I-Process
+sensors	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+calibrated	O
+(	O
+both	O
+externally	O
+and	O
+in-situ	O
+)	O
+in	O
+static	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+The	O
+load	O
+and	O
+displacement	O
+signals	O
+are	O
+sampled	O
+at	O
+a	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+two	O
+hundred	O
+measurements	O
+per	O
+fretting	O
+cycle	O
+at	O
+all	O
+fretting	O
+frequencies	O
+,	O
+with	O
+these	O
+data	O
+being	O
+used	O
+to	O
+generate	O
+fretting	B-Material
+loops	I-Material
+.	I-Material
+The	O
+loops	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+derive	O
+the	O
+contact	O
+slip	O
+amplitude	O
+and	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+coefficient	O
+of	O
+friction	O
+in	O
+each	O
+cycle	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+method	O
+suggested	O
+by	O
+Fouvry	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Average	O
+values	O
+for	O
+these	O
+were	O
+calculated	O
+for	O
+each	O
+test	O
+(	O
+the	O
+average	O
+coefficient	O
+of	O
+friction	O
+included	O
+values	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+transients	O
+in	O
+the	O
+tests	O
+as	O
+suggested	O
+by	O
+Hirsch	O
+and	O
+Neu	O
+[	O
+18	O
+])	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+the	O
+theory	O
+of	O
+electrons	B-Process
+carrying	I-Process
+quantized	I-Process
+orbital	I-Process
+angular	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+To	O
+make	O
+connection	O
+to	O
+realistic	O
+situations	O
+,	O
+we	O
+considered	O
+a	O
+plane	B-Material
+wave	I-Material
+moving	O
+along	O
+the	O
+optic	O
+axis	O
+of	O
+a	O
+lens	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+,	O
+intercepted	O
+by	O
+a	O
+round	O
+,	O
+centered	O
+aperture.88In	O
+the	O
+experiment	O
+,	O
+this	O
+aperture	O
+carries	O
+the	O
+holographic	O
+mask	O
+.	O
+It	O
+turns	O
+out	O
+that	O
+the	O
+movement	O
+along	O
+the	O
+optic	O
+axis	O
+can	O
+be	O
+separated	O
+off	O
+;	O
+the	O
+reduced	O
+Schrödinger	O
+equation	O
+operating	O
+in	O
+the	O
+plane	O
+of	O
+the	O
+aperture	O
+can	O
+be	O
+mapped	O
+onto	O
+Bessel	O
+'s	O
+differential	O
+equation	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ensuing	O
+eigenfunctions	O
+fall	O
+into	O
+families	O
+with	O
+discrete	O
+orbital	O
+angular	O
+momentum	O
+ℏm	O
+along	O
+the	O
+optic	O
+axis	O
+where	O
+m	O
+is	O
+a	O
+magnetic	O
+quantum	O
+number	O
+.	O
+Those	O
+vortices	O
+can	O
+be	O
+produced	O
+by	O
+matching	O
+a	O
+plane	O
+wave	O
+after	O
+passage	O
+through	O
+a	O
+holographic	O
+mask	O
+with	O
+a	O
+fork	O
+dislocation	O
+to	O
+the	O
+eigenfunctions	O
+of	O
+the	O
+cylindrical	O
+problem	O
+.	O
+Vortices	O
+can	O
+be	O
+focussed	O
+by	O
+magnetic	O
+lenses	O
+into	O
+volcano-like	O
+charge	O
+distributions	O
+with	O
+very	O
+narrow	O
+angular	O
+divergence	O
+,	O
+resembling	O
+loop	O
+currents	O
+in	O
+the	O
+diffraction	O
+plane	O
+.	O
+Inclusion	O
+of	O
+spherical	O
+aberration	O
+changes	O
+the	O
+ringlike	O
+shape	O
+but	O
+does	O
+not	O
+destroy	O
+the	O
+central	O
+zero	O
+intensity	O
+of	O
+vortices	O
+with	O
+m	O
+≠	O
+0	O
+.	O
+Partial	O
+coherence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+incident	O
+wave	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+rise	O
+of	O
+the	O
+central	O
+intensity	O
+minimum	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+a	O
+very	O
+small	O
+source	O
+angle	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+a	O
+very	O
+high	O
+coherence	O
+)	O
+is	O
+necessary	O
+so	O
+as	O
+to	O
+keep	O
+the	O
+volcano	O
+structure	O
+intact	O
+.	O
+Their	O
+small	O
+angular	O
+width	O
+in	O
+the	O
+far	O
+field	O
+may	O
+allow	O
+the	O
+creation	O
+of	O
+nm-sized	O
+or	O
+smaller	O
+electron	O
+vortices	O
+but	O
+the	O
+demand	O
+for	O
+extremely	O
+high	O
+coherence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+source	O
+poses	O
+a	O
+serious	O
+difficulty	O
+.	O
+
+Some	O
+methods	O
+use	O
+1D	B-Material
+radial	I-Material
+profiles	I-Material
+obtained	O
+from	O
+circular	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+of	O
+2D	B-Process
+experimental	I-Process
+PSD	I-Process
+[	O
+4,8,11	O
+]	O
+or	O
+by	O
+elliptical	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+An	O
+inadequacy	O
+of	O
+circular	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+is	O
+that	O
+it	O
+neglects	O
+astigmatism	B-Process
+.	O
+Astigmatism	B-Process
+distorts	O
+the	O
+circular	O
+shape	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Thon	B-Material
+rings	I-Material
+and	O
+thus	O
+decreases	O
+their	O
+modulation	O
+depth	O
+in	O
+the	O
+obtained	O
+1D	B-Material
+profile	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+few	O
+algorithms	O
+that	O
+consider	O
+astigmatism	O
+involve	O
+concepts	O
+such	O
+as	O
+dividing	O
+the	O
+PSD	B-Process
+into	O
+sectors	O
+where	O
+Thon	B-Material
+rings	I-Material
+are	O
+approximated	O
+by	O
+circular	O
+arcs	O
+[	O
+15,21	O
+]	O
+,	O
+applying	O
+Canny	B-Process
+edge	I-Process
+detection	I-Process
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+rings	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+prior	O
+to	O
+elliptical	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+,	O
+determining	O
+the	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+the	O
+1D	O
+circular	O
+averages	O
+with	O
+and	O
+without	O
+astigmatism	B-Process
+[	O
+22	O
+]	O
+,	O
+or	O
+using	O
+a	O
+brute-force	O
+scan	O
+of	O
+a	O
+database	O
+containing	O
+precalculated	O
+patterns	O
+as	O
+in	O
+ATLAS	B-Process
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+other	O
+approaches	O
+for	O
+estimating	O
+CTF	B-Process
+parameters	O
+do	O
+a	O
+fully	O
+2D	B-Process
+PSD	I-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+[	O
+12,14,18,20	O
+]	O
+but	O
+they	O
+usually	O
+regulate	O
+and	O
+fit	O
+numerous	O
+parameters	O
+by	O
+an	O
+extensive	O
+search	O
+that	O
+does	O
+not	O
+guarantee	O
+convergence	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+only	O
+a	O
+few	O
+schemes	O
+that	O
+were	O
+developed	O
+for	O
+defocus	O
+estimation	O
+provide	O
+an	O
+error	O
+analysis	O
+[	O
+23,24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Traditionally	O
+,	O
+archaeologists	O
+have	O
+recorded	B-Task
+sites	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+artefacts	I-Task
+via	O
+a	O
+combination	O
+of	O
+ordinary	B-Material
+still	I-Material
+photographs	I-Material
+,	O
+2D	B-Material
+line	I-Material
+drawings	I-Material
+and	O
+occasional	B-Material
+cross-sections	I-Material
+.	O
+Given	O
+these	O
+constraints	O
+,	O
+the	O
+attractions	O
+of	O
+3D	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+obvious	O
+for	O
+some	O
+time	O
+,	O
+with	O
+digital	B-Process
+photogrammetry	I-Process
+and	O
+laser	B-Process
+scanners	I-Process
+offering	O
+two	O
+well-known	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+data	B-Task
+capture	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+close	I-Task
+range	I-Task
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+Bates	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+;	O
+Hess	O
+and	O
+Robson	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+highest	O
+specification	O
+laser	B-Process
+scanners	I-Process
+still	O
+boast	O
+better	O
+positional	O
+accuracy	O
+and	O
+greater	O
+true	O
+colour	O
+fidelity	O
+than	O
+SfM	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+MVS	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+(	O
+James	O
+and	O
+Robson	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+produce	O
+very	O
+good	O
+quality	O
+models	O
+nonetheless	O
+and	O
+have	O
+many	O
+unique	O
+selling	O
+points	O
+.	O
+Unlike	O
+traditional	B-Process
+digital	I-Process
+photogrammetry	I-Process
+,	O
+little	O
+or	O
+no	O
+prior	O
+control	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+camera	I-Process
+position	I-Process
+is	O
+necessary	O
+,	O
+and	O
+unlike	O
+laser	B-Process
+scanning	I-Process
+,	O
+no	O
+major	O
+equipment	O
+costs	O
+or	O
+setup	O
+are	O
+involved	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+key	O
+attraction	O
+of	O
+SfM	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+MVS	I-Process
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+required	O
+input	O
+can	O
+be	O
+taken	O
+by	O
+anyone	O
+with	O
+a	O
+digital	B-Material
+camera	I-Material
+and	O
+modest	O
+prior	B-Process
+training	I-Process
+about	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+required	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+overlap	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+photographs	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+whole	O
+series	O
+of	O
+traditional	O
+bottlenecks	O
+are	O
+thereby	O
+removed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+recording	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+and	O
+large	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+archaeological	B-Task
+landscapes	I-Task
+,	O
+sites	B-Task
+or	O
+artefacts	B-Task
+can	O
+now	O
+be	O
+captured	O
+rapidly	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+laboratory	O
+or	O
+in	O
+the	O
+museum	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+2a	O
+–	O
+c	O
+shows	O
+examples	O
+of	O
+terracotta	B-Process
+warrior	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+for	O
+which	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+surface	O
+detail	O
+is	O
+considerable	O
+.	O
+
+Recent	O
+astronomical	B-Task
+observations	I-Task
+of	O
+high	B-Material
+redshift	I-Material
+type	I-Material
+Ia	I-Material
+supernovae	I-Material
+performed	O
+by	O
+two	O
+groups	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+power	B-Task
+spectrum	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+cosmic	I-Task
+microwave	I-Task
+background	I-Task
+radiation	I-Task
+obtained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+BOOMERANG	B-Process
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+and	O
+MAXIMA-1	B-Process
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+experiments	O
+seem	O
+to	O
+indicate	O
+that	O
+at	O
+present	O
+the	O
+Universe	O
+is	O
+in	O
+a	O
+state	O
+of	O
+accelerated	O
+expansion	O
+.	O
+If	O
+one	O
+analyzes	O
+these	O
+data	O
+within	O
+the	O
+Friedmann	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Robertson	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Walker	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+FRW	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+standard	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+cosmology	B-Task
+their	O
+most	O
+natural	O
+interpretation	O
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Universe	O
+is	O
+spatially	O
+flat	O
+and	O
+that	O
+the	O
+(	O
+baryonic	O
+plus	O
+dark	O
+)	O
+matter	B-Process
+density	I-Process
+ρ	B-Process
+is	O
+about	O
+one	O
+third	O
+of	O
+the	O
+critical	B-Process
+density	I-Process
+ρcrit	B-Process
+.	O
+Most	O
+interestingly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+dominant	O
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+density	O
+is	O
+provided	O
+by	O
+the	O
+cosmological	B-Material
+constant	I-Material
+Λ	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+vacuum	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+(	O
+1.1	O
+)	O
+ρΛ	B-Process
+≡	I-Process
+Λ	I-Process
+/(	I-Process
+8πG	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+is	O
+about	O
+twice	O
+as	O
+large	O
+as	O
+ρ	B-Process
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+about	O
+two	O
+thirds	O
+of	O
+the	O
+critical	B-Process
+density	I-Process
+.	O
+With	O
+ΩM	O
+≡	O
+ρ	O
+/	O
+ρcrit	O
+,	O
+ΩΛ	O
+≡	O
+ρΛ	O
+/	O
+ρcrit	O
+and	O
+Ωtot	O
+≡	O
+ΩM	O
++	O
+ΩΛ	O
+:	O
+(	O
+1.2	O
+)	O
+ΩM	O
+≈	O
+1	O
+/	O
+3,ΩΛ	O
+≈	O
+2	O
+/	O
+3,Ωtot	O
+≈	O
+1	O
+.	O
+This	O
+implies	O
+that	O
+the	O
+deceleration	B-Process
+parameter	I-Process
+q	B-Process
+is	O
+approximately	O
+−	O
+1	O
+/	O
+2	O
+.	O
+While	O
+originally	O
+the	O
+cosmological	B-Task
+constant	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+was	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+question	B-Task
+why	I-Task
+Λ	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+so	I-Task
+unnaturally	I-Task
+small	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+discovery	O
+of	O
+the	O
+important	O
+role	O
+played	O
+by	O
+ρΛ	B-Material
+has	O
+shifted	O
+the	O
+emphasis	O
+toward	O
+the	O
+“	O
+coincidence	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+”	O
+,	O
+the	O
+question	O
+why	B-Task
+ρ	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+ρΛ	I-Task
+happen	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+same	I-Task
+order	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+magnitude	I-Task
+precisely	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+very	I-Task
+moment	I-Task
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+First	O
+results	O
+from	O
+RHIC	O
+on	O
+charged	B-Task
+multiplicities	I-Task
+,	O
+evolution	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+multiplicities	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+centrality	I-Task
+,	O
+particle	B-Task
+ratios	I-Task
+and	O
+transverse	B-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+distributions	I-Task
+in	O
+central	O
+and	O
+minimum	O
+bias	O
+collisions	O
+,	O
+are	O
+analyzed	O
+in	O
+a	O
+string	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+which	O
+includes	O
+hard	B-Material
+collisions	I-Material
+,	O
+collectivity	B-Material
+in	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+initial	I-Material
+state	I-Material
+considered	O
+as	O
+string	O
+fusion	O
+,	O
+and	O
+rescattering	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+produced	I-Material
+secondaries	I-Material
+.	O
+Multiplicities	B-Task
+and	O
+their	B-Task
+evolution	I-Task
+with	O
+centrality	O
+are	O
+successfully	O
+reproduced	O
+.	O
+Transverse	B-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+distributions	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+model	O
+show	O
+a	O
+larger	O
+pT-tail	O
+than	O
+experimental	O
+data	O
+,	O
+disagreement	O
+which	O
+grows	O
+with	O
+increasing	O
+centrality	O
+.	O
+Discrepancies	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+particle	I-Process
+ratios	I-Process
+appear	O
+and	O
+are	O
+examined	O
+comparing	O
+with	O
+previous	O
+features	O
+of	O
+the	O
+model	O
+at	O
+SPS	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+section	O
+we	O
+wish	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+cross	I-Task
+section	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+absorption	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+massless	I-Task
+scalars	I-Task
+by	O
+the	O
+self-dual	B-Process
+string	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+world	O
+volume	O
+of	O
+the	O
+M-theory	B-Material
+five-brane	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+will	O
+adopt	O
+an	O
+entirely	B-Process
+world	I-Process
+volume	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+similar	O
+to	O
+that	O
+of	O
+[	O
+21	O
+–	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+We	O
+begin	O
+by	O
+writing	O
+the	O
+equation	O
+satisfied	O
+by	O
+the	O
+s-wave	B-Material
+with	O
+energy	O
+ω	O
+,	O
+φ	O
+(	O
+r,t	O
+)=	O
+φ	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+eiωt	O
+,	O
+of	O
+the	O
+linear	B-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+four	O
+overall	O
+transverse	O
+scalars	O
+about	O
+the	O
+self-dual	O
+string	O
+,	O
+(	O
+it	O
+is	O
+known	O
+that	O
+there	O
+are	O
+problems	O
+when	O
+one	O
+considers	O
+higher	B-Process
+angular	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+modes	I-Process
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+one	O
+must	O
+take	O
+care	O
+with	O
+the	O
+validity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+linearized	B-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+,	O
+this	O
+is	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+[	O
+13	O
+])	O
+:	O
+(	O
+15	O
+)	O
+ρ	O
+−	O
+3ddρρ3ddρ	O
++	O
+1	O
++	O
+R6ω6ρ6φ	O
+(	O
+ρ	O
+)=	O
+0	O
+,	O
+where	O
+ρ	O
+=	O
+rω	O
+,	O
+R	O
+=	O
+Q1	O
+/	O
+3ℓp	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+,	O
+as	O
+pointed	O
+out	O
+by	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+world	B-Process
+volume	I-Process
+solitons	I-Process
+have	O
+a	O
+much	O
+sharper	O
+potential	O
+than	O
+the	O
+Coulomb	O
+type	O
+potential	O
+typical	O
+of	O
+brane	B-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+in	O
+supergravity	O
+;	O
+thus	O
+this	O
+scattering	O
+is	O
+different	O
+to	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+string	O
+in	O
+six-dimensional	O
+supergravity	O
+.	O
+Nevertheless	O
+,	O
+for	O
+small	B-Task
+ωR	I-Task
+one	O
+may	O
+solve	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+by	O
+matching	O
+an	O
+approximate	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+inner	O
+region	O
+to	O
+an	O
+approximate	O
+solution	O
+in	O
+the	O
+outer	O
+region	O
+;	O
+this	O
+follows	O
+closely	O
+the	O
+supergravity	B-Process
+calculation	I-Process
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+consider	B-Task
+cosmological	I-Task
+consequences	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+conformal-invariant	I-Task
+formulation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Einstein	I-Task
+'s	I-Task
+General	I-Task
+Relativity	I-Task
+where	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+the	O
+scale	B-Material
+factor	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+spatial	O
+metrics	O
+in	O
+the	O
+action	O
+functional	O
+a	O
+massless	B-Material
+scalar	I-Material
+(	O
+dilaton	B-Material
+)	O
+field	O
+occurs	O
+which	O
+scales	O
+all	O
+masses	B-Material
+including	O
+the	O
+Planck	B-Material
+mass	I-Material
+.	O
+Instead	O
+of	O
+the	O
+expansion	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+universe	I-Process
+we	O
+obtain	O
+the	O
+Hoyle	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Narlikar	I-Process
+type	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+temperature	B-Process
+history	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+universe	I-Process
+is	O
+replaced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+mass	B-Process
+history	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+this	O
+conformal-invariant	B-Process
+cosmological	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+gives	O
+a	O
+satisfactory	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+new	O
+supernova	B-Material
+Ia	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+effective	B-Process
+magnitude	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+redshift	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+without	O
+a	O
+cosmological	B-Material
+constant	I-Material
+and	O
+make	O
+a	O
+prediction	O
+for	O
+the	O
+high-redshift	B-Process
+behavior	I-Process
+which	O
+deviates	O
+from	O
+that	O
+of	O
+standard	B-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+for	O
+z	O
+>	O
+1.7	O
+.	O
+
+Production	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+charmonium	I-Task
+states	I-Task
+J	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+ψ	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+ψ′	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+nucleus	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+nucleus	I-Task
+collisions	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+at	O
+CERN	O
+SPS	O
+over	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+15	O
+years	O
+by	O
+the	O
+NA38	O
+and	O
+NA50	O
+Collaborations	O
+.	O
+This	O
+experimental	B-Task
+program	I-Task
+was	O
+mainly	O
+motivated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+suggestion	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+to	O
+use	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+J	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+ψ	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+probe	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+matter	I-Task
+created	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+early	I-Task
+stage	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+collision	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+original	B-Material
+picture	I-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+(	O
+see	O
+also	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+for	O
+a	O
+modern	O
+review	O
+)	O
+assumes	O
+that	O
+charmonia	B-Material
+are	O
+created	O
+exclusively	O
+at	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+stage	O
+of	O
+the	O
+reaction	O
+in	O
+primary	B-Process
+nucleon	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+nucleon	I-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+subsequent	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+hidden	B-Material
+charm	I-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+is	O
+reduced	O
+because	O
+of	O
+:	O
+(	O
+a	O
+)	O
+absorption	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+pre-resonance	I-Process
+charmonium	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+nuclear	I-Process
+nucleons	I-Process
+(	O
+normal	B-Process
+nuclear	I-Process
+suppression	I-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+interactions	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+charmonia	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+secondary	I-Process
+hadrons	I-Process
+(	O
+comovers	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+(	O
+c	O
+)	O
+dissociation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+cc	I-Process
+̄	I-Process
+bound	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+deconfined	I-Process
+medium	I-Process
+(	O
+anomalous	B-Process
+suppression	I-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+It	O
+was	O
+found	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+that	O
+J	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+ψ	I-Process
+suppression	I-Process
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+Drell	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Yan	I-Material
+muon	I-Material
+pairs	I-Material
+measured	O
+in	O
+proton	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+nucleus	I-Material
+and	O
+nucleus	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+nucleus	I-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+with	O
+light	B-Material
+projectiles	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+explained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+“	O
+normal	O
+”	O
+(	O
+due	O
+to	O
+sweeping	B-Material
+nucleons	I-Material
+)	O
+nuclear	B-Process
+suppression	I-Process
+alone	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+the	O
+NA50	B-Task
+experiment	I-Task
+with	O
+a	O
+heavy	B-Material
+projectile	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+target	I-Material
+(	O
+Pb	B-Material
++	I-Material
+Pb	I-Material
+)	O
+revealed	O
+essentially	O
+stronger	O
+J	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+ψ	I-Material
+suppression	O
+for	O
+central	B-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+[	O
+4	O
+–	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+anomalous	O
+J	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+ψ	I-Process
+suppression	I-Process
+was	O
+attributed	O
+to	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+quark	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+gluon	I-Process
+plasma	I-Process
+(	O
+QGP	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+,	O
+but	O
+a	O
+comover	B-Process
+scenario	I-Process
+cannot	O
+be	O
+excluded	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Brodsky	O
+and	O
+Lepage	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+have	O
+proposed	O
+a	O
+formula	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+meson	I-Task
+pair	I-Task
+production	I-Task
+which	O
+looks	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+(	O
+25	O
+)	O
+,	O
+except	O
+for	O
+a	O
+different	O
+charge	O
+factor	O
+and	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+timelike	O
+electromagnetic	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+form	O
+factor	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+the	O
+annihilation	O
+form	O
+factor	O
+R	O
+(	O
+s	O
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+formula	B-Task
+was	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+the	O
+leading-twist	O
+result	O
+by	O
+neglecting	B-Process
+part	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+amplitudes	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+opposite	I-Process
+photon	I-Process
+helicities	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+has	O
+been	O
+pointed	O
+out	O
+in	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+,	O
+this	O
+part	O
+is	O
+however	O
+not	O
+approximately	O
+independent	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pion	O
+distribution	O
+amplitude	O
+and	O
+not	O
+generically	O
+small	O
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+remark	O
+that	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+Fπ	O
+(	O
+s	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+γγ	O
+→	O
+π	O
++	O
+π	O
+−	O
+amplitude	O
+is	O
+no	O
+longer	O
+observed	O
+if	O
+corrections	O
+from	O
+partonic	B-Process
+transverse	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+hard	B-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+are	O
+taken	O
+into	O
+account	O
+,	O
+and	O
+that	O
+these	O
+corrections	O
+are	O
+not	O
+numerically	O
+small	O
+for	O
+the	O
+values	O
+of	O
+s	O
+we	O
+are	O
+dealing	O
+with	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Notice	O
+further	O
+that	O
+two-photon	B-Process
+annihilation	I-Process
+produces	O
+two	O
+pions	O
+in	O
+a	O
+C-even	O
+state	O
+,	O
+whereas	O
+the	O
+electromagnetic	O
+form	O
+factor	O
+projects	O
+on	O
+the	O
+C-odd	O
+state	O
+of	O
+a	O
+pion	O
+pair	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+our	O
+annihilation	O
+form	O
+factor	O
+R2π	O
+(	O
+s	O
+)	O
+is	O
+C-even	O
+as	O
+discussed	O
+after	O
+(	O
+24	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+a	O
+particular	O
+charge	O
+factor	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Brodsky	O
+–	O
+Lepage	O
+formula	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+vanishing	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+for	O
+γγ	O
+annihilation	O
+into	O
+pairs	O
+of	O
+neutral	O
+pseudoscalars	O
+.	O
+
+Since	O
+perturbative	B-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+impossible	O
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+exact	B-Process
+bounds	I-Process
+;	O
+instead	O
+,	O
+one	O
+can	O
+derive	O
+tree-level	B-Process
+unitarity	I-Process
+bounds	I-Process
+or	O
+loop-improved	B-Process
+unitarity	I-Process
+bounds	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+study	O
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+use	O
+unitarity	O
+bounds	O
+coming	O
+from	O
+a	O
+tree-level	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+tree	B-Task
+level	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+is	O
+derived	O
+with	O
+the	O
+help	O
+of	O
+the	O
+equivalence	B-Process
+theorem	I-Process
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+,	O
+which	O
+itself	O
+is	O
+a	O
+high-energy	B-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+where	O
+it	O
+is	O
+assumed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+scale	O
+is	O
+much	O
+larger	O
+than	O
+the	O
+Z0	O
+and	O
+W	O
+±	O
+gauge-boson	B-Material
+masses	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+will	O
+consider	O
+here	O
+this	O
+“	O
+high-energy	O
+”	O
+hypothesis	O
+that	O
+both	O
+the	O
+equivalence	B-Process
+theorem	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+decoupling	B-Process
+regime	I-Process
+are	O
+well	O
+settled	O
+,	O
+but	O
+in	O
+such	O
+a	O
+way	O
+that	O
+the	O
+unitarity	B-Process
+constraint	I-Process
+is	O
+also	O
+fulfilled	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+purpose	O
+is	O
+to	O
+investigate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+effects	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+decays	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+light	I-Task
+CP-even	I-Task
+Higgs	I-Task
+boson	I-Task
+h0	I-Task
+,	O
+especially	O
+looking	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+sizeable	I-Task
+differences	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+respect	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+SM	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+decoupling	I-Task
+regime	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+bag	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+and	O
+in	O
+linear	O
+or	O
+harmonic	O
+oscillator	B-Process
+confining	I-Process
+potentials	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+first	O
+excited	O
+S-state	O
+lies	O
+above	O
+the	O
+lowest	O
+P-state	O
+,	O
+making	O
+the	O
+predicted	O
+Roper	O
+mass	O
+heavier	O
+than	O
+the	O
+lightest	O
+negative	O
+parity	O
+baryon	O
+mass	O
+.	O
+Pairwise	B-Process
+spin-dependent	I-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+must	O
+reverse	O
+the	O
+level	B-Process
+ordering	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+mentioned	O
+earlier	O
+,	O
+color-spin	B-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+fail	O
+in	O
+this	O
+regard	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+,	O
+while	O
+flavor-spin	B-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+produce	O
+the	O
+desired	O
+effect	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+the	O
+q3	B-Process
+color	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+is	O
+antisymmetric	O
+,	O
+the	O
+flavor-spin-orbital	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+is	O
+totally	O
+symmetric	O
+.	O
+For	O
+all	O
+quarks	B-Material
+in	O
+an	O
+S-state	O
+,	O
+the	O
+flavor-spin	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+is	O
+totally	O
+symmetric	O
+all	O
+by	O
+itself	O
+and	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+the	O
+most	O
+attractive	O
+flavor-spin	B-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+.	O
+If	O
+one	O
+quark	B-Material
+is	O
+in	O
+a	O
+P-state	O
+,	O
+the	O
+orbital	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+is	O
+mixed	O
+symmetry	O
+and	O
+so	O
+is	O
+the	O
+flavor-spin	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+flavor-spin	B-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+less	O
+attractive	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+F	O
+symmetric	O
+case	O
+,	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+,	O
+one	O
+obtains	O
+mass	B-Process
+splittings	I-Process
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+ΔMχ	O
+=−	O
+14Cχ,N	O
+(	O
+939	O
+)	O
+,	O
+N	O
+∗(	O
+1440	O
+),−	O
+4Cχ,Δ	O
+(	O
+1232	O
+),−	O
+2Cχ,N	O
+∗(	O
+1535	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Here	O
+we	O
+have	O
+approximated	O
+the	O
+N	O
+∗(	O
+1535	O
+)	O
+as	O
+a	O
+state	O
+with	O
+total	O
+quark	B-Material
+spin-1	O
+/	O
+2	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+measurements	O
+presented	O
+here	O
+provide	O
+evidence	O
+for	O
+the	O
+existence	O
+of	O
+di-cluster	B-Material
+structures	I-Material
+in	O
+10	O
+–	O
+12,14Be	O
+.	O
+Certainly	O
+,	O
+if	O
+the	O
+breakup	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+samples	O
+the	O
+overlap	O
+between	O
+the	O
+wavefunctions	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+ground	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+excited	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+first-chance	B-Process
+cluster	I-Process
+breakup	I-Process
+cross-sections	I-Process
+,	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+4	O
+(	O
+a	O
+)	O
+,	O
+indicate	O
+that	O
+the	O
+xHe	B-Material
++	I-Material
+A	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+xHe	I-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+structure	I-Material
+does	O
+not	O
+decrease	O
+over	O
+the	O
+mass	O
+range	O
+A	O
+=	O
+10	O
+,	O
+12	O
+and	O
+14	O
+.	O
+Given	O
+also	O
+that	O
+the	O
+decay	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+threshold	O
+increases	O
+with	O
+mass	O
+number	O
+,	O
+the	O
+present	O
+data	O
+may	O
+even	O
+indicate	O
+a	O
+slight	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+clustering	O
+.	O
+The	O
+breakup	B-Process
+cross-sections	I-Process
+also	O
+appear	O
+to	O
+demonstrate	O
+that	O
+these	O
+nuclei	B-Material
+possess	O
+a	O
+stronger	O
+structural	O
+overlap	O
+with	O
+an	O
+α	O
+–	O
+Xn	O
+–	O
+α	O
+configuration	O
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+reaction	B-Process
+mechanics	I-Process
+by	O
+which	O
+this	O
+final	O
+state	O
+is	O
+reached	O
+may	O
+be	O
+complex	O
+.	O
+That	O
+is	O
+to	O
+say	O
+that	O
+the	O
+dominant	B-Process
+structural	I-Process
+mode	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+neutron	B-Material
+rich	I-Material
+isotopes	I-Material
+may	O
+be	O
+identified	O
+with	O
+two	O
+alpha-particles	B-Material
+plus	O
+valence	B-Material
+neutrons	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+comprehensive	B-Task
+measurements	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+neutron-removal	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+cluster	I-Task
+breakup	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+first	O
+time	O
+provide	O
+experimental	O
+data	O
+whereby	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+neutron-rich	B-Material
+Be	I-Material
+isotopes	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+modeled	O
+via	O
+their	O
+reactions	O
+.	O
+
+Let	O
+us	O
+now	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+a	O
+beta-beam	B-Material
+source	I-Material
+.	O
+Similarly	O
+to	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+a	O
+static	B-Material
+tritium	I-Material
+source	I-Material
+,	O
+an	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+the	O
+beta-beams	B-Process
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+neutrino	B-Process
+fluxes	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+very	O
+accurately	O
+calculated	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+electron	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+neutrino	I-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+events	O
+in	O
+the	O
+range	O
+of	O
+0.1	O
+MeV	O
+to	O
+1	O
+MeV	O
+and	O
+1	O
+keV	O
+to	O
+10	O
+keV	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+(	O
+In	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+we	O
+have	O
+rounded	O
+to	O
+the	O
+nearest	O
+integer	O
+number	O
+of	O
+counts	O
+.	O
+)	O
+The	O
+shape	O
+of	O
+the	O
+flux-averaged	O
+cross	O
+sections	O
+is	O
+very	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+the	O
+reactor	B-Material
+case	I-Material
+as	O
+reflected	O
+in	O
+the	O
+event	O
+rates	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+the	O
+figures	O
+.	O
+As	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+,	O
+by	O
+measuring	O
+electron	B-Material
+recoils	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+keV	O
+range	O
+with	O
+a	O
+beta-beam	B-Material
+source	I-Material
+one	O
+could	O
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+sufficiently	O
+strong	O
+source	O
+,	O
+have	O
+a	O
+very	O
+clear	O
+signature	O
+for	O
+a	O
+neutrino	B-Process
+magnetic	I-Process
+moment	I-Process
+of	O
+5	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+11μB	O
+.	O
+These	O
+figures	O
+are	O
+for	O
+Helium-6	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+similar	O
+results	O
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+using	O
+neutrinos	B-Material
+from	O
+18Ne	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+shown	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+for	O
+an	O
+intensity	O
+of	O
+1015	O
+ν	O
+/	O
+s	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+1015	O
+ions	O
+/	O
+s	O
+)	O
+.	O
+If	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+magnetic	O
+moment	O
+,	O
+this	O
+intensity	O
+will	O
+produce	O
+about	O
+170	O
+events	O
+in	O
+the	O
+0.1	O
+MeV	O
+to	O
+1	O
+MeV	O
+range	O
+per	O
+year	O
+and	O
+3	O
+events	O
+in	O
+the	O
+1	O
+keV	O
+to	O
+10	O
+keV	O
+range	O
+per	O
+year	O
+.	O
+These	O
+numbers	O
+increase	O
+to	O
+210	O
+and	O
+55	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+a	O
+magnetic	O
+moment	O
+of	O
+5	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+11μB	O
+.	O
+
+Each	O
+hit	O
+position	O
+inside	O
+the	O
+drift	B-Material
+chambers	I-Material
+was	O
+calculated	O
+from	O
+the	O
+drift	O
+time	O
+digitized	O
+by	O
+a	O
+flash	B-Material
+analog-to-digital	I-Material
+converter	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+calculation	O
+was	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+relation	B-Process
+between	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+hit	I-Process
+position	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+drift	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+(	O
+x	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+t	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+x	O
+–	O
+t	O
+relation	O
+was	O
+precisely	O
+calculated	O
+by	O
+a	O
+drift	B-Material
+chamber	I-Material
+simulation	I-Material
+package	I-Material
+,	O
+GARFIELD	B-Material
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+a	O
+gas	B-Material
+property	I-Material
+simulation	I-Material
+package	I-Material
+,	O
+MAGBOLTZ	B-Material
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+chambers	B-Material
+were	O
+constructed	O
+carefully	O
+with	O
+a	O
+tolerance	O
+of	O
+100	O
+μm	O
+,	O
+there	O
+was	O
+a	O
+small	O
+position	O
+deviation	O
+of	O
+wires	O
+and	O
+field-shaping	O
+patterns	O
+,	O
+which	O
+could	O
+locally	O
+modify	O
+the	O
+electric	O
+field	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+take	O
+account	O
+of	O
+the	O
+limited	O
+accuracy	O
+in	O
+the	O
+chamber	O
+manufacturing	O
+,	O
+a	O
+correction	O
+was	O
+commonly	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+the	O
+calculated	O
+x	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+t	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+throughout	O
+the	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+The	O
+correction	O
+was	O
+obtained	O
+to	O
+minimize	O
+the	O
+χ2	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fitting	O
+of	O
+straight	O
+tracks	O
+of	O
+clean	O
+muon	O
+events	O
+observed	O
+on	O
+the	O
+ground	O
+without	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+correction	O
+was	O
+as	O
+small	O
+as	O
+expected	O
+from	O
+the	O
+accuracy	O
+in	O
+the	O
+chamber	B-Material
+manufacturing	O
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+observations	O
+,	O
+the	O
+x	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+t	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+was	O
+affected	O
+by	O
+the	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+and	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chamber	B-Material
+gas	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+take	O
+account	O
+of	O
+these	O
+time-dependent	O
+variations	O
+,	O
+the	O
+x	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+t	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+was	O
+calibrated	O
+for	O
+each	O
+data-taking	O
+run	O
+.	O
+Especially	O
+in	O
+calibrating	O
+the	O
+x	O
+–	O
+t	O
+relation	O
+of	O
+ODCs	B-Material
+,	O
+an	O
+absolute	O
+reference	O
+positions	O
+were	O
+provided	O
+by	O
+SciFi	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+not	O
+affected	O
+by	O
+the	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+nor	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+define	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+multispecies	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Calogero	I-Task
+type	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+D	I-Task
+dimensions	I-Task
+with	O
+harmonic	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+two-body	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+three-body	I-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+.	O
+Using	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+conformal	B-Process
+SU	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+1,1	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+algebra	I-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+indicate	O
+how	O
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+complete	O
+set	O
+of	O
+the	O
+states	O
+in	O
+Bargmann	O
+–	O
+Fock	O
+space	O
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+towers	O
+of	O
+states	O
+,	O
+with	O
+equidistant	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+spectra	I-Process
+in	O
+each	O
+tower	O
+.	O
+We	O
+explicitely	O
+construct	B-Process
+all	I-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+eigenstates	I-Process
+,	O
+namely	O
+the	O
+center-of-mass	O
+states	O
+and	O
+global	O
+dilatation	O
+modes	O
+,	O
+and	O
+find	B-Process
+their	I-Process
+corresponding	I-Process
+eigenenergies	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+construct	B-Process
+ladder	I-Process
+operators	I-Process
+for	O
+these	O
+global	O
+collective	O
+states	O
+.	O
+Analysing	B-Task
+corresponding	I-Task
+Fock	I-Task
+space	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+detect	O
+the	O
+universal	O
+critical	O
+point	O
+at	O
+which	O
+the	O
+model	O
+exhibits	O
+singular	O
+behavior	O
+.	O
+The	O
+above	O
+results	O
+are	O
+universal	O
+for	O
+all	O
+systems	O
+with	O
+underlying	O
+conformal	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+1,1	O
+)	O
+symmetry	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+expression	O
+for	O
+Pc	B-Material
+is	O
+also	O
+easily	O
+found	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+basis	O
+,	O
+where	O
+it	O
+becomes	O
+apparent	O
+that	O
+the	O
+dynamics	O
+of	O
+conversion	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+matter	I-Process
+depends	O
+only	O
+on	O
+the	O
+relative	B-Process
+orientation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+eigenstates	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+vacuum	B-Process
+and	O
+matter	B-Process
+Hamiltonians	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+directly	O
+apply	O
+the	O
+known	O
+analytical	B-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+Pc	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+,	O
+upon	O
+rotating	O
+back	O
+,	O
+obtain	O
+a	O
+generalization	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+these	I-Process
+results	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+NSI	I-Process
+case	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+the	O
+answer	O
+for	O
+the	O
+infinite	O
+exponential	O
+profile	O
+[	O
+18,19	O
+]	O
+A	O
+∝	O
+exp	O
+(−	O
+r	O
+/	O
+r0	O
+)	O
+becomes	O
+Pc	O
+=	O
+exp	O
+[	O
+γ	O
+(	O
+1	O
+−	O
+cos2θrel	O
+)/	O
+2	O
+]−	O
+1exp	O
+(	O
+γ	O
+)−	O
+1	O
+,	O
+where	O
+γ	O
+≡	O
+4πr0Δ	O
+=	O
+πr0Δm2	O
+/	O
+Eν	O
+.	O
+We	O
+further	O
+observe	O
+that	O
+since	O
+γ	O
+⪢	O
+1	O
+the	O
+adiabaticity	B-Process
+violation	I-Process
+occurs	O
+only	O
+when	O
+|	O
+θ	O
+−	O
+α	O
+|⪡	O
+1	O
+and	O
+φ	O
+≃	O
+π	O
+/	O
+2	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+the	O
+analogue	O
+of	O
+the	O
+small-angle	O
+MSW	O
+[	O
+10,20	O
+]	O
+effect	O
+in	O
+the	O
+rotated	O
+basis	O
+.	O
+The	O
+“	O
+resonant	O
+”	O
+region	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Sun	O
+where	O
+level	O
+jumping	O
+can	O
+take	O
+place	O
+is	O
+narrow	O
+,	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+A	O
+≃	O
+Δ	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+neutrino	B-Material
+produced	O
+at	O
+a	O
+lower	O
+density	O
+evolves	O
+adiabatically	O
+,	O
+while	O
+a	O
+neutrino	O
+produced	O
+at	O
+a	O
+higher	O
+density	O
+may	O
+undergo	O
+level	O
+crossing	O
+.	O
+The	O
+probability	O
+Pc	B-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+case	O
+is	O
+given	O
+to	O
+a	O
+very	O
+good	O
+accuracy	O
+by	O
+the	O
+formula	O
+for	O
+the	O
+linear	O
+profile	O
+,	O
+with	O
+an	O
+appropriate	O
+gradient	O
+taken	O
+along	O
+the	O
+neutrino	B-Material
+trajectory	O
+,	O
+(	O
+12	O
+)	O
+Pc	O
+≃	O
+Θ	O
+(	O
+A	O
+−	O
+Δ	O
+)	O
+e	O
+−	O
+γ	O
+(	O
+cos2θrel	O
++	O
+1	O
+)/	O
+2	O
+,	O
+where	O
+Θ	O
+(	O
+x	O
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+step	O
+function	O
+,	O
+Θ	O
+(	O
+x	O
+)=	O
+1	O
+for	O
+x	O
+>	O
+0	O
+and	O
+Θ	O
+(	O
+x	O
+)=	O
+0	O
+otherwise	O
+.	O
+We	O
+emphasize	O
+that	O
+our	O
+results	O
+differ	O
+from	O
+the	O
+similar	O
+ones	O
+given	O
+in	O
+[	O
+5,22	O
+]	O
+in	O
+three	O
+important	O
+respects	O
+:	O
+(	O
+i	O
+)	O
+they	O
+are	O
+valid	O
+for	O
+all	O
+,	O
+not	O
+just	O
+small	O
+values	O
+of	O
+α	O
+(	O
+which	O
+is	O
+essential	O
+for	O
+our	O
+application	O
+)	O
+,	O
+(	O
+ii	O
+)	O
+they	O
+include	O
+the	O
+angle	O
+φ	O
+,	O
+and	O
+(	O
+iii	O
+)	O
+the	O
+argument	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
+function	O
+does	O
+not	O
+contain	O
+cos2θ	O
+,	O
+as	O
+follows	O
+from	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+.	O
+We	O
+stress	O
+that	O
+for	O
+large	O
+values	O
+of	O
+α	O
+and	O
+φ	O
+≃	O
+π	O
+/	O
+2	O
+adiabaticity	O
+is	O
+violated	O
+for	O
+large	O
+values	O
+of	O
+θ	O
+.	O
+
+One	O
+major	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+current	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+physics	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+observation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+least	I-Task
+partial	I-Task
+restoration	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+chiral	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+.	O
+Since	O
+the	O
+chiral	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+parameter	I-Material
+〈	O
+q	B-Material
+̄	I-Material
+q	I-Material
+〉	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+decrease	O
+by	O
+about	O
+30	O
+%	O
+already	O
+at	O
+normal	O
+nuclear	B-Material
+matter	I-Material
+density	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+any	O
+in-medium	O
+change	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+dropping	O
+quark	B-Material
+condensate	I-Material
+should	O
+in	O
+principle	O
+be	O
+observable	O
+in	O
+photonuclear	B-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+conjecture	O
+that	O
+such	O
+a	O
+partial	B-Process
+restoration	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+chiral	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+causes	O
+a	O
+softening	O
+and	O
+narrowing	O
+of	O
+the	O
+σ	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+as	O
+the	O
+chiral	B-Material
+partner	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+pion	B-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+nuclear	B-Material
+medium	I-Material
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+has	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+measuring	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+π0π0	I-Process
+invariant	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+near	O
+the	O
+2π	O
+threshold	O
+in	O
+photon	B-Material
+induced	O
+reactions	O
+on	O
+nuclei	B-Material
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+its	O
+questionable	O
+nature	O
+as	O
+a	O
+proper	O
+quasiparticle	B-Material
+in	O
+vacuum	O
+,	O
+the	O
+σ	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+might	O
+develop	O
+a	O
+much	O
+narrower	O
+peak	O
+at	O
+finite	O
+baryon	O
+density	O
+due	O
+to	O
+phase-space	O
+suppression	O
+for	O
+the	O
+σ	B-Process
+→	I-Process
+ππ	I-Process
+decay	I-Process
+,	O
+hence	O
+making	O
+it	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+explore	O
+its	O
+properties	O
+when	O
+embedded	O
+in	O
+a	O
+nuclear	B-Process
+many-body	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+[	O
+8	O
+–	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Measuring	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+threshold	I-Process
+enhancement	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+π0π0	I-Process
+invariant	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+spectrum	I-Process
+might	O
+serve	O
+as	O
+a	O
+signal	O
+for	O
+the	O
+partial	B-Task
+restoration	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+chiral	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+inside	O
+nuclei	B-Material
+and	O
+,	O
+therefore	O
+,	O
+give	O
+information	O
+about	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+fundamental	O
+features	O
+of	O
+QCD	B-Material
+.	O
+
+An	O
+OPE	B-Material
+of	O
+VQCD	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+r	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+was	O
+developed	O
+in	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+and	O
+the	O
+next	O
+paragraph	O
+,	O
+we	O
+review	O
+the	O
+content	O
+of	O
+that	O
+paper	O
+relevant	O
+to	O
+our	O
+analysis	O
+.	O
+Within	O
+this	O
+framework	O
+,	O
+short-distance	O
+contributions	O
+are	O
+contained	O
+in	O
+the	O
+potentials	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+in	O
+fact	O
+the	O
+Wilson	O
+coefficients	O
+,	O
+while	O
+non-perturbative	O
+contributions	O
+are	O
+contained	O
+in	O
+the	O
+matrix	O
+elements	O
+that	O
+are	O
+organized	O
+in	O
+multipole	B-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+in	O
+r	O
+→	O
+at	O
+r	O
+≪	O
+ΛQCD	O
+−	O
+1	O
+.	O
+The	O
+following	O
+relation	O
+was	O
+derived	O
+:	O
+(	O
+16	O
+)	O
+VQCD	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)=	O
+VS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)+	O
+δEUS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+),(	O
+17	O
+)	O
+δEUS	O
+=−	O
+ig2TFNC	O
+∫	O
+0	O
+∞	O
+dte	O
+−	O
+iΔV	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+t	O
+×〈	O
+r	O
+→⋅	O
+E	O
+→	O
+a	O
+(	O
+t	O
+)	O
+φadj	O
+(	O
+t,0	O
+)	O
+abr	O
+→⋅	O
+E	O
+→	O
+b	O
+(	O
+0	O
+)〉+	O
+O	O
+(	O
+r3	O
+)	O
+.	O
+VS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+denotes	O
+the	O
+singlet	O
+potential	O
+.	O
+δEUS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+denotes	O
+the	O
+non-perturbative	O
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+QCD	B-Material
+potential	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+starts	O
+at	O
+O	O
+(	O
+ΛQCD3r2	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+multipole	B-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+.	O
+ΔV	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)=	O
+VO	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)−	O
+VS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+denotes	O
+the	O
+difference	O
+between	O
+the	O
+octet	O
+and	O
+singlet	O
+potentials	O
+;	O
+see	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+for	O
+details	O
+.	O
+Intuitively	O
+VS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+corresponds	O
+to	O
+VUV	O
+(	O
+r	O
+;	O
+μf	O
+)	O
+and	O
+δEUS	O
+(	O
+r	O
+)	O
+to	O
+VIR	O
+(	O
+r	O
+;	O
+μf	O
+)	O
+.	O
+We	O
+adopt	O
+dimensional	B-Process
+regularization	I-Process
+in	O
+our	O
+analysis	O
+;	O
+we	O
+also	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+hard	B-Process
+cutoff	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+when	O
+discussing	O
+conceptual	O
+aspects	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+has	O
+recently	O
+been	O
+demonstrated	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+(	O
+see	O
+also	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+and	O
+references	O
+therein	O
+)	O
+that	O
+for	O
+a	O
+self-dual	O
+background	O
+the	O
+two-loop	B-Material
+QED	I-Material
+effective	O
+action	O
+takes	O
+a	O
+remarkably	O
+simple	O
+form	O
+that	O
+is	O
+very	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+the	O
+one-loop	B-Process
+action	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+background	O
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+expectations	O
+that	O
+this	O
+similarity	O
+persists	O
+at	O
+higher	B-Process
+loops	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+there	O
+should	O
+be	O
+some	O
+remarkable	O
+structure	O
+encoded	O
+in	O
+the	O
+all-loop	B-Process
+effective	I-Process
+action	I-Process
+for	O
+gauge	O
+theories	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+supersymmetric	O
+case	O
+,	O
+one	O
+has	O
+to	O
+replace	O
+the	O
+requirement	O
+of	O
+self-duality	O
+by	O
+that	O
+of	O
+relaxed	O
+super	O
+self-duality	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+arrive	O
+at	O
+conclusions	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+those	O
+given	O
+in	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+progress	O
+in	O
+this	O
+direction	O
+may	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+through	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+N	I-Task
+=	I-Task
+2	I-Task
+covariant	I-Task
+supergraphs	I-Task
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+we	O
+believe	O
+that	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+may	O
+be	O
+helpful	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+the	O
+conjectured	O
+correspondence	O
+[	O
+17	O
+–	O
+19	O
+]	O
+between	O
+the	O
+D3-brane	B-Process
+action	I-Process
+in	O
+AdS5	B-Material
+×	I-Material
+S5	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+low-energy	O
+action	O
+for	O
+N	O
+=	O
+4	O
+SU	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+SYM	I-Material
+on	O
+its	O
+Coulomb	B-Material
+branch	I-Material
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+gauge	B-Material
+group	I-Material
+SU	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+spontaneously	O
+broken	O
+to	O
+SU	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+1	I-Material
+)×	I-Material
+U	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+1	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+.	O
+There	O
+have	O
+appeared	O
+two	O
+independent	O
+F6	B-Task
+tests	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+conjecture	I-Task
+[	O
+19,20	O
+]	O
+,	O
+with	O
+conflicting	O
+conclusions	O
+.	O
+The	O
+approach	O
+advocated	O
+here	O
+provides	O
+the	O
+opportunity	O
+for	O
+a	O
+further	O
+test	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+Substrate	B-Task
+Induced	I-Task
+Coagulation	I-Task
+(	O
+SIC	B-Task
+)	O
+coating	B-Process
+process	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+self	O
+assembled	O
+and	O
+almost	O
+binder	O
+free	O
+coating	O
+with	O
+small	O
+particles	O
+.	O
+Most	O
+research	O
+so	O
+far	O
+has	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+coat	O
+a	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+surfaces	O
+with	O
+highly	O
+conductive	O
+carbon	B-Material
+blacks	I-Material
+[	O
+34,35,36	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Layers	O
+deposited	O
+by	O
+this	O
+technique	O
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+in	O
+electromagnetic	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+shielding	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+metallization	B-Process
+process	O
+of	O
+through-holes	O
+in	O
+printed	B-Material
+wiring	I-Material
+boards	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+the	O
+manufacture	O
+of	O
+conducting	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+(	O
+such	O
+as	O
+Teflon	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+37,38,39	O
+]	O
+.	O
+An	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+this	O
+dip-coating	B-Process
+process	O
+is	O
+that	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+for	O
+any	O
+kind	O
+of	O
+surface	O
+,	O
+provided	O
+the	O
+substrate	O
+is	O
+stable	O
+in	O
+water	O
+and	O
+that	O
+the	O
+particles	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+coating	O
+form	O
+a	O
+meta-stable	B-Process
+dispersion	I-Process
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+a	O
+non-aqueous	O
+SIC	B-Process
+coating	I-Process
+process	O
+of	O
+carbon	B-Material
+black	I-Material
+was	O
+developed	O
+by	O
+investigating	O
+the	O
+stabilities	O
+of	O
+non-aqueous	O
+dispersions	O
+[	O
+36	O
+]	O
+.	O
+These	O
+dispersions	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+prepare	O
+LiCoO2-composite	B-Process
+electrodes	I-Process
+for	O
+Li-ion	B-Process
+batteries	I-Process
+with	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+conductivity	O
+while	O
+keeping	O
+the	O
+content	O
+of	O
+active	O
+battery	O
+material	O
+high	O
+[	O
+35	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+proposes	O
+a	O
+sentence	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+feedback	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+in	O
+which	O
+sentence	O
+stress	O
+prediction	O
+,	O
+detection	O
+,	O
+and	O
+feedback	O
+provision	O
+models	O
+are	O
+combined	O
+.	O
+This	O
+system	O
+provides	B-Task
+non-native	I-Task
+learners	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+feedback	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+sentence	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+errors	I-Task
+so	O
+that	O
+they	O
+can	O
+improve	O
+their	O
+English	O
+rhythm	O
+and	O
+fluency	O
+in	O
+a	O
+self-study	O
+setting	O
+.	O
+The	O
+sentence	O
+stress	O
+feedback	O
+system	O
+was	O
+devised	O
+to	O
+predict	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+detect	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+sentence	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+of	O
+any	O
+practice	O
+sentence	O
+.	O
+The	O
+accuracy	O
+of	O
+the	O
+prediction	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+detection	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+was	O
+96.6	O
+%	O
+and	O
+84.1	O
+%	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+The	O
+stress	B-Process
+feedback	I-Process
+provision	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+offers	O
+positive	O
+or	O
+negative	O
+stress	O
+feedback	O
+for	O
+each	O
+spoken	O
+word	O
+by	O
+comparing	O
+the	O
+probability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+predicted	O
+stress	O
+pattern	O
+with	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+detected	O
+stress	O
+pattern	O
+.	O
+In	O
+an	O
+experiment	O
+that	O
+evaluated	O
+the	O
+educational	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+system	O
+incorporated	O
+in	O
+our	O
+CALL	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+,	O
+significant	O
+improvements	O
+in	O
+accentedness	O
+and	O
+rhythm	O
+were	O
+seen	O
+with	O
+the	O
+students	O
+who	O
+trained	O
+with	O
+our	O
+system	O
+but	O
+not	O
+with	O
+those	O
+in	O
+the	O
+control	O
+group	O
+.	O
+
+Plastically	O
+deformed	O
+MGs	B-Material
+develop	O
+inhomogeneity	O
+and	O
+show	O
+harder	O
+and	O
+softer	O
+regions	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+While	O
+this	O
+could	O
+in	O
+principle	O
+be	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+a	O
+BE	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+composite	O
+model	O
+,	O
+a	O
+MG	B-Material
+provides	O
+no	O
+basis	O
+for	O
+a	O
+dislocation-based	O
+theory	O
+.	O
+The	O
+search	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+BE	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+plastic	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+is	O
+hindered	O
+by	O
+the	O
+softening	O
+of	O
+MGs	B-Material
+associated	O
+with	O
+shear-banding	B-Process
+(	O
+in	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+the	O
+work-hardening	O
+familiar	O
+in	O
+conventional	O
+alloys	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Anelastic	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+is	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+as	O
+its	O
+time-dependence	O
+must	O
+relate	O
+to	O
+relaxation	O
+processes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+MG	O
+structure	O
+that	O
+in	O
+turn	O
+should	O
+be	O
+connected	O
+to	O
+the	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+plasticity	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+anelasticity	O
+may	O
+offer	O
+a	O
+way	O
+to	O
+study	O
+the	O
+operation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+shear	B-Process
+transformation	I-Process
+zones	I-Process
+(	O
+STZs	B-Process
+[	O
+17	O
+])	O
+often	O
+used	O
+to	O
+interpret	O
+the	O
+deformation	O
+of	O
+MGs	B-Material
+.	O
+Fujita	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+have	O
+used	O
+torsion	O
+tests	O
+to	O
+observe	B-Task
+anelasticity	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+MGs	I-Task
+loaded	O
+(	O
+at	O
+maximum	O
+,	O
+on	O
+the	O
+cylindrical	O
+sample	O
+surface	O
+)	O
+to	O
+30	O
+%	O
+,	O
+16	O
+%	O
+and	O
+just	O
+4	O
+%	O
+of	O
+the	O
+shear	O
+yield	O
+stress	O
+τy	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+we	O
+apply	O
+torsion	O
+to	O
+MG	B-Material
+samples	O
+to	O
+reach	O
+stresses	O
+up	O
+to	O
+24	O
+%	O
+of	O
+τy	O
+,	O
+and	O
+for	O
+the	O
+first	O
+time	O
+in	O
+the	O
+elastic	O
+regime	O
+investigate	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+torque	O
+reversal	O
+.	O
+
+SPS	B-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+utilized	O
+in	O
+several	O
+studies	O
+to	O
+retain	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+nanostructure	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+aluminum	I-Process
+alloy	I-Process
+powders	I-Process
+during	I-Process
+consolidation	I-Process
+.	O
+Ye	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+investigated	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+processing	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+cryomilled	I-Task
+Al	I-Task
+5083	I-Task
+powder	I-Task
+via	O
+SPS	B-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+X-ray	B-Process
+Diffraction	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+XRD	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+grain	I-Process
+size	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+before	O
+and	O
+after	O
+SPS	B-Process
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+average	O
+grain	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+alloy	B-Material
+only	O
+increased	O
+from	O
+25nm	O
+to	O
+50nm	O
+(	O
+from	O
+powder	O
+to	O
+bulk	O
+state	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+hardness	O
+values	O
+obtained	O
+through	O
+nanoindentation	B-Process
+for	O
+specimens	O
+of	O
+AA5083	B-Material
+produced	O
+via	O
+SPS	B-Material
+were	O
+highly	O
+improved	O
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+conventional	O
+sintering	O
+methods	O
+were	O
+grain	O
+coarsening	O
+takes	O
+place	O
+on	O
+a	O
+larger	O
+scale	O
+.	O
+In	O
+another	O
+study	O
+the	O
+combination	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+cryomilling	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+SPS	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+AA-5356	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+B4C	I-Process
+nanocomposites	I-Process
+powder	I-Process
+was	O
+found	O
+to	O
+largely	O
+improve	O
+the	O
+microhardness	O
+and	O
+flexural	O
+strengths	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bulk	B-Material
+nanocomposite	I-Material
+.	O
+Rana	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+investigated	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+SPS	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+mechanically	I-Task
+milled	I-Task
+AA6061	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+Al	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Mg	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Si	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+micro-alloy	I-Task
+powder	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+average	O
+grain	O
+size	O
+after	O
+20h	O
+of	O
+milling	O
+was	O
+∼	O
+35nm	O
+and	O
+increased	O
+to	O
+only	O
+∼	O
+85nm	O
+after	O
+processing	O
+with	O
+SPS	B-Material
+at	O
+500	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+Microhardness	O
+and	O
+compressive	O
+tests	O
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+on	O
+the	O
+consolidated	O
+near	O
+full	O
+density	O
+specimens	O
+of	O
+both	O
+unmilled	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+milled	I-Material
+powders	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+results	O
+showed	O
+significant	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+both	O
+hardness	O
+and	O
+compressive	O
+strengths	O
+for	O
+the	O
+milled	B-Material
+nanocrystalline	I-Material
+powders	I-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+result	O
+of	O
+the	O
+very	O
+fine	O
+grain	O
+size	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+principle	O
+of	O
+high-throughput	B-Task
+materials	I-Task
+science	I-Task
+is	O
+that	O
+one	O
+does	O
+not	O
+know	O
+a	O
+priori	O
+where	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	O
+lies	O
+for	O
+any	O
+specific	O
+application	O
+.	O
+Trends	O
+and	O
+insights	O
+are	O
+deduced	O
+a	O
+posteriori	O
+.	O
+This	O
+requires	O
+efficient	B-Task
+interfaces	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+interrogate	I-Task
+available	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+various	I-Task
+levels	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+simple	O
+WEB-based	B-Process
+API	I-Process
+to	O
+greatly	O
+improve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+accessibility	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+utility	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+AFLOWLIB	I-Task
+database	I-Task
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+to	O
+the	O
+scientific	O
+community	O
+.	O
+Through	O
+it	O
+,	O
+the	O
+client	O
+can	O
+access	O
+calculated	O
+physical	B-Material
+properties	I-Material
+(	O
+thermodynamic	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+crystallographic	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+mechanical	I-Material
+properties	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+simulation	B-Material
+provenance	I-Material
+and	O
+runtime	B-Material
+properties	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+included	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+The	O
+data	O
+may	O
+be	O
+used	O
+directly	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+to	O
+browse	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+class	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+materials	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+desired	I-Process
+property	I-Process
+)	O
+or	O
+integrated	O
+into	O
+higher	B-Process
+level	I-Process
+work-flows	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+interface	B-Process
+also	O
+allows	O
+for	O
+the	O
+sharing	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+updates	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+used	O
+in	O
+previous	O
+published	O
+works	O
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+previously	O
+calculated	O
+alloy	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+diagrams	I-Material
+[	O
+19	O
+–	O
+31	O
+]	O
+,	O
+thus	O
+the	O
+database	O
+can	O
+be	O
+expanded	O
+systematically	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+Discrete	B-Process
+Element	I-Process
+Method	I-Process
+applied	O
+to	O
+spheres	B-Material
+is	O
+well	O
+established	O
+as	O
+a	O
+reasonably	O
+realistic	O
+tool	O
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+engineering	O
+disciplines	O
+,	O
+for	O
+modelling	B-Task
+packing	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+granular	I-Task
+materials	I-Task
+;	O
+Asmar	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+describes	O
+the	O
+fundamentals	O
+of	O
+this	O
+method	O
+as	O
+applied	O
+by	O
+code	O
+developed	O
+in-house	O
+at	O
+Nottingham	O
+;	O
+since	O
+these	O
+are	O
+widely	O
+documented	O
+the	O
+details	O
+are	O
+not	O
+reproduced	O
+here	O
+,	O
+simply	O
+a	O
+summary	O
+.	O
+It	O
+applies	O
+an	O
+explicit	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+stepping	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+to	O
+numerically	B-Process
+integrate	I-Process
+the	O
+translational	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+rotational	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+of	O
+each	O
+particle	O
+from	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+forces	B-Process
+and	O
+moments	B-Process
+acting	O
+on	O
+them	O
+at	O
+each	O
+timestep	O
+.	O
+The	O
+inter-particle	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+particle	I-Material
+wall	I-Material
+contacts	I-Material
+are	O
+modelled	O
+using	O
+the	O
+linear	B-Process
+spring	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+dashpot	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+slider	I-Process
+analogy	I-Process
+.	O
+Contact	B-Process
+forces	I-Process
+are	O
+modelled	O
+in	O
+the	O
+normal	O
+and	O
+tangential	O
+directions	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+the	O
+line	O
+connecting	O
+the	O
+particles	B-Material
+centres	I-Material
+.	O
+Particle	B-Material
+elastic	I-Material
+stiffness	O
+is	O
+set	O
+so	O
+sphere	B-Process
+“	I-Process
+overlap	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+is	O
+not	O
+significant	O
+and	O
+moderate	O
+contact	B-Process
+damping	I-Process
+is	O
+applied	O
+.	O
+Particle	B-Process
+cohesion	I-Process
+can	O
+also	O
+be	O
+modelled	O
+but	O
+is	O
+assumed	O
+to	O
+be	O
+negligible	O
+in	O
+the	O
+current	O
+study	O
+.	O
+The	O
+translational	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+rotational	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+of	O
+each	O
+particle	B-Material
+is	O
+modelled	O
+using	O
+a	O
+half	B-Process
+step	I-Process
+leap-frog	I-Process
+Verlet	I-Process
+numerical	I-Process
+integration	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+to	O
+update	O
+particle	B-Material
+positions	I-Material
+and	O
+velocities	B-Material
+.	O
+Near-neighbour	B-Process
+lists	I-Process
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+determining	O
+particle	B-Material
+contacts	I-Material
+and	O
+a	O
+zoning	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+each	O
+time	O
+the	O
+list	O
+is	O
+composed	O
+;	O
+that	O
+is	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+divided	O
+into	O
+cubic	O
+regions	O
+,	O
+each	O
+particle	B-Material
+centre	I-Material
+is	O
+within	O
+one	O
+zone	O
+,	O
+and	O
+potential	O
+contacting	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+are	O
+within	O
+the	O
+same	O
+or	O
+next-door	O
+neighbour	O
+zones	O
+.	O
+Full	O
+details	O
+are	O
+given	O
+in	O
+Asmar	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+crystal	B-Process
+plasticity	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+combination	O
+with	O
+XFEM	B-Process
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+study	B-Task
+cyclic	I-Task
+deformation	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+fatigue	I-Task
+crack	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+nickel-based	B-Material
+superalloy	I-Material
+LSHR	I-Material
+(	O
+Low	B-Material
+Solvus	I-Material
+High	I-Material
+Refractory	I-Material
+)	O
+at	O
+high	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+objective	O
+of	O
+this	O
+research	O
+was	O
+to	O
+develop	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+evaluate	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+RVE-based	I-Task
+finite	I-Task
+element	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+with	O
+the	O
+incorporation	O
+of	O
+a	O
+realistic	O
+material	O
+microstructure	O
+.	O
+The	O
+second	O
+objective	O
+of	O
+this	O
+work	O
+was	O
+to	O
+determine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+crystal	I-Task
+plasticity	I-Task
+constitutive	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+to	O
+describe	O
+the	O
+cyclic	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+behaviour	O
+of	O
+the	O
+material	O
+by	O
+using	O
+a	O
+user-defined	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+subroutine	I-Material
+(	O
+UMAT	B-Material
+)	O
+interfaced	O
+with	O
+the	O
+finite	O
+element	O
+package	O
+ABAQUS	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+model	O
+parameters	O
+were	O
+calibrated	O
+from	O
+extensive	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+analyses	I-Process
+to	O
+fit	O
+the	O
+monotonic	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+stress	I-Material
+relaxation	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+cyclic	I-Material
+test	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+third	O
+objective	O
+was	O
+to	O
+predict	B-Task
+crack	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+by	O
+combining	O
+the	O
+XFEM	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+calibrated	B-Process
+crystal	I-Process
+plasticity	I-Process
+UMAT	I-Process
+,	O
+for	O
+which	O
+accumulated	O
+plastic	B-Process
+strain	I-Process
+was	O
+used	O
+as	O
+the	O
+fracture	B-Process
+criterion	I-Process
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+has	O
+highlighted	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+band	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+frequencies	I-Task
+,	O
+outside	O
+the	O
+conventional	O
+operation	O
+range	O
+,	O
+and	O
+close	O
+to	O
+electrical	B-Process
+resonance	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+eddy	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+probe	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+magnitude	O
+of	O
+impedance	B-Material
+SNR	I-Material
+reaches	O
+a	O
+peak	O
+.	O
+The	O
+SNR	O
+of	O
+scans	O
+of	O
+three	O
+slots	O
+of	O
+varying	O
+depth	O
+were	O
+enhanced	O
+by	O
+a	O
+factor	O
+of	O
+up	O
+to	O
+3.7	O
+,	O
+from	O
+the	O
+SNR	O
+measured	O
+at	O
+1MHz	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+a	O
+result	O
+of	O
+a	O
+defect-decoupling	B-Process
+resonance-shift	I-Process
+effect	I-Process
+and	O
+is	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+the	O
+near	B-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+resonance	I-Process
+signal	I-Process
+enhancement	I-Process
+(	O
+NERSE	B-Process
+)	O
+phenomenon	O
+.	O
+NERSE	O
+frequency	O
+operation	O
+has	O
+significant	O
+potential	O
+for	O
+ECT	B-Process
+inspection	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+opens	O
+up	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+investigative	O
+possibilities	O
+.	O
+Within	O
+this	O
+investigation	O
+,	O
+only	O
+the	O
+magnitude	O
+of	O
+the	O
+electrical	B-Material
+impedance	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+analyzed	O
+.	O
+An	O
+immediate	O
+extension	O
+of	O
+this	O
+investigation	O
+will	O
+be	O
+to	O
+consider	O
+phase	O
+information	O
+,	O
+and	O
+determine	O
+whether	O
+a	O
+similar	O
+exploitable	O
+NERSE	B-Process
+effect	O
+exists	O
+.	O
+
+There	O
+are	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+avenues	O
+to	O
+explore	O
+for	O
+future	O
+work	O
+,	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+the	O
+use	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+other	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+frequency	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+methods	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+STFT	B-Process
+spectrogram	I-Process
+was	O
+utilised	O
+here	O
+,	O
+as	O
+it	O
+is	O
+the	O
+simplest	O
+to	O
+implement	O
+.	O
+Whilst	O
+all	O
+of	O
+the	O
+echoes	O
+could	O
+be	O
+clearly	O
+resolved	O
+in	O
+both	O
+time	O
+and	O
+frequency	O
+,	O
+the	O
+spectrogram	O
+suffers	O
+from	O
+a	O
+fixed	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+of	O
+time	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+necessarily	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+decrease	O
+in	O
+frequency	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+.	O
+Other	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+time	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+frequency	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+discrete	B-Process
+wavelet	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+,	O
+benefit	O
+from	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+multi-resolution	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+offers	O
+improved	O
+temporal	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+high	O
+frequency	O
+components	O
+,	O
+and	O
+frequency	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+low	B-Material
+frequency	I-Material
+components	I-Material
+[	O
+25,18,19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+,	O
+whilst	O
+the	O
+current	O
+work	O
+has	O
+utilised	O
+SH	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+that	O
+are	O
+generated	O
+by	O
+EMATs	B-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+physics	O
+that	O
+describes	O
+the	O
+pulsed	B-Material
+array	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+is	O
+universal	O
+to	O
+other	O
+types	O
+of	O
+waves	O
+.	O
+Future	O
+work	O
+will	O
+include	O
+demonstrating	B-Task
+this	I-Task
+phenomenon	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+other	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+using	O
+longitudinal	B-Material
+ultrasonic	I-Material
+waves	I-Material
+or	O
+electromagnetic	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Global	B-Process
+optimisation	I-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+are	O
+used	O
+in	O
+this	O
+study	O
+to	O
+solve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+as	O
+they	O
+are	O
+known	O
+to	O
+be	O
+efficient	O
+in	O
+incorporating	B-Process
+statistical	I-Process
+information	I-Process
+and	O
+dealing	O
+with	O
+complicated	O
+objective	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+that	O
+have	O
+multiple	O
+local	B-Material
+minima	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+maxima	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+genetic	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+(	O
+GA	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+such	O
+a	O
+global	B-Process
+optimisation	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+that	O
+mimics	B-Process
+biological	I-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+and	O
+is	O
+used	O
+in	O
+this	O
+particular	O
+study	O
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+starts	O
+with	O
+a	O
+random	B-Process
+selection	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+population	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+decision	B-Material
+variable	I-Material
+domain	I-Material
+(	O
+X	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+genetic	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+repeatedly	O
+modifies	O
+this	O
+population	O
+.	O
+At	O
+each	O
+step	O
+,	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+selects	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+group	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+individual	I-Process
+values	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+population	B-Material
+(	O
+parent	B-Material
+)	O
+which	O
+are	O
+evolved	O
+through	O
+crossover	B-Process
+or	O
+mutation	B-Process
+to	O
+produce	O
+members	O
+of	O
+the	O
+next	O
+generation	O
+.	O
+This	O
+process	O
+is	O
+repeated	O
+for	O
+several	O
+generations	O
+until	O
+an	O
+optimum	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+reached	O
+.	O
+See	O
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+for	O
+a	O
+fuller	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+GA	B-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+Total	B-Process
+Focusing	I-Process
+Method	I-Process
+(	O
+TFM	B-Process
+)	O
+the	O
+beam	O
+is	O
+synthetically	O
+focused	O
+at	O
+every	O
+point	O
+in	O
+the	O
+target	O
+region	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+as	O
+follows	O
+.	O
+After	O
+obtaining	O
+the	O
+FMC	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+target	O
+region	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+in	O
+the	O
+x	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+z	I-Material
+plane	I-Material
+in	O
+2D	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+)	O
+,	O
+is	O
+discretized	B-Process
+into	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+grid	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+signals	O
+from	O
+all	O
+elements	O
+in	O
+the	O
+array	O
+are	O
+then	O
+summed	B-Process
+to	O
+synthesize	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+focus	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+every	I-Process
+point	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+this	I-Process
+grid	I-Process
+.	O
+Linear	B-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+time	O
+domain	O
+signals	O
+is	O
+necessary	O
+since	O
+they	O
+are	O
+discretely	B-Process
+sampled	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+intensity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+TFM	B-Material
+image	I-Material
+ITFM	O
+at	O
+any	O
+point	O
+(	O
+x,z	O
+)	O
+is	O
+given	O
+by	O
+:(	O
+10	O
+)	O
+ITFM	O
+(	O
+x,z	O
+)=|∑	O
+HTR	O
+(	O
+1c	O
+((	O
+xT	O
+−	O
+x	O
+)	O
+2	O
++	O
+z2	O
++(	O
+xR	O
+−	O
+x	O
+)	O
+2	O
++	O
+z2	O
+))|	O
+forallT,Rwhere	O
+HTR	O
+(	O
+t	O
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+Hilbert	B-Process
+transform	I-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+signal	O
+uTR	O
+(	O
+t	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+FMC	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+,	O
+xT	O
+is	O
+the	O
+x-position	O
+of	O
+the	O
+transmitting	B-Material
+element	I-Material
+(	O
+T	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+xR	O
+is	O
+the	O
+x-position	O
+of	O
+the	O
+receiving	B-Material
+element	I-Material
+(	O
+R	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+the	O
+z-position	O
+of	O
+all	O
+elements	O
+is	O
+zero	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+3a	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+summation	B-Process
+is	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+for	O
+all	O
+possible	O
+transmitter	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+receiver	I-Material
+pairs	I-Material
+and	O
+therefore	O
+uses	O
+all	O
+the	O
+information	O
+captured	O
+with	O
+FMC	B-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+algorithm	O
+is	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+‘	O
+conventional	O
+TFM’	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+is	O
+known	O
+that	O
+as	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+rises	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Lorentz	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+remains	O
+dominant	O
+until	O
+Tc	O
+of	O
+steel	B-Material
+is	O
+reached	O
+(	O
+770	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+a	O
+low	B-Material
+carbon	I-Material
+steel	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+when	O
+the	O
+magnetostrictive	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+becomes	O
+more	O
+efficient	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Previously	O
+this	O
+has	O
+been	O
+thought	O
+due	O
+to	O
+a	O
+thin	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+layer	O
+on	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+surface	O
+,	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+being	O
+cooler	O
+than	O
+the	O
+bulk	O
+of	O
+the	O
+material	O
+[	O
+16,17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+layer	O
+concentrates	O
+the	O
+magnetic	B-Material
+field	I-Material
+,	O
+increasing	O
+generation	B-Process
+efficiency	I-Process
+.	O
+Recent	O
+studies	O
+also	O
+show	O
+that	O
+rearrangement	O
+of	O
+the	O
+magnetic	O
+moments	O
+from	O
+ordered	O
+domains	O
+to	O
+a	O
+disordered	O
+state	O
+at	O
+a	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+transition	I-Process
+lowers	O
+the	O
+magnetostrictive	O
+constant	O
+.	O
+This	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+paramagnetic	I-Process
+transition	I-Process
+is	O
+accompanied	O
+by	O
+large	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+electromagnetic	B-Process
+ultrasound	I-Process
+generation	I-Process
+leading	O
+to	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+EMATs	B-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+method	O
+of	O
+studying	B-Task
+phase	I-Task
+transitions	I-Task
+in	O
+magnetic	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Shear	B-Material
+horizontal	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+SH	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+ultrasound	I-Material
+waves	I-Material
+are	O
+guided	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+(	O
+they	O
+have	O
+propagation	B-Process
+properties	O
+affected	O
+by	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+of	O
+the	O
+propagation	O
+medium	O
+)	O
+,	O
+with	O
+symmetric	O
+and	O
+anti-symmetric	O
+modes	O
+;	O
+phase	O
+and	O
+group	O
+speeds	O
+are	O
+dependent	O
+on	O
+frequency	O
+,	O
+sample	O
+thickness	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+bulk	B-Process
+shear	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+speed	I-Process
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+different	O
+modes	O
+can	O
+be	O
+very	O
+useful	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+in	O
+thickness	O
+measurement	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+,	O
+but	O
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+they	O
+are	O
+a	O
+complication	O
+.	O
+SH0	B-Material
+has	O
+a	O
+thickness	O
+independent	O
+speed	O
+,	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+the	O
+shear	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+speed	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+is	O
+non-dispersive	O
+(	O
+the	O
+phase	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+group	I-Process
+speed	I-Process
+are	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+the	O
+shear	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+speed	I-Process
+for	O
+all	O
+frequencies	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+oscillation	B-Process
+direction	O
+of	O
+SH	B-Process
+ultrasound	I-Process
+is	O
+in	O
+the	O
+plane	O
+of	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+where	O
+the	O
+wave	B-Material
+was	O
+generated	O
+,	O
+and	O
+perpendicular	O
+to	O
+the	O
+propagation	B-Process
+direction	O
+,	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+,	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+a	O
+reference	O
+interface	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+typically	O
+a	O
+sample	O
+surface	O
+.	O
+Under	O
+certain	O
+conditions	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+over	O
+short	O
+propagation	O
+distances	O
+,	O
+SH	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+treated	O
+as	O
+bulk	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Volume	B-Task
+EM	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+transmission	B-Process
+or	O
+scanning	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+.	O
+Each	O
+approach	O
+has	O
+its	O
+own	O
+strengths	O
+and	O
+weaknesses	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+choice	O
+is	O
+dependant	O
+on	O
+the	O
+required	O
+lateral	O
+(	O
+x	O
+,	O
+y	O
+)	O
+and	O
+axial	O
+(	O
+z	O
+)	O
+resolution	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+.	O
+Historically	O
+,	O
+transmission	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopy	I-Material
+(	O
+TEM	B-Material
+)	O
+was	O
+the	O
+tool	O
+of	O
+choice	O
+for	O
+ultrastructural	B-Task
+examination	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+biomedical	I-Task
+specimens	I-Task
+at	O
+sub-nanometer	O
+resolution	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+for	O
+many	O
+cell	B-Task
+biology	I-Task
+studies	I-Task
+structural	O
+resolution	O
+is	O
+actually	O
+limited	O
+by	O
+the	O
+deposition	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+heavy	I-Process
+metals	I-Process
+onto	O
+membranes	O
+during	O
+sample	O
+preparation	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+voxel	O
+dimensions	O
+may	O
+only	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+half	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+expected	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+(	O
+Briggman	O
+and	O
+Bock	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Advances	O
+in	O
+scanning	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+SEM	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+technology	I-Process
+are	O
+now	O
+driving	O
+a	O
+paradigm	O
+shift	O
+in	O
+electron	B-Task
+imaging	I-Task
+.	O
+SEMs	B-Process
+with	O
+field	B-Material
+emission	I-Material
+electron	I-Material
+sources	I-Material
+and	O
+high	B-Material
+efficiency	I-Material
+electron	I-Material
+detectors	I-Material
+can	O
+achieve	O
+lateral	O
+resolutions	O
+in	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+3nm	O
+,	O
+allowing	O
+visualisation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+synaptic	B-Material
+vesicles	I-Material
+and	O
+membranes	B-Material
+(	O
+De	O
+Winter	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+;	O
+Knott	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+;	O
+Vihinen	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+;	O
+Villinger	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+,	O
+though	O
+resolving	B-Task
+individual	I-Task
+leaflets	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+membrane	I-Task
+bilayers	I-Task
+remains	O
+a	O
+challenge	O
+(	O
+Vihinen	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+low	B-Material
+beam	I-Material
+energies	I-Material
+also	O
+limits	O
+the	O
+interaction	B-Process
+volume	I-Process
+,	O
+enhancing	B-Process
+axial	I-Process
+resolution	I-Process
+(	O
+Hennig	O
+and	O
+Denk	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+review	O
+,	O
+volume	B-Task
+imaging	I-Task
+in	O
+both	O
+transmission	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+scanning	I-Process
+EMs	I-Process
+will	O
+be	O
+explored	O
+,	O
+moving	O
+from	O
+traditional	B-Process
+manual	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+,	O
+through	O
+to	O
+the	O
+latest	B-Process
+systems	I-Process
+where	O
+aspects	O
+of	O
+both	O
+sample	B-Task
+preparation	I-Task
+and	O
+imaging	B-Task
+have	O
+been	O
+automated	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+our	O
+experimental	B-Task
+observations	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+how	I-Task
+solvents	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+vary	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+TPA	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+TPF	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+fluorescent	I-Task
+rhodamine	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+Rh	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+dyes	I-Task
+Rh6G	B-Material
+,	O
+RhB	B-Material
+and	O
+Rh101	B-Material
+.	O
+Rhodamines	B-Material
+are	O
+well-known	O
+xanthenes	B-Material
+dyes	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+have	O
+been	O
+extensively	O
+used	O
+for	O
+many	O
+widespread	O
+applications	O
+in	O
+single-molecule	B-Process
+detection	I-Process
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+,	O
+DNA-sequence	B-Process
+determination	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+,	O
+fluorescence	B-Process
+labelling	I-Process
+[	O
+26	O
+]	O
+,	O
+etc	O
+.	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+strong	O
+fluorescence	O
+over	O
+the	O
+visible	O
+spectral	O
+region	O
+.	O
+Molecular	O
+geometries	O
+of	O
+rhodamine	B-Material
+dyes	I-Material
+are	O
+well-known	O
+[	O
+27,28	O
+]	O
+and	O
+indicate	O
+that	O
+all	O
+the	O
+structures	O
+are	O
+non-centrosymmetric	O
+.	O
+In	O
+general	O
+,	O
+for	O
+centrosymmetric	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+,	O
+TPA	B-Process
+is	O
+forbidden	O
+when	O
+tuned	O
+to	O
+the	O
+transitions	O
+at	O
+one-half	O
+of	O
+the	O
+excitation	O
+frequencies	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+for	O
+non-centrosymmetric	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+symmetry	B-Process
+relaxations	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+single-photon	B-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+(	O
+SPA	B-Process
+)	O
+peaks	O
+and	O
+TPA	B-Process
+peaks	I-Process
+may	O
+coincide	O
+.	O
+So	O
+we	O
+set	O
+our	O
+primary	O
+aim	O
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+solvent	O
+polarity	O
+on	O
+the	O
+correlation	O
+of	O
+SPA	B-Process
+and	O
+TPA	B-Process
+peaks	O
+for	O
+all	O
+the	O
+dyes	B-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+other	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+enhancement	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+photocatalytic	I-Task
+activity	I-Task
+are	O
+grafting	O
+co-catalysts	B-Material
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+two	O
+kinds	O
+of	O
+co-catalysts	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+its	O
+function	O
+:	O
+one	O
+is	O
+for	O
+separation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+electrons	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+other	O
+is	O
+for	O
+separation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+holes	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+former	O
+representative	O
+co-catalysts	B-Material
+are	O
+Pt	B-Material
+,	O
+Fe3	B-Material
++	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+Cu2	B-Material
++	I-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+was	O
+reported	O
+that	O
+Fe3	B-Material
++	I-Material
+and	O
+Cu2	B-Material
++	I-Material
+were	O
+grafted	O
+as	O
+amorphous	B-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+reduced	O
+into	O
+Fe2	B-Material
++	I-Material
+and	O
+Cu	B-Material
++	I-Material
+by	O
+receiving	O
+one	O
+electron	B-Material
+,	O
+respectively	O
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+reduced	B-Material
+metal	I-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+with	O
+reduced	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+could	O
+return	O
+into	O
+the	O
+original	O
+state	O
+by	O
+giving	O
+more	O
+than	O
+one	O
+electron	B-Material
+to	O
+molecular	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+latter	O
+ones	O
+are	O
+CoOx	B-Material
+,	O
+CoPi	B-Material
+(	O
+CoPOx	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+IrOx	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+RuOx	B-Material
+which	O
+are	O
+used	O
+for	O
+water	B-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+,	O
+among	O
+which	O
+CoPi	B-Material
+is	O
+reported	O
+to	O
+be	O
+the	O
+most	O
+effective	O
+co-catalyst	B-Material
+for	O
+water	B-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+were	O
+few	O
+reports	O
+concerning	O
+co-grafting	B-Process
+effects	O
+on	O
+photocatalytic	B-Process
+activity	I-Process
+especially	O
+in	O
+gaseous	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+expected	O
+that	O
+by	O
+co-grafting	B-Process
+of	O
+both	O
+co-catalysts	B-Material
+for	O
+separations	O
+of	O
+electrons	B-Material
+and	O
+holes	B-Material
+,	O
+photocatalytic	B-Process
+activity	I-Process
+in	O
+gaseous	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+would	O
+be	O
+further	O
+enhanced	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+complex	O
+of	O
+BiVO4	B-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+other	O
+materials	O
+of	O
+p-type	B-Material
+semiconductor	I-Material
+is	O
+also	O
+effective	O
+for	O
+enhancing	O
+photocatalytic	B-Process
+activity	I-Process
+.	O
+
+An	O
+obvious	O
+metric	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+the	O
+monitoring	O
+performance	O
+between	O
+the	O
+different	O
+conditions	O
+would	O
+be	O
+to	O
+compare	B-Task
+how	I-Task
+many	I-Task
+clicks	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+users	I-Task
+made	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+average	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+each	I-Task
+condition	I-Task
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+are	O
+the	O
+buffer	B-Material
+values	O
+of	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+buffers	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+time	O
+of	O
+the	O
+user	O
+'s	O
+interaction	O
+with	O
+the	O
+simulation	B-Process
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+the	O
+input	B-Material
+buffer	I-Material
+of	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+machine	O
+at	O
+the	O
+time	O
+of	O
+refilling	O
+it	O
+)	O
+.	O
+A	O
+relatively	O
+high	O
+average	O
+buffer	O
+value	O
+can	O
+e.g.	O
+signify	O
+that	O
+the	O
+users	O
+do	O
+not	O
+trust	O
+that	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+mode	O
+of	O
+process	O
+monitoring	O
+conveys	O
+the	O
+need	O
+for	O
+interaction	O
+in	O
+time	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+the	O
+users	O
+to	O
+switching	O
+their	O
+attention	O
+to	O
+the	O
+process	O
+simulation	O
+in	O
+regular	O
+intervals	O
+,	O
+and	O
+performing	O
+interactions	O
+just	O
+in	O
+case	O
+.	O
+A	O
+low	O
+average	O
+buffer	O
+can	O
+,	O
+on	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+signify	O
+that	O
+the	O
+users	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+conditions’	O
+ability	O
+to	O
+signal	O
+interaction	O
+needs	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+if	O
+e.g.	O
+an	O
+input	O
+buffer	O
+had	O
+already	O
+been	O
+completely	O
+depleted	O
+at	O
+the	O
+time	O
+of	O
+intervention	O
+,	O
+this	O
+may	O
+signify	O
+that	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+condition	O
+has	O
+failed	O
+to	O
+inform	O
+the	O
+users	O
+in	O
+time	O
+.	O
+In	O
+many	O
+cases	O
+,	O
+participants	O
+used	O
+double	O
+clicks	O
+for	O
+their	O
+interactions	O
+,	O
+while	O
+a	O
+single	O
+click	O
+would	O
+have	O
+been	O
+sufficient	O
+,	O
+a	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+was	O
+perhaps	O
+not	O
+communicated	O
+clearly	O
+enough	O
+to	O
+the	O
+participants	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+if	O
+several	O
+clicks	O
+were	O
+performed	O
+directly	O
+one	O
+after	O
+another	O
+,	O
+only	O
+the	O
+first	O
+click	O
+was	O
+taken	O
+into	O
+account	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+first-principles	B-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+are	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Cambridge	B-Material
+Serial	I-Material
+Total	I-Material
+Energy	I-Material
+Package	I-Material
+(	O
+CASTEP	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+which	O
+implements	O
+the	O
+plane-wave	B-Process
+pseudopotential	I-Process
+DFT	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+exchange	B-Process
+correlation	I-Process
+functional	I-Process
+is	O
+approximated	O
+using	O
+the	O
+generalized	B-Process
+gradient	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+(	O
+PBE-GGA	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+22	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+electron	B-Material
+–	O
+ion	B-Material
+interactions	O
+are	O
+described	O
+by	O
+Vanderbilt-type	B-Process
+ultrasoft	I-Process
+pseudopotentials	I-Process
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+plane	B-Material
+wave	I-Material
+basis	O
+set	O
+is	O
+truncated	O
+at	O
+a	O
+cutoff	O
+of	O
+400eV	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+Brillouin-zone	B-Process
+sampling	I-Process
+was	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Monkhorst-Pack	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+with	O
+a	O
+k-point	B-Process
+spacing	I-Process
+in	O
+reciprocal	O
+space	O
+of	O
+0.04Å	O
+−	O
+1	O
+.	O
+Tests	O
+show	O
+that	O
+these	O
+computational	O
+parameters	O
+give	O
+results	O
+that	O
+are	O
+sufficiently	O
+accurate	O
+for	O
+present	O
+purposes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ferromagnetism	B-Process
+of	O
+nickel	B-Material
+is	O
+accounted	O
+for	O
+by	O
+performing	O
+all	O
+calculations	O
+using	O
+spin	B-Process
+polarization	I-Process
+,	O
+starting	O
+at	O
+a	O
+ferromagnetic	O
+initial	O
+configuration	O
+and	O
+relaxing	O
+towards	O
+its	O
+ground	O
+state	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+for	O
+all	O
+compositions	O
+considered	O
+,	O
+the	O
+ground	O
+state	O
+electronic	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+each	O
+alloy	B-Material
+is	O
+found	O
+to	O
+exhibit	O
+only	O
+very	O
+weak	O
+ferromagnetism	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+is	O
+not	O
+thought	O
+to	O
+influence	O
+their	O
+phase	O
+stability	O
+.	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+calculated	O
+equilibrium	O
+lattice	O
+constants	O
+of	O
+the	O
+η	O
+phase	O
+at	O
+various	O
+Ti	B-Material
+concentrations	O
+,	O
+using	O
+partially	O
+ordered	O
+ηP	B-Material
+structures	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+change	O
+in	O
+lattice	O
+constant	O
+upon	O
+Ti	B-Process
+alloying	I-Process
+is	O
+relatively	O
+small	O
+,	O
+but	O
+can	O
+be	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+∼	O
+10	O
+%	O
+larger	O
+covalent	O
+radius	O
+of	O
+Ti	O
+.	O
+The	O
+calculated	O
+lattice	O
+constants	O
+are	O
+in	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+values	O
+,	O
+which	O
+relate	O
+to	O
+an	O
+alloy	B-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+Al	B-Material
+/	O
+Ti	B-Material
+ratio	O
+of	O
+∼	O
+2.75	O
+.	O
+
+When	O
+we	O
+formulate	O
+the	O
+downscaling	O
+problem	O
+as	O
+a	O
+multi-objective	B-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+problem	O
+,	O
+we	O
+face	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+the	O
+following	O
+problems	O
+.	O
+Minimizing	O
+the	O
+sum	O
+of	O
+different	O
+objectives	O
+is	O
+problematic	O
+,	O
+since	O
+they	O
+may	O
+have	O
+different	O
+units	O
+and	O
+ranges	O
+.	O
+Even	O
+with	O
+an	O
+appropriate	O
+scaling	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+risk	O
+of	O
+treating	O
+the	O
+objectives	O
+unequally	O
+or	O
+getting	O
+trapped	O
+in	O
+a	O
+local	O
+minimum	O
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+never	O
+know	O
+,	O
+what	O
+is	O
+the	O
+minimum	O
+value	O
+of	O
+each	O
+objective	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+the	O
+regression	B-Process
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+designing	O
+an	O
+appropriate	O
+scaling	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+is	O
+difficult	O
+and	O
+one	O
+would	O
+need	O
+to	O
+decide	O
+on	O
+the	O
+relative	O
+importance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+different	O
+objectives	O
+in	O
+advance	O
+.	O
+Secondly	O
+,	O
+adding	O
+multiple	O
+,	O
+conflicting	O
+objectives	O
+very	O
+likely	O
+results	O
+in	O
+a	O
+fitness	O
+function	O
+with	O
+multiple	O
+local	O
+minima	O
+,	O
+which	O
+makes	O
+optimization	B-Process
+more	O
+difficult	O
+.	O
+To	O
+avoid	O
+these	O
+problems	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+implemented	O
+fitness	O
+calculation	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Strength	B-Process
+Pareto	I-Process
+Evolutionary	I-Process
+Algorithm	I-Process
+(	O
+SPEA	B-Process
+)	O
+by	O
+Zitzler	O
+and	O
+Thiele	O
+(	O
+1999	O
+)	O
+,	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+using	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+single	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+weighted	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+fitness	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+cost	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+.	O
+Approaches	O
+for	O
+multi-objective	B-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+like	O
+SPEA	B-Process
+are	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+in	O
+evolutionary	B-Task
+computation	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+SPEA	B-Process
+the	O
+fitness	B-Process
+calculation	I-Process
+during	O
+the	O
+fitting	O
+procedure	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+an	O
+intercomparison	O
+of	O
+the	O
+different	O
+models	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+,	O
+a	O
+finite	O
+set	O
+of	O
+so	O
+called	O
+Pareto	B-Process
+optimal	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+(	O
+downscaling	B-Process
+rules	I-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+returned	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+main	O
+objective	O
+of	O
+this	O
+manuscript	O
+is	O
+to	O
+present	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+discuss	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+application	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+SLAMM	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+New	I-Task
+York	I-Task
+coast	I-Task
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+base	O
+analysis	O
+considers	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+different	O
+possible	O
+SLR	B-Process
+scenarios	O
+,	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+various	O
+sources	O
+of	O
+uncertainties	O
+such	O
+as	O
+input	O
+parameters	O
+and	O
+driving	O
+data	O
+are	O
+not	O
+accounted	O
+for	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+refined	O
+and	O
+site-specific	O
+data	O
+are	O
+often	O
+not	O
+available	O
+requiring	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+regional	O
+data	O
+collected	O
+from	O
+literature	O
+and	O
+professional	O
+judgement	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+run	O
+the	O
+model	O
+.	O
+To	O
+ignore	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+these	O
+uncertainties	O
+on	O
+predictions	O
+may	O
+make	O
+interpretation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+results	O
+and	O
+subsequent	O
+decision	O
+making	O
+misleading	O
+since	O
+the	O
+likelihood	O
+and	O
+probabilities	O
+of	O
+predicted	O
+outcomes	O
+would	O
+be	O
+unknown	O
+.	O
+A	O
+unique	O
+capability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+current	O
+version	O
+of	O
+SLAMM	B-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+ability	O
+to	O
+aggregate	O
+multiple	O
+types	O
+of	O
+input-data	O
+uncertainty	O
+to	O
+create	O
+outputs	O
+accompanied	O
+by	O
+probability	O
+statements	O
+and	O
+confidence	O
+intervals	O
+.	O
+Uncertainty	O
+in	O
+elevation	O
+data	O
+layers	O
+have	O
+been	O
+considered	O
+by	O
+several	O
+modeling	O
+groups	O
+to	O
+various	O
+extents	O
+(	O
+Gesch	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+;	O
+Gilmer	O
+and	O
+Ferdaña	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Schmid	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2014	O
+)	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+to	O
+the	O
+best	O
+of	O
+our	O
+knowledge	O
+,	O
+no	O
+other	O
+marsh	B-Material
+migration	I-Material
+model	I-Material
+simultaneously	O
+accounts	O
+for	O
+the	O
+combined	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+uncertainty	O
+in	O
+spatial	B-Process
+inputs	I-Process
+(	O
+DEM	B-Process
+,	O
+VDATUM	B-Process
+,	O
+etc.	O
+)	O
+and	O
+parameter	B-Process
+choices	I-Process
+(	O
+accretion	B-Process
+rates	I-Process
+,	O
+tide	B-Process
+ranges	I-Process
+,	O
+etc.	O
+)	O
+on	O
+landcover	B-Process
+projections	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+added	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+SLAMM	B-Process
+allows	O
+results	O
+to	O
+be	O
+evaluated	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+their	O
+likelihood	O
+of	O
+occurrence	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+input-data	O
+and	O
+parameter	O
+uncertainties	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+,	O
+by	O
+assigning	O
+wide	O
+ranges	O
+of	O
+uncertainty	O
+when	O
+appropriate	O
+,	O
+it	O
+permits	O
+the	O
+production	O
+of	O
+meaningful	O
+projections	O
+in	O
+areas	O
+where	O
+high-quality	B-Material
+local	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+are	O
+not	O
+available	O
+.	O
+
+Using	O
+measured	O
+data	O
+from	O
+two	O
+arable	O
+sites	O
+in	O
+the	O
+UK	O
+we	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+lags	O
+can	O
+have	O
+significant	O
+impact	O
+on	O
+model	B-Task
+evaluation	I-Task
+and	O
+can	O
+affect	O
+both	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+correlation	O
+between	O
+measured	O
+and	O
+simulated	O
+data	O
+and	O
+the	O
+magnitude	O
+of	O
+the	O
+sums	O
+of	O
+the	O
+residuals	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+,	O
+we	O
+used	O
+the	O
+division	O
+of	O
+MSE	B-Process
+to	O
+three	O
+constituent	B-Process
+statistics	I-Process
+(	O
+SB	B-Process
+,	O
+SDSD	B-Process
+and	O
+LCS	B-Process
+)	O
+to	O
+show	O
+how	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+correlation	O
+can	O
+affect	O
+the	O
+sum	O
+of	O
+residuals	O
+.	O
+By	O
+dividing	O
+the	O
+algorithm-predicted	O
+series	O
+of	O
+lag	O
+values	O
+into	O
+monthly	O
+sets	O
+and	O
+examining	O
+the	O
+frequency	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lags	O
+,	O
+certain	O
+patterns	O
+in	O
+these	O
+temporally	O
+patchy	O
+series	O
+have	O
+been	O
+identified	O
+.	O
+A	O
+challenging	O
+task	O
+in	O
+relation	O
+to	O
+time	O
+lags	O
+between	O
+observed	O
+and	O
+simulated	O
+daily	O
+data	O
+,	O
+is	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+their	O
+cause	O
+.	O
+This	O
+task	O
+becomes	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+for	O
+model	O
+outputs	O
+such	O
+as	O
+soil	O
+N2O	B-Material
+emissions	I-Material
+that	O
+are	O
+driven	O
+by	O
+various	O
+interacting	O
+variables	O
+.	O
+Even	O
+more	O
+so	O
+,	O
+because	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+N2O	B-Material
+datasets	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+datasets	O
+of	O
+their	O
+drivers	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+soil	O
+moisture	O
+,	O
+soil	O
+N	O
+content	O
+)	O
+cover	O
+small	O
+time	O
+periods	O
+,	O
+they	O
+are	O
+not	O
+continuous	O
+and	O
+can	O
+vary	O
+widely	O
+in	O
+size	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+study	O
+we	O
+implemented	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+using	O
+measured	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+simulated	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+soil	I-Material
+moisture	I-Material
+(	O
+first	O
+and	O
+second	O
+example	O
+)	O
+and	O
+soil	B-Material
+mineral	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+(	O
+second	O
+example	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+compared	O
+its	O
+results	O
+with	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+results	O
+for	O
+N2O	B-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+first	O
+example	O
+,	O
+we	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+estimated	O
+lags	O
+in	O
+N2O	B-Task
+prediction	I-Task
+are	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+lags	O
+in	O
+soil	B-Task
+moisture	I-Task
+prediction	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+way	O
+that	O
+changes	O
+gradually	O
+through	O
+time	O
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+second	O
+example	O
+,	O
+the	O
+lags	O
+in	O
+N2O	B-Task
+prediction	I-Task
+were	O
+explained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+lags	O
+in	O
+soil	B-Material
+moisture	I-Material
+and	O
+soil	B-Task
+mineral	I-Task
+N	I-Task
+prediction	I-Task
+,	O
+with	O
+which	O
+they	O
+had	O
+a	O
+positive	O
+relationship	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+representing	B-Task
+wetland-river	I-Task
+interactions	I-Task
+involving	I-Task
+GIWs	I-Task
+,	O
+many	O
+models	O
+assume	O
+that	O
+the	O
+wetland	O
+can	O
+discharge	O
+into	O
+a	O
+river	O
+but	O
+cannot	O
+receive	O
+overbank	O
+flows	O
+from	O
+it	O
+.	O
+In	O
+such	O
+models	O
+,	O
+the	O
+volume	O
+of	O
+water	O
+(	O
+or	O
+water	O
+level	O
+elevation	O
+)	O
+in	O
+a	O
+wetland	O
+and	O
+its	O
+corresponding	O
+threshold	O
+value	O
+(	O
+predominantly	O
+controlled	O
+by	O
+outlet	B-Process
+elevation	I-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+the	O
+prime	O
+determinants	O
+of	O
+wetland	O
+outflow	O
+(	O
+Feng	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Hammer	O
+and	O
+Kadlec	O
+,	O
+1986	O
+;	O
+Johnson	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+;	O
+Kadlec	O
+and	O
+Wallace	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+;	O
+Powell	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+;	O
+Voldseth	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+;	O
+Wen	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+;	O
+Zhang	O
+and	O
+Mitsch	O
+,	O
+2005	O
+)	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+in	O
+regions	O
+characterised	O
+by	O
+widespread	O
+riparian	O
+wetlands	O
+that	O
+are	O
+hydraulically	O
+connected	O
+with	O
+adjacent	O
+rivers	O
+,	O
+wetland-river	O
+interaction	O
+is	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+be	O
+bidirectional	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+interactions	B-Task
+should	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+quantified	I-Task
+according	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+hydraulic	I-Task
+principles	I-Task
+involving	O
+relative	B-Material
+river	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+wetland	I-Material
+water	I-Material
+level	I-Material
+elevations	I-Material
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+properties	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+connection	I-Material
+between	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+two	I-Material
+(	O
+Kouwen	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+;	O
+Liu	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+;	O
+Min	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+;	O
+Nyarko	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+;	O
+Restrepo	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1998	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+WATFLOOD	B-Process
+model	O
+,	O
+for	O
+instance	O
+,	O
+riparian	B-Task
+wetland-river	I-Task
+interaction	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+modelled	I-Task
+using	O
+the	O
+principle	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+Dupuit-Forchheimer	I-Material
+lateral	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+radial	I-Material
+groundwater	I-Material
+flow	I-Material
+(	O
+Kouwen	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+exchange	O
+between	O
+riparian	O
+wetlands	O
+and	O
+rivers	O
+can	O
+occur	O
+over	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+and	O
+/	O
+or	O
+through	O
+the	O
+subsurface	O
+,	O
+Restrepo	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1998	O
+)	O
+incorporated	O
+an	O
+equivalent	B-Process
+transmissivity	I-Process
+expression	I-Process
+,	O
+obtained	O
+for	O
+wetland	B-Material
+vegetation	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+subsurface	B-Material
+soil	I-Material
+,	O
+into	O
+the	O
+Darcy	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+MODFLOW	B-Process
+model	O
+.	O
+
+Typical	O
+physically-based	B-Process
+2D	I-Process
+flood	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+solve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+Shallow	I-Task
+Water	I-Task
+Equations	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+SWEs	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+,	O
+requiring	O
+high	O
+computational	O
+resources	O
+.	O
+Many	O
+of	O
+these	O
+models	O
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+better	O
+performance	O
+,	O
+while	O
+maintaining	O
+the	O
+required	O
+accuracy	O
+,	O
+by	O
+reducing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+complexity	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+SWEs	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+reduction	O
+is	O
+usually	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+approximating	O
+or	O
+neglecting	O
+less	O
+significant	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+equations	O
+(	O
+Hunter	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+;	O
+Yen	O
+and	O
+Tsai	O
+,	O
+2001	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+JFLOW	B-Process
+model	O
+(	O
+Bradbrook	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2004	O
+)	O
+,	O
+Urban	B-Process
+Inundation	I-Process
+Model	I-Process
+(	O
+UIM	B-Process
+)	O
+(	O
+Chen	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+diffusive	O
+version	O
+of	O
+LISFLOOD-FP	B-Process
+(	O
+Hunter	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2005	O
+)	O
+solve	O
+the	O
+2D	B-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+that	O
+neglect	O
+the	O
+inertial	O
+(	O
+local	O
+acceleration	O
+)	O
+and	O
+advection	O
+(	O
+convective	O
+acceleration	O
+)	O
+terms	O
+(	O
+Yen	O
+and	O
+Tsai	O
+,	O
+2001	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+inertial	O
+version	O
+of	O
+LISFLOOD-FP	B-Process
+(	O
+Bates	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+)	O
+solves	O
+the	O
+SWEs	B-Process
+without	O
+the	O
+advection	O
+term	O
+.	O
+In	O
+either	O
+version	O
+of	O
+LISFLOOD-FP	B-Process
+the	O
+flow	O
+is	O
+decoupled	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Cartesian	B-Process
+directions	I-Process
+.	O
+Other	O
+models	O
+use	O
+the	O
+full	O
+SWEs	B-Process
+but	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+multi	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+grids	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+irregular	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+,	O
+like	O
+InfoWorks	B-Material
+ICM	I-Material
+(	O
+Innovyze	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+and	O
+MIKE	B-Material
+FLOOD	I-Material
+(	O
+DHI	O
+Software	O
+,	O
+2014	O
+;	O
+Hénonin	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+These	O
+last	O
+two	O
+models	O
+are	O
+commercial	O
+packages	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+code	O
+applied	O
+in	O
+the	O
+optimisation	O
+techniques	O
+is	O
+not	O
+in	O
+the	O
+public	O
+domain	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+purported	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+EMR	B-Task
+implementation	I-Task
+in	O
+urban	O
+slums	O
+are	O
+widely	O
+promoted	O
+.	O
+Increasingly	O
+capable	O
+health	B-Task
+information	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+could	O
+facilitate	O
+communication	O
+,	O
+help	O
+coordinate	O
+care	O
+,	O
+and	O
+improve	O
+the	O
+continuity	O
+of	O
+care	O
+in	O
+disadvantaged	O
+communities	O
+like	O
+Kibera	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+available	O
+systems	O
+may	O
+not	O
+have	O
+the	O
+ability	O
+to	O
+simplify	O
+care	O
+or	O
+improve	O
+efficiency	O
+where	O
+funding	O
+and	O
+human	O
+resources	O
+are	O
+scarce	O
+,	O
+infrastructure	O
+is	O
+unreliable	O
+and	O
+health	O
+data	O
+demands	O
+are	O
+opportunistic	O
+,	O
+not	O
+strategic	O
+.	O
+This	O
+study	O
+described	O
+perceptions	O
+of	O
+local	O
+EMR	B-Process
+stakeholders	O
+in	O
+two	O
+urban	O
+slum	O
+clinics	O
+.	O
+They	O
+shared	O
+many	O
+observations	O
+that	O
+may	O
+be	O
+important	O
+for	O
+other	O
+EMR	O
+initiatives	O
+to	O
+heed	O
+,	O
+and	O
+worried	O
+most	O
+about	O
+the	O
+sustainability	O
+of	O
+EMR	O
+initiatives	O
+in	O
+like	O
+communities	O
+.	O
+The	O
+future	O
+for	O
+EMR	O
+use	O
+in	O
+urban	O
+slums	O
+is	O
+promising	O
+.	O
+Innovative	O
+new	O
+technologies	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+mobile	B-Material
+applications	I-Material
+and	O
+point-of-care	O
+laboratory	O
+tests	O
+,	O
+could	O
+extend	O
+the	O
+reach	O
+of	O
+EMRs	B-Process
+where	O
+infrastructure	O
+is	O
+wanting	O
+.	O
+New	O
+cloud-based	B-Process
+EMR	I-Process
+ecosystems	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+data	O
+is	O
+collected	O
+and	O
+stored	O
+centrally	O
+could	O
+leverage	O
+cell	O
+phone	O
+networks	O
+to	O
+promote	O
+more	O
+health	O
+information	O
+sharing	O
+,	O
+coordination	O
+of	O
+care	O
+and	O
+ultimately	O
+better	O
+outcomes	O
+for	O
+vulnerable	O
+populations.Summary	O
+pointsWhat	O
+was	O
+already	O
+known	O
+on	O
+the	O
+topic	O
+?•	O
+Rapid	O
+urbanization	O
+is	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+growth	O
+in	O
+the	O
+number	O
+and	O
+size	O
+of	O
+urban	O
+slums	O
+and	O
+an	O
+associated	O
+rise	O
+in	O
+the	O
+burden	O
+of	O
+disease	O
+,	O
+further	O
+worsening	O
+an	O
+already	O
+fragmented	O
+and	O
+inefficient	O
+health	O
+care	O
+system	O
+.	O
+
+As	O
+future	O
+work	O
+on	O
+the	O
+protocol	B-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+would	O
+promote	O
+two	O
+items	O
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+two	O
+mobility	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+that	O
+we	O
+have	O
+considered	O
+in	O
+this	O
+work	O
+propose	O
+possible	O
+way	O
+to	O
+capture	O
+social	O
+context	O
+in	O
+the	O
+way	O
+nodes	B-Material
+move	O
+in	O
+the	O
+physical	B-Material
+space	I-Material
+,	O
+yet	O
+still	O
+potentially	O
+allowing	O
+nodes	B-Material
+to	O
+explore	O
+the	O
+geographical	B-Material
+regions	I-Material
+considered	O
+in	O
+its	O
+entirety	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+insights	O
+to	O
+the	O
+performance	B-Material
+potential	I-Material
+could	O
+be	O
+given	O
+through	O
+the	O
+assessment	O
+of	O
+the	O
+protocol	O
+with	O
+other	O
+mobilities	O
+that	O
+can	O
+extend	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+physical	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+movement	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+impose	B-Process
+potential	I-Process
+restrictions	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+nodes	B-Material
+mobility	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+by	O
+forcing	B-Process
+similar	I-Process
+nodes	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+move	I-Process
+within	I-Process
+specifically	I-Process
+defined	I-Process
+areas	I-Process
+.	O
+Secondly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+different	O
+forwarding	B-Process
+modes	I-Process
+introduced	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+3.3	O
+express	O
+different	O
+levels	O
+of	O
+cooperation	O
+across	O
+the	O
+network	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+push-community	B-Process
+mode	I-Process
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+is	O
+a	O
+form	O
+of	O
+interest-community	O
+selfishness	O
+and	O
+assumes	O
+reciprocation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+nodes’	O
+behaviour	O
+.	O
+The	O
+vulnerability	O
+(	O
+resp.	O
+resilience	O
+)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+protocol	O
+to	O
+different	O
+instances	O
+of	O
+node	O
+misbehaviours	O
+is	O
+a	O
+research	O
+item	O
+worth	O
+exploring	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+proposed	O
+multihop	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+protocol	I-Process
+,	O
+PHASeR	B-Process
+,	O
+applies	O
+the	O
+technique	O
+of	O
+blind	O
+forwarding	O
+in	O
+a	O
+MWSN	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+increases	O
+the	O
+reliability	O
+of	O
+data	O
+delivery	O
+through	O
+its	O
+inherent	O
+use	O
+of	O
+multiple	O
+routes	O
+.	O
+This	O
+approach	O
+requires	O
+a	O
+gradient	B-Process
+metric	I-Process
+to	O
+be	O
+continuously	O
+maintained	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+problematic	O
+in	O
+a	O
+dynamic	O
+topology	O
+.	O
+The	O
+literature	O
+commonly	O
+uses	O
+either	O
+flooding	O
+or	O
+location	O
+awareness	O
+,	O
+however	O
+flooding	O
+creates	O
+large	O
+amounts	O
+of	O
+overhead	O
+and	O
+location	O
+determination	O
+schemes	O
+can	O
+often	O
+be	O
+inaccurate	O
+,	O
+power	O
+hungry	O
+and	O
+create	O
+the	O
+issue	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dead	O
+end	O
+problem	O
+.	O
+PHASeR	B-Process
+uses	O
+a	O
+novel	O
+method	O
+of	O
+gradient	B-Process
+maintenance	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+mobile	B-Material
+network	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+requires	O
+the	O
+proactive	O
+sharing	O
+of	O
+only	O
+local	O
+topology	O
+information	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+facilitated	O
+by	O
+a	O
+global	O
+TDMA	B-Process
+(	O
+time	B-Process
+division	I-Process
+multiple	I-Process
+access	I-Process
+)	O
+MAC	B-Process
+(	O
+medium	B-Process
+access	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+)	O
+layer	O
+and	O
+further	O
+reduces	O
+the	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+overhead	O
+,	O
+which	O
+in	O
+turn	O
+will	O
+decrease	O
+packet	B-Material
+latency	I-Material
+.	O
+PHASeR	B-Process
+is	O
+also	O
+set	O
+apart	O
+by	O
+its	O
+use	O
+of	O
+encapsulation	B-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+data	O
+from	O
+multiple	O
+nodes	B-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+transmitted	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+packet	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+handle	O
+high	O
+volumes	O
+of	O
+traffic	O
+.	O
+It	O
+utilises	O
+node	B-Process
+cooperation	I-Process
+to	O
+create	O
+a	O
+robust	O
+multipath	O
+routing	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+,	O
+the	O
+contribution	O
+of	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+is	O
+a	O
+cross-layer	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+protocol	I-Process
+for	O
+MWSNs	B-Material
+that	O
+can	O
+handle	O
+the	O
+constant	O
+flow	O
+of	O
+data	O
+from	O
+sensors	B-Material
+in	O
+highly	O
+mobile	O
+situations	O
+.	O
+
+Superconductivity	B-Process
+in	O
+actinides	B-Material
+was	O
+first	O
+observed	O
+in	O
+thorium	B-Material
+metal	I-Material
+in	O
+1929	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+,	O
+then	O
+in	O
+elemental	O
+uranium	B-Material
+in	O
+1942	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+uranium	B-Material
+compounds	I-Material
+in	O
+1958	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+new	O
+class	O
+of	O
+uranium	B-Material
+superconductors	I-Material
+emerged	O
+in	O
+the	O
+1980	O
+'s	O
+with	O
+the	O
+discovery	O
+of	O
+uranium	B-Material
+heavy	I-Material
+fermion	I-Material
+superconductors	I-Material
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+surprises	O
+came	O
+at	O
+the	O
+beginning	O
+of	O
+the	O
+century	O
+with	O
+the	O
+discovery	O
+of	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Material
+superconductors	I-Material
+in	O
+uranium	B-Material
+systems	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+first	O
+observation	O
+of	O
+superconductivity	B-Process
+in	O
+plutonium	B-Material
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+and	O
+neptunium	B-Material
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+compounds	O
+.	O
+The	O
+actinides	B-Material
+(	O
+or	O
+actinoids	B-Material
+)	O
+are	O
+located	O
+at	O
+the	O
+end	O
+of	O
+the	O
+periodic	B-Process
+table	I-Process
+(	O
+N	O
+=	O
+89	O
+(	O
+Ac	B-Material
+)	O
+or	O
+90	O
+(	O
+Th	B-Material
+)	O
+to	O
+103	O
+(	O
+Lr	B-Material
+))	O
+.	O
+Transuranium	B-Material
+elements	I-Material
+(	O
+or	O
+transuranics	B-Material
+)	O
+are	O
+the	O
+chemical	O
+elements	O
+with	O
+atomic	O
+number	O
+(	O
+Z	O
+)	O
+greater	O
+than	O
+92	O
+(	O
+uranium	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+short	O
+half-life	O
+on	O
+a	O
+geological	O
+timescale	O
+,	O
+they	O
+are	O
+essentially	O
+synthetic	B-Material
+elements	I-Material
+.	O
+Above	O
+Z	O
+=	O
+103	O
+(	O
+Lr	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+one	O
+talks	O
+about	O
+transactinides	B-Material
+(	O
+or	O
+superactinides	B-Material
+)	O
+elements	O
+.	O
+These	O
+latter	O
+elements	O
+have	O
+extremely	O
+short	O
+half-lives	O
+and	O
+no	O
+macroscopic	O
+quantity	O
+is	O
+available	O
+for	O
+the	O
+study	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+condensed-matter	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+.	O
+
+PV	B-Task
+cells	I-Task
+are	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+promising	O
+technologies	O
+for	O
+conversion	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+incident	I-Process
+solar	I-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+electric	I-Process
+power	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+this	O
+technology	O
+is	O
+still	O
+far	O
+from	O
+being	O
+able	O
+to	O
+compete	O
+with	O
+fossil	B-Process
+fuel-based	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+conversion	I-Process
+technologies	O
+because	O
+of	O
+its	O
+relatively	O
+low	O
+efficiency	O
+and	O
+energy	O
+density	O
+.	O
+Theoretically	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+three	O
+unavoidable	O
+losses	O
+that	O
+limit	O
+the	O
+solar	B-Process
+conversion	I-Process
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+a	O
+device	O
+with	O
+a	O
+single	O
+absorption	B-Process
+threshold	O
+or	O
+band	O
+gap	O
+Eg	O
+:	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+incomplete	B-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+photons	B-Material
+with	O
+energies	O
+below	O
+Eg	O
+are	O
+not	O
+absorbed	O
+;	O
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+thermalization	B-Process
+or	O
+carrier	B-Process
+cooling	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+solar	B-Material
+photons	I-Material
+with	O
+sufficient	O
+energy	O
+generate	O
+electron-hole	B-Material
+pairs	I-Material
+and	O
+then	O
+immediately	O
+lose	O
+almost	O
+all	O
+energy	O
+in	O
+excess	O
+of	O
+Eg	O
+in	O
+the	O
+form	O
+of	O
+heat	O
+;	O
+and	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+radiative	B-Process
+recombination	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+a	O
+small	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+excited	O
+states	O
+radioactively	O
+recombine	O
+with	O
+the	O
+ground	O
+state	O
+at	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+power	O
+output	O
+(	O
+Hanna	O
+&	O
+Nozik	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+;	O
+Henry	O
+,	O
+1980	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Taking	O
+an	O
+air	O
+mass	O
+of	O
+1.5	O
+as	O
+an	O
+example	O
+,	O
+for	O
+different	O
+band	O
+gap	O
+Eg	O
+these	O
+three	O
+losses	O
+can	O
+be	O
+calculated	O
+and	O
+the	O
+results	O
+are	O
+indicated	O
+by	O
+areas	O
+S1	O
+,	O
+S2	O
+,	O
+and	O
+S3	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+1.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+the	O
+area	O
+under	O
+the	O
+outer	O
+curve	O
+is	O
+the	O
+solar	B-Process
+power	I-Process
+per	O
+unit	O
+area	O
+,	O
+and	O
+that	O
+only	O
+S4	O
+can	O
+be	O
+delivered	O
+to	O
+the	O
+load	O
+.	O
+
+Xylanases	B-Material
+have	O
+potential	O
+applications	O
+in	O
+various	O
+fields	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+important	O
+applications	O
+are	O
+as	O
+fallows	O
+.	O
+Xylanases	O
+are	O
+used	O
+as	O
+bleaching	B-Material
+agent	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+pulp	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+paper	I-Task
+industry	I-Task
+.	O
+Mostly	O
+they	O
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+hydrolyzed	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+xylan	I-Process
+component	I-Process
+from	O
+wood	B-Material
+which	O
+facilitate	O
+in	O
+removal	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+lignin	I-Process
+(	O
+Viikari	O
+,	O
+Kantelinen	O
+,	O
+Buchert	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Puls	O
+,	O
+1994	O
+)	O
+.	O
+It	O
+also	O
+helps	O
+in	O
+brightening	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+pulp	I-Process
+to	O
+avoid	O
+the	O
+chlorine	B-Process
+free	I-Process
+bleaching	I-Process
+operations	I-Process
+(	O
+Paice	O
+,	O
+Jurasek	O
+,	O
+Ho	O
+,	O
+Bourbonnais	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Archibald	O
+,	O
+1989	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+bakeries	O
+the	O
+xylanase	B-Material
+act	O
+on	O
+the	O
+gluten	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dough	O
+and	O
+help	O
+in	O
+the	O
+even	B-Process
+redistribution	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+content	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bread	I-Process
+(	O
+Wong	O
+&	O
+Saddler	O
+,	O
+1992	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Xylanases	B-Material
+also	O
+have	O
+potential	O
+application	O
+in	O
+animal	B-Task
+feed	I-Task
+industry	I-Task
+.	O
+They	O
+are	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+hydrolysis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+non-starchy	I-Task
+polysaccharides	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+arabinoxylan	B-Material
+in	O
+monogastric	O
+diets	O
+(	O
+Walsh	O
+,	O
+Power	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Headon	O
+,	O
+1993	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Xylanases	B-Material
+also	O
+play	O
+a	O
+key	O
+role	O
+in	O
+the	O
+maceration	O
+of	O
+vegetable	O
+matter	O
+(	O
+Beck	O
+&	O
+Scoot	O
+,	O
+1974	O
+)	O
+,	O
+protoplastation	O
+of	O
+plant	O
+cells	O
+,	O
+clarification	O
+of	O
+juices	O
+and	O
+wine	O
+(	O
+Biely	O
+,	O
+1985	O
+)	O
+liquefaction	O
+of	O
+coffee	O
+mucilage	O
+for	O
+making	O
+liquid	O
+coffee	O
+,	O
+recovery	O
+of	O
+oil	O
+from	O
+subterranian	O
+mines	O
+,	O
+extraction	O
+of	O
+flavors	O
+and	O
+pigments	O
+,	O
+plant	O
+oils	O
+and	O
+starch	O
+(	O
+McCleary	O
+,	O
+1986	O
+)	O
+and	O
+to	O
+improve	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+agricultural	O
+silage	O
+production	O
+(	O
+Wong	O
+&	O
+Saddler	O
+,	O
+1992	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+ObjectiveElectrically	O
+evoked	O
+auditory	O
+steady-state	O
+responses	O
+(	O
+EASSRs	O
+)	O
+are	O
+neural	O
+potentials	O
+measured	O
+in	O
+the	O
+electroencephalogram	O
+(	O
+EEG	O
+)	O
+in	O
+response	O
+to	O
+periodic	O
+pulse	O
+trains	O
+presented	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+through	O
+a	O
+cochlear	O
+implant	O
+(	O
+CI	O
+)	O
+.	O
+EASSRs	O
+could	O
+potentially	O
+be	O
+used	O
+for	O
+objective	O
+CI	O
+fitting	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+EEG	O
+signals	O
+are	O
+contaminated	O
+with	O
+electrical	O
+CI	O
+artifacts	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+characterized	O
+the	O
+CI	O
+artifacts	O
+for	O
+monopolar	O
+mode	O
+stimulation	O
+and	O
+evaluated	O
+at	O
+which	O
+pulse	O
+rate	O
+,	O
+linear	O
+interpolation	O
+over	O
+the	O
+signal	O
+part	O
+contaminated	O
+with	O
+CI	O
+artifact	O
+is	O
+successful.MethodsCI	O
+artifacts	O
+were	O
+characterized	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+their	O
+amplitude	O
+growth	O
+functions	O
+and	O
+duration.ResultsCI	O
+artifact	O
+durations	O
+were	O
+between	O
+0.7	O
+and	O
+1.7ms	O
+,	O
+at	O
+contralateral	O
+recording	O
+electrodes	O
+.	O
+At	O
+ipsilateral	O
+recording	O
+electrodes	O
+,	O
+CI	O
+artifact	O
+durations	O
+are	O
+range	O
+from	O
+0.7	O
+to	O
+larger	O
+than	O
+2ms.ConclusionAt	O
+contralateral	O
+recording	O
+electrodes	O
+,	O
+the	O
+artifact	O
+was	O
+shorter	O
+than	O
+the	O
+interpulse	O
+interval	O
+across	O
+subjects	O
+for	O
+500pps	O
+,	O
+which	O
+was	O
+not	O
+always	O
+the	O
+case	O
+for	O
+900pps.SignificanceCI	O
+artifact-free	O
+EASSRs	O
+are	O
+crucial	O
+for	O
+reliable	O
+CI	O
+fitting	O
+and	O
+neuroscience	O
+research	O
+.	O
+The	O
+CI	O
+artifact	O
+has	O
+been	O
+characterized	O
+and	O
+linear	O
+interpolation	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+remove	O
+it	O
+at	O
+contralateral	O
+recording	O
+electrodes	O
+for	O
+stimulation	O
+at	O
+500pps	O
+.	O
+
+One	O
+way	O
+to	O
+enforce	O
+this	O
+ratio	O
+is	O
+to	O
+use	O
+a	O
+probabilistic	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+‘	I-Process
+roulette	I-Process
+wheel’	I-Process
+style	I-Process
+lane	B-Task
+selection	I-Task
+policy	I-Task
+.	O
+VISSIM	B-Process
+,	O
+along	O
+with	O
+most	O
+simulation	B-Process
+toolkits	I-Process
+,	O
+offers	O
+methods	O
+to	O
+specify	O
+probabilistic	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+whereby	O
+a	O
+defined	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+vehicles	O
+are	O
+sent	O
+down	O
+unique	O
+routes	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+a	O
+piecewise	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+reapplied	O
+at	O
+various	O
+locations	O
+around	O
+a	O
+simulation	B-Process
+.	O
+While	O
+these	O
+methods	O
+are	O
+attractive	O
+from	O
+a	O
+calibration	O
+perspective	O
+as	O
+exact	O
+representations	O
+of	O
+existing	O
+statistics	O
+can	O
+be	O
+ensured	O
+,	O
+the	O
+process	O
+is	O
+an	O
+unrealistic	O
+one	O
+as	O
+it	O
+assumes	O
+that	O
+drivers	B-Material
+make	O
+probabilistic	O
+decisions	O
+at	O
+precise	O
+locations	O
+.	O
+So	O
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+when	O
+a	O
+vehicle	B-Material
+arrives	O
+at	O
+a	O
+point	O
+prior	O
+to	O
+the	O
+weighbridges	B-Material
+it	O
+is	O
+allocated	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lanes	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+respective	O
+probabilities	O
+.	O
+It	O
+turns	O
+out	O
+that	O
+this	O
+method	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+significant	O
+variations	O
+in	O
+trip	O
+times	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+random	O
+number	O
+seed	O
+,	O
+this	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+in	O
+a	O
+graphic	O
+of	O
+the	O
+key	O
+areas	O
+of	O
+the	O
+simulation	O
+for	O
+the	O
+2	O
+different	O
+runs	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+7	O
+)	O
+.	O
+One	O
+of	O
+the	O
+benefits	O
+of	O
+graphical	B-Process
+microsimulation	I-Process
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+2D	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+3D	I-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+help	O
+the	O
+researcher	O
+to	O
+visualise	O
+a	O
+new	O
+scheme	O
+and	O
+its	O
+potential	O
+benefits	O
+but	O
+also	O
+to	O
+highlight	O
+unrealistic	O
+behaviour	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+7	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+congestion	O
+at	O
+the	O
+decision	O
+point	O
+for	O
+2	O
+different	O
+runs	O
+.	O
+Using	O
+probabilistic	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+to	O
+enforce	O
+correct	O
+routing	O
+percentages	O
+is	O
+a	O
+clear	O
+case	O
+of	O
+overcalibration	O
+affecting	O
+simulation	B-Process
+brittleness	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+few	O
+studies	O
+within	O
+the	O
+physiological	O
+domain	O
+are	O
+of	O
+special	O
+relevance	O
+to	O
+this	O
+work	O
+.	O
+These	O
+include	O
+a	O
+performance	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+a	O
+blood-flow	B-Process
+LB	I-Process
+solver	I-Process
+using	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+sparse	O
+and	O
+non-sparse	O
+geometries	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+and	O
+a	O
+performance	B-Process
+prediction	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+for	O
+lattice-Boltzmann	B-Process
+solvers	I-Process
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+performance	B-Process
+prediction	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+largely	O
+to	O
+our	O
+HemeLB	B-Process
+application	I-Process
+,	O
+although	O
+HemeLB	O
+uses	O
+a	O
+different	O
+decomposition	O
+technique	O
+and	O
+performs	O
+real-time	O
+rendering	O
+and	O
+visualisation	O
+tasks	O
+during	O
+the	O
+LB	B-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+.	O
+Mazzeo	O
+and	O
+Coveney	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+studied	O
+the	O
+scalability	O
+of	O
+an	O
+earlier	O
+version	O
+of	O
+HemeLB	B-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+current	O
+performance	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+HemeLB	O
+are	O
+substantially	O
+enhanced	O
+due	O
+to	O
+numerous	O
+subsequent	O
+advances	O
+in	O
+the	O
+code	O
+,	O
+amongst	O
+others	O
+:	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+hierarchical	O
+,	O
+compressed	O
+file	O
+format	O
+;	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+ParMETIS	B-Material
+to	O
+ensure	O
+good	O
+load-balance	O
+;	O
+the	O
+coalesced	B-Process
+communication	I-Process
+patterns	I-Process
+to	O
+reduce	O
+the	O
+overhead	O
+of	O
+rendering	B-Process
+;	O
+use	O
+of	O
+compile-time	B-Process
+polymorphism	I-Process
+to	O
+avoid	O
+virtual	O
+function	O
+calls	O
+in	O
+inner	O
+loops	O
+.	O
+
+Although	O
+mean-field	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+in	O
+all	O
+these	O
+settings	O
+,	O
+little	O
+analysis	O
+has	O
+been	O
+done	O
+on	O
+their	O
+behaviour	O
+as	O
+spatially	B-Task
+extended	I-Task
+dynamical	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+part	O
+,	O
+this	O
+is	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+staggering	O
+complexity	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Liley	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+considered	O
+here	O
+,	O
+for	O
+instance	O
+,	O
+consists	O
+of	O
+fourteen	O
+coupled	O
+Partial	B-Material
+Differential	I-Material
+Equations	I-Material
+(	O
+PDEs	B-Material
+)	O
+with	O
+strong	O
+nonlinearities	O
+,	O
+imposed	O
+by	O
+coupling	O
+between	O
+the	O
+mean	O
+membrane	B-Material
+potentials	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+mean	O
+synaptic	B-Material
+inputs	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+model	O
+can	O
+be	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+a	O
+system	O
+of	O
+Ordinary	B-Material
+Differential	I-Material
+Equations	I-Material
+(	O
+ODEs	B-Material
+)	O
+by	O
+considering	O
+only	O
+spatially	O
+homogeneous	O
+solutions	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+system	O
+has	O
+been	O
+examined	O
+in	O
+detail	O
+using	O
+numerical	B-Process
+bifurcation	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+and	O
+references	O
+therein	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+compute	O
+equilibria	O
+,	O
+periodic	O
+orbits	O
+and	O
+such	O
+objects	O
+for	O
+the	O
+PDE	B-Material
+model	I-Material
+,	O
+we	O
+need	O
+a	O
+flexible	O
+,	O
+stable	O
+simulation	O
+code	O
+for	O
+the	O
+model	O
+and	O
+its	O
+linearization	O
+that	O
+can	O
+run	O
+in	O
+parallel	O
+to	O
+scale	O
+up	O
+to	O
+a	O
+domain	O
+size	O
+of	O
+about	O
+2500cm2	O
+,	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+a	O
+full-grown	O
+human	O
+cortex	O
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+need	O
+efficient	B-Task
+,	I-Task
+iterative	I-Task
+solvers	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+linear	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+large	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+sparse	I-Task
+matrices	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+show	O
+that	O
+all	O
+this	O
+can	O
+be	O
+accomplished	O
+in	O
+the	O
+open-source	O
+software	O
+package	O
+PETSc	B-Material
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+implementation	O
+consists	O
+of	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+functions	O
+in	O
+C	O
+that	O
+are	O
+available	O
+publicly	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+While	O
+virtualization	B-Process
+technologies	I-Process
+certainly	O
+reduce	O
+the	O
+complexity	O
+of	O
+using	O
+a	O
+system	O
+,	O
+and	O
+especially	O
+when	O
+working	O
+across	O
+multiple	O
+heterogeneous	O
+computing	O
+environments	O
+,	O
+they	O
+are	O
+not	O
+widely	O
+deployed	O
+in	O
+high	B-Process
+performance	I-Process
+computing	I-Process
+scenarios	O
+.	O
+As	O
+its	O
+name	O
+suggest	O
+,	O
+HPC	B-Process
+seeks	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+maximum	O
+performance	O
+from	O
+computing	O
+platforms	O
+.	O
+Extra	O
+software	O
+layers	O
+impact	O
+detrimentally	O
+on	O
+performance	O
+,	O
+meaning	O
+that	O
+in	O
+HPC	O
+scenarios	O
+users	O
+typically	O
+run	O
+the	O
+applications	B-Material
+as	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+‘	O
+bare	O
+metal’	O
+as	O
+possible	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+to	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+degradation	O
+introduced	O
+by	O
+virtualization	B-Process
+technologies	I-Process
+,	O
+choosing	O
+what	O
+details	O
+to	O
+abstract	O
+in	O
+a	O
+virtualized	B-Material
+interface	I-Material
+is	O
+itself	O
+very	O
+important	O
+.	O
+Grid	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+cloud	I-Process
+computing	I-Process
+support	O
+different	O
+interaction	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+grid	B-Process
+computing	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+user	O
+interacts	O
+with	O
+an	O
+individual	O
+resource	O
+(	O
+or	O
+sometimes	O
+a	O
+broker	B-Material
+)	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+launch	O
+jobs	O
+into	O
+a	O
+queuing	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+cloud	B-Process
+computing	I-Process
+,	O
+users	O
+interact	O
+with	O
+a	O
+virtual	B-Material
+server	I-Material
+,	O
+in	O
+effect	O
+putting	O
+them	O
+in	O
+control	O
+of	O
+their	O
+own	O
+complete	O
+operating	O
+system	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+of	O
+these	O
+interaction	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+put	O
+the	O
+onus	O
+on	O
+the	O
+user	O
+to	O
+understand	O
+very	O
+specific	O
+details	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+that	O
+they	O
+are	O
+dealing	O
+with	O
+,	O
+making	O
+life	O
+difficult	O
+for	O
+the	O
+end	O
+user	O
+,	O
+typically	O
+a	O
+scientist	O
+who	O
+wants	O
+to	O
+progress	O
+his	O
+or	O
+her	O
+scientific	O
+investigations	O
+without	O
+any	O
+specific	O
+usability	O
+hurdles	O
+obstructing	O
+the	O
+pathway	O
+.	O
+
+FabHemeLB	B-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+Python	B-Material
+tool	I-Material
+which	O
+helps	O
+automate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+construction	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+management	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+ensemble	I-Task
+simulation	I-Task
+workflows	I-Task
+.	O
+FabHemeLB	B-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+extended	O
+version	O
+of	O
+FabSim	B-Material
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+configured	O
+to	O
+handle	O
+HemeLB	B-Material
+operations	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+FabSim	B-Material
+and	O
+FabHemeLB	B-Material
+help	O
+to	O
+automate	B-Task
+application	I-Task
+deployment	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+execution	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+remote	I-Task
+resources	I-Task
+.	O
+FabHemeLB	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+compile	O
+and	O
+build	O
+HemeLB	B-Material
+on	O
+any	O
+remote	O
+resource	O
+,	O
+to	O
+reuse	O
+machine-specific	O
+configurations	O
+,	O
+and	O
+to	O
+organize	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+curate	I-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+can	O
+also	O
+submit	O
+HemeLB	B-Material
+jobs	O
+to	O
+a	O
+remote	O
+resource	O
+specifying	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+cores	O
+and	O
+the	O
+wall	O
+clock	O
+time	O
+limit	O
+for	O
+completing	O
+a	O
+simulation	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+tool	O
+is	O
+also	O
+able	O
+to	O
+monitor	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+queue	I-Process
+status	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+remote	I-Process
+resources	I-Process
+,	O
+fetch	B-Process
+results	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+completed	I-Process
+jobs	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+can	O
+conveniently	O
+combine	B-Process
+functionalities	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+single	I-Process
+one-line	I-Process
+commands	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+general	O
+,	O
+the	O
+FabHemeLB	B-Material
+commands	O
+have	O
+the	O
+following	O
+structure	O
+:	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+an	O
+implementation	O
+of	O
+a	O
+LBP	B-Material
+(	O
+local	B-Material
+binary	I-Material
+pattern	I-Material
+)	O
+based	O
+fast	O
+face	B-Task
+recognition	I-Task
+system	O
+on	O
+symbian	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+is	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+face	O
+in	O
+picture	O
+taken	O
+from	O
+camera	O
+is	O
+detected	O
+using	O
+AdaBoost	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+Second	O
+,	O
+the	O
+pre-processing	O
+of	O
+the	O
+face	O
+is	O
+done	O
+,	O
+including	O
+eye	B-Task
+location	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+geometric	I-Task
+normalization	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+illumination	I-Task
+normalization	I-Task
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+face	B-Task
+preprocessing	I-Task
+,	O
+a	O
+rapid	O
+eye	B-Task
+location	I-Task
+method	O
+named	O
+ER	B-Process
+(	O
+Eyeball	B-Process
+Search	I-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+and	O
+implemented	O
+.	O
+Last	O
+,	O
+the	O
+improved	O
+LBP	B-Material
+is	O
+adopted	O
+for	O
+recognition	B-Task
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+capability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+symbian	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+is	O
+limited	O
+,	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+show	O
+good	O
+performance	O
+for	O
+recognition	O
+rate	O
+and	O
+time	O
+.	O
+in	O
+pressIn	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+an	O
+implementation	O
+of	O
+a	O
+LBP	B-Material
+(	O
+local	B-Material
+binary	I-Material
+pattern	I-Material
+)	O
+based	O
+fast	O
+face	O
+recognition	O
+system	O
+on	O
+symbian	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+is	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+face	O
+in	O
+picture	O
+taken	O
+from	O
+camera	O
+is	O
+detected	O
+using	O
+AdaBoost	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+Second	O
+,	O
+the	O
+pre-processing	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+face	I-Task
+is	O
+done	O
+,	O
+including	O
+eye	B-Task
+location	I-Task
+,	O
+geometric	B-Task
+normalization	I-Task
+,	O
+illumination	B-Task
+normalization	I-Task
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+face	O
+preprocessing	B-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+rapid	O
+eye	B-Process
+location	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+named	O
+ER	B-Process
+(	O
+Eyeball	B-Process
+Search	I-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+and	O
+implemented	O
+.	O
+Last	O
+,	O
+the	O
+improved	O
+LBP	B-Material
+is	O
+adopted	O
+for	O
+recognition	B-Process
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+capability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+symbian	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+is	O
+limited	O
+,	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+show	O
+good	O
+performance	O
+for	O
+recognition	B-Task
+rate	O
+and	O
+time	O
+.	O
+in	O
+press	O
+
+A	O
+sentence	B-Task
+alignment	I-Task
+model	O
+based	O
+on	O
+combined	O
+clues	O
+and	O
+Kernel	B-Process
+Extensional	I-Process
+Matrix	I-Process
+Matching	I-Process
+(	O
+KEMM	B-Process
+)	O
+method	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+model	O
+,	O
+a	O
+similarity	B-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+for	O
+sentence	B-Task
+aligning	I-Task
+is	O
+formed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+similarities	O
+of	O
+bilingual	O
+sentences	O
+calculated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+combined	O
+clues	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+lexicon	O
+,	O
+morphology	O
+,	O
+length	O
+and	O
+special	O
+symbols	O
+,	O
+etc.	O
+;	O
+then	O
+this	O
+similarity	B-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+construct	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+select	I-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+for	O
+sentence	B-Task
+aligning	I-Task
+;	O
+finally	O
+,	O
+obtains	O
+the	O
+sentence	O
+alignments	O
+by	O
+KEMM	B-Process
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+illustrated	O
+that	O
+our	O
+model	O
+outperforms	O
+over	O
+the	O
+Gale	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+on	O
+handling	O
+any	O
+types	O
+of	O
+sentence	O
+alignments	O
+,	O
+with	O
+30	O
+%	O
+total	O
+sentence	B-Task
+alignment	I-Task
+error	O
+rate	O
+decreasing	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+a	O
+comparison	B-Task
+between	I-Task
+two	I-Task
+popular	I-Task
+feature	I-Task
+extraction	I-Task
+methods	I-Task
+is	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+Scale-invariant	B-Process
+feature	I-Process
+transform	I-Process
+(	O
+or	O
+SIFT	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+first	O
+method	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Speeded	B-Process
+up	I-Process
+robust	I-Process
+features	I-Process
+(	O
+or	O
+SURF	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+presented	O
+as	O
+second	O
+.	O
+These	O
+two	O
+methods	O
+are	O
+tested	O
+on	O
+set	O
+of	O
+depth	B-Material
+maps	I-Material
+.	O
+Ten	O
+defined	O
+gestures	O
+of	O
+left	O
+hand	O
+are	O
+in	O
+these	O
+depth	O
+maps	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Microsoft	B-Process
+Kinect	I-Process
+camera	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+for	O
+capturing	O
+the	O
+images	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Support	B-Process
+vector	I-Process
+machine	I-Process
+(	O
+or	O
+SVM	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+used	O
+as	O
+classification	B-Process
+method	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+are	O
+accuracy	O
+of	O
+SVM	B-Process
+prediction	O
+on	O
+selected	O
+images	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+figure	O
+demonstrates	O
+that	O
+changes	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+measure	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+bitumen	I-Process
+content	I-Process
+create	O
+sizable	O
+differences	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+stiffness	I-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+asphaltic	I-Process
+samples	I-Process
+that	O
+include	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+the	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+glass	O
+increases	O
+,	O
+the	O
+measure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+modified	B-Material
+asphalt	I-Material
+increases	O
+too	O
+.	O
+But	O
+with	O
+pass	O
+of	O
+optimum	O
+measure	O
+of	O
+glass	B-Material
+the	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+asphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+decrease	O
+.	O
+This	O
+trend	O
+in	O
+total	O
+of	O
+percentages	O
+of	O
+bitumen	B-Material
+content	O
+is	O
+existing	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+that	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+has	O
+no	O
+suction	O
+;	O
+the	O
+trend	O
+does	O
+not	O
+extend	O
+to	O
+measuring	O
+the	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+asphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+including	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+with	O
+different	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+bitumen	B-Material
+content	O
+.	O
+Glass	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+do	O
+not	O
+absorb	O
+any	O
+bituminous	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+,	O
+so	O
+it	O
+is	O
+necessary	O
+to	O
+decrease	O
+the	O
+bitumen	B-Material
+content	O
+with	O
+the	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+glass	B-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+.	O
+According	O
+to	O
+Fig.	O
+2	O
+and	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Marshall	B-Process
+tests	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+optimum	O
+bitumen	B-Material
+measures	O
+decrease	O
+significantly	O
+in	O
+samples	O
+that	O
+include	O
+higher	O
+percentages	O
+of	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+the	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+optimum	O
+bitumen	B-Material
+content	O
+is	O
+1	O
+%	O
+more	O
+in	O
+samples	O
+without	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+in	O
+comparison	O
+with	O
+saphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+that	O
+include	O
+20	O
+%	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+asphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+that	O
+include	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+increased	O
+due	O
+to	O
+additional	O
+interlocking	B-Process
+between	O
+the	O
+aggregate	O
+and	O
+the	O
+angularity	O
+of	O
+particles	O
+of	O
+glass	B-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+content	O
+.	O
+The	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+the	O
+intrusive	O
+friction	O
+angle	O
+because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+glass	B-Material
+particles’	I-Material
+increased	O
+angularity	O
+is	O
+the	O
+main	O
+reason	O
+for	O
+the	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+asphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+that	O
+include	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+.	O
+But	O
+as	O
+the	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+glass	O
+content	O
+reaches	O
+greater	O
+than	O
+15	O
+%	O
+,	O
+the	O
+particles’	O
+abundance	O
+cause	O
+slip	O
+these	O
+particles	B-Material
+on	O
+together	O
+.	O
+The	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+samples	O
+decreases	O
+as	O
+the	O
+percentage	O
+of	O
+glass	B-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+increases	O
+.	O
+The	O
+variations	O
+in	O
+the	O
+stiffness	B-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+of	O
+asphaltic	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+that	O
+include	O
+different	O
+percentages	O
+of	O
+waste	B-Material
+glass	I-Material
+cullet	I-Material
+at	O
+different	O
+temperature	O
+are	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+.	O
+