diff --git "a/train.txt" "b/train.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/train.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,65670 @@
+Nuclear	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+devoted	O
+major	O
+efforts	O
+since	O
+4	O
+decades	O
+to	O
+describe	O
+thermalization	B-Task
+in	O
+nuclear	B-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+,	O
+predominantly	O
+using	O
+semi-classical	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+[	O
+13,14,10	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+line	O
+with	O
+similar	O
+problems	O
+in	O
+quantum	B-Material
+liquids	I-Material
+[	O
+15,16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+There	O
+were	O
+attempts	O
+to	O
+develop	O
+improved	B-Process
+molecular	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+combining	B-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+features	I-Task
+with	O
+a	O
+semi	B-Process
+classical	I-Process
+treatment	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+dynamical	I-Process
+correlations	I-Process
+[	O
+17,18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Still	O
+,	O
+no	O
+clear-cut	O
+quantum	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+is	O
+readily	O
+available	O
+yet	O
+,	O
+in	O
+spite	O
+of	O
+numerous	O
+formal	O
+attempts	O
+[	O
+19,20,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+field	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+clusters	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+nano	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+is	O
+far	O
+younger	O
+but	O
+fast	O
+developing	O
+in	O
+relation	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ongoing	O
+developments	O
+of	O
+lasers	B-Process
+and	O
+imaging	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+.	O
+Semiclassical	O
+approaches	O
+were	O
+also	O
+considered	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+to	O
+include	O
+some	O
+dynamical	O
+corrections	O
+[	O
+21,22	O
+]	O
+and	O
+could	O
+qualitatively	B-Process
+describe	I-Process
+dynamical	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+But	O
+such	O
+approaches	O
+are	O
+bound	O
+to	O
+simple	B-Material
+metals	I-Material
+with	O
+sufficiently	O
+delocalized	O
+wave	O
+functions	O
+,	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+smooth	O
+potentials	O
+justifying	O
+semiclassical	O
+approximations	O
+.	O
+The	O
+case	O
+of	O
+organic	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+,	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+the	O
+much	O
+celebrated	O
+C60	B-Material
+[	O
+4,23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+treated	O
+this	O
+way	O
+.	O
+Semi	O
+classical	O
+,	O
+and	O
+even	O
+classical	O
+approaches	O
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+at	O
+very	O
+high	O
+excitations	O
+such	O
+as	O
+delivered	O
+by	O
+very	B-Process
+intense	I-Process
+laser	I-Process
+pulses	I-Process
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+such	O
+cases	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+blown	O
+up	O
+and	O
+details	O
+of	O
+its	O
+quantum	B-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+features	I-Task
+do	O
+not	O
+matter	O
+anymore	O
+.	O
+But	O
+for	O
+less	O
+violent	O
+scenarios	O
+,	O
+quantum	B-Process
+shell	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+cannot	O
+be	O
+ignored	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+next	O
+important	O
+step	O
+might	O
+be	O
+the	O
+derivation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Dirac	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+.	O
+The	B-Process
+Creutz	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+32	O
+]	O
+suggests	O
+that	O
+we	O
+should	O
+consider	O
+incorporating	O
+into	O
+the	O
+logical	O
+inference	O
+treatment	O
+,	O
+the	O
+additional	O
+knowledge	O
+that	O
+one	O
+has	O
+objects	B-Process
+hopping	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+lattice	I-Process
+instead	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+particles	I-Process
+moving	O
+in	O
+a	O
+space-time	O
+continuum	O
+.	O
+Recall	O
+that	O
+up	O
+to	O
+Section	O
+2.4	O
+,	O
+the	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+measurement	B-Task
+scenario	I-Task
+,	O
+robustness	O
+etc.	O
+is	O
+explicitly	O
+discrete	O
+.	O
+In	O
+Section	O
+2.4	O
+,	O
+the	O
+continuum	O
+limit	O
+was	O
+taken	O
+only	O
+because	O
+our	O
+aim	O
+was	O
+to	O
+derive	O
+the	O
+Pauli	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+formulated	O
+in	O
+continuum	B-Material
+space-time	I-Material
+.	O
+Of	O
+course	O
+,	O
+the	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+motion	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+in	O
+Section	O
+2.6	O
+is	O
+entirely	O
+within	O
+a	O
+continuum	O
+description	O
+but	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+fundamental	O
+obstacle	O
+to	O
+replace	O
+this	O
+treatment	O
+by	O
+a	O
+proper	O
+treatment	O
+of	O
+objects	B-Material
+hopping	O
+on	O
+a	O
+lattice	B-Material
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+it	O
+seems	O
+plausible	O
+that	O
+the	O
+logical	O
+inference	O
+approach	O
+can	O
+be	O
+extended	O
+to	O
+describe	O
+massless	B-Material
+spin-1	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+2	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+moving	O
+in	O
+continuum	O
+space-time	O
+by	O
+considering	O
+the	O
+continuum	O
+limit	O
+of	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+lattice	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+An	O
+in-depth	O
+,	O
+general	O
+treatment	O
+of	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+is	O
+beyond	O
+the	O
+scope	O
+of	O
+the	O
+present	O
+paper	O
+and	O
+we	O
+therefore	O
+leave	O
+this	O
+interesting	O
+problem	O
+for	O
+future	B-Task
+research	I-Task
+.	O
+
+A	O
+fluctuating	B-Material
+vacuum	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+general	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+quantum	B-Process
+fields	I-Process
+,	O
+of	O
+which	O
+the	O
+free	B-Process
+Maxwell	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+considered	O
+in	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+is	O
+but	O
+one	O
+example	O
+.	O
+Fermionic	B-Process
+fields	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+that	O
+describing	O
+the	O
+electron	O
+,	O
+also	O
+undergo	B-Process
+vacuum	I-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+,	O
+consequently	O
+one	O
+expects	O
+to	O
+find	O
+Casimir	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+associated	O
+with	O
+such	B-Process
+fields	I-Process
+whenever	O
+they	O
+are	O
+confined	O
+in	O
+some	O
+way	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+effects	O
+were	O
+first	O
+investigated	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+physics	I-Task
+,	O
+within	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+“	B-Task
+MIT	I-Task
+bag	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+”	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+nucleon	I-Task
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+bag-model	O
+one	O
+envisages	O
+the	O
+nucleon	O
+as	O
+a	B-Task
+collection	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+fermionic	I-Task
+fields	I-Task
+describing	I-Task
+confined	I-Task
+quarks	I-Task
+.	O
+These	O
+quarks	O
+are	O
+subject	O
+to	O
+a	O
+boundary	O
+condition	O
+at	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+the	O
+‘	O
+bag’	O
+that	O
+represents	O
+the	O
+nucleon	O
+’s	O
+surface	O
+.	O
+Just	O
+as	O
+in	O
+the	O
+electromagnetic	O
+case	O
+,	O
+the	B-Process
+bag	I-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+condition	I-Process
+modifies	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+vacuum	I-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+results	O
+in	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Casimir	B-Task
+force	I-Task
+[	O
+14	O
+–	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+force	O
+,	O
+although	O
+very	O
+weak	O
+at	O
+a	O
+macroscopic	O
+scale	O
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+significant	O
+on	O
+the	O
+small	O
+length	O
+scales	O
+encountered	O
+in	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+physics	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+therefore	O
+has	O
+important	O
+consequences	O
+for	O
+the	O
+physics	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bag-model	B-Material
+nucleon	I-Material
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+have	O
+presented	O
+spectrally	B-Process
+resolved	I-Process
+femtosecond	I-Process
+three-pulse	I-Process
+photon	I-Process
+echo	I-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+on	O
+Zn	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+,	O
+Ni	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+and	O
+Co	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+.	O
+Increased	B-Task
+degree	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+freedom	I-Task
+in	O
+scans	O
+of	O
+time	O
+delays	O
+allows	O
+one	O
+to	O
+separate	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+extract	I-Process
+specific	I-Process
+type	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+spectroscopic	I-Process
+information	I-Process
+in	O
+complex	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+by	O
+studying	O
+spectral	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+temporal	I-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+photon	I-Process
+echo	I-Process
+signals	I-Process
+.	O
+By	O
+varying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+population	I-Process
+times	I-Process
+,	O
+population	B-Task
+relaxation	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+and	O
+inhomogeneous	B-Process
+broadening	I-Process
+is	O
+revealed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+photon	B-Material
+echo	I-Material
+spectra	I-Material
+.	O
+Time-integrated	B-Process
+photon	I-Process
+echo	I-Process
+signals	I-Process
+show	O
+two	O
+different	O
+timescales	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+electronic	B-Material
+relaxation	I-Material
+timescale	I-Material
+is	O
+found	O
+to	O
+be	O
+sub	B-Material
+50fs	I-Material
+whereas	O
+the	O
+timescale	B-Material
+for	O
+intramolecular	B-Process
+vibrational	I-Process
+relaxation	I-Process
+,	O
+occurring	O
+in	O
+Q00	B-Material
+band	I-Material
+,	O
+was	O
+found	O
+to	O
+be	O
+over	O
+a	O
+picosecond	O
+for	O
+Co	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+and	O
+Ni	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+and	O
+within	B-Material
+a	I-Material
+picosecond	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+Zn	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+II	I-Material
+)–	I-Material
+OEP	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Water	B-Material
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+important	O
+liquid	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+its	O
+structure	O
+remains	O
+a	O
+topic	O
+of	O
+keen	O
+debate	O
+and	O
+an	O
+active	O
+area	O
+of	O
+research	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Much	O
+of	O
+this	O
+debate	O
+centers	O
+around	O
+whether	O
+water	B-Material
+has	O
+a	O
+mainly	O
+tetrahedral	O
+structure	O
+with	O
+a	O
+continuum	O
+of	O
+distorted	B-Material
+hydrogen	I-Material
+bonds	I-Material
+,	O
+or	O
+if	O
+it	O
+contains	O
+a	O
+mixture	O
+of	O
+two	O
+distinct	O
+components	O
+.	O
+One	O
+major	O
+development	O
+in	O
+recent	O
+years	O
+is	O
+the	O
+application	O
+of	O
+inner-shell	B-Process
+spectroscopic	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+X-ray	B-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+XAS	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+X-ray	B-Process
+emission	I-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+XES	B-Process
+)	O
+at	O
+the	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+K-edge	I-Material
+to	O
+investigate	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+water	B-Material
+[	O
+2,10	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+These	O
+methods	O
+can	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+direct	B-Process
+structural	I-Process
+probe	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+,	O
+providing	O
+insight	O
+into	O
+the	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+its	O
+hydrogen	B-Task
+bonding	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+.	O
+Theoretical	O
+studies	O
+play	O
+a	O
+critical	O
+role	O
+in	O
+these	O
+studies	O
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+requires	O
+calculations	B-Material
+to	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+link	O
+between	O
+the	O
+observed	B-Process
+spectral	I-Process
+features	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+underlying	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+simulation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+XAS	B-Process
+or	O
+XES	B-Process
+for	O
+liquid	B-Material
+water	I-Material
+presents	O
+a	O
+difficult	O
+challenge	O
+because	O
+it	O
+requires	O
+accurate	B-Process
+molecular	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+to	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+correct	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+molecular	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+coupled	O
+with	O
+accurate	O
+calculations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+spectral	B-Task
+properties	I-Task
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+excitation	B-Task
+energies	I-Task
+and	O
+line	B-Task
+intensities	I-Task
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+adequate	B-Material
+sampling	I-Material
+over	O
+molecular	B-Process
+configurations	I-Process
+also	O
+needs	O
+to	O
+be	O
+accounted	O
+for	O
+.	O
+
+Under	O
+these	O
+experimental	O
+conditions	O
+,	O
+the	O
+observed	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+has	O
+to	O
+occur	O
+where	O
+the	O
+probe	B-Process
+laser	I-Process
+induces	O
+the	O
+reactions	B-Task
+resulting	O
+in	O
+further	B-Process
+ionization	I-Process
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+two-step	B-Process
+decay	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+26	O
+]	O
+was	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+explain	O
+the	O
+above-mentioned	O
+fragmentation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+DCPD	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+CPD	I-Process
+,	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Figure	O
+8a	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fitting	O
+of	O
+the	O
+rise	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+decay	I-Material
+components	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+transients	B-Material
+were	O
+done	O
+by	O
+Matlab	B-Process
+®	I-Process
+programming	I-Process
+using	O
+the	O
+curve	B-Process
+fitting	I-Process
+Levenberg	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Marquardt	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+best	B-Process
+fit	I-Process
+decay	I-Process
+constants	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+biexponential	B-Material
+decay	I-Material
+components	I-Material
+of	O
+C10H12	B-Material
++	I-Material
+ion	I-Material
+signal	I-Material
+is	O
+τ1	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+35fs	I-Process
+and	O
+τ2	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+240fs	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+that	O
+for	O
+C5H6	B-Material
++	I-Material
+ion	I-Material
+signal	I-Material
+is	O
+τ1	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+36fs	I-Process
+and	O
+τ2	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+280fs	I-Process
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+These	O
+decay	B-Task
+constants	I-Task
+conform	O
+to	O
+the	O
+previously	O
+reported	O
+time	O
+constants	O
+of	O
+norbornene	B-Material
+and	O
+norbornadiene	B-Material
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+transients	O
+of	O
+the	O
+reaction	O
+fragment	O
+C5H6	O
++	O
+are	O
+sufficiently	O
+different	O
+from	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+parent	B-Material
+ion	I-Material
+C10H12	B-Material
++	I-Material
+indicating	O
+that	O
+we	O
+are	O
+studying	O
+the	O
+distinct	B-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+neutrals	I-Task
+and	O
+not	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+parent	B-Task
+ion	I-Task
+fragmentation	I-Task
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Applying	B-Process
+laser	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+principles	I-Process
+under	O
+such	O
+experimental	O
+circumstances	O
+also	O
+confirms	O
+that	O
+we	O
+are	O
+controlling	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+product	I-Process
+yield	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+C5H6	I-Process
++	I-Process
+,	O
+resulting	O
+from	O
+the	O
+photochemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+DCPD	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Experimental	O
+studies	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dynamics	O
+of	O
+individual	O
+carbon	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+in	O
+graphene	B-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+empowered	O
+by	O
+the	O
+recent	O
+progress	O
+in	O
+aberration-corrected	B-Process
+transmission	I-Process
+electron	I-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+AC-TEM	B-Process
+)	O
+capable	O
+of	O
+sub-Ångstrom	B-Process
+resolution	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+examples	O
+include	O
+AC-TEM	B-Process
+observations	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+formation	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+annealing	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+Stone	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Wales	I-Process
+defects	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+,	O
+edge	B-Process
+reconstruction	I-Process
+[	O
+2,3	O
+]	O
+and	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+large	I-Process
+hole	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+graphene	I-Process
+sheet	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+single	I-Process
+vacancy	I-Process
+defect	I-Process
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+AC-TEM	O
+has	O
+been	O
+also	O
+exploited	O
+in	O
+visualization	O
+in	O
+real	O
+time	O
+of	O
+the	O
+process	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+self-assembly	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+graphene	I-Process
+nanoribbons	I-Process
+from	O
+molecular	B-Material
+precursors	I-Material
+[	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+and	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+nanometre	I-Process
+size	I-Process
+hollow	I-Process
+protrusion	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+nanotube	I-Process
+sidewall	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+AC-TEM	B-Process
+observations	I-Process
+of	O
+transformation	O
+of	O
+small	B-Material
+finite	I-Material
+graphene	I-Material
+flake	I-Material
+into	O
+fullerene	B-Material
+,	O
+a	O
+new	O
+‘	B-Task
+top-down’	I-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+formation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+fullerene	I-Task
+under	O
+the	O
+electron	O
+beam	O
+radiation	O
+has	O
+been	O
+proposed	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+critical	O
+step	O
+in	O
+the	O
+proposed	B-Task
+‘	I-Task
+top-down’	I-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+fullerene	I-Task
+formation	I-Task
+is	O
+creation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+vacancies	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+small	I-Process
+graphene	I-Process
+flake	I-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+result	O
+of	O
+knock-on	B-Process
+damage	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+electrons	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+imaging	I-Process
+electron	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+e-beam	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+subsequent	B-Task
+formation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+pentagons	I-Task
+at	O
+the	O
+vacancy	O
+sites	O
+near	O
+the	O
+edge	O
+reduces	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+dangling	O
+bonds	O
+and	O
+triggers	O
+the	O
+curving	O
+process	O
+of	O
+graphene	O
+flake	O
+into	O
+a	O
+closed	O
+fullerene	O
+structure	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+dynamic	O
+behaviour	O
+of	O
+vacancies	O
+near	O
+graphene	O
+edge	O
+plays	O
+a	O
+crucial	O
+role	O
+in	O
+explaining	O
+mechanisms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+e-beam	B-Task
+assisted	I-Task
+self-assembly	I-Task
+and	O
+structural	B-Task
+transformations	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+graphene-like	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+PESs	O
+here	O
+employed	O
+have	O
+already	O
+been	O
+tested	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+verify	B-Process
+their	I-Process
+validity	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+dynamical	I-Process
+purposes	I-Process
+.	O
+Such	O
+tests	O
+include	O
+studies	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+nitrogen	I-Task
+exchange	I-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+both	O
+adiabatic	O
+by	O
+running	O
+trajectories	O
+on	O
+the	O
+lowest	O
+surfaces	O
+and	O
+non-adiabatic	O
+by	O
+using	O
+the	O
+trajectory	B-Process
+surface	I-Process
+hoping	I-Process
+(	O
+TSH	B-Process
+)	O
+method	O
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+for	O
+transitions	O
+to	O
+the	O
+excited	O
+state	O
+of	O
+same	O
+symmetry	O
+.	O
+It	O
+was	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+nonadiabatic	O
+transitions	O
+could	O
+not	O
+make	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+impact	O
+on	O
+the	O
+rate	B-Material
+coefficients	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+all	O
+trajectories	O
+here	O
+reported	O
+are	O
+independently	B-Process
+integrated	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+each	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+lowest	O
+adiabatic	O
+PES	O
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+tested	O
+the	O
+impact	O
+of	O
+running	O
+the	O
+trajectories	O
+starting	O
+on	O
+the	O
+upper	O
+sheets	O
+,	O
+and	O
+found	O
+no	O
+vibrational	B-Process
+transition	I-Process
+to	O
+take	O
+place	O
+,	O
+only	O
+small	O
+amounts	O
+of	O
+rotational	B-Task
+energy	I-Task
+is	O
+exchanged	O
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+neglected	O
+are	O
+electronic	B-Process
+transitions	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+quartet	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+which	O
+are	O
+believed	O
+to	O
+be	O
+far	O
+less	O
+probable	O
+than	O
+the	O
+simple	O
+vibrational	O
+energy	O
+transfer	O
+here	O
+studied	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+spin-forbidden	O
+character	O
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+also	O
+be	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+the	O
+use	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+quasiclassical	I-Process
+trajectories	I-Process
+is	O
+justified	O
+by	O
+the	O
+large	O
+masses	O
+of	O
+the	O
+atoms	B-Material
+involved	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+optical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+charged	O
+excitations	O
+are	O
+important	O
+for	O
+understanding	O
+organic	B-Task
+semiconductor	I-Task
+photophysics	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+injection	O
+of	O
+electric	B-Material
+charge	I-Material
+into	O
+organic	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+polarizes	O
+the	O
+surroundings	O
+and	O
+changes	O
+the	O
+bond	O
+lengths	O
+around	O
+it	O
+,	O
+such	O
+an	O
+excitation	O
+is	O
+defined	O
+as	O
+a	O
+charged	B-Material
+polaron	I-Material
+.	O
+Absorption	O
+of	O
+light	O
+and	O
+fluorescence	O
+quenching	O
+by	O
+polarons	O
+are	O
+important	O
+issues	O
+in	O
+the	O
+operation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+organic	I-Task
+optoelectronic	I-Task
+devices	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+particularly	O
+relevant	O
+to	O
+the	O
+development	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+electrically	I-Task
+pumped	I-Task
+lasers	I-Task
+.	O
+With	O
+recent	O
+advances	O
+in	O
+materials	O
+properties	O
+and	O
+optical	O
+design	O
+the	O
+lasing	B-Task
+threshold	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+organic	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+under	I-Task
+optical	I-Task
+pumping	I-Task
+is	O
+now	O
+low	O
+enough	O
+to	O
+enable	O
+pumping	O
+by	O
+inorganic	B-Material
+laser	I-Material
+diodes	I-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+and	O
+LEDs	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+which	O
+is	O
+promising	O
+for	O
+fabrication	O
+of	O
+very	B-Material
+sensitive	I-Material
+low-cost	I-Material
+devices	I-Material
+for	O
+biosensing	B-Process
+and	O
+chemosensing	B-Process
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+light	B-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+by	O
+injected	O
+charges	O
+has	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+to	O
+be	O
+the	O
+major	O
+obstacle	O
+to	O
+electrically	B-Process
+pumped	I-Process
+lasing	I-Process
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Injected	O
+charges	O
+can	O
+also	O
+quench	O
+luminescence	O
+as	O
+they	O
+accept	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+excitons	I-Process
+by	O
+resonant	B-Task
+dipole	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+dipole	I-Task
+interactions	I-Task
+and	O
+this	O
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+loss	O
+mechanism	O
+in	O
+organic	B-Material
+LEDs	I-Material
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+in	O
+lasers	B-Material
+.	O
+Absorption	O
+cross-sections	O
+of	O
+polarons	O
+are	O
+not	O
+known	O
+to	O
+the	O
+desired	O
+accuracy	O
+because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+difficulty	O
+of	O
+quantifying	O
+the	O
+charge	B-Process
+density	I-Process
+injected	O
+into	O
+the	O
+film	O
+.	O
+Previous	O
+studies	O
+used	O
+controlled	B-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+injection	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+charges	I-Process
+in	O
+unipolar	B-Material
+devices	I-Material
+through	O
+contacting	B-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+and	O
+field-dependent	B-Material
+charge	I-Material
+mobility	I-Material
+measurements	I-Material
+to	O
+estimate	O
+the	O
+charge	O
+densities	O
+which	O
+were	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+the	O
+values	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+capacitance	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+two	O
+results	O
+differed	O
+by	O
+a	O
+factor	O
+of	O
+three	O
+[	O
+8,9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+revisit	O
+the	O
+Chesnavich	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+in	O
+the	O
+light	O
+of	O
+recent	O
+developments	O
+in	O
+TST	B-Material
+.	O
+For	O
+barrierless	O
+systems	O
+such	O
+as	O
+ion	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+molecule	I-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+concepts	O
+of	O
+OTS	B-Material
+and	O
+TTS	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+clearly	O
+formulated	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+well	O
+defined	O
+phase	O
+space	B-Material
+geometrical	I-Material
+objects	I-Material
+.	O
+(	O
+For	O
+work	O
+on	O
+the	O
+phase	O
+space	O
+description	O
+of	O
+OTS	B-Material
+,	O
+see	O
+Refs.	O
+[	O
+38	O
+–	O
+40	O
+].)	O
+The	O
+first	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+the	O
+present	O
+article	O
+is	O
+the	O
+identification	B-Process
+of	O
+these	O
+notions	O
+with	O
+well	B-Material
+defined	I-Material
+phase	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+dividing	I-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+attached	I-Material
+to	I-Material
+NHIMs	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+second	O
+and	O
+main	O
+goal	O
+is	O
+an	O
+elucidation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+roaming	O
+phenomenon	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Chesnavich	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+associated	B-Process
+potential	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+,	O
+possessing	O
+many	O
+features	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+a	O
+realistic	O
+molecular	O
+PES	O
+,	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+dynamics	B-Task
+which	I-Task
+clearly	I-Task
+reveal	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+origins	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+roaming	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+our	O
+trajectory	B-Material
+simulations	I-Material
+,	O
+we	O
+show	O
+how	O
+the	O
+identification	O
+of	O
+the	O
+TTS	O
+and	O
+OTS	O
+DSs	O
+with	O
+periodic	B-Material
+orbit	I-Material
+dividing	I-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+(	O
+PODS	B-Material
+)	O
+provides	O
+the	O
+natural	O
+framework	O
+for	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+roaming	O
+mechanism	O
+.	O
+
+Within	O
+the	O
+range	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+temperatures	I-Material
+chosen	I-Material
+,	O
+alanine	B-Material
+dipeptide	I-Material
+exhibits	O
+very	O
+simple	O
+behaviour	O
+.	O
+This	O
+result	O
+is	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+relatively	O
+small	O
+number	O
+of	O
+physically	B-Process
+relevant	I-Process
+minima	I-Process
+(	O
+seven	O
+were	O
+characterised	O
+using	O
+this	O
+force	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+solvent	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+larger	B-Material
+potential	I-Material
+energy	I-Material
+spacing	I-Material
+between	O
+the	O
+global	O
+minimum	O
+and	O
+higher	O
+energy	O
+minima	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+cross-overs	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+approximate	I-Process
+global	I-Process
+free	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+minimum	O
+for	O
+this	O
+system	O
+(	O
+where	O
+the	O
+free	O
+energy	O
+of	O
+the	O
+second-lowest	O
+potential	O
+energy	O
+minimum	O
+becomes	O
+lower	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+global	O
+potential	O
+energy	O
+minimum	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+harmonic	O
+approximation	O
+would	O
+occur	O
+at	O
+1170K	O
+.	O
+In	O
+general	O
+,	O
+the	O
+harmonic	O
+prediction	O
+for	O
+the	O
+crossover	O
+temperature	O
+between	O
+two	O
+minima	O
+is	O
+(	O
+4	O
+)	O
+kBTxo	O
+=	O
+V1	O
+−	O
+V2ln	O
+((	O
+o2ν	O
+¯	O
+2κ	O
+)/(	O
+o1ν	O
+¯	O
+1κ	O
+))	O
+,	O
+from	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+clearly	O
+illustrates	O
+the	O
+balance	B-Task
+between	I-Task
+potential	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+well	I-Task
+entropy	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Both	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+structure	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+reveal	O
+a	O
+bent	B-Process
+conformation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+central	B-Material
+terthiophene	I-Material
+units	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+DOTT	B-Material
+molecule	I-Material
+as	O
+is	O
+clearly	O
+visible	O
+in	O
+all	O
+three	O
+cases	O
+in	O
+Figure	O
+5	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+fundamental	O
+difference	O
+in	O
+the	O
+conformation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+octyl	B-Material
+side	I-Material
+chains	I-Material
+.	O
+Whilst	O
+for	O
+the	O
+single	O
+crystal	O
+phase	O
+at	O
+T	O
+=	O
+100K	O
+linearly	B-Material
+extended	I-Material
+chains	I-Material
+are	O
+observed	O
+(	O
+Figure	O
+5B	O
+)	O
+,	O
+a	O
+defined	B-Process
+rotation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+octyl	I-Process
+chains	I-Process
+relative	O
+to	O
+the	O
+terthiophene	B-Material
+unit	I-Material
+is	O
+found	O
+for	O
+the	O
+three	O
+thin	B-Material
+film	I-Material
+phases	O
+(	O
+Figure	O
+5A	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+rotation	O
+angle	O
+of	O
+about	O
+±	O
+70	O
+°	O
+results	O
+from	O
+a	O
+twist	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+first	I-Process
+CC	I-Process
+single	I-Process
+bond	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+link	O
+between	O
+the	O
+terthiophene	B-Material
+unit	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+octyl	B-Material
+chain	I-Material
+(	O
+see	O
+arrows	O
+Figure	O
+5A	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Two	O
+features	O
+of	O
+this	O
+rotated	O
+conformation	O
+are	O
+interesting	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+a	O
+molecule	O
+with	O
+rotated	B-Material
+side	I-Material
+chains	I-Material
+represents	O
+the	O
+equilibrium	O
+state	O
+of	O
+an	O
+isolated	O
+single	O
+DOTT	B-Material
+molecule	I-Material
+as	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+combined	B-Process
+MD	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+VASP	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+[	O
+33	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Second	O
+,	O
+the	O
+rotated	O
+conformation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+octyl	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+allows	O
+a	O
+dense	B-Process
+packing	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+octyl	B-Material
+side	I-Material
+chains	I-Material
+for	O
+both	O
+molecules	O
+.	O
+Interestingly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+single	O
+crystal	B-Material
+structure	I-Material
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+twisted	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+linear	O
+conformation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+octyl	B-Material
+side	I-Material
+chains	I-Material
+within	O
+one	O
+molecule	O
+(	O
+Figure	O
+5C	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Previous	O
+studies	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+there	O
+are	O
+two	O
+main	O
+mechanisms	O
+for	O
+the	O
+development	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+radiation-induced	I-Process
+DSBs	I-Process
+[	O
+16,17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+γ-ray	B-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+,	O
+single	B-Process
+step	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+main	O
+process	O
+to	O
+cause	O
+DSBs	B-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+Figure	O
+3b	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+attributed	O
+to	O
+the	O
+generation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+ROS	I-Process
+upon	O
+the	O
+incident	O
+of	O
+individual	O
+photon	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+γ-ray	I-Material
+.	O
+Whereas	O
+photo-radiation	B-Process
+causes	O
+DSBs	B-Process
+through	O
+two	B-Process
+step	I-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+(	O
+Figure	O
+3a	O
+)	O
+by	O
+reflecting	O
+that	O
+each	O
+single	O
+photon	B-Material
+causes	O
+mostly	O
+single	O
+ROS	B-Material
+and	O
+thus	O
+induces	O
+only	O
+single	B-Process
+strand	I-Process
+break	I-Process
+.	O
+Then	O
+,	O
+when	O
+a	O
+second	O
+single	B-Process
+strand	I-Process
+break	I-Process
+occurs	O
+where	O
+near	O
+the	O
+existing	O
+single	B-Process
+strand	I-Process
+break	I-Process
+,	O
+DBS	B-Process
+is	O
+caused	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+the	O
+two	B-Process
+step	I-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+.	O
+Summarizing	O
+the	O
+results	O
+and	O
+discussion	O
+we	O
+may	O
+conclude	O
+as	O
+that	O
+:	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+The	O
+significant	O
+protective	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+AA	B-Material
+against	O
+photo-induced	B-Process
+damage	I-Process
+may	O
+reflect	O
+the	O
+effective	O
+diminish	O
+of	O
+ROS	O
+by	O
+AA	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+For	O
+the	O
+γ-ray	O
+induced	O
+DSB	O
+,	O
+the	O
+protective	O
+effect	O
+by	O
+AA	O
+is	O
+a	O
+little	O
+bit	O
+weaker	O
+than	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+photo	B-Material
+irradiation	O
+.	O
+This	O
+may	O
+be	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+generation	O
+of	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+ROS	B-Material
+by	O
+single	O
+photon	O
+of	O
+γ-ray	O
+.	O
+Surviving	O
+oxygen	O
+species	O
+against	O
+the	O
+diminishment	O
+effect	O
+by	O
+AA	B-Material
+may	O
+cause	O
+DSBs	O
+.	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+As	O
+for	O
+the	O
+DSBs	O
+by	O
+ultrasound	O
+,	O
+damage	O
+is	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+the	O
+shockwave	O
+through	O
+the	O
+generation	O
+of	O
+cavitations	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+chemical	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+AA	O
+to	O
+diminish	O
+ROS	O
+is	O
+considered	O
+to	O
+be	O
+negligibly	O
+small	O
+for	O
+the	O
+protection	O
+of	O
+DSBs	O
+.	O
+
+In	B-Process
+situ	I-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+,	O
+experiments	O
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+using	O
+3mm	B-Material
+diameter	I-Material
+discs	I-Material
+with	O
+one	O
+surface	O
+ground	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+polished	I-Process
+to	O
+a	O
+1μm	O
+diamond	O
+finish	O
+.	O
+The	O
+3mm	O
+discs	O
+were	O
+then	O
+oxidised	B-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+Philips	B-Material
+XL-30	I-Material
+FEG	I-Material
+ESEM	I-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+hot	B-Material
+stage	I-Material
+attachment	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+oxidising	O
+atmosphere	O
+used	O
+was	O
+laboratory	O
+air	O
+at	O
+a	O
+pressure	O
+of	O
+266Pa	O
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+experiment	O
+,	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+was	O
+observed	O
+and	O
+imaged	O
+using	O
+a	O
+primary	O
+beam	O
+energy	O
+of	O
+20kV	O
+and	O
+an	O
+Everhart	O
+–	O
+Thornley	O
+secondary	O
+electron	O
+detector	O
+.	O
+The	O
+sample	O
+was	O
+heated	B-Process
+at	O
+a	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+100	O
+°	O
+C	O
+/	O
+min	O
+to	O
+a	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+700	O
+°	O
+C	O
+and	O
+held	O
+at	O
+this	O
+temperature	O
+for	O
+8min	O
+to	O
+stabilise	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+stage	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+microscope	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+sample	O
+was	O
+then	O
+heated	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+final	I-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+900	I-Process
+°	I-Process
+C	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+heating	O
+rate	O
+.	O
+The	O
+total	O
+time	O
+of	O
+exposure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+was	O
+120min	O
+before	O
+cooling	O
+to	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+by	O
+turning	O
+off	O
+the	O
+heating	B-Material
+coils	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+then	O
+examined	O
+in	O
+the	O
+LEO	B-Material
+1530VP	I-Material
+FEGSEM	I-Material
+with	O
+chemical	O
+information	O
+gathered	O
+using	O
+EDS	B-Material
+.	O
+Cross-sections	O
+and	O
+Transmission	B-Material
+Electron	I-Material
+Microscope	I-Material
+(	O
+TEM	B-Material
+)	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+produced	O
+using	O
+a	O
+dual	B-Material
+beam	I-Material
+FEI	I-Material
+Nova	I-Material
+Nanolab	I-Material
+600	I-Material
+for	O
+Focused	B-Material
+Ion	I-Material
+Beam	I-Material
+(	O
+FIB	B-Material
+)	O
+milling	O
+perpendicular	O
+to	O
+the	O
+phase	O
+boundaries	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+their	O
+influence	O
+on	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+development	O
+and	O
+imaged	O
+using	O
+a	O
+Jeol	B-Material
+2000FX	I-Material
+W-filament	I-Material
+TEM	I-Material
+.	O
+EDS	B-Material
+maps	O
+of	O
+the	O
+TEM	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+were	O
+collected	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Nanolab	B-Material
+600	I-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+Scanning	B-Material
+TEM	I-Material
+(	O
+STEM	B-Material
+)	O
+detector	O
+and	O
+an	O
+EDAX	B-Material
+Genesis	I-Material
+EDS	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+at	O
+an	O
+accelerating	B-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+30kV	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+study	O
+outlines	O
+a	O
+trial	O
+of	O
+transient	B-Task
+response	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+on	O
+full-scale	O
+motorway	B-Material
+bridge	I-Material
+structures	I-Material
+to	O
+obtain	O
+information	O
+concerning	O
+the	O
+steel	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+concrete	I-Task
+interface	I-Task
+and	O
+is	O
+part	O
+of	O
+a	O
+larger	O
+study	O
+to	O
+assess	O
+the	O
+long-term	B-Process
+sustained	I-Process
+benefits	I-Process
+offered	O
+by	O
+Impressed	B-Process
+Current	I-Process
+Cathodic	I-Process
+Protection	I-Process
+(	O
+ICCP	B-Process
+)	O
+after	O
+the	O
+interruption	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+protective	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+These	O
+structures	O
+had	O
+previously	O
+been	O
+protected	O
+for	O
+5	O
+–	O
+16years	O
+by	O
+an	O
+ICCP	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+prior	O
+to	O
+the	O
+start	O
+of	O
+the	O
+study	O
+.	O
+The	O
+protective	B-Process
+current	I-Process
+was	I-Process
+interrupted	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+assess	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+long-term	I-Process
+benefits	I-Process
+provided	O
+by	O
+ICCP	B-Process
+after	O
+it	O
+has	O
+been	O
+turned	O
+off	O
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+develops	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+examines	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+simplified	I-Task
+approach	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+on-site	O
+use	O
+of	O
+transient	B-Process
+response	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+and	O
+discusses	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+potential	I-Process
+advantages	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+technique	O
+as	O
+a	O
+tool	O
+for	O
+the	O
+assessment	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+corrosion	I-Task
+condition	I-Task
+of	O
+steel	B-Material
+in	O
+reinforced	B-Material
+concrete	I-Material
+structures	I-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+results	O
+from	O
+two	O
+types	O
+of	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+test	I-Process
+are	O
+combined	O
+in	O
+this	O
+study	O
+.	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+test	B-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+two	O
+approaches	O
+included	O
+.	O
+All	O
+the	O
+100h	O
+tests	O
+and	O
+the	O
+test	O
+conducted	O
+at	O
+650	O
+°	O
+C	O
+were	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+a	O
+thermogravimetric	B-Process
+balance	I-Process
+(	O
+TGA	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+weight	B-Material
+change	I-Material
+during	I-Material
+these	I-Material
+tests	I-Material
+was	I-Material
+monitored	I-Material
+continually	I-Material
+and	O
+adjusted	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+accommodate	I-Process
+buoyancy	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+.	O
+All	O
+other	O
+tests	O
+were	O
+conducted	O
+in	O
+horizontal	B-Material
+tube	I-Material
+furnaces	I-Material
+.	O
+For	O
+these	O
+latter	O
+tests	O
+,	O
+batches	O
+of	O
+specimens	O
+were	O
+placed	O
+in	O
+alumina	B-Material
+boats	I-Material
+and	O
+inserted	O
+into	O
+the	O
+furnaces	B-Material
+at	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+Intermittent	O
+weighing	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+determine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+oxidation	I-Task
+kinetics	I-Task
+.	O
+At	O
+selected	O
+time	O
+intervals	O
+,	O
+a	O
+specimen	O
+was	O
+removed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+batch	O
+for	O
+examination	O
+before	O
+the	O
+high	O
+temperature	O
+exposure	O
+continued	O
+for	O
+the	O
+remainder	O
+of	O
+the	O
+batch	O
+.	O
+Table	B-Material
+1	I-Material
+shows	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+time	I-Material
+intervals	I-Material
+chosen	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+examination	I-Material
+.	O
+At	O
+600	O
+°	O
+C	O
+one	O
+isothermal	O
+test	O
+,	O
+having	O
+an	O
+exposure	O
+time	O
+of	O
+1000h	O
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+performed	O
+to	O
+date	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+adhesion	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+cohesion	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+coating	O
+was	O
+evaluated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+scratch	B-Process
+test	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+,	O
+using	O
+a	O
+Revetest	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+CSM	I-Material
+Instruments	I-Material
+SA	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+Switzerland	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+equipped	I-Material
+with	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+H-270	I-Material
+diamond	I-Material
+indentor	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+200μm	I-Material
+diameter	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+.	O
+Six	O
+scratch	B-Process
+indentations	I-Process
+were	I-Process
+carried	I-Process
+out	I-Process
+under	O
+previously	O
+optimized	O
+conditions	O
+(	O
+linear	O
+progressive	O
+load	O
+mode	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4N	O
+,	O
+4Nmin	O
+−	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+aid	O
+in	O
+determination	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+location	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+spallation	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+delamination	I-Task
+,	O
+an	O
+extended	O
+scratch	O
+length	O
+of	O
+6mm	O
+was	O
+employed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+scratch	O
+tracks	O
+were	O
+subsequently	O
+observed	O
+by	O
+SEM	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+the	O
+locations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+first	O
+coating	O
+failure	O
+and	O
+to	O
+understand	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+nature	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+coating	I-Task
+failure	I-Task
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+scratch	O
+tests	O
+,	O
+the	O
+loading	B-Material
+force	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+penetration	I-Material
+depth	I-Material
+were	I-Material
+recorded	I-Material
+and	O
+their	O
+respective	O
+values	O
+were	O
+correlated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+observed	O
+failure	O
+locations	O
+.	O
+The	O
+surface	B-Task
+roughness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+coating	I-Task
+was	I-Task
+evaluated	I-Task
+using	O
+a	O
+surface	B-Material
+roughness	I-Material
+tester	I-Material
+(	O
+TR200	O
+,	O
+Timegroup	O
+Inc.	O
+)	O
+according	O
+to	O
+ISO	O
+standard	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+open	O
+porosity	O
+in	O
+the	O
+outer	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+coating	B-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+measurement	O
+length	O
+for	O
+determination	O
+of	O
+the	O
+roughness	B-Process
+(	O
+Ra	B-Process
+)	O
+of	O
+0.8mm	O
+was	O
+used	O
+.	O
+In	O
+total	O
+,	O
+eight	B-Material
+measurements	I-Material
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+in	O
+different	O
+directions	O
+.	O
+
+One	O
+surface	O
+was	O
+then	O
+polished	O
+and	O
+cleaned	O
+using	O
+a	O
+protocol	O
+designed	O
+to	O
+eliminate	O
+as	O
+much	O
+preparation-related	O
+contamination	O
+as	O
+possible	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+as	O
+follows	O
+:	O
+The	O
+lead	O
+surface	O
+was	O
+polished	O
+by	O
+hand	O
+using	O
+a	O
+damp	B-Material
+abrasive	I-Material
+disc	I-Material
+(	O
+BuehlerMet	O
+II	O
+®)	O
+to	O
+remove	O
+visible	O
+surface	B-Material
+defects	O
+and	O
+to	O
+expose	O
+a	O
+fresh	O
+metal	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+Coupons	O
+were	O
+then	O
+polished	O
+using	O
+a	O
+sequence	O
+of	O
+diamond	B-Material
+polishes	I-Material
+with	O
+decreasing	O
+particle	O
+sizes	O
+(	O
+6μm	O
+,	O
+3μm	O
+,	O
+1μm	O
+Buehler	O
+MetaDi	O
+®	O
+polycrystalline	B-Material
+diamond	I-Material
+suspension	O
+)	O
+.	O
+A	O
+polishing	B-Material
+cloth	I-Material
+(	O
+Buehler	O
+MicroCloth	O
+®)	O
+was	O
+saturated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+appropriate	O
+diamond	B-Material
+suspension	O
+.	O
+A	O
+custom-made	B-Material
+jig	I-Material
+fitted	O
+to	O
+an	O
+automatic	O
+polisher	B-Material
+(	O
+Buehler	O
+Minimet	O
+®	O
+1000	O
+)	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+hold	O
+the	O
+coupons	B-Material
+in	O
+place	O
+during	O
+automated	B-Process
+polishing	I-Process
+.	O
+Coupons	B-Material
+were	O
+polished	B-Process
+for	O
+15min	O
+using	O
+each	O
+diamond	B-Process
+suspension	I-Process
+followed	O
+by	O
+rinsing	O
+with	O
+2-propanol	B-Material
+(	O
+99.5	O
+%	O
+,	O
+reagent	O
+grade	O
+)	O
+and	O
+cleaning	O
+in	O
+2-propanol	O
+for	O
+5min	O
+in	O
+an	O
+ultrasonic	B-Material
+bath	I-Material
+.	O
+After	O
+polishing	B-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+1μm	O
+diamond	B-Material
+suspension	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+coupons	B-Material
+were	O
+ultrasonically	O
+cleaned	O
+in	O
+2-propanol	B-Material
+for	O
+3	O
+×	O
+5min	O
+,	O
+with	O
+fresh	O
+propanol	B-Material
+for	O
+each	O
+cleaning	B-Process
+cycle	O
+.	O
+Polished	O
+coupons	B-Material
+were	O
+stored	O
+in	O
+2-propanol	B-Material
+until	O
+required	O
+.	O
+
+Poor	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+behavior	O
+is	O
+the	O
+major	O
+barrier	O
+to	O
+the	O
+increased	O
+use	O
+of	O
+Ti-based	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+in	O
+high-temperature	O
+structural	O
+applications	O
+.	O
+The	O
+demand	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+the	O
+service	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+these	O
+alloys	O
+beyond	O
+550	O
+°	O
+C	O
+(	O
+the	O
+typical	O
+temperature	O
+limit	O
+)	O
+requires	O
+careful	O
+study	O
+to	O
+understand	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+role	I-Task
+that	I-Task
+composition	I-Task
+has	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+oxidation	I-Task
+behavior	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Ti-based	I-Task
+alloys	I-Task
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+attempt	O
+to	O
+overcome	O
+this	O
+limitation	O
+in	O
+Ti-based	O
+alloys	O
+has	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+production	O
+of	O
+alloys	B-Material
+with	I-Material
+substantially	I-Material
+improved	I-Material
+oxidation	I-Material
+resistance	I-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+β-21S	B-Material
+and	O
+also	O
+development	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+coatings	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+pre-oxidation	I-Task
+techniques	I-Task
+[	O
+1,4	O
+–	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+While	O
+it	O
+is	O
+tempting	O
+to	O
+extrapolate	O
+the	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+behavior	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+oxidation	O
+rate	O
+law	O
+,	O
+depth	O
+of	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+ingress	O
+and	O
+scale	O
+thickness	O
+)	O
+observed	O
+for	O
+a	O
+limited	O
+number	O
+of	O
+compositions	O
+under	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+condition	O
+to	O
+a	O
+broader	O
+compositional	O
+range	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+numerous	O
+examples	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+where	O
+deviations	O
+from	O
+the	O
+expected	O
+relations	O
+are	O
+observed	O
+[	O
+7,8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+oxide	B-Process
+thickness	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+using	O
+the	O
+weight	O
+gain	O
+and	O
+surface	B-Material
+area	O
+.	O
+Artificially	O
+changing	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+profile	O
+will	O
+modify	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+area	O
+and	O
+calculated	O
+oxide	B-Material
+thickness	O
+.	O
+SEM	B-Material
+images	I-Material
+of	O
+samples	O
+removed	O
+after	O
+111	O
+days	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+define	O
+the	O
+change	O
+in	O
+surface	B-Material
+profile	I-Material
+length	O
+with	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+applied	O
+roughness	O
+.	O
+The	O
+profile	O
+lengths	O
+extracted	O
+from	O
+the	O
+images	B-Material
+were	O
+then	O
+used	O
+to	O
+modify	O
+the	O
+length	O
+of	O
+the	O
+sample	B-Material
+and	O
+therefore	O
+the	O
+surface	B-Material
+area	I-Material
+.	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+original	O
+oxide	B-Material
+thicknesses	O
+after	O
+111	O
+days	O
+oxidation	O
+,	O
+the	O
+modified	O
+oxide	O
+thicknesses	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+surface	B-Material
+profile	O
+length	O
+and	O
+the	O
+percentage	O
+difference	O
+.	O
+Results	O
+show	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+decrease	O
+in	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+thickness	O
+of	O
+4	O
+%	O
+when	O
+using	O
+a	O
+surface	B-Material
+which	O
+accounts	O
+for	O
+roughness	O
+.	O
+Comparing	O
+the	O
+change	O
+in	O
+oxide	B-Material
+thickness	O
+between	O
+different	O
+surface	O
+finishes	O
+indicates	O
+a	O
+variation	O
+of	O
+less	O
+than	O
+1	O
+%	O
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+,	O
+the	O
+impact	O
+of	O
+the	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+profile	O
+length	O
+on	O
+the	O
+calculated	O
+oxide	O
+thickness	O
+is	O
+considered	O
+to	O
+be	O
+insignificant	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+if	O
+the	O
+differences	O
+in	O
+weight	O
+gain	O
+were	O
+only	O
+due	O
+to	O
+differences	O
+in	O
+surface	B-Material
+area	I-Material
+,	O
+rougher	O
+samples	B-Material
+would	O
+be	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+demonstrate	O
+thicker	O
+oxides	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+earliest	O
+stages	O
+of	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+.	O
+
+There	O
+have	O
+been	O
+relatively	O
+few	O
+attempts	O
+to	O
+observe	O
+and	O
+in	O
+some	O
+cases	O
+extract	O
+the	O
+average	O
+current	O
+density	O
+from	O
+video	B-Material
+images	I-Material
+taken	O
+of	O
+growing	O
+2D	B-Material
+pits	I-Material
+.	O
+Frankel	O
+presented	O
+a	O
+method	O
+to	O
+directly	O
+measure	O
+the	O
+average	O
+anodic	B-Material
+current	I-Material
+density	O
+from	O
+the	O
+growing	O
+pit	B-Material
+boundary	O
+velocity	O
+in	O
+Al	B-Material
+[	O
+33	O
+]	O
+,	O
+an	O
+Al	B-Material
+alloy	I-Material
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Ni	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Fe	I-Material
+[	I-Material
+35	I-Material
+]	I-Material
+thin	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+,	O
+Ryan	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+27,36	O
+]	O
+determined	O
+the	O
+anodic	O
+current	O
+density	O
+in	O
+pits	B-Material
+propagating	O
+as	O
+2D	B-Material
+disks	I-Material
+in	O
+stainless	B-Material
+steel	I-Material
+thin	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+by	O
+measuring	O
+the	O
+pit	B-Material
+edge	I-Material
+movement	O
+velocity	O
+.	O
+Ernst	O
+and	O
+Newman	O
+[	O
+11,12,37	O
+]	O
+studied	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+pit	B-Process
+growth	I-Process
+in	O
+detail	O
+and	O
+measured	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+kinetics	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+2D	I-Process
+pit	I-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+in	O
+depth	O
+and	O
+width	O
+and	O
+compared	O
+the	O
+results	O
+with	O
+kinetics	O
+in	O
+1D	B-Material
+pencil	I-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+.	O
+They	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+semi-quantitative	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+for	O
+pit	B-Task
+propagation	I-Task
+which	O
+explained	O
+the	O
+lacy	B-Process
+pit	I-Process
+cover	I-Process
+formation	I-Process
+during	O
+the	O
+pit	B-Process
+growth	I-Process
+,	O
+although	O
+they	O
+did	O
+not	O
+measure	O
+current	O
+density	O
+within	O
+the	O
+pit	O
+.	O
+More	O
+recently	O
+,	O
+Tang	O
+and	O
+Davenport	O
+[	O
+38	O
+]	O
+tracked	O
+the	O
+pit	O
+boundary	O
+movement	O
+and	O
+computed	O
+the	O
+instantaneous	O
+but	O
+average	O
+current	O
+density	O
+in	O
+Fe-Co	B-Material
+thin	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+have	O
+been	O
+no	O
+previous	O
+attempts	O
+to	O
+quantify	O
+the	O
+local	O
+current	O
+density	O
+during	O
+inhomogeneous	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+pits	B-Material
+,	O
+although	O
+such	O
+local	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+current	B-Process
+density	O
+has	O
+long	O
+been	O
+recognised	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Anodizing	B-Process
+processes	I-Process
+are	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+for	O
+protecting	B-Task
+aluminium	I-Task
+alloys	I-Task
+against	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resultant	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+are	O
+composed	O
+of	O
+amorphous	B-Material
+alumina	I-Material
+and	O
+consist	O
+of	O
+a	O
+relatively	O
+thick	O
+,	O
+porous	O
+,	O
+outer	O
+region	O
+and	O
+a	O
+thinner	O
+,	O
+non-porous	O
+,	O
+inner	O
+region	O
+[	O
+2,3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+porous	O
+region	O
+contains	O
+the	O
+major	B-Material
+pores	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+extend	B-Process
+from	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+film	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+barrier	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+.	O
+Near	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+,	O
+shorter	O
+,	O
+incipient	B-Material
+pores	I-Material
+are	O
+also	O
+present	O
+,	O
+whose	O
+growth	B-Process
+stopped	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+early	I-Process
+stages	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+anodizing	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+diameter	O
+of	O
+the	O
+major	B-Material
+pores	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+inner	O
+,	O
+barrier	O
+region	O
+are	O
+dependent	O
+on	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+applied	O
+during	O
+anodizing	B-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+typical	O
+proportionalities	O
+of	O
+∼	O
+1nmV	O
+−	O
+1	O
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Studies	O
+of	O
+ionic	B-Task
+migration	I-Task
+in	O
+barrier-type	O
+and	O
+porous	O
+anodic	B-Material
+alumina	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+have	O
+usually	O
+found	O
+a	O
+transport	O
+number	O
+of	O
+O2	B-Material
+−	I-Material
+ions	I-Material
+of	O
+∼	O
+0.6	O
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+porous	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+outward	B-Material
+migrating	I-Material
+Al3	I-Material
++	I-Material
+ions	I-Material
+,	O
+constituting	O
+the	O
+remainder	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ionic	B-Material
+current	I-Material
+,	O
+are	O
+ejected	B-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+electrolyte	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+pore	B-Material
+bases	I-Material
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+electronic	O
+current	O
+in	O
+the	O
+barrier	B-Material
+region	I-Material
+is	O
+generally	O
+considered	O
+to	O
+be	O
+negligible	O
+.	O
+The	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+barrier	O
+region	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+relatively	O
+constant	O
+during	O
+the	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+a	O
+film	B-Material
+under	O
+either	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+potential	O
+or	O
+constant	O
+current	O
+density	O
+,	O
+is	O
+maintained	O
+by	O
+a	O
+balance	O
+between	O
+growth	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+barrier	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+continued	I-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+aluminium	B-Material
+substrate	I-Material
+and	O
+thinning	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+barrier	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+either	I-Process
+field-assisted	I-Process
+dissolution	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+alumina	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+pore	B-Material
+bases	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+or	O
+field-assisted	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+alumina	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+barrier	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+to	O
+the	O
+pore	B-Material
+walls	I-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+–	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+pores	B-Material
+may	O
+be	O
+widened	O
+toward	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+by	O
+chemical	B-Process
+dissolution	I-Process
+to	O
+an	O
+extent	O
+dependent	O
+on	O
+the	O
+anodizing	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+
+Failure	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+structural	I-Process
+components	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+major	O
+concern	O
+in	O
+the	O
+nuclear	O
+power	O
+industry	O
+and	O
+represents	O
+not	O
+only	O
+a	O
+safety	O
+issue	O
+,	O
+but	O
+also	O
+a	O
+hazard	O
+to	O
+economic	O
+performance	O
+.	O
+Stress	B-Process
+corrosion	I-Process
+cracking	I-Process
+(	O
+SCC	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+especially	O
+intergranular	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+corrosion	I-Process
+cracking	I-Process
+(	O
+IGSCC	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+have	O
+proved	O
+to	O
+be	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+potential	O
+cause	O
+of	O
+failures	O
+in	O
+the	O
+nuclear	O
+industry	O
+in	O
+materials	O
+such	O
+as	O
+Alloy	B-Material
+600	I-Material
+(	O
+74	B-Material
+%	I-Material
+Ni	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+16	I-Material
+%	I-Material
+Cr	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+8	I-Material
+%	I-Material
+Fe	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+stainless	B-Material
+steels	I-Material
+,	O
+especially	O
+in	O
+Pressurised	B-Material
+Water	I-Material
+Reactors	I-Material
+(	O
+PWR	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Stress	B-Process
+corrosion	I-Process
+cracking	I-Process
+in	O
+pressurized	B-Material
+water	I-Material
+reactors	I-Material
+(	O
+PWSCC	B-Material
+)	O
+occurs	O
+in	O
+Alloy	B-Material
+600	I-Material
+in	O
+safety	B-Material
+critical	I-Material
+components	I-Material
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+steam	B-Material
+generator	I-Material
+tubes	I-Material
+,	O
+heater	B-Material
+sleeves	I-Material
+,	O
+pressurized	B-Material
+instrument	I-Material
+penetrations	I-Material
+and	O
+control	B-Material
+rod	I-Material
+drive	I-Material
+mechanisms	I-Material
+[	O
+2,6,7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Understanding	O
+the	O
+mechanisms	O
+that	O
+control	O
+SCC	B-Material
+in	O
+this	O
+alloy	B-Material
+will	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+continued	O
+extensions	O
+of	O
+life	O
+in	O
+current	O
+plant	B-Material
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+safer	B-Task
+designs	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+future	I-Task
+nuclear	I-Task
+reactors	I-Task
+.	O
+
+A	O
+key	O
+part	O
+of	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+is	O
+that	O
+an	O
+inspector	O
+only	O
+has	O
+access	O
+to	O
+data	O
+from	O
+a	O
+small	O
+inspected	O
+area	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+area	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+only	O
+one	O
+minimum	O
+thickness	O
+,	O
+which	O
+does	O
+not	O
+provide	O
+enough	O
+information	O
+to	O
+build	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+smallest	I-Task
+thicknesses	I-Task
+.	O
+An	O
+inspector	O
+can	O
+generate	O
+a	O
+sample	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+thickness	O
+measurements	O
+by	O
+partitioning	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+inspection	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+into	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+equally	B-Material
+sized	I-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+each	O
+block	B-Material
+the	O
+minimum	O
+thickness	O
+is	O
+recorded	O
+.	O
+This	O
+set	O
+forms	O
+a	O
+sample	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+thickness	O
+measurements	O
+.	O
+From	O
+this	O
+sample	O
+,	O
+one	O
+can	O
+build	O
+a	O
+model	B-Process
+which	I-Process
+takes	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+account	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+variations	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+smallest	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+.	O
+Extreme	B-Process
+value	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+EVA	B-Process
+)	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+limiting	O
+form	O
+for	O
+this	O
+model	O
+.	O
+It	O
+states	O
+that	O
+,	O
+if	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+thickness	O
+measurements	O
+in	O
+each	O
+block	O
+are	O
+taken	O
+from	O
+independent	O
+and	O
+identical	O
+distributions	O
+,	O
+then	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+of	O
+minimum	O
+thickness	O
+measurements	O
+will	O
+follow	O
+a	O
+generalized	B-Process
+extreme	I-Process
+value	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+(	O
+GEVD	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+thermodynamics	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+copper-zinc	I-Task
+alloys	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+brass	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+was	O
+subject	O
+of	O
+numerous	O
+investigations	O
+.	O
+Brass	B-Material
+is	O
+characterised	O
+by	O
+an	O
+excess	B-Process
+enthalpy	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+excess	I-Process
+entropy	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+,	O
+both	O
+of	O
+which	O
+are	O
+negative	O
+.	O
+The	O
+enthalpic	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+were	O
+measured	O
+by	O
+solution	B-Process
+calorimetry	I-Process
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+and	O
+based	O
+on	O
+chemical	B-Material
+potential	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+calculated	O
+from	O
+phase	B-Process
+equilibrium	I-Process
+experiments	I-Process
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+[	O
+4	O
+–	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+excess	B-Task
+entropy	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+could	O
+be	O
+evaluated	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+[	O
+7	O
+–	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+excess	O
+entropy	O
+contains	O
+both	O
+,	O
+the	O
+vibrational	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+configurational	I-Task
+parts	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+excess	O
+vibrational	O
+entropy	O
+,	O
+defined	O
+as	O
+the	O
+deviation	O
+from	O
+the	O
+entropy	O
+of	O
+a	O
+mechanical	O
+mixture	O
+of	O
+the	O
+end	O
+members	O
+A	O
+and	O
+B	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+Smmechmix	B-Material
+=	I-Material
+XASmA	I-Material
++	I-Material
+XBSmB	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+measuring	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+low	I-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+heat	I-Process
+capacity	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+5	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+300K	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+versus	I-Process
+composition	I-Process
+behaviour	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+determination	O
+of	O
+the	O
+excess	B-Task
+configurational	I-Task
+entropy	I-Task
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+the	O
+excess	O
+entropy	O
+coming	O
+from	O
+non-random	O
+atomic	O
+distributions	O
+and	O
+defects	O
+,	O
+is	O
+much	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+.	O
+Here	O
+,	O
+neutron	B-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+investigations	I-Process
+together	O
+with	O
+computer	B-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+are	O
+normally	O
+used	O
+.	O
+If	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+reliable	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+total	I-Material
+excess	I-Material
+entropy	I-Material
+(	O
+from	O
+enthalpic	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+chemical	I-Material
+potential	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+)	O
+are	O
+available	O
+,	O
+the	O
+measurement	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+excess	I-Process
+vibrational	I-Process
+entropy	I-Process
+enables	O
+the	O
+determination	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+excess	I-Process
+configurational	I-Process
+entropy	I-Process
+simply	O
+by	O
+subtraction	B-Process
+.	O
+Since	O
+configurational	O
+and	O
+vibrational	O
+entropies	O
+may	O
+have	O
+different	O
+temperature	O
+dependencies	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+worthwhile	O
+to	O
+separate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+entropic	I-Task
+effects	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+one	O
+aim	O
+of	O
+this	O
+study	O
+.	O
+Another	O
+aim	O
+is	O
+to	O
+deliver	B-Task
+experimental	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+so	O
+that	O
+first	O
+principles	O
+studies	O
+can	O
+test	O
+their	O
+models	O
+on	O
+a	O
+disordered	B-Material
+alloy	I-Material
+,	O
+whose	O
+structural	O
+details	O
+(	O
+short-range	O
+order	O
+)	O
+depend	O
+on	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+modelling	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+plasmas	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+arbitrary	I-Task
+degeneracy	I-Task
+under	O
+the	O
+binary	B-Process
+collision	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+uses	O
+a	O
+numerical	B-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+inverse	O
+cumulative	O
+density	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Fermi	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Dirac	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+to	O
+initialise	O
+simulation	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+collisions	B-Process
+are	O
+subject	O
+to	O
+Pauli	B-Process
+blocking	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+not	O
+appropriate	O
+in	O
+the	O
+limit	O
+of	O
+very	O
+strong	O
+coupling	B-Process
+because	O
+the	O
+plasma	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+which	O
+the	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+code	I-Process
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+breaks	O
+down	O
+.	O
+The	O
+strong	B-Task
+coupling	I-Task
+limit	I-Task
+corresponds	O
+to	O
+lnΛ	O
+≲	O
+3	O
+,	O
+with	O
+lnΛ	O
+the	O
+Coulomb	B-Process
+logarithm	I-Process
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+code	O
+is	O
+designed	O
+for	O
+lnΛ	O
+>	O
+3	O
+in	O
+collisional	B-Material
+plasmas	I-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+non-negligible	O
+level	O
+of	O
+degeneracy	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+with	O
+degenerate	O
+capabilities	O
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+for	O
+studying	O
+transport	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+semi-conductors	I-Task
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+but	O
+no	O
+such	O
+method	O
+exists	O
+for	O
+fully-ionised	B-Material
+plasmas	I-Material
+.	O
+Some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+techniques	O
+described	O
+are	O
+potentially	O
+applicable	O
+to	O
+other	O
+types	O
+of	O
+codes	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+Particle-In-Cell	O
+(	O
+PIC	O
+)	O
+codes	O
+.	O
+
+Similar	O
+numerical	B-Process
+oscillations	I-Process
+to	O
+those	O
+described	O
+above	O
+also	O
+emerge	O
+in	O
+the	O
+ISPM	B-Process
+when	O
+utilising	O
+classical	B-Process
+IBM	I-Process
+kernels	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+lack	O
+of	O
+regularity	O
+(	O
+with	O
+discontinuous	O
+second	O
+derivatives	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+remark	O
+that	O
+the	O
+immersed	O
+structure	O
+stresses	O
+are	O
+captured	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Lagrangian	B-Process
+description	I-Process
+and	O
+hence	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+compute	O
+them	O
+accurately	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+that	O
+these	O
+spurious	O
+oscillations	B-Material
+are	O
+not	O
+introduced	O
+via	O
+the	O
+kernel	B-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+specifically	O
+designed	O
+a	O
+new	B-Task
+family	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+kernel	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+which	O
+do	B-Task
+not	I-Task
+introduce	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+spurious	I-Task
+oscillations	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+kernel	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+are	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+taking	O
+into	O
+account	O
+discrete	O
+reproducibility	O
+conditions	O
+as	O
+originally	O
+introduced	O
+by	O
+Peskin	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+(	O
+in	O
+our	O
+case	O
+,	O
+tailor-made	O
+for	O
+Cartesian	B-Process
+staggered	I-Process
+grids	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+regularity	O
+requirements	O
+to	O
+prevent	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+spurious	O
+oscillations	B-Material
+when	O
+computing	O
+derivatives	O
+.	O
+A	O
+Maple	B-Material
+computer	I-Material
+program	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+explicit	I-Task
+expressions	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+kernels	I-Task
+.	O
+
+After	O
+all	O
+micro	O
+elements	O
+reach	O
+a	O
+relaxed	O
+steady-state	O
+,	O
+measurements	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+using	O
+a	O
+cumulative	B-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+to	O
+reduce	B-Task
+noise	I-Task
+.	O
+Each	O
+micro	B-Material
+element	I-Material
+is	O
+divided	O
+into	O
+spatially-oriented	B-Material
+bins	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+y-direction	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+resolve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+velocity	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+shear-stress	I-Task
+profiles	I-Task
+.	O
+Velocity	O
+in	O
+each	O
+bin	B-Material
+is	O
+measured	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Cumulative	B-Process
+Averaging	I-Process
+Method	I-Process
+(	O
+CAM	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+stress	B-Process
+tensor	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+is	O
+measured	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Irving	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Kirkwood	I-Process
+relationship	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+least-squares	B-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+fit	I-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+data	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+,	O
+which	O
+helps	O
+reduce	B-Process
+noise	I-Process
+further	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fit	O
+produces	O
+a	O
+continuous	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+that	O
+avoids	B-Process
+stability	I-Process
+issues	I-Process
+arising	O
+from	O
+supplying	O
+highly	B-Material
+fluctuating	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+to	O
+the	O
+macro	B-Material
+solver	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+least-squares	B-Process
+fit	I-Process
+is	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+an	O
+Nth	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+polynomial	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+velocity	O
+profile	O
+in	O
+the	O
+core	B-Material
+region	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+an	O
+Mth	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+polynomial	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+velocity	O
+profile	O
+in	O
+the	O
+constrained	O
+region	O
+:(	O
+16	O
+)〈	O
+ui,core	O
+〉=∑	O
+k	O
+=	O
+1Nbk,iyi′	O
+(	O
+N	O
+−	O
+k	O
+)	O
+,	O
+for	O
+0	O
+⩽	O
+yi′	O
+⩽	O
+hcore	O
+,	O
+and	O
+(	O
+17	O
+)〈	O
+ui,cs	O
+〉=∑	O
+k	O
+=	O
+1Mck,iyi	O
+″(	O
+M	O
+−	O
+k	O
+)	O
+,	O
+for	O
+0	O
+⩽	O
+yi	O
+″⩽	O
+hcs	O
+,	O
+where	O
+bk,i	O
+and	O
+ck,i	O
+are	O
+the	O
+coefficients	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+polynomials	B-Material
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+core	B-Material
+micro	I-Material
+region	I-Material
+and	O
+constrained	B-Material
+region	I-Material
+respectively	O
+.	O
+An	O
+estimate	O
+of	O
+the	O
+new	O
+slip	O
+velocity	O
+uB	O
+for	O
+input	O
+to	O
+the	O
+macro	B-Material
+solution	I-Material
+(	O
+6	O
+)	O
+is	O
+taken	O
+directly	O
+from	O
+the	O
+compressed	B-Material
+wall	I-Material
+micro-element	I-Material
+solution	I-Material
+(	O
+16	O
+)	O
+,	O
+at	O
+yi′	O
+=	O
+0	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+is	O
+interesting	O
+to	O
+quantify	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Schmidt	O
+number	O
+and	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+rate	O
+on	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Process
+concentration	I-Process
+of	O
+B	B-Material
+in	O
+water	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+data	O
+could	O
+present	O
+important	O
+information	O
+on	O
+evaluating	O
+the	O
+environmental	O
+impacts	O
+of	O
+the	O
+degradation	B-Process
+product	O
+of	O
+B	B-Material
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+acidification	B-Process
+of	O
+water	B-Material
+by	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+.	O
+Here	O
+,	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+of	O
+B	B-Material
+is	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+(	O
+24	O
+)	O
+CB	O
+⁎¯=∫	O
+01	O
+〈	O
+CB	O
+⁎〉(	O
+z	O
+⁎)	O
+dz	O
+⁎	O
+Fig.	O
+15	O
+depicts	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Schmidt	O
+and	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+rate	O
+on	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+CB	B-Material
+⁎¯	I-Material
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+worth	O
+to	O
+mention	O
+here	O
+that	O
+the	O
+bulk-mean	B-Process
+concentration	I-Process
+of	O
+B	B-Material
+reaches	O
+approximately	O
+0.6	O
+as	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+rate	O
+and	O
+the	O
+Schmidt	O
+number	O
+increase	O
+to	O
+infinite	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+concentration	O
+is	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+the	O
+equilibrium	O
+concentration	O
+of	O
+A	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+.	O
+This	O
+figure	O
+indicates	O
+that	O
+progress	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+is	O
+somewhat	O
+interfered	O
+by	O
+turbulent	B-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+in	O
+water	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+is	O
+up	O
+to	O
+approximately	O
+60	O
+%	O
+.	O
+The	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+chemical	O
+reaction	O
+in	O
+water	B-Material
+will	O
+be	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Reynolds	O
+number	O
+of	O
+the	O
+water	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+efficiency	O
+could	O
+increase	O
+as	O
+the	O
+Reynolds	O
+number	O
+increases	O
+.	O
+We	O
+need	O
+an	O
+extensive	B-Task
+investigation	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+aquarium	I-Task
+chemical	I-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+near	O
+future	O
+to	O
+extend	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+this	O
+study	O
+further	O
+to	O
+establish	B-Task
+practical	I-Task
+modelling	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+gas	I-Task
+exchange	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+air	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+water	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Numerical	B-Task
+simulation	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+gas	O
+flow	O
+through	O
+such	O
+non-trivial	O
+internal	O
+geometries	O
+is	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+extremely	O
+challenging	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+conventional	B-Task
+continuum	I-Task
+fluid	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+assumes	O
+that	O
+locally	O
+a	O
+gas	B-Material
+is	O
+close	O
+to	O
+a	O
+state	O
+of	O
+thermodynamic	B-Task
+equilibrium	I-Task
+,	O
+becomes	O
+invalid	O
+or	O
+inaccurate	O
+as	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+channel	B-Material
+height	I-Material
+)	O
+approaches	O
+the	O
+mean	O
+distance	O
+between	O
+molecular	B-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+,	O
+λ	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+An	O
+accurate	O
+and	O
+flexible	O
+modelling	O
+alternative	O
+for	O
+these	O
+cases	O
+is	O
+the	O
+direct	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+Monte	I-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+DSMC	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+DSMC	O
+can	O
+be	O
+prohibitively	O
+expensive	O
+for	O
+internal-flow	B-Task
+applications	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+typically	O
+have	O
+a	O
+geometry	O
+of	O
+high-aspect	B-Process
+ratio	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+are	O
+extremely	O
+long	O
+,	O
+relative	O
+to	O
+their	O
+cross-section	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+high-aspect	O
+ratio	O
+creates	O
+a	O
+formidable	B-Task
+multiscale	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+:	O
+processes	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+resolved	O
+occurring	O
+over	O
+the	O
+smallest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+a	O
+channel	O
+ʼs	O
+height	O
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+over	O
+the	O
+largest	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+length	O
+of	O
+a	O
+long	O
+channel	O
+network	O
+)	O
+,	O
+simultaneously	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+test	O
+cases	O
+confirm	O
+that	O
+the	O
+high-order	B-Process
+discretisation	I-Process
+retains	O
+exponential	O
+convergence	O
+properties	O
+with	O
+increasing	O
+geometric	O
+and	O
+expansion	O
+polynomial	O
+order	O
+if	O
+both	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Material
+and	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+are	O
+smooth	O
+.	O
+Errors	O
+are	O
+found	O
+to	O
+saturate	O
+when	O
+the	O
+geometric	O
+errors	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+parametrisation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+elements	I-Process
+,	O
+begin	O
+to	O
+dominate	O
+the	O
+temporal	O
+and	O
+spatial	O
+discretisation	O
+errors	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+smooth	O
+solutions	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+test	O
+cases	O
+,	O
+the	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+this	O
+dominance	O
+of	O
+geometric	O
+errors	O
+quickly	O
+limits	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	O
+of	O
+further	O
+increases	O
+in	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+degrees	O
+of	O
+freedom	O
+,	O
+either	O
+through	O
+mesh	B-Process
+refinement	I-Process
+or	O
+higher	B-Task
+solution	I-Task
+polynomial	I-Task
+orders	I-Task
+.	O
+Increasing	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+parametrisation	O
+reduces	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+geometric	I-Task
+error	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+analytic	O
+test	O
+cases	O
+presented	O
+here	O
+use	O
+a	O
+coarse	B-Material
+curvilinear	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+;	O
+for	O
+applications	O
+,	O
+meshes	B-Material
+are	O
+typically	O
+more	O
+refined	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+capture	O
+features	O
+in	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Material
+and	O
+so	O
+will	O
+better	O
+capture	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+and	O
+consequently	O
+reduce	O
+this	O
+lower	O
+bound	O
+on	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+error	O
+.	O
+If	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+not	O
+smooth	O
+,	O
+we	O
+do	O
+not	O
+expect	O
+to	O
+see	O
+rapid	O
+convergence	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+that	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+smooth	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+true	O
+surface	O
+is	O
+not	O
+,	O
+then	O
+exponential	O
+convergence	O
+with	O
+P	B-Material
+and	O
+Pg	B-Material
+can	O
+only	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+if	O
+,	O
+and	O
+only	O
+if	O
+,	O
+the	O
+discontinuities	O
+are	O
+aligned	O
+with	O
+element	O
+boundaries	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+if	O
+discontinuities	O
+lie	O
+within	O
+an	O
+element	O
+,	O
+convergence	O
+will	O
+be	O
+limited	O
+by	O
+the	O
+geometric	B-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+true	O
+surface	B-Material
+cannot	O
+be	O
+captured	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+cardiac	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+both	O
+the	O
+true	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+and	O
+solution	B-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+smooth	O
+.	O
+
+Designers	O
+of	O
+microfluidic	B-Material
+devices	I-Material
+are	O
+in	O
+need	O
+of	O
+computational	O
+tools	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+analyse	B-Task
+problems	I-Task
+that	I-Task
+involve	I-Task
+rarefied	I-Task
+gas	I-Task
+flows	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+complex	I-Task
+micro	I-Task
+geometries	I-Task
+.	O
+Numerical	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+flow	I-Material
+through	O
+such	O
+geometries	O
+is	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+extremely	O
+challenging	O
+.	O
+Conventional	B-Process
+continuum	I-Process
+fluid	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+(	O
+CFD	B-Process
+)	O
+becomes	O
+invalid	O
+or	O
+inaccurate	O
+as	O
+the	O
+characteristic	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geometry	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+channel	O
+height	O
+,	O
+h	O
+)	O
+approaches	O
+the	O
+molecular	O
+mean	O
+free	O
+path	O
+,	O
+λ	O
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+When	O
+λ	O
+/	O
+h	O
+≳	O
+0.1	O
+,	O
+the	O
+error	O
+in	O
+solutions	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+CFD	O
+may	O
+be	O
+significant	O
+,	O
+and	O
+we	O
+must	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+fluid	O
+for	O
+what	O
+it	O
+is	O
+:	O
+a	O
+collection	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+interacting	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+expense	O
+of	O
+simulating	O
+the	O
+flow	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+rarefied	I-Material
+gas	I-Material
+in	O
+high-aspect-ratio	B-Material
+micro	I-Material
+geometries	I-Material
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+ones	O
+that	O
+are	O
+long	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+relative	I-Material
+to	I-Material
+their	I-Material
+cross	I-Material
+section	I-Material
+)	O
+using	O
+a	O
+particle	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+direct	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+Monte	I-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+(	O
+DSMC	B-Process
+)	O
+method	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+prohibitively	O
+high	O
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+computational	O
+intensity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+particle	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+greater	O
+still	O
+when	O
+simulating	O
+low-speed	O
+microfluidic	B-Material
+devices	I-Material
+where	O
+there	O
+are	O
+only	O
+small	B-Material
+deviations	I-Material
+from	I-Material
+equilibrium	I-Material
+,	O
+characterised	O
+by	O
+extremely	B-Material
+low	I-Material
+Mach	I-Material
+numbers	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+weak	I-Material
+temperature	I-Material
+gradients	I-Material
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+simple	O
+numerical	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+Galerkin	B-Process
+finite	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+for	O
+a	O
+multi-term	B-Task
+time	I-Task
+fractional	I-Task
+diffusion	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+which	O
+involves	O
+multiple	B-Process
+Caputo	I-Process
+fractional	I-Process
+derivatives	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+complete	O
+error	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+space	O
+semidiscrete	O
+Galerkin	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+is	O
+provided	O
+.	O
+The	O
+theory	O
+covers	O
+the	O
+practically	O
+very	O
+important	O
+case	O
+of	O
+nonsmooth	O
+initial	O
+data	O
+and	O
+right	O
+hand	O
+side	O
+.	O
+The	O
+analysis	O
+relies	O
+essentially	O
+on	O
+some	O
+new	B-Material
+regularity	I-Material
+results	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+multi-term	O
+time	O
+fractional	O
+diffusion	O
+equation	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+fully	B-Process
+discrete	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+finite	B-Process
+difference	I-Process
+discretization	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Caputo	I-Process
+fractional	I-Process
+derivatives	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+stability	O
+and	O
+error	O
+estimate	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fully	O
+discrete	O
+scheme	O
+were	O
+established	O
+,	O
+provided	O
+that	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+is	O
+smooth	O
+.	O
+The	O
+extensive	O
+numerical	B-Process
+experiments	I-Process
+in	O
+one	B-Process
+-	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+two-dimension	I-Process
+fully	O
+confirmed	O
+our	O
+convergence	O
+analysis	O
+:	O
+the	O
+empirical	B-Material
+convergence	I-Material
+rates	I-Material
+agree	O
+well	O
+with	O
+the	O
+theoretical	O
+predictions	O
+for	O
+both	O
+smooth	O
+and	O
+nonsmooth	O
+data	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+light	B-Task
+propagation	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+scattering	I-Task
+medium	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+piece-wise	I-Task
+constant	I-Task
+refractive	I-Task
+index	I-Task
+using	O
+the	O
+radiative	B-Process
+transport	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+was	O
+studied	O
+.	O
+Light	O
+propagation	O
+in	O
+each	O
+sub-domain	O
+with	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+refractive	O
+index	O
+was	O
+modeled	O
+using	O
+the	O
+RTE	B-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+equations	O
+were	O
+coupled	O
+using	O
+boundary	O
+conditions	O
+describing	O
+Fresnel	B-Process
+reflection	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+transmission	I-Process
+phenomenas	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+interfaces	O
+between	O
+the	O
+sub-domains	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+coupled	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+RTEs	I-Process
+was	O
+numerically	O
+solved	O
+using	O
+the	O
+FEM	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+proposed	O
+model	O
+was	O
+tested	O
+using	O
+simulations	B-Process
+and	O
+was	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+Monte	I-Material
+Carlo	I-Material
+method	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+coupled	O
+RTE	B-Process
+model	O
+describes	O
+light	O
+propagation	O
+accurately	O
+in	O
+comparison	O
+with	O
+the	O
+Monte	B-Material
+Carlo	I-Material
+method	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+neglecting	O
+internal	O
+refractive	O
+index	O
+changes	O
+can	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+erroneous	O
+boundary	O
+measurements	O
+of	O
+scattered	O
+light	O
+.	O
+This	O
+indicates	O
+that	O
+the	O
+quality	O
+of	O
+the	O
+DOT	B-Process
+reconstructions	I-Process
+could	O
+possible	O
+be	O
+increased	O
+by	O
+incorporating	O
+a	O
+model	O
+for	O
+internal	O
+refractive	B-Process
+index	I-Process
+changes	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+image	B-Process
+reconstruction	I-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+validity	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+semi-classical	I-Task
+boundary	I-Task
+conditions	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+WTE	O
+as	O
+introduced	O
+in	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+is	O
+a	O
+topic	O
+under	O
+vivid	O
+debate	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+after	O
+recent	O
+works	O
+which	O
+address	O
+the	O
+non-uniqueness	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+properties	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Wigner	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+[	O
+27,28,46	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+numerical	B-Material
+test	I-Material
+cases	I-Material
+presented	O
+therein	O
+are	O
+for	O
+symmetric	B-Material
+potentials	I-Material
+for	O
+which	O
+we	O
+cannot	O
+provide	O
+reliable	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+well-resolved	O
+,	O
+results	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+singular	O
+terms	O
+in	O
+the	O
+steady	B-Process
+state	I-Process
+Wigner	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+,	O
+see	O
+Section	O
+4.3	O
+.	O
+Other	B-Material
+recent	I-Material
+studies	I-Material
+demonstrate	O
+the	O
+convergence	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+WTE	I-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+upon	O
+increasing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+size	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+domain	I-Process
+[	O
+44	O
+]	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+possible	O
+improvements	O
+by	O
+adapting	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+state	O
+of	O
+the	O
+active	O
+device	O
+region	O
+[	O
+47	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Despite	O
+their	O
+approximate	O
+nature	O
+we	O
+employ	B-Process
+inflow	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+outflow	I-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+conditions	I-Process
+here	O
+as	O
+well	O
+and	O
+demonstrate	O
+that	O
+accurate	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+physically	I-Task
+valid	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+for	O
+sufficiently	O
+large	O
+values	O
+of	O
+Lres	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+problematics	O
+with	O
+singular	O
+terms	O
+we	O
+present	B-Task
+simulations	I-Task
+only	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+non-zero	I-Task
+bias	I-Task
+voltages	I-Task
+VDS	O
+≠	O
+0	O
+V	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+multi-physics	B-Process
+description	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+multiscale	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+is	O
+often	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+a	O
+‘	B-Process
+hybrid’	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+fluid	B-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+,	O
+a	O
+typical	O
+hybrid	B-Process
+combines	O
+a	O
+molecular	B-Process
+treatment	I-Process
+(	O
+a	O
+‘	B-Process
+micro’	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+)	O
+with	O
+a	O
+continuum-fluid	B-Process
+one	I-Process
+(	O
+a	O
+‘	O
+macro’	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+aim	O
+of	O
+obtaining	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+accuracy	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+former	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+latter	I-Task
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+micro	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+macro	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+generally	O
+have	O
+characteristic	O
+timescales	O
+that	O
+are	O
+very	O
+different	O
+,	O
+which	O
+means	O
+that	O
+time-accurate	O
+simulations	O
+can	O
+be	O
+extremely	O
+challenging	O
+:	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+timestep	O
+required	O
+to	O
+make	O
+the	O
+micro	O
+model	O
+stable	O
+and	O
+accurate	O
+is	O
+so	O
+small	O
+that	O
+simulations	O
+over	O
+significant	O
+macro-scale	O
+time	O
+periods	O
+are	O
+intractable	O
+.	O
+If	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+‘	O
+scale-separated’	O
+,	O
+a	O
+physical	O
+(	O
+as	O
+distinct	O
+from	O
+numerical	O
+)	O
+approximation	O
+can	O
+be	O
+made	O
+that	O
+enables	O
+the	O
+coupled	O
+models	O
+to	O
+advance	O
+at	O
+different	O
+rates	O
+(	O
+asynchronously	O
+)	O
+with	O
+negligible	O
+penalty	O
+on	O
+macro-scale	O
+accuracy	O
+.	O
+E	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+were	O
+the	O
+first	O
+to	O
+introduce	O
+and	O
+implement	O
+this	O
+concept	O
+in	O
+a	O
+time-stepping	O
+method	O
+for	O
+coupled	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+in	O
+the	O
+classification	O
+of	O
+Lockerby	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+as	O
+a	O
+continuous	O
+asynchronous	O
+(	O
+CA	O
+)	O
+scheme	O
+(‘	O
+continuous’	O
+since	O
+the	O
+micro	O
+and	O
+macro	O
+models	O
+advance	O
+without	O
+interruption	O
+[	O
+5	O
+])	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+extend	O
+this	O
+idea	O
+to	O
+multiscale	O
+systems	O
+comprising	O
+an	O
+arbitrary	O
+number	O
+of	O
+coupled	O
+models	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+particular	O
+phase	B-Task
+field	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+we	O
+employ	O
+is	O
+an	O
+extension	O
+of	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+three	B-Process
+dimensional	I-Process
+thermal	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+and	O
+two	B-Process
+dimensional	I-Process
+thermal-solutal	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+One	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+problem	O
+is	O
+that	O
+it	O
+is	O
+purely	O
+dissipative	O
+,	O
+or	O
+entropy	O
+increasing	O
+,	O
+as	O
+all	O
+natural	O
+relaxational	O
+phenomena	O
+are	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+PDEs	B-Material
+are	O
+of	O
+Allen	O
+–	O
+Cahn	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Carn	O
+–	O
+Hilliard	O
+type	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+That	O
+is	O
+to	O
+say	O
+,	O
+the	O
+model	O
+involves	O
+time	B-Process
+derivatives	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+three	I-Process
+fields	I-Process
+coupled	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+forms	I-Process
+involving	I-Process
+variational	I-Process
+derivatives	I-Process
+of	O
+some	O
+functional	B-Process
+–	O
+typically	O
+the	O
+free	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+functional	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+the	O
+dendrite	B-Material
+grows	O
+the	O
+free	O
+energy	O
+reduces	O
+monotonically	O
+with	O
+time	O
+but	O
+never	O
+achieves	O
+equilibrium	O
+if	O
+the	O
+domain	O
+boundary	O
+is	O
+far	O
+from	O
+the	O
+dendrite	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+we	O
+have	O
+listed	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+difficult	O
+aspects	O
+of	O
+this	O
+model	O
+,	O
+the	O
+relaxational	O
+aspect	O
+is	O
+typically	O
+an	O
+asset	O
+and	O
+results	O
+in	O
+stable	O
+numerical	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+:	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+convection	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+(	O
+at	O
+least	O
+in	O
+the	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+flow	O
+in	O
+the	O
+melt	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Inspired	O
+by	O
+energy-fueled	O
+phenomena	O
+such	O
+as	O
+cortical	B-Process
+cytoskeleton	I-Process
+flows	I-Process
+[	O
+46,45,32	O
+]	O
+during	O
+biological	B-Process
+morphogenesis	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+theory	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+active	I-Task
+polar	I-Task
+viscous	I-Task
+gels	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+[	O
+37,33	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+theory	O
+models	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+continuum	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+macroscopic	I-Process
+mechanics	I-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+collection	O
+of	O
+uniaxial	B-Material
+active	I-Material
+agents	I-Material
+,	O
+embedded	O
+in	O
+a	O
+viscous	B-Material
+bulk	I-Material
+medium	I-Material
+,	O
+in	O
+which	O
+internal	O
+stresses	O
+are	O
+induced	O
+due	O
+to	O
+dissipation	O
+of	O
+energy	O
+[	O
+41,58	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+energy-consuming	O
+uniaxial	B-Material
+polar	I-Material
+agents	I-Material
+constituting	O
+the	O
+gel	B-Material
+are	O
+modeled	O
+as	O
+unit	O
+vectors	O
+.	O
+The	O
+average	O
+of	O
+unit	O
+vectors	O
+in	O
+a	O
+small	O
+local	O
+volume	O
+at	O
+each	O
+point	O
+defines	O
+the	O
+macroscopic	O
+directionality	O
+of	O
+the	O
+agents	O
+and	O
+is	O
+described	O
+by	O
+a	O
+polarization	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+polarization	O
+field	O
+is	O
+governed	O
+by	O
+an	O
+equation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+accounting	O
+for	O
+energy	O
+consumption	O
+and	O
+for	O
+the	O
+strain	O
+rate	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fluid	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+the	O
+strain	O
+rate	O
+and	O
+the	O
+stress	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fluid	O
+is	O
+provided	O
+by	O
+a	O
+constitutive	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+that	O
+accounts	O
+for	O
+anisotropic	O
+,	O
+polar	O
+agents	O
+and	O
+consumption	O
+of	O
+energy	O
+.	O
+These	B-Process
+equations	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+along	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+conservation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+,	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+continuum	B-Process
+hydrodynamic	I-Process
+description	I-Process
+modeling	O
+active	O
+polar	B-Material
+viscous	I-Material
+gels	I-Material
+as	O
+an	O
+energy	B-Material
+consuming	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+anisotropic	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+non-Newtonian	I-Material
+fluid	I-Material
+[	O
+37,33,32,41	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+partial	O
+differential	O
+equations	O
+governing	O
+the	O
+hydrodynamics	O
+of	O
+active	B-Material
+polar	I-Material
+viscous	I-Material
+gels	I-Material
+are	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+in	O
+general	O
+analytically	O
+intractable	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+boundary	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+BEM	B-Process
+)	O
+has	O
+clear	O
+advantages	O
+when	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+shape	B-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+high-voltage	I-Task
+devices	I-Task
+,	O
+see	O
+[	O
+4	O
+–	O
+8	O
+]	O
+for	O
+an	O
+introduction	O
+to	O
+BEM	B-Process
+.	O
+First	O
+of	O
+all	O
+,	O
+BEM	O
+relies	O
+only	O
+on	O
+a	O
+surface	B-Process
+discretisation	I-Process
+so	O
+that	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+need	O
+to	O
+maintain	O
+an	O
+analysis-suitable	O
+volume	O
+discretisation	O
+during	O
+the	O
+shape	B-Process
+optimisation	I-Process
+process	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+BEM	B-Process
+is	O
+ideal	O
+for	O
+solving	B-Task
+problems	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+unbounded	I-Task
+domains	I-Task
+that	O
+occur	O
+in	O
+electrostatic	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+gradient-based	B-Task
+shape	I-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+the	O
+shape	B-Process
+derivative	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+cost	O
+functional	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+geometry	O
+perturbations	O
+is	O
+needed	O
+[	O
+9	O
+–	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+To	O
+this	O
+purpose	O
+,	O
+we	O
+use	O
+the	O
+adjoint	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+and	O
+solve	O
+the	O
+primary	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+adjoint	I-Task
+boundary	I-Task
+value	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+with	O
+BEM	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+associated	O
+linear	O
+systems	O
+of	O
+equations	O
+are	O
+dense	O
+and	O
+an	O
+acceleration	O
+technique	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+fast	B-Process
+multipole	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+12,13	O
+]	O
+,	O
+is	O
+necessary	O
+for	O
+their	O
+efficient	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+For	O
+some	O
+recent	O
+applications	O
+of	O
+fast	B-Task
+BEM	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+shape	I-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+and	O
+Bernoulli-type	B-Task
+free-boundary	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+we	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+[	O
+14	O
+–	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+extrapolation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+upwind	I-Task
+value	I-Task
+required	O
+for	O
+TVD	B-Process
+differencing	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+particular	O
+hurdle	O
+for	O
+the	O
+application	O
+on	O
+unstructured	B-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+3.2	O
+,	O
+two	O
+methods	O
+to	O
+extrapolate	O
+the	O
+value	O
+at	O
+the	O
+virtual	O
+upwind	O
+node	O
+,	O
+using	O
+data	B-Material
+readily	I-Material
+available	I-Material
+on	I-Material
+unstructured	I-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+,	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+.	O
+Given	O
+how	O
+the	O
+virtual	B-Process
+upwind	I-Process
+node	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+incorporated	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+gradient	I-Process
+ratio	I-Process
+rf	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+extrapolation	O
+method	O
+of	O
+Darwish	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+Moukalled	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+is	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+implicit	B-Process
+extrapolation	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+method	B-Process
+introduced	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+Ubbink	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+Issa	I-Process
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+as	O
+explicit	B-Process
+extrapolation	I-Process
+.	O
+Both	O
+methods	O
+precisely	O
+reconstruct	O
+the	O
+upwind	O
+value	O
+for	O
+equidistant	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+rectilinear	I-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+but	O
+fail	O
+to	O
+do	O
+so	O
+on	O
+non-equidistant	B-Material
+or	O
+non-rectilinear	B-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+,	O
+as	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+3.2	O
+.	O
+Using	O
+the	O
+explicit	B-Process
+extrapolation	I-Process
+method	O
+this	O
+issue	O
+can	O
+be	O
+rectified	O
+by	O
+imposing	O
+appropriate	O
+limits	O
+on	O
+the	O
+extrapolated	O
+upwind	O
+value	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+popular	O
+choice	O
+is	O
+to	O
+couple	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+set	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+quadrature	I-Process
+points	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+equal	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+nodal	I-Process
+Lagrange	I-Process
+polynomials	I-Process
+defined	O
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+points	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+a	O
+collocation	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+many	O
+examples	O
+of	O
+this	O
+throughout	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+,	O
+both	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+more	O
+traditionally	O
+utilised	O
+continuous	O
+Galerkin	B-Process
+(	O
+CG	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+discontinuous	B-Process
+Galerkin	I-Process
+(	O
+DG	B-Process
+)	O
+formulations	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+newer	B-Process
+extensions	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+flux	B-Process
+reconstruction	I-Process
+(	O
+FR	B-Process
+)	O
+technique	O
+as	O
+presented	O
+by	O
+Huynh	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+collocation	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+most	O
+linear	B-Material
+operators	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+exactly	O
+integrated	O
+in	O
+this	O
+setting	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+quadrature	O
+,	O
+integrals	O
+of	O
+nonlinear	O
+terms	O
+typically	O
+incur	O
+numerical	O
+error	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+efficiencies	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+attained	O
+through	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+a	O
+collocation	B-Task
+formulation	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+especially	I-Task
+given	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+presence	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+diagonal	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+matrix	I-Task
+,	O
+often	O
+outweigh	O
+the	O
+numerical	O
+error	O
+that	O
+is	O
+incurred	O
+.	O
+
+An	O
+inherent	O
+problem	O
+of	O
+the	O
+phase-space	B-Task
+discretisation	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+spurious	B-Process
+separation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+discretised	I-Process
+bins	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+called	O
+the	O
+“	O
+Garden	B-Task
+Sprinkler	I-Task
+Effect	I-Task
+”	O
+and	O
+has	O
+been	O
+extensively	O
+studied	O
+in	O
+[	O
+48,49,20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+(	O
+In	O
+the	O
+Boltzmann	O
+transport	O
+community	O
+this	O
+is	O
+known	O
+as	O
+the	O
+ray	B-Task
+effect	I-Task
+.	O
+)	O
+To	O
+showcase	O
+this	O
+effect	O
+in	O
+the	O
+angular	O
+dimension	O
+,	O
+a	O
+large	O
+spatial	B-Process
+domain	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+4000km	I-Process
+×	I-Process
+4000km	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+simulated	I-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+monochromatic	B-Material
+wave	I-Material
+propagating	O
+over	O
+a	O
+long	O
+distance	O
+in	O
+deep	B-Material
+water	I-Material
+(	O
+d	O
+=	O
+10000m	O
+)	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+spatial	B-Process
+discretisation	I-Process
+a	O
+structured	B-Process
+triangle	I-Process
+mesh	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+,	O
+with	O
+an	O
+element	O
+edge	O
+length	O
+of	O
+67km	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+11	O
+(	O
+a	O
+))	O
+.	O
+The	O
+initial	O
+wave	B-Material
+field	I-Material
+,	O
+located	O
+500km	O
+from	O
+the	O
+lower	O
+and	O
+left	O
+side	O
+has	O
+a	O
+Gaussian	B-Material
+distribution	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+wave	B-Material
+height	O
+of	O
+Hs	O
+=	O
+2.5m	O
+and	O
+a	O
+standard	O
+deviation	O
+of	O
+150km	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+11	O
+(	O
+b	O
+))	O
+.	O
+Its	O
+mean	O
+direction	O
+is	O
+30	O
+°	O
+with	O
+an	O
+angular	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+cos2	O
+⁡(	O
+θ	O
+)	O
+and	O
+a	O
+frequency	O
+of	O
+0.1Hz	O
+.	O
+The	O
+simulation	B-Process
+is	O
+time-dependent	O
+and	O
+runs	O
+for	O
+5	O
+days	O
+with	O
+a	O
+time-step	O
+of	O
+600s	O
+.	O
+
+Multi-phase	B-Task
+flows	I-Task
+are	O
+common	O
+,	O
+in	O
+fact	O
+quite	O
+general	O
+,	O
+in	O
+environmental	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+industrial	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+.	O
+Broadly	O
+these	O
+may	O
+be	O
+modelled	O
+as	O
+continuous	O
+problems	O
+where	O
+phases	B-Process
+are	I-Process
+mixed	I-Process
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+oil	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+homogenisation	I-Process
+[	O
+36	O
+]	O
+,	O
+sediment	B-Process
+transport	I-Process
+[	O
+18	O
+])	O
+or	O
+interface	B-Process
+problems	I-Process
+where	O
+phases	O
+are	O
+distinct	O
+and	O
+interact	O
+at	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+gas-assisted	B-Process
+injection	I-Process
+moulding	I-Process
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+,	O
+liquid	B-Process
+jet	I-Process
+breakup	I-Process
+[	O
+40	O
+])	O
+.	O
+In	O
+some	O
+cases	O
+flows	O
+start	O
+as	O
+interface	O
+problems	O
+but	O
+as	O
+mixing	B-Process
+occurs	O
+at	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+they	O
+become	O
+effectively	O
+continuous	O
+,	O
+at	O
+least	O
+locally	O
+.	O
+Air	B-Task
+entrainment	I-Task
+,	O
+perhaps	O
+due	O
+to	O
+wave	B-Process
+breaking	I-Process
+,	O
+is	O
+an	O
+obvious	O
+example	O
+.	O
+We	O
+consider	O
+here	O
+two-phase	B-Task
+interface	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+where	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+remains	O
+distinct	O
+and	O
+the	O
+density	O
+difference	O
+is	O
+high	O
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+air	B-Material
+and	O
+water	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+where	O
+one	O
+phase	O
+may	O
+be	O
+considered	O
+incompressible	O
+.	O
+The	O
+interface	O
+is	O
+transient	O
+and	O
+may	O
+become	O
+highly	O
+distorted	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+interconnected	I-Process
+.	O
+Such	O
+problems	O
+have	O
+been	O
+tackled	O
+with	O
+mesh-based	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+using	O
+periodic	O
+(	O
+or	O
+adaptive	O
+)	O
+re-meshing	B-Process
+or	O
+additional	O
+phase	B-Process
+tracking	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+[	O
+40	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+these	O
+approaches	O
+can	O
+be	O
+time-consuming	O
+to	O
+implement	O
+and	O
+prone	O
+to	O
+errors	O
+in	O
+surface	O
+representation	O
+[	O
+50	O
+]	O
+or	O
+mass	O
+conservation	O
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+section	O
+is	O
+devoted	O
+to	O
+the	O
+discretization	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+advection	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+diffusion	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+and	O
+to	O
+the	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+dispersion	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+diffusion	I-Task
+eigencurves	I-Task
+for	O
+different	O
+polynomial	O
+orders	O
+.	O
+The	O
+spectral	O
+/	O
+hp	O
+continuous	O
+Galerkin	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+considered	O
+closely	O
+resembles	O
+the	O
+formulation	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Sec	O
+.	O
+2.1	O
+describes	O
+in	O
+detail	O
+the	O
+derivation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+semi-discrete	I-Process
+advection	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+problem	I-Process
+as	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+wave-like	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+,	O
+from	O
+which	O
+the	O
+relevant	O
+eigencurves	O
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+.	O
+The	O
+inviscid	B-Material
+case	I-Material
+(	O
+linear	B-Material
+advection	I-Material
+)	O
+is	O
+then	O
+addressed	O
+in	O
+Sec	O
+.	O
+2.2	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+role	O
+of	O
+primary	O
+and	O
+secondary	O
+eigencurves	O
+is	O
+discussed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+perspective	O
+introduced	O
+in	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+viscous	B-Material
+case	I-Material
+is	O
+subsequently	O
+considered	O
+in	O
+Sec	O
+.	O
+2.3	O
+,	O
+where	O
+eigencurves	O
+are	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+feature	O
+irregular	O
+oscillations	O
+for	O
+problems	O
+strongly	O
+dominated	O
+by	O
+either	O
+convection	O
+or	O
+diffusion	O
+.	O
+
+Discovering	O
+that	O
+both	O
+the	O
+vacancy	O
+and	O
+interstitial	O
+defect	B-Task
+migration	I-Task
+pathways	I-Task
+are	O
+confined	O
+to	O
+Ga-free	O
+regions	O
+suggests	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+recombination	O
+rates	O
+of	O
+isolated	O
+vacancy-interstitial	O
+pairs	O
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+pure	O
+Pu	O
+.	O
+The	O
+degree	O
+to	O
+which	O
+the	O
+rates	O
+are	O
+effected	O
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+residual	O
+defects	O
+post	O
+a	O
+cascade	O
+event	O
+,	O
+in	O
+addition	O
+to	O
+the	O
+concentration	O
+and	O
+ordering	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Ga	B-Material
+atoms	O
+.	O
+If	O
+vacancies	O
+and	O
+interstitials	O
+become	O
+greatly	O
+separated	O
+after	O
+the	O
+collision	O
+cascade	O
+,	O
+then	O
+pathways	O
+to	O
+recombination	O
+are	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+become	O
+restricted	O
+and	O
+recovery	O
+times	O
+will	O
+be	O
+extended	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+viable	O
+for	O
+cascades	O
+that	O
+created	O
+a	O
+vacancy	O
+rich	O
+core	O
+surrounded	O
+by	O
+dispersed	O
+interstitials	O
+,	O
+as	O
+found	O
+for	O
+the	O
+low	O
+energy	O
+cascades	O
+in	O
+Pu	O
+and	O
+PuGa	O
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+may	O
+also	O
+be	O
+the	O
+case	O
+for	O
+channelling	O
+events	O
+,	O
+where	O
+energetic	O
+atoms	O
+travel	O
+deep	O
+into	O
+the	O
+lattice	O
+through	O
+channels	O
+of	O
+low	O
+atomic	O
+density	O
+.	O
+
+Our	O
+simulations	B-Material
+confirm	O
+experimental	O
+observations	O
+that	O
+W	B-Task
+net	I-Task
+erosion	I-Task
+represents	O
+only	O
+tiny	O
+fraction	O
+(	O
+in	O
+our	O
+simulation	O
+∼	O
+1	O
+%)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+W	B-Task
+gross	I-Task
+erosion	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+estimated	B-Process
+upstream	I-Process
+W	I-Process
+fluxes	I-Process
+,	O
+FWupstrem	B-Process
+,	O
+are	O
+in	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+experimentally	B-Material
+observed	I-Material
+values	I-Material
+⩽	O
+1019m-2s-1	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+this	O
+value	O
+is	O
+not	O
+very	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+divertor	B-Material
+plasma	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+For	O
+low	O
+temperatures	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+of	O
+D	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+C	I-Material
+ions	I-Material
+hitting	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+divertor	I-Process
+plates	I-Process
+is	O
+too	O
+low	O
+to	O
+sputter	O
+sufficient	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+W	B-Material
+.	O
+With	O
+increasing	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+the	O
+W	B-Process
+sputtering	I-Process
+increases	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+drop	O
+in	O
+the	O
+divertor	B-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+increases	O
+too	O
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+result	O
+,	O
+most	O
+of	O
+the	O
+W	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+are	O
+ionized	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+vicinity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+divertor	B-Material
+and	O
+return	B-Process
+back	O
+to	O
+the	O
+plates	B-Material
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+two	O
+effects	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+the	O
+observed	B-Task
+prompt	I-Task
+redeposition	I-Task
+of	O
+W	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+:	O
+first	O
+is	O
+the	O
+“	O
+near-divertor	B-Process
+”	I-Process
+ionization	I-Process
+of	O
+W	B-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+low	O
+ionization	B-Process
+potential	O
+−	O
+7.86eV	O
+(	O
+for	O
+comparison	O
+the	O
+ionization	O
+potentials	O
+for	O
+D	B-Material
+and	O
+C	B-Material
+are	O
+13,6	O
+and	O
+10.6eV	O
+)	O
+,	O
+second	O
+,	O
+W	B-Material
++	I-Material
+n	I-Material
+ions	I-Material
+have	O
+large	B-Process
+Larmor	I-Process
+radius	I-Process
+∼	O
+2	O
+/	O
+nmm	O
+,	O
+so	O
+that	O
+they	O
+are	O
+redeposited	O
+within	O
+the	O
+distance	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Larmor	O
+radius	O
+.	O
+Important	O
+to	O
+note	O
+that	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+W	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+escaping	O
+this	O
+prompt	O
+redeposition	O
+are	O
+returned	O
+back	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+friction	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+main	I-Process
+ions	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+displacement	B-Task
+cascade	I-Task
+is	O
+a	O
+rapid	O
+process	O
+(	O
+of	O
+order	O
+picoseconds	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+migration	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+vacancies	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+SIAs	I-Process
+,	O
+mainly	O
+by	O
+diffusion	B-Process
+,	O
+happens	O
+over	O
+a	O
+timescale	O
+of	O
+order	O
+nanoseconds	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+still	O
+short	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+operating	O
+times	O
+,	O
+so	O
+is	O
+important	O
+to	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+equilibrium	O
+result	O
+of	O
+such	O
+processes	O
+:	O
+If	O
+the	O
+vacancies	O
+and	O
+SIAs	O
+were	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+find	O
+their	O
+Frenkel	O
+partner	O
+,	O
+recombine	O
+,	O
+and	O
+annihilate	O
+,	O
+then	O
+the	O
+metal	O
+should	O
+essentially	O
+return	O
+to	O
+its	O
+original	O
+structure	B-Material
+;	O
+however	O
+,	O
+if	O
+defects	B-Material
+instead	O
+formed	O
+large	O
+clusters	O
+of	O
+a	O
+single	O
+type	O
+this	O
+could	O
+result	O
+in	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+voids	B-Material
+,	O
+dislocation	B-Material
+loops	I-Material
+or	O
+swelling	B-Material
+,	O
+possibly	O
+weakening	O
+the	O
+material	O
+in	O
+the	O
+process	O
+.	O
+Defects	O
+can	O
+be	O
+trapped	O
+at	O
+grain	B-Material
+boundaries	O
+or	O
+surface	O
+,	O
+so	O
+for	O
+an	O
+ODS	B-Material
+particle	I-Material
+to	O
+effect	O
+the	O
+diffusion	O
+,	O
+there	O
+concentration	O
+must	O
+be	O
+such	O
+that	O
+there	O
+are	O
+many	O
+such	O
+particles	O
+in	O
+each	O
+grain	B-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+dashed	O
+curve	O
+represents	O
+the	O
+PuO2	B-Material
+molar	O
+fraction	O
+on	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+surface	O
+.	O
+It	O
+shows	O
+that	O
+,	O
+following	O
+the	O
+UO2	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+PuO2	I-Task
+phase	I-Task
+boundaries	I-Task
+,	O
+rather	O
+well	O
+established	O
+in	O
+this	O
+compositional	O
+range	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Section	O
+4.3	O
+below	O
+)	O
+,	O
+the	O
+newly	O
+formed	O
+liquid	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+is	O
+initially	O
+enriched	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+plutonium	I-Process
+dioxide	I-Process
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+fast	O
+diffusion	O
+in	O
+the	O
+liquid	B-Material
+phase	O
+,	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+sample	O
+composition	O
+(	O
+x	O
+(	O
+PuO2	B-Material
+)=	O
+0.25	O
+)	O
+tends	O
+to	O
+be	O
+rapidly	O
+restored	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+however	O
+clear	O
+,	O
+from	O
+the	O
+simulation	B-Process
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+fast	O
+cooling	B-Process
+occurring	O
+after	O
+the	O
+end	O
+of	O
+the	O
+laser	B-Process
+pulse	I-Process
+leads	O
+to	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+solidification	B-Process
+before	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+composition	O
+is	O
+fully	O
+recovered	O
+in	O
+the	O
+liquid	B-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+surface	B-Material
+solid	I-Material
+crust	I-Material
+forms	O
+then	O
+upon	O
+freezing	B-Process
+before	O
+the	O
+total	O
+liquid	B-Material
+mass	O
+has	O
+crystallised	O
+(	O
+see	O
+insets	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+4	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+double	O
+inflection	O
+during	O
+cooling	B-Process
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+corresponds	O
+to	O
+the	O
+solidification	B-Process
+onset	O
+on	O
+the	O
+sample	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+(	O
+first	O
+inflection	O
+)	O
+and	O
+to	O
+the	O
+disappearance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+last	O
+liquid	B-Material
+inside	O
+the	O
+material	O
+(	O
+second	O
+inflection	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+highest	O
+recalescence	O
+temperature	O
+represents	O
+the	O
+solidification	B-Process
+point	O
+of	O
+a	O
+composition	O
+very	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+one	O
+(	O
+approximately	O
+±	O
+0.01	O
+on	O
+x	O
+(	O
+PuO2	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+current	O
+example	O
+)	O
+,	O
+except	O
+for	O
+small	B-Task
+segregation	I-Task
+effects	I-Task
+.	O
+These	O
+latter	O
+have	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+also	O
+experimentally	O
+in	O
+the	O
+present	O
+research	O
+,	O
+by	O
+post-melting	B-Process
+material	I-Process
+characterisation	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+vapour	B-Material
+phase	I-Material
+consists	O
+of	O
+a	O
+number	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+different	I-Material
+gases	I-Material
+with	O
+silicon	B-Material
+exhibiting	O
+a	O
+far	O
+higher	O
+partial	O
+pressure	O
+than	O
+all	O
+carbon	B-Material
+containing	O
+species	O
+over	O
+the	O
+full	O
+temperature	O
+range	O
+.	O
+As	O
+an	O
+immediate	O
+result	O
+the	O
+vapour	B-Material
+contains	O
+a	O
+higher	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+silicon	B-Material
+leaving	O
+the	O
+solid	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+with	O
+excess	O
+carbon	B-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+carbon	O
+is	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+precipitate	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+SiC	I-Process
+grains	I-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+process	O
+that	O
+becomes	O
+very	O
+rapid	O
+as	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+approaches	O
+2100K	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Within	O
+the	O
+TRISO	B-Material
+particle	I-Material
+the	O
+SiC	B-Material
+layer	O
+is	O
+sandwiched	O
+between	O
+two	O
+coatings	O
+of	O
+dense	O
+carbon	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+partial	B-Material
+pressure	I-Material
+in	O
+thermodynamic	O
+equilibrium	O
+of	O
+gaseous	B-Material
+carbon	I-Material
+forming	O
+above	O
+graphite	B-Material
+was	O
+calculated	O
+using	O
+data	B-Material
+taken	I-Material
+from	I-Material
+JANAF	I-Material
+tables	I-Material
+and	O
+added	O
+to	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+,	O
+which	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+in	O
+the	O
+whole	O
+temperature	O
+range	O
+relevant	O
+for	O
+this	O
+study	O
+the	O
+vapour	B-Task
+pressure	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+carbon	I-Task
+is	O
+several	O
+magnitudes	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dominant	O
+gas	B-Material
+phases	O
+above	O
+SiC	B-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+second	B-Task
+stress	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+is	O
+a	O
+tri-axial	B-Task
+tensile	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+designed	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+the	O
+zone	O
+ahead	O
+of	O
+an	O
+advancing	B-Material
+crack	I-Material
+tip	I-Material
+.	O
+Micro-scale	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+have	O
+been	O
+observed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+appear	O
+to	O
+form	O
+very	O
+close	O
+to	O
+or	O
+at	O
+the	O
+metal	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+interface	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+by	O
+Parise	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+indicated	O
+that	O
+these	O
+cracks	B-Material
+form	O
+as	O
+a	O
+result	O
+of	O
+localised	B-Material
+tensile	I-Material
+stresses	I-Material
+above	O
+peaks	O
+in	O
+the	O
+metal	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+interface	I-Material
+roughness	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+.	O
+These	O
+cracks	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+separate	O
+to	O
+any	O
+nano-scale	O
+cracks	O
+that	O
+might	O
+result	O
+from	O
+the	O
+tetragonal	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+monoclinic	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+transformation	I-Process
+.	O
+An	O
+assumption	O
+is	O
+made	O
+here	O
+that	O
+whether	O
+the	O
+micro-scale	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+form	O
+via	O
+fracture	O
+of	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+or	O
+by	O
+de-bonding	B-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+a	O
+triaxial	B-Process
+tensile	I-Process
+stress	I-Process
+state	O
+will	O
+still	O
+be	O
+present	O
+.	O
+In	O
+manufactured	B-Material
+partially	I-Material
+stabilised	I-Material
+zirconia	I-Material
+cracks	O
+would	O
+be	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+destabilise	O
+the	O
+tetragonal	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+simulated	B-Task
+by	I-Task
+applying	I-Task
+tensile	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+direction	I-Task
+1	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+2	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+3	I-Task
+.	O
+As	O
+this	O
+the	O
+maximum	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+crack	O
+tip	O
+is	O
+not	O
+known	O
+,	O
+the	O
+applied	B-Process
+tensile	I-Process
+stresses	I-Process
+cover	O
+a	O
+range	O
+from	O
+0.1GPa	O
+up	O
+to	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+stress	O
+value	O
+of	O
+2.2GPa	O
+as	O
+it	O
+is	O
+approximately	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+three	O
+times	O
+the	O
+fracture	B-Process
+strength	O
+of	O
+bulk	O
+fracture	O
+strength	O
+for	O
+manufactured	B-Material
+stabilized	I-Material
+zirconia	I-Material
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+biaxial	B-Task
+compressive	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+triaxial	I-Task
+tensile	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+states	I-Task
+it	O
+is	O
+the	O
+trends	O
+in	O
+behaviour	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+the	O
+absolute	O
+values	O
+that	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+of	O
+greatest	O
+importance	O
+for	O
+this	O
+work	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+early	O
+theoretical	O
+work	O
+of	O
+Catlow	O
+assessed	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+Willis	B-Material
+type	I-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+and	O
+found	O
+them	O
+all	O
+to	O
+be	O
+stable	O
+using	O
+potential-based	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+More	O
+recently	O
+“	O
+split	B-Task
+interstitial	I-Task
+”	I-Task
+type	I-Task
+clusters	I-Task
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+)	O
+have	O
+emerged	O
+from	O
+computational	O
+studies	O
+as	O
+stable	O
+species	O
+following	O
+the	O
+potential	B-Process
+based	I-Process
+investigation	I-Process
+of	O
+Govers	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+which	O
+found	O
+the	O
+2:2:2	O
+cluster	O
+in	O
+a	O
+UO2	B-Material
+supercell	I-Material
+relaxed	O
+to	O
+a	O
+split	O
+di-interstitial	B-Material
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+(	O
+b	O
+))	O
+;	O
+a	B-Material
+single	I-Material
+VO	I-Material
+with	I-Material
+three	I-Material
+Oi	I-Material
+displaced	O
+approximately	O
+1.6Å	O
+in	O
+〈	O
+111	O
+〉	O
+directions	O
+from	O
+the	O
+VO	O
+.	O
+This	O
+result	O
+was	O
+later	O
+confirmed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+LSDA	B-Process
++	I-Process
+U	I-Process
+calculations	O
+of	O
+Geng	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+family	O
+of	O
+split	B-Material
+interstitial	I-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+was	O
+extended	O
+to	O
+include	O
+tri-interstitials	B-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+(	O
+a	O
+di-interstitial	B-Material
+with	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+fourth	I-Material
+Oi	I-Material
+site	I-Material
+occupied	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+quad-interstitials	B-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+(	O
+two	B-Material
+di-interstitials	I-Material
+on	I-Material
+adjacent	I-Material
+sites	I-Material
+,	O
+giving	O
+a	O
+total	O
+of	O
+two	O
+VO	B-Material
+and	O
+six	O
+Oi	B-Material
+)	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+(	O
+d	O
+))	O
+.	O
+Following	O
+this	O
+Andersson	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+postulated	O
+a	O
+model	B-Material
+for	I-Material
+U4O9	I-Material
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+UO2	B-Material
+supercell	I-Material
+containing	O
+multiple	B-Material
+split	I-Material
+quad-interstitial	I-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+;	O
+following	O
+the	O
+prediction	O
+of	O
+their	O
+LSDA	B-Process
++	I-Process
+U	I-Process
+calculations	O
+that	O
+the	O
+quad-interstitial	B-Material
+is	O
+more	O
+stable	O
+than	O
+its	O
+cuboctahedral	B-Material
+counterpart	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+calculations	O
+for	O
+the	O
+formation	B-Task
+energy	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+box	B-Material
+size	O
+is	O
+set	O
+to	O
+30a0	O
+×	O
+30a0	O
+×	O
+30a0	O
+,	O
+where	O
+a0	O
+is	O
+the	O
+bcc	O
+Fe	B-Material
+lattice	I-Material
+parameter	O
+.	O
+For	O
+all	O
+calculations	O
+periodic	O
+boundary	O
+conditions	O
+and	O
+constant	O
+volume	O
+are	O
+used	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+used	O
+to	O
+determine	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+lowest	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+configuration	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+cluster	O
+[	O
+28	O
+]	O
+is	O
+organised	O
+as	O
+follows	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+the	O
+energetics	O
+of	O
+voids	B-Material
+without	I-Material
+helium	I-Material
+are	O
+investigated	O
+.	O
+A	O
+vacancy	O
+is	O
+introduced	O
+into	O
+the	O
+simulation	B-Material
+cell	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+minimised	O
+using	O
+a	O
+conjugate	B-Process
+gradient	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+,	O
+yielding	O
+a	O
+single	B-Material
+vacancy	I-Material
+formation	I-Material
+energy	I-Material
+Evac	B-Material
+of	O
+1.72eV	O
+.	O
+Next	O
+,	O
+the	O
+atom	O
+with	O
+the	O
+highest	O
+potential	O
+energy	O
+is	O
+removed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+system	O
+and	O
+again	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+minimised	B-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+scheme	O
+is	O
+iteratively	O
+continued	O
+to	O
+create	O
+voids	O
+up	O
+to	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+target	O
+vacancies	O
+and	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+energy	O
+of	O
+each	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+.	O
+Next	O
+,	O
+helium	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+are	O
+introduced	O
+to	O
+the	O
+vacancies	O
+.	O
+The	O
+total	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+energy	I-Material
+is	O
+measured	O
+and	O
+recorded	O
+.	O
+At	O
+this	O
+point	O
+,	O
+a	O
+Metropolis	B-Process
+MC	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+low	B-Material
+energy	I-Material
+configurations	I-Material
+.	O
+Every	O
+helium	B-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+system	O
+is	O
+randomly	O
+displaced	O
+from	O
+its	O
+site	O
+up	O
+to	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+of	O
+rmax	O
+(	O
+4.5Å	O
+,	O
+the	O
+cut	O
+off	O
+distance	O
+for	O
+He	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+He	I-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+)	O
+in	O
+each	O
+of	O
+the	O
+x	O
+,	O
+y	O
+and	O
+z	O
+directions	O
+and	O
+then	O
+minimised	B-Process
+using	O
+the	O
+conjugate	B-Process
+gradient	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+Each	O
+bubble	O
+is	O
+continued	O
+for	O
+a	O
+minimum	O
+of	O
+10,000	O
+steps	O
+.	O
+After	O
+that	O
+,	O
+the	O
+searches	O
+will	O
+be	O
+terminated	O
+if	O
+the	O
+system	O
+energy	O
+does	O
+not	O
+drop	O
+within	O
+a	O
+further	O
+10	O
+steps	O
+.	O
+A	O
+schematic	O
+of	O
+this	O
+iterative	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+is	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+class	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+steels	I-Material
+known	O
+as	O
+oxide	B-Material
+dispersion	I-Material
+strengthened	I-Material
+(	O
+ODS	B-Material
+)	O
+ferritic	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+(	O
+also	O
+known	O
+as	O
+nanostructured	B-Material
+ferritic	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+)	O
+consist	O
+of	O
+a	O
+dispersion	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+ultra-fine	I-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+throughout	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+oxide	O
+particles	O
+serve	O
+to	O
+improve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+particularly	O
+at	O
+high	O
+temperatures	O
+,	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+through	O
+inhibiting	O
+dislocation	O
+motion	O
+and	O
+grain	O
+boundary	O
+sliding	O
+.	O
+In	O
+nuclear	O
+applications	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+suggested	O
+to	O
+act	O
+as	O
+point	O
+defect	O
+sinks	O
+[	O
+10,11	O
+]	O
+to	O
+improve	B-Task
+radiation	I-Task
+tolerance	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+as	O
+preferential	O
+sites	O
+for	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+nano-scale	B-Material
+He	I-Material
+bubbles	I-Material
+therefore	O
+reducing	B-Task
+swelling	I-Task
+compared	O
+to	O
+non-ODS	B-Material
+steels	I-Material
+[	O
+12	O
+–	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+to	O
+improve	O
+these	O
+properties	O
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+structure	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+composition	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+[	O
+10,11,16,17	O
+]	O
+and	O
+their	O
+stability	O
+under	O
+irradiation	B-Process
+.	O
+Typical	O
+compositions	O
+of	O
+ODS	B-Material
+steels	I-Material
+include	O
+between	O
+9	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+14at.	I-Material
+%	I-Material
+Cr	I-Material
+for	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+resistance	O
+(	O
+most	O
+commonly	O
+14at.	O
+%)	O
+;	O
+W	B-Material
+for	O
+solid	O
+solution	O
+hardening	O
+;	O
+Y2O3	B-Material
+that	O
+is	O
+put	O
+into	O
+solid	B-Material
+solution	I-Material
+during	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+,	O
+mechanical	B-Process
+alloying	I-Process
+,	O
+process	O
+but	O
+then	O
+during	O
+consolidation	B-Process
+at	O
+high	O
+temperatures	O
+forms	O
+precipitates	B-Material
+;	O
+and	O
+Ti	B-Material
+to	O
+inhibit	O
+significant	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+;	O
+the	O
+balance	B-Material
+being	O
+made	O
+up	O
+of	O
+Fe	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+impurities	I-Material
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+reason	O
+these	O
+steels	B-Material
+are	O
+often	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+14YWT	B-Material
+,	O
+reflecting	O
+the	O
+constituent	B-Material
+elements	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Zirconium	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+are	O
+used	O
+as	O
+cladding	B-Material
+to	O
+encapsulate	O
+fuel	B-Material
+pellets	I-Material
+in	O
+pressurised	O
+and	O
+boiling	O
+water	B-Material
+nuclear	I-Material
+reactors	I-Material
+.	O
+Research	O
+into	O
+oxidation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+alloys	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+significant	O
+since	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+material	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+microstructure	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+electro-chemical	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+during	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+are	O
+complex	O
+and	O
+many	O
+questions	O
+still	O
+remain	O
+unanswered	O
+.	O
+One	O
+such	O
+issue	O
+is	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+near	O
+the	O
+metal-oxide	B-Material
+interface	I-Material
+.	O
+Small	O
+cracks	O
+have	O
+been	O
+seen	O
+to	O
+form	O
+continuously	O
+during	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+large	O
+scale	O
+networks	O
+of	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+forming	O
+cyclically	O
+every	O
+∼	O
+2μm	O
+of	O
+oxide	O
+growth	O
+.	O
+These	O
+networks	O
+of	O
+cracks	O
+can	O
+be	O
+correlated	O
+with	O
+acceleration	O
+in	O
+the	O
+corrosion	B-Material
+kinetics	I-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+These	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+might	O
+enable	O
+the	O
+link	B-Material
+up	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+nano	I-Material
+pores	I-Material
+along	O
+grain	B-Material
+boundaries	O
+perpendicular	O
+to	O
+the	O
+metal	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+interface	I-Material
+as	O
+reported	O
+in	O
+[	O
+8,9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Experiments	O
+using	O
+Synchrotron	B-Process
+X-Ray	I-Process
+Diffraction	I-Process
+(	O
+S-XRD	B-Process
+)	O
+by	O
+both	O
+Polatidis	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+and	O
+Petigny	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+have	O
+separately	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+oxides	B-Material
+formed	O
+on	O
+Zircaloy-4	B-Material
+are	O
+composed	O
+of	O
+monoclinic	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+stabilised	I-Material
+tetragonal	I-Material
+phases	I-Material
+,	O
+with	O
+an	O
+∼	B-Material
+7	I-Material
+%	I-Material
+reduction	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+tetragonal	I-Material
+phase	I-Material
+fraction	O
+from	O
+1	O
+to	O
+3μm	O
+oxide	O
+growth	O
+[	O
+4,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+One	O
+theory	O
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+lateral	O
+cracks	O
+may	O
+destabilise	O
+the	O
+tetragonal	O
+phase	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+metal-oxide	B-Material
+interface	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+phase	B-Process
+transformation	I-Process
+has	O
+an	O
+∼	O
+6	O
+%	O
+expansion	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+it	O
+,	O
+which	O
+could	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+fracture	B-Process
+perpendicular	O
+to	O
+the	O
+metal-oxide	B-Material
+interface	I-Material
+,	O
+thereby	O
+generating	O
+fast	O
+ingress	B-Process
+routes	O
+for	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+containing	I-Material
+species	I-Material
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Spark	B-Process
+plasma	I-Process
+sintering	I-Process
+(	O
+SPS	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+a	O
+relatively	O
+new	O
+sintering-based	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+in	O
+which	O
+the	O
+powder	B-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+consolidated	O
+is	O
+loaded	O
+into	O
+an	O
+electrically	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+thermally	I-Process
+conductive	I-Process
+graphite	I-Process
+mould	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+large	I-Process
+DC	I-Process
+pulsed	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+1000	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+5000A	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+applied	I-Process
+under	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+uniaxial	I-Process
+pressure	I-Process
+.	O
+When	O
+current	O
+passes	O
+through	O
+the	O
+graphite	O
+mould	O
+(	O
+and	O
+the	O
+powder	B-Material
+if	O
+it	O
+is	O
+electrically	O
+conductive	O
+)	O
+,	O
+the	O
+powder	O
+is	O
+heated	O
+both	O
+from	O
+the	O
+outside	O
+(	O
+the	O
+mould	B-Material
+acts	O
+as	O
+a	O
+heating	B-Material
+element	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+inside	O
+(	O
+due	O
+to	O
+Joule	O
+heating	O
+from	O
+the	O
+intrinsic	O
+electrical	O
+resistance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+powder	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+SPS	B-Process
+is	O
+characterised	O
+by	O
+very	O
+fast	O
+heating	O
+(	O
+up	O
+to	O
+2000	O
+°	O
+C	O
+/	O
+min	O
+)	O
+and	O
+cooling	O
+rates	O
+and	O
+short	O
+holding	O
+times	O
+(	O
+minutes	O
+)	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+near	O
+theoretical	O
+density	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+SPS	O
+occupies	O
+a	O
+very	O
+different	O
+time	O
+–	O
+temperature	O
+–	O
+density	O
+space	O
+in	O
+powder	B-Process
+consolidation	I-Process
+maps	I-Process
+when	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+conventional	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+hot	B-Process
+pressing	I-Process
+sintering	I-Process
+and	O
+HIP	B-Process
+with	O
+ramp	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+50	O
+–	O
+80	O
+°	O
+C	O
+/	O
+min	O
+and	O
+a	O
+few	O
+hours	O
+holding	O
+time	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+SPS	B-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+for	O
+a	O
+rapidly	O
+growing	O
+number	O
+of	O
+materials	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+only	O
+a	O
+small	O
+number	O
+of	O
+studies	O
+on	O
+the	O
+fabrication	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+microstructural	I-Task
+characterisation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+ODS	I-Task
+steels	I-Task
+processed	I-Task
+by	I-Task
+SPS	I-Task
+,	O
+briefly	O
+reviewed	O
+below	O
+.	O
+
+To	O
+conclude	O
+,	O
+the	O
+electrochemical	B-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+uranium	I-Task
+dioxide	I-Task
+to	O
+uranium	B-Material
+metal	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+in	O
+a	O
+lithium	B-Material
+chloride	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+potassium	I-Material
+chloride	I-Material
+eutectic	I-Material
+molten	I-Material
+salt	I-Material
+at	O
+450	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+electrochemical	B-Process
+and	O
+synchrotron	B-Process
+X-ray	I-Process
+techniques	O
+have	O
+been	O
+utilised	O
+to	O
+deduce	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+electrochemical	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+potential	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+pathway	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+electrochemical	O
+reduction	O
+potential	O
+of	O
+the	O
+UO2	B-Material
+|	I-Material
+U	I-Material
+couple	I-Material
+is	O
+dependent	O
+on	O
+the	O
+activity	O
+of	O
+oxide	B-Material
+ions	I-Material
+existing	O
+within	O
+the	O
+melt	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+electrochemical	B-Process
+reduction	I-Process
+of	O
+uranium	B-Material
+dioxide	I-Material
+to	O
+uranium	B-Material
+metal	I-Material
+seems	O
+to	O
+occur	O
+in	O
+a	O
+single	O
+,	O
+4-electron-step	B-Process
+,	O
+process	O
+;	O
+indicated	O
+by	O
+a	O
+single	O
+reduction	O
+peak	O
+(	O
+C1	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+cyclic	O
+voltammograms	O
+and	O
+also	O
+by	O
+the	O
+exclusion	O
+of	O
+any	O
+other	O
+phases	O
+in	O
+the	O
+EDXD	O
+data	O
+.	O
+The	O
+electrochemical	O
+reduction	O
+may	O
+be	O
+impeded	O
+by	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+oxo-acidity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+molten	O
+salt	O
+.	O
+That	O
+is	O
+,	O
+O2	O
+−	O
+ions	O
+that	O
+are	O
+liberated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+electroreduction	O
+may	O
+not	O
+react	O
+at	O
+the	O
+counter	O
+electrode	O
+and	O
+,	O
+thus	O
+,	O
+not	O
+be	O
+removed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+molten	O
+salt	O
+.	O
+This	O
+could	O
+be	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+electrode	O
+geometry	O
+and	O
+/	O
+or	O
+the	O
+inherent	O
+microstructure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+working	O
+electrode	O
+:	O
+a	O
+high	O
+tortuosity	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+would	O
+impede	O
+the	O
+diffusion	O
+of	O
+O2	O
+−	O
+ions	O
+out	O
+of	O
+the	O
+working	O
+electrode	O
+.	O
+This	O
+could	O
+then	O
+cause	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+in	O
+the	O
+activity	O
+of	O
+oxide	O
+ions	O
+existing	O
+within	O
+the	O
+melt	O
+and	O
+hence	O
+inhibit	O
+the	O
+electrochemical	O
+reduction	O
+–	O
+exploration	O
+of	O
+the	O
+microstructure	O
+of	O
+working	O
+electrodes	O
+will	O
+be	O
+the	O
+focus	O
+of	O
+future	O
+work	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+primary	O
+benefit	O
+of	O
+using	O
+a	O
+3D	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+that	O
+it	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+application	O
+of	O
+anisotropic	B-Task
+material	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+hexagonal	O
+close	O
+packed	O
+lattice	O
+structure	O
+,	O
+a	O
+single	O
+zirconium	B-Material
+grain	I-Material
+is	O
+plastically	O
+anisotropic	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+difficulty	O
+of	O
+activating	O
+slip	O
+with	O
+a	O
+〈	O
+c	O
+〉	O
+component	O
+[	O
+23	O
+–	O
+26	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Abaqus	B-Process
+allows	O
+this	O
+to	O
+be	O
+represented	O
+by	O
+setting	O
+plasticity	B-Process
+potential	I-Process
+ratios	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+anisotropic	B-Material
+elastic	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+plastic	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+are	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+.	O
+Zirconium	B-Material
+alloys	O
+can	O
+often	O
+have	O
+a	O
+bimodal	B-Process
+basal	I-Process
+pole	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+tilt	O
+on	O
+the	O
+basal	O
+normal	O
+or	O
+c	O
+direction	O
+of	O
+±	O
+30	O
+°	O
+in	O
+the	O
+normal	O
+direction	O
+being	O
+quoted	O
+for	O
+recrystallized	B-Material
+Zircaloy-4	I-Material
+[	O
+27,28	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+for	O
+simplicity	O
+the	O
+basal	O
+normal	O
+or	O
+c	O
+direction	O
+has	O
+been	O
+taken	O
+as	O
+being	O
+parallel	O
+to	O
+the	O
+normal	O
+direction	O
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+the	O
+1	O
+,	O
+2	O
+and	O
+3	O
+directions	O
+in	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+correlate	O
+with	O
+the	O
+X	O
+,	O
+Y	O
+and	O
+Z	O
+global	O
+coordinate	O
+system	O
+for	O
+the	O
+3D	B-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+3	O
+direction	O
+correlating	O
+to	O
+the	O
+c	O
+direction	O
+of	O
+a	O
+zirconium	B-Material
+unit	I-Material
+lattice	I-Material
+.	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+also	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+elastic	O
+properties	O
+incorporated	O
+into	O
+the	O
+simulations	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+oxide	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+simulated	O
+as	O
+a	O
+purely	B-Material
+elastic	I-Material
+material	I-Material
+.	O
+Although	O
+it	O
+is	O
+known	O
+that	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+is	O
+strongly	O
+textured	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+still	O
+simulated	O
+as	O
+a	O
+homogenous	O
+solid	O
+therefore	O
+isotropic	B-Task
+material	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+in	O
+all	O
+simulations	B-Process
+.	O
+
+Zirconium	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+are	O
+commonly	O
+used	O
+as	O
+the	O
+fuel	B-Material
+cladding	I-Material
+for	O
+water	B-Material
+cooled	I-Material
+nuclear	I-Material
+fission	I-Material
+reactors	I-Material
+,	O
+mainly	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+low	O
+neutron	O
+cross-section	O
+,	O
+good	O
+corrosion	O
+resistance	O
+during	O
+normal	O
+operating	O
+conditions	O
+and	O
+sufficient	O
+mechanical	O
+strength	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Despite	O
+high	O
+corrosion	O
+resistance	O
+at	O
+normal	O
+operating	O
+temperatures	O
+(	O
+around	O
+300	O
+°	O
+C	O
+)	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Zr	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+oxidise	B-Process
+very	O
+rapidly	O
+when	O
+exposed	O
+to	O
+temperatures	O
+a	O
+few	O
+hundred	O
+degrees	O
+higher	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+an	O
+exothermic	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+can	O
+further	O
+accelerate	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+and	O
+,	O
+at	O
+temperatures	O
+beyond	O
+1000	O
+°	O
+C	O
+,	O
+potentially	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+disintegration	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+fuel	I-Process
+rods	I-Process
+,	O
+as	O
+highlighted	O
+during	O
+the	O
+Fukushima	O
+Daiichi	O
+nuclear	O
+accident	O
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+reason	O
+new	O
+research	O
+activities	O
+have	O
+been	O
+initiated	O
+worldwide	O
+to	O
+develop	B-Task
+accident	I-Task
+tolerant	I-Task
+fuels	I-Task
+(	O
+ATF	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+Additionally	O
+,	O
+ATFs	O
+could	O
+also	O
+provide	O
+further	O
+enhancements	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+corrosion	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+during	O
+normal	O
+operating	O
+conditions	O
+enabling	O
+the	O
+development	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+fuel	I-Task
+assemblies	I-Task
+for	O
+very	O
+high	O
+burn-up	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+all	O
+these	O
+studies	O
+,	O
+the	O
+association	O
+between	O
+the	O
+transition	O
+and	O
+lateral	O
+cracking	O
+in	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+depicts	O
+some	O
+interaction	O
+between	O
+the	O
+mechanical	O
+behaviour	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+,	O
+and	O
+its	O
+corrosion	O
+kinetics	O
+,	O
+but	O
+does	O
+not	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+clear	O
+understanding	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+morphology	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+metal	I-Task
+:	I-Task
+oxide	I-Task
+interface	I-Task
+during	O
+the	O
+corrosion	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+at	O
+the	O
+nanometre	O
+level	O
+.	O
+Understanding	B-Task
+why	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+transition	I-Task
+behaviour	I-Task
+happens	I-Task
+is	O
+critical	O
+when	O
+modelling	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+rate	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+oxide	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+to	O
+the	O
+lifetime	O
+prediction	O
+of	O
+Zr	B-Material
+clads	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+ultimately	O
+to	O
+the	O
+safety	O
+of	O
+nuclear	B-Material
+power	I-Material
+reactors	I-Material
+.	O
+No	O
+model	O
+will	O
+be	O
+complete	O
+without	O
+a	O
+nanoscale	O
+understanding	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+what	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+going	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+during	I-Task
+oxidation	I-Task
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+essential	O
+that	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+scale	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+top	B-Material
+layers	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+metal	I-Material
+are	O
+studied	O
+at	O
+nanometre	O
+resolution	O
+to	O
+reveal	O
+the	O
+detailed	O
+structural	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+chemical	I-Process
+changes	I-Process
+associated	O
+with	O
+diffusion	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+oxygen	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+metal	I-Process
+.	O
+Whilst	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+techniques	O
+have	O
+been	O
+employed	O
+for	O
+this	O
+purpose	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+clear	O
+that	O
+various	O
+techniques	O
+within	O
+transmission	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+TEM	B-Process
+)	O
+will	O
+be	O
+among	O
+the	O
+most	O
+versatile	O
+and	O
+informative	O
+for	O
+this	O
+purpose	O
+,	O
+although	O
+additional	O
+information	O
+can	O
+be	O
+added	O
+by	O
+techniques	O
+such	O
+as	O
+atom	B-Process
+probe	I-Process
+tomography	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Solid	B-Material
+pieces	I-Material
+of	O
+23	O
+–	O
+114	O
+mg	O
+were	O
+further	O
+used	O
+to	O
+measure	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+enthalpy	I-Process
+increments	I-Process
+using	O
+a	O
+Setaram	B-Process
+Multi-detector	I-Process
+High	I-Process
+Temperature	I-Process
+Calorimeter	I-Process
+(	O
+MDHTC-96	B-Process
+)	O
+using	O
+a	O
+drop	B-Process
+detector	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+more	O
+details	O
+about	O
+the	O
+technique	O
+we	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+our	O
+previous	O
+studies	O
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+measurements	O
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+under	O
+an	O
+argon	B-Material
+atmosphere	O
+(	O
+with	O
+an	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+content	O
+of	O
+7	O
+ppm	O
+)	O
+,	O
+using	O
+pure	O
+platinum	B-Material
+ingots	I-Material
+(	O
+64	O
+–	O
+144	O
+mg	O
+)	O
+of	O
+99.95	O
+at	O
+%	O
+purity	O
+as	O
+a	O
+reference	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+temperature	O
+range	O
+of	O
+the	O
+experiment	O
+was	O
+from	O
+430.3	O
+K	O
+to	O
+1088.8	O
+K	O
+using	O
+steps	O
+of	O
+50	O
+K	O
+.	O
+Each	O
+isothermal	B-Process
+run	I-Process
+consisted	O
+of	O
+2	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+4	I-Material
+drops	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+Bi2UO6	I-Material
+samples	I-Material
+,	O
+each	O
+surrounded	O
+by	O
+two	O
+drops	O
+of	O
+platinum	B-Material
+from	O
+which	O
+the	O
+sensitivity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+device	O
+was	O
+determined	O
+.	O
+The	O
+drops	O
+were	O
+separated	O
+by	O
+time	O
+intervals	O
+of	O
+20	O
+min	O
+,	O
+long	O
+enough	O
+to	O
+re-stabilize	O
+the	O
+monitored	O
+heat	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+signal	O
+.	O
+Background	B-Process
+subtraction	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+peak	I-Process
+integration	I-Process
+were	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+commercially	B-Material
+available	I-Material
+software	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+processing	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+reported	O
+temperatures	O
+were	O
+corrected	B-Process
+in	O
+accordance	O
+with	O
+the	O
+calibration	O
+curve	O
+obtained	O
+prior	O
+to	O
+measurement	O
+using	O
+several	O
+high	B-Material
+purity	I-Material
+standard	I-Material
+metals	I-Material
+(	O
+Sn	B-Material
+,	O
+Pb	B-Material
+,	O
+Zn	B-Material
+,	O
+Al	B-Material
+,	O
+Ag	B-Material
+,	O
+Ni	B-Material
+)	O
+with	O
+various	O
+melting	O
+temperatures	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+cover	O
+the	O
+whole	O
+temperature	O
+range	O
+of	O
+the	O
+measurement	O
+.	O
+After	O
+drop	O
+calorimetric	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+considered	O
+temperature	O
+,	O
+the	O
+material	O
+was	O
+subjected	O
+to	O
+a	O
+new	O
+XRD	B-Process
+measurement	O
+,	O
+confirming	O
+the	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+compound	B-Material
+under	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+fluence	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+each	I-Task
+capsule	I-Task
+was	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+using	O
+activation	B-Material
+monitor	I-Material
+sets	I-Material
+.	I-Material
+These	O
+monitor	O
+sets	O
+consist	O
+of	O
+different	O
+metal	B-Material
+wire	I-Material
+pieces	I-Material
+that	O
+have	O
+an	O
+activation	O
+reaction	O
+at	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+energy	O
+range	O
+.	O
+The	O
+different	O
+activation	O
+energies	O
+are	O
+chosen	O
+in	O
+such	O
+a	O
+way	O
+that	O
+the	O
+spectrum	O
+can	O
+be	O
+reconstructed	O
+.	O
+In	O
+BODEX	O
+,	O
+each	O
+capsule	B-Material
+contained	O
+a	O
+flux	B-Material
+monitor	I-Material
+set	I-Material
+on	O
+the	O
+‘	O
+back	O
+side’	O
+(	O
+as	O
+seen	O
+from	O
+the	O
+core	O
+)	O
+and	O
+one	O
+on	O
+the	O
+front	O
+side	O
+,	O
+positioned	O
+at	O
+the	O
+central	O
+height	O
+of	O
+the	O
+capsules	B-Material
+.	O
+Additionally	O
+,	O
+one	O
+detector	B-Material
+was	O
+placed	O
+at	O
+the	O
+top	O
+and	O
+one	O
+at	O
+the	O
+bottom	O
+,	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+a	O
+total	O
+of	O
+6	O
+monitor	B-Material
+sets	O
+per	O
+leg	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fluence	O
+in	O
+each	O
+capsule	B-Material
+was	O
+determined	O
+as	O
+the	O
+average	O
+between	O
+the	O
+two	O
+flux	B-Material
+monitor	I-Material
+located	O
+in	O
+each	O
+capsule	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+sets	O
+have	O
+been	O
+analysed	O
+by	O
+determining	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+activation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+each	I-Task
+wire	I-Task
+piece	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+indicates	O
+the	O
+fluence	B-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+energy	O
+range	O
+.	O
+Table	O
+3	O
+show	O
+the	O
+values	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fluences	B-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+two	O
+capsules	B-Material
+containing	O
+molybdenum	B-Material
+.	O
+
+Following	O
+fission	B-Process
+,	O
+noble	B-Material
+gas	I-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+will	O
+be	O
+distributed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fuel	B-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+initially	O
+accommodated	O
+at	O
+point	B-Process
+defects	I-Process
+trap	I-Process
+sites	I-Process
+,	O
+generally	O
+thought	O
+to	O
+be	O
+Schottky	B-Process
+trivacancy	I-Process
+defects	I-Process
+[	O
+4,5,31	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Diffusion	B-Process
+to	O
+either	O
+bubbles	B-Material
+or	O
+grain	B-Material
+boundaries	I-Material
+is	O
+then	O
+facilitated	O
+by	O
+associating	O
+a	O
+further	O
+uranium	B-Material
+vacancy	O
+defect	O
+for	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+atom	I-Material
+to	O
+‘	B-Process
+hop’	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+original	O
+vacancy	O
+then	O
+able	O
+to	O
+loop	B-Process
+around	I-Process
+to	O
+ensure	O
+continued	O
+diffusion	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+rate	O
+determining	O
+step	O
+in	O
+the	O
+process	O
+is	O
+not	O
+the	O
+migration	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+Xe	B-Material
+itself	O
+but	O
+rather	O
+the	O
+rearrangement	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+VU	B-Material
+defect	O
+to	O
+facilitate	O
+net	O
+Xe	B-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+–	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Activation	B-Process
+energies	O
+for	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+process	O
+depend	O
+on	O
+the	O
+availability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+defect	B-Process
+trap	I-Process
+sites	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+in	O
+turn	O
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+crystal	B-Process
+stoichiometry	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+Xe	B-Material
+diffusion	O
+in	O
+UO2	B-Material
+−	I-Material
+x	I-Material
+,	O
+UO2	O
+and	O
+UO2	B-Material
++	I-Material
+x	I-Material
+the	O
+activation	O
+energies	O
+calculated	O
+using	O
+DFT	B-Process
+are	O
+7.04	O
+–	O
+12.92	O
+eV	O
+,	O
+4.15	O
+–	O
+7.88	O
+eV	O
+and	O
+1.38	O
+–	O
+4.07	O
+eV	O
+with	O
+the	O
+ranges	O
+reflecting	O
+the	O
+way	O
+the	O
+calculations	O
+were	O
+performed	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+charge	B-Process
+states	O
+of	O
+the	O
+defects	O
+involved	O
+and	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Jahn	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Teller	I-Process
+distortion	I-Process
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Activation	O
+energies	O
+calculated	O
+using	O
+empirical	B-Process
+pair	I-Process
+potentials	I-Process
+can	O
+vary	O
+strongly	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+potential	B-Process
+.	O
+Govers	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+examined	O
+three	O
+different	O
+potentials	B-Process
+for	O
+UO2	B-Material
+(	O
+those	O
+of	O
+Basak	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Jackson	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Morelon	O
+[	O
+11	O
+])	O
+coupled	O
+with	O
+different	O
+parameterisations	O
+for	O
+the	O
+U	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Xe	I-Material
+and	O
+O	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Xe	I-Material
+interactions	O
+from	O
+Geng	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Nicoll	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+and	O
+recommend	O
+values	O
+of	O
+6.5	O
+eV	O
+,	O
+4.5	O
+eV	O
+and	O
+2.4	O
+eV	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+for	O
+the	O
+different	O
+stoichiometric	O
+regimes	O
+in	O
+very	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+values	O
+of	O
+6.0	O
+eV	O
+,	O
+3.9	O
+eV	O
+and	O
+1.7	O
+eV	O
+respectively	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Ferritic	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+martensitic	I-Material
+steels	I-Material
+are	O
+candidate	O
+materials	O
+for	O
+use	O
+in	O
+nuclear	B-Material
+reactors	I-Material
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+transmutation-created	B-Material
+inert	I-Material
+gas	I-Material
+,	O
+especially	O
+He	B-Material
+,	O
+plays	O
+an	O
+important	O
+role	O
+in	O
+the	O
+microstructural	B-Task
+evolution	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+steels	I-Task
+under	I-Task
+neutron	I-Task
+irradiation	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+a	O
+previous	O
+paper	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+the	O
+mechanisms	B-Task
+by	I-Task
+which	I-Task
+He	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+perfect	I-Task
+body-centred-cubic	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+bcc	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+Fe	I-Task
+lattice	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+agglomerate	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+bubbles	I-Task
+was	O
+discussed	O
+.	O
+It	O
+was	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+small	O
+He	B-Material
+interstitial	I-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+are	O
+highly	O
+mobile	O
+but	O
+become	O
+effectively	O
+pinned	O
+with	O
+the	O
+emission	O
+of	O
+Fe	B-Material
+interstitials	I-Material
+when	O
+the	O
+clusters	O
+contain	O
+5	O
+or	O
+more	O
+He	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+.	O
+Small	O
+bubbles	B-Material
+up	O
+to	O
+around	O
+1.5	O
+nm	O
+in	O
+diameter	O
+can	O
+easily	O
+form	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+from	O
+such	O
+seed	O
+points	O
+but	O
+larger	O
+bubbles	O
+are	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+form	O
+by	O
+diffusion	B-Process
+alone	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+induced	B-Process
+strain	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+bcc	B-Material
+lattice	I-Material
+which	O
+increases	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+barriers	O
+for	O
+diffusion	B-Material
+towards	O
+the	O
+bubbles	B-Material
+whilst	O
+reducing	O
+them	O
+in	O
+a	O
+direction	O
+away	O
+from	O
+the	O
+bubbles	O
+.	O
+Subsequent	O
+bubble	B-Material
+enlargement	O
+can	O
+then	O
+only	O
+occur	O
+either	O
+through	O
+increased	O
+temperature	O
+or	O
+by	O
+radiation	B-Process
+induced	I-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+which	O
+increase	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+vacancies	O
+in	O
+the	O
+bubble	B-Material
+and	O
+reduce	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+lattice	I-Task
+strain	I-Task
+.	O
+Emission	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+interracial	I-Process
+loops	I-Process
+from	O
+such	O
+a	O
+bubble	B-Material
+was	O
+not	O
+observed	O
+in	O
+molecular	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+.	O
+
+An	O
+increase	O
+of	O
+neutron	B-Process
+leakage	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+core	B-Material
+region	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+through	O
+modifications	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+core	I-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+(	O
+usually	O
+by	O
+adopting	O
+a	O
+pan-cake	B-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+active	I-Process
+core	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+expense	O
+of	O
+the	O
+general	O
+neutron	B-Material
+economy	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Extensive	O
+studies	O
+determined	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+core	B-Task
+design	I-Task
+modifications	I-Task
+that	I-Task
+optimised	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+total	I-Task
+sodium	I-Task
+void	I-Task
+reactivity	I-Task
+(	O
+becoming	O
+less	O
+positive	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Among	O
+the	O
+most	O
+efficient	O
+design	B-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+identified	O
+is	O
+an	O
+enlarged	B-Process
+sodium	I-Process
+plenum	I-Process
+above	O
+the	O
+active	O
+core	B-Material
+region	O
+in	O
+combination	O
+with	O
+an	O
+absorber	B-Process
+layer	I-Process
+above	O
+the	O
+sodium	B-Material
+plenum	I-Material
+(	O
+to	O
+reduce	B-Task
+neutron	I-Task
+backscattering	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+reflector	I-Task
+region	I-Task
+above	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+plenum	I-Task
+)	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+19	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+combined	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+different	O
+upper	B-Material
+plenum	I-Material
+thicknesses	O
+of	O
+the	O
+absorber	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+boron	I-Material
+layers	I-Material
+.	O
+It	O
+can	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+sequential	O
+increase	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+'s	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+converge	O
+to	O
+an	O
+asymptotic	O
+value	O
+of	O
+reactivity	B-Process
+reduction	I-Process
+slightly	O
+over	O
+800pcm	O
+.	O
+The	O
+pair	O
+of	O
+values	O
+selected	O
+was	O
+60cm	O
+for	O
+the	O
+sodium	B-Material
+plenum	I-Material
+and	O
+30cm	O
+for	O
+the	O
+boron	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+modifications	O
+implied	O
+a	O
+considerable	O
+increase	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+sub-assembly	I-Process
+length	I-Process
+that	O
+was	O
+compensated	O
+by	O
+reducing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+upper	I-Task
+axial	I-Task
+reflector	I-Task
+width	I-Task
+(	O
+Sun	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+design	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+reached	O
+in	O
+the	O
+sample	B-Material
+holders	I-Material
+,	O
+guarantees	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Na	B-Material
+remains	O
+liquid	O
+during	O
+operation	O
+to	O
+improve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+heating	I-Task
+transfer	I-Task
+and	O
+avoiding	O
+solid	B-Process
+formation	I-Process
+(	O
+too	O
+cold	O
+working	O
+temperature	O
+)	O
+or	O
+sodium	B-Material
+boiling	O
+(	O
+too	O
+hot	O
+working	O
+temperature	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+temperature	O
+above	O
+and	O
+just	O
+below	O
+the	O
+Na	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+will	O
+be	O
+monitored	B-Process
+by	I-Process
+six	I-Process
+dedicated	I-Process
+thermocouples	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+prevent	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+Na	B-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+plenum	O
+of	O
+the	O
+1st	O
+containment	O
+is	O
+filled	O
+with	O
+high-purity	B-Material
+He	I-Material
+at	O
+0.1MPa	O
+,	O
+sealed	O
+after	O
+final	O
+assembly	O
+and	O
+kept	O
+closed	O
+during	O
+in-pile	O
+operation	O
+(	O
+no	O
+gas	B-Process
+circulation	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+1st	O
+containment	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+heat	O
+generated	O
+by	O
+fission	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+gamma	I-Process
+absorption	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+materials	O
+will	O
+be	O
+radially	O
+dissipated	O
+through	O
+the	O
+Na	B-Material
+bath	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+structural	O
+materials	O
+and	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+gaps	O
+by	O
+conduction	O
+and	O
+radiation	O
+to	O
+the	O
+downstream	O
+primary	O
+coolant	O
+of	O
+the	O
+TRIO	B-Material
+wet	I-Material
+channel	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Geomagnetic	B-Process
+jerks	I-Process
+are	O
+conspicuous	O
+yet	O
+poorly	O
+understood	O
+phenomena	O
+of	O
+Earth	B-Material
+’s	I-Material
+magnetic	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+,	O
+motivating	O
+investigations	O
+of	O
+their	O
+morphology	O
+and	O
+the	O
+theory	O
+behind	O
+their	O
+origins	O
+.	O
+Jerks	B-Process
+are	O
+most	O
+commonly	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+their	O
+observed	O
+form	O
+at	O
+a	O
+single	O
+observatory	O
+as	O
+‘	O
+V’	O
+shapes	O
+in	O
+a	O
+single	O
+component	O
+of	O
+the	O
+geomagnetic	B-Process
+secular	I-Process
+variation	I-Process
+(	O
+SV	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+the	O
+first	O
+time	O
+derivative	O
+of	O
+the	O
+main	B-Material
+magnetic	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+(	O
+MF	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+times	O
+of	O
+the	O
+gradient	B-Process
+changes	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+separate	O
+linear	O
+trends	O
+of	O
+several	O
+years	O
+,	O
+have	O
+associated	O
+step	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+second	O
+time	O
+derivative	O
+of	O
+the	O
+MF	B-Material
+(	O
+secular	B-Process
+acceleration	I-Process
+(	O
+SA	B-Process
+))	O
+and	O
+impulses	O
+in	O
+the	O
+third	O
+time	O
+derivative	O
+.	O
+The	O
+‘	O
+V’	O
+shape	O
+SV	O
+definition	O
+of	O
+jerks	B-Process
+includes	O
+an	O
+implicit	O
+expectation	O
+of	O
+a	O
+‘	B-Process
+large’	I-Process
+magnitude	I-Process
+step	I-Process
+change	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+gradient	O
+without	O
+definition	O
+of	O
+this	O
+scale	O
+or	O
+its	O
+threshold	O
+value	O
+other	O
+than	O
+the	O
+basic	O
+need	O
+for	O
+it	O
+to	O
+be	O
+observable	O
+in	O
+the	O
+data	O
+above	O
+the	O
+highly	O
+variable	O
+background	O
+noise	O
+.	O
+Jerks	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+described	O
+by	O
+their	O
+amplitude	O
+,	O
+that	O
+is	O
+,	O
+the	O
+difference	O
+in	O
+the	O
+gradients	O
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+linear	O
+SV	B-Process
+segments	I-Process
+about	O
+a	O
+jerk	B-Process
+,	O
+A	O
+=	O
+a2-a1	O
+,	O
+where	O
+a2	O
+is	O
+the	O
+gradient	O
+after	O
+the	O
+jerk	O
+and	O
+a1	O
+is	O
+the	O
+gradient	O
+before	O
+the	O
+jerk	O
+.	O
+This	O
+measure	O
+is	O
+essentially	O
+the	O
+best	O
+fit	O
+SA	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+across	O
+a	O
+jerk	B-Process
+.	O
+Jerk	B-Process
+amplitude	I-Process
+is	O
+thus	O
+positive	O
+for	O
+a	O
+positive	O
+step	O
+in	O
+SA	B-Process
+and	O
+negative	O
+for	O
+a	O
+negative	O
+step	O
+.	O
+Here	O
+we	O
+do	O
+not	O
+consider	O
+spatial	O
+extent	O
+in	O
+our	O
+definition	O
+and	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+individual	O
+features	O
+in	O
+one	O
+field	O
+component	O
+of	O
+a	O
+given	O
+observatory	O
+time	O
+series	O
+as	O
+a	O
+single	O
+jerk	B-Process
+.	O
+
+Seismic	B-Process
+tomography	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+powerful	O
+tool	O
+to	O
+investigate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+deep	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+under	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+volcanoes	I-Task
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+recently	O
+rapid	O
+development	O
+of	O
+Chinese	O
+provincial	B-Process
+seismic	I-Process
+networks	I-Process
+(	O
+Zheng	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+)	O
+and	O
+some	O
+portable	B-Process
+seismic	I-Process
+arrays	I-Process
+(	O
+Hetland	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2004	O
+;	O
+Duan	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+;	O
+Lei	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012b	O
+)	O
+around	O
+the	O
+volcanoes	O
+,	O
+it	O
+has	O
+become	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+image	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+detailed	I-Process
+3-D	I-Process
+velocity	I-Process
+structure	I-Process
+under	O
+some	O
+of	O
+these	O
+volcanoes	O
+,	O
+where	O
+seismic	B-Material
+stations	I-Material
+are	O
+densely	O
+spaced	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+overview	O
+,	O
+we	O
+synthesize	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+deep	I-Task
+seismic	I-Task
+images	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+upper	I-Task
+mantle	I-Task
+under	O
+the	O
+Changbaishan	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+Tengchong	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+Hainan	I-Material
+volcanoes	I-Material
+as	I-Material
+well	I-Material
+as	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+Datong	I-Material
+volcano	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+evaluate	O
+the	O
+advantages	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+recently	I-Task
+updated	I-Task
+seismic	I-Task
+tomographic	I-Task
+techniques	I-Task
+for	O
+deriving	O
+potential	O
+information	O
+.	O
+This	O
+work	O
+updates	O
+a	O
+previous	O
+review	O
+of	O
+Zhao	O
+and	O
+Liu	O
+(	O
+2010	O
+)	O
+on	O
+this	O
+topic	O
+,	O
+with	O
+more	O
+detailed	O
+synthesis	O
+of	O
+all	O
+the	O
+available	O
+information	O
+.	O
+
+Microhardness	B-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+related	O
+to	O
+other	O
+macroscopic	O
+mechanical	O
+properties	O
+such	O
+as	O
+yield	O
+stress	O
+,	O
+σ	O
+,	O
+and	O
+elastic	O
+modulus	O
+,	O
+E	O
+,	O
+both	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+compression	B-Process
+testing	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+work-hardened	B-Material
+metals	I-Material
+,	O
+Tabor	O
+derived	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+direct	I-Process
+proportionality	I-Process
+between	O
+hardness	O
+and	O
+compressive	O
+yield	O
+stress	O
+:	O
+H	O
+≈	O
+3σ	O
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+soon	O
+realized	O
+that	O
+Tabor	O
+'s	O
+relationship	O
+only	O
+applies	O
+to	O
+materials	B-Material
+that	I-Material
+exhibit	I-Material
+full	I-Material
+plasticity	I-Material
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Deviations	B-Task
+from	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+relationship	I-Task
+have	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+for	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+metals	O
+,	O
+glasses	B-Material
+and	O
+polymers	B-Material
+where	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+elastic	I-Material
+strains	I-Material
+are	O
+non-negligible	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Hence	O
+,	O
+the	B-Task
+different	I-Task
+expressions	I-Task
+describing	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+correlation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+hardness	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+conventional	I-Task
+macroscopic	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+rely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+validity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+above-mentioned	O
+elasto-plastic	O
+models	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+way	O
+,	O
+hardness	O
+and	O
+yield	O
+stress	O
+no	O
+longer	O
+hold	B-Process
+direct	I-Process
+proportionality	I-Process
+but	I-Process
+their	I-Process
+relationship	I-Process
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+specific	B-Task
+material	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+Poisson	O
+'s	O
+ratio	O
+and	O
+elastic	O
+modulus	O
+[	O
+9,11	O
+–	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+has	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+these	O
+elasto-plastic	O
+models	O
+not	O
+only	O
+satisfactorily	O
+explain	O
+an	O
+H	O
+/	O
+σ	O
+ratio	O
+of	O
+≈	O
+2	O
+for	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+polyethylene	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+of	O
+different	O
+nature	O
+,	O
+but	O
+also	O
+theoretically	O
+account	O
+for	O
+the	O
+range	O
+of	O
+H	O
+/	O
+E	O
+ratios	O
+experimentally	O
+determined	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Up	O
+to	O
+now	O
+,	O
+morphological	B-Task
+studies	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+multi-component	B-Material
+polymeric	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+by	O
+various	O
+microscopic	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+Optical	B-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+,	O
+transmission	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+TEMs	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+scanning	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+SEMs	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+atomic	B-Material
+force	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+AFMs	B-Material
+)	O
+are	O
+commercially	O
+available	O
+and	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+.	O
+The	O
+biggest	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+microscopy	B-Task
+is	O
+that	O
+they	O
+provide	O
+intuitive	O
+real-space	O
+representations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+various	O
+morphologies	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+when	O
+it	O
+comes	O
+to	O
+“	O
+measurements	O
+”	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+in	O
+a	O
+quantitative	O
+way	O
+,	O
+microscopy	O
+sometimes	O
+lacks	O
+a	O
+statistical	O
+accuracy	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+small	O
+field	O
+of	O
+view	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+the	O
+scattering	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+provide	O
+much	O
+a	O
+superior	O
+statistical	O
+accuracy	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+microscopy	B-Task
+simply	O
+because	O
+the	O
+observation	O
+volume	O
+is	O
+larger	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+microscopes	B-Material
+.	O
+One	O
+must	O
+remember	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+scattering	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+normally	O
+require	O
+“(	B-Process
+hypothesized	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+for	O
+data	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+in	O
+advance	O
+:	O
+They	O
+do	O
+not	O
+provide	O
+an	O
+intuitive	O
+insight	O
+into	O
+the	O
+morphologies	O
+as	O
+does	O
+microscopy	B-Task
+.	O
+After	O
+all	O
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+complete	O
+characterization	O
+of	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+morphology	O
+,	O
+one	O
+may	O
+need	O
+to	O
+first	O
+know	O
+the	O
+morphologies	O
+from	O
+the	O
+microscopy	O
+and	O
+subsequently	O
+to	O
+evaluate	O
+the	O
+structural	O
+parameters	O
+by	O
+scattering	O
+on	O
+the	O
+basis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+morphology	O
+;	O
+the	O
+two	O
+methods	O
+are	O
+complementary	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+deal	O
+with	O
+the	O
+intensity	O
+scattered	O
+by	O
+a	O
+random	O
+mixture	O
+of	O
+deuterated	B-Process
+/	O
+hydrogenated	B-Process
+PE	B-Material
+chains	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+used	O
+by	O
+us	O
+to	O
+evaluate	O
+the	O
+Kratky	B-Material
+plots	I-Material
+by	O
+sets	O
+of	O
+parallel	B-Material
+polymer	I-Material
+stems	I-Material
+is	O
+very	O
+simplified	O
+.	O
+We	O
+checked	O
+it	O
+to	O
+be	O
+adequate	O
+in	O
+the	O
+reciprocal	O
+coordinate	O
+range	O
+under	O
+investigation	O
+[	O
+0	O
+<	O
+q	O
+(=	O
+4πsinθ	O
+/	O
+λ	O
+)≤	O
+0.25Å	O
+−	O
+1	O
+]	O
+comparing	O
+the	O
+results	O
+with	O
+more	O
+precise	O
+calculations	B-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+scattering	B-Material
+centres	I-Material
+are	O
+identified	O
+with	O
+pseudo-atoms	B-Material
+repeating	O
+after	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+distance	O
+of	O
+1.27Å	O
+along	O
+straight	O
+lines	O
+coinciding	O
+with	O
+the	O
+stem	B-Material
+axes	I-Material
+,	O
+100	O
+scattering	B-Process
+centres	O
+being	O
+placed	O
+on	O
+each	O
+stem	O
+;	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+by	O
+atoms	B-Material
+belonging	O
+to	O
+chain	B-Material
+folds	I-Material
+is	O
+neglected	O
+.	O
+The	O
+parallel	B-Material
+stem	I-Material
+axes	I-Material
+are	O
+disposed	O
+according	O
+to	O
+a	O
+hexagonal	O
+setting	O
+–	O
+a	O
+rough	O
+approximation	O
+to	O
+the	O
+monoclinic	O
+,	O
+pseudo-hexagonal	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+PE	B-Material
+–	O
+and	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+centres	O
+have	O
+the	O
+same	O
+axial	O
+coordinates	O
+in	O
+all	O
+the	O
+stems	B-Material
+.	O
+Defining	O
+an	O
+integer	O
+i	O
+going	O
+from	O
+1	O
+to	O
+the	O
+total	O
+number	O
+ns	O
+·	O
+100	O
+of	O
+scattering	B-Material
+centres	I-Material
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+(	O
+q	O
+<	O
+1	O
+)	O
+[	O
+9	O
+](	O
+1A	O
+)	O
+q2	O
+·	O
+I	O
+(	O
+q	O
+)=	O
+C	O
+·(	O
+bH	O
+−	O
+bD	O
+)	O
+2	O
+∑	O
+i	O
+=	O
+1ns	O
+·	O
+100	O
+∑	O
+j	O
+=	O
+1ns	O
+·	O
+1004πqsin	O
+(	O
+q	O
+·	O
+dij	O
+)	O
+dij	O
+;	O
+dij2	O
+=	O
+Δij2	O
++(	O
+zj	O
+−	O
+zi	O
+)	O
+2	O
+;	O
+q	O
+=	O
+2πsinθλwhere	O
+bH	O
+,	O
+bD	O
+respectively	O
+are	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+lengths	O
+of	O
+hydrogen	B-Material
+and	O
+deuterium	B-Material
+,	O
+dij	O
+is	O
+the	O
+distance	O
+between	O
+C	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+,	O
+2θ	O
+is	O
+the	O
+diffraction	O
+angle	O
+and	O
+λ	O
+the	O
+wavelength	O
+.	O
+The	O
+i-th	O
+C	O
+atom	O
+coordinate	O
+along	O
+the	O
+stem	O
+axis	O
+is	O
+zi	O
+and	O
+Δij	O
+is	O
+the	O
+distance	O
+between	O
+the	O
+stem	O
+axes	O
+where	O
+the	O
+atoms	O
+i	O
+and	O
+j	O
+belong	O
+.	O
+For	O
+all	O
+the	O
+stems	B-Material
+we	O
+have	O
+the	O
+same	O
+set	O
+of	O
+zi	O
+coordinates	O
+.	O
+The	O
+sum	O
+in	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1A	O
+)	O
+is	O
+extended	O
+to	O
+all	O
+the	O
+stems	O
+of	O
+the	O
+crystalline	B-Material
+domain	O
+,	O
+see	O
+Figs.	O
+2	O
+and	O
+10	O
+for	O
+examples	O
+.	O
+
+With	O
+ever	O
+increasing	O
+computer	O
+performance	O
+,	O
+simulations	B-Process
+in	O
+much	O
+larger	O
+systems	O
+have	O
+become	O
+feasible	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+full-atomistic	B-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+to	O
+polymer	B-Task
+crystallization	I-Task
+need	O
+extremely	O
+large	O
+computer	O
+power	O
+even	O
+in	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+simple	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+appropriate	B-Process
+modeling	I-Process
+or	O
+coarse-graining	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+is	O
+imperative	O
+.	O
+From	O
+a	O
+series	O
+of	O
+work	O
+on	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+coarse-grained	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+for	O
+polymers	B-Material
+,	O
+Mayer	O
+and	O
+Muller-Plathe	O
+have	O
+build	O
+up	O
+a	O
+model	O
+of	O
+poly	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+vinyl	I-Material
+alcohol	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+(	O
+PVA	B-Material
+)	O
+for	O
+studying	O
+early	O
+stage	O
+of	O
+crystallization	B-Process
+.	O
+They	O
+investigated	O
+the	O
+emergence	O
+of	O
+crystalline	B-Material
+order	O
+from	O
+the	O
+isotropic	B-Material
+melt	I-Material
+by	O
+rapid	B-Process
+quenching	I-Process
+[	O
+51,52	O
+]	O
+.	O
+They	O
+could	O
+reproduce	O
+many	O
+elementary	O
+processes	O
+of	O
+homogenous	B-Process
+nucleation	I-Process
+that	O
+showed	O
+good	O
+correspondence	O
+with	O
+experiments	O
+and	O
+other	O
+simulations	B-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+temperature	O
+dependence	O
+of	O
+lamella	B-Material
+thickness	O
+,	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+fold	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+,	O
+etc	O
+.	O
+In	O
+their	O
+work	O
+,	O
+they	O
+neglected	O
+long-range	O
+force	O
+(	O
+van	O
+der	O
+Waals	O
+attraction	O
+)	O
+to	O
+accelerate	O
+computation	O
+.	O
+Their	O
+model	O
+has	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+contribution	O
+due	O
+to	O
+intrachain	B-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+only	O
+and	O
+the	O
+dominant	O
+driving	O
+force	O
+for	O
+crystallization	B-Process
+is	O
+entropic	O
+,	O
+which	O
+seems	O
+to	O
+ignore	O
+dominant	O
+driving	O
+force	O
+for	O
+polymer	B-Process
+crystallization	I-Process
+in	O
+conventional	O
+sense	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+their	O
+work	O
+is	O
+reminiscent	O
+of	O
+the	O
+classical	B-Process
+solid	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+liquid	I-Process
+transition	I-Process
+in	O
+systems	O
+of	O
+repulsive	B-Material
+spherical	I-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+[	O
+53	O
+]	O
+and	O
+poses	O
+an	O
+intriguing	O
+problem	O
+as	O
+to	O
+the	O
+intrinsic	O
+driving	O
+force	O
+for	O
+polymer	B-Process
+crystallization	I-Process
+.	O
+
+SPM	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+AFM	B-Process
+in	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+widely	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+questions	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+crystallization	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+technique	O
+has	O
+several	O
+strengths	O
+that	O
+make	O
+it	O
+ideally	O
+suited	O
+for	O
+such	O
+studies	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+a	O
+high	B-Process
+resolution	I-Process
+technology	I-Process
+,	O
+routinely	O
+resolving	B-Process
+sub	I-Process
+10nm	I-Process
+features	I-Process
+[	O
+13,14	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+hence	O
+allowing	O
+the	O
+fundamental	O
+length	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+polymer	B-Material
+lamellar	I-Material
+crystal	I-Material
+,	O
+its	O
+thickness	O
+,	O
+to	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+.	O
+AFM	B-Process
+requires	O
+no	O
+staining	B-Process
+or	O
+metal	B-Process
+coating	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+,	O
+so	O
+sample	B-Process
+preparation	I-Process
+is	O
+relatively	O
+straightforward	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+non-destructive	O
+under	O
+many	O
+circumstances	O
+.	O
+This	O
+allows	O
+images	O
+to	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+while	O
+a	O
+process	O
+such	O
+as	O
+crystal	B-Material
+growth	O
+or	O
+melting	B-Process
+is	O
+occurring	O
+,	O
+giving	O
+time-resolved	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+at	O
+lamellar	O
+or	O
+sub-lamellar	O
+resolution	O
+[	O
+15	O
+–	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+this	O
+final	O
+feature	O
+that	O
+provides	O
+many	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+exciting	O
+possibilities	O
+of	O
+AFM	B-Process
+for	O
+studying	B-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+crystallization	I-Task
+,	O
+as	O
+it	O
+is	O
+now	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+watch	O
+crystal	B-Process
+growth	I-Process
+,	O
+crystal	B-Process
+melting	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+re-organisations	B-Process
+within	I-Process
+crystals	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+lamellar	I-Process
+scale	I-Process
+,	O
+seeing	O
+how	O
+structure	O
+evolves	O
+and	O
+local	O
+conditions	O
+influence	O
+kinetics	O
+.	O
+AFM	B-Material
+has	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+different	O
+measuring	O
+modes	O
+,	O
+and	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+ever	O
+increasing	O
+number	O
+of	O
+functional	O
+semicrystalline	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+available	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+[	O
+19	O
+])	O
+,	O
+the	O
+breadth	O
+of	O
+experiments	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+with	O
+a	O
+single	O
+machine	O
+is	O
+also	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+techniques	O
+attractions	O
+.	O
+
+Inverse	B-Process
+miniemulsion	I-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+water-in-oil	B-Process
+(	O
+W	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+O	I-Process
+)	O
+heterogeneous	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+that	O
+forms	O
+kinetically	B-Material
+stable	I-Material
+macroemulsions	I-Material
+at	O
+,	O
+below	O
+,	O
+or	O
+around	O
+the	O
+critical	B-Material
+micellar	I-Material
+concentration	I-Material
+(	O
+CMC	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+process	O
+contains	O
+aqueous	B-Material
+droplets	I-Material
+(	O
+including	O
+water-soluble	B-Material
+monomers	I-Material
+)	O
+stably	O
+dispersed	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+aid	O
+of	O
+oil-soluble	B-Material
+surfactants	I-Material
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+continuous	O
+organic	B-Material
+medium	I-Material
+.	O
+Stable	B-Material
+inverse	I-Material
+miniemulsions	I-Material
+are	O
+formed	O
+under	O
+high	O
+shear	O
+by	O
+either	O
+a	O
+homogenizer	B-Material
+or	O
+a	O
+high	B-Material
+speed	I-Material
+mechanical	I-Material
+stirrer	I-Material
+.	O
+Oil-soluble	B-Material
+nonionic	I-Material
+surfactants	I-Material
+with	O
+hydrophilic-lipophilic	O
+balance	O
+(	O
+HLB	O
+)	O
+value	O
+around	O
+4	O
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+implement	B-Task
+colloidal	I-Task
+stability	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+resulting	I-Task
+inverse	I-Task
+emulsion	I-Task
+.	O
+Upon	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+radical	B-Material
+initiators	I-Material
+,	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+occurs	O
+within	O
+the	O
+aqueous	B-Material
+droplets	I-Material
+producing	O
+colloidal	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+2	O
+)	O
+[	O
+83	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Several	O
+reports	O
+have	O
+demonstrated	O
+the	O
+preparation	O
+of	O
+stable	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+hydrophilic	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+water-soluble	I-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+[	O
+86	O
+–	O
+89	O
+]	O
+,	O
+polyaniline	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+[	O
+90	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+organic	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+inorganic	I-Material
+hybrid	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+[	O
+91	O
+–	O
+93	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+method	O
+also	O
+allows	O
+for	O
+the	O
+preparation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+crosslinked	I-Process
+microgels	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+presence	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+difunctional	I-Process
+crosslinkers	I-Process
+[	O
+27,94	O
+–	O
+100	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+CRP	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+including	O
+ATRP	B-Process
+[	O
+78,79,82,101,102	O
+]	O
+and	O
+RAFT	B-Process
+[	O
+103	O
+]	O
+in	O
+inverse	B-Material
+miniemulsion	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+explored	O
+to	O
+prepare	O
+well-defined	O
+nanoparticles	B-Material
+and	O
+nanogels	B-Material
+.	O
+
+In	O
+contrast	O
+with	O
+polymers	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+typically	O
+synthesized	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+liquid	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+,	O
+SWNTs	B-Material
+are	O
+produced	B-Process
+through	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+variety	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+synthesis	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+that	O
+typically	O
+involve	O
+the	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+gaseous	I-Process
+carbon	I-Process
+feedstock	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+form	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+nanotubes	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+catalyst	I-Process
+particles	I-Process
+.	O
+MWNTs	B-Task
+were	O
+first	O
+observed	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+arc	I-Process
+discharge	I-Process
+fullerene	I-Process
+reactors	I-Process
+[	O
+1,26	O
+]	O
+;	O
+this	B-Task
+technique	I-Task
+was	O
+later	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+produce	O
+SWNTs	B-Material
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Similarly	O
+,	O
+the	B-Process
+fullerene	I-Process
+production	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+laser	I-Process
+ablation	I-Process
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+was	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+produce	O
+SWNTs	B-Material
+(∼	O
+1.4nm	O
+diameter	O
+)	O
+in	O
+larger	O
+quantities	O
+on	O
+metal	B-Material
+catalyst	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+[	O
+28	O
+–	O
+30	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+number	O
+of	O
+chemical	B-Process
+vapor	I-Process
+deposition	I-Process
+(	O
+CVD	B-Process
+)	O
+processes	O
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+grow	O
+SWNTs	B-Material
+and	O
+MWNTs	B-Material
+,	O
+all	O
+involving	O
+the	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+gaseous	I-Process
+carbon	I-Process
+compound	I-Process
+as	I-Process
+feedstock	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+processes	O
+include	O
+fluidized	B-Process
+bed	I-Process
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+,	O
+“	B-Process
+carpet	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+growth	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+carbon	I-Process
+nanotubes	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+CNTs	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+catalyst	I-Process
+particles	I-Process
+embedded	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+substrate	I-Process
+[	O
+32	O
+–	O
+35	O
+]	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+,	O
+and	O
+“	B-Process
+catalytic	I-Process
+gas	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+CVD	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+[	O
+36,37	O
+]	O
+.	O
+One	O
+of	O
+the	B-Task
+most	I-Task
+effective	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+cheap	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+scalable	I-Task
+CVD	I-Task
+techniques	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+HiPco	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+high-pressure	I-Process
+CO	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+does	B-Process
+not	I-Process
+use	I-Process
+pre-formed	I-Process
+catalyst	I-Process
+particles	I-Process
+unlike	O
+most	O
+other	O
+CVD	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+[	O
+38	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+ELRs	B-Material
+are	O
+particularly	O
+attractive	O
+for	O
+the	O
+synthesis	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+block	I-Process
+copolymers	I-Process
+that	O
+self-assemble	O
+into	O
+polymer	B-Material
+nanostructures	I-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+micelles	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+work	O
+in	O
+this	O
+area	O
+involved	O
+an	O
+elastin-mimetic	B-Material
+di-block	I-Material
+copolymer	I-Material
+containing	O
+VPGEG	B-Material
+–(	I-Material
+IPGAG	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+4	I-Material
+and	O
+VPGFG	B-Material
+–(	I-Material
+IPGVG	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+4	I-Material
+as	O
+the	O
+hydrophilic	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+hydrophobic	I-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+,	O
+respectively	O
+[	O
+49	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+micelles	B-Material
+were	O
+studied	O
+by	O
+dynamic	B-Process
+light	I-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+(	O
+DLS	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+DSC	B-Process
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+the	O
+enthalpy	O
+of	O
+self-assembly	B-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+tri-block	B-Material
+copolymer	I-Material
+was	O
+subsequently	O
+synthesized	O
+and	O
+the	O
+TEM	B-Material
+images	I-Material
+of	O
+this	O
+polymer	B-Material
+showed	O
+that	O
+it	O
+formed	O
+spherical	B-Material
+aggregates	I-Material
+[	O
+50	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Other	O
+multivalent	B-Material
+spherical	I-Material
+micelles	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+linear	B-Material
+elastin-like	I-Material
+AB	I-Material
+di-block	I-Material
+copolymers	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+temperature	O
+range	O
+37	O
+–	O
+42	O
+°	O
+C	O
+with	O
+the	O
+aim	O
+of	O
+targeting	B-Task
+cancer	I-Task
+cells	I-Task
+[	O
+51	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Bidwell	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+have	O
+also	O
+exploited	O
+the	O
+ELRs	B-Material
+for	O
+its	O
+ability	O
+to	O
+serve	O
+as	O
+macromolecular	B-Material
+carriers	I-Material
+for	O
+thermally	B-Task
+targeted	I-Task
+delivery	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+drugs	I-Task
+.	O
+Attachment	O
+of	O
+doxorubicin	B-Material
+to	O
+ELR-based	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+showed	O
+enhanced	O
+cytotoxicity	B-Process
+in	O
+uterine	B-Material
+sarcoma	I-Material
+cells	I-Material
+when	O
+aggregation	B-Process
+was	O
+induced	O
+with	O
+hyperthermia	B-Process
+[	O
+52	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+general	O
+,	O
+the	O
+ion	B-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+capacity	I-Process
+(	O
+IEC	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+closely	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+proton	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+PEMs	B-Material
+because	O
+the	O
+acid	O
+functionalities	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+sulfonic	B-Material
+acid	I-Material
+groups	I-Material
+,	O
+contribute	O
+to	O
+the	O
+proton	B-Process
+conduction	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+membrane	B-Material
+.	O
+Beyond	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+sulfonation	O
+degree	O
+,	O
+PEMs	B-Material
+tend	O
+to	O
+absorb	O
+too	O
+much	O
+water	B-Material
+or	O
+are	O
+even	O
+soluble	O
+in	O
+water	O
+,	O
+which	O
+negatively	O
+affect	O
+their	O
+mechanical	O
+resistance	O
+and	O
+water	O
+resistance	O
+[	O
+17,18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+improvement	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+proton	I-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+using	I-Task
+aromatic	I-Task
+polymers	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+moderately	I-Task
+adjusted	I-Task
+IEC	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+under	O
+intense	O
+investigation	O
+[	O
+19	O
+–	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+To	O
+achieve	O
+high	B-Process
+proton	I-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+with	O
+moderate	O
+IEC	B-Process
+values	O
+,	O
+the	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+ion	I-Process
+channel	I-Process
+structures	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+enable	O
+effective	B-Process
+proton	I-Process
+conduction	I-Process
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+course	O
+of	O
+these	O
+studies	O
+,	O
+an	O
+ideal	O
+morphology	O
+has	O
+been	O
+pursued	O
+by	O
+microphase	O
+separation	O
+of	O
+segmented	B-Material
+block	I-Material
+copolymers	I-Material
+in	O
+which	O
+hydrophilic	B-Material
+sulfonated	I-Material
+polymer	I-Material
+segments	I-Material
+form	O
+an	O
+interconnected	B-Material
+three-dimensional	I-Material
+network	I-Material
+responsible	O
+for	O
+efficient	O
+proton	B-Process
+transport	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+a	O
+complementary	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+hydrophobic	I-Process
+non-sulfonated	I-Process
+segments	I-Process
+imparts	O
+a	O
+reinforcing	O
+effect	O
+,	O
+preventing	B-Task
+excessive	I-Task
+swelling	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+water	I-Task
+and	O
+enhancing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+.	O
+An	O
+image	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ideal	O
+morphology	O
+for	O
+PEMs	B-Material
+is	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+2	O
+.	O
+
+From	O
+a	O
+general	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+,	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+divided	O
+into	O
+two	O
+types	O
+of	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+:	O
+step-growth	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+and	O
+free	B-Process
+radical	I-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+.	O
+Step-growth	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+is	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+for	O
+synthesis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+polyesters	I-Task
+,	O
+polyamide	B-Material
+and	O
+epoxies	B-Material
+while	O
+the	O
+synthesis	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+polyacrylics	I-Process
+requires	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+free	B-Process
+radical	I-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+performed	O
+either	O
+in	O
+bulk	B-Material
+or	O
+in	O
+solution	B-Material
+or	O
+in	O
+dispersed	B-Material
+media	I-Material
+.	O
+Heterophase	B-Process
+polymerizations	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+emulsion	B-Process
+,	O
+dispersion	B-Process
+and	O
+miniemulsion	B-Process
+polymerizations	I-Process
+)	O
+present	O
+the	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+easier	O
+removal	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+resulting	I-Task
+product	I-Task
+from	O
+the	O
+reactor	B-Material
+compared	O
+to	O
+bulk	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+thanks	O
+to	O
+the	O
+low	O
+viscosity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+reaction	B-Material
+medium	I-Material
+.	O
+Polymerization	B-Process
+in	O
+solution	B-Material
+also	O
+induces	O
+lower	O
+viscosity	O
+but	O
+also	O
+lower	O
+reaction	B-Process
+rates	O
+due	O
+to	O
+dilution	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+reactants	B-Material
+and	O
+higher	O
+cost	O
+and	O
+environmental	O
+impact	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+organic	B-Material
+solvents	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+problems	O
+are	O
+solved	O
+in	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+heterophase	B-Process
+polymerizations	I-Process
+where	O
+the	O
+reactants	B-Material
+are	O
+confined	O
+inside	O
+droplets	B-Material
+(	O
+no	O
+dilution	B-Process
+effect	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+water	B-Material
+is	O
+used	O
+as	O
+medium	O
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+surfactant	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+are	O
+usually	O
+needed	O
+for	O
+the	O
+stabilization	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+monomer	I-Process
+droplet	I-Process
+and	O
+subsequent	O
+polymer	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+water	B-Material
+phase	O
+.	O
+
+Note	O
+that	O
+the	O
+quantitative	B-Task
+introduction	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+reactive	I-Task
+functionality	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+chain	I-Task
+end	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+easily	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+adopting	O
+the	O
+living	B-Process
+ROMP	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+especially	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Schrock	B-Material
+type	I-Material
+molybdenum	I-Material
+alkylidene	I-Material
+initiator	I-Material
+[	O
+7,12,21,61	O
+–	O
+65	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+exclusive	O
+preparation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+end-functionalized	I-Process
+ring-opened	I-Process
+polymers	I-Process
+(	O
+realized	O
+by	O
+a	O
+living	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+quantitative	I-Process
+initiation	I-Process
+)	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+not	O
+only	O
+to	O
+prepare	O
+block	B-Material
+copolymers	I-Material
+(	O
+ABCs	B-Material
+)	O
+coupled	O
+with	O
+another	O
+living	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+[	O
+66	O
+]	O
+,	O
+but	O
+also	O
+for	O
+preparation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+macromonomers	I-Process
+,	O
+as	O
+described	O
+below	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+the	O
+initiation	O
+efficiency	O
+is	O
+not	O
+always	O
+perfect	O
+as	O
+seen	O
+in	O
+the	O
+molybdenum	B-Material
+alkylidene	I-Material
+initiators	I-Material
+,	O
+because	O
+dissociation	B-Process
+of	O
+ligand	B-Material
+(	O
+PR3	B-Material
+etc.	O
+)	O
+should	O
+be	O
+required	O
+to	O
+generate	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+catalytically	I-Process
+active	I-Process
+species	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+ROMP	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+ruthenium	B-Material
+carbene	I-Material
+catalysts	I-Material
+(	O
+Scheme	O
+2	O
+)	O
+[	O
+67	O
+–	O
+69	O
+]	O
+.	O
+An	O
+equilibrium	O
+between	O
+coordination	B-Process
+and	O
+dissociation	B-Process
+of	O
+PR3	B-Material
+should	O
+be	O
+present	O
+even	O
+in	O
+the	O
+propagation	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+replacement	O
+of	O
+halogen	B-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+other	O
+anionic	B-Material
+ligand	I-Material
+(	O
+and	O
+/	O
+or	O
+replacement	O
+of	O
+PR3	B-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+other	O
+neutral	B-Material
+donor	I-Material
+ligands	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+)	O
+can	O
+also	O
+be	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+the	O
+probable	O
+side	O
+reactions	O
+.	O
+Importance	O
+of	O
+using	O
+the	O
+molybdenum	B-Material
+catalysts	I-Material
+should	O
+be	O
+thus	O
+emphasized	O
+for	O
+their	O
+precise	O
+preparations	O
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+initiators	O
+are	O
+highly	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+moisture	O
+and	O
+both	O
+monomers	B-Material
+and	O
+solvent	B-Material
+have	O
+to	O
+be	O
+thus	O
+strictly	O
+purified	O
+to	O
+avoid	O
+the	O
+catalyst	B-Material
+decomposition	B-Process
+(	O
+deactivation	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+
+An	O
+application	O
+of	O
+ROMP	B-Material
+derived	I-Material
+random	I-Material
+copolymers	I-Material
+is	O
+the	O
+covalent	B-Task
+incorporation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+optical	I-Task
+sensor	I-Task
+moieties	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+matrix	I-Task
+.	O
+ROM	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+tested	O
+as	O
+matrix	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+sensing	O
+phosphorescent	B-Material
+complex	I-Material
+platinum	I-Material
+tetrakis	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+pentafluorophenyl	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+porphyrin	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+correlation	O
+between	O
+the	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ROM	B-Material
+polymer	I-Material
+’s	I-Material
+side	I-Material
+chain	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+optical	O
+response	O
+of	O
+the	O
+sensor	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+established	O
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Several	O
+works	O
+are	O
+dedicated	O
+to	O
+the	O
+synthesis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+ROMP-able	I-Task
+optical	I-Task
+sensor	I-Task
+molecules	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+phenantroimidazoles	B-Material
+[	O
+35,36	O
+]	O
+,	O
+europium	B-Material
+complexes	I-Material
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+or	O
+xanthene	B-Material
+dyes	I-Material
+[	O
+38	O
+]	O
+,	O
+their	O
+random	O
+copolymerization	B-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+evaluation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+their	I-Task
+sensing	I-Task
+profiles	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+copolymers	I-Task
+.	O
+Another	O
+application	O
+comprises	O
+random	B-Task
+copolymers	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+covalently	I-Task
+bound	I-Task
+eosin	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+ethyl	I-Task
+dimethylamino	I-Task
+benzoate	I-Task
+units	I-Task
+which	O
+were	O
+tested	O
+as	O
+macroinitiators	B-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+photopolymerization	O
+of	O
+acrylates	B-Material
+aiming	O
+at	O
+an	O
+initiator	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+coinitiator	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+which	O
+combines	O
+good	O
+polymerization	B-Process
+activity	O
+with	O
+improved	O
+migration	O
+stability	O
+[	O
+39	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Another	B-Process
+choice	I-Process
+was	O
+to	O
+graft	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+fluorinated	I-Process
+groups	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+copolymers	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+functional	I-Process
+groups	I-Process
+.	O
+Casazza	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+52	O
+]	O
+synthesized	O
+an	B-Task
+acrylic	I-Task
+terpolymer	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+pendent	I-Task
+perfluoroether	I-Task
+segments	I-Task
+via	O
+grafting	B-Process
+fluorinated	I-Process
+groups	I-Process
+into	O
+a	O
+poly	B-Material
+(	O
+butyl	B-Material
+methacrylate-co-hydroxyehtyl	I-Material
+acrylate-co-ethyl	I-Material
+acrylate	I-Material
+)	O
+random	O
+copolymer	B-Material
+through	O
+hexamethylene	B-Process
+diisocyanate	I-Process
+functionality	I-Process
+.	O
+Malshe	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+53,54	O
+]	O
+studied	O
+the	B-Task
+coating	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+fluorinated	I-Task
+acrylic	I-Task
+copolymers	I-Task
+based	O
+on	O
+MMA	B-Material
+,	O
+BA	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+2-hydroxyethyl	B-Material
+methacrylate	I-Material
+(	O
+HEMA	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+They	O
+partially	O
+esterified	O
+hydroxyl	B-Task
+functionality	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+HEMA	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+tetrafluoro	I-Task
+propanoic	I-Task
+acid	I-Task
+and	O
+cured	O
+the	B-Material
+polymer	I-Material
+with	I-Material
+butylated	I-Material
+melamine	I-Material
+formaldehyde	I-Material
+resin	I-Material
+.	O
+Such	O
+methods	O
+were	O
+suited	O
+for	O
+the	O
+synthesis	O
+of	O
+copolymers	B-Material
+containing	I-Material
+complicated	I-Material
+fluorinated	I-Material
+groups	I-Material
+or	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+be	O
+provided	O
+directly	O
+by	O
+living	B-Process
+polymerization	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Assuming	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+cell	B-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+conversion	I-Process
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+15	O
+%	O
+,	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+incident	O
+solar	B-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+would	O
+be	O
+dissipated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+solar	O
+cell	O
+for	O
+each	O
+solar	O
+radiation	O
+intensity	O
+level	O
+.	O
+From	O
+Table	O
+2	O
+,	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+that	O
+for	O
+the	O
+worst	O
+scenario	O
+when	O
+the	O
+ambient	O
+temperature	O
+was	O
+50	O
+°	O
+C	O
+with	O
+natural	B-Process
+convection	I-Process
+only	O
+,	O
+the	O
+predicted	B-Task
+cell	I-Task
+electrical	I-Task
+conversion	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+would	O
+have	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+approximately	O
+8	O
+%	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+the	O
+15	O
+%	O
+assumed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+energy	O
+dissipated	O
+as	O
+heat	O
+from	O
+the	O
+cell	O
+would	O
+thus	O
+be	O
+7	O
+%	O
+higher	O
+.	O
+To	O
+correct	O
+for	O
+this	O
+effect	O
+the	O
+apparent	B-Process
+insolation	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+should	O
+be	O
+modified	O
+using	O
+the	O
+following	O
+formula	O
+:(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+Iact	O
+=	O
+I	O
+×	O
+0.850.85	O
++	O
+dηwhere	O
+Iact	O
+is	O
+the	O
+actual	O
+incident	O
+solar	O
+radiation	O
+intensity	O
+,	O
+dη	O
+is	O
+solar	O
+cell	O
+efficiency	O
+difference	O
+between	O
+the	O
+initially	O
+assumed	O
+15	O
+%	O
+and	O
+final	O
+calculated	O
+cell	O
+efficiency	O
+based	O
+on	O
+measured	O
+cell	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+
+Thermal	B-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+smart	I-Task
+window	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+predicted	O
+under	O
+different	O
+simulated	B-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+namely	O
+,	O
+direct	B-Process
+solar	I-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+intensity	I-Process
+,	O
+ambient	B-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+,	O
+water	B-Process
+inlet	I-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+water	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+rate	I-Process
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+11	O
+shows	O
+a	O
+sample	O
+of	O
+temperature	O
+distribution	O
+of	O
+all	O
+window	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+at	O
+a	O
+plane	O
+passing	O
+through	O
+the	O
+horizontal	O
+window	O
+segment	O
+based	O
+on	O
+simulation	B-Material
+physical	I-Material
+conditions	I-Material
+listed	O
+on	O
+Table	O
+3	O
+.	O
+Simulation	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+collected	O
+from	O
+all	O
+successive	O
+simulations	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+increasing	B-Process
+direct	I-Process
+solar	I-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+both	I-Process
+solar	I-Process
+cells	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+water	I-Process
+temperatures	I-Process
+is	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+12.	O
+Three	O
+different	O
+simulations	B-Process
+were	O
+performed	O
+assuming	O
+direct	O
+solar	B-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+intensities	O
+of	O
+400	O
+,	O
+600	O
+,	O
+and	O
+800W	O
+/	O
+m2	O
+incident	O
+on	O
+the	O
+window	B-Material
+’s	I-Material
+front	I-Material
+pane	I-Material
+with	O
+set	O
+ambient	O
+temperature	O
+,	O
+water	O
+inlet	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+water	O
+flow	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+respectively	O
+273K	O
+,	O
+283K	O
+and	O
+0.01kg	O
+/	O
+s	O
+.	O
+Water	O
+temperature	O
+was	O
+found	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+by	O
+5	O
+°	O
+C	O
+as	O
+it	O
+passed	O
+through	O
+the	O
+tube	B-Material
+,	O
+carrying	O
+the	O
+solar	B-Material
+cells	I-Material
+,	O
+from	O
+left	O
+to	O
+right	O
+for	O
+the	O
+bottom	O
+most	O
+units	O
+at	O
+800W	O
+/	O
+m2	O
+of	O
+direct	O
+incident	O
+solar	B-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Shading	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+the	O
+most	O
+detrimental	O
+factor	O
+on	O
+performance	O
+for	O
+a	O
+domestic	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+impact	O
+of	O
+shading	B-Process
+on	O
+performance	O
+varies	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+electrical	O
+series	O
+and	O
+parallel	O
+arrangement	O
+of	O
+cells	B-Material
+within	O
+a	O
+module	B-Material
+and	O
+modules	B-Material
+within	O
+an	O
+installed	B-Material
+array	I-Material
+.	O
+Whilst	O
+many	O
+approaches	O
+to	O
+shading	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+proposed	O
+,	O
+computational	O
+efficiency	O
+is	O
+not	O
+reported	O
+despite	O
+being	O
+of	O
+high	O
+importance	O
+when	O
+incorporating	O
+shading	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+into	O
+an	O
+overall	O
+energy	B-Process
+yield	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+lack	O
+of	O
+consideration	O
+of	O
+the	O
+non-linear	O
+impacts	O
+of	O
+shading	B-Process
+on	O
+smaller	O
+systems	O
+for	O
+example	O
+means	O
+that	O
+the	O
+shading	O
+loss	O
+is	O
+significantly	O
+underestimated	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+from	O
+supposedly	O
+small	O
+obstacles	O
+such	O
+as	O
+antennas	B-Material
+or	O
+chimneys	B-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+an	O
+example	O
+,	O
+the	O
+system	B-Material
+shown	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+Fig.	I-Material
+1	I-Material
+illustrates	O
+the	O
+case	O
+where	O
+the	O
+installer	O
+may	O
+have	O
+attested	O
+a	O
+shade	B-Process
+loss	I-Process
+factor	O
+close	O
+to	O
+unity	O
+under	O
+UK	O
+microgeneration	O
+guidelines	O
+(	O
+Microgeneration	O
+Certification	O
+Scheme	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+negligible	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	B-Material
+is	O
+severely	O
+compromised	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+non-linear	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+mismatch	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+.	O
+An	O
+effective	B-Process
+shading	I-Process
+sub-model	I-Process
+therefore	O
+needs	O
+to	O
+give	B-Task
+feedback	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+inform	I-Task
+decisions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+array	I-Task
+layout	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+proximity	O
+of	O
+obstructions	O
+but	O
+must	O
+not	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+high	B-Process
+power	I-Process
+computing	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Progressive	B-Process
+photon	I-Process
+mapping	I-Process
+was	O
+first	O
+proposed	O
+by	O
+Hachisuka	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2008	O
+)	O
+as	O
+an	O
+iterative	B-Process
+extension	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+standard	I-Process
+static	I-Process
+photon	I-Process
+mapping	I-Process
+approach	O
+as	O
+implemented	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Radiance	B-Process
+extension	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+combines	O
+multiple	O
+smaller	O
+photon	B-Material
+maps	I-Material
+to	O
+approximate	O
+a	O
+much	O
+larger	O
+one	O
+which	O
+may	O
+not	O
+fit	O
+into	O
+memory	O
+using	O
+the	O
+traditional	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+Through	O
+iteration	O
+,	O
+the	O
+process	O
+mitigates	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+noise	I-Process
+inherent	O
+in	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+raytracing	I-Process
+by	O
+combining	B-Process
+successive	I-Process
+results	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+averaging	I-Process
+them	O
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+same	O
+time	O
+,	O
+the	O
+density	B-Process
+estimate	I-Process
+bandwidth1Bandwidth	I-Process
+describes	O
+the	O
+support	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+area	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+influence	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+filter	I-Process
+used	O
+to	O
+weight	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+photons	I-Process
+retrieved	O
+from	O
+the	O
+photon	B-Material
+map	I-Material
+during	O
+a	O
+nearest	B-Process
+neighbour	I-Process
+lookup	I-Process
+on	O
+a	O
+surface	B-Material
+(	O
+Jensen	O
+,	O
+2001	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+irradiance	B-Material
+is	O
+proportional	O
+to	O
+the	O
+photon	B-Material
+density	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+bandwidth	O
+is	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+the	O
+distance	O
+(	O
+radius	O
+)	O
+to	O
+the	O
+furthest	O
+photon	O
+found	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+generalise	O
+the	O
+term	O
+to	O
+describe	B-Task
+either	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+radius	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nearest	I-Task
+neighbours	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+density	I-Task
+estimate	I-Task
+,	O
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+implementation.1	O
+(	O
+radius	O
+or	O
+number	O
+of	O
+nearest	O
+photons	B-Material
+)	O
+is	O
+gradually	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+mitigate	B-Process
+bias	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+Hachisuka	O
+points	O
+out	O
+,	O
+the	O
+accumulated	O
+density	O
+estimates	O
+converge	O
+to	O
+an	O
+unbiased	O
+solution	O
+in	O
+the	O
+limit	O
+.	O
+
+For	O
+the	O
+reverse	B-Process
+current	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+,	O
+for	O
+both	O
+scenarios	O
+(	O
+shading	O
+and	O
+short	O
+circuits	O
+)	O
+were	O
+tested	O
+on	O
+two	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+one	O
+system	O
+using	O
+standard	B-Material
+silicon	I-Material
+modules	I-Material
+and	O
+another	O
+system	O
+using	O
+high	B-Material
+efficiency	I-Material
+modules	I-Material
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+standard	B-Material
+silicon	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+,	O
+a	O
+power	O
+of	O
+50kWp	O
+was	O
+considered	O
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+system	O
+composed	O
+by	O
+10	B-Material
+strings	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+24	I-Material
+modules	I-Material
+per	I-Material
+string	I-Material
+and	O
+an	O
+approximate	O
+system	O
+Voc	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+864	I-Material
+[	O
+VDC	B-Material
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+high	B-Material
+efficiency	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+,	O
+a	O
+power	O
+of	O
+40kWp	O
+was	O
+considered	O
+,	O
+with	O
+a	O
+system	O
+composed	O
+by	O
+10	B-Material
+strings	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+18	I-Material
+modules	I-Material
+per	I-Material
+string	I-Material
+and	O
+an	O
+approximate	O
+system	O
+Voc	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+873	I-Material
+[	O
+VDC	B-Material
+]	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+5	O
+(	O
+a	O
+)	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+reverse	B-Task
+current	I-Task
+present	O
+in	O
+one	O
+string	O
+when	O
+different	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+modules	O
+in	O
+the	O
+string	O
+are	O
+shaded	O
+by	O
+90	O
+%	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+5	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+reverse	O
+current	O
+present	O
+in	O
+one	O
+string	O
+when	O
+different	B-Process
+numbers	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+modules	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+string	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+short-circuited	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+both	O
+figures	O
+the	O
+continuous	O
+lines	O
+are	O
+for	O
+the	O
+standard	B-Material
+silicon	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+dashed	O
+lines	O
+are	O
+for	O
+the	O
+high	B-Material
+efficiency	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+final	O
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+force	O
+is	O
+the	O
+van	B-Process
+der	I-Process
+Waals	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+includes	O
+the	O
+following	O
+contributions	O
+:	O
+(	O
+i	O
+)	O
+between	O
+the	O
+macroscopic	B-Material
+Si	I-Material
+tip	I-Material
+of	O
+conical	O
+shape	O
+with	O
+the	O
+sphere	O
+of	O
+radius	O
+R	O
+at	O
+the	O
+end	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+and	O
+semi-infinite	B-Material
+substrate	I-Material
+;	O
+(	O
+ii	O
+)	O
+the	O
+dispersion	B-Process
+forces	I-Process
+between	O
+the	O
+atoms	B-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+treated	O
+atomistically	O
+;	O
+and	O
+(	O
+iii	O
+)	O
+the	O
+interaction	O
+between	O
+the	O
+macroscopic	B-Material
+part	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+tip	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+sample	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+contribution	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+analytically	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+the	O
+macroscopic	O
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+van	B-Process
+der	I-Process
+Waals	I-Process
+force	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+same	O
+in	O
+each	O
+of	O
+the	O
+three	O
+systems	O
+described	O
+below	O
+,	O
+as	O
+it	O
+depends	O
+only	O
+on	O
+the	O
+tip	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+separation	I-Process
+,	O
+macroscopic	O
+sphere	O
+radius	O
+,	O
+cone-angle	O
+and	O
+Hamaker	O
+constant	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+All	O
+these	O
+quantities	O
+are	O
+identical	O
+in	O
+each	O
+system	O
+we	O
+look	O
+at	O
+,	O
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+van	B-Process
+der	I-Process
+Waals	I-Process
+force	I-Process
+acts	O
+as	O
+a	O
+background	O
+attractive	O
+force	O
+independent	O
+of	O
+the	O
+microscopic	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Hamaker	O
+constant	O
+needed	O
+for	O
+the	O
+calculation	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+macroscopic	B-Process
+van	I-Process
+der	I-Process
+Waals	I-Process
+force	I-Process
+is	O
+estimated	O
+to	O
+be	O
+0.5eV	O
+[	O
+32	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+we	O
+use	O
+the	O
+mortar	B-Process
+finite	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	O
+for	O
+the	O
+coupling	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonconforming	I-Task
+discretized	I-Task
+sub-domains	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+framework	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+elasticity	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+mortar	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+preserve	O
+optimal	B-Task
+convergence	I-Task
+rates	I-Task
+(	O
+see	O
+Laursen	O
+(	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+for	O
+details	O
+)	O
+and	O
+is	O
+variationally	O
+consistent	O
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+method	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+with	O
+little	O
+effort	O
+,	O
+once	O
+the	O
+framework	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+NURBS	I-Material
+based	I-Material
+shape	I-Material
+functions	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+implemented	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+coordinate	B-Process
+augmentation	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+allows	O
+the	O
+design	O
+of	O
+an	O
+energy	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+scheme	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+constrained	O
+mechanical	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+under	O
+consideration	O
+.	O
+The	O
+excellent	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+redesigned	O
+mortar	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+energy	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+scheme	I-Task
+is	O
+illustrated	O
+in	O
+representative	O
+numerical	O
+examples.In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+we	O
+use	O
+the	O
+mortar	B-Process
+finite	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+coupling	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonconforming	I-Task
+discretized	I-Task
+sub-domains	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+framework	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+elasticity	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+mortar	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+preserve	O
+optimal	O
+convergence	B-Task
+rates	I-Task
+(	O
+see	O
+Laursen	O
+(	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+for	O
+details	O
+)	O
+and	O
+is	O
+variationally	O
+consistent	O
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+method	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+with	O
+little	O
+effort	O
+,	O
+once	O
+the	O
+framework	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+NURBS	I-Material
+based	I-Material
+shape	I-Material
+functions	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+implemented	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+coordinate	B-Process
+augmentation	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+allows	O
+the	O
+design	O
+of	O
+an	O
+energy	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+scheme	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+constrained	B-Process
+mechanical	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+under	O
+consideration	O
+.	O
+The	O
+excellent	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+redesigned	O
+mortar	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+energy	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+scheme	I-Task
+is	O
+illustrated	O
+in	O
+representative	O
+numerical	O
+examples	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+a	O
+numerical	B-Process
+strategy	I-Process
+for	O
+designing	O
+an	O
+optimal	B-Task
+maintenance	I-Task
+scheduling	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+,	O
+accounting	B-Process
+explicitly	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+uncertainty	I-Process
+is	O
+suggested	O
+.	O
+This	O
+contribution	O
+,	O
+which	O
+can	O
+be	O
+regarded	O
+as	O
+an	O
+extension	O
+of	O
+the	O
+methods	O
+developed	O
+in	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+presents	O
+several	O
+novel	O
+aspects	O
+over	O
+similar	O
+approaches	O
+proposed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+initiation	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+fatigue	I-Process
+crack	I-Process
+is	O
+modeled	O
+efficiently	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+cohesive	B-Material
+zone	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+[	O
+24	O
+–	O
+26	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+application	O
+of	O
+this	O
+class	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+allows	O
+modeling	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+crack	I-Task
+initiation	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+propagation	I-Task
+within	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+unified	I-Task
+framework	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+cohesive	B-Material
+zone	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+have	O
+already	O
+been	O
+used	O
+for	O
+uncertainty	B-Task
+quantification	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+crack	I-Task
+propagation	I-Task
+phenomenon	I-Task
+[	O
+27,28	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+its	O
+application	O
+within	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+maintenance	B-Task
+scheduling	I-Task
+constitutes	O
+a	O
+novelty	O
+.	O
+The	O
+second	O
+innovative	O
+aspect	O
+of	O
+this	O
+contribution	O
+refers	O
+to	O
+the	O
+assessment	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+reliability	I-Process
+sensitivity	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+respect	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+variables	I-Process
+that	I-Process
+define	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+maintenance	I-Process
+scheduling	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+estimation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+this	I-Process
+sensitivity	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+required	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+the	O
+optimal	B-Task
+maintenance	I-Task
+schedule	I-Task
+within	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+proposed	I-Task
+framework	I-Task
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+quite	O
+demanding	O
+as	O
+the	O
+model	B-Material
+characterizing	I-Material
+repair	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+cracked	I-Material
+structure	I-Material
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+discontinuous	B-Task
+performance	I-Task
+function	I-Task
+associated	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+failure	I-Task
+probability	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+new	O
+approach	O
+for	O
+modeling	O
+this	O
+function	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+herein	O
+.	O
+The	O
+continuous	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+discontinuous	I-Material
+parts	I-Material
+respectively	O
+of	O
+the	O
+function	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+separately	O
+to	O
+estimate	B-Process
+accurately	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+gradients	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+failure	I-Process
+events	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Finite	B-Process
+Element	I-Process
+Tearing	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+Interconnecting	I-Process
+(	O
+FETI	B-Process
+)	O
+methods	O
+are	O
+a	O
+powerful	O
+approach	O
+to	O
+designing	O
+solvers	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+large-scale	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+computational	I-Task
+mechanics	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+numerical	B-Material
+simulation	I-Material
+problem	I-Material
+is	O
+subdivided	O
+into	O
+a	O
+number	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+independent	I-Material
+sub-problems	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+then	O
+coupled	O
+in	O
+appropriate	O
+ways	O
+.	O
+NURBS	B-Process
+-	O
+(	O
+Non-Uniform	B-Process
+Rational	I-Process
+B-spline	I-Process
+)	O
+based	O
+isogeometric	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+IGA	B-Process
+)	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+complex	B-Material
+geometries	I-Material
+requires	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+the	O
+computational	B-Task
+domain	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+collection	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+several	I-Task
+NURBS	I-Task
+geometries	I-Task
+.	O
+Since	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+natural	O
+decomposition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+domain	O
+into	O
+several	B-Material
+subdomains	I-Material
+,	O
+NURBS-based	B-Process
+IGA	I-Process
+is	O
+particularly	O
+well	O
+suited	O
+for	O
+using	O
+FETI	O
+methods.This	O
+paper	O
+proposes	O
+the	O
+new	O
+IsogEometric	O
+Tearing	O
+and	O
+Interconnecting	O
+(	O
+IETI	O
+)	O
+method	O
+,	O
+which	O
+combines	O
+the	O
+advanced	O
+solver	O
+design	O
+of	O
+FETI	O
+with	O
+the	O
+exact	O
+geometry	O
+representation	O
+of	O
+IGA	O
+.	O
+We	O
+describe	O
+the	O
+IETI	O
+framework	O
+for	O
+two	O
+classes	O
+of	O
+simple	O
+model	O
+problems	O
+(	O
+Poisson	O
+and	O
+linearized	O
+elasticity	O
+)	O
+and	O
+discuss	O
+the	O
+coupling	O
+of	O
+the	O
+subdomains	O
+along	O
+interfaces	O
+(	O
+both	O
+for	O
+matching	O
+interfaces	O
+and	O
+for	O
+interfaces	O
+with	O
+T-joints	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+hanging	O
+nodes	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Special	O
+attention	O
+is	O
+paid	O
+to	O
+the	O
+construction	O
+of	O
+a	O
+suitable	O
+preconditioner	O
+for	O
+the	O
+iterative	O
+linear	O
+solver	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+interface	O
+problem	O
+.	O
+We	O
+report	O
+several	O
+computational	O
+experiments	O
+to	O
+demonstrate	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+IETI	O
+method	O
+.	O
+
+To	O
+the	O
+best	O
+of	O
+authors’	O
+knowledge	O
+,	O
+so	O
+far	O
+there	O
+are	O
+only	O
+very	O
+few	O
+papers	O
+[	O
+12,13,16,29	O
+]	O
+which	O
+address	O
+the	O
+performance	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+linear	I-Process
+algebra	I-Process
+solvers	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+study	O
+the	O
+performance	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+direct	I-Process
+solvers	I-Process
+which	O
+are	O
+clearly	O
+not	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+large	B-Process
+problems	I-Process
+,	O
+specially	O
+in	O
+three-dimensions	O
+.	O
+In	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+tearing	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+interconnecting	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+finite	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+numerical	B-Material
+tests	I-Material
+(	O
+in	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+any	O
+theoretical	B-Task
+study	I-Task
+)	O
+suggest	O
+almost	O
+optimal	O
+(	O
+with	O
+a	O
+logarithmic	O
+factor	O
+)	O
+convergence	O
+rates	O
+of	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+isogeometric	B-Process
+tearing	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+interconnecting	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+only	O
+paper	O
+which	O
+provides	O
+rigorous	B-Task
+theoretical	I-Task
+study	I-Task
+,	O
+supported	O
+by	O
+extensive	B-Material
+numerical	I-Material
+examples	I-Material
+,	O
+is	O
+by	O
+Beirao	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+where	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+discuss	O
+the	O
+overlapping	O
+Schwarz	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+same	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+also	O
+proposed	O
+BDDC	B-Material
+preconditioners	I-Material
+for	O
+isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+in	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+An	O
+attempt	O
+of	O
+a	O
+quite	O
+comprehensive	O
+answer	O
+to	O
+this	O
+question	O
+is	O
+made	O
+hereafter	O
+,	O
+within	O
+the	O
+following	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+remaining	O
+paper	O
+:	O
+first	O
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	O
+the	O
+mathematical	B-Material
+systems	I-Material
+biology	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+bone	I-Material
+,	O
+starting	O
+from	O
+the	O
+work	O
+of	O
+Pivonka	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+25,26	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+extending	O
+it	O
+to	O
+mechanoregulatory	B-Process
+feedback	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+(	O
+Section	O
+2	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Then	O
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	O
+a	O
+continuum	B-Material
+micromechanics	I-Material
+representation	I-Material
+adopted	O
+from	O
+Hellmich	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+scale	O
+elasticity	O
+and	O
+strains	O
+from	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+the	O
+extravascular	O
+bone	O
+matrix	O
+to	O
+that	O
+of	O
+cortical	O
+bone1In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+restrict	O
+ourselves	O
+to	O
+cortical	O
+bone	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+its	O
+major	O
+importance	O
+in	O
+providing	O
+sufficient	O
+load-carrying	O
+capacity	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+extension	O
+of	O
+the	O
+coupled	O
+approach	O
+proposed	O
+here	O
+to	O
+trabecular	O
+bone	O
+is	O
+straightforward	O
+;	O
+it	O
+merely	O
+requires	O
+recalibration	O
+of	O
+underlying	O
+parameters.1	O
+and	O
+vice	O
+versa	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+3	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+micromechanics	O
+formulation	O
+is	O
+fed	O
+with	O
+composition	O
+quantities	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+the	O
+systems	O
+biology	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+which	O
+,	O
+in	O
+turn	O
+,	O
+is	O
+provided	O
+with	O
+mechanical	O
+stimuli	O
+gained	O
+from	O
+the	O
+micromechanics	O
+model	O
+.	O
+We	O
+then	O
+apply	O
+the	O
+coupled	O
+approach	O
+to	O
+biochemical	O
+and	O
+mechanical	O
+conditions	O
+typical	O
+for	O
+postmenopausal	O
+osteoporosis	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+4	O
+)	O
+and	O
+microgravity	O
+exposure	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+5	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+discuss	O
+key	O
+sensitivity	O
+features	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+6	O
+)	O
+.	O
+After	O
+emphasizing	O
+the	O
+potentials	O
+and	O
+limitations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+presented	O
+approach	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+7	O
+)	O
+,	O
+we	O
+conclude	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+in	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+8	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+the	O
+interpolation	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+and	O
+support	B-Material
+point	I-Material
+coordinates	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+gradient	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+is	O
+crucial	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+stability	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+accuracy	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+formulation	I-Task
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+nodal	B-Process
+integration	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+NS-FEM	I-Process
+are	O
+unstable	O
+involving	O
+the	O
+appearance	O
+of	O
+spurious	O
+low-energy	O
+modes	O
+.	O
+They	O
+need	O
+non-physical	B-Material
+penalty	I-Material
+energy	I-Material
+functions	I-Material
+that	O
+stabilize	B-Task
+them	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+articles	O
+[	O
+2,28	O
+]	O
+numerically	B-Task
+verify	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+stability	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+convergence	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+accuracy	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+several	I-Task
+W2	I-Task
+variants	I-Task
+including	O
+new	O
+elements	O
+which	O
+can	O
+be	O
+constructed	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+assumed	O
+continuous	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+gradients	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+first	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+hexahedral	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+,	O
+[	O
+2,28	O
+]	O
+found	O
+good	O
+results	O
+for	O
+the	O
+element	B-Material
+types	I-Material
+C3D	B-Material
+_	I-Material
+8N	I-Material
+_	I-Material
+27C	I-Material
+and	O
+C3D	B-Material
+_	I-Material
+8N	I-Material
+_	I-Material
+8I	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+is	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+27	O
+support	O
+points	O
+and	O
+a	O
+second	B-Process
+order	I-Process
+tensor-product	I-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+deformation	O
+gradient	O
+by	O
+Lagrange	O
+polynomials	O
+.	O
+The	O
+latter	O
+element	O
+type	O
+is	O
+defined	O
+by	O
+16	O
+support	O
+points	O
+with	O
+8	O
+points	O
+being	O
+coincident	O
+with	O
+the	O
+nodes	O
+and	O
+8	O
+additional	O
+points	O
+in	O
+the	O
+element	O
+interior	O
+.	O
+Among	O
+the	O
+tested	O
+first	B-Material
+order	I-Material
+tetrahedra	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+nodally	B-Process
+integrated	I-Process
+tetrahedron	I-Process
+with	O
+an	O
+additional	O
+bubble	O
+mode	O
+in	O
+the	O
+gradients	O
+was	O
+found	O
+to	O
+be	O
+most	O
+accurate	O
+.	O
+It	O
+turned	O
+out	O
+to	O
+be	O
+even	O
+the	O
+most	O
+efficient	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+computing	B-Task
+time	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+explicit	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+[	O
+28	O
+]	O
+because	O
+the	O
+enlarged	O
+critical	O
+time	O
+step	O
+compensates	O
+the	O
+slightly	O
+increased	O
+numerical	O
+cost	O
+per	O
+restoring	O
+force	O
+assembly	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+illustrates	O
+the	O
+positions	O
+of	O
+support	O
+points	O
+for	O
+various	O
+CAG	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+SFEM	I-Process
+formulations	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Algorithms	B-Material
+regarding	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+fields	I-Material
+go	O
+back	O
+to	O
+the	O
+level	B-Process
+set	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+level	B-Process
+set	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+was	O
+presented	O
+by	O
+Osher	O
+and	O
+Sethian	O
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+who	O
+described	O
+the	O
+temporal	B-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+of	O
+moving	O
+interfaces	O
+by	O
+numerical	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+solving	O
+the	O
+Hamilton	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Jacobi	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+by	O
+a	O
+finite	B-Process
+difference	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+working	O
+on	O
+a	O
+rectangular	B-Material
+grid	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+two	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+three	I-Material
+dimensions	I-Material
+.	O
+Information	O
+on	O
+normal	O
+vectors	O
+and	O
+curvature	O
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+.	O
+The	O
+fast	B-Process
+marching	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+provides	O
+an	O
+efficient	O
+numerical	B-Task
+scheme	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+complexity	I-Task
+nlogn	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+compute	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+support	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+grid	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+a	O
+reinterpretation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+propagation	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+the	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+where	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+interface	I-Process
+passes	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+certain	I-Process
+grid	I-Process
+point	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+influenced	I-Process
+only	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+those	I-Process
+neighboring	I-Process
+grid	I-Process
+points	I-Process
+which	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+previously	I-Process
+passed	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+interface	I-Process
+.	O
+An	O
+overview	O
+on	O
+the	O
+theory	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+set	I-Process
+and	O
+fast	B-Process
+marching	I-Process
+methods	O
+and	O
+their	O
+applications	O
+to	O
+problems	O
+of	O
+various	O
+areas	B-Task
+are	O
+given	O
+in	O
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+shape	B-Task
+offsetting	I-Task
+,	O
+computing	B-Task
+distances	I-Task
+,	O
+photolithography	B-Task
+development	I-Task
+,	O
+seismic	B-Task
+travel	I-Task
+times	I-Task
+,	O
+etc	O
+.	O
+Distance	B-Task
+fields	I-Task
+are	O
+a	O
+special	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+level	B-Process
+set	I-Process
+equation	O
+where	O
+the	O
+absolute	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+advection	O
+velocity	O
+is	O
+1	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+article	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+an	O
+extension	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+equations	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+poroelasticity	I-Task
+by	O
+modelling	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+slightly	I-Task
+compressible	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+phase	I-Task
+fluid	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+viscoelastic	I-Task
+porous	I-Task
+medium	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+constitutive	B-Process
+equations	I-Process
+therefore	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+viscoelastic	B-Process
+relaxation	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+porous	B-Material
+media	I-Material
+(	O
+but	O
+not	O
+the	O
+fluid	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+Fully	B-Process
+discrete	I-Process
+numerical	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+are	O
+derived	O
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+lagged	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+non-lagged	I-Process
+backward	I-Process
+Euler	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+stepping	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+applied	O
+to	O
+a	O
+mixed	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+Galerkin	I-Material
+finite	I-Material
+element	I-Material
+spatial	I-Material
+discretization	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+lagged	O
+scheme	O
+is	O
+unconditionally	O
+stable	O
+and	O
+give	O
+an	O
+optimal	O
+a	O
+priori	O
+error	O
+bound	O
+for	O
+it	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+this	O
+scheme	O
+is	O
+practical	O
+and	O
+useful	O
+in	O
+the	O
+sense	O
+that	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+easily	O
+implemented	O
+in	O
+existing	O
+poroelasticity	O
+software	O
+because	O
+the	O
+coupling	B-Process
+between	O
+the	O
+viscous	O
+stresses	O
+and	O
+pressures	O
+and	O
+the	O
+elasticity	O
+and	O
+flow	B-Process
+equations	I-Process
+is	O
+‘	O
+lagged’	O
+by	O
+one	O
+time	O
+step	O
+.	O
+The	O
+required	O
+additional	O
+coding	O
+therefore	O
+takes	O
+the	O
+form	O
+of	O
+extra	O
+‘	O
+right	O
+hand	O
+side	O
+loads’	O
+together	O
+with	O
+some	O
+updating	B-Process
+subroutines	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+viscoelastic	O
+internal	O
+variables	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+solver	O
+and	O
+assembly	B-Material
+engines	I-Material
+remain	O
+intact	O
+.	O
+This	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+lagging	O
+has	O
+been	O
+used	O
+before	O
+for	O
+nonlinearly	B-Task
+viscoelastic	I-Task
+diffusion	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+in	O
+[	O
+3,24	O
+]	O
+but	O
+,	O
+of	O
+course	O
+,	O
+is	O
+not	O
+new	O
+.	O
+Lagging	O
+in	O
+numerical	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+is	O
+discussed	O
+more	O
+widely	O
+by	O
+Lowrie	O
+in	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Traditionally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+simulation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+incompressible	I-Task
+fluid	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+by	O
+the	O
+SPH	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+through	O
+a	O
+weakly	B-Process
+compressible	I-Process
+SPH	I-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+(	O
+WCSPH	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+is	O
+treated	O
+as	O
+a	O
+thermodynamic	O
+variable	O
+and	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+using	O
+an	O
+artificial	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+sound	O
+speed	O
+is	O
+set	O
+to	O
+be	O
+sufficiently	O
+high	O
+to	O
+limit	O
+density	O
+variations	O
+to	O
+within	O
+a	O
+small	O
+fraction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+actual	O
+fluid	B-Material
+density	O
+.	O
+In	O
+practice	O
+,	O
+this	O
+high	O
+sound	O
+speed	O
+places	O
+a	O
+limitation	O
+on	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+permissible	O
+time-step	O
+size	O
+through	O
+the	O
+Courant	O
+–	O
+Friedrichs	O
+–	O
+Lewy	O
+(	O
+CFL	O
+)	O
+constraint	O
+.	O
+A	O
+particular	O
+weakness	O
+relates	O
+to	O
+noise	O
+in	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+field	O
+since	O
+a	O
+small	O
+perturbation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+local	O
+density	O
+will	O
+yield	O
+a	O
+large	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+local	O
+pressure	O
+.	O
+This	O
+can	O
+make	O
+WCSPH	B-Process
+formulations	O
+ineffective	O
+for	O
+accurate	O
+force	O
+and	O
+pressure	O
+prediction	O
+,	O
+although	O
+recent	O
+developments	O
+which	O
+create	B-Task
+more	I-Task
+uniform	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+distributions	I-Task
+have	O
+improved	O
+this	O
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+review	O
+of	O
+the	O
+SPH	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+in	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+while	O
+a	O
+review	O
+of	O
+the	O
+classical	O
+WCSPH	B-Process
+formulation	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+free-surface	B-Process
+flows	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+in	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+we	O
+prefer	O
+the	O
+simpler	O
+‘	O
+framed’	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+employed	O
+by	O
+Hadjiconstantinou	O
+and	O
+Patera	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+shear	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+is	O
+generated	O
+by	O
+constraining	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+velocity	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+‘	O
+frame’	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+by	O
+modifying	O
+the	O
+shape	O
+of	O
+the	O
+box	O
+.	O
+The	O
+framed	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+is	O
+periodic	O
+,	O
+but	O
+we	O
+cannot	O
+simply	O
+calculate	O
+the	O
+average	O
+stress	O
+in	O
+the	O
+whole	O
+box	O
+because	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+an	O
+external	O
+buffer	O
+would	O
+produce	O
+spurious	O
+results	O
+.	O
+We	O
+need	O
+the	O
+local	O
+stress	O
+in	O
+the	O
+core	O
+region	O
+,	O
+but	O
+this	O
+complicates	O
+the	O
+Oij	O
+term	O
+in	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+other	O
+methods	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+stress	I-Task
+tensor	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+method	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+planes	I-Process
+[	O
+32	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+volume-average	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+[	O
+26,14	O
+]	O
+,	O
+or	O
+the	O
+method	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+the	O
+Schweitz	B-Process
+virial	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+,	O
+but	O
+,	O
+in	O
+general	O
+,	O
+we	O
+must	O
+choose	O
+between	O
+a	O
+complicated	B-Process
+computational	I-Process
+cell	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+Lees	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Edwards	I-Process
+cell	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+simplifying	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+momentum	O
+flux	O
+,	O
+or	O
+a	O
+simple	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+framed	B-Process
+cell	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+complicating	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+momentum	O
+flux	O
+.	O
+The	O
+new	O
+method	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+here	O
+does	O
+not	O
+need	O
+the	O
+direct	O
+calculation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+flux	O
+,	O
+so	O
+it	O
+avoids	O
+this	O
+issue	O
+altogether	O
+:	O
+we	O
+can	O
+use	O
+the	O
+framed	O
+cell	O
+and	O
+,	O
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+time	O
+,	O
+avoid	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+IK	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Powder	B-Process
+metallurgy	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+versatile	O
+technology	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+manufacturing	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+components	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+near	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+net-shape	I-Process
+with	O
+high	O
+product	O
+quality	O
+.	O
+For	O
+a	O
+hardmetal	B-Material
+(	O
+such	O
+as	O
+WC-Co	B-Material
+)	O
+cold	O
+compaction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+powder	B-Material
+to	O
+a	O
+“	O
+green	B-Material
+body	I-Material
+”	O
+is	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+liquid-phase	B-Process
+sintering	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+subsequent	O
+heating	B-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+means	O
+that	O
+the	O
+binder	O
+metal	O
+Co	B-Process
+is	I-Process
+heated	I-Process
+to	O
+melt	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+sufficient	I-Task
+mobility	I-Task
+via	I-Task
+capillary	I-Task
+action	I-Task
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+via	O
+surface	B-Process
+traction	I-Process
+,	O
+stemming	O
+from	O
+stored	O
+surface	O
+energy	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+flow	O
+causes	O
+gradual	B-Process
+filling	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+pore	I-Process
+space	O
+and	O
+brings	O
+about	O
+a	O
+macroscopic	B-Process
+shrinkage	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+particle	B-Material
+compact	O
+until	O
+a	O
+completely	O
+dense	B-Material
+state	I-Material
+is	O
+obtained	O
+,	O
+at	O
+least	O
+ideally	O
+.	O
+To	O
+model	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+quantitatively	I-Task
+simulate	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+sintering	I-Task
+process	I-Task
+is	O
+a	O
+challenging	O
+task	O
+.	O
+The	O
+goal	O
+is	O
+to	O
+(	O
+i	O
+)	O
+estimate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+final	I-Task
+resulting	I-Task
+quality	I-Task
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+porosity	B-Task
+)	O
+and	O
+(	O
+ii	O
+)	O
+to	B-Task
+predict	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+final	I-Task
+net	I-Task
+shape	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+size	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+sintered	B-Material
+component	I-Material
+.	O
+
+As	O
+mentioned	O
+previously	O
+,	O
+the	O
+weakly	B-Process
+penalized	I-Process
+system	O
+can	O
+be	O
+thought	O
+of	O
+as	O
+a	O
+generalized	B-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+which	O
+can	O
+result	O
+in	O
+the	O
+PL	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+penalty	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+statically	I-Process
+condensed	I-Process
+PL	I-Process
+formulations	I-Process
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+the	O
+projection	O
+operator	O
+.	O
+The	O
+equivalence	O
+of	O
+these	O
+methods	O
+under	O
+the	O
+weakly	O
+penalized	O
+regime	O
+,	O
+allows	O
+us	O
+to	O
+combine	O
+and	O
+take	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+the	O
+good	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+each	O
+method	O
+.	O
+For	O
+instance	O
+,	O
+the	O
+weakly	B-Process
+penalized	I-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+combines	O
+the	O
+simplified	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+penalty	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+convergence	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+the	O
+PL	B-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+stiffness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+linear	O
+system	O
+at	O
+high	O
+values	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bulk	O
+modulus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+penalized	B-Process
+formulations	I-Process
+(	O
+classic	B-Process
+penalty	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+weakly	I-Process
+penalized	I-Process
+)	O
+exhibit	O
+deteriorated	O
+nonlinear	B-Material
+convergence	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+stands	O
+in	O
+stark	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+the	O
+PL	B-Process
+method	O
+which	O
+(	O
+for	O
+inf	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+sup	I-Process
+stable	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+)	O
+exhibits	O
+fast	O
+convergence	B-Material
+even	O
+for	O
+high	O
+bulk	O
+modulus	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+we	O
+observe	O
+that	O
+,	O
+when	O
+the	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+πh	O
+provides	O
+equivalence	O
+with	O
+the	O
+discrete	O
+PL	B-Task
+method	O
+,	O
+poor	B-Material
+nonlinear	I-Material
+convergence	I-Material
+is	O
+observed	O
+though	O
+,	O
+in	O
+principle	O
+,	O
+the	O
+convergence	O
+should	O
+be	O
+similar	O
+.	O
+Examining	O
+the	O
+update	O
+formulae	O
+for	O
+both	O
+weakly	B-Process
+penalized	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+PL	I-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+Appendix	O
+C	O
+)	O
+,	O
+we	O
+observe	O
+that	O
+deteriorated	B-Task
+convergence	I-Task
+stems	O
+from	O
+:	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+initial	B-Task
+residual	I-Task
+amplification	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+the	O
+amplification	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+residual	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Energy	B-Process
+conservation	I-Process
+is	O
+critical	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+stability	O
+of	O
+a	O
+numerical	O
+method	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+contact	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+collision	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+[	O
+28,43	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+number	O
+of	O
+conserving	O
+schemes	O
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+energy	B-Task
+conservation	I-Task
+.	O
+These	O
+schemes	O
+make	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+penalty	B-Process
+regulation	I-Process
+of	O
+normal	O
+contact	O
+constraint	O
+and	O
+inherit	O
+the	O
+conservation	O
+property	O
+from	O
+continuum	B-Task
+problems	I-Task
+.	O
+These	O
+conservation	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+can	O
+conveniently	O
+be	O
+combined	O
+with	O
+the	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+to	O
+simulate	B-Task
+frictionless	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+44	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+frictional	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+43	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+contact	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+collision	I-Task
+.	O
+Hesch	O
+and	O
+Betsch	O
+[	O
+45	O
+]	O
+formulated	O
+the	O
+node-to-segment	B-Process
+contact	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+and	O
+solved	O
+large	B-Task
+deformation	I-Task
+contact	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+with	O
+the	O
+conserving	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+.	O
+More	O
+recently	O
+,	O
+an	O
+energy	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+momentum-conserving	I-Process
+temporal	I-Process
+discretization	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+[	O
+46	O
+]	O
+was	O
+developed	O
+for	O
+adhesive	B-Task
+contact	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+without	O
+considering	O
+friction	B-Process
+and	O
+dissipation	B-Process
+.	O
+Even	O
+though	O
+the	O
+conserving	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+improves	O
+numerical	O
+stability	O
+,	O
+it	O
+also	O
+inherits	O
+from	O
+the	O
+penalty	O
+method	O
+the	O
+difficulty	O
+of	O
+having	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+penalty	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+remove	O
+penalty	O
+sensitivity	O
+,	O
+Chawla	O
+and	O
+Laursen	O
+[	O
+47	O
+]	O
+proposed	O
+an	O
+energy	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+conserving	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+makes	O
+use	O
+of	O
+Lagrange	O
+multipliers	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+penalty	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+article	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+method	O
+which	O
+adopts	O
+a	O
+different	O
+approach	O
+to	O
+the	O
+generation	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+outlined	O
+above	O
+and	O
+that	O
+helps	O
+to	O
+address	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+of	O
+generating	B-Task
+high-order	I-Task
+meshes	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+high	I-Task
+Reynolds	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+flows	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+is	O
+conceptually	O
+simple	O
+,	O
+cheap	O
+to	O
+implement	O
+and	O
+does	O
+not	O
+require	O
+a	O
+dense	B-Material
+linear	I-Material
+boundary-layer	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+an	O
+isoparametric	B-Process
+[	I-Process
+17	I-Process
+]	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+general	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+transfinite	I-Process
+interpolation	I-Process
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+where	O
+a	O
+high-order	B-Material
+coarse	I-Material
+boundary-layer	I-Material
+prismatic	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+is	O
+subdivided	B-Process
+into	I-Process
+either	I-Process
+prisms	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+tetrahedra	I-Process
+using	O
+the	O
+mapping	O
+that	O
+defines	O
+the	O
+coarse	B-Material
+high-order	I-Material
+prisms	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+procedure	O
+is	O
+also	O
+very	O
+versatile	O
+as	O
+it	O
+permits	O
+meshes	B-Material
+with	O
+different	O
+distributions	O
+of	O
+y	O
++	O
+to	O
+be	O
+generated	O
+with	O
+ease	O
+and	O
+furthermore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+validity	O
+of	O
+these	O
+meshes	O
+is	O
+guaranteed	O
+if	O
+the	O
+initial	B-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+is	O
+valid	O
+and	O
+the	O
+polynomial	B-Material
+space	I-Material
+is	O
+chosen	O
+appropriately	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+shall	O
+establish	O
+the	O
+variational	B-Material
+format	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+time	I-Material
+domain	I-Material
+S	B-Material
+=	I-Material
+defΩ	I-Material
+×	I-Material
+I	I-Material
+,	O
+for	O
+given	O
+spatial	B-Material
+domain	I-Material
+Ω	I-Material
+and	O
+time	B-Material
+domain	I-Material
+I	I-Material
+=(	I-Material
+0,T	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+for	O
+a	O
+quite	O
+broad	O
+class	O
+of	O
+problems	O
+involving	O
+a	O
+first	B-Task
+order	I-Task
+time-derivative	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+the	O
+coupled	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+consolidation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+geomaterials	I-Task
+falls	O
+within	O
+this	O
+class	O
+.	O
+Another	O
+interesting	O
+application	O
+is	O
+the	O
+problem	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+rewritten	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+first-order	I-Task
+form	I-Task
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+through	O
+a	O
+Hamiltonian	B-Task
+description	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+of	O
+considerable	O
+interest	O
+to	O
+note	O
+from	O
+the	O
+outset	O
+that	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+forward	O
+transport	O
+of	O
+information	O
+in	O
+time	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+always	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+consider	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+finite	O
+time	O
+intervals	O
+,	O
+whereby	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+at	O
+the	O
+end	O
+of	O
+any	O
+such	O
+interval	O
+will	O
+act	O
+as	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+data	O
+for	O
+the	O
+next	O
+one	O
+.	O
+To	O
+this	O
+end	O
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	O
+a	O
+partition	O
+0	O
+=	O
+t0	O
+<	O
+t1	O
+<⋯<	O
+tN	O
+=	O
+T	O
+of	O
+the	O
+considered	O
+time	O
+domain	O
+I	O
+=(	O
+0,T	O
+)	O
+into	O
+time-intervals	O
+In	O
+=(	O
+tn	O
+−	O
+1,tn	O
+)	O
+of	O
+length	O
+Δtn	O
+=	O
+tn	O
+−	O
+tn	O
+−	O
+1.11The	O
+abbreviated	O
+notation	O
+Δt	O
+=	O
+Δtn	O
+will	O
+be	O
+used	O
+henceforth	O
+for	O
+the	O
+current	O
+time	O
+step	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+In	O
+.	O
+Hence	O
+,	O
+we	O
+define	O
+space	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+time	I-Material
+slabs	I-Material
+Sn	B-Material
+=	I-Material
+defΩ	I-Material
+×	I-Material
+In	I-Material
+such	O
+that	O
+the	O
+space	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+time	I-Material
+domain	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+given	O
+as	O
+S	B-Material
+=	I-Material
+defΩ	I-Material
+×	I-Material
+I	I-Material
+=	I-Material
+S1	I-Material
+∪	I-Material
+S2	I-Material
+⋯∪	I-Material
+Sn	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+central	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+isogeometric	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+is	O
+to	O
+use	O
+the	O
+same	O
+ansatz	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+discretization	O
+of	O
+the	O
+partial	O
+differential	O
+equation	O
+at	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+as	O
+are	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+representation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+problem	B-Task
+geometry	I-Task
+.	O
+Usually	O
+,	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+geometry	O
+Ω	O
+is	O
+represented	O
+in	O
+computer	B-Process
+aided	I-Process
+design	I-Process
+(	O
+CAD	B-Process
+)	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+NURBS	B-Material
+or	O
+T-splines	B-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+concept	O
+,	O
+originally	O
+invented	O
+in	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+for	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+(	O
+IGAFEM	B-Process
+)	O
+has	O
+proved	O
+very	O
+fruitful	O
+in	O
+applications	O
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+;	O
+see	O
+also	O
+the	O
+monograph	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+CAD	B-Process
+directly	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+parametrization	O
+of	O
+the	O
+boundary	O
+∂	O
+Ω	O
+,	O
+this	O
+makes	O
+the	O
+boundary	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+BEM	B-Process
+)	O
+the	O
+most	O
+attractive	O
+numerical	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+,	O
+if	O
+applicable	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+provided	O
+that	O
+the	O
+fundamental	O
+solution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+differential	O
+operator	O
+is	O
+explicitly	O
+known	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Isogeometric	B-Process
+BEM	I-Process
+(	O
+IGABEM	B-Process
+)	O
+has	O
+first	O
+been	O
+considered	O
+for	O
+2D	B-Process
+BEM	I-Process
+in	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+and	O
+for	O
+3D	B-Process
+BEM	I-Process
+in	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Unlike	O
+standard	B-Process
+BEM	I-Process
+with	O
+piecewise	O
+polynomials	O
+which	O
+is	O
+well-studied	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+,	O
+cf.	O
+the	O
+monographs	O
+[	O
+6,7	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+references	O
+therein	O
+,	O
+the	O
+numerical	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+IGABEM	I-Task
+is	O
+essentially	O
+open	O
+.	O
+We	O
+only	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+[	O
+2,8	O
+–	O
+10	O
+]	O
+for	O
+numerical	O
+experiments	O
+and	O
+to	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+for	O
+some	O
+quadrature	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+a	B-Process
+posteriori	I-Process
+error	I-Process
+estimation	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+well-studied	O
+for	O
+standard	B-Process
+BEM	I-Process
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+[	O
+12	O
+–	O
+18	O
+]	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+recent	O
+overview	O
+article	O
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+,	O
+but	O
+has	O
+not	O
+been	O
+treated	O
+for	O
+IGABEM	B-Process
+so	O
+far	O
+.	O
+The	O
+purpose	O
+of	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+is	O
+to	O
+shed	B-Task
+some	I-Task
+first	I-Task
+light	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+posteriori	I-Task
+error	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+IGABEM	I-Task
+which	O
+provides	O
+some	O
+mathematical	B-Task
+foundation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+corresponding	I-Task
+adaptive	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+recent	O
+years	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Discontinuous	B-Process
+Galerkin	I-Process
+(	O
+DG	B-Process
+)	O
+method	O
+has	O
+emerged	O
+as	O
+a	O
+more	O
+thorough	O
+alternative	O
+for	O
+locally	O
+solving	B-Task
+conservation	I-Task
+laws	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+shallow	I-Task
+water	I-Task
+equations	I-Task
+with	O
+higher	O
+accuracy	O
+[	O
+21	O
+–	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+DG	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+further	O
+involves	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+weak	I-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+to	O
+–	O
+inherently	O
+from	O
+conservation	B-Process
+principles	I-Process
+–	O
+shape	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+piecewise-polynomial	I-Task
+solution	I-Task
+over	I-Task
+each	I-Task
+local	I-Task
+discrete	I-Task
+cell	I-Task
+,	O
+via	O
+local	B-Process
+basis	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+.	O
+On	O
+this	O
+basis	O
+,	O
+the	O
+DG	B-Process
+polynomial	I-Process
+accuracy	I-Process
+is	O
+spanned	O
+by	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+coefficients	O
+,	O
+describing	O
+accuracy	O
+information	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+all	O
+locally	O
+evolved	O
+in	O
+time	O
+from	O
+conservation	B-Process
+principles	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+discrete	O
+level	O
+,	O
+with	O
+an	O
+arbitrary	O
+order	O
+of	O
+accuracy	O
+.	O
+A	O
+DG-based	B-Task
+shallow	I-Task
+water	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+appeals	O
+in	O
+providing	O
+higher	O
+quality	O
+solutions	O
+on	O
+very	B-Material
+coarse	I-Material
+meshes	I-Material
+than	O
+a	O
+traditional	O
+finite	O
+volume	O
+counterpart	O
+,	O
+but	O
+is	O
+comparatively	O
+expensive	O
+to	O
+run	O
+and	O
+imposes	O
+a	O
+more	O
+restrictive	O
+stability	O
+condition	O
+for	O
+the	O
+CFL	B-Process
+number	I-Process
+[	O
+28,29	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+FR	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+are	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+nodal	B-Process
+DG	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+arguably	O
+the	O
+most	O
+popular	O
+type	O
+of	O
+unstructured	B-Process
+high-order	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+at	O
+least	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+computational	B-Task
+aerodynamics	I-Task
+)	O
+.	O
+Like	O
+nodal	B-Process
+DG	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+,	O
+FR	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+utilise	O
+a	O
+high-order	B-Process
+(	O
+nodal	B-Process
+)	O
+polynomial	O
+basis	O
+to	O
+approximate	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+solution	I-Process
+within	O
+each	O
+element	O
+of	O
+the	O
+computational	B-Task
+domain	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+like	O
+nodal	B-Process
+DG	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+,	O
+FR	B-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+do	O
+not	O
+explicitly	O
+enforce	B-Process
+inter-element	I-Process
+solution	I-Process
+continuity	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+unlike	O
+nodal	B-Process
+DG	I-Process
+schemes	I-Process
+,	O
+FR	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+are	O
+based	O
+solely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+governing	O
+system	O
+in	O
+a	O
+differential	O
+form	O
+.	O
+A	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+FR	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+in	O
+1D	O
+is	O
+presented	O
+below	O
+.	O
+For	O
+further	O
+information	O
+see	O
+the	O
+original	O
+paper	O
+of	O
+Huynh	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+immersed	B-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+IBM	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+proposed	O
+by	O
+Peskin	O
+for	O
+studying	B-Task
+flow	I-Task
+patterns	I-Task
+around	I-Task
+heart	I-Task
+valves	I-Task
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+problems	O
+including	O
+arterial	B-Task
+blood	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+modelling	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+cochlea	I-Task
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+modelling	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+red	I-Task
+blood	I-Task
+cells	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+Poiseuille	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+and	O
+flows	B-Task
+involving	I-Task
+suspended	I-Task
+particles	I-Task
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+comprehensive	O
+list	O
+of	O
+applications	O
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+in	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+IBM	B-Process
+is	O
+both	O
+a	O
+mathematical	O
+formulation	O
+and	O
+a	O
+numerical	O
+scheme	O
+for	O
+fluid	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+interaction	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+.	O
+As	O
+mentioned	O
+above	O
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+classical	O
+fluid	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+interaction	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+fluid	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+structure	B-Material
+are	O
+considered	O
+separately	O
+and	O
+then	O
+coupled	B-Process
+together	I-Process
+via	O
+some	O
+suitable	O
+jump	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+IBM	B-Process
+however	O
+,	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+–	O
+which	O
+is	O
+usually	O
+immersed	O
+in	O
+a	O
+Newtonian	B-Material
+fluid	I-Material
+–	O
+is	O
+viewed	O
+as	O
+being	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+surrounding	B-Material
+fluid	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+means	O
+that	O
+only	O
+a	O
+single	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+motion	B-Process
+needs	O
+to	O
+be	O
+solved	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+a	O
+one-phase	O
+formulation	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Additionally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+IBM	B-Process
+allows	O
+the	O
+immersed	O
+structure	O
+to	O
+move	O
+freely	O
+over	O
+the	O
+underlying	B-Material
+fluid	I-Material
+mesh	I-Material
+,	O
+alleviating	O
+the	O
+need	O
+for	O
+the	O
+remeshing	B-Process
+required	O
+in	O
+a	O
+classical	O
+formulation	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+shape	B-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+of	O
+two	B-Material
+-	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+three-dimensional	I-Material
+solids	I-Material
+by	O
+combining	B-Process
+multiresolution	I-Process
+subdivision	I-Process
+surfaces	I-Process
+with	O
+immersed	B-Material
+finite	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+widely	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+isogeometric	B-Material
+analysis	I-Material
+literature	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+geometry	B-Process
+representations	I-Process
+used	O
+in	O
+today	O
+’s	O
+computer	B-Process
+aided	I-Process
+design	I-Process
+(	O
+CAD	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+FEA	B-Process
+)	O
+software	O
+are	O
+inherently	O
+incompatible	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+particularly	O
+limiting	O
+in	O
+shape	B-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+during	O
+which	O
+a	O
+given	O
+CAD	B-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+to	O
+be	O
+iteratively	O
+updated	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+a	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+computation	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+inherent	O
+shortcomings	O
+of	O
+present	O
+geometry	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+representations	I-Task
+have	O
+motivated	O
+the	O
+proliferation	O
+of	O
+various	O
+shape	B-Process
+optimisation	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+most	O
+prevalent	O
+approaches	O
+a	O
+surrogate	B-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+2	O
+–	O
+8	O
+]	O
+or	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Process
+mesh	I-Process
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+instead	O
+of	O
+the	O
+true	O
+CAD	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+optimised	O
+,	O
+see	O
+also	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+and	O
+references	O
+therein	O
+.	O
+Generally	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+tedious	O
+or	O
+impossible	O
+to	O
+map	O
+the	O
+optimised	B-Process
+surrogate	I-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+or	O
+analysis	B-Process
+mesh	I-Process
+back	O
+to	O
+the	O
+original	O
+CAD	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+essential	O
+for	O
+continuing	O
+with	O
+the	O
+design	O
+process	O
+and	O
+later	O
+for	O
+manufacturing	O
+purposes	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+geometric	O
+design	O
+features	O
+are	O
+usually	O
+defined	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+the	O
+CAD	O
+model	O
+and	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+easily	O
+enforced	O
+on	O
+the	O
+surrogate	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+shape	B-Task
+optimisation	I-Task
+of	O
+shells	B-Material
+,	O
+solids	B-Material
+and	O
+other	O
+applications	O
+using	O
+isogeometric	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+explored	O
+;	O
+that	O
+is	O
+,	O
+through	O
+directly	B-Process
+optimising	I-Process
+the	O
+CAD	B-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+12	O
+–	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+exquisite	O
+manipulation	O
+and	O
+exact	B-Task
+measurement	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	O
+individual	O
+nanomaterials	B-Material
+,	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+notable	O
+progress	O
+in	O
+their	O
+preparation	O
+,	O
+have	O
+not	O
+been	O
+thoroughly	O
+addressed	O
+albeit	O
+being	O
+of	O
+prime	O
+importance	O
+for	O
+the	O
+sustained	B-Task
+development	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+devices	I-Task
+[	O
+58	O
+–	O
+61	O
+]	O
+.	O
+To	O
+date	O
+,	O
+several	O
+instruments	B-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+designed	O
+for	O
+such	O
+goals	O
+,	O
+namely	O
+,	O
+scanning	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+SEM	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+atomic	B-Material
+force	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+AFM	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+transmission	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscopes	I-Material
+(	O
+TEM	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+62,63	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Compared	O
+with	O
+the	O
+first	O
+two	O
+setups	O
+,	O
+which	O
+have	O
+no	O
+direct	O
+access	O
+to	O
+the	O
+material	B-Task
+internal	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+and	O
+atomic	B-Task
+bonding	I-Task
+information	I-Task
+[	O
+64	O
+–	O
+67	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+state-of-the-art	O
+in	O
+situ	O
+high-resolution	O
+TEM	B-Process
+technique	O
+allows	O
+one	O
+to	O
+not	O
+only	O
+manipulate	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+individual	I-Process
+object	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+nano-scale	O
+precision	O
+but	O
+to	O
+also	O
+get	O
+deep	O
+insights	O
+into	O
+its	O
+physical	O
+,	O
+chemical	O
+,	O
+and	O
+microstructural	O
+statuses	O
+[	O
+68	O
+–	O
+71	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Combining	O
+the	O
+capabilities	O
+of	O
+a	O
+conventional	O
+high-resolution	O
+TEM	B-Process
+and	O
+AFM	B-Process
+or	O
+STM	B-Process
+probes	I-Process
+produces	O
+advanced	O
+and	O
+dedicated	O
+TEM	B-Process
+holders	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+becoming	O
+the	O
+powerful	O
+tools	O
+in	O
+nanomaterials	B-Task
+manipulation	I-Task
+and	O
+properties	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+.	O
+Such	O
+holders	B-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+commercialized	O
+,	O
+for	O
+instance	O
+,	O
+by	O
+“	O
+Nanofactory	O
+Instruments	O
+AB	O
+’	O
+’	O
+,	O
+Goteborg	O
+,	O
+Sweden	O
+[	O
+72	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+full	O
+usefulness	O
+of	O
+these	O
+advanced	O
+in-situ	O
+TEM	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+is	O
+apparent	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+mechanical	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+thermal	I-Task
+property	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+of	O
+individual	O
+nanostructures	B-Material
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+elasticity	O
+,	O
+plasticity	O
+and	O
+strength	O
+data	O
+while	O
+employing	O
+direct	B-Process
+bent	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+tensile	I-Process
+tests	I-Process
+[	O
+73	O
+–	O
+75	O
+]	O
+,	O
+probing	B-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+characteristics	I-Process
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+field	B-Task
+emission	I-Task
+[	O
+27,76,77	O
+]	O
+,	O
+electrical	B-Task
+transport	I-Task
+tracing	I-Task
+[	O
+78	O
+–	O
+80	O
+]	O
+,	O
+soldering	B-Task
+[	O
+81,82	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+doping	B-Task
+[	O
+83	O
+]	O
+,	O
+etc	O
+.	O
+
+MINERAL	B-Task
+(	I-Task
+MINeral	I-Task
+ERror	I-Task
+AnaLysis	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+is	O
+a	B-Task
+new	I-Task
+MATLAB	I-Task
+®	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+program	I-Task
+that	O
+provides	B-Process
+mineral	I-Process
+formula	I-Process
+recalculations	I-Process
+combined	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+associated	I-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+analytical	I-Process
+uncertainties	I-Process
+.	O
+Methods	B-Task
+are	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+work	O
+of	O
+Giamarita	O
+and	O
+Day	O
+(	O
+1990	O
+)	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+additional	O
+features	O
+have	O
+been	O
+added	O
+to	B-Task
+provide	I-Task
+users	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+greater	I-Task
+flexibility	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+reporting	I-Task
+.	O
+Many	O
+programs	O
+exist	O
+to	O
+recalculate	O
+wt	O
+%	O
+data	O
+into	O
+formula	O
+unit	O
+cations	O
+.	O
+Some	B-Task
+generalized	I-Task
+programs	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+recalculate	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+formula	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+multiple	I-Process
+minerals	I-Process
+e.g.	O
+CALCMIN	B-Material
+(	O
+Brandelik	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+)	O
+and	O
+HYPER-FORM	B-Material
+(	O
+De	O
+Bjerg	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1992	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Other	O
+programs	O
+are	O
+mineral	O
+specific	O
+e.g.	O
+AMPH	B-Material
+CLASS	I-Material
+(	O
+Esawi	O
+,	O
+2004	O
+)	O
+and	O
+PROBE	B-Material
+AMPH	I-Material
+(	O
+Tindle	O
+and	O
+Webb	O
+,	O
+1994	O
+)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+recalculation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+amphibole	I-Task
+analyses	I-Task
+;	O
+ILMAT	B-Material
+(	O
+Lepage	O
+,	O
+2003	O
+)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+recalculation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+magnetite	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+ilmenite	I-Task
+;	O
+and	O
+PX-NOM	B-Material
+(	O
+Sturm	O
+,	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+recalculation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+pyroxene	I-Task
+analyses	I-Task
+.	O
+MINERAL	B-Material
+provides	O
+a	O
+rapid	O
+method	O
+for	O
+the	O
+recalculation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+multiple	I-Task
+common	I-Task
+minerals	I-Task
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+its	O
+strength	O
+lies	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+is	O
+the	O
+first	O
+tool	O
+to	O
+incorporate	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+associated	I-Process
+uncertainty	I-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+As	O
+these	O
+are	O
+performed	O
+concurrently	O
+with	O
+the	O
+standard	O
+recalculations	O
+,	O
+no	O
+additional	O
+time	O
+is	O
+needed	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+uncertainty	O
+propagation	O
+.	O
+While	O
+an	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+calculations	O
+is	O
+strongly	O
+recommended	O
+,	O
+MINERAL	B-Material
+is	O
+designed	O
+to	O
+allow	B-Task
+users	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+little	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+no	I-Task
+experience	I-Task
+operating	I-Task
+MATLAB	I-Task
+®	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+performing	I-Task
+mineral	I-Task
+formula	I-Task
+recalculations	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+uncertainty	I-Task
+propagation	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+undertake	I-Task
+both	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+ease	I-Task
+.	O
+
+A	O
+number	O
+of	O
+model	O
+parameters	O
+can	O
+change	O
+regionally	O
+or	O
+seasonally	O
+,	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+the	O
+inherent	O
+optical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+water	B-Material
+constituents	I-Material
+[	O
+ai	B-Material
+⁎(	I-Material
+λ	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+aY	B-Material
+⁎(	I-Material
+λ	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+aD	B-Material
+⁎(	I-Material
+λ	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+bX	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+λ	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+bb,X	B-Material
+⁎	I-Material
+,	O
+bb,Mie	O
+⁎]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+apparent	O
+optical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bottom	O
+[	O
+Rib	O
+(	O
+λ	O
+)	O
+,	O
+Bi	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+atmosphere	O
+.	O
+The	O
+database	O
+provided	O
+with	O
+WASI	O
+has	O
+been	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+in-situ	O
+measurements	O
+from	O
+lakes	O
+in	O
+Southern	O
+Germany	O
+(	O
+Gege	O
+,	O
+1998	O
+;	O
+Heege	O
+,	O
+2000	O
+;	O
+Pinnel	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+)	O
+.	O
+If	O
+no	O
+site-specific	O
+information	O
+is	O
+available	O
+,	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+as	O
+a	O
+first	O
+approximation	O
+for	O
+other	O
+ecosystems	O
+as	O
+well	O
+.	O
+The	O
+variability	O
+within	O
+an	O
+ecosystem	O
+can	O
+be	O
+as	O
+large	O
+as	O
+between	O
+different	O
+ecosystem	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+ecosystem-specific	O
+sets	O
+of	O
+optical	O
+properties	O
+do	O
+not	O
+exist	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+region	O
+or	O
+season	O
+specific	O
+information	O
+should	O
+be	O
+used	O
+whenever	O
+available	O
+.	O
+Ideally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+optical	O
+properties	O
+should	O
+be	O
+measured	O
+at	O
+the	O
+test	O
+site	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+airplane	O
+or	O
+satellite	O
+overpass	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+however	O
+not	O
+always	O
+possible	O
+.	O
+A	O
+valuable	O
+source	O
+of	O
+information	O
+is	O
+the	O
+IOCCG	O
+webpage	O
+(	O
+IOCCG	O
+,	O
+2013b	O
+)	O
+.	O
+It	O
+maintains	O
+a	O
+list	O
+of	O
+links	O
+to	O
+publicly	O
+available	O
+data	O
+sets	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+the	O
+IOCCG	O
+(	O
+2006	O
+)	O
+data	O
+bank	O
+,	O
+the	O
+NASA	O
+bio-Optical	O
+Marine	O
+Algorithm	O
+Data	O
+set	O
+(	O
+NOMAD	O
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+SeaWiFS	O
+Bio-Optical	O
+Archive	O
+and	O
+Storage	O
+System	O
+(	O
+SeaBASS	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Artificial	B-Task
+Neural	I-Task
+Networks	I-Task
+(	O
+ANN	B-Task
+)	O
+have	O
+been	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+in	O
+science	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+.	O
+They	O
+attempt	O
+to	O
+model	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+ability	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+biological	I-Process
+nervous	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+recognize	I-Process
+patterns	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+objects	I-Process
+.	O
+ANN	B-Task
+basic	I-Task
+architecture	I-Task
+consists	O
+of	O
+networks	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+primitive	I-Material
+functions	I-Material
+capable	O
+of	O
+receiving	B-Process
+multiple	I-Process
+weighted	I-Process
+inputs	I-Process
+that	O
+are	O
+evaluated	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+their	O
+success	O
+at	O
+discriminating	O
+the	O
+classes	O
+in	O
+Τa	O
+.	O
+Different	B-Task
+types	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+primitive	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+configurations	I-Task
+result	O
+in	O
+varying	O
+models	O
+(	O
+Hastie	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+;	O
+Rojas	O
+,	O
+1996	O
+)	O
+.	O
+During	O
+training	B-Task
+network	I-Task
+connection	I-Task
+weights	B-Material
+are	O
+adjusted	B-Process
+if	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+separation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+inputs	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+predefined	I-Process
+classes	I-Process
+incurs	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+error	I-Process
+.	O
+Convergence	B-Process
+proceeds	O
+until	O
+the	B-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+error	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+iterations	I-Task
+reaches	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+decay	I-Task
+threshold	I-Task
+(	O
+Kotsiantis	O
+,	O
+2007	O
+;	O
+Rojas	O
+,	O
+1996	O
+)	O
+.	O
+We	O
+use	O
+feed-forward	B-Process
+networks	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+single	I-Process
+hidden	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+nodes	I-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+so	O
+called	O
+Multi-Layer	B-Process
+Perceptron	I-Process
+(	O
+MLP	B-Process
+)	O
+(	O
+Venables	O
+and	O
+Ripley	O
+,	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+select	B-Process
+one	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+two	I-Process
+possible	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+:	O
+size	O
+,	O
+the	O
+number	O
+nodes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+hidden	O
+layer	O
+.	O
+
+Hitherto	O
+,	O
+the	O
+investigation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+fossil-orientation	I-Task
+was	O
+only	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+topmost	O
+surface	O
+of	O
+fossil	O
+mass	O
+occurrences	O
+,	O
+deposited	O
+directly	O
+on	O
+the	O
+sea	O
+floor	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+fast	O
+development	O
+of	O
+virtual	O
+methods	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+macro-CT	O
+,	O
+µ-CT	O
+,	O
+nano-CT	O
+,	O
+etc.	O
+)	O
+it	O
+became	O
+possible	O
+,	O
+to	O
+investigate	O
+the	O
+interior	O
+orientation	O
+of	O
+such	O
+fossil	O
+mass	O
+occurrences	O
+in	O
+three-dimensional	O
+detail	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+,	O
+a	O
+series	O
+of	O
+paleontological	O
+studies	O
+deal	O
+with	O
+3D-visualization	O
+of	O
+fossil-elements	O
+,	O
+no	O
+mass	O
+occurrence	O
+has	O
+previously	O
+been	O
+reconstructed	O
+three	O
+dimensionally	O
+for	O
+investigating	O
+their	O
+interior	O
+orientation	O
+.	O
+This	O
+study	O
+illustrates	O
+an	O
+interdisciplinary	O
+approach	O
+of	O
+virtual	O
+reconstruction	O
+,	O
+analyses	O
+and	O
+interpretation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+interior	O
+orientation	O
+of	O
+an	O
+ammonoid	O
+mass	O
+occurrence	O
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+established	O
+herein	O
+produces	O
+clear	O
+and	O
+consistent	O
+results	O
+using	O
+planispirally	O
+coiled	O
+ammonoid	O
+shells	O
+–	O
+fossils	O
+,	O
+that	O
+so	O
+far	O
+would	O
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+only	O
+with	O
+caution	O
+for	O
+depositional	O
+interpretations	O
+.	O
+This	O
+method	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+any	O
+kind	O
+of	O
+fossil	O
+mass	O
+occurrence	O
+,	O
+or	O
+even	O
+other	O
+abundant	O
+organic	O
+elements	O
+and	O
+particles	O
+,	O
+to	O
+examine	O
+their	O
+orientation	O
+and	O
+depositional	O
+conditions	O
+to	O
+conclude	O
+on	O
+their	O
+paleoenvironment	O
+,	O
+particularly	O
+on	O
+paleocurrents	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+above	O
+discussion	O
+summarizes	O
+the	O
+state	O
+of	O
+the	O
+art	O
+related	O
+to	O
+impacts	O
+and	O
+interpretations	O
+of	O
+communication	B-Material
+latency	I-Material
+between	O
+RT	B-Process
+simulators	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+research	O
+is	O
+focused	O
+primarily	O
+on	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	O
+loss	O
+during	O
+the	O
+communication	O
+and	O
+how	O
+to	O
+mitigate	O
+it	O
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+thermo-electric	B-Process
+co-simulation	I-Process
+example	O
+in	O
+[	O
+35	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+time	O
+constant	O
+is	O
+larger	O
+in	O
+the	O
+thermal	O
+simulation	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+power	O
+system	O
+simulation	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+the	O
+communication	B-Material
+latency	I-Material
+will	O
+not	O
+significantly	O
+affect	O
+the	O
+accuracy	O
+of	O
+co-simulation	B-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+[	O
+36	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+co-simulation	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+resources	O
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+location	O
+without	O
+synthetically	O
+introduced	O
+delays	O
+,	O
+which	O
+means	O
+the	O
+communication	O
+latency	O
+between	O
+RT	O
+simulators	O
+is	O
+ignored	O
+.	O
+In	O
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+mentioned	O
+the	O
+communication	O
+latency	O
+as	O
+an	O
+important	O
+factor	O
+in	O
+the	O
+distributed	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+and	O
+that	O
+its	O
+effect	O
+on	O
+simulation	O
+stability	O
+will	O
+be	O
+studied	O
+as	O
+future	O
+work	O
+.	O
+An	O
+in-depth	O
+research	O
+about	O
+the	O
+role	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+communication	I-Material
+latency	I-Material
+and	O
+mitigation	O
+measure	O
+for	O
+geographically	O
+distributed	O
+RT	O
+simulations	O
+is	O
+identified	O
+as	O
+a	O
+technical	O
+gap	O
+and	O
+addressed	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+
+Despite	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+SRC-HE	B-Process
+reduces	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+FEs	O
+,	O
+audio	O
+measurements	O
+extraction	O
+based	O
+on	O
+SRC	O
+would	O
+still	O
+be	O
+not	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+real-time	O
+applications	O
+[	O
+39	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+previous	O
+SRC-HE	O
+module	O
+is	O
+then	O
+replaced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+generalised	B-Process
+cross	I-Process
+correlation	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+transform	I-Process
+(	O
+GCC-PHAT	B-Process
+)	O
+introduced	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+2.1	O
+,	O
+as	O
+this	O
+does	O
+not	O
+involve	O
+cumbersome	O
+point	O
+function	O
+estimations	O
+.	O
+The	O
+drawback	O
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+basic	O
+GCC	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+can	O
+only	O
+detect	O
+one	O
+source	O
+at	O
+a	O
+time	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+known	O
+to	O
+be	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+room	O
+reverberations	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+however	O
+it	O
+is	O
+still	O
+effective	O
+under	O
+moderate	O
+reverberant	O
+environments	O
+(	O
+T60	O
+≈	O
+0.3s	O
+)	O
+[	O
+40	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+these	O
+reasons	O
+,	O
+at	O
+first	O
+experiments	O
+where	O
+only	O
+a	O
+speaker	B-Process
+is	O
+active	O
+at	O
+any	O
+given	O
+time	O
+are	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+,	O
+as	O
+it	O
+often	O
+happens	O
+in	O
+a	O
+polite	O
+conversation	O
+between	O
+two	O
+or	O
+more	O
+people	O
+.	O
+Speech	B-Material
+segments	I-Material
+using	O
+a	O
+voice	B-Process
+activity	I-Process
+detector	I-Process
+(	O
+VAD	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+41	O
+]	O
+are	O
+further	O
+extracted	O
+and	O
+processed	O
+using	O
+a	O
+GCC-PHAT	B-Process
+step	I-Process
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+signal	O
+to	O
+be	O
+more	O
+robust	O
+to	O
+reverberations	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+measure	O
+vector	O
+obtained	O
+za	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Section	O
+2.1	O
+)	O
+can	O
+now	O
+be	O
+rewritten	O
+as	O
+za	O
+={	O
+τm	O
+(	O
+t	O
+)}	O
+,	O
+where	O
+each	O
+component	O
+τm	O
+is	O
+the	O
+TDOA	O
+collected	O
+at	O
+the	O
+m-th	B-Process
+microphone	I-Process
+pair	I-Process
+at	O
+each	O
+time	O
+step	O
+t	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+TDOAs	O
+are	O
+not	O
+linear	O
+in	O
+the	O
+speaker	O
+position	O
+,	O
+they	O
+must	O
+be	O
+input	O
+into	O
+an	O
+extended	O
+Kalman	B-Process
+filter	I-Process
+(	O
+EKF	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+in	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+to	O
+get	O
+an	O
+audio	B-Task
+position	I-Task
+estimation	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+construct	O
+such	O
+a	O
+physical	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+with	O
+a	O
+continuous	B-Task
+distribution	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+relaxations	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+phenomenological	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+relaxation	I-Task
+processes	I-Task
+which	O
+have	O
+a	O
+long	O
+history	O
+in	O
+physics	O
+literature	O
+and	O
+was	O
+recently	O
+summarized	O
+in	O
+a	O
+monograph	O
+in	O
+which	O
+references	O
+to	O
+other	O
+relevant	O
+publications	O
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+,	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+;	O
+also	O
+see	O
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+present	O
+work	O
+is	O
+confined	O
+to	O
+relaxation	B-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+which	O
+result	O
+from	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+normal	O
+stresses	O
+.	O
+More	O
+specifically	O
+,	O
+we	O
+are	O
+interested	O
+in	O
+the	O
+local	B-Task
+mechanisms	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+irreversible	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+loss	I-Task
+caused	O
+by	O
+uniform	O
+compression	B-Process
+or	I-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+medium	I-Process
+for	O
+which	O
+all	O
+components	O
+remain	O
+unchanged	O
+,	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+the	O
+losses	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+friction	B-Process
+between	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+layers	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+medium	I-Process
+which	O
+move	O
+with	O
+different	O
+velocities	O
+(	O
+for	O
+a	O
+more	O
+detailed	O
+discussion	O
+of	O
+this	O
+issue	O
+see	O
+[	O
+26	O
+])	O
+.	O
+No	O
+attempt	O
+is	O
+made	O
+to	O
+model	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+shear	B-Process
+viscosity	I-Process
+and	O
+heat	B-Process
+conduction	I-Process
+beyond	O
+the	O
+conventional	O
+Navier	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Stokes	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+this	O
+topic	O
+goes	O
+far	O
+beyond	O
+the	O
+scope	O
+of	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+propagation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+unsteady	I-Task
+disturbances	I-Task
+in	O
+ducts	B-Material
+of	O
+slowly-varying	O
+geometry	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+those	O
+typical	O
+of	O
+an	O
+aeroengine	B-Material
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+successfully	O
+modelled	O
+using	O
+a	O
+multiple	B-Process
+scales	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+From	O
+the	O
+first	O
+application	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+of	O
+multiple-scales	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+to	O
+sound	B-Process
+propagation	I-Process
+in	O
+ducts	B-Material
+of	O
+rectangular	O
+and	O
+circular	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+without	O
+mean	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+,	O
+more	O
+recent	O
+developments	O
+have	O
+extended	O
+the	O
+method	O
+to	O
+cases	O
+with	O
+uniform	B-Process
+mean	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+mean	B-Process
+swirling	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+,	O
+ducts	B-Material
+of	O
+arbitrary	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+(	O
+with	O
+uniform	B-Process
+mean	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+strongly	B-Material
+curved	I-Material
+ducts	I-Material
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+multiple-scales	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+has	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+distinct	O
+advantages	O
+over	O
+full	O
+numerical	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+as	O
+it	O
+is	O
+ideally	O
+suited	O
+to	O
+handle	O
+higher	B-Process
+frequencies	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+complexity	O
+is	O
+only	O
+marginally	O
+more	O
+than	O
+calculating	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+eigenmodes	I-Process
+inside	O
+a	O
+straight	B-Material
+parallel	I-Material
+duct	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+accuracy	O
+and	O
+usefulness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+multiple	B-Process
+scales	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+validated	O
+against	O
+finite-element	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+for	O
+realistic	O
+aeroengine	B-Material
+configurations	O
+and	O
+acoustic	B-Task
+frequencies	I-Task
+[	O
+7,8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+describe	O
+three	O
+ways	O
+to	O
+solve	O
+the	O
+reflection	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+way	O
+is	O
+very	O
+simple	O
+(	O
+Section	O
+4	O
+)	O
+.	O
+We	O
+exploit	O
+the	O
+consequences	O
+of	O
+shifting	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+semi-infinite	I-Process
+row	I-Process
+by	O
+one	O
+period	O
+(	O
+to	O
+the	O
+right	O
+or	O
+left	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+effect	O
+,	O
+we	O
+regard	O
+the	O
+semi-infinite	O
+row	O
+as	O
+two	B-Process
+scatterers	I-Process
+,	O
+one	O
+of	O
+which	O
+is	O
+another	O
+semi-infinite	B-Process
+row	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+idea	O
+goes	O
+back	O
+to	O
+a	O
+series	O
+of	O
+papers	O
+by	O
+Millar	O
+in	O
+the	O
+1960s	O
+,	O
+starting	O
+with	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+He	O
+used	O
+it	O
+for	O
+several	O
+two-dimensional	B-Task
+grating	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+similar	O
+approach	O
+was	O
+used	O
+for	O
+layered	B-Material
+media	I-Material
+by	O
+Shenderov	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+one-dimensional	O
+context	O
+,	O
+we	O
+obtain	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+quadratic	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+for	O
+R	O
+;	O
+we	O
+show	O
+how	O
+to	O
+select	O
+the	O
+correct	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+We	O
+remark	O
+that	O
+there	O
+has	O
+been	O
+much	O
+recent	O
+interest	O
+in	O
+related	O
+two-dimensional	B-Task
+waveguide	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+;	O
+see	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+[	O
+4	O
+–	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+shifting-by-one-period	B-Process
+idea	I-Process
+is	O
+again	O
+employed	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+a	O
+quadratic	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+for	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+operator	O
+.	O
+
+Max-linear	B-Process
+programs	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+describe	O
+optimisation	B-Process
+problems	I-Process
+for	O
+multiprocessor	B-Material
+interactive	I-Material
+systems	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+some	O
+instances	O
+the	O
+variables	B-Material
+used	O
+in	O
+this	O
+model	O
+are	O
+required	O
+to	O
+be	O
+integer	O
+;	O
+however	O
+,	O
+no	O
+method	O
+seems	O
+to	O
+exist	O
+for	O
+finding	O
+integer	B-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+to	O
+max-linear	O
+programs.For	O
+a	O
+generic	O
+class	O
+of	O
+matrices	O
+,	O
+we	O
+show	O
+that	O
+integer	O
+solutions	O
+to	O
+two-sided	O
+max-linear	O
+systems	O
+and	O
+programs	O
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+in	O
+polynomial	O
+time	O
+.	O
+For	O
+general	O
+matrices	O
+,	O
+we	O
+adapt	O
+the	O
+existing	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+finding	O
+real	O
+solutions	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+algorithms	O
+for	O
+finding	O
+integer	O
+solutions	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+study	O
+sequences	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+optimal	I-Task
+walks	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+growing	I-Task
+length	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+weighted	I-Task
+digraphs	I-Task
+,	O
+or	O
+equivalently	O
+,	O
+sequences	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+entries	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+max-algebraic	I-Task
+matrix	I-Task
+powers	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+growing	I-Task
+exponents	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+known	O
+that	O
+these	O
+sequences	O
+are	O
+eventually	O
+periodic	O
+when	O
+the	O
+digraphs	B-Process
+are	I-Process
+strongly	I-Process
+connected	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+transient	O
+of	O
+such	O
+periodicity	O
+depends	O
+,	O
+in	O
+general	O
+,	O
+both	O
+on	O
+the	O
+size	O
+of	O
+digraph	B-Material
+and	O
+on	O
+the	O
+magnitude	O
+of	O
+the	O
+weights	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+show	O
+that	O
+some	O
+bounds	O
+on	O
+the	O
+indices	O
+of	O
+periodicity	O
+of	O
+(	B-Material
+unweighted	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+digraphs	I-Material
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+bounds	O
+of	O
+Wielandt	O
+,	O
+Dulmage	O
+–	O
+Mendelsohn	O
+,	O
+Schwarz	O
+,	O
+Kim	O
+and	O
+Gregory	O
+–	O
+Kirkland	O
+–	O
+Pullman	O
+,	O
+apply	O
+to	O
+the	O
+weights	O
+of	O
+optimal	O
+walks	O
+when	O
+one	O
+of	O
+their	O
+ends	O
+is	O
+a	O
+critical	O
+node	O
+.	O
+
+Owing	O
+to	O
+widespread	O
+availability	O
+,	O
+the	O
+most	O
+extensively	O
+adopted	O
+tomography	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+utilizes	O
+the	O
+milling	O
+power	O
+of	O
+a	O
+focused	B-Material
+ion	I-Material
+beam	I-Material
+(	O
+FIB	B-Material
+)	O
+in	O
+conjunction	O
+with	O
+the	O
+imaging	O
+capabilities	O
+of	O
+high	B-Process
+resolution	I-Process
+FE-SEM	I-Process
+,	O
+to	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+sequence	O
+of	O
+2D	B-Material
+images	I-Material
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+effectively	O
+re-combined	O
+in	O
+3D	O
+space	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+because	O
+this	O
+technique	O
+is	O
+destructive	O
+,	O
+studies	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+microstructural	I-Task
+evolution	I-Task
+are	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+inherent	O
+sample	O
+variability	O
+.	O
+Non-destructive	B-Process
+X-ray	I-Process
+nano-computed	I-Process
+tomography	I-Process
+(	O
+CT	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+9	O
+–	O
+11	O
+]	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+platform	O
+for	O
+exploring	B-Task
+dynamic	I-Task
+microstructural	I-Task
+change	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+these	O
+possible	O
+complications	O
+and	O
+is	O
+compatible	O
+with	O
+both	O
+laboratory	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+synchrotron	I-Material
+radiation	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+previously	O
+demonstrated	O
+a	O
+technique	O
+for	O
+preparation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+optimal	I-Task
+sample	I-Task
+geometries	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+X-ray	I-Task
+nano-CT	I-Task
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+,	O
+while	O
+this	O
+FIB	B-Process
+sample	I-Process
+preparation	I-Process
+route	I-Process
+will	O
+involve	O
+the	O
+selective	O
+removal	O
+of	O
+portions	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fuel	B-Material
+cell	I-Material
+electrode	I-Material
+microstructure	I-Material
+(	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+may	O
+be	O
+destructive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+working	B-Material
+fuel	I-Material
+cell	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+the	O
+non-destructive	B-Process
+X-ray	I-Process
+characterization	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+allows	O
+repeated	O
+,	O
+non-destructive	O
+characterization	O
+of	O
+the	O
+selected	B-Material
+sample	I-Material
+which	O
+facilitates	O
+the	O
+study	O
+of	O
+microstructural	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+in	O
+response	O
+to	O
+various	O
+environmental	O
+changes	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+conclusion	O
+,	O
+a	O
+new	B-Task
+approach	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+“	I-Task
+grind-free	I-Task
+”	I-Task
+nanoprecursor	I-Task
+route	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+direct	I-Task
+combinatorial	I-Task
+solid	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+synthesis	I-Task
+of	O
+several	O
+“	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+make	O
+”	O
+and	O
+hitherto	O
+unknown	O
+phase-pure	B-Material
+heterometallic	I-Material
+Ruddlesden	I-Material
+Popper	I-Material
+type	I-Material
+La4Ni3	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+xFexO10	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+described	O
+.	O
+The	O
+new	O
+approach	O
+used	O
+a	O
+high-throughput	B-Process
+reactor	I-Process
+and	O
+robotic	B-Process
+automation	I-Process
+(	O
+RAMSI	B-Process
+)	O
+to	O
+rapidly	O
+synthesise	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+range	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+nanoparticle	I-Process
+co-precipitate	I-Process
+precursors	I-Process
+in	O
+cloned	O
+libraries	O
+at	O
+a	O
+rate	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+7.5	I-Process
+samples	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+hour	I-Process
+.	O
+Each	O
+library	O
+could	O
+then	O
+be	O
+heat-treated	B-Process
+at	O
+a	O
+different	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+an	O
+initial	O
+powder	B-Process
+XRD	I-Process
+screen	I-Process
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+locate	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+approximate	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+boundary	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+more	O
+focussed	O
+second	O
+synthesis	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+XRD	I-Process
+characterisation	I-Process
+of	O
+selected	O
+larger	O
+heat-treated	B-Material
+powders	I-Material
+was	O
+then	O
+performed	O
+to	O
+reconfirm	O
+the	O
+locations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+phase	O
+boundaries	O
+with	O
+the	O
+highest	O
+dopant	O
+level	O
+being	O
+achieved	O
+for	O
+La4Ni2FeO10	B-Material
+which	O
+is	O
+significantly	O
+greater	O
+Fe	B-Material
+doping	O
+than	O
+has	O
+been	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+anyone	O
+previously	O
+(	O
+despite	O
+several	O
+notable	O
+efforts	O
+)	O
+.	O
+EXAFS	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+suggested	O
+that	O
+Fe3	B-Material
++	I-Material
+was	O
+located	O
+onto	O
+Ni	B-Material
+sites	O
+in	O
+all	O
+cases	O
+and	O
+did	O
+not	O
+exist	O
+as	O
+a	O
+separate	O
+iron	B-Material
+oxide	I-Material
+phase	O
+.	O
+
+At	O
+200	O
+–	O
+300	O
+°	O
+C	O
+:	O
+nuclear	O
+densities	O
+are	O
+localised	O
+in	O
+the	O
+tetrahedral	O
+volume	O
+roughly	O
+covering	O
+the	O
+8c	O
+and	O
+32f	O
+positions	O
+with	O
+“	B-Material
+bulges	I-Material
+”	I-Material
+of	O
+nuclear	O
+densities	O
+pointing	O
+toward	O
+the	O
+48i	O
+position	O
+,	O
+while	O
+at	O
+400	O
+and	O
+500	O
+°	O
+C	O
+continuous	O
+nuclear	O
+densities	O
+forming	O
+a	O
+straight	O
+line	O
+along	O
+the	O
+<	O
+100	O
+>	O
+direction	O
+are	O
+found	O
+,	O
+indicative	O
+of	O
+oxide-ion	B-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+pathway	O
+along	O
+that	O
+direction	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+,	O
+curved	O
+pathways	O
+along	O
+the	O
+<	O
+100	O
+>	O
+direction	O
+passing	O
+through	O
+the	O
+48i	O
+site	O
+are	O
+generally	O
+observed	O
+in	O
+fluorite	O
+materials	O
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+prevalence	O
+of	O
+curve	O
+pathway	O
+as	O
+opposed	O
+from	O
+straight	O
+pathway	O
+is	O
+explained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+repulsion	O
+between	O
+cation	O
+and	O
+anions	O
+,	O
+the	O
+curved	O
+pathway	O
+allowing	O
+the	O
+cation	O
+–	O
+anion	O
+to	O
+maintain	O
+a	O
+reasonable	O
+distance	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+a	O
+straight	O
+pathway	O
+is	O
+observed	O
+for	O
+Y0.785Ta0.215O1.715	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+as	O
+is	O
+the	O
+case	O
+for	O
+the	O
+present	O
+material	O
+.	O
+This	O
+suggests	O
+that	O
+Ta	O
+and	O
+Re	O
+cations	O
+might	O
+play	O
+a	O
+similar	O
+role	O
+in	O
+these	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+
+While	O
+impedance	B-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+quite	O
+common	O
+method	O
+to	O
+investigate	O
+mixed	B-Material
+conducting	I-Material
+thin	I-Material
+film	I-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+,	O
+[	O
+6,10	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+oxygen	B-Process
+tracer	I-Process
+experiments	I-Process
+are	O
+often	O
+performed	O
+on	O
+bulk	B-Material
+samples	I-Material
+[	O
+13	O
+–	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+several	O
+IEDP	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+of	O
+mixed	B-Material
+conducting	I-Material
+cathode	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+were	O
+published	O
+with	O
+the	O
+oxide	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+being	O
+deposited	O
+on	O
+insulating	B-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+[	O
+17	O
+–	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+to	O
+the	O
+best	O
+of	O
+the	O
+authors'	O
+knowledge	O
+no	O
+study	O
+so	O
+far	O
+reported	O
+experiments	O
+with	O
+both	O
+techniques	O
+being	O
+applied	O
+on	O
+the	O
+same	O
+films	B-Material
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+This	O
+contribution	O
+reports	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+a	O
+study	O
+applying	B-Task
+EIS	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+IEDP	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+one	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+same	I-Task
+La0.6Sr0.4CoO3	I-Task
+−	I-Task
+δ	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+LSC	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+thin	I-Task
+film	I-Task
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+get	O
+complementary	O
+results	O
+on	O
+the	O
+resistive	B-Task
+contributions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+oxygen	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+kinetics	I-Task
+on	O
+such	O
+films	B-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+electrical	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+require	O
+an	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+ion	I-Material
+conductor	I-Material
+,	O
+yttria	B-Material
+stabilized	I-Material
+zirconia	I-Material
+(	O
+YSZ	B-Material
+)	O
+was	O
+used	O
+as	O
+substrate	O
+for	O
+LSC	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+with	O
+two	O
+different	O
+grain	B-Material
+sizes	O
+.	O
+Quantitative	B-Task
+material	I-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+are	O
+deduced	O
+from	O
+both	O
+types	O
+of	O
+experiments	O
+and	O
+comparison	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+allowed	O
+testing	O
+the	O
+appropriateness	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Thin	B-Material
+MIEC	I-Material
+layers	I-Material
+of	O
+GDC	B-Material
+and	O
+STFO	B-Material
+on	O
+single-crystalline	B-Material
+YSZ	I-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+were	O
+exposed	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+H2	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+H218O	I-Process
+atmosphere	I-Process
+for	O
+thermally	O
+and	O
+electrochemically	O
+driven	O
+tracer	B-Task
+exchange	I-Task
+experiments	I-Task
+.	O
+Rectangular	B-Material
+noble	I-Material
+metal	I-Material
+thin	I-Material
+film	I-Material
+current	I-Material
+collectors	I-Material
+were	O
+deposited	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+top	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+beneath	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+MIEC	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+and	O
+used	O
+for	O
+polarization	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+lateral	B-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+tracer	I-Process
+revealed	O
+several	O
+interesting	O
+features	O
+:	O
+(	O
+i	O
+)	O
+In	O
+case	O
+of	O
+thermal	B-Process
+tracer	I-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+,	O
+an	O
+enhanced	O
+tracer	B-Process
+fraction	I-Process
+is	O
+found	O
+on	O
+top	O
+of	O
+the	O
+metallic	B-Material
+current	I-Material
+collector	I-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+its	O
+ionically	O
+blocking	O
+nature	O
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+edges	O
+of	O
+the	O
+current	O
+collector	O
+,	O
+the	O
+concentration	O
+of	O
+18O	B-Material
+decreases	O
+with	O
+a	O
+finite	O
+step	O
+width	O
+that	O
+is	O
+correlated	O
+with	O
+in-plane	B-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+oxygen	I-Process
+ions	I-Process
+.	O
+(	O
+ii	O
+)	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+low	B-Process
+electronic	I-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+STFO	B-Material
+and	O
+GDC	B-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+MIEC	O
+area	O
+that	O
+is	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+an	O
+applied	B-Process
+bias	I-Process
+is	O
+restricted	O
+to	O
+a	O
+region	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+current	B-Material
+collector	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+width	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+active	I-Task
+region	I-Task
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+bias	O
+.	O
+It	O
+amounts	O
+to	O
+only	O
+10	O
+–	O
+15μm	O
+for	O
+STFO	B-Material
+but	O
+more	O
+than	O
+100μm	O
+for	O
+GDC	B-Material
+at	O
+a	O
+cathodic	O
+bias	O
+of	O
+−	O
+500mV	O
+.	O
+(	O
+iii	O
+)	O
+Not	O
+only	O
+enhanced	B-Process
+tracer	I-Process
+incorporation	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+cathodic	O
+bias	O
+but	O
+also	O
+reduced	B-Process
+incorporation	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+anodic	O
+bias	O
+could	O
+be	O
+experimentally	O
+resolved	O
+in	O
+the	O
+active	O
+region	O
+.	O
+
+Two	O
+different	O
+micro-contact	B-Material
+set-ups	I-Material
+were	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+The	O
+asymmetrically	B-Material
+heated	I-Material
+measurement	I-Material
+set-up	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+2a	O
+)	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+change	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+contacted	I-Process
+electrode	I-Process
+within	O
+seconds	O
+and	O
+thereby	O
+to	O
+gain	B-Task
+statistical	I-Task
+information	I-Task
+over	O
+a	O
+large	O
+number	O
+of	O
+different	O
+microelectrodes	B-Material
+on	O
+one	O
+and	O
+the	O
+same	O
+sample	O
+in	O
+a	O
+relatively	O
+short	O
+time	O
+.	O
+It	O
+also	O
+enables	O
+monitoring	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+optical	I-Task
+changes	I-Task
+during	O
+the	O
+measurement	O
+in	O
+real	O
+time	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+asymmetrical	B-Process
+heating	I-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+bottom	O
+side	O
+and	O
+local	B-Process
+cooling	I-Process
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+by	O
+convection	B-Process
+,	O
+radiation	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+contacting	B-Material
+tip	I-Material
+acting	O
+as	O
+a	O
+heat	B-Material
+sink	I-Material
+)	O
+is	O
+known	O
+to	O
+cause	O
+temperature	B-Process
+gradients	I-Process
+within	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+temperature	O
+gradients	O
+are	O
+responsible	O
+for	O
+thermo-voltages	O
+,	O
+which	O
+can	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+measurement	O
+artifacts	O
+in	O
+electrochemical	B-Process
+experiments	I-Process
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+set-up	O
+temperature	B-Process
+cycles	I-Process
+can	O
+hardly	O
+be	O
+performed	O
+on	O
+single	O
+microelectrodes	B-Material
+but	O
+require	O
+subsequent	O
+contacting	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+de-contacting	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+microelectrodes	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Room	O
+temperature	O
+powder	B-Process
+X-ray	I-Process
+diffraction	I-Process
+(	O
+XRD	B-Process
+)	O
+was	O
+performed	O
+on	O
+a	O
+PANalytical	B-Process
+Empyrean	I-Process
+diffractometer	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+obtained	O
+XRD	B-Material
+patterns	I-Material
+were	O
+analysed	O
+with	O
+STOE	B-Process
+Win	I-Process
+XPOW	I-Process
+software	I-Process
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+phase	B-Task
+purity	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+crystal	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+and	O
+the	O
+cell	B-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+samples	O
+.	O
+Thermogravimetric	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+TGA	B-Process
+)	O
+was	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+a	O
+Netzsch	B-Process
+STA	I-Process
+449C	I-Process
+instrument	I-Process
+equipped	O
+with	O
+Proteus	B-Process
+thermal	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+software	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+TGA	O
+studies	O
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+under	O
+reducing	B-Process
+conditions	I-Process
+(	O
+5	B-Material
+%	I-Material
+H2	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+Ar	I-Material
+)	O
+from	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+to	O
+900	O
+°	O
+C	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+the	O
+weight	B-Task
+change	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+perovskite	B-Material
+during	O
+the	O
+reduction	O
+.	O
+The	O
+microstructure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+samples'	O
+surface	O
+was	O
+analysed	O
+using	O
+a	O
+JEOL	O
+JSM-6700	O
+field	B-Process
+emission	I-Process
+74	I-Process
+scanning	I-Process
+electron	I-Process
+microscope	I-Process
+(	O
+FEG-SEM	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+total	B-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+samples	O
+was	O
+measured	O
+using	O
+a	O
+conventional	O
+four-terminal	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+.	O
+Bar	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+prepared	O
+by	O
+calcination	B-Task
+at	O
+1300	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+1h	O
+.	O
+Gold	B-Material
+wire	I-Material
+contacts	I-Material
+were	O
+attached	O
+to	O
+the	O
+bars	O
+,	O
+which	O
+then	O
+were	O
+cured	O
+at	O
+850	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+1h	O
+.	O
+The	O
+conductivity	B-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+samples	O
+was	O
+measured	O
+under	O
+a	O
+redox	B-Task
+cycle	I-Task
+at	O
+900	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+Low	B-Process
+oxygen	I-Process
+partial	I-Process
+pressure	I-Process
+was	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+using	O
+a	O
+continuous	O
+flow	B-Process
+of	O
+5	O
+%	O
+H2	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+Ar	I-Material
+.	O
+
+A	B-Task
+nanocomposite	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+consisting	O
+of	O
+a	B-Material
+semiconducting	I-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+embedded	I-Material
+ferromagnetic	I-Material
+nanostructures	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+fabricated	O
+.	O
+The	B-Task
+ferromagnetic	I-Task
+characteristics	I-Task
+as	O
+coercivity	B-Task
+,	I-Task
+remanence	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+anisotropy	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+nanocomposite	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+adjusted	O
+by	O
+the	B-Material
+electrochemical	I-Material
+parameters	I-Material
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+the	O
+spatial	O
+distribution	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+metal	O
+structures	O
+within	O
+the	O
+pores	O
+can	O
+be	O
+varied	O
+which	O
+means	O
+that	O
+the	O
+magnetic	O
+interactions	O
+between	O
+the	O
+particles	O
+can	O
+be	O
+influenced	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+densely	B-Task
+packed	I-Task
+particles	I-Task
+within	O
+the	O
+pores	O
+dipolar	O
+coupling	O
+between	O
+them	O
+occurs	O
+and	O
+results	O
+in	O
+quasi	O
+magnetic	O
+chains	O
+which	O
+offer	O
+a	B-Material
+much	I-Material
+larger	I-Material
+magnetic	I-Material
+anisotropy	I-Material
+than	O
+non-interacting	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+.	O
+By	O
+modifying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+small	B-Material
+Ni-particles	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+3	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+6nm	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+deposited	O
+.	O
+If	O
+the	O
+packing	O
+density	O
+of	O
+these	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+is	O
+sufficiently	O
+close	O
+,	O
+Ni-tubes	B-Material
+of	O
+a	O
+few	O
+nanometer	O
+in	O
+thickness	O
+are	O
+covering	O
+the	O
+pore	O
+walls	O
+.	O
+The	B-Task
+presented	I-Task
+nanocomposite	I-Task
+is	O
+an	O
+interesting	O
+system	O
+for	O
+magnetic	O
+applications	O
+as	O
+magnetic	O
+sensor	O
+technology	O
+.	O
+Silicon	B-Material
+as	O
+substrate	O
+renders	O
+this	O
+composite	O
+a	B-Task
+good	I-Task
+candidate	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+integration	I-Task
+in	O
+existing	O
+process	O
+technology	O
+.	O
+
+As	O
+the	O
+progression	O
+towards	O
+smaller	B-Task
+lithographic	I-Task
+nodes	I-Task
+continues	O
+it	O
+has	O
+become	O
+necessary	O
+to	O
+adopt	O
+thinner	B-Material
+resist	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+to	O
+mitigate	O
+problems	O
+such	O
+as	O
+pattern	B-Process
+collapse	I-Process
+.	O
+To	O
+address	O
+the	O
+issue	O
+of	O
+reduced	B-Process
+etch	I-Process
+resistance	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+thin	I-Process
+photoresist	I-Process
+films	I-Process
+the	O
+semiconductor	O
+industry	O
+has	O
+begun	O
+to	O
+develop	O
+multilayer	B-Process
+processes	I-Process
+where	O
+the	O
+pattern	O
+is	O
+first	O
+transferred	O
+into	O
+an	O
+intermediate	B-Material
+organic	I-Material
+hardmask	I-Material
+with	O
+higher	O
+etch	O
+selectivity	O
+before	O
+final	O
+silicon	B-Process
+pattern	I-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+–	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+demonstrate	O
+how	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+such	O
+a	O
+multilayer	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+can	O
+also	O
+benefit	O
+nanosphere	B-Task
+lithography	I-Task
+by	O
+increasing	O
+achievable	O
+aspect	O
+ratios	O
+of	O
+silicon	B-Material
+nanopillars	I-Material
+without	O
+the	O
+need	O
+for	O
+complex	B-Process
+etch	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+requiring	O
+specialised	O
+and	O
+expensive	O
+equipment	O
+,	O
+but	O
+instead	O
+needing	O
+only	O
+a	O
+standard	O
+SF6	O
+/	O
+C4F8	O
+inductively	O
+coupled	B-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+(	O
+ICP	B-Material
+)	O
+mixed	O
+mode	O
+etch	O
+process	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+[	O
+28	O
+]	O
+.	O
+As	O
+intermediate	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+material	I-Material
+we	O
+used	O
+polyimide	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+finds	O
+widespread	O
+use	O
+as	O
+encapsulation	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+for	O
+IC	B-Task
+production	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+readily	O
+patterned	O
+in	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+and	O
+has	O
+a	O
+lower	O
+etch	O
+rate	O
+than	O
+silicon	B-Material
+in	O
+SF6	B-Material
+gas	I-Material
+.	O
+Its	O
+flexibility	O
+can	O
+also	O
+be	O
+used	O
+for	O
+the	O
+fabrication	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+soft	I-Task
+polymer	I-Task
+pillars	I-Task
+by	O
+the	O
+same	O
+process	O
+as	O
+we	O
+will	O
+show	O
+.	O
+The	O
+multilayer	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+slightly	O
+increases	O
+the	O
+complexity	O
+of	O
+sample	B-Process
+preparation	I-Process
+but	O
+allows	O
+basic	O
+ICP	B-Process
+etching	I-Process
+to	O
+achieve	O
+high	O
+aspect	O
+ratio	O
+structures	O
+at	O
+smaller	O
+feature	O
+sizes	O
+that	O
+previously	O
+reported	O
+without	O
+the	O
+need	O
+for	O
+complex	O
+etching	B-Material
+equipment	I-Material
+.	O
+
+A	O
+3D	B-Process
+finite	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+based	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+FEM	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+COMSOL	I-Process
+capacitance	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+is	O
+combined	O
+with	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+single-electron	I-Process
+circuit	I-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+to	O
+model	B-Task
+device	I-Task
+operations	I-Task
+during	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+electron	I-Task
+detection	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+3D	B-Material
+structural	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1b	O
+)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+nanoscale	B-Material
+DQD	I-Material
+pair	I-Material
+and	O
+multiple	B-Material
+gate	I-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+are	O
+precisely	O
+input	O
+into	O
+COMSOL	B-Material
+’s	I-Material
+FEM-based	I-Material
+electrostatics	I-Material
+simulator	I-Material
+.	O
+Capacitances	O
+between	O
+different	O
+device	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+are	O
+then	O
+extracted	O
+and	O
+fed	O
+into	O
+the	O
+well-tested	B-Material
+single	I-Material
+electron	I-Material
+circuit	I-Material
+simulator	I-Material
+SETSPICE	B-Material
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+,	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+orthodox	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+of	O
+single	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+tunnelling	I-Process
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+our	O
+target	B-Material
+d1	I-Material
+of	O
+60nm	O
+,	O
+simulation	B-Process
+results	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1c	O
+)	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+as	O
+we	O
+sweep	O
+the	O
+voltage	O
+applied	O
+on	O
+gate	B-Material
+G1	I-Material
+,	O
+VG1	B-Material
+,	O
+single	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+tunnelling	I-Process
+into	O
+the	O
+turnstile	B-Material
+’s	I-Material
+two	I-Material
+QDs	I-Material
+should	O
+generate	O
+shifts	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+electrometer	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+,	O
+IDS	B-Material
+,	O
+of	O
+tens	O
+of	O
+pA	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+well	O
+within	O
+the	O
+charge	O
+sensitivity	O
+of	O
+DQD	B-Material
+electrometer	I-Material
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+and	O
+consistent	O
+to	O
+the	O
+same	O
+order	O
+of	O
+magnitude	O
+with	O
+previous	O
+work	O
+in	O
+single	B-Task
+electron	I-Task
+detection	I-Task
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+gate	B-Material
+to	O
+QD	B-Process
+capacitive	I-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+appear	O
+to	O
+be	O
+sufficient	O
+for	O
+the	O
+control	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+QD	I-Process
+occupations	I-Process
+down	O
+to	O
+the	O
+single	O
+electron	O
+limit	O
+,	O
+allowing	O
+for	O
+future	O
+manipulation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+electron	I-Task
+spins	I-Task
+in	O
+qubit	B-Task
+research	I-Task
+.	O
+
+We	O
+evaluated	B-Task
+three	I-Task
+spin-on	I-Task
+carbon	I-Task
+hardmasks	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+Irresistible	I-Task
+Materials	I-Task
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+spin-on	B-Material
+carbon	I-Material
+compositions	I-Material
+were	O
+dissolved	O
+in	O
+a	O
+suitable	O
+solvent	B-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+chloroform	B-Material
+or	O
+anisole	B-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+concentration	O
+in	O
+the	O
+range	O
+5	O
+–	O
+50g	O
+/	O
+l	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+report	O
+,	O
+film	B-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+were	O
+made	O
+for	O
+IM-HM11-01	B-Material
+and	O
+IM-HM11-02	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+,	O
+whilst	O
+IM-HM11-03	B-Material
+was	O
+used	O
+for	O
+etching	B-Process
+;	O
+further	O
+investigations	O
+to	O
+compare	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+different	I-Task
+compositions	I-Task
+across	I-Task
+tasks	I-Task
+are	O
+underway	O
+.	O
+Films	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+SoC	I-Material
+were	O
+prepared	O
+by	O
+spin	B-Process
+coating	I-Process
+on	O
+hydrogen-terminated	B-Material
+silicon	I-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+speed	O
+varying	O
+between	O
+800	O
+and	O
+2000	O
+RPM	O
+for	O
+60s	O
+.	O
+After	O
+spin	O
+coating	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+was	O
+baked	O
+for	O
+2min	O
+at	O
+temperatures	O
+of	O
+up	O
+to	O
+330	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+enable	O
+further	O
+processing	O
+,	O
+the	O
+SoC	O
+should	O
+be	O
+rendered	O
+insoluble	O
+in	O
+typical	O
+solvents	O
+for	O
+resist	O
+and	O
+spin-on-hardmask	O
+to	O
+enable	O
+further	O
+processing	O
+.	O
+The	O
+elution	O
+behavior	O
+of	O
+films	O
+of	O
+IM-HM11-01	O
+and	O
+IM-HM11-02	O
+for	O
+thicknesses	O
+between	O
+30	O
+and	O
+325nm	O
+was	O
+tested	O
+as	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+baking	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+normalized	O
+film	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+two	O
+formulations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+SoC	O
+(	O
+IM-HM11-01	O
+and	O
+IM-HM11-02	O
+)	O
+,	O
+before	O
+and	O
+after	O
+dipping	O
+in	O
+monochlorobenzene	O
+(	O
+MCB	O
+)	O
+:	O
+IPA	O
+1:1	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+Prior	O
+to	O
+baking	O
+the	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+IM-HM11-01	O
+was	O
+∼	O
+320nm	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+IM-HM11-02	O
+was	O
+∼	O
+250nm	O
+.	O
+For	O
+temperatures	O
+above	O
+190	O
+°	O
+C	O
+the	O
+IM-HM11-02	O
+film	O
+was	O
+rendered	O
+insoluble	O
+,	O
+whilst	O
+a	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+260	O
+°	O
+C	O
+was	O
+required	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+the	O
+same	O
+for	O
+IM-HM11-01	O
+.	O
+Film	O
+thickness	O
+did	O
+not	O
+affect	O
+the	O
+elution	O
+results	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+summary	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+technique	O
+for	O
+site-specific	B-Task
+nanowire	I-Task
+size	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+by	O
+FIB	B-Process
+thinning	I-Process
+.	O
+Transmission	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+microscope	I-Material
+images	I-Material
+of	O
+a	O
+thinned	B-Material
+tungsten	I-Material
+composite	I-Material
+nanowire	I-Material
+with	O
+width	O
+reduced	O
+from	O
+80	O
+to	O
+20nm	O
+show	O
+uniform	B-Process
+shrinking	I-Process
+along	O
+the	O
+length	O
+of	O
+the	O
+wire	B-Material
+and	O
+high	B-Material
+resolution	I-Material
+images	I-Material
+show	O
+no	O
+obvious	O
+changes	O
+of	O
+the	O
+morphology	O
+after	O
+thinning	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+critical	O
+current	O
+density	O
+of	O
+the	O
+as-deposited	B-Material
+wire	I-Material
+and	O
+one	O
+thinned	O
+to	O
+a	O
+width	O
+of	O
+50nm	O
+is	O
+1.7	O
+×	O
+105	O
+and	O
+1.4	O
+×	O
+105A	O
+/	O
+cm2	O
+at	O
+4.26K	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+,	O
+suggesting	O
+insignificant	O
+modulation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+electrical	I-Process
+properties	I-Process
+during	O
+thinning	B-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+results	O
+suggest	O
+that	O
+FIB-milling	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+potential	O
+approach	O
+for	O
+controllable	B-Task
+size	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+high	I-Task
+resolution	I-Task
+towards	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+observation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+size	I-Task
+-	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+effects	I-Task
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+for	O
+construction	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+3D	I-Task
+superconducting	I-Task
+nanodevices	I-Task
+.	O
+
+There	O
+have	O
+been	O
+suggestions	O
+that	O
+electrons	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+trapped	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bulk	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+surfaces	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+silica	I-Process
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+but	O
+new	O
+models	O
+of	O
+electron	B-Material
+trapping	I-Material
+centres	I-Material
+started	O
+to	O
+appear	O
+only	O
+recently	O
+.	O
+It	O
+has	O
+been	O
+suggested	O
+by	O
+Bersuker	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+who	O
+used	O
+molecular	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+,	O
+that	O
+electrons	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+trapped	B-Process
+by	O
+Si	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+O	I-Material
+bonds	I-Material
+in	O
+a-SiO2	B-Material
+leading	I-Material
+to	O
+their	O
+weakening	B-Process
+and	O
+thus	O
+facilitating	O
+Si	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+O	I-Process
+bond	I-Process
+dissociation	I-Process
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+calculations	O
+by	O
+Camellone	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+electrons	B-Material
+can	O
+spontaneously	B-Process
+trap	I-Process
+in	O
+non-defective	B-Process
+continuum	I-Process
+random	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+a-SiO2	B-Material
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Recent	O
+calculations	O
+have	O
+also	O
+demonstrated	O
+that	O
+the	O
+two	O
+dominant	O
+neutral	B-Process
+paramagnetic	I-Process
+defects	I-Process
+at	O
+surfaces	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+a-SiO2	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+non-bridging	B-Material
+oxygen	I-Material
+centre	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+silicon	B-Material
+dangling	I-Material
+bond	I-Material
+,	O
+are	O
+deep	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+traps	I-Material
+and	O
+can	O
+form	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+negatively	B-Material
+charged	I-Material
+defects	I-Material
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+these	O
+theoretical	O
+predictions	O
+have	O
+not	O
+yet	O
+been	O
+confirmed	O
+experimentally	O
+,	O
+emphasising	O
+the	O
+challenges	O
+for	O
+identifying	B-Task
+defect	I-Task
+centres	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Ever	O
+since	O
+the	O
+identification	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+paramagnetic	I-Process
+E′	I-Process
+centre	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+SiO2	I-Process
+as	O
+an	O
+unpaired	B-Material
+electron	I-Material
+localised	O
+in	O
+an	O
+sp3	B-Material
+hybrid	I-Material
+orbital	I-Material
+of	O
+an	O
+Si	B-Material
+atom	I-Material
+backbonded	O
+to	O
+three	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+,	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+attempts	O
+has	O
+been	O
+made	O
+at	O
+explaining	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+optical	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+electronic	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+SiO2	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+presence	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+E′	I-Task
+centres	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+irradiation	B-Process
+or	O
+hole	B-Process
+injection	I-Process
+induces	O
+trapping	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+positive	I-Process
+charge	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+thin	I-Process
+layers	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+a-SiO2	I-Process
+grown	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+silicon	I-Process
+surfaces	I-Process
+by	O
+thermal	B-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+effect	O
+has	O
+been	O
+correlated	O
+with	O
+paramagnetic	B-Material
+E′	I-Material
+centre	I-Material
+signals	I-Material
+and	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+assignment	O
+of	O
+the	O
+neutral	B-Material
+oxygen	I-Material
+vacancy	I-Material
+as	O
+the	O
+major	B-Material
+hole	I-Material
+trap	I-Material
+in	O
+a-SiO2	B-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+model	O
+,	O
+originally	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+E′	B-Material
+centres	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+α-quartz	I-Material
+,	O
+upon	O
+trapping	O
+a	O
+hole	O
+,	O
+one	O
+Si	B-Material
+atom	I-Material
+from	O
+the	O
+two	O
+Si	B-Material
+atoms	I-Material
+constituting	O
+the	O
+vacancy	O
+remains	O
+neutral	O
+and	O
+hosts	O
+the	O
+localised	B-Material
+unpaired	I-Material
+electron	I-Material
+while	O
+its	O
+counterpart	O
+becomes	O
+positively	O
+charged	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+this	O
+model	O
+has	O
+initially	O
+been	O
+accepted	O
+widely	O
+for	O
+its	O
+simplicity	O
+,	O
+it	O
+fails	O
+to	O
+account	O
+for	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+observations	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+positive	B-Process
+charge	I-Process
+trapping	I-Process
+without	O
+generation	O
+of	O
+E′	B-Material
+centres	I-Material
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+high	B-Material
+density	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+E′	I-Material
+centres	I-Material
+without	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+density	O
+of	O
+positive	B-Process
+charge	I-Process
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+correlation	O
+between	O
+the	O
+decrease	O
+of	O
+the	O
+E′	B-Material
+centre	I-Material
+density	O
+and	O
+the	O
+density	O
+of	O
+positive	O
+charge	O
+upon	O
+post-irradiation	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+injection	I-Process
+in	O
+SiO2	B-Material
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Ge	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+100	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+wafers	I-Material
+(	O
+n	B-Material
+-	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+p-type	I-Material
+)	O
+were	O
+cleaned	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+ultra	I-Process
+high	I-Process
+vacuum	I-Process
+(<	O
+10	O
+−	O
+6mbar	O
+)	O
+at	O
+500	O
+°	O
+C	O
+and	O
+600	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+10min	O
+to	O
+evaporate	B-Process
+any	I-Process
+native	I-Process
+oxide	I-Process
+and	O
+so	O
+achieve	O
+an	O
+oxide	B-Material
+free	I-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+,	O
+wafers	B-Material
+were	O
+exposed	O
+to	O
+an	O
+Al	B-Process
+flux	I-Process
+for	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+times	O
+to	O
+deposit	O
+ultrathin	B-Material
+Al	I-Material
+layers	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+samples	B-Material
+were	O
+then	O
+oxidized	B-Process
+at	O
+ambient	O
+temperatures	O
+in	O
+the	O
+MBE	B-Material
+load	I-Material
+lock	I-Material
+to	O
+produce	B-Task
+Al2O3	I-Task
+layers	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+samples	B-Material
+were	O
+transferred	O
+within	O
+1min	O
+to	O
+an	O
+Oxford	B-Material
+Instruments	I-Material
+OpAL	I-Material
+reactor	I-Material
+and	O
+thin	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+HfO2	I-Material
+were	O
+deposited	O
+on	O
+the	O
+Al2O3	B-Material
+using	O
+atomic	B-Process
+layer	I-Process
+deposition	I-Process
+(	O
+ALD	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+HfO2	B-Process
+depositions	I-Process
+used	O
+a	O
+[(	B-Material
+CpMe	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+2HfOMeMe	I-Material
+]	I-Material
+precursor	I-Material
+coupled	O
+with	O
+an	O
+O2	B-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+as	O
+the	O
+oxidizing	B-Material
+species	I-Material
+.	O
+Between	O
+30	O
+and	O
+130	O
+ALD	O
+cycles	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+grow	B-Process
+HfO2	I-Process
+thicknesses	I-Process
+from	O
+1.6	O
+to	O
+7nm	O
+at	O
+250	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+For	O
+electrical	B-Task
+measurements	I-Task
+,	O
+circular	B-Material
+gold	I-Material
+contacts	I-Material
+of	O
+area	O
+1.96	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+3cm2	O
+were	O
+deposited	O
+onto	O
+the	O
+films	B-Material
+to	O
+form	O
+MOS	B-Material
+gate	I-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+and	O
+Al	B-Material
+was	O
+deposited	O
+on	O
+the	O
+back	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Ge	B-Material
+wafers	I-Material
+to	O
+provide	O
+an	O
+ohmic	B-Material
+contact	I-Material
+.	O
+After	O
+preliminary	O
+measurements	O
+,	O
+the	O
+samples	B-Material
+were	O
+annealed	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+forming	I-Process
+gas	I-Process
+(	O
+FGA	B-Material
+)	O
+at	O
+350	O
+°	O
+C	O
+for	O
+30min	O
+.	O
+The	O
+oxide	B-Material
+leakage	I-Material
+current	I-Material
+was	O
+measured	B-Process
+using	O
+a	O
+Keithley	B-Material
+230B	I-Material
+voltage	I-Material
+source	I-Material
+and	O
+Keithley	B-Material
+617B	I-Material
+electrometer	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+HP	B-Material
+4192A	I-Material
+low	I-Material
+frequency	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+LF	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+impedance	I-Material
+analyzer	I-Material
+at	O
+small	O
+signal	O
+frequencies	O
+between	O
+100Hz	O
+to	O
+1MHz	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	B-Task
+perform	I-Task
+high	I-Task
+frequency	I-Task
+capacitance	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+voltage	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+HF	I-Task
+CV	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+measurements	I-Task
+.	O
+
+We	O
+have	O
+demonstrated	O
+a	O
+new	O
+approach	O
+to	O
+the	O
+manufacture	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+self-folding	I-Task
+hydrogel	I-Task
+scaffolds	I-Task
+by	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+readily	B-Process
+available	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+fast	I-Process
+throughput	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+process	O
+shows	O
+effective	B-Process
+pattern	I-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+by	O
+first	O
+embossing	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+sacrificial	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+and	O
+using	B-Process
+it	I-Process
+as	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+soluble	I-Process
+mould	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+fabrication	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+a	O
+sacrificial	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+PAA	I-Material
+imparts	O
+environmental	O
+sensitivity	O
+to	O
+the	O
+hydrogel	B-Material
+film	I-Material
+on	O
+only	O
+one	O
+surface	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+subsequent	O
+swelling	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+PAA	I-Process
+inter-penetrating	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+(	O
+IPN	B-Process
+)	O
+in	O
+elevated	B-Material
+pH	I-Material
+causes	O
+a	O
+swelling	B-Process
+differential	I-Process
+across	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+,	O
+causing	O
+it	O
+to	O
+roll	B-Process
+to	O
+accommodate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+difference	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+surface	I-Task
+area	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+two	I-Task
+surfaces	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+surface	O
+functionalization	O
+and	O
+patterning	O
+stages	O
+are	O
+thus	O
+combined	O
+into	O
+one	O
+photolithographic	B-Process
+operation	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+net	O
+result	O
+is	O
+a	O
+method	O
+of	O
+producing	B-Process
+environmentally	I-Process
+triggered	I-Process
+self-folding	I-Process
+all	I-Process
+hydrogel	I-Process
+scaffolds	I-Process
+by	O
+a	O
+,	O
+to	O
+the	O
+authors’	O
+knowledge	O
+,	O
+novel	B-Task
+use	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+sacrificial	I-Task
+layer	I-Task
+embossing	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+patterned	B-Material
+hydrogel	I-Material
+films	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+triggered	B-Process
+consecutively	I-Process
+allowing	O
+for	O
+successive	O
+rolling	B-Process
+and	O
+unrolling	B-Process
+depending	O
+on	O
+the	O
+aqueous	B-Material
+pH	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+choice	O
+of	O
+PEGDMA	B-Material
+hydrogel	I-Material
+provides	O
+a	O
+versatile	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+creating	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+variety	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+hydrogel	I-Material
+scaffolds	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+while	O
+being	O
+non-fouling	O
+and	O
+nontoxic	O
+it	O
+is	O
+permeable	O
+to	O
+proteins	B-Material
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+PEGDMA	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+modified	O
+to	O
+produce	B-Task
+biodegradable	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+cell	I-Task
+adhesive	I-Task
+hydrogels	I-Task
+for	O
+a	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+biomedical	B-Task
+applications	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+number	O
+of	O
+experiments	O
+conducted	O
+was	O
+reduced	O
+by	O
+selecting	O
+the	O
+four	O
+most	O
+important	O
+parameters	O
+for	O
+variation	O
+,	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+while	O
+the	O
+remaining	O
+parameters	O
+were	O
+kept	O
+constant	O
+.	O
+The	O
+O2	O
+flow	O
+rate	O
+(	O
+QO2	O
+)	O
+was	O
+keep	O
+constant	O
+at	O
+99sccm	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+SF6	O
+flow	O
+rate	O
+(	O
+QSF6	O
+)	O
+was	O
+varied	O
+between	O
+0	O
+and	O
+20sccm	O
+.	O
+The	O
+pressure	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+etch	I-Process
+chamber	I-Process
+was	O
+controlled	O
+to	O
+keep	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+gas	I-Task
+density	I-Task
+stable	I-Task
+.	O
+Since	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+has	O
+a	O
+pronounced	O
+effect	O
+on	O
+etch	O
+characteristics	O
+,	O
+the	O
+pressure	O
+(	O
+p	O
+)	O
+was	O
+varied	O
+between	O
+20	O
+and	O
+40mTorr	O
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+the	O
+system	O
+was	O
+run	O
+in	O
+automatic	B-Process
+pressure	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+mode	O
+,	O
+which	O
+continuously	O
+adjusts	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+throttle	I-Process
+valve	I-Process
+to	O
+keep	O
+a	O
+constant	O
+pressure	O
+during	O
+etch	O
+.	O
+The	O
+coil	O
+power	O
+(	O
+PC	O
+)	O
+was	O
+fixed	O
+at	O
+1000W	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+bias	O
+power	O
+(	O
+PB	O
+)	O
+was	O
+varied	O
+between	O
+0	O
+and	O
+30W	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+substrate	O
+chuck	O
+temperature	O
+(	O
+T	O
+)	O
+was	O
+controlled	O
+between	O
+10	O
+and	O
+50	O
+°	O
+C	O
+.	O
+This	O
+design	O
+resulted	O
+in	O
+a	O
+full	O
+factorial	B-Process
+screening	I-Process
+in	O
+four	O
+parameters	O
+,	O
+where	O
+three	O
+center	O
+points	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+check	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+quadratic	I-Process
+curvature	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+quadratic	O
+term	O
+of	O
+a	O
+parameter	O
+is	O
+needed	O
+to	O
+generate	O
+a	O
+valid	O
+model	O
+.	O
+The	O
+total	O
+number	O
+of	O
+experiments	O
+in	O
+this	O
+setup	O
+is	O
+19	O
+,	O
+which	O
+were	O
+processed	O
+for	O
+20min	O
+each	O
+.	O
+The	O
+experiments	O
+in	O
+the	O
+design	O
+were	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+in	O
+random	O
+order	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+used	O
+2μm	O
+of	O
+ultra-nanocrystalline	B-Material
+diamond	I-Material
+(	O
+UNCD	B-Material
+)	O
+grown	O
+by	O
+chemical	B-Process
+vapour	I-Process
+deposition	I-Process
+(	O
+CVD	B-Process
+)	O
+on	O
+a	O
+∼	O
+520μm	O
+silicon	O
+carrier	O
+wafer	O
+from	O
+Advanced	O
+Diamond	O
+Technologies	O
+Ltd	O
+.	O
+Detailed	O
+information	O
+about	O
+the	O
+material	O
+and	O
+the	O
+stamp	O
+fabrication	O
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+in	O
+our	O
+earlier	O
+paper	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+UNCD	B-Material
+wafer	I-Material
+was	O
+scribed	O
+into	O
+1	O
+×	O
+1cm2	O
+samples	O
+and	O
+subjected	O
+to	O
+RCA	B-Process
+cleaning	I-Process
+(	O
+SC-1	O
+)	O
+,	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+ultrasonic	B-Process
+solvent	I-Process
+cleaning	I-Process
+.	O
+Nanofeature	B-Task
+stamps	I-Task
+were	I-Task
+then	I-Task
+created	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+samples	I-Task
+using	O
+conventional	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+lithography	I-Process
+(	O
+EBL	B-Process
+)	O
+with	O
+negative	B-Material
+tone	I-Material
+electron	I-Material
+sensitive	I-Material
+resist	I-Material
+,	O
+hydrogen	B-Material
+silsesquioxane	I-Material
+(	O
+HSQ	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+An	O
+Al	B-Material
+discharge	I-Material
+layer	I-Material
+was	O
+required	O
+above	O
+the	O
+resist	O
+to	O
+prevent	B-Task
+e-beam	I-Task
+deflection	I-Task
+due	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+charge	I-Task
+build-up	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+surface	I-Task
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Several	B-Task
+stamps	I-Task
+were	I-Task
+produced	I-Task
+with	O
+this	O
+process	O
+and	O
+the	O
+pattern	O
+written	O
+varied	O
+in	O
+design	O
+but	O
+consisted	O
+of	O
+arrays	O
+of	O
+circular	B-Material
+pillars	I-Material
+.	O
+After	O
+EBL	O
+and	O
+HSQ	O
+development	O
+,	O
+the	O
+HSQ	O
+was	O
+used	O
+as	O
+an	O
+etch	O
+mask	O
+for	O
+RIE	O
+with	O
+a	O
+mixture	O
+of	O
+oxygen	O
+and	O
+argon	O
+gas	O
+.	O
+The	O
+etched	O
+diamond	O
+nanopillars	O
+were	O
+typically	O
+225nm	O
+high	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+displays	O
+a	O
+scanning	O
+electron	O
+micrograph	O
+of	O
+some	O
+typical	O
+stamp	O
+features	O
+.	O
+
+Copper	B-Task
+electro-chemical	I-Task
+deposition	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+ECD	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+through	I-Task
+silicon	I-Task
+via	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+TSV	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+is	O
+a	O
+key	O
+challenge	O
+of	O
+3D	B-Task
+integration	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+presents	O
+a	O
+numerical	B-Process
+modeling	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+TSV	I-Process
+filling	I-Process
+concerning	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+accelerator	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+suppressor	I-Material
+.	I-Material
+The	O
+diffusion	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+adsorption	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+was	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+simulation	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+additives	I-Process
+were	O
+incorporated	O
+in	O
+the	O
+model	O
+.	O
+The	O
+boundary	O
+conditions	O
+were	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+a	O
+set	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+experimental	I-Material
+Tafel	I-Material
+curves	I-Material
+with	O
+different	O
+concentrations	O
+of	O
+additives	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+provided	O
+a	O
+quick	O
+and	O
+accurate	O
+way	O
+for	O
+copper	B-Process
+ECD	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+prediction	I-Process
+without	O
+complicated	O
+surface	O
+kinetic	O
+parameters	O
+fitting	O
+.	O
+The	O
+level	B-Process
+set	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+LSM	B-Process
+)	O
+was	O
+employed	O
+to	O
+track	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+copper	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+electrolyte	I-Task
+interface	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+simulation	B-Process
+results	O
+were	O
+in	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+For	O
+a	O
+given	O
+feature	O
+size	O
+,	O
+the	O
+current	O
+density	O
+for	O
+superfilling	B-Material
+could	O
+be	O
+predicted	O
+,	O
+which	O
+provided	O
+a	O
+guideline	O
+for	O
+ECD	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+.	O
+
+To	O
+restrict	B-Task
+pollen	I-Task
+tube	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+focal	I-Task
+plane	I-Task
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+subject	O
+to	O
+enable	O
+their	O
+accurate	O
+growth	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+under	I-Process
+microscopic	I-Process
+observation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+conventional	O
+method	O
+to	O
+assay	B-Process
+pollen	I-Process
+tube	I-Process
+growth	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+the	O
+pollen	B-Process
+tubes	I-Process
+grow	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+disorderly	O
+manner	O
+on	O
+solid	O
+medium	O
+,	O
+rendering	O
+it	O
+impossible	O
+to	O
+observe	B-Process
+their	I-Process
+growth	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+detail	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+Here	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+a	O
+new	B-Task
+method	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+assay	I-Task
+pollen	I-Task
+tube	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+using	O
+poly-dimethylsiloxane	B-Material
+microchannel	I-Material
+device	I-Material
+to	O
+isolate	B-Process
+individual	I-Process
+pollen	I-Process
+tubes	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pollen	B-Material
+tube	I-Material
+is	O
+confined	O
+to	O
+the	O
+microchannel	O
+and	O
+to	O
+the	O
+same	O
+focal	O
+plane	O
+,	O
+allowing	O
+accurate	B-Task
+microscopic	I-Task
+observations	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+methodology	O
+has	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+for	O
+analyses	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+pollen	I-Task
+tube	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+in	O
+microfluidic	O
+environments	O
+in	O
+response	O
+to	O
+chemical	B-Material
+products	I-Material
+and	O
+signaling	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+paves	O
+the	O
+way	O
+for	O
+various	O
+experiments	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+plant	I-Task
+reproduction	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+study	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+behavior	I-Task
+of	O
+metal	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+on	O
+compliant	O
+polymer	B-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+,	O
+fragmentation	B-Process
+testing	I-Process
+is	O
+often	O
+employed	O
+[	O
+8	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+During	O
+fragmentation	O
+testing	O
+,	O
+the	O
+film-substrate	B-Material
+couple	I-Material
+is	O
+strained	B-Process
+under	I-Process
+uni-axial	I-Process
+tension	I-Process
+and	O
+observed	O
+with	O
+light	B-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+LM	B-Process
+)	O
+or	O
+scanning	B-Process
+electron	I-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+(	O
+SEM	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+Brittle	B-Material
+metals	I-Material
+or	O
+ceramic	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+fracture	B-Process
+,	O
+forming	O
+through	O
+thickness	O
+cracks	O
+(	O
+channel	O
+cracks	O
+)	O
+at	O
+low	O
+strain	O
+perpendicular	O
+to	O
+the	O
+straining	O
+direction	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+ductile	O
+metal	B-Material
+films	I-Material
+will	O
+first	O
+deform	B-Process
+locally	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+form	O
+of	O
+necks	O
+at	O
+low	O
+strains	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1a	O
+)	O
+and	O
+with	O
+increased	O
+strain	B-Process
+through	O
+thickness	O
+cracks	O
+(	O
+TTC	O
+)	O
+can	O
+evolve	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1b	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Fragmentation	B-Process
+testing	I-Process
+is	O
+best	O
+performed	B-Task
+in-situ	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+LM	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+SEM	I-Task
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+strain	O
+when	O
+the	O
+first	O
+crack	O
+forms	O
+can	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+initial	O
+fracture	B-Process
+strain	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+,	O
+also	O
+known	O
+as	O
+the	O
+crack	O
+onset	O
+strain	O
+,	O
+can	O
+then	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+the	O
+interfacial	O
+fracture	O
+shear	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+with	O
+knowledge	O
+of	O
+the	O
+crack	O
+spacing	O
+at	O
+saturation	O
+,	O
+λ	O
+,	O
+film	B-Material
+thickness	O
+,	O
+h	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+fracture	O
+stress	O
+,	O
+σf	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+Efilmεf	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+εf	O
+is	O
+the	O
+fracture	B-Process
+strain	I-Process
+,	O
+using	O
+the	O
+shear	B-Process
+lag	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+8,13,14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In-situ	O
+fragmentation	O
+testing	O
+with	O
+LM	B-Process
+or	O
+SEM	B-Process
+allows	O
+for	O
+the	O
+crack	B-Process
+spacing	I-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+to	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+as	O
+a	O
+function	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+applied	I-Process
+strain	I-Process
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1c	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Under	O
+tensile	B-Process
+straining	I-Process
+conditions	O
+,	O
+a	O
+brittle	B-Material
+film	I-Material
+will	O
+initially	O
+fracture	B-Process
+at	O
+very	O
+low	O
+strains	O
+(<	O
+1	O
+%)	O
+and	O
+then	O
+with	O
+further	O
+strain	O
+continue	O
+to	O
+form	B-Process
+cracks	I-Process
+until	O
+the	O
+saturation	O
+crack	O
+spacing	O
+is	O
+reached	O
+.	O
+After	O
+the	O
+saturation	O
+spacing	O
+has	O
+been	O
+reached	O
+,	O
+cracks	O
+can	O
+no	O
+longer	O
+form	O
+between	O
+existing	O
+crack	O
+fragments	O
+and	O
+the	O
+film	O
+could	O
+delaminate	B-Process
+via	O
+buckling	B-Process
+.	O
+
+PDMS	B-Material
+(	O
+Polydimethylsiloxane	B-Material
+)	O
+has	O
+become	O
+by	O
+far	O
+the	O
+most	O
+popular	O
+material	O
+in	O
+the	O
+academic	O
+microfluidics	B-Material
+community	O
+because	O
+it	O
+is	O
+inexpensive	O
+,	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+fabricate	B-Task
+by	O
+replication	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+molds	I-Process
+made	O
+using	O
+rapid	B-Process
+prototyping	I-Process
+or	O
+other	O
+techniques	O
+,	O
+flexible	O
+,	O
+optically	O
+transparent	O
+,	O
+biocompatible	O
+and	O
+its	O
+fabrication	O
+does	O
+not	O
+require	O
+high	O
+capital	O
+investment	O
+and	O
+cleanroom	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+Various	O
+techniques	O
+have	O
+been	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+fabricate	B-Task
+microfluidic	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+in	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+,	O
+including	O
+wet	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+dry	I-Process
+etching	I-Process
+[	O
+20	O
+–	O
+22	O
+]	O
+,	O
+photolithographic	B-Process
+patterning	I-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+photosensitive	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+laser	B-Process
+ablation	I-Process
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+But	O
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+the	O
+“	B-Process
+soft-lithography	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+introduced	O
+by	O
+Whitesides	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+that	O
+enabled	O
+the	O
+widespread	O
+use	O
+of	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+and	O
+opened	O
+up	O
+the	O
+era	O
+of	O
+PDMS-based	B-Process
+microfluidics	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+late	O
+1990s	O
+.	O
+Replica	O
+molding	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+the	O
+casting	O
+of	O
+prepolymer	O
+against	O
+a	O
+master	O
+and	O
+generating	O
+a	O
+replica	O
+of	O
+the	O
+master	O
+in	O
+PDMS	B-Material
+,	O
+has	O
+become	O
+a	O
+standard	O
+fabrication	O
+technique	O
+available	O
+in	O
+almost	O
+every	O
+research	O
+laboratory	O
+.	O
+Detailed	O
+overviews	O
+of	O
+soft-lithography	O
+techniques	O
+and	O
+their	O
+applications	O
+can	O
+be	O
+found	O
+from	O
+the	O
+reviews	O
+by	O
+McDonald	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+26	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Sia	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Nowadays	O
+,	O
+many	O
+tools	O
+dedicated	O
+for	O
+this	O
+purpose	O
+are	O
+available	O
+and	O
+can	O
+be	O
+purchased	O
+as	O
+a	O
+complete	O
+set	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+SoftLithoBox	O
+®	O
+provided	O
+by	O
+Elveflow	O
+(	O
+USA	O
+)	O
+[	O
+28	O
+])	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+companies	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+FlowJEM	O
+(	O
+Canada	O
+)	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Microfluidic	O
+Innovations	O
+(	O
+USA	O
+)	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+Scientific	O
+Device	O
+Laboratory	O
+(	O
+USA	O
+)	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+provide	O
+rapid	O
+prototyping	O
+service	O
+for	O
+PDMS-based	O
+LOC	O
+devices	O
+.	O
+
+Unlike	O
+conventional	O
+materials	O
+used	O
+in	O
+nerve	O
+tissue	O
+engineering	O
+,	O
+PAs	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+directly	O
+injected	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+vivo	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+spontaneously	I-Process
+self-assemble	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+nanofibers	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+aqueous	I-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+PAs	B-Material
+can	O
+function	O
+as	O
+biomimetic	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+exemplified	O
+by	O
+collagen-mimetic	B-Material
+PAs	I-Material
+[	O
+92	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Conventional	O
+materials	O
+often	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+electrospinning	B-Process
+as	O
+a	B-Process
+manufacturing	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+to	O
+achieve	B-Task
+fiber-like	I-Task
+structures	I-Task
+suitable	O
+for	O
+use	O
+in	O
+nerve	O
+regeneration	O
+.	O
+The	O
+self-assembly	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+PAs	B-Material
+allows	O
+them	O
+to	O
+circumvent	O
+costly	B-Process
+manufacturing	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+in	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+conventional	B-Process
+manufacturing	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+like	O
+electrospinning	B-Process
+where	O
+quality	O
+and	O
+batch-to-batch	O
+variability	O
+can	O
+be	O
+tightly	O
+controlled	O
+,	O
+merely	O
+relying	O
+on	O
+self-assembly	B-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+method	O
+of	O
+large-scale	B-Task
+commercial	I-Task
+production	I-Task
+is	O
+still	O
+an	O
+experimental	O
+concept	O
+.	O
+Perhaps	O
+the	O
+next	O
+step	O
+would	O
+be	O
+to	O
+carefully	O
+compare	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+contrast	I-Process
+the	O
+robustness	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+self-assemled	I-Task
+PAs	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+electrospun	I-Task
+nanofibers	I-Task
+.	O
+Given	O
+that	O
+the	O
+constituent	O
+elements	O
+in	O
+PAs	O
+and	O
+external	O
+factors	O
+like	O
+pH	O
+can	O
+affect	O
+its	O
+structural	O
+assembly	O
+,	O
+parameters	O
+must	O
+be	O
+finely	O
+tuned	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+optimized	I-Process
+in	O
+order	O
+for	O
+PA	B-Material
+nanofibers	I-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+used	O
+as	O
+a	B-Task
+full-fledged	I-Task
+commercialized	I-Task
+medical	I-Task
+product	I-Task
+[	O
+93	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Mice	B-Task
+bearing	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+orthotopic	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+were	O
+treated	O
+starting	O
+from	O
+day	O
+21	O
+after	O
+NB	O
+cell	O
+implant	O
+;	O
+mice	B-Task
+with	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+pseudo-metastatic	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+received	O
+the	O
+first	O
+treatment	O
+4h	O
+after	O
+NB	O
+cell	O
+injection	O
+.	O
+These	B-Task
+therapeutic	I-Task
+schedules	I-Task
+were	O
+designed	O
+to	O
+test	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+of	O
+our	B-Material
+targeted	I-Material
+formulations	I-Material
+against	O
+both	O
+established	O
+and	O
+pseudo-metastatic	O
+preclinical	B-Material
+models	I-Material
+of	O
+human	O
+NB	O
+,	O
+as	O
+described	O
+[	O
+16,19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Animals	B-Task
+were	O
+treated	O
+i.v.	O
+once	O
+a	O
+week	O
+for	O
+3	O
+weeks	O
+with	O
+untargeted	B-Material
+(	O
+SL	O
+[	O
+DXR	O
+])	O
+or	O
+peptide-targeted	O
+SL	B-Material
+[	I-Material
+DXR	I-Material
+]	I-Material
+(	O
+5mg	O
+/	O
+kg	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Scrambled	O
+peptide-functionalized	O
+liposomes	O
+were	O
+used	O
+as	O
+a	O
+control	O
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+every	O
+experiment	O
+a	O
+group	O
+of	O
+control	O
+mice	O
+received	O
+HEPES-buffered	O
+saline	O
+.	O
+Survival	O
+times	O
+were	O
+used	O
+as	O
+the	O
+main	O
+criterion	O
+for	O
+determining	O
+treatment	O
+efficacy	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+orthotopic	O
+model	O
+,	O
+time-dependent	O
+anti-tumor	O
+activity	O
+was	O
+also	O
+evaluated	O
+by	O
+bioluminescence	O
+imaging	O
+(	O
+BLI	O
+)	O
+and	O
+X-ray	O
+analyses	O
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+purpose	O
+,	O
+the	O
+GI-LI-N	O
+cell	O
+line	O
+was	O
+infected	O
+with	O
+a	O
+retrovirus	O
+expressing	O
+the	O
+firefly	O
+luciferase	O
+gene	O
+,	O
+as	O
+previously	O
+reported	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+;	O
+luciferase	O
+activity	O
+of	O
+retrovirally-transduced	O
+cells	O
+was	O
+visualized	O
+in	O
+vivo	O
+by	O
+BLI	O
+(	O
+IVIS	O
+Caliper	O
+Life	O
+Sciences	O
+,	O
+Hopkinton	O
+,	O
+MA	O
+)	O
+after	O
+a	O
+10min	O
+incubation	O
+with	O
+150μg	O
+/	O
+mL	O
+of	O
+d-luciferin	O
+(	O
+Caliper	O
+Life	O
+Sciences	O
+)	O
+,	O
+as	O
+described	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+X-ray	O
+analysis	O
+was	O
+superimposed	O
+to	O
+the	O
+luminescence	O
+for	O
+a	O
+better	O
+visualization	O
+of	O
+the	O
+tumors	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+limitation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pharmacyte	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+one-time	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+intervention	O
+:	O
+ACT	B-Material
+T-cells	I-Material
+can	O
+only	O
+be	O
+loaded	O
+once	O
+with	O
+a	O
+cargo	O
+of	O
+adjuvant	B-Material
+drug	I-Material
+prior	O
+to	O
+transfer	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+duration	O
+of	O
+stimulation	B-Process
+is	O
+inherently	O
+limited	O
+by	O
+expansion	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+cell	I-Process
+population	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+vivo	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+cell-bound	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+are	O
+diluted	O
+with	O
+each	O
+cell	B-Process
+division	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+hypothesized	O
+that	O
+a	O
+strategy	O
+to	O
+target	O
+supporting	B-Material
+drugs	I-Material
+to	O
+T-cells	B-Material
+with	O
+nanoparticle	B-Material
+drug	I-Material
+carriers	I-Material
+directly	O
+in	O
+vivo	O
+would	O
+enable	O
+transferred	B-Material
+lymphocytes	I-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+repeatedly	O
+stimulated	O
+with	O
+supporting	B-Material
+adjuvant	I-Material
+drugs	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+thereby	O
+provide	O
+continuous	O
+supporting	O
+signals	O
+over	O
+the	O
+prolonged	O
+durations	O
+that	O
+might	O
+be	O
+necessary	O
+for	O
+elimination	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+large	I-Task
+tumor	I-Task
+burdens	I-Task
+.	O
+Such	O
+“	B-Process
+re-arming	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+T-cells	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+supporting	I-Process
+drugs	I-Process
+could	O
+be	O
+achieved	O
+by	O
+repeated	O
+administration	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+targeted	I-Process
+particles	I-Process
+,	O
+allowing	O
+adoptively-transferred	B-Material
+T-cells	I-Material
+to	O
+be	O
+restimulated	O
+multiple	O
+times	O
+directly	O
+in	O
+vivo	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+internalizing	B-Material
+targeting	I-Material
+ligands	I-Material
+would	O
+minimize	O
+the	O
+likelihood	O
+of	O
+immune	O
+responses	O
+against	O
+the	O
+nanoparticle	B-Material
+carrier	I-Material
+.	O
+To	O
+our	O
+knowledge	O
+,	O
+only	O
+two	O
+prior	O
+studies	O
+have	O
+attempted	O
+to	O
+target	O
+nanoparticles	B-Material
+to	O
+T-cells	B-Material
+in	O
+vivo	O
+[	O
+17,18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+both	O
+of	O
+these	O
+studies	O
+,	O
+particles	O
+were	O
+targeted	O
+to	O
+T-cells	O
+via	O
+peptide-MHC	B-Material
+ligands	I-Material
+that	O
+bind	O
+to	O
+specific	O
+T-cell	B-Material
+receptors	I-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+peptide-MHC-functionalized	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+have	O
+recently	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+deliver	O
+an	O
+anergizing	O
+/	O
+tolerizing	O
+signal	O
+to	O
+T-cells	B-Material
+[	O
+18,19	O
+]	O
+—	O
+which	O
+is	O
+ideal	O
+for	O
+treating	B-Task
+graft	I-Task
+rejection	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+autoimmunity	I-Task
+,	O
+but	O
+runs	O
+counter	O
+to	O
+the	O
+goals	O
+of	O
+cancer	B-Task
+immunotherapy	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+α-ω-aminohexylcarbamate	B-Material
+derivative	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+cyanocobalamin	I-Material
+was	O
+prepared	O
+using	O
+a	O
+method	O
+described	O
+previously	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Briefly	O
+,	O
+solid	B-Material
+CDI	I-Material
+(	O
+260mg	O
+,	O
+0.32mmol	O
+)	O
+was	O
+added	O
+to	O
+cyanocobalamin	B-Material
+(	O
+1.0g	O
+,	O
+0.148mmol	O
+)	O
+previously	O
+dissolved	O
+in	O
+anhydrous	B-Material
+dimethyl	I-Material
+sulfoxide	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+mixture	O
+was	O
+stirred	O
+for	O
+up	O
+to	O
+2h	O
+at	O
+30	O
+°	O
+C	O
+,	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+dry	B-Material
+1,6-hexanediamine	I-Material
+(	O
+314mg	O
+,	O
+0.54mmol	O
+)	O
+and	O
+stirring	O
+of	O
+the	O
+mixture	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+over	O
+24h	O
+.	O
+The	O
+mixture	O
+was	O
+poured	O
+into	O
+ethyl	B-Material
+acetate	I-Material
+(	O
+30ml	O
+)	O
+and	O
+left	O
+to	O
+stand	O
+.	O
+Following	O
+centrifugation	B-Process
+and	O
+decanting	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+supernatant	B-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+residue	B-Material
+was	O
+sonicated	O
+for	O
+5min	O
+in	O
+acetone	B-Material
+(	O
+50ml	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+precipitate	B-Material
+was	O
+filtered	O
+and	O
+the	O
+solid	B-Material
+washed	O
+in	O
+acetone	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+crude	B-Material
+product	I-Material
+was	O
+purified	O
+by	O
+silica	B-Process
+column	I-Process
+chromatography	I-Process
+(	O
+45	O
+%	O
+v	O
+/	O
+v	O
+2-propanol	O
+,	O
+30	O
+%	O
+v	O
+/	O
+v	O
+n-butanol	O
+,	O
+2	O
+%	O
+v	O
+/	O
+v	O
+ammonia	O
+and	O
+25	O
+%	O
+v	O
+/	O
+v	O
+water	O
+)	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+lyophilisation	O
+.	O
+
+Immunopotentiators	B-Material
+activate	B-Process
+innate	I-Process
+immunity	I-Process
+directly	O
+(	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+cytokines	O
+)	O
+or	O
+through	O
+pattern-recognition	B-Process
+receptors	I-Process
+(	O
+PRRs	B-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+those	O
+for	O
+bacterial	O
+components	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Toll-like	B-Process
+receptors	I-Process
+(	O
+TLRs	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+a	O
+family	O
+of	O
+PRRs	B-Process
+that	O
+are	O
+an	O
+important	O
+link	O
+between	O
+innate	O
+and	O
+adaptive	O
+immunity	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+studies	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+TLR	B-Material
+ligands	I-Material
+have	O
+adjuvant	O
+activity	O
+and	O
+enhance	O
+antigen-specific	O
+antibody	O
+and	O
+cell-mediated	O
+immune	O
+responses	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+when	O
+they	O
+are	O
+combined	O
+with	O
+delivery	O
+systems	O
+that	O
+promote	O
+their	O
+uptake	O
+and	O
+delivery	O
+into	O
+antigen-presenting	B-Material
+cells	I-Material
+[	O
+22	O
+–	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+clinical	B-Task
+studies	I-Task
+,	O
+TLR9	B-Material
+is	O
+generally	O
+stimulated	B-Process
+with	O
+synthetic	B-Material
+oligodeoxynucleotides	I-Material
+containing	O
+one	O
+or	O
+more	O
+unmethylated	B-Material
+CpG	I-Material
+dinucleotides	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+humans	O
+,	O
+CpG	O
+has	O
+been	O
+used	O
+as	O
+an	O
+adjuvant	B-Material
+for	O
+infectious	B-Task
+disease	I-Task
+vaccination	I-Task
+[	O
+25,26	O
+]	O
+and	O
+in	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+cancer	O
+therapy	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+a	O
+mouse	O
+model	O
+,	O
+CpG	O
+has	O
+also	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+induce	O
+T	O
+helper	O
+1	O
+(	O
+Th1	O
+)	O
+immune	O
+responses	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+characterized	O
+by	O
+the	O
+production	O
+of	O
+IFN-γ	O
+and	O
+the	O
+generation	O
+of	O
+IgG2a	O
+[	O
+28,29	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+a	O
+previous	O
+study	O
+had	O
+demonstrated	O
+that	O
+different	O
+liposomes	O
+with	O
+CpG	O
+ODN	O
+significantly	O
+increased	O
+Th1-biased	O
+cytokines	O
+and	O
+augmented	O
+cell	O
+mediated	O
+immune	O
+response	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Two	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+formulating	B-Task
+anionic	I-Task
+nanocomplexes	I-Task
+were	O
+evaluated	O
+.	O
+In	O
+both	O
+,	O
+nanocomplexes	O
+were	O
+prepared	B-Process
+in	O
+water	O
+at	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+molar	O
+charge	O
+ratios	O
+of	O
+L	O
+to	O
+D	O
+while	O
+the	O
+peptide	O
+P	O
+to	O
+D	O
+molar	O
+charge	O
+ratio	O
+was	O
+maintained	O
+constant	O
+at	O
+3:1	O
+.	O
+Method	O
+1	O
+(	O
+L	O
+:	O
+D	O
+:	O
+P	O
+)	O
+:	O
+DNA	B-Material
+was	O
+first	O
+added	B-Process
+to	O
+an	B-Material
+anionic	I-Material
+liposome	I-Material
+(	O
+LA	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+LAP1	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+LAP2	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+incubated	B-Process
+for	O
+15min	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+then	O
+the	O
+peptide	O
+was	O
+added	B-Process
+with	O
+rapid	O
+mixing	O
+and	O
+incubated	B-Process
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+for	O
+a	O
+further	O
+20min	O
+;	O
+Method	O
+2	O
+(	O
+P	O
+:	O
+D	O
+:	O
+L	O
+)	O
+:	O
+the	O
+peptide	B-Material
+was	O
+added	B-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+DNA	O
+and	O
+incubated	B-Process
+for	O
+15min	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+then	O
+liposome	B-Material
+was	O
+added	B-Process
+with	O
+rapid	O
+mixing	O
+and	O
+incubated	B-Process
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+for	O
+a	O
+further	O
+20min	O
+.	O
+Irrespective	O
+of	O
+the	O
+method	O
+of	O
+order	O
+of	O
+mixing	O
+,	O
+all	O
+molar	O
+charge	O
+ratios	O
+in	O
+this	O
+study	O
+refer	O
+to	O
+L	O
+:	O
+P	O
+:	O
+D	O
+.	O
+Cationic	O
+formulations	O
+LPD	B-Material
+and	O
+LCPRGPD	B-Material
+were	O
+prepared	O
+in	O
+the	O
+order	O
+L	O
+:	O
+P	O
+:	O
+D	O
+as	O
+described	O
+previously	O
+;	O
+first	O
+,	O
+the	O
+peptide	O
+was	O
+added	B-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+liposome	O
+DOTMA	B-Material
+/	O
+DOPE	B-Material
+or	O
+LCPRG	B-Material
+followed	O
+by	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+the	O
+DNA	B-Material
+with	O
+rapid	B-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+incubated	I-Process
+for	O
+30min	O
+at	O
+room	O
+temperature	O
+to	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+complex	O
+formation	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+nanocomplexes	O
+prepared	O
+were	O
+termed	O
+LPD	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+DOTMA	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+DOPE	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+LADP	B-Material
+and	O
+PDLA	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+LA	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+PDLAP1	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+LAP1	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+PDLAP2	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+LAP2	I-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+PDLAPRG	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+LAPRG	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+LCPRGPD	B-Material
+(	O
+liposome	B-Material
+LCPRG	I-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+crack	B-Process
+band	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+for	O
+producing	O
+mesh	O
+independent	O
+load	O
+–	O
+displacement	O
+curves	O
+for	O
+fracture	O
+in	O
+plain	O
+concrete	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+idea	O
+that	O
+the	O
+crack	O
+opening	O
+is	O
+transformed	O
+into	O
+inelastic	O
+strain	O
+by	O
+distributing	O
+it	O
+over	O
+an	O
+element	O
+length	O
+dependent	O
+zone	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+approach	O
+will	O
+only	O
+produce	O
+mesh	O
+independent	O
+load	O
+–	O
+displacement	O
+curves	O
+,	O
+if	O
+the	O
+inelastic	O
+strain	O
+profiles	O
+in	O
+the	O
+finite	O
+element	O
+analysis	O
+are	O
+mesh	O
+size	O
+dependent	O
+.	O
+This	O
+requirement	O
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+difference	O
+to	O
+the	O
+nonlocal	O
+model	O
+which	O
+is	O
+designed	O
+to	O
+produce	O
+both	O
+mesh	O
+size	O
+independent	O
+load	O
+–	O
+displacement	O
+curves	O
+and	O
+strain	O
+profiles	O
+.	O
+In	O
+CDPM2	O
+,	O
+the	O
+crack	O
+band	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+applied	O
+only	O
+to	O
+the	O
+tensile	B-Material
+part	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+damage	O
+algorithm	O
+by	O
+replacing	O
+the	O
+stress	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+inelastic	I-Process
+strain	I-Process
+law	I-Process
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+2	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+by	O
+a	O
+stress	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+inelastic	I-Process
+displacement	I-Process
+law	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+form	O
+(	B-Process
+13	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+σ	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+ftexp	I-Process
+(−	I-Process
+ϵinhwft	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+if	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+ϵin	I-Process
+>	I-Process
+0	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+Here	O
+,	O
+wft	O
+is	O
+a	O
+crack	O
+opening	O
+threshold	O
+used	O
+to	O
+control	O
+the	O
+slope	O
+of	O
+the	O
+softening	O
+curve	O
+and	O
+h	O
+is	O
+the	O
+width	O
+of	O
+the	O
+crack-band	O
+,	O
+which	O
+in	O
+the	O
+present	O
+study	O
+is	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+dimension	O
+of	O
+the	O
+element	O
+along	O
+the	O
+principal	O
+direction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+strain	O
+tensor	O
+corresponding	O
+to	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+tensile	O
+principal	O
+strain	O
+at	O
+the	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+damage	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+compressive	O
+part	O
+,	O
+a	O
+stress	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+inelastic	I-Process
+strain	I-Process
+law	I-Process
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+the	O
+compressive	O
+damage	O
+parameter	O
+,	O
+since	O
+it	O
+was	O
+reported	O
+in	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+for	O
+columns	O
+subjected	O
+to	O
+eccentric	O
+compression	O
+that	O
+inelastic	B-Material
+strain	I-Material
+profiles	I-Material
+in	O
+compression	O
+do	O
+not	O
+exhibit	O
+a	O
+mesh	O
+dependence	O
+which	O
+would	O
+satisfy	O
+the	O
+assumptions	O
+of	O
+the	O
+crack-band	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+approach	O
+of	O
+applying	O
+the	O
+crack-band	O
+approach	O
+only	O
+to	O
+the	O
+tensile	B-Material
+part	I-Material
+has	O
+already	O
+been	O
+successfully	O
+used	O
+in	O
+Grassl	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+HOMO	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+LUMO	I-Material
+energy	O
+band	O
+gaps	O
+between	O
+ylides	B-Material
+and	O
+their	O
+pyrene	B-Material
+adducts	I-Material
+propose	O
+that	O
+the	O
+1,3-DC	B-Material
+of	O
+second	B-Material
+pyridinium	I-Material
+ylides	I-Material
+to	O
+ylidepyrene	B-Material
+adducts	I-Material
+are	O
+HOMOylide	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+LUMOylide	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+pyrene	I-Material
+controlled	O
+since	O
+the	O
+energy	O
+band	O
+gap	O
+is	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+HOMOylide	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+pyrene	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+LUMOylide	I-Material
+.	O
+Regioselectivity	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+second	I-Task
+cycloaddition	I-Task
+was	O
+predicted	O
+using	O
+the	O
+atomic	B-Process
+orbital	I-Process
+coefficients	I-Process
+corresponding	O
+to	O
+HOMOylide	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+LUMOylide	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+pyrene	I-Material
+.	O
+According	O
+to	O
+Fukui	O
+[	O
+33	O
+]	O
+,	O
+reactions	O
+can	O
+be	O
+favorable	O
+in	O
+the	O
+direction	O
+of	O
+maximal	B-Task
+HOMO	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+LUMO	I-Task
+overlapping	I-Task
+of	O
+larger	O
+coefficients	O
+at	O
+the	O
+reactive	O
+sites	O
+.	O
+The	O
+most	O
+favorable	O
+interactions	O
+between	O
+corresponding	O
+ylides	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+ylidepyrene	I-Material
+adducts	I-Material
+to	O
+form	O
+the	O
+most	B-Process
+favorable	I-Process
+regioisomer	I-Process
+conformation	I-Process
+are	O
+given	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+3.	O
+Second	O
+ylide	B-Material
+addition	O
+to	O
+ylidepyrene	B-Material
+structure	O
+is	O
+therefore	O
+anticipated	O
+to	O
+proceed	O
+via	O
+ylideC2	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+C6	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+ylidepyrene-C3	I-Material
+and	O
+ylideC7	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+ylidepyrene	I-Material
+/	I-Material
+C2	I-Material
+interactions	O
+to	O
+produce	O
+the	O
+same	O
+regioisomer	B-Task
+conformations	I-Task
+.	O
+Considering	O
+the	O
+theoretical	B-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+performed	O
+for	O
+pyrrolidine	B-Material
+attached	I-Material
+pyrene	I-Material
+structure	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+also	O
+expected	O
+that	O
+formation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+same	I-Process
+type	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+regioisomers	I-Process
+are	O
+favorable	O
+for	O
+SWNTs	B-Process
+after	O
+the	O
+1,3-DC	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+pyridinium	I-Material
+ylides	I-Material
+,	O
+Fig.	O
+3	O
+.	O
+
+Gamma	B-Material
+titanium	I-Material
+aluminides	I-Material
+are	O
+a	O
+family	O
+of	O
+low	O
+density	O
+,	O
+high	O
+performance	O
+alloys	B-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+to	O
+replace	O
+current	O
+Ni-base	B-Material
+superalloys	I-Material
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+production	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+aero-engine	I-Task
+components	I-Task
+.	O
+Investment	B-Process
+casting	I-Process
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+economical	O
+methods	O
+to	O
+produce	B-Task
+titanium	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+titanium	I-Task
+aluminide	I-Task
+alloy	I-Task
+products	I-Task
+,	O
+increasing	O
+the	O
+components'	O
+integrity	O
+and	O
+mechanical	O
+properties	O
+,	O
+whilst	O
+reducing	O
+material	O
+waste	O
+and	O
+machining	O
+cost	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Titanium	O
+aluminides	O
+are	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+process	O
+mainly	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+low	O
+fluidity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+TiAl	O
+alloy	O
+around	O
+its	O
+melting	O
+temperature	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+high	O
+affinity	O
+of	O
+elements	O
+such	O
+as	O
+oxygen	O
+,	O
+nitrogen	O
+etc.	O
+,	O
+titanium	O
+and	O
+its	O
+alloys	O
+can	O
+easily	O
+interact	O
+with	O
+mould	O
+materials	O
+during	O
+the	O
+investment	O
+casting	O
+process	O
+,	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+an	O
+interaction	O
+hardened	O
+layer	O
+being	O
+generated	O
+at	O
+the	O
+metal	O
+surface	O
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+hardened	O
+layer	O
+contains	O
+a	O
+large	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+dissolved	O
+oxygen	O
+,	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+very	O
+brittle	O
+and	O
+susceptible	O
+to	O
+crack	O
+generation	O
+and	O
+propagation	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+From	O
+this	O
+study	O
+where	O
+a	O
+commercial	O
+Al	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+12Si	I-Material
+alloy	I-Material
+was	O
+inoculated	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+Nb	I-Process
++	I-Process
+B	I-Process
+addition	O
+to	O
+assess	O
+the	O
+grain	B-Task
+refining	I-Task
+potency	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Nb	I-Task
++	I-Task
+B	I-Task
+inoculation	I-Task
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+in-situ	O
+formed	O
+Nb-based	B-Material
+intermetallics	I-Material
+compounds	I-Material
+are	O
+potent	O
+heterogeneous	B-Material
+nucleation	I-Material
+substrates	I-Material
+with	O
+high	O
+potency	O
+for	O
+the	O
+refinement	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+Al	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Si	I-Process
+cast	I-Process
+alloys	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+primary	O
+α-Al	B-Material
+dendritic	I-Material
+grain	I-Material
+size	O
+varies	O
+with	O
+the	O
+addition	O
+level	O
+of	O
+Nb	B-Material
+and	O
+B.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+significant	O
+grain	O
+refinement	O
+over	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+cooling	O
+rates	O
+is	O
+obtained	O
+via	O
+enhanced	O
+heterogeneous	O
+nucleation	O
+making	O
+the	O
+grain	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+material	O
+less	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+cooling	O
+rate	O
+.	O
+Nb	O
++	O
+B	B-Material
+inoculants	O
+are	O
+characterised	O
+by	O
+some	O
+fading	O
+which	O
+is	O
+still	O
+acceptable	O
+after	O
+4	O
+h	O
+of	O
+contact	O
+time	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+alloys	O
+refined	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+Nb	O
++	O
+B	O
+inoculants	O
+can	O
+be	O
+recycled	O
+obtaining	O
+a	O
+fine	O
+grain	O
+structure	O
+with	O
+small	O
+addition	O
+or	O
+no	O
+further	O
+addition	O
+of	O
+inoculants	O
+after	O
+the	O
+first	O
+initial	O
+addition	O
+.	O
+Concluding	O
+,	O
+Nb	O
++	O
+B	O
+inoculation	O
+is	O
+a	O
+promising	O
+candidate	O
+for	O
+the	O
+refinement	O
+of	O
+cast	O
+Al	O
+alloy	O
+which	O
+could	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+their	O
+wider	O
+employment	O
+in	O
+the	O
+automotive	O
+industry	O
+with	O
+the	O
+resultant	O
+intrinsic	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+lighter	O
+structural	O
+component	O
+from	O
+an	O
+environmental	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+observed	B-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+of	O
+A2FeMoO6	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+δ	I-Material
+(	O
+A	O
+=	O
+Ca	B-Material
+,	O
+Sr	B-Material
+,	O
+Ba	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+was	O
+linked	O
+to	O
+a	O
+potential	O
+double	B-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+,	O
+with	O
+conduction	O
+between	O
+Fe3	B-Material
++-	I-Material
+O-Mo-O-Fe2	I-Material
++	I-Material
+.	O
+Double-exchange	B-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+,	O
+as	O
+proposed	O
+by	O
+Zener	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+,	O
+posit	O
+that	O
+electron	B-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+between	O
+ions	B-Material
+in	O
+different	O
+oxidation	B-Process
+states	O
+may	O
+be	O
+facilitated	O
+if	O
+the	O
+electron	B-Material
+does	O
+not	O
+have	O
+to	O
+alter	O
+its	O
+spin	O
+state	O
+.	O
+Replacement	B-Process
+of	O
+Mo	B-Material
+with	O
+Fe	B-Material
+in	O
+this	O
+mechanism	O
+would	O
+be	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+result	O
+in	O
+a	O
+reduction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+through	O
+reduction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+available	I-Process
+percolation	I-Process
+pathways	I-Process
+,	O
+unless	O
+delocalisation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+Fe	I-Process
+electrons	I-Process
+through	O
+Fe2	B-Process
++-	I-Process
+O-Fe3	I-Process
++	I-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+could	O
+also	O
+occur	O
+.	O
+Double	B-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+observed	O
+previously	O
+for	O
+mixed	O
+valent	O
+iron	B-Material
+in	I-Material
+iron	I-Material
+oxides	I-Material
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+,	O
+as	O
+iron	O
+is	O
+known	O
+to	O
+exist	O
+in	O
+a	O
+mixed	O
+valent	O
+state	O
+for	O
+Ca2	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+xSrxFeMoO6	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+δ	I-Material
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+,	O
+this	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+plausible	O
+explanation	O
+for	O
+the	O
+observed	O
+metallic	B-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+.	O
+Band	B-Process
+structure	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+and	O
+Mossbauer	B-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+could	O
+be	O
+utilised	O
+to	O
+further	O
+elucidate	O
+the	O
+conduction	B-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+for	O
+these	O
+compounds	B-Material
+,	O
+however	O
+this	O
+is	O
+outside	O
+the	O
+scope	O
+of	O
+this	O
+enquiry	O
+.	O
+
+To	O
+address	O
+the	O
+vertical	B-Task
+displacement	I-Task
+estimation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+conventional	I-Task
+pile	I-Task
+groups	I-Task
+subjected	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+loads	I-Task
+,	O
+various	O
+numerical	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+analytical	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+proposed	O
+.	O
+These	O
+methods	O
+include	O
+the	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+2,3	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+boundary	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+finite	B-Process
+difference	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+interaction	B-Process
+factor	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+7,8	O
+–	O
+11	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+equivalent	B-Process
+pier	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+raft	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+12	O
+–	O
+14	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+settlement	B-Process
+ratio	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+providing	O
+the	O
+most	O
+rigorous	O
+and	O
+exhaustive	O
+representation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pile	B-Task
+group-related	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+,	O
+is	O
+generally	O
+computationally	O
+expensive	O
+and	O
+considered	O
+mainly	O
+a	O
+research	B-Material
+tool	I-Material
+rather	O
+than	O
+a	O
+design	B-Material
+tool	I-Material
+.	O
+Conversely	O
+,	O
+the	O
+versatility	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+simplified	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+approximate	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+interaction	B-Process
+factor	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+that	O
+allows	O
+capturing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+e.g.	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+vertical	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+displacements	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+any	I-Process
+general	I-Process
+pile	I-Process
+group	I-Process
+by	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+displacement	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+between	I-Process
+two	I-Process
+identical	I-Process
+piles	I-Process
+and	O
+by	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+elastic	B-Process
+principle	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+superposition	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+,	O
+makes	O
+them	O
+attractive	O
+as	O
+design	B-Material
+tools	I-Material
+because	O
+they	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+expedient	B-Task
+parametric	I-Task
+studies	I-Task
+under	O
+various	O
+design	O
+conditions	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+optimised	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+at	O
+the	O
+B3LYP	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+aug-cc-pVTZ	I-Process
+level	O
+was	O
+then	O
+used	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+calculations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lowest	B-Process
+electronic	I-Process
+singlet	I-Process
+excited	O
+states	O
+with	O
+the	O
+coupled	O
+cluster	O
+linear	B-Process
+response	I-Process
+(	O
+LR	B-Process
+)	O
+coupled	B-Process
+cluster	I-Process
+hierarchy	I-Process
+CCS	B-Process
+,	O
+CC2	B-Process
+,	O
+CCSD	B-Process
+and	O
+CC3	B-Process
+,	O
+along	O
+with	O
+perturbative	B-Process
+corrected	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+CIS	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+D	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+and	O
+CCSDR	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+3	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+correlated	B-Process
+response	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+were	O
+performed	O
+with	O
+an	O
+all-electron	O
+atomic	B-Process
+natural	I-Process
+orbital	I-Process
+(	O
+ANO	B-Process
+)	O
+basis	O
+set	O
+contracted	O
+to	O
+6s5p4d3f1g	B-Process
+on	O
+manganese	B-Material
+,	O
+[	O
+47	O
+]	O
+together	O
+with	O
+the	O
+cc-pVTZ	B-Process
+basis	O
+set	O
+on	O
+the	O
+oxygen	B-Material
+atoms	O
+.	O
+The	O
+all-electron	B-Process
+correlated	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+invoked	O
+a	O
+13	O
+orbital	O
+frozen	O
+core	O
+(	O
+O	B-Material
+1s	O
+,	O
+Mn	B-Material
+1s2s2p3s3p	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Trial	O
+calculations	O
+correlating	O
+these	O
+orbitals	O
+only	O
+had	O
+a	O
+minor	O
+effect	O
+on	O
+excitation	B-Task
+energies	I-Task
+.	O
+For	O
+comparison	O
+the	O
+EOM-CCSD	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+cc-pVTZ	B-Process
+basis	O
+on	O
+all	O
+atoms	O
+was	O
+tested	O
+to	O
+compare	O
+with	O
+LR-CCSD	B-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+formally	O
+give	O
+exactly	O
+the	O
+same	O
+excitation	B-Task
+energies	I-Task
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+transition	B-Task
+moments	I-Task
+are	O
+more	O
+accurate	O
+for	O
+LR-CCSD	B-Process
+.	O
+Abelian	B-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+(	O
+D2	B-Process
+)	O
+was	O
+used	O
+in	O
+all	O
+correlated	O
+excited	B-Process
+state	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Arrays	O
+of	O
+TFTs	B-Material
+and	O
+circuits	B-Material
+were	O
+fabricated	O
+on	O
+precleaned	O
+,	O
+5cm	O
+×	O
+5cm	O
+,	O
+125μm	O
+thick	O
+polyethylene	B-Material
+naphthalate	I-Material
+(	O
+PEN	B-Material
+)	O
+substrates	O
+(	O
+Dupont-Teijin	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Full	O
+details	O
+of	O
+our	O
+vacuum-fabrication	B-Process
+procedures	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+given	O
+in	O
+previous	O
+publications	O
+[	O
+17	O
+–	O
+19,23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Briefly	O
+,	O
+aluminium	B-Material
+gate	I-Material
+electrodes	I-Material
+and	O
+associated	O
+tracks	B-Material
+were	O
+vacuum	B-Process
+evaporated	I-Process
+onto	O
+the	O
+substrates	B-Material
+through	O
+shadow	B-Material
+masks	I-Material
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+substrates	B-Material
+were	O
+attached	O
+to	O
+a	O
+cooled	O
+web-coater	B-Material
+drum	I-Material
+(	O
+Aerre	O
+Machines	O
+)	O
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+drum	O
+rotating	O
+at	O
+a	O
+linear	O
+speed	O
+of	O
+25m	O
+/	O
+min	O
+under	O
+vacuum	O
+,	O
+flash-evaporated	B-Material
+TPGDA	I-Material
+monomer	I-Material
+vapour	I-Material
+which	O
+condensed	O
+onto	O
+the	O
+substrates	B-Material
+was	O
+cross-linked	B-Process
+by	O
+exposure	B-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+situ	O
+,	O
+to	O
+a	O
+plasma	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+smooth	O
+,	O
+pinhole-free	O
+films	B-Material
+were	O
+typically	O
+500nm	O
+to	O
+1μm	O
+thick	O
+with	O
+a	O
+measured	O
+dielectric	O
+constant	O
+varying	O
+in	O
+the	O
+range	O
+4	O
+–	O
+5	O
+.	O
+For	O
+circuit	B-Task
+fabrication	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+insulator	B-Material
+was	O
+patterned	O
+using	O
+shadow	B-Material
+masks	I-Material
+to	O
+define	O
+rectangular	O
+areas	O
+separated	O
+by	O
+1mm	O
+gaps	O
+to	O
+act	O
+as	O
+vias	O
+for	O
+inter-layer	B-Process
+metallic	I-Process
+connections	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+substrates	B-Material
+were	O
+then	O
+transferred	O
+into	O
+an	O
+evaporator	B-Material
+(	O
+Minispectros	O
+,	O
+Kurt	O
+Lesker	O
+)	O
+integrated	O
+into	O
+a	O
+nitrogen	B-Material
+glovebox	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+vacuum-deposition	O
+(	O
+2.4nm	O
+/	O
+min	O
+)	O
+of	O
+DNTT	O
+onto	O
+the	O
+insulator	O
+.	O
+Without	O
+exposing	O
+the	O
+substrates	O
+to	O
+ambient	O
+air	O
+,	O
+the	O
+gold	O
+source	O
+/	O
+drain	O
+metallisation	O
+layer	O
+was	O
+deposited	O
+through	O
+a	O
+shadow	O
+mask	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+evaporator	O
+.	O
+
+For	O
+decades	O
+,	O
+vibronic	B-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4	O
+]	O
+have	O
+served	O
+as	O
+bridges	O
+connecting	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+studies	I-Task
+with	O
+the	O
+static	O
+studies	O
+of	O
+electronic	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+vibronic	B-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+simple	O
+polynomial	B-Task
+expansion	I-Task
+of	O
+diabatic	B-Task
+potential	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+surfaces	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+couplings	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+expansion	B-Process
+coefficients	I-Process
+are	O
+chosen	O
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+eigenvalues	O
+of	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+operator	O
+map	O
+on	O
+to	O
+the	O
+adiabatic	O
+potential	O
+surfaces	O
+.	O
+This	O
+diabatisation	B-Process
+by	O
+ansatz	O
+circumvents	O
+many	O
+of	O
+the	O
+problems	O
+of	O
+describing	O
+non-adiabatic	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+also	O
+the	O
+inspiration	O
+for	O
+a	O
+diabatisation	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+that	O
+is	O
+used	O
+in	O
+modern	O
+,	O
+direct-dynamic	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+that	O
+include	O
+non-adiabatic	O
+effects	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+a	O
+model	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+to	O
+correctly	O
+approximate	O
+the	O
+eigenvectors	O
+of	O
+the	O
+true	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+it	O
+has	O
+to	O
+span	O
+the	O
+totally	O
+symmetric	O
+irreducible	B-Process
+representation	I-Process
+(	O
+IrRep	B-Process
+)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+point	O
+groups	O
+the	O
+molecule	O
+belongs	O
+to	O
+,	O
+at	O
+the	O
+appropriate	O
+symmetric	B-Process
+geometries	I-Process
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+recent	O
+times	O
+,	O
+many	O
+articles	O
+have	O
+demonstrated	O
+the	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+using	O
+symmetry	O
+when	O
+constructing	O
+analytic	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+potentials	I-Process
+[	O
+8	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+,	O
+most	O
+often	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+permutation-inversion	B-Process
+groups	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+,	O
+a	O
+LIF	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+is	O
+applied	O
+for	O
+investigation	O
+of	O
+gas-sheared	B-Task
+film	I-Task
+flow	I-Task
+in	O
+horizontal	O
+rectangular	O
+duct	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+technique	O
+makes	O
+it	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+field	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+local	I-Process
+film	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+,	O
+resolved	O
+in	O
+both	O
+space	O
+and	O
+time	O
+,	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+the	O
+work	O
+of	O
+Alekseenko	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2009	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+flat	O
+shape	O
+and	O
+large	O
+transverse	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+duct	B-Material
+allow	O
+us	O
+to	O
+resolve	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+film	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+in	O
+transverse	O
+coordinate	O
+as	O
+well	O
+.	O
+Alekseenko	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+attempted	O
+to	O
+do	O
+this	O
+in	O
+annular	B-Process
+downward	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+,	O
+but	O
+,	O
+for	O
+technical	O
+reasons	O
+,	O
+the	O
+sampling	B-Process
+frequency	I-Process
+was	O
+not	O
+high	O
+enough	O
+in	O
+their	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+More	O
+recently	O
+Alekseenko	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2014a	O
+)	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+LIF	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+can	O
+also	O
+detect	B-Task
+entrained	I-Task
+droplets	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+technique	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+simultaneous	O
+study	O
+of	O
+three-dimensional	B-Material
+wavy	I-Material
+structures	I-Material
+and	O
+liquid	B-Task
+entrainment	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+can	O
+improve	B-Task
+understanding	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+entrainment	I-Task
+phenomenon	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+general	O
+,	O
+liquid	B-Process
+film	I-Process
+flows	I-Process
+of	O
+practical	O
+relevance	O
+are	O
+turbulent	O
+and	O
+,	O
+hence	O
+,	O
+are	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+broadband	B-Material
+interfacial	I-Material
+waves	I-Material
+on	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+thorough	O
+understanding	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+characteristic	I-Task
+profiles	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+scales	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+interfacial	I-Task
+waves	I-Task
+is	O
+of	O
+essential	O
+importance	O
+in	O
+making	O
+accurate	O
+and	O
+reliable	O
+predictions	O
+of	O
+heat	O
+and	O
+mass	O
+transfer	O
+rates	O
+(	O
+Mathie	O
+and	O
+Markides	O
+,	O
+2013a	O
+;	O
+Mathie	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Previous	O
+efforts	O
+in	O
+downwards	B-Process
+annular	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+have	O
+focused	O
+on	O
+the	O
+spatio	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+temporal	I-Process
+measurement	I-Process
+of	O
+liquid	B-Process
+film	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+,	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+in-depth	O
+statistical	B-Process
+analyses	I-Process
+of	O
+this	O
+film	B-Material
+thickness	O
+(	O
+Webb	O
+and	O
+Hewitt	O
+,	O
+1975	O
+;	O
+Belt	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+;	O
+Alekseenko	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Zhao	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+These	O
+efforts	O
+have	O
+contributed	O
+to	O
+a	O
+much	O
+improved	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+the	O
+interfacial	B-Task
+topology	I-Task
+observed	O
+in	O
+downwards	B-Process
+annular	I-Process
+flows	I-Process
+and	O
+also	O
+to	O
+the	O
+subsequent	O
+proposal	O
+of	O
+a	O
+series	O
+of	O
+correlations	O
+for	O
+the	O
+quantification	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+mean	I-Task
+film	I-Task
+thickness	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+wave	I-Task
+amplitudes	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+liquid	I-Task
+entrainment	I-Task
+rates	I-Task
+into	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+phase	O
+(	O
+Ambrosini	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1991	O
+;	O
+Karapantsios	O
+and	O
+Karabelas	O
+,	O
+1995	O
+;	O
+Azzopardi	O
+,	O
+1997	O
+)	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+less	O
+has	O
+been	O
+published	O
+on	O
+the	O
+velocity	B-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+flow	B-Process
+structure	I-Process
+within	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+liquid	I-Process
+films	I-Process
+,	O
+underneath	O
+the	O
+film	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+can	O
+be	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+relative	O
+difficulty	O
+of	O
+these	O
+measurements	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+:	O
+(	O
+i	O
+)	O
+the	O
+extremely	O
+restricted	O
+measurement	O
+space	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+small	O
+thickness	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+liquid	I-Task
+films	I-Task
+(	O
+in	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+and	O
+often	O
+sub-mm	O
+)	O
+,	O
+(	O
+ii	O
+)	O
+the	O
+highly	O
+disturbed	O
+and	O
+intermittent	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+liquid	I-Process
+interface	I-Process
+,	O
+(	O
+iii	O
+)	O
+the	O
+entrainment	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+gas	I-Process
+inside	O
+the	O
+liquid	B-Material
+film	I-Material
+and	O
+of	O
+liquid	O
+into	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+core	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+(	O
+iv	O
+)	O
+the	O
+relatively	O
+high	B-Task
+velocities	I-Task
+of	O
+both	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+and	O
+liquid	B-Material
+phases	O
+.	O
+
+There	O
+is	O
+also	O
+a	O
+lack	O
+of	O
+agreement	O
+as	O
+to	O
+what	O
+constitutes	O
+churn	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+fairly	O
+certainly	O
+a	O
+gas	B-Process
+continuous	I-Process
+flow	I-Process
+.	O
+There	O
+is	O
+growing	O
+agreement	O
+that	O
+there	O
+are	O
+huge	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+present	O
+and	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+liquid	B-Material
+is	O
+carried	O
+as	O
+drops	O
+.	O
+Sekoguchi	O
+and	O
+Mori	O
+(	O
+1997	O
+)	O
+and	O
+Sawai	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2004	O
+)	O
+using	O
+measurements	O
+from	O
+their	O
+multiple	O
+probes	B-Material
+(	O
+92	O
+over	O
+an	O
+axial	O
+length	O
+of	O
+2.325	O
+m	O
+)	O
+obtained	O
+time	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+axial	I-Process
+position	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+void	I-Process
+fraction	I-Process
+information	I-Process
+.	O
+From	O
+this	O
+they	O
+were	O
+able	O
+to	O
+identify	B-Process
+huge	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+from	O
+amongst	O
+disturbance	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+and	O
+slugs	B-Material
+.	O
+They	O
+classified	O
+individual	O
+structures	O
+as	O
+huge	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+from	O
+their	O
+size	O
+together	O
+with	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+their	O
+velocities	O
+depended	O
+significantly	O
+on	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+axial	O
+length	O
+.	O
+This	O
+was	O
+in	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+disturbance	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+where	O
+the	O
+velocity	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+individual	I-Process
+waves	I-Process
+only	O
+increased	O
+slightly	O
+with	O
+the	O
+axial	O
+extent	O
+of	O
+these	O
+waves	O
+.	O
+They	O
+also	O
+found	O
+that	O
+the	O
+frequency	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+huge	I-Process
+waves	I-Process
+first	O
+increased	O
+and	O
+then	O
+decrease	O
+with	O
+increasing	O
+gas	B-Material
+superficial	O
+velocity	O
+.	O
+Similarly	O
+,	O
+their	O
+velocities	O
+were	O
+found	O
+to	O
+deviate	O
+from	O
+the	O
+line	O
+for	O
+slug	B-Process
+flow	I-Process
+velocities	I-Process
+and	O
+pass	O
+through	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+and	O
+then	O
+a	O
+minimum	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+scheduling	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+we	O
+adopt	O
+matches	O
+a	O
+multiple	B-Process
+stage	I-Process
+stochastic	I-Process
+programming	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+Standard	O
+two-stage	B-Process
+stochastic	I-Process
+programs	I-Process
+with	O
+linear	B-Process
+or	I-Process
+convex	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+are	O
+often	O
+solved	O
+using	O
+the	O
+L-shaped	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+or	O
+Bender	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+decomposition	I-Process
+[	O
+44,6,7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+our	O
+recourse	B-Process
+decision	I-Process
+(	O
+scheduled	B-Process
+cancellations	I-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+still	O
+anticipative	O
+to	O
+further	O
+uncertainty	O
+,	O
+namely	O
+the	O
+second	O
+shift	O
+surgery	O
+durations	O
+,	O
+unavailability	O
+and	O
+cancellations	O
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+,	O
+the	O
+decision	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+viewed	O
+as	O
+a	O
+three-stage	B-Process
+recourse	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+5,6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Solving	O
+the	O
+scheduling	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+is	O
+further	O
+complicated	O
+because	O
+the	O
+recourse	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+is	O
+integer	O
+.	O
+Laporte	O
+and	O
+Louveaux	O
+[	O
+26	O
+]	O
+propose	O
+modified	B-Process
+L-shaped	I-Process
+decomposition	I-Process
+with	O
+adjusted	O
+optimal	O
+cuts	O
+for	O
+two	B-Process
+stage	I-Process
+stochastic	I-Process
+program	I-Process
+with	O
+integer	B-Process
+recourse	I-Process
+.	O
+Angulo	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+alternately	O
+generate	B-Process
+optimal	I-Process
+cuts	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+linear	I-Process
+sub-problem	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+integer	I-Process
+sub-problem	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+improves	O
+the	O
+practical	O
+convergence	O
+(	O
+see	O
+also	O
+[	O
+15,8	O
+])	O
+.	O
+We	O
+follow	O
+a	O
+sample	B-Process
+average	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+(	O
+SAA	B-Process
+)	O
+which	O
+uses	O
+this	O
+framework	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+we	O
+prove	O
+and	O
+exploit	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+the	O
+first-stage	B-Process
+realization	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+optimal	O
+number	O
+of	O
+scheduled	O
+cancellations	O
+to	O
+speed	O
+up	O
+the	O
+computation	O
+of	O
+integer	B-Process
+cuts	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+use	O
+Jensen	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+inequality	I-Process
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+to	O
+upper	B-Task
+bound	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+minus	I-Task
+second	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+third	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+stage	I-Task
+cost	I-Task
+,	O
+a	O
+technique	O
+that	O
+was	O
+proposed	O
+by	O
+Batun	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Modeling	B-Task
+collaboration	I-Task
+processes	I-Task
+is	O
+a	O
+challenging	O
+task	O
+.	O
+Existing	O
+modeling	B-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+are	O
+not	O
+capable	O
+of	O
+expressing	O
+the	O
+unpredictable	O
+,	O
+non-routine	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+human	B-Process
+collaboration	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+social	O
+context	O
+of	O
+involved	O
+collaborators	O
+.	O
+We	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+modeling	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+which	O
+considers	O
+collaboration	B-Process
+processes	I-Process
+as	O
+the	O
+evolution	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+collaborative	I-Process
+documents	I-Process
+along	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+social	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+collaborators	I-Process
+.	O
+Our	O
+modeling	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+,	O
+accompanied	O
+by	O
+a	O
+graphical	B-Process
+notation	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+formalization	I-Process
+,	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+capture	O
+the	O
+influence	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+complex	I-Process
+social	I-Process
+structures	I-Process
+formed	O
+by	O
+collaborators	O
+,	O
+and	O
+therefore	O
+facilitates	O
+such	O
+activities	O
+as	O
+the	O
+discovery	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+socially	I-Task
+coherent	I-Task
+teams	I-Task
+,	O
+social	O
+hubs	O
+,	O
+or	O
+unbiased	O
+experts	O
+.	O
+We	O
+demonstrate	O
+the	O
+applicability	O
+and	O
+expressiveness	O
+of	O
+our	O
+approach	O
+and	O
+notation	O
+,	O
+and	O
+discuss	O
+their	O
+strengths	O
+and	O
+weaknesses	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+start	O
+by	O
+outlining	O
+the	O
+motivation	O
+,	O
+structure	O
+and	O
+content	O
+of	O
+the	O
+review	O
+.	O
+It	O
+has	O
+long	O
+been	O
+known	O
+that	O
+cardiovascular	B-Process
+signals	I-Process
+contain	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+oscillatory	B-Process
+components	I-Process
+that	O
+are	O
+not	O
+exactly	O
+periodic	O
+.	O
+To	O
+put	O
+it	O
+differently	O
+,	O
+their	O
+periods	B-Process
+(	O
+frequencies	B-Process
+)	O
+fluctuate	O
+with	O
+time	O
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+heart	B-Process
+rate	I-Process
+variability	I-Process
+(	O
+HRV	B-Process
+)	O
+has	O
+in	O
+itself	O
+provided	O
+a	O
+major	O
+topic	O
+of	O
+discussion	O
+.	O
+We	O
+introduce	B-Task
+one	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+statistical	I-Task
+approaches	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+HRV	I-Task
+in	O
+Section	O
+3	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+understand	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+variability	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+cardiovascular	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+discussion	O
+of	O
+a	O
+single	O
+source	O
+is	O
+insufficient	O
+because	O
+the	O
+cardiovascular	O
+system	O
+is	O
+composed	O
+of	O
+many	O
+different	O
+physiological	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+(	O
+subsystems	B-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+their	O
+mutual	O
+interaction	O
+that	O
+combine	O
+to	O
+produce	O
+HRV	B-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+demonstrated	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+4	O
+,	O
+revealed	O
+by	O
+results	O
+obtained	O
+using	O
+the	O
+wavelet	B-Process
+transform	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+Section	O
+5	O
+,	O
+we	O
+discuss	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+cardio-respiratory	I-Task
+interaction	I-Task
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+phase	B-Process
+synchronization	I-Process
+.	O
+To	O
+set	O
+the	O
+scene	O
+for	O
+these	O
+later	O
+discussions	O
+,	O
+we	O
+summarize	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+basic	I-Task
+principles	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+phase	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+in	O
+Section	O
+2	O
+.	O
+For	O
+readers	O
+who	O
+are	O
+unfamiliar	O
+with	O
+the	O
+physiological	O
+aspects	O
+of	O
+the	O
+research	O
+,	O
+we	O
+provide	O
+Appendices	O
+A	O
+on	O
+the	O
+cardiovascular	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+and	O
+B	O
+on	O
+how	O
+measurements	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+cardiovascular	I-Process
+signals	I-Process
+are	O
+conducted	O
+.	O
+Appendix	O
+C	O
+provides	O
+details	O
+of	O
+the	O
+statistical	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+group	B-Task
+data	I-Task
+analyses	I-Task
+.	O
+
+By	O
+the	O
+early	O
+1970s	O
+,	O
+and	O
+following	O
+the	O
+‘	O
+golden	O
+age’	O
+of	O
+general	B-Task
+relativity	I-Task
+that	O
+took	O
+place	O
+in	O
+the	O
+1960s	O
+,	O
+there	O
+was	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+array	O
+of	O
+candidate	O
+theories	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+gravity	I-Task
+in	O
+existence	O
+that	O
+could	O
+rival	O
+Einstein	O
+’s	O
+.	O
+A	O
+formalism	O
+was	O
+needed	O
+to	O
+deal	O
+with	O
+this	O
+great	O
+abundance	O
+of	O
+possibilities	O
+,	O
+and	O
+this	O
+was	O
+provided	O
+in	O
+the	O
+form	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Parameterised	B-Process
+Post-Newtonian	I-Process
+(	O
+PPN	B-Process
+)	O
+formalism	O
+by	O
+Kenneth	O
+Nordtvedt	O
+,	O
+Kip	O
+Thorne	O
+and	O
+Clifford	O
+Will	O
+.	O
+The	O
+PPN	B-Process
+formalism	I-Process
+was	O
+built	O
+on	O
+the	O
+earlier	O
+work	O
+of	O
+Eddington	O
+and	O
+Dicke	O
+,	O
+and	O
+allowed	O
+for	O
+the	O
+numerous	O
+theories	O
+available	O
+at	O
+the	O
+time	O
+to	O
+be	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+cutting	B-Task
+edge	I-Task
+astrophysical	I-Task
+observations	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+lunar	B-Task
+laser	I-Task
+ranging	I-Task
+,	O
+radio	B-Task
+echo	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+,	O
+in	O
+1974	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Hulse	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+Taylor	I-Task
+binary	I-Task
+pulsar	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+PPN	B-Process
+formalism	I-Process
+provided	O
+a	O
+clear	O
+structure	O
+within	O
+which	O
+one	O
+could	O
+compare	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+assess	I-Process
+various	O
+theories	O
+,	O
+and	O
+has	O
+been	O
+the	O
+benchmark	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+how	I-Process
+theories	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+gravity	I-Process
+should	I-Process
+be	I-Process
+evaluated	I-Process
+ever	O
+since	O
+.	O
+We	O
+will	O
+give	O
+an	O
+outline	O
+of	O
+the	O
+PPN	B-Process
+formalism	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+constraints	O
+available	O
+within	O
+it	O
+today	O
+,	O
+in	O
+Section	O
+2	O
+.	O
+
+Despite	O
+the	O
+ubiquity	O
+of	O
+time-dependent	B-Task
+dynamical	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+in	O
+nature	O
+,	O
+there	O
+has	O
+been	O
+relatively	O
+little	O
+work	O
+done	O
+on	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+series	I-Task
+from	O
+such	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+Mathematically	O
+they	O
+are	O
+known	O
+as	O
+non-autonomous	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+named	O
+as	O
+such	O
+because	O
+,	O
+unlike	O
+autonomous	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+,	O
+in	O
+addition	O
+to	O
+the	O
+points	O
+in	O
+space	O
+over	O
+which	O
+they	O
+are	O
+observed	O
+they	O
+are	O
+also	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+points	O
+in	O
+time	O
+.	O
+Recently	O
+there	O
+has	O
+been	O
+much	O
+work	O
+on	O
+the	O
+direct	O
+‘	B-Process
+bottom-up’	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+to	O
+these	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+which	O
+includes	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+a	O
+subclass	O
+known	O
+as	O
+chronotaxic	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+that	O
+are	O
+able	O
+to	O
+model	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+stable	I-Process
+but	I-Process
+time-varying	I-Process
+frequencies	I-Process
+of	O
+oscillations	O
+in	O
+living	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+[	O
+8,9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+the	O
+time	B-Process
+series	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+of	O
+these	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+the	O
+inverse	B-Process
+or	O
+‘	B-Process
+top-down’	I-Process
+approach	O
+,	O
+has	O
+not	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+in	O
+detail	O
+before	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+partly	O
+because	O
+non-autonomous	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+can	O
+still	O
+be	O
+analysed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+way	O
+as	O
+other	O
+types	O
+of	O
+systems	O
+in	O
+both	O
+the	O
+deterministic	B-Process
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+regime	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+now	O
+argued	O
+that	O
+this	O
+type	O
+of	O
+analysis	O
+is	O
+insufficient	O
+and	O
+that	O
+an	O
+entirely	O
+new	O
+analytical	B-Task
+framework	I-Task
+is	O
+required	O
+to	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+more	O
+useful	O
+picture	O
+of	O
+such	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+chronotaxic	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+some	O
+methods	O
+have	O
+already	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+for	O
+the	O
+inverse	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+and	O
+they	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+be	O
+useful	O
+in	O
+analysing	O
+heart	B-Task
+rate	I-Task
+variability	I-Task
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+general	O
+and	O
+dedicated	O
+procedure	O
+for	O
+analysing	O
+non-autonomous	B-Task
+systems	I-Task
+has	O
+still	O
+not	O
+been	O
+tackled	O
+though	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+purpose	O
+of	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+is	O
+to	O
+answer	O
+the	O
+above	O
+question	O
+and	O
+to	O
+confront	B-Task
+those	I-Task
+six-zero	I-Task
+textures	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+matrices	I-Task
+with	O
+the	O
+latest	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+present	O
+a	O
+concise	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lepton	B-Material
+mass	I-Material
+matrices	I-Material
+in	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+and	O
+reveal	B-Task
+their	I-Task
+isomeric	I-Task
+features	I-Task
+,	O
+namely	O
+,	O
+they	O
+have	O
+the	O
+same	O
+phenomenological	O
+consequences	O
+,	O
+although	O
+their	O
+structures	O
+are	O
+apparently	O
+different	O
+.	O
+Second	O
+,	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+examine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+predictions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+matrices	I-Task
+by	O
+comparing	O
+them	O
+with	O
+the	O
+2σ	O
+and	O
+3σ	O
+intervals	O
+of	O
+two	O
+neutrino	B-Process
+mass-squared	I-Process
+differences	I-Process
+and	O
+three	O
+lepton	O
+flavor	O
+mixing	O
+angles,22To	O
+be	O
+specific	O
+,	O
+we	O
+make	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+2σ	O
+and	O
+3σ	O
+intervals	O
+of	O
+two	O
+neutrino	O
+mass-squared	O
+differences	O
+and	O
+three	O
+lepton	B-Process
+flavor	I-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+angles	I-Process
+given	O
+by	O
+M.	O
+Maltoni	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+in	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+which	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+a	O
+global	O
+analysis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+latest	O
+solar	O
+,	O
+atmospheric	O
+,	O
+reactor	O
+(	O
+KamLAND	O
+and	O
+CHOOZ	O
+[	O
+10	O
+])	O
+and	O
+accelerator	O
+(	O
+K2K	O
+)	O
+neutrino	O
+data	O
+.	O
+We	O
+find	O
+no	O
+parameter	O
+space	O
+allowed	O
+for	O
+six	O
+isomeric	O
+lepton	O
+mass	O
+matrices	O
+at	O
+the	O
+2σ	O
+level	O
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+3σ	O
+level	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+their	O
+results	O
+for	O
+neutrino	O
+masses	O
+and	O
+lepton	O
+flavor	O
+mixing	O
+angles	O
+can	O
+be	O
+compatible	O
+with	O
+current	O
+data	O
+.	O
+Third	O
+,	O
+we	O
+incorporate	O
+the	O
+seesaw	O
+mechanism	O
+and	O
+the	O
+Fukugita	O
+–	O
+Tanimoto	O
+–	O
+Yanagida	O
+hypothesis	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+in	O
+the	O
+charged	O
+lepton	O
+and	O
+Dirac	O
+neutrino	O
+mass	O
+matrices	O
+with	O
+six	O
+texture	O
+zeros	O
+.	O
+It	O
+turns	O
+out	O
+that	O
+their	O
+predictions	O
+,	O
+including	O
+θ23	O
+≈	O
+45	O
+°	O
+,	O
+are	O
+in	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+present	O
+experimental	O
+data	O
+even	O
+at	O
+the	O
+2σ	O
+level	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+aim	O
+of	O
+this	O
+note	O
+is	O
+nothing	O
+more	O
+than	O
+to	O
+bring	B-Task
+both	I-Task
+approaches	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+equal	I-Task
+footing	I-Task
+and	O
+to	O
+relax	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+assumptions	I-Task
+under	O
+which	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+[	O
+11,13	O
+]	O
+have	O
+been	O
+derived	O
+using	O
+the	O
+first	O
+approach	O
+.	O
+More	O
+concretely	O
+,	O
+we	O
+generalize	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+one-loop	I-Process
+partition	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+as	O
+derived	O
+in	O
+[	O
+11,13	O
+]	O
+for	O
+levels	O
+being	O
+odd	O
+,	O
+to	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+even	O
+levels	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+on	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+partition	O
+functions	O
+we	O
+implement	O
+additional	B-Process
+dressings	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+world-sheet	I-Process
+parity	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+and	O
+identify	O
+them	O
+with	O
+the	O
+dressings	O
+introduced	O
+in	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+in	O
+the	O
+crosscap	B-Process
+state	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+expected	O
+,	O
+all	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+information	O
+can	O
+be	O
+read	O
+off	O
+entirely	O
+from	O
+the	O
+various	O
+amplitudes	O
+.	O
+We	O
+will	O
+end	O
+up	O
+with	O
+a	O
+collection	O
+of	O
+very	O
+explicit	O
+and	O
+general	O
+one-loop	B-Process
+partition	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+and	O
+tadpole	B-Process
+cancellation	I-Process
+conditions	I-Process
+covering	O
+simple	O
+current	B-Process
+extensions	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+all	I-Process
+168	I-Process
+Gepner	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+with	O
+additional	O
+dressings	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+parity	B-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+providing	O
+a	O
+compact	O
+collection	O
+of	O
+the	O
+main	O
+relevant	O
+formulas	O
+for	O
+constructing	B-Task
+supersymmetric	I-Task
+Gepner	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+orientifolds	I-Task
+was	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+motivations	O
+for	O
+writing	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+.	O
+We	O
+hope	O
+that	O
+these	O
+expressions	O
+turn	O
+out	O
+to	O
+be	O
+useful	O
+for	O
+a	O
+systematic	B-Task
+search	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+Standard-like	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+respectively	O
+for	O
+providing	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+statistical	I-Task
+ensemble	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+spirit	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+29	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Absorption	B-Task
+events	I-Task
+through	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+current	I-Task
+reactions	I-Task
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+νe	O
++	O
+40Ar	O
+→	O
+e	O
+−+	O
+40K	O
+∗	O
+andν	O
+̄	O
+e	O
++	O
+40Ar	O
+→	O
+e	O
+++	O
+40Cl	O
+∗	O
+.	O
+There	O
+is	O
+some	O
+uncertainty	O
+in	O
+predicting	B-Task
+e	I-Task
+−(	I-Task
+e	I-Task
++)	I-Task
+event	I-Task
+rates	I-Task
+for	O
+these	O
+processes	O
+which	O
+arise	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+nuclear	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+dependencies	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+absorption	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+and	O
+the	O
+treatment	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Coulomb	I-Process
+distortion	I-Process
+of	O
+electron	B-Material
+(	O
+positron	B-Material
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+the	O
+residual	B-Task
+nucleus	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+absorption	I-Task
+cross	I-Task
+section	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+current	I-Task
+neutrino	I-Task
+reactions	I-Task
+in	O
+40Ar	O
+relevant	O
+to	O
+supernova	B-Material
+neutrino	I-Material
+energies	I-Material
+was	O
+first	O
+calculated	O
+by	O
+Raghavan	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+and	O
+Bahcall	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+for	O
+Fermi	O
+transitions	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+isobaric	B-Process
+analogue	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+(	O
+IAS	B-Process
+)	O
+at	O
+4.38	B-Process
+MeV	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+40K	I-Process
+∗	O
+.	O
+Later	O
+Ormand	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+used	O
+a	O
+shell	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+to	O
+calculate	O
+the	B-Task
+Fermi	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+Gamow	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Teller	I-Task
+transitions	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+these	O
+calculations	O
+Fermi	O
+function	O
+F	O
+(	O
+Z,Ee	O
+)	O
+was	O
+used	O
+to	O
+take	O
+into	O
+account	O
+the	O
+Coulomb	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+a	O
+recent	O
+paper	O
+Bueno	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+make	O
+use	O
+of	O
+a	O
+calculation	B-Process
+by	I-Process
+Martinez-Pinedo	I-Process
+et	I-Process
+al	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+who	O
+use	O
+a	O
+shell	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+Fermi	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+Gamow	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Teller	I-Process
+transitions	I-Process
+and	O
+a	O
+continuum	B-Process
+random	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+(	O
+CRPA	B-Process
+)	O
+for	O
+forbidden	O
+transitions	O
+to	O
+calculate	O
+the	B-Task
+absorption	I-Task
+cross	I-Task
+sections	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+calculation	O
+the	O
+Coulomb	O
+distortion	O
+of	O
+the	O
+produced	O
+electron	O
+is	O
+treated	O
+with	O
+a	O
+hybrid	O
+model	O
+where	O
+a	O
+Fermi	O
+function	O
+is	O
+used	O
+for	O
+lower	O
+electron	O
+energies	O
+and	O
+modified	B-Process
+effective	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+(	O
+MEMA	B-Process
+)	O
+for	O
+higher	O
+electron	O
+energies	O
+[	O
+14	O
+–	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+a	O
+recent	O
+work	O
+Bhattacharya	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+have	O
+measured	O
+the	O
+Fermi	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+Gamow	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Teller	I-Process
+transition	I-Process
+strengths	I-Process
+leading	O
+to	O
+excited	O
+states	O
+up	O
+to	O
+6	O
+MeV	O
+in	O
+40K	O
+∗	O
+and	O
+obtained	O
+the	O
+neutrino	B-Task
+absorption	I-Task
+cross	I-Task
+section	I-Task
+for	O
+supernova	O
+neutrinos	O
+in	O
+40Ar	O
+.	O
+
+Classical	O
+,	O
+two-dimensional	B-Task
+sigma	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+compact	I-Task
+symmetric	I-Task
+spaces	I-Task
+G	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+H	I-Task
+are	O
+integrable	O
+by	O
+virtue	O
+of	O
+conserved	O
+quantities	O
+which	O
+can	O
+arise	O
+as	O
+integrals	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+local	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+non-local	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+fields	O
+(	O
+the	O
+accounts	O
+in	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+5	O
+]	O
+contain	O
+references	O
+to	O
+the	O
+extensive	O
+literature	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+these	O
+models	O
+are	O
+asymptotically	O
+free	O
+and	O
+strongly	O
+coupled	O
+in	O
+the	O
+infrared	O
+,	O
+their	O
+quantum	O
+properties	O
+are	O
+not	O
+straightforward	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+.	O
+Nevertheless	O
+,	O
+following	O
+Lüscher	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Abdalla	O
+,	O
+Forger	O
+and	O
+Gomes	O
+showed	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+that	O
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+G	O
+/	O
+H	O
+sigma	O
+model	O
+with	O
+H	O
+simple,11Here	O
+,	O
+and	O
+throughout	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+,	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+use	O
+‘	O
+simple’	O
+to	O
+mean	O
+that	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+Lie	O
+algebra	O
+has	O
+no	O
+non-trivial	O
+ideals	O
+.	O
+Hence	O
+U	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+is	O
+simple	O
+in	O
+our	O
+terminology	O
+,	O
+in	O
+addition	O
+to	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+non-Abelian	O
+simple	O
+groups	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Cartan	O
+–	O
+Killing	O
+classification	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+the	O
+first	O
+conserved	O
+non-local	O
+charge	O
+survives	O
+quantization	O
+(	O
+after	O
+an	O
+appropriate	O
+renormalization	O
+[	O
+6	O
+–	O
+8	O
+])	O
+,	O
+which	O
+suffices	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+quantum	O
+integrability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+theory	O
+.	O
+By	O
+contrast	O
+,	O
+calculations	O
+using	O
+the	O
+1	O
+/	O
+N	O
+expansion	O
+reveal	O
+anomalies	O
+that	O
+spoil	O
+the	O
+conservation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+quantum	O
+non-local	O
+charges	O
+in	O
+the	O
+CPN	O
+−	O
+1	O
+=	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+N	O
+)/	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+N	O
+−	O
+1	O
+)×	O
+U	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+models	O
+for	O
+N	O
+>	O
+2	O
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+the	O
+wider	O
+class	O
+of	O
+theories	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+complex	O
+Grassmannians	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+N	O
+)/	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+n	O
+)×	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+N	O
+−	O
+n	O
+)×	O
+U	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+for	O
+N	O
+>	O
+n	O
+>	O
+1	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+method	O
+for	O
+the	O
+lattice	B-Task
+QCD	I-Task
+computation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nucleon	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+nucleon	I-Task
+low-energy	I-Task
+interactions	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+consists	O
+in	O
+simulating	B-Process
+QCD	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+background	O
+of	O
+a	O
+“	O
+electromagnetic	B-Material
+”	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+whose	O
+potential	O
+is	O
+non-vanishing	O
+,	O
+but	O
+whose	O
+field	B-Process
+strength	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+zero	I-Process
+.	O
+By	O
+tuning	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+background	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+,	O
+phase-shifts	B-Task
+at	I-Task
+any	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+but	I-Task
+small	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+momenta	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+measuring	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+shift	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+ground	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+.	O
+Lattice	B-Material
+sizes	I-Material
+as	O
+small	O
+as	O
+5	O
+Fermi	O
+can	O
+be	O
+sufficient	O
+for	O
+the	O
+calculation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+phase	I-Task
+shifts	I-Task
+up	O
+to	O
+momenta	O
+of	O
+order	O
+of	O
+mπ	O
+/	O
+2	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+our	O
+study	O
+we	O
+illustrate	O
+the	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+gauge	O
+invariant	B-Task
+extensions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+local	I-Task
+functionals	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+aim	O
+at	O
+clarifying	O
+,	O
+via	O
+specific	O
+examples	O
+,	O
+the	O
+relation	O
+between	O
+a	O
+functional	B-Task
+which	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+local	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+particular	I-Task
+gauge	I-Task
+(	O
+but	O
+not	O
+necessarily	O
+gauge	O
+invariant	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+its	B-Task
+gauge	I-Task
+invariant	I-Task
+extension	I-Task
+(	O
+which	O
+is	O
+not	O
+necessarily	O
+local	O
+)	O
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+non-localities	B-Process
+found	I-Process
+are	O
+not	O
+perturbatively	O
+local	O
+because	O
+they	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+expressed	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+an	O
+infinite	O
+derivative	O
+expansion	O
+.	O
+We	O
+believe	O
+that	O
+the	O
+implications	O
+of	O
+this	O
+observation	O
+have	O
+not	O
+been	O
+clearly	O
+emphasised	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+,	O
+as	O
+attested	O
+by	O
+the	O
+absence	O
+of	O
+any	O
+debate	O
+about	O
+it	O
+in	O
+recent	O
+works	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+precisely	O
+these	O
+dangerous	O
+infrared	O
+modes	O
+that	O
+make	O
+it	O
+hard	O
+to	O
+define	O
+a	O
+gauge	O
+independent	O
+renormalisation	O
+for	O
+the	O
+gauge	O
+invariant	O
+extensions	O
+of	O
+local	O
+functionals	O
+.	O
+This	O
+observation	O
+supports	O
+the	O
+remark	O
+in	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+that	O
+the	O
+expectation	O
+value	O
+receives	O
+important	O
+contributions	O
+from	O
+both	O
+large	O
+and	O
+small	O
+distances	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+arguments	O
+on	O
+renormalisability	O
+are	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+notion	O
+of	O
+renormalisation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+modern	O
+sense	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+which	O
+relies	O
+on	O
+BRST	O
+cohomology	O
+theorems	O
+.	O
+The	O
+BRST	O
+terminology	O
+will	O
+therefore	O
+be	O
+frequently	O
+used	O
+here	O
+,	O
+even	O
+though	O
+it	O
+is	O
+not	O
+always	O
+necessary	O
+.	O
+
+Certainly	O
+therefore	O
+the	O
+see-saw	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+is	O
+an	O
+attractive	O
+explanation	O
+of	O
+why	O
+the	O
+light	B-Task
+neutrino	I-Task
+masses	I-Task
+are	O
+so	O
+small	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+not	O
+without	O
+its	O
+faults	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+tension	O
+between	O
+the	O
+strongly	O
+hierarchical	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+observed	O
+Yukawa	B-Task
+couplings	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+sectors	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+essentially	O
+hierarchy-free	B-Task
+masses	I-Task
+implied	I-Task
+by	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Δm2	I-Task
+'s	I-Task
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+both	O
+the	O
+θ12	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+θ23	I-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+angles	I-Task
+are	O
+large	O
+while	O
+the	B-Task
+angle	I-Task
+θ13	I-Task
+is	O
+small	O
+which	O
+is	O
+in	O
+sharp	O
+contrast	O
+with	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+mixings	O
+in	O
+the	O
+quark	B-Process
+sector	I-Process
+which	O
+are	O
+all	O
+small	O
+.	O
+These	O
+problems	O
+can	O
+be	O
+solved	O
+in	O
+specific	O
+models	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Δm2	B-Process
+values	I-Process
+can	I-Process
+be	I-Process
+fitted	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+taking	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+spectrum	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+rhd	I-Process
+neutrino	I-Process
+masses	I-Process
+to	O
+be	O
+hierarchical	O
+in	O
+such	O
+a	O
+way	O
+as	O
+to	O
+almost	O
+compensate	O
+for	O
+the	O
+hierarchical	B-Process
+neutrino	I-Process
+Yukawa	I-Process
+couplings	I-Process
+.	O
+But	O
+this	O
+has	O
+the	O
+price	O
+of	O
+introducing	O
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+rhd	B-Material
+neutrino	I-Material
+masses	I-Material
+MR	B-Material
+∼	I-Material
+1010	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+1015	I-Material
+which	O
+then	O
+require	O
+explanation	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+analyze	O
+the	O
+diagonal	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+transition	I-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+electric	I-Task
+dipole	I-Task
+moments	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+leptons	I-Task
+in	O
+extended	B-Process
+technicolor	I-Process
+(	O
+ETC	B-Process
+)	O
+models	O
+,	O
+taking	O
+account	O
+of	O
+the	O
+multiscale	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ETC	O
+gauge	B-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+breaking	I-Process
+,	O
+conformal	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+walking	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+behavior	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+technicolor	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+mixing	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+charged-lepton	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+show	O
+that	O
+mixing	B-Task
+effects	I-Task
+dominate	O
+the	O
+ETC	B-Process
+contributions	O
+to	O
+charged	B-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+electric	I-Task
+dipole	I-Task
+moments	I-Task
+and	O
+that	O
+these	O
+can	O
+yield	O
+a	O
+value	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+|	I-Process
+de	I-Process
+|	I-Process
+comparable	O
+to	O
+the	O
+current	O
+limit	O
+.	O
+The	O
+rate	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+μ	I-Process
+→	I-Process
+eγ	I-Process
+can	O
+also	O
+be	O
+close	O
+to	O
+its	O
+limit	O
+.	O
+From	O
+these	O
+and	O
+other	O
+processes	O
+we	O
+derive	O
+constraints	O
+on	O
+the	O
+charged	B-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+angles	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+constraints	O
+are	O
+such	O
+that	O
+the	O
+ETC	B-Process
+contribution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+muon	B-Task
+anomalous	I-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+moment	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+includes	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+lepton	B-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+term	I-Process
+,	O
+can	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+but	O
+does	O
+not	O
+exceed	O
+,	O
+the	O
+current	O
+sensitivity	O
+level	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+is	O
+well	O
+known	O
+that	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+long	O
+standing	O
+problems	O
+in	O
+physics	O
+is	O
+understanding	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+confinement	I-Task
+physics	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+first	I-Task
+principles	I-Task
+.	O
+Hence	O
+the	O
+challenge	O
+is	O
+to	O
+develop	B-Task
+analytical	I-Task
+approaches	I-Task
+which	O
+provide	O
+valuable	O
+insight	O
+and	O
+theoretical	O
+guidance	O
+.	O
+According	O
+to	O
+this	O
+viewpoint	O
+,	O
+an	O
+effective	O
+theory	O
+in	O
+which	O
+confining	O
+potentials	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+as	O
+a	O
+consequence	O
+of	O
+spontaneous	B-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+breaking	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+scale	I-Process
+invariance	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+a	O
+such	O
+theory	O
+relies	O
+on	O
+a	O
+scale-invariant	B-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+type	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+L	O
+=	O
+14w2	O
+−	O
+12w	O
+−	O
+FμνaFaμν	O
+,	O
+where	O
+Fμνa	O
+=∂	O
+μAνa	O
+−∂	O
+νAμa	O
++	O
+gfabcAμbAνc	O
+,	O
+and	O
+w	O
+is	O
+not	O
+a	O
+fundamental	O
+field	O
+but	O
+rather	O
+is	O
+a	O
+function	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+4-index	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+strength	I-Process
+,	O
+that	O
+is	O
+,	O
+(	B-Process
+2	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+w	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+εμναβ	I-Process
+∂	I-Process
+μAναβ	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+Aναβ	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+leads	I-Process
+to	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+εμναβ	B-Process
+∂	I-Process
+βw	I-Process
+−−	I-Process
+FγδaFaγδ	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+0	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+then	O
+integrated	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+4	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+w	I-Process
+=−	I-Process
+FμνaFaμν	I-Process
++	I-Process
+M	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+verify	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Aaμ	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+leads	O
+us	O
+to	O
+(	O
+5	O
+)∇	O
+μFaμν	O
++	O
+MFaμν	O
+−	O
+FαβbFbαβ	O
+=	O
+0	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+worth	O
+stressing	O
+at	O
+this	O
+stage	O
+that	O
+the	O
+above	O
+equation	O
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+the	B-Process
+effective	I-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+(	O
+6	O
+)	O
+Leff	B-Process
+=−	I-Process
+14FμνaFaμν	I-Process
++	I-Process
+M2	I-Process
+−	I-Process
+FμνaFaμν	I-Process
+.	O
+Spherically	B-Task
+symmetric	I-Task
+solutions	I-Task
+of	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+5	O
+)	O
+display	O
+,	O
+even	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Abelian	O
+case	O
+,	O
+a	O
+Coulomb	B-Material
+piece	I-Material
+and	O
+a	O
+confining	B-Material
+part	I-Material
+.	O
+Also	O
+,	O
+the	O
+quantum	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+calculation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+static	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+two	I-Task
+charges	I-Task
+displays	O
+the	O
+same	O
+behavior	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+well	O
+known	O
+that	O
+the	O
+square	O
+root	O
+part	O
+describes	O
+string	B-Process
+like	I-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+supersymmetric	O
+case	O
+,	O
+such	O
+a	O
+small	B-Task
+coupling	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+quartic	I-Task
+interaction	I-Task
+cannot	O
+be	O
+realized	O
+if	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+is	O
+lifted	O
+by	O
+the	O
+gauge	B-Process
+D-term	I-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+,	O
+if	O
+so	O
+,	O
+the	B-Material
+coupling	I-Material
+constant	I-Material
+λ	I-Material
+becomes	O
+of	O
+the	O
+order	O
+O	O
+(	O
+g2	O
+)	O
+where	O
+g	O
+is	O
+the	O
+gauge	B-Material
+coupling	I-Material
+constant	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+standard	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+we	O
+focus	O
+our	O
+attention	O
+on	O
+the	O
+D-flat	B-Task
+directions	I-Task
+.	O
+For	O
+D-flat	O
+directions	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+to	O
+be	O
+more	O
+careful	O
+since	O
+behaviors	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+potential	I-Task
+depend	O
+on	O
+which	O
+flat	O
+direction	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+MSSM	O
+,	O
+Yukawa	B-Task
+interactions	I-Task
+exist	O
+in	O
+the	O
+superpotential	O
+to	O
+generate	O
+the	O
+fermion	O
+masses	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+Yukawa	O
+interactions	O
+lift	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+D-flat	B-Task
+directions	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+also	O
+find	O
+several	O
+D-flat	O
+directions	O
+which	O
+are	O
+not	O
+affected	O
+by	O
+the	O
+Yukawa	B-Task
+interactions	I-Task
+associated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+fermion	O
+masses	O
+;	O
+without	O
+R-parity	O
+violation	O
+,	O
+such	O
+D-flat	B-Task
+directions	I-Task
+are	O
+only	O
+lifted	O
+by	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+supersymmetry	O
+breaking.33Here	O
+,	O
+we	O
+assume	O
+that	O
+coefficients	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+non-renormalizable	I-Task
+terms	I-Task
+are	O
+suppressed	O
+enough	O
+to	O
+be	O
+neglected	O
+.	O
+This	O
+may	O
+be	O
+explained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+R-symmetry	B-Process
+,	O
+assigning	O
+R-charge	B-Process
+23	I-Process
+to	O
+each	O
+MSSM	B-Process
+chiral	I-Process
+superfields	I-Process
+.	O
+(	O
+See	O
+Ref.	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+for	O
+the	O
+details	O
+.	O
+)	O
+
+Some	O
+non-standard	B-Task
+couplings	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+should	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+here	O
+,	O
+could	O
+also	O
+be	O
+studied	O
+in	O
+the	O
+standard	B-Process
+e	I-Process
++	I-Process
+e	I-Process
+−	I-Process
+option	I-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+linear	B-Material
+collider	I-Material
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+worth	O
+while	O
+to	O
+compare	O
+the	O
+potential	B-Task
+power	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+options	O
+.	O
+As	O
+far	O
+as	O
+the	O
+parameter	B-Task
+αγ1	I-Task
+is	O
+concerned	O
+,	O
+the	O
+γγ	B-Material
+collider	I-Material
+does	O
+not	O
+allow	O
+for	O
+its	O
+determination	O
+,	O
+while	O
+it	O
+could	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+at	O
+e	B-Process
++	I-Process
+e	I-Process
+−	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+second	O
+tt	O
+̄	O
+γ	O
+coupling	B-Task
+αγ2	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+proportional	O
+to	O
+the	O
+real	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+top-quark	O
+electric	O
+dipole	O
+moment,44See	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+taking	O
+into	O
+account	O
+that	O
+the	O
+operators	O
+OuB	O
+,	O
+OqB	O
+and	O
+OqW	O
+are	O
+redundant	O
+.	O
+can	O
+be	O
+measured	O
+here	O
+.	O
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+recalled	O
+that	O
+energy	O
+and	O
+polar-angle	B-Task
+distributions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+leptons	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+b-quarks	I-Task
+in	O
+e	B-Material
++	I-Material
+e	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+colliders	I-Material
+are	O
+sensitive	O
+only	O
+to	O
+the	O
+imaginary	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+electric	O
+dipole	O
+moment,55However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+should	O
+be	O
+emphasized	O
+that	O
+there	O
+exist	O
+observables	O
+sensitive	O
+also	O
+to	O
+the	O
+real	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+top-quark	O
+electric	O
+dipole	O
+moment	O
+,	O
+see	O
+[	O
+24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+while	O
+here	O
+the	O
+real	O
+part	O
+could	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+measurement	O
+of	O
+γγH	O
+couplings	O
+,	O
+e	O
++	O
+e	O
+−	O
+colliders	O
+are	O
+,	O
+of	O
+course	O
+,	O
+useless	O
+,	O
+while	O
+here	O
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+bX	O
+final	O
+state	O
+both	O
+αh1	O
+and	O
+αh2	O
+could	O
+be	O
+measured	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+decay	O
+form	O
+factor	O
+αd	O
+measurement	O
+,	O
+the	O
+e	O
++	O
+e	O
+−	O
+option	O
+seems	O
+to	O
+be	O
+a	O
+little	O
+more	O
+advantageous	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+if	O
+e	O
++	O
+e	O
+−	O
+polarization	O
+can	O
+be	O
+tuned	O
+appropriately	O
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+the	O
+H	O
+particle	O
+,	O
+the	O
+situation	O
+for	O
+the	O
+Θ	B-Task
++	I-Task
+baryon	I-Task
+is	O
+very	O
+promising	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+explore	O
+the	B-Task
+formation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Θ	I-Task
++-	I-Task
+baryon	I-Task
+within	O
+a	O
+new	O
+approach	O
+called	O
+parton-based	B-Process
+Gribov	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Regge	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+realized	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Monte	B-Material
+Carlo	I-Material
+program	I-Material
+NEXUS	B-Material
+3.97	I-Material
+[	O
+22,23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+model	O
+high	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+hadronic	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+nuclear	I-Process
+collisions	I-Process
+are	O
+treated	O
+within	O
+a	O
+self-consistent	B-Process
+quantum	I-Process
+mechanical	I-Process
+multiple	I-Process
+scattering	I-Process
+formalism	I-Process
+.	O
+Elementary	B-Process
+interactions	I-Process
+,	O
+happening	O
+in	O
+parallel	O
+,	O
+correspond	O
+to	O
+underlying	O
+microscopic	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+predominantly	I-Process
+soft	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+parton	I-Process
+cascades	I-Process
+and	O
+are	O
+described	O
+effectively	O
+as	O
+phenomenological	B-Process
+soft	I-Process
+pomeron	I-Process
+exchanges	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+pomeron	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+as	O
+layers	O
+of	O
+a	O
+(	B-Material
+soft	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+parton	I-Material
+ladder	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+attached	O
+to	O
+projectile	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+target	I-Material
+nucleons	I-Material
+via	O
+leg	B-Material
+partons	I-Material
+.	O
+At	O
+high	O
+energies	O
+one	O
+accounts	O
+also	O
+for	O
+the	O
+contribution	O
+of	O
+perturbative	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+high	I-Material
+pt	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+partons	I-Material
+described	O
+by	O
+a	O
+so-called	O
+“	O
+semihard	O
+pomeron	O
+”—	O
+a	O
+piece	O
+of	O
+the	O
+QCD	O
+parton	O
+ladder	O
+sandwiched	O
+between	O
+two	O
+soft	O
+pomerons	O
+which	O
+are	O
+connected	O
+to	O
+the	O
+projectile	O
+and	O
+to	O
+the	O
+target	O
+in	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+way	O
+.	O
+The	O
+spectator	O
+partons	O
+of	O
+both	O
+projectile	O
+and	O
+target	O
+nucleons	O
+,	O
+left	O
+after	O
+pomeron	O
+emissions	O
+,	O
+form	O
+nucleon	O
+remnants	O
+.	O
+The	O
+legs	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pomerons	O
+form	O
+color	O
+singlets	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+q	O
+–	O
+q	O
+̄	O
+,	O
+q	O
+–	O
+qq	O
+or	O
+q	O
+̄–	O
+q	O
+̄	O
+q	O
+̄	O
+.	O
+The	O
+probability	O
+of	O
+q	O
+–	O
+qq	O
+and	O
+q	O
+̄–	O
+q	O
+̄	O
+q	O
+̄	O
+is	O
+controlled	O
+by	O
+the	O
+parameter	O
+Pqq	O
+and	O
+is	O
+fixed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+yields	O
+on	O
+(	O
+multi	O
+-)	O
+strange	O
+baryons	O
+[	O
+23	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+I	O
+also	O
+could	O
+not	O
+resist	O
+mentioning	O
+another	O
+wild	O
+speculation	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Many	O
+years	O
+ago	O
+,	O
+inspired	O
+by	O
+the	O
+almost	O
+exact	O
+correspondence	O
+between	O
+Einstein	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+post-Newtonian	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+gravity	I-Process
+and	O
+Maxwell	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+motion	I-Process
+I	O
+proposed	O
+the	O
+gravitipole	B-Process
+in	O
+analogy	O
+with	O
+Dirac	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+magnetic	I-Process
+monopole	I-Process
+.	O
+After	O
+Dirac	O
+there	O
+was	O
+considerable	O
+debate	O
+on	O
+how	O
+a	O
+field	B-Task
+theory	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+monopoles	I-Task
+may	O
+be	O
+formulated	O
+.	O
+Eventually	O
+,	O
+'	O
+t	O
+Hooft	O
+and	O
+Polyakov	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+magnetic	B-Task
+monopole	I-Task
+exists	O
+as	O
+an	O
+extended	O
+solution	O
+in	O
+certain	O
+non-abelian	B-Process
+gauge	I-Process
+theories	I-Process
+.	O
+Most	O
+theorists	O
+now	O
+believe	O
+that	O
+electromagnetism	B-Process
+is	O
+merely	O
+a	O
+piece	O
+of	O
+a	O
+grand	O
+unified	O
+theory	O
+and	O
+that	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+monopoles	I-Process
+exist	O
+.	O
+Might	O
+it	O
+not	O
+turn	O
+out	O
+that	O
+Einstein	O
+'s	O
+theory	O
+is	O
+but	O
+a	O
+piece	O
+of	O
+a	O
+bigger	O
+theory	O
+and	O
+that	O
+gravitipoles	B-Process
+exist	O
+?	O
+In	O
+grand	O
+unified	O
+theory	O
+the	O
+electromagnetic	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+component	O
+of	O
+a	O
+multiplet	O
+.	O
+Could	O
+it	O
+be	O
+that	O
+the	O
+gravitational	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+also	O
+somehow	O
+carries	O
+an	O
+internal	O
+index	O
+and	O
+that	O
+the	O
+field	O
+we	O
+observe	O
+is	O
+just	O
+a	O
+component	O
+of	O
+a	O
+multiplet	O
+?	O
+Throwing	O
+caution	O
+to	O
+the	O
+wind	O
+,	O
+I	O
+also	O
+asked	O
+in	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+if	O
+the	O
+gravitipole	B-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+graviton	B-Process
+might	O
+not	O
+form	O
+a	O
+representation	O
+under	O
+some	O
+dual	O
+group	O
+just	O
+as	O
+the	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+monopole	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+photon	B-Material
+form	O
+a	O
+triplet	O
+under	O
+the	O
+dual	O
+group	O
+of	O
+Montonen	O
+and	O
+Olive	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+summary	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+one	O
+can	O
+describe	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+experimental	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+HERMES	I-Task
+Collaboration	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+hadron	I-Task
+attenuation	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+nuclei	I-Task
+without	O
+invoking	O
+any	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+fragmentation	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+gluon	B-Process
+radiation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+dynamical	B-Task
+studies	I-Task
+,	O
+that	O
+include	O
+the	O
+most	O
+relevant	O
+FSI	B-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+employ	O
+only	O
+the	O
+‘	B-Process
+free’	I-Process
+fragmentation	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+on	O
+a	O
+nucleon	B-Material
+and	O
+attribute	O
+the	O
+hadron	B-Material
+attenuation	O
+to	O
+the	O
+deceleration	O
+of	O
+the	O
+produced	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+pre	I-Material
+-)	I-Material
+hadrons	I-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+FSI	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+surrounding	B-Material
+medium	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+find	O
+that	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+the	B-Process
+z-dependence	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+RMh	I-Process
+is	O
+very	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+interaction	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+of	O
+leading	B-Material
+prehadrons	I-Material
+and	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+determine	B-Task
+σlead	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+interaction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+leading	I-Process
+prehadrons	I-Process
+during	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+formation	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+could	O
+be	O
+interpreted	O
+as	O
+an	O
+in-medium	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+fragmentation	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+however	O
+could	O
+not	O
+be	O
+given	O
+in	O
+a	O
+closed	O
+form	O
+.	O
+The	O
+extracted	O
+average	O
+hadron	B-Material
+formation	O
+times	O
+of	O
+τf	O
+≳	O
+0.3	O
+fm	O
+/	O
+c	O
+are	O
+compatible	O
+with	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+antiproton	I-Task
+attenuation	I-Task
+in	O
+p	B-Process
++	I-Process
+A	I-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+at	O
+AGS	O
+energies	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+an	O
+upcoming	O
+work	O
+we	O
+will	O
+investigate	O
+in	O
+detail	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+spectra	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+different	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+species	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+π	I-Task
+±	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+K	I-Task
+±	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+p,p	I-Task
+̄)	I-Task
+to	O
+examine	O
+,	O
+if	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+times	O
+of	O
+mesons	O
+and	O
+antibaryons	O
+are	O
+about	O
+equal	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+we	O
+will	O
+improve	O
+our	O
+model	O
+to	O
+describe	O
+the	O
+primary	O
+photon	O
+–	O
+nucleon	O
+reaction	O
+below	O
+the	O
+PYTHIA	O
+threshold	O
+of	O
+W	O
+⩾	O
+4	O
+GeV	O
+.	O
+
+Solitons	B-Material
+present	O
+the	O
+possibility	O
+of	O
+extended	O
+objects	O
+as	O
+stable	O
+states	O
+within	O
+Quantum	O
+Field	O
+Theory	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+these	O
+solutions	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+semi-classical	B-Process
+arguments	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+weak	I-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+limit	I-Process
+,	O
+their	O
+validity	O
+as	O
+quantal	B-Task
+states	I-Task
+is	O
+justified	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+associated	B-Process
+topological	I-Process
+conservation	I-Process
+laws	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+more	O
+curious	O
+occurrence	O
+is	O
+that	O
+of	O
+fermionic	B-Task
+zero-energy	I-Task
+modes	I-Task
+trapped	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+such	I-Task
+solutions	I-Task
+.	O
+Their	O
+presence	O
+requires	O
+,	O
+according	O
+to	O
+well-known	O
+arguments	O
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+an	O
+assignment	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+half-integer	I-Process
+fermion	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+solitonic	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+treatment	O
+,	O
+the	B-Task
+back	I-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+fermion	I-Task
+zero-modes	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+soliton	I-Task
+itself	O
+is	O
+ignored	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+fractional	B-Task
+values	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+fermionic	I-Task
+charge	I-Task
+have	O
+interesting	O
+consequence	O
+for	O
+the	B-Task
+fate	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+soliton	I-Task
+if	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+is	O
+not	O
+strictly	O
+stable	O
+.	O
+The	O
+reason	O
+for	O
+this	O
+is	O
+that	O
+if	O
+the	O
+configuration	O
+were	O
+to	O
+relax	O
+to	O
+trivial	O
+vacuum	B-Material
+in	O
+isolation	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+particle-like	O
+state	O
+available	O
+for	O
+carrying	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+fractional	I-Task
+value	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+fermionic	I-Task
+charge	I-Task
+.	O
+Dynamical	B-Task
+stability	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+such	I-Task
+objects	I-Task
+was	O
+pointed	O
+out	O
+in	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+cosmological	O
+context	O
+in	O
+[	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+and	O
+more	O
+recently	O
+in	O
+[	O
+6	O
+–	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Fractional	O
+fermion	O
+number	O
+phenomenon	O
+also	O
+occurs	O
+in	O
+condensed	B-Material
+matter	I-Material
+systems	I-Material
+and	O
+its	O
+wide	O
+ranging	O
+implications	O
+call	O
+for	O
+a	O
+systematic	B-Task
+understanding	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+phenomenon	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+charmonium	B-Process
+production	I-Process
+has	O
+long	O
+been	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+a	O
+good	O
+process	O
+for	O
+investigating	B-Task
+both	I-Task
+perturbative	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+nonperturbative	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+chromodynamics	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+QCD	I-Task
+)	O
+,	O
+because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+relatively	O
+large	O
+difference	O
+between	O
+the	O
+scale	O
+at	O
+which	O
+the	O
+charm	O
+–	O
+quark	O
+pair	O
+is	O
+produced	O
+at	O
+the	O
+parton	O
+level	O
+and	O
+the	O
+scale	O
+at	O
+which	O
+it	O
+evolves	O
+into	O
+a	O
+quarkonium	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+comparing	O
+to	O
+hadron	O
+colliders	O
+,	O
+e	B-Material
++	I-Material
+e	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+colliders	I-Material
+,	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+cleaner	O
+environment	O
+to	O
+study	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+charmonium	I-Task
+productions	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+decays	I-Task
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+some	O
+puzzles	O
+arise	O
+from	O
+the	O
+recent	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+prompt	I-Process
+J	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+ψ	I-Process
+productions	O
+at	O
+BaBar	B-Process
+and	O
+Belle	B-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+inclusive	B-Task
+J	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+ψ	I-Task
+productions	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+cross	O
+section	O
+is	O
+much	O
+larger	O
+than	O
+the	O
+predictions	O
+of	O
+nonrelativistic	B-Process
+quantum	I-Process
+chromodynamics	I-Process
+(	O
+NRQCD	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+;	O
+there	O
+is	O
+also	O
+an	O
+over-abundance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+four-charm	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+quark	I-Process
+processes	I-Process
+including	O
+the	O
+exclusive	B-Process
+J	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+ψ	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+charmonium	I-Process
+productions	I-Process
+;	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+apparent	O
+signal	O
+in	O
+the	O
+hard	O
+J	O
+/	O
+ψ	O
+spectrum	O
+which	O
+has	O
+been	O
+predicted	O
+by	O
+the	O
+J	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+ψgg	I-Process
+production	I-Process
+mode	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+color-octet	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+NRQCD	I-Process
+.	O
+To	O
+provide	O
+plausible	O
+solutions	O
+and	O
+explanations	O
+for	O
+these	O
+conflicts	O
+,	O
+theorists	O
+have	O
+studied	O
+the	O
+possibilities	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+contribution	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+two-virtual-photon	I-Task
+mediate	I-Task
+processes	I-Task
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+large	B-Task
+higher-order	I-Task
+QCD	I-Task
+corrections	I-Task
+[	O
+6,7	O
+]	O
+,	O
+collinear	B-Task
+suppression	I-Task
+at	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+end-point	I-Task
+region	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+J	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+ψ	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+[	O
+7,8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+contribution	B-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+J	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+ψ-glueball	I-Task
+associated	I-Task
+production	I-Task
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+and	O
+contribution	B-Task
+from	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+very	I-Task
+light	I-Task
+scalar	I-Task
+boson	I-Task
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+States	O
+outside	O
+the	O
+constituent	O
+quark	O
+model	O
+have	O
+been	O
+hypothesized	O
+to	O
+exist	O
+almost	O
+since	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+color	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Hybrid	B-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+,	O
+qq	O
+̄	O
+states	O
+with	O
+an	O
+admixture	O
+of	O
+gluons	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+glueballs	B-Material
+,	O
+states	O
+with	O
+no	O
+quark	B-Material
+content	O
+,	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+self	O
+interaction	O
+property	O
+of	O
+gluons	B-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+color	B-Process
+charge	I-Process
+.	O
+Looking	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+glueballs	I-Process
+would	O
+be	O
+the	O
+most	O
+obvious	O
+way	O
+to	O
+find	B-Task
+evidence	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+states	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+constituent	I-Task
+gluons	I-Task
+;	O
+however	O
+,	O
+the	O
+search	O
+is	O
+hindered	O
+by	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+these	O
+states	O
+may	O
+significantly	O
+mix	O
+with	O
+regular	O
+qq	B-Material
+̄-	I-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+region	O
+where	O
+the	O
+lightest	O
+are	O
+predicted	O
+to	O
+occur	O
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+,	O
+they	O
+may	O
+not	O
+be	O
+observable	O
+as	O
+pure	O
+states	O
+and	O
+disentangling	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+observed	I-Task
+spectra	I-Task
+may	O
+be	O
+a	O
+very	O
+difficult	O
+task	O
+.	O
+Instead	O
+,	O
+hybrid	B-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+(	O
+qq	B-Material
+̄	I-Material
+gn	I-Material
+)	O
+may	O
+be	O
+a	O
+better	O
+place	O
+to	O
+search	O
+for	O
+evidence	O
+of	O
+resonances	B-Task
+outside	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+constituent	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+,	O
+especially	O
+since	O
+the	O
+lightest	O
+of	O
+theses	O
+states	O
+are	O
+predicted	O
+to	O
+have	O
+exotic	O
+quantum	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+spin	O
+,	O
+parity	O
+,	O
+and	O
+charge	O
+conjugation	O
+,	O
+JPC	B-Process
+,	O
+that	O
+is	O
+,	O
+combinations	O
+that	O
+are	O
+unattainable	O
+by	O
+regular	O
+qq	B-Material
+̄-	I-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Correlation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+charm-quark	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+charm-antiquark	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+γp	I-Task
+scattering	I-Task
+are	O
+calculated	O
+in	O
+the	O
+kt-factorization	O
+approach	O
+.	O
+We	O
+apply	O
+different	O
+unintegrated	O
+gluon	O
+distributions	O
+(	O
+uGDF	O
+)	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+of	O
+our	O
+calculations	O
+are	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+very	O
+recent	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+from	O
+the	O
+FOCUS	O
+Collaboration	O
+.	O
+The	O
+CCFM	O
+uGDF	O
+developed	O
+recently	O
+by	O
+Kwieciński	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+gives	O
+a	O
+good	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	O
+.	O
+New	O
+observables	O
+are	O
+suggested	O
+for	O
+future	O
+studies	O
+.	O
+Predictions	O
+and	O
+perspectives	O
+for	O
+the	O
+HERA	O
+energies	O
+are	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+agreement	B-Process
+between	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+new	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+relativistic	I-Process
+deuteron	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+should	O
+not	O
+be	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+accidental	O
+one	O
+;	O
+in	O
+this	O
+connection	O
+other	O
+results	O
+should	O
+be	O
+mentioned	O
+.	O
+Previously	O
+it	O
+was	O
+shown	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+that	O
+calculations	B-Process
+within	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+framework	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+light-front	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+Karmanov	I-Process
+'s	I-Process
+deuteron	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+are	O
+in	O
+reasonably	O
+good	O
+agreement	O
+with	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+data	O
+on	O
+the	O
+T20	B-Process
+parameter	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+deuteron	I-Process
+breakup	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+H	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+C	I-Process
+targets	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+emission	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+protons	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+0	I-Process
+°	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+k	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+0.4	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+0.8	I-Process
+GeV	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+c	I-Process
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+within	O
+the	O
+same	O
+approach	O
+a	O
+qualitative	B-Task
+description	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+behaviour	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Ayy	I-Task
+parameter	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+9Be	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+d,p	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+X	I-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+at	O
+a	O
+deuteron	B-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+of	O
+4.5	O
+GeV	O
+/	O
+c	O
+and	O
+a	O
+detected	O
+proton	O
+angle	O
+of	O
+80	O
+mr	O
+and	O
+a	O
+rather	O
+good	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Ayy	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+12C	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+d,p	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+X	I-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+at	O
+9	O
+GeV	O
+/	O
+c	O
+and	O
+85	O
+mr	O
+were	O
+obtained	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+scenario	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+bi-large	B-Task
+lepton	I-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+framework	O
+of	O
+nearly	O
+threefold	O
+degenerate	B-Material
+Majorana	I-Material
+neutrinos	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+proposal	O
+,	O
+we	O
+impose	O
+Z3	O
+symmetry	O
+in	O
+the	O
+neutrino	B-Material
+sector	I-Material
+at	O
+a	O
+high	O
+energy	O
+scale	O
+to	O
+account	O
+for	O
+the	O
+threefold	O
+degenerate	B-Material
+neutrinos	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+maximal	O
+mixing	O
+between	O
+νμ	O
+and	O
+ντ	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+the	O
+atmospheric	B-Task
+neutrino	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+splitting	I-Task
+while	I-Task
+keeping	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+maximal	I-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+between	I-Task
+νμ	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+ντ	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+small	I-Process
+perturbation	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+neutrino	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+without	I-Process
+breaking	I-Process
+Z3	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+the	O
+solar	B-Process
+neutrino	I-Process
+mixing	I-Process
+arises	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+non-diagonal	B-Material
+charged	I-Material
+lepton	I-Material
+mass	I-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+desirable	O
+large	B-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+splitting	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+solar	I-Task
+neutrino	I-Task
+oscillation	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+radiative	B-Process
+corrections	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+NJL	B-Task
+model	I-Task
+studied	I-Task
+here	O
+,	O
+we	O
+find	O
+no	O
+stable	B-Material
+stars	I-Material
+with	O
+either	O
+CFL	B-Material
+or	I-Material
+normal	I-Material
+quark	I-Material
+matter	I-Material
+cores	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+the	O
+opposite	O
+of	O
+the	O
+prediction	O
+of	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+where	O
+it	O
+was	O
+argued	O
+that	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+2SC	O
+phase	O
+in	O
+compact	B-Material
+stars	I-Material
+.	O
+Let	O
+us	O
+be	O
+more	O
+precise	O
+:	O
+performing	O
+a	O
+Taylor	B-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+strange	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+mass	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+of	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+found	O
+that	O
+in	O
+beta-equilibrated	B-Material
+electrically	I-Material
+and	O
+color	B-Material
+neutral	I-Material
+quark	I-Material
+matter	I-Material
+the	O
+2SC	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+is	O
+always	O
+less	O
+favored	O
+than	O
+the	O
+CFL	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+or	O
+normal	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+matter	I-Material
+.	O
+From	O
+this	O
+observation	O
+they	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+the	O
+2SC	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+is	O
+absent	O
+in	O
+compact	B-Material
+stars	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+this	O
+result	O
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+in	O
+the	O
+framework	O
+of	O
+the	O
+NJL	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+that	O
+neutral	B-Material
+2SC	I-Material
+matter	I-Material
+could	O
+be	O
+the	O
+most	O
+favored	O
+quark	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+regime	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+authors	O
+argued	O
+that	O
+this	O
+interval	O
+might	O
+disappear	O
+if	O
+the	O
+hadronic	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+is	O
+included	O
+more	O
+properly	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+indeed	O
+what	O
+we	O
+found	O
+for	O
+parameter	O
+set	O
+RKH	O
+,	O
+while	O
+for	O
+parameter	O
+set	O
+HK	O
+the	O
+2SC	O
+phase	O
+survives	O
+only	O
+in	O
+a	O
+tiny	O
+window	O
+.	O
+Nevertheless	O
+,	O
+if	O
+Nature	O
+chooses	O
+to	O
+be	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+this	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+state	O
+,	O
+it	O
+will	O
+be	O
+this	O
+tiny	O
+window	O
+which	O
+gives	O
+rise	O
+to	O
+hybrid	B-Material
+stars	I-Material
+,	O
+whereas	O
+the	O
+CFL	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+would	O
+be	O
+never	O
+present	O
+in	O
+compact	B-Material
+stars	I-Material
+.	O
+
+We	O
+investigate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+density	I-Task
+behavior	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+respect	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+isospin	I-Task
+equilibration	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+combined	B-Process
+systems	I-Process
+Ru	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+Zr	I-Process
+)+	I-Process
+Zr	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+Ru	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+at	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+energies	I-Process
+of	O
+0.4	O
+and	O
+1.528A	O
+GeV	O
+.	O
+The	O
+study	B-Task
+is	O
+performed	O
+within	O
+a	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+framework	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+contribution	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+iso-vector	I-Process
+,	O
+scalar	B-Task
+δ	I-Task
+field	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+isospin	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+particularly	I-Task
+explored	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+find	O
+that	O
+the	O
+isospin	B-Task
+mixing	I-Task
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+symmetry	O
+energy	O
+and	O
+a	O
+stiffer	O
+behavior	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+more	O
+transparency	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+are	O
+also	O
+nicely	O
+sensitive	O
+to	O
+the	O
+“	O
+fine	O
+structure	O
+”	O
+of	O
+the	O
+symmetry	O
+energy	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+to	O
+the	O
+covariant	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+isovector	O
+meson	O
+fields.The	O
+isospin	O
+tracing	O
+appears	O
+much	O
+less	O
+dependent	O
+on	O
+the	O
+in	O
+medium	O
+neutron	O
+–	O
+proton	O
+cross	O
+sections	O
+(	O
+σnp	O
+)	O
+and	O
+this	O
+makes	O
+such	O
+observable	O
+very	O
+peculiar	O
+for	O
+the	O
+study	O
+of	O
+the	O
+isovector	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+nuclear	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+state.Within	O
+such	O
+a	O
+framework	O
+,	O
+comparisons	O
+with	O
+experiments	O
+support	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+the	O
+δ	O
+meson	O
+in	O
+the	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+iso-vector	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+state	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+most	O
+ambitious	O
+goal	O
+may	O
+be	O
+stated	O
+as	O
+the	O
+one	O
+of	O
+detecting	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+location	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+say	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+one	I-Task
+missing	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+an	I-Task
+otherwise	I-Task
+complete	I-Task
+sequence	I-Task
+.	O
+Dyson	O
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+recent	O
+review	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+,	O
+uses	O
+information	B-Process
+theory	I-Process
+concepts	I-Process
+and	O
+argues	O
+that	O
+correlations	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+sequence	I-Process
+may	O
+provide	O
+the	O
+necessary	O
+redundancy	O
+from	O
+which	O
+error	B-Task
+correcting	I-Task
+codes	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+constructed	I-Task
+.	O
+At	O
+one	O
+extreme	O
+where	O
+no	B-Process
+correlations	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+therefore	I-Process
+no	I-Process
+redundancy	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+present	I-Process
+(	O
+Poissonian	B-Process
+sequence	I-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+possibility	O
+of	O
+detecting	B-Task
+one	I-Task
+missing	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+other	O
+extreme	O
+,	O
+a	O
+sequence	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+equally	I-Task
+spaced	I-Task
+levels	I-Task
+(	O
+picket	B-Task
+fence	I-Task
+)	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+redundancy	O
+and	O
+a	O
+missed	B-Task
+level	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+obviously	I-Task
+detected	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+hole	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+spectrum	I-Task
+.	O
+Eigenvalues	O
+of	O
+random	O
+matrices	O
+,	O
+which	O
+exhibit	O
+characteristic	O
+correlations	O
+,	O
+correspond	O
+to	O
+an	O
+intermediate	O
+situation	O
+between	O
+these	O
+two	O
+extremes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+attempts	O
+to	O
+locate	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+last	I-Task
+case	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+missed	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+have	O
+remained	O
+unsuccessful	O
+so	O
+far	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+should	O
+be	O
+mentioned	O
+that	O
+for	O
+two-dimensional	B-Task
+chaotic	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+where	O
+,	O
+besides	O
+correlations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+one	O
+mean	O
+spacing	O
+as	O
+described	O
+by	O
+random	O
+matrices	O
+,	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+and	O
+the	O
+role	O
+of	O
+long	O
+range	O
+correlations	O
+governed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+shortest	O
+periodic	O
+orbits	O
+and	O
+reflected	O
+in	O
+Weyl	B-Process
+'s	I-Process
+law	I-Process
+describing	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+average	I-Process
+spectral	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+,	O
+is	O
+well	O
+understood	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+then	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+approximately	B-Task
+locate	I-Task
+,	O
+from	O
+the	O
+study	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+spectral	I-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+,	O
+a	B-Task
+single	I-Task
+missed	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+reason	O
+to	O
+investigate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+BFKL	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+DGLAP	I-Task
+equations	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+case	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+supersymmetric	I-Task
+theories	I-Task
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+common	O
+belief	O
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+high	B-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+may	I-Task
+significantly	I-Task
+simplify	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+equations	I-Task
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+found	O
+in	O
+the	O
+leading	B-Process
+logarithmic	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+(	O
+LLA	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+quasi-partonic	O
+operators	O
+in	O
+N	O
+=	O
+1	O
+SYM	O
+are	O
+unified	O
+in	O
+supermultiplets	O
+with	O
+anomalous	B-Process
+dimensions	I-Process
+obtained	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+universal	I-Process
+anomalous	I-Process
+dimensions	I-Process
+γuni	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+j	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+shifting	I-Process
+its	I-Process
+arguments	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+integer	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+.	O
+Further	O
+,	O
+the	O
+anomalous	B-Task
+dimension	I-Task
+matrices	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+twist-2	I-Task
+operators	I-Task
+are	O
+fixed	B-Process
+by	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+superconformal	I-Process
+invariance	I-Process
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Calculations	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+maximally	I-Process
+extended	I-Process
+N	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+4	I-Process
+SYM	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+where	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+constant	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+not	I-Process
+renormalized	I-Process
+,	O
+give	O
+even	O
+more	O
+remarkable	O
+results	O
+.	O
+Namely	O
+,	O
+it	O
+turns	O
+out	O
+,	O
+that	O
+here	O
+all	O
+twist-2	B-Task
+operators	I-Task
+enter	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+multiplet	O
+,	O
+their	O
+anomalous	B-Task
+dimension	I-Task
+matrix	I-Task
+is	O
+fixed	O
+completely	O
+by	O
+the	O
+super-conformal	B-Process
+invariance	I-Process
+and	O
+its	O
+universal	O
+anomalous	O
+dimension	O
+in	O
+LLA	O
+is	O
+proportional	O
+to	O
+Ψ	O
+(	O
+j	O
+−	O
+1	O
+)−	O
+Ψ	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+means	O
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+evolution	B-Task
+equations	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+matrix	I-Task
+elements	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+quasi-partonic	I-Task
+operators	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+multicolor	I-Task
+limit	I-Task
+Nc	I-Task
+→∞	I-Task
+are	O
+equivalent	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Schrödinger	O
+equation	O
+for	O
+an	O
+integrable	O
+Heisenberg	O
+spin	O
+model	O
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+QCD	O
+the	O
+integrability	O
+remains	O
+only	O
+in	O
+a	O
+small	O
+sector	O
+of	O
+the	O
+quasi-partonic	O
+operators	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+N	B-Task
+=	I-Task
+4	I-Task
+SYM	I-Task
+the	O
+equations	O
+for	O
+other	O
+sets	O
+of	O
+operators	O
+are	O
+also	O
+integrable	O
+[	O
+14	O
+–	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Evolution	B-Task
+equations	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+quasi-partonic	I-Task
+operators	I-Task
+are	O
+written	O
+in	O
+an	O
+explicitly	O
+super-conformal	O
+form	O
+in	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+extension	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+charmed	I-Process
+analogue	I-Process
+Θc	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+3099	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+provides	O
+an	O
+interesting	O
+test	O
+for	O
+the	O
+SDO	B-Task
+sum	I-Task
+rule	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+lattice	I-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Here	O
+,	O
+the	O
+charm	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+is	O
+quite	O
+heavy	O
+so	O
+that	O
+the	O
+constituent-quark	B-Process
+picture	I-Process
+may	O
+fit	O
+well	O
+and	O
+the	O
+JW	B-Process
+prediction	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+parity	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+be	O
+reproduced	O
+from	O
+QCD	B-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+quenched	B-Task
+lattice	I-Task
+calculation	I-Task
+finds	O
+the	O
+parity	O
+of	O
+Θc	O
+(	O
+3099	O
+)	O
+to	O
+be	O
+positive	O
+[	O
+28	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+extension	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Θc	O
+(	O
+3099	O
+)	O
+sum	O
+rules	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+two	O
+important	O
+aspects	O
+,	O
+which	O
+make	O
+this	O
+sum	B-Task
+rule	I-Task
+different	O
+from	O
+the	O
+SDO	B-Process
+sum	I-Process
+rule	I-Process
+.	O
+First	O
+of	O
+all	O
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+charm	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+is	O
+too	O
+heavy	O
+to	O
+form	O
+quark	B-Material
+condensate	I-Material
+,	O
+it	O
+gives	O
+non-perturbative	O
+effects	O
+only	O
+by	O
+radiating	B-Material
+gluons	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+quark	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+gluon	I-Material
+mixed	I-Material
+condensate	I-Material
+〈	O
+s	B-Material
+̄	I-Material
+gsσ	I-Material
+·	I-Material
+Gs	I-Material
+〉	O
+,	O
+which	O
+was	O
+the	O
+important	O
+contribution	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Θ	B-Process
++	I-Process
+sum	I-Process
+rule	I-Process
+,	O
+is	O
+replaced	B-Process
+by	I-Process
+gluonic	I-Process
+operators	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+heavy	I-Process
+quark	I-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+that	O
+are	O
+normally	O
+suppressed	O
+.	O
+Secondly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+charm	B-Process
+quark	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+has	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+be	I-Process
+kept	I-Process
+finite	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+OPE	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+can	O
+be	O
+done	O
+by	O
+using	O
+the	O
+momentum	B-Process
+space	I-Process
+expression	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+charm-quark	B-Material
+propagator	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+different	O
+from	O
+the	B-Process
+light-quark	I-Process
+sum	I-Process
+rule	I-Process
+where	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+coordinate	O
+space	O
+and	O
+all	O
+the	O
+quark	B-Material
+propagators	I-Material
+are	O
+obtained	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+expansion	O
+with	O
+the	O
+small	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+mass	O
+.	O
+Keeping	O
+these	O
+two	O
+aspects	O
+in	O
+mind	O
+,	O
+we	O
+construct	O
+QCD	B-Process
+sum	I-Process
+rules	I-Process
+for	O
+Θc	O
+(	O
+3099	O
+)	O
+and	O
+see	B-Task
+how	I-Task
+they	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+different	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Θ	I-Task
++(	I-Task
+1540	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+sum	I-Task
+rule	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Including	O
+the	O
+O	O
+(	O
+αs	O
+)	O
+corrections	O
+,	O
+all	O
+the	O
+operators	B-Task
+listed	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+9	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+10	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+have	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+be	I-Task
+included	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+convenient	O
+framework	O
+to	O
+carry	O
+out	O
+these	O
+calculations	O
+is	O
+the	O
+QCD	B-Process
+factorization	I-Process
+framework	I-Process
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+express	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+hadronic	I-Process
+matrix	I-Process
+elements	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+schematic	I-Process
+form	I-Process
+:	I-Process
+(	O
+11	O
+)〈	O
+Vγ	O
+|	O
+Oi	O
+|	O
+B	O
+〉=	O
+FB	O
+→	O
+VTiI	O
++∫	O
+dk	O
++	O
+2π	O
+∫	O
+01duφB	O
+,+(	O
+k	O
++)	O
+TiII	O
+(	O
+k	O
++	O
+,	O
+u	O
+)	O
+φV	O
+⊥(	O
+u	O
+)	O
+,	O
+where	O
+FB	O
+→	O
+V	O
+are	O
+the	O
+transition	O
+form	O
+factors	O
+defined	O
+through	O
+the	O
+matrix	O
+elements	O
+of	O
+the	O
+operator	O
+O7	O
+,	O
+φB	O
+,+(	O
+k	O
++)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+leading-twist	O
+B-meson	O
+wave-function	O
+with	O
+k	O
++	O
+being	O
+a	O
+light-cone	O
+component	O
+of	O
+the	O
+spectator	O
+quark	O
+momentum	O
+,	O
+φ	O
+⊥	O
+V	O
+(	O
+u	O
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+leading-twist	O
+light-cone	O
+distribution	O
+amplitude	O
+(	O
+LCDA	O
+)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+transversely-polarized	O
+vector	O
+meson	O
+V	O
+,	O
+and	O
+u	O
+is	O
+the	O
+fractional	O
+momentum	O
+of	O
+the	O
+vector	O
+meson	O
+carried	O
+by	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+partons	O
+.	O
+The	O
+quantities	O
+TiI	O
+and	O
+TiII	O
+are	O
+the	O
+hard-perturbative	O
+kernels	O
+calculated	O
+to	O
+order	O
+αs	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+containing	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+hard-spectator	O
+contributions	O
+.	O
+The	O
+factorization	O
+formula	O
+(	O
+11	O
+)	O
+holds	O
+in	O
+the	O
+heavy	O
+quark	O
+limit	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+to	O
+order	O
+ΛQCD	O
+/	O
+MB	O
+.	O
+This	O
+factorization	O
+framework	O
+has	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+calculate	O
+the	O
+branching	O
+fractions	O
+and	O
+related	O
+quantities	O
+for	O
+the	O
+decays	O
+B	O
+→	O
+K	O
+∗	O
+γ	O
+[	O
+15	O
+–	O
+17	O
+]	O
+and	O
+B	O
+→	O
+ργ	O
+[	O
+15,17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+isospin	O
+violation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+B	O
+→	O
+K	O
+∗	O
+γ	O
+decays	O
+in	O
+this	O
+framework	O
+have	O
+also	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+(	O
+For	O
+applications	O
+to	O
+B	O
+→	O
+K	O
+∗	O
+γ	O
+∗	O
+,	O
+see	O
+Refs.	O
+[	O
+16,19,20	O
+].)	O
+Very	O
+recently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+hard-spectator	O
+contribution	O
+arising	O
+from	O
+the	O
+chromomagnetic	O
+operator	O
+O8	O
+have	O
+also	O
+been	O
+calculated	O
+in	O
+next-to-next-to-leading	O
+order	O
+(	O
+NNLO	O
+)	O
+in	O
+αs	O
+showing	O
+that	O
+the	O
+spectator	O
+interactions	O
+factorize	O
+in	O
+the	O
+heavy	O
+quark	O
+limit	O
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+numerical	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+the	O
+resummed	O
+NNLO	O
+contributions	O
+is	O
+marginal	O
+and	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+not	O
+include	O
+this	O
+in	O
+our	O
+update	O
+.	O
+
+Several	O
+methods	O
+based	O
+on	O
+dynamical	O
+assumptions	O
+were	O
+suggested	O
+for	O
+determination	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+P-parity	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+According	O
+to	O
+a	O
+general	B-Process
+theorem	I-Process
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+determine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+parity	I-Task
+of	O
+one	O
+particle	B-Material
+in	O
+a	O
+binary	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+one	O
+has	O
+to	O
+know	O
+polarizations	O
+at	O
+least	O
+of	O
+two	O
+fermions	B-Material
+participating	O
+in	O
+this	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+.	O
+Model	B-Process
+independent	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+for	O
+determination	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+P-parity	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+were	O
+suggested	O
+recently	O
+in	O
+Refs	O
+.	O
+[	O
+15,16	O
+]	O
+for	O
+pp-collision	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+for	O
+photoproduction	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+of	O
+Refs	O
+.	O
+[	O
+15,16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+assumption	O
+that	O
+the	O
+spin	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+equals	O
+12	O
+,	O
+suggests	O
+to	O
+measure	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+correlation	I-Process
+parameter	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+reaction	O
+p	O
+→	O
+p	O
+→→	O
+Σ	O
++	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+near	O
+the	O
+threshold	O
+.	O
+We	O
+generalize	O
+here	O
+this	O
+method	O
+for	O
+an	O
+arbitrary	O
+spin	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Θ	O
++	O
+and	O
+both	O
+isospins	O
+T	O
+=	O
+0	O
+and	O
+T	O
+=	O
+1	O
+of	O
+the	O
+NN	O
+channel	O
+of	O
+the	O
+NN	O
+→	O
+YΘ	O
++	O
+reaction	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+a	O
+polarization	B-Process
+transfer	I-Process
+from	O
+a	O
+nucleon	B-Material
+to	O
+the	B-Material
+hyperon	I-Material
+Y	I-Material
+in	O
+this	O
+reaction	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+consideration	O
+is	O
+model	O
+independent	O
+,	O
+since	O
+it	O
+is	O
+based	O
+only	O
+on	O
+conservation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+P-parity	I-Process
+,	O
+total	B-Process
+angular	I-Process
+momentum	I-Process
+and	O
+isospin	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+reaction	B-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+generalized	O
+Pauli	O
+principle	O
+for	O
+nucleons	B-Material
+.	O
+
+A	O
+central	O
+question	O
+from	O
+the	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+of	O
+nuclear	O
+physics	O
+involves	O
+the	O
+changes	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+antiquark	I-Task
+distributions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+bound	I-Task
+proton	I-Task
+.	O
+Since	O
+one	O
+must	O
+develop	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+reliable	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+both	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+free	I-Task
+proton	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+binding	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nucleons	I-Task
+starting	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+is	O
+rather	O
+complicated	O
+.	O
+We	O
+intend	O
+to	O
+report	O
+on	O
+our	O
+investigation	O
+of	O
+that	O
+problem	O
+in	O
+future	O
+work	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+present	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+chosen	O
+to	O
+illustrate	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+formal	I-Process
+ideas	I-Process
+developed	I-Process
+here	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+applying	I-Process
+them	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+toy	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+namely	O
+the	O
+quark	B-Material
+distributions	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+isospin	I-Material
+symmetric	I-Material
+quark	I-Material
+matter	I-Material
+in	O
+which	O
+each	B-Process
+quark	I-Process
+feels	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+scalar	I-Process
+potential	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+−	I-Process
+Vsq	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+vector	I-Process
+potential	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+Vvq	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+the	O
+premise	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Quark	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Meson	I-Process
+Coupling	I-Process
+(	O
+QMC	B-Process
+)	O
+model	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+which	O
+has	O
+been	O
+used	O
+successfully	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nuclear	I-Task
+matter	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+well	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+finite	I-Task
+nuclei	I-Task
+[	O
+10,11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Most	O
+recently	O
+it	O
+has	O
+also	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+derive	O
+an	O
+effective	B-Task
+nuclear	I-Task
+force	I-Task
+which	O
+is	O
+very	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+Skyrme	O
+III	O
+force	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+(	O
+Except	O
+that	O
+in	O
+QMC	O
+the	O
+quarks	O
+are	O
+confined	O
+by	O
+the	O
+MIT	O
+bag	O
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+feeling	O
+the	O
+mean-field	O
+scalar	O
+and	O
+vector	O
+potentials	O
+generated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+surrounding	O
+nucleons	O
+.	O
+)	O
+In	O
+the	O
+mean	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+Dirac	B-Task
+equation	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+infinite	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+matter	I-Task
+is	O
+written	O
+as	O
+:	O
+(	B-Task
+30	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+iγ	I-Task
+·∂−	I-Task
+m	I-Task
+−	I-Task
+Vqs	I-Task
+−	I-Task
+γ0VqvψQMq	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+x	I-Task
+)=	I-Task
+0	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Within	O
+a	O
+coalescence	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+as	O
+successfully	O
+applied	O
+earlier	O
+in	O
+the	O
+light-quark	B-Task
+sector	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+evaluated	B-Process
+transverse-momentum	I-Process
+dependencies	I-Process
+of	O
+charmed	B-Material
+hadrons	I-Material
+in	O
+central	B-Process
+heavy-ion	I-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+at	O
+RHIC	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+charm-quark	B-Task
+distributions	I-Task
+at	O
+hadronization	O
+we	O
+have	O
+considered	O
+two	O
+limiting	O
+scenarios	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+no	O
+reinteractions	O
+(	O
+using	O
+spectra	O
+from	O
+PYTHIA	O
+)	O
+and	O
+complete	O
+thermalization	O
+with	O
+transverse	O
+flow	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bulk	O
+matter	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+J	O
+/	O
+ψ	O
+(	O
+mT	O
+-)	O
+spectra	O
+differ	O
+in	O
+slope	O
+by	O
+up	O
+to	O
+a	O
+factor	O
+of	O
+2	O
+(	O
+harder	O
+for	O
+pQCD	O
+c-quarks	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+integrated	O
+yield	O
+is	O
+about	O
+a	O
+factor	O
+of	O
+3	O
+larger	O
+in	O
+the	O
+thermal	O
+case	O
+.	O
+For	O
+D-mesons	O
+,	O
+we	O
+found	O
+that	O
+the	O
+difference	O
+in	O
+the	O
+slope	O
+parameters	O
+of	O
+the	O
+pT-spectra	O
+in	O
+the	O
+two	O
+scenarios	O
+is	O
+less	O
+pronounced	O
+,	O
+but	O
+their	O
+elliptic	O
+flow	O
+is	O
+about	O
+a	O
+factor	O
+of	O
+2	O
+larger	O
+for	O
+pT	O
+⩾	O
+1.5	O
+GeV	O
+in	O
+the	O
+thermalized	O
+case	O
+.	O
+The	O
+elliptic	O
+flow	O
+pattern	O
+of	O
+D-mesons	O
+was	O
+found	O
+to	O
+be	O
+essentially	O
+preserved	O
+in	O
+the	O
+single-electron	O
+decay	O
+spectra	O
+,	O
+rendering	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+a	O
+very	O
+promising	O
+observable	O
+to	O
+address	O
+the	O
+strength	O
+of	O
+charm	O
+reinteractions	O
+in	O
+the	O
+QGP	O
+.	O
+The	O
+present	O
+study	O
+can	O
+be	O
+straightforwardly	O
+generalized	O
+to	O
+charmed	O
+baryons	O
+(	O
+Λc	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+may	O
+serve	O
+as	O
+a	O
+complimentary	O
+probe	O
+for	O
+charm-quark	O
+reinteractions	O
+in	O
+the	O
+QGP	O
+.	O
+
+One	O
+of	O
+the	O
+challenges	O
+in	O
+quantum	B-Task
+chromodynamics	I-Task
+(	O
+QCD	B-Task
+)	O
+is	O
+the	O
+relativistic	B-Task
+bound	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+light-cone	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+approach	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+light-cone	B-Task
+wave	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+constructed	O
+in	O
+a	O
+boost	O
+invariant	O
+way	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+necessary	O
+to	O
+have	O
+reliable	B-Material
+light-cone	I-Material
+wave	I-Material
+functions	I-Material
+if	O
+one	O
+wants	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+high	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+scattering	I-Task
+,	O
+especially	O
+exclusive	O
+reactions	B-Process
+.	O
+Many	O
+parametrizations	O
+assume	O
+separability	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dependence	O
+on	O
+the	O
+longitudinal	O
+momentum	O
+fraction	O
+and	O
+transverse	O
+momentum	O
+which	O
+is	O
+very	O
+unlikely	O
+since	O
+the	O
+two	O
+momenta	O
+are	O
+coupled	O
+in	O
+the	O
+kinetic	O
+energy	O
+operator	O
+.	O
+Various	O
+approaches	O
+have	O
+been	O
+tried	O
+to	O
+compute	O
+such	O
+wave	O
+functions	O
+.	O
+One	O
+can	O
+use	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+equal	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+and	O
+transform	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+resulting	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+light-cone	I-Process
+form	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+help	O
+of	O
+kinematical	B-Process
+on-shell	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+light-cone	O
+Hamiltonian	O
+in	O
+a	O
+string	O
+picture	O
+is	O
+formulated	O
+in	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+More	O
+ambitious	O
+is	O
+the	O
+construction	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+an	I-Task
+effective	I-Task
+Hamiltonian	I-Task
+including	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+gauge	I-Task
+degrees	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+freedom	I-Task
+explicitly	I-Task
+and	O
+then	O
+solving	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+bound	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+problem	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+mesons	B-Material
+this	O
+approach	O
+[	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+still	O
+needs	O
+many	O
+parameters	O
+to	O
+be	O
+fixed	O
+.	O
+Attempts	O
+have	O
+been	O
+made	O
+to	O
+solve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+valence	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+wave	I-Task
+function	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+mesons	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+simple	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+two-body	I-Process
+potential	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+microwave	B-Process
+background	I-Process
+is	O
+not	O
+the	O
+only	O
+universal	B-Material
+photon	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+that	O
+has	O
+to	O
+be	O
+taken	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+consideration	I-Process
+.	O
+Especially	O
+interesting	O
+is	O
+the	O
+isotropic	B-Process
+infrared	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+optical	I-Process
+background	I-Process
+(	O
+IRB	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+number	O
+density	O
+of	O
+IRB	O
+is	O
+smaller	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+MBR	B-Process
+by	O
+more	O
+that	O
+two	O
+orders	O
+of	O
+magnitude	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+protons	B-Material
+of	O
+lower	O
+energy	O
+can	O
+interact	O
+on	O
+the	O
+IRB	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	B-Process
+smaller	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+has	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+be	I-Process
+weighted	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+higher	I-Process
+flux	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+interacting	I-Process
+protons	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+present	B-Task
+Universe	I-Task
+is	O
+optically	O
+thin	O
+to	O
+1019	O
+eV	O
+and	O
+lower	B-Material
+energy	I-Material
+protons	I-Material
+,	O
+but	O
+even	O
+at	O
+low	O
+redshifts	O
+the	O
+proton	B-Material
+interaction	O
+rate	O
+quickly	O
+increases	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+different	O
+from	O
+the	O
+interactions	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+MBR	I-Task
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+interacting	B-Material
+protons	I-Material
+quickly	B-Process
+lose	I-Process
+their	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+even	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+z	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+0	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+cosmological	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+UHECR	I-Process
+injection	I-Process
+is	O
+thus	O
+of	O
+major	O
+importance	O
+for	O
+the	O
+contribution	O
+of	O
+such	O
+interactions	O
+to	O
+the	O
+flux	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+cosmogenic	I-Task
+neutrinos	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+,	O
+we	O
+extend	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+McVittie	I-Task
+'s	I-Task
+solution	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+black	I-Task
+holes	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+first	O
+deduce	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+metric	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+Reissner	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Nordström	I-Process
+black	I-Process
+hole	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+expanding	I-Process
+universe	I-Process
+;	O
+several	O
+special	O
+cases	O
+of	O
+our	O
+solution	O
+are	O
+exactly	O
+the	O
+same	O
+as	O
+some	O
+solutions	O
+discovered	O
+previously	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+work	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+we	O
+have	O
+applied	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+asymptotic	I-Task
+conditions	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+derive	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Schwarzschild	I-Task
+metric	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+expanding	I-Task
+universe	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+exactly	O
+the	O
+same	O
+as	O
+that	O
+derived	O
+by	O
+McVittie	O
+by	O
+solving	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+full	I-Process
+Einstein	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+.	O
+That	O
+demonstrates	O
+the	O
+power	O
+of	O
+this	O
+simple	O
+and	O
+straight-forward	O
+approach	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+follow	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+same	I-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+derive	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+metric	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+Reissner	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+Nordström	I-Task
+black	I-Task
+holes	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+Friedman	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Robertson	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Walker	I-Task
+universe	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+then	O
+study	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+influences	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+evolution	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+universe	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+size	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+black	I-Task
+hole	I-Task
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+study	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+motion	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+planet	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+rewrite	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+metric	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+cosmic	I-Process
+coordinates	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Schwarzschild	I-Process
+coordinates	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+ART	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+hadronic	B-Process
+transport	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+that	O
+includes	O
+baryons	B-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+N	B-Material
+,	I-Material
+Δ	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+1232	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+N	B-Material
+∗(	I-Material
+1440	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+N	B-Material
+∗(	I-Material
+1535	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+Λ	B-Material
+,	O
+Σ	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+mesons	B-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+π	B-Material
+,	O
+ρ	B-Material
+,	O
+ω	B-Material
+,	O
+η	B-Material
+,	O
+K	B-Material
+,	O
+K	B-Material
+∗	I-Material
+.	O
+Both	O
+elastic	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+inelastic	I-Task
+collisions	I-Task
+among	O
+most	O
+of	O
+these	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+are	O
+included	O
+by	O
+using	O
+the	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+from	I-Material
+hadron	I-Material
+–	I-Material
+hadron	I-Material
+collisions	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+ART	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+quite	O
+successful	O
+in	O
+explaining	B-Task
+many	I-Task
+experimental	I-Task
+observations	I-Task
+,	O
+including	O
+the	O
+surprisingly	O
+large	O
+kaon	B-Process
+antiflow	I-Process
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+in	O
+heavy	B-Material
+ion	I-Material
+collisions	O
+at	O
+AGS	B-Process
+energies	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+ART	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+also	O
+allows	O
+us	O
+to	O
+understand	B-Task
+whether	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+not	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+strongly	I-Task
+interacting	I-Task
+matter	I-Task
+formed	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+these	I-Task
+collisions	I-Task
+reaches	I-Task
+chemical	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+thermal	I-Task
+equilibrium	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+study	O
+,	O
+we	O
+extend	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+ART	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+include	I-Task
+perturbatively	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Ξ	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+as	O
+in	O
+the	O
+studies	O
+for	O
+other	O
+rare	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+using	O
+the	O
+transport	B-Material
+model	I-Material
+[	O
+6,13,14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Though	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+have	O
+constructed	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+Born	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Infeld	I-Task
+black	I-Task
+holes	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+presence	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+cosmological	I-Task
+constant	I-Task
+and	O
+discussed	B-Task
+their	I-Task
+thermodynamical	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+,	O
+many	O
+issues	O
+however	O
+still	O
+remain	O
+to	O
+be	O
+investigated	O
+.	O
+We	O
+know	O
+that	O
+Reissner	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Nordström	I-Material
+AdS	I-Material
+black	I-Material
+holes	I-Material
+undergo	O
+Hawking	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Page	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+transition	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+transition	O
+gets	O
+modified	O
+as	O
+we	O
+include	O
+Born	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Infeld	I-Process
+corrections	I-Process
+into	O
+account	O
+.	O
+We	O
+hope	O
+to	O
+carry	O
+out	O
+a	O
+detail	O
+study	O
+on	O
+this	O
+issue	O
+in	O
+the	O
+future	O
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+brane	B-Task
+world	I-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+found	O
+that	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+moving	O
+in	O
+a	O
+Reissner	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Nordström	I-Process
+AdS	I-Process
+background	I-Process
+generates	O
+non-singular	B-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+brane	B-Material
+always	O
+crosses	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+inner	I-Process
+horizon	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bulk	I-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+,	O
+creating	O
+an	O
+instability	B-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+would	O
+be	O
+interesting	O
+to	O
+study	B-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+brane	I-Task
+when	I-Task
+it	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+moving	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+charged	I-Task
+black	I-Task
+hole	I-Task
+backgrounds	I-Task
+that	O
+we	O
+have	O
+constructed	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+since	O
+these	O
+charged	B-Material
+holes	I-Material
+does	O
+not	O
+have	O
+inner	O
+horizon	O
+for	O
+certain	O
+range	O
+of	O
+parameters	O
+,	O
+we	O
+may	O
+generate	B-Task
+non-singular	I-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+without	I-Task
+creating	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+instabilities	I-Task
+that	O
+we	O
+have	O
+just	O
+mentioned	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+prove	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+uniqueness	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+supersymmetric	O
+Salam	O
+–	O
+Sezgin	O
+(	O
+Minkowski	O
+)	O
+4	O
+×	O
+S2	O
+ground	O
+state	O
+among	O
+all	O
+non-singular	B-Task
+solutions	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+four-dimensional	I-Task
+Poincaré	I-Task
+,	O
+de	B-Task
+Sitter	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+anti-de	I-Task
+Sitter	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+construct	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+most	I-Process
+general	I-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+with	O
+an	O
+axial	B-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+two-dimensional	I-Task
+internal	I-Task
+space	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+and	O
+show	O
+that	O
+included	O
+amongst	O
+these	O
+is	O
+a	O
+family	O
+that	O
+is	O
+non-singular	B-Process
+away	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+conical	I-Process
+defect	I-Process
+at	O
+one	O
+pole	O
+of	O
+a	O
+distorted	O
+2-sphere	O
+.	O
+These	O
+solutions	O
+admit	O
+the	O
+interpretation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+3-branes	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+negative	I-Process
+tension	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Longitudinal	B-Task
+beam	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+target	I-Task
+single-spin	I-Task
+asymmetries	I-Task
+have	O
+been	O
+at	O
+the	O
+center	O
+of	O
+the	O
+attention	O
+lately	O
+,	O
+since	O
+they	O
+have	O
+been	O
+measured	O
+by	O
+the	O
+HERMES	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+CLAS	I-Process
+experimental	I-Process
+Collaborations	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+4	O
+]	O
+and	O
+more	O
+measurements	O
+are	O
+planned	O
+.	O
+They	O
+were	O
+originally	O
+believed	O
+to	O
+be	O
+signals	O
+of	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+T-odd	B-Process
+fragmentation	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Collins	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+both	O
+types	O
+of	O
+asymmetry	O
+can	O
+receive	B-Process
+contributions	I-Process
+also	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+T-odd	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+–	O
+16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+a	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+has	O
+often	O
+been	O
+neglected	O
+in	O
+analyses	O
+.	O
+An	O
+exhaustive	B-Task
+treatment	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+contributions	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+T-odd	I-Task
+distribution	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+has	O
+not	O
+been	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+completely	O
+so	O
+far	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+up	O
+to	O
+subleading	B-Process
+order	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+an	I-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+Q	I-Process
+,	O
+Q2	O
+being	O
+the	O
+virtuality	O
+of	O
+the	O
+incident	B-Material
+photon	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+only	O
+hard	O
+scale	O
+of	O
+the	O
+process	O
+,	O
+and	O
+including	O
+quark	B-Material
+mass	O
+corrections	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+the	O
+purpose	O
+of	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+to	O
+describe	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+longitudinal	I-Task
+beam	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+target	I-Task
+spin	I-Task
+asymmetries	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+complete	O
+way	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+leading	O
+and	O
+subleading	O
+twist	B-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+and	O
+fragmentation	B-Process
+functions	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+consider	O
+both	O
+single-particle	B-Process
+inclusive	I-Process
+DIS	I-Process
+,	O
+e	B-Process
++	I-Process
+p	I-Process
+→	I-Process
+e′	I-Process
++	I-Process
+h	I-Process
++	I-Process
+X	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+single-jet	B-Process
+inclusive	I-Process
+DIS	I-Process
+,	O
+e	B-Process
++	I-Process
+p	I-Process
+→	I-Process
+e′	I-Process
++	I-Process
+jet	I-Process
++	I-Process
+X	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+assume	O
+factorization	B-Process
+holds	O
+for	O
+these	O
+processes	O
+,	O
+even	O
+though	O
+at	O
+present	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+factorization	B-Task
+proof	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+observables	I-Task
+containing	I-Task
+subleading-twist	I-Task
+transverse-momentum	I-Task
+dependent	I-Task
+functions	I-Task
+(	O
+only	O
+recently	O
+proofs	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+leading-twist	I-Task
+case	I-Task
+have	O
+been	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+Refs.	O
+[	O
+17,18	O
+])	O
+.	O
+
+There	O
+are	O
+many	O
+possible	O
+applications	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+this	I-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+concentrated	O
+on	O
+its	B-Task
+contribution	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+leptogenesis	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+baryogenesis	I-Task
+.	O
+Our	O
+calculation	O
+is	O
+applicable	O
+in	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+when	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+fields	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+rolling	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+rolling	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+will	O
+start	O
+when	O
+the	O
+Hubble	B-Process
+constant	I-Process
+drops	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+value	I-Process
+comparable	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+scalar	I-Process
+fields	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+at	O
+this	O
+time	O
+in	O
+the	O
+cosmological	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+that	O
+CP	B-Process
+violation	I-Process
+is	O
+most	O
+efficient	O
+.	O
+After	O
+the	O
+fields	B-Process
+have	I-Process
+relaxed	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+their	I-Process
+vacuum	I-Process
+values	I-Process
+,	O
+our	O
+CP	B-Process
+violation	I-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+turns	O
+off	O
+.	O
+We	O
+plan	O
+to	O
+discuss	O
+more	O
+details	O
+,	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+applications	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+concrete	I-Task
+baryogenesis	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+,	O
+in	O
+a	O
+future	O
+publication	O
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+string	B-Task
+cosmology	I-Task
+and	O
+brane	B-Task
+world	I-Task
+scenarios	I-Task
+may	O
+provide	O
+natural	O
+settings	O
+for	O
+the	O
+origin	O
+of	O
+the	O
+scalar	B-Material
+fields	I-Material
+required	O
+for	O
+our	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+see	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+for	O
+a	O
+recent	O
+paper	O
+on	O
+how	B-Task
+scalar	I-Task
+fields	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+brane	I-Task
+world	I-Task
+scenarios	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+play	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+role	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+spontaneous	I-Task
+baryogenesis	I-Task
+)	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+brane	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+appearing	O
+in	O
+string	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+D-brane	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+stableness	B-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+important	O
+requirement	O
+.	O
+We	O
+find	O
+some	O
+stable	B-Process
+brane	I-Process
+configurations	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+SUSY	B-Process
+bulk-boundary	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+systematically	O
+solve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+singular	I-Task
+field	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+using	O
+a	O
+general	B-Process
+mathematical	I-Process
+result	I-Process
+about	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+free-wave	I-Process
+solution	I-Process
+in	O
+S1	O
+/	O
+Z2-space	O
+.	O
+The	O
+two	O
+scalars	O
+,	O
+the	O
+extra-component	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bulk-vector	I-Process
+(	O
+A5	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+bulk-scalar	B-Process
+(	O
+Φ	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+constitute	O
+the	O
+solutions	O
+.	O
+Their	O
+different	B-Task
+roles	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+clarified	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+importance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+“	O
+parallel	O
+”	O
+configuration	O
+is	O
+disclosed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+boundary	B-Process
+condition	I-Process
+(	O
+of	O
+A5	O
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+boundary	O
+matter	O
+fields	O
+are	O
+two	O
+important	O
+elements	O
+for	O
+making	O
+the	O
+localized	O
+configuration	O
+.	O
+Among	O
+all	O
+solutions	O
+,	O
+the	O
+solution	B-Process
+(	O
+c1	B-Process
+=−	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+c2	I-Process
+=−	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+be	O
+the	O
+thin-wall	B-Process
+limit	I-Process
+of	O
+a	O
+kink	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+present	O
+a	O
+bulk	B-Process
+Higgs	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+corresponding	O
+to	O
+the	O
+non-singular	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+model	O
+is	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+give	O
+a	O
+non-singular	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+stable	I-Process
+brane	I-Process
+solution	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+SUSY	B-Process
+bulk-boundary	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+spins	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+parities	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Θ	I-Task
++	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+Ξ	I-Task
+−−	I-Task
+are	O
+not	O
+yet	O
+known	O
+experimentally	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+new	B-Task
+wave	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+pentaquark	I-Task
+research	I-Task
+,	O
+most	O
+theoretical	O
+papers	O
+take	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+equal	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+parity	O
+is	O
+more	O
+controversial	O
+.	O
+In	O
+chiral	B-Process
+soliton	I-Process
+or	O
+Skyrme	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+the	O
+parity	O
+is	O
+positive	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+constituent	B-Process
+quark	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+it	O
+is	O
+usually	O
+positive	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+the	O
+parity	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+pentaquark	I-Task
+is	O
+given	O
+by	O
+P	B-Task
+=(−)	I-Task
+ℓ	I-Task
++	I-Task
+1	I-Task
+,	O
+where	O
+ℓ	O
+is	O
+the	O
+angular	B-Task
+momentum	I-Task
+associated	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+relative	I-Task
+coordinates	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+q4	I-Task
+subsystem	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+analyze	O
+the	O
+case	O
+where	O
+the	O
+subsystem	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+four	I-Task
+light	I-Task
+quarks	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+orbital	I-Task
+symmetry	I-Task
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+O	O
+and	O
+carries	O
+an	O
+angular	O
+momentum	O
+ℓ	O
+=	O
+1	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+kinetic	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+of	O
+such	O
+a	O
+state	O
+is	O
+higher	O
+than	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+totally	B-Process
+symmetric	I-Process
+[	I-Process
+4	I-Process
+]	I-Process
+O	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+O	B-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+favourable	O
+both	O
+for	O
+the	O
+flavour	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+colour	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+first	O
+case	O
+the	O
+statement	O
+is	O
+confirmed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+comparison	B-Task
+between	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+realistic	I-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+positive	I-Task
+parity	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+12	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+negative	I-Task
+parity	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+14	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+same	I-Task
+quark	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+[	I-Task
+15	I-Task
+]	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+the	O
+antiquark	B-Material
+was	O
+heavy	O
+,	O
+c	O
+or	O
+b	O
+,	O
+and	O
+accordingly	O
+the	O
+interaction	B-Process
+between	I-Process
+light	I-Process
+quarks	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+heavy	I-Process
+antiquark	I-Process
+was	I-Process
+neglected	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+consistent	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+heavy	I-Process
+quark	I-Process
+limit	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+Ref	O
+.	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+an	O
+attractive	O
+spin	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+between	O
+s	B-Material
+̄	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+light	B-Material
+quarks	I-Material
+was	O
+incorporated	O
+and	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+a	O
+stable	O
+or	O
+narrow	O
+positive	O
+parity	O
+uudds	B-Material
+̄	I-Material
+pentaquark	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+accommodated	O
+within	O
+such	O
+a	O
+model	O
+.	O
+This	O
+interaction	O
+has	O
+a	O
+form	O
+that	O
+corresponds	O
+to	O
+η	B-Process
+meson	I-Process
+exchange	I-Process
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+and	O
+its	O
+role	O
+is	O
+to	O
+lower	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+whole	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+.	O
+
+There	O
+exist	O
+some	O
+interesting	O
+cases	O
+where	O
+the	O
+deformation	B-Process
+structure	I-Process
+becomes	O
+simple	O
+.	O
+One	O
+is	O
+the	O
+limit	O
+to	O
+the	O
+N	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+superspace	I-Process
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+action	O
+should	O
+reduce	O
+to	O
+N	B-Process
+=	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+super-Yang	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+Mills	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+adjoint	I-Process
+matter	I-Process
+.	O
+Another	O
+interesting	O
+case	O
+is	O
+the	O
+singlet	B-Task
+deformation	I-Task
+[	O
+10,11	O
+]	O
+,	O
+where	O
+the	O
+deformation	B-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+belongs	O
+to	O
+the	O
+singlet	B-Process
+representation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+R-symmetry	B-Process
+group	I-Process
+SU	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+2	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+R	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+study	O
+N	B-Task
+=	I-Task
+2	I-Task
+supersymmetric	I-Task
+U	I-Task
+(	I-Task
+1	I-Task
+)	I-Task
+gauge	I-Task
+theory	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+harmonic	B-Process
+superspace	I-Process
+with	O
+singlet	B-Process
+deformation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+case	O
+,	O
+the	B-Task
+gauge	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+supersymmetry	I-Task
+transformations	I-Task
+get	O
+correction	B-Process
+linear	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+deformation	B-Process
+parameter	I-Process
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+we	O
+can	O
+easily	O
+perform	O
+the	O
+field	B-Process
+redefinition	I-Process
+such	O
+that	O
+the	O
+component	O
+fields	O
+transform	O
+canonically	O
+under	O
+the	O
+gauge	B-Process
+transformation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+N	B-Task
+=	I-Task
+1	I-Task
+/	I-Task
+2	I-Task
+super-Yang	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Mills	I-Task
+theory	I-Task
+,	O
+such	O
+field	B-Process
+redefinition	I-Process
+is	O
+also	O
+possible	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+But	O
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+the	O
+component	B-Task
+fields	I-Task
+do	O
+not	O
+transform	O
+canonically	O
+under	O
+the	O
+deformed	B-Process
+supersymmtery	I-Process
+transformation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+singlet	B-Task
+case	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+show	O
+that	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+field	B-Process
+redefinition	I-Process
+such	O
+that	O
+the	O
+redefined	O
+fields	O
+also	O
+transform	B-Process
+canonically	I-Process
+under	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+deformed	I-Process
+supersymmetry	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+will	O
+construct	O
+a	O
+deformed	B-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+which	O
+is	O
+invariant	O
+under	O
+both	O
+the	O
+gauge	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+supersymmetry	I-Process
+transformations	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+find	O
+that	O
+the	O
+deformed	B-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+is	O
+characterized	O
+by	O
+a	O
+single	B-Process
+function	I-Process
+of	O
+an	O
+antiholomorphic	B-Process
+scalar	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+.	O
+
+We	O
+consider	O
+finite-time	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+future	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+sudden	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+Big	I-Process
+Rip	I-Process
+type	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+singularities	I-Process
+which	O
+may	O
+occur	O
+even	O
+when	O
+strong	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+condition	I-Process
+is	O
+not	O
+violated	O
+but	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+state	O
+parameter	O
+is	O
+time-dependent	O
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+example	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+such	I-Task
+singularity	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+presented	O
+by	O
+Barrow	O
+,	O
+we	B-Task
+found	I-Task
+another	I-Task
+example	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+it	I-Task
+.	O
+Taking	O
+into	O
+account	O
+back	B-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+conformal	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+fields	I-Task
+near	I-Task
+singularity	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+explicitly	O
+that	O
+quantum	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+may	O
+delay	O
+(	O
+or	O
+make	O
+milder	O
+)	O
+the	O
+singularity	B-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+argued	O
+that	O
+if	O
+the	O
+evolution	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+singularity	I-Task
+is	O
+realistic	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+quantum	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+the	B-Process
+universe	I-Process
+may	I-Process
+end	I-Process
+up	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+de	I-Process
+Sitter	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+before	O
+scale	B-Process
+factor	I-Process
+blows	I-Process
+up	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+picture	O
+is	O
+generalized	O
+for	O
+braneworld	B-Material
+where	O
+sudden	B-Process
+singularity	I-Process
+may	O
+occur	O
+on	O
+the	O
+brane	B-Material
+with	O
+qualitatively	B-Process
+similar	I-Process
+conclusions	I-Process
+.	O
+
+One	O
+of	O
+the	O
+great	O
+successes	O
+of	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+program	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+at	O
+LEP	O
+has	O
+been	O
+to	O
+put	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+firm	I-Process
+lower	I-Process
+bound	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Higgs	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+,	O
+mH	B-Process
+>	I-Process
+114	I-Process
+GeV	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+at	O
+the	O
+same	O
+time	O
+,	O
+together	O
+with	O
+the	O
+information	O
+coming	O
+from	O
+SLD	B-Material
+,	O
+to	O
+give	O
+a	O
+strong	O
+indirect	O
+evidence	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Higgs	B-Material
+boson	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+still	O
+missing	O
+particle	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+Standard	B-Process
+Model	I-Process
+(	O
+SM	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+should	O
+be	O
+relatively	O
+light	O
+with	O
+a	O
+high	O
+probability	O
+for	O
+its	O
+mass	O
+to	O
+be	O
+below	O
+200	O
+GeV	O
+.	O
+The	B-Task
+search	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+Higgs	I-Task
+boson	I-Task
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+main	O
+objective	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Tevatron	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+future	O
+Large	B-Material
+Hadron	I-Material
+Collider	I-Material
+(	B-Material
+LHC	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+,	O
+that	O
+are	O
+supposed	O
+to	O
+span	B-Process
+all	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Higgs	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+regions	I-Process
+up	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+1	I-Process
+TeV	I-Process
+.	O
+At	O
+hadron	B-Material
+colliders	I-Material
+the	O
+main	B-Task
+Higgs	I-Task
+production	I-Task
+mechanism	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+gluon	B-Process
+fusion	I-Process
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+a	O
+process	O
+whose	O
+knowledge	O
+is	O
+fundamental	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+put	B-Process
+limits	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Higgs	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+or	O
+,	O
+in	O
+case	O
+the	O
+Higgs	O
+is	O
+discovered	O
+,	O
+to	O
+compare	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+measured	I-Process
+cross	I-Process
+section	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+SM	I-Process
+result	I-Process
+.	O
+Concerning	O
+the	O
+Higgs	B-Process
+decay	I-Process
+channels	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+quite	O
+difficult	O
+for	O
+an	O
+hadron	B-Material
+collider	I-Material
+to	O
+access	B-Task
+part	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+mass	I-Task
+range	I-Task
+favored	I-Task
+by	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+LEP	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+so-called	O
+intermediate	B-Process
+Higgs	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+114	B-Process
+≲	I-Process
+mH	I-Process
+≲	I-Process
+160	I-Process
+GeV	I-Process
+,	O
+because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+large	O
+QCD	B-Material
+background	I-Material
+to	O
+the	O
+dominant	O
+modes	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+region	O
+the	O
+rare	B-Process
+decay	I-Process
+H	B-Process
+→	I-Process
+γγ	I-Process
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+interesting	O
+alternative	O
+to	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+decay	B-Process
+channels	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Recent	O
+publications	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+employ	O
+a	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+calculating	B-Task
+upper	I-Task
+limits	I-Task
+and	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+universally	O
+accepted	O
+procedure	O
+[	O
+27,32,33	O
+]	O
+.	O
+We	O
+choose	O
+an	O
+approach	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+that	O
+first	O
+advocated	O
+by	O
+Feldman	O
+and	O
+Cousins	O
+[	O
+27	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+method	O
+has	O
+been	O
+since	O
+extended	O
+by	O
+Conrad	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+34	O
+]	O
+to	O
+incorporate	B-Process
+uncertainties	I-Process
+in	O
+detector	B-Task
+sensitivity	I-Task
+and	O
+the	O
+background	B-Process
+estimate	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+an	O
+approach	O
+described	O
+by	O
+Cousins	O
+and	O
+Highland	O
+[	O
+35	O
+]	O
+.	O
+A	O
+further	B-Process
+refinement	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Conrad	I-Process
+et	I-Process
+al.	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+by	O
+Hill	O
+[	O
+36	O
+]	O
+results	O
+in	O
+more	B-Process
+appropriate	I-Process
+behavior	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+upper	O
+limit	O
+when	O
+the	O
+observed	O
+number	O
+of	O
+events	O
+is	O
+less	O
+than	O
+the	O
+estimated	O
+background	O
+,	O
+as	O
+is	O
+the	O
+case	O
+for	O
+the	O
+present	O
+measurement	B-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+have	O
+adopted	O
+this	O
+method	O
+but	O
+note	O
+that	O
+Table	O
+2	O
+contains	O
+all	O
+of	O
+the	O
+numbers	O
+needed	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+an	I-Task
+upper	I-Task
+limit	I-Task
+using	O
+any	O
+of	O
+the	O
+methods	O
+in	O
+the	O
+papers	O
+cited	O
+above	O
+.	O
+We	O
+assume	O
+that	O
+the	O
+probability	B-Process
+density	I-Process
+functions	I-Process
+of	O
+Fsens	O
+and	O
+background	B-Process
+estimates	I-Process
+are	O
+Gaussian-distributed	B-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+these	O
+frameworks	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+the	O
+physical	B-Task
+spacetime	I-Task
+dimension	I-Task
+is	O
+an	O
+input	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+a	O
+prediction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+in	O
+standard	B-Process
+theories	I-Process
+whose	O
+gravitational	O
+sector	O
+is	O
+described	O
+by	O
+the	O
+Einstein	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Hilbert	I-Process
+action	I-Process
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+obstruction	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+dimensional	B-Process
+reductions	I-Process
+to	O
+spacetimes	O
+of	O
+dimensions	O
+d	O
+≠	O
+4	O
+.	O
+Then	O
+the	O
+question	O
+arises	O
+,	O
+since	O
+eleven-dimensional	O
+Minkowski	B-Material
+space	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+maximally	O
+(	B-Process
+super	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+symmetric	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+theory	O
+is	O
+well-behaved	O
+around	O
+it	O
+,	O
+why	O
+the	O
+theory	O
+does	O
+not	O
+select	B-Process
+this	I-Process
+configuration	I-Process
+as	O
+the	O
+vacuum	O
+,	O
+but	O
+instead	O
+,	O
+it	O
+chooses	O
+a	O
+particular	O
+compactified	B-Process
+space	I-Process
+with	O
+less	O
+symmetry	O
+.	O
+An	O
+ideal	O
+situation	O
+,	O
+instead	O
+,	O
+would	O
+be	O
+that	O
+the	O
+eleven-dimensional	B-Process
+theory	I-Process
+dynamically	O
+predicted	O
+a	O
+low	B-Task
+energy	I-Task
+regime	I-Task
+which	O
+could	O
+only	O
+be	O
+a	O
+four-dimensional	B-Process
+effective	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+such	O
+a	O
+scenario	O
+,	O
+a	O
+background	B-Process
+solution	I-Process
+with	O
+an	O
+effective	B-Process
+spacetime	I-Process
+dimension	I-Process
+d	B-Process
+>	I-Process
+4	I-Process
+should	O
+be	O
+expected	O
+to	O
+be	O
+a	O
+false	B-Process
+vacuum	I-Process
+where	O
+the	O
+propagators	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+dynamical	I-Process
+fields	I-Process
+are	O
+ill-defined	O
+,	O
+lest	O
+a	O
+low	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+effective	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+could	O
+exist	O
+in	O
+dimensions	O
+higher	O
+than	O
+four	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+chaotic	B-Task
+motion	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+nuclear	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+firmly	O
+related	O
+with	O
+the	O
+statistics	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+high-lying	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+levels	I-Process
+[	O
+8,9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Poisson	B-Process
+distributions	I-Process
+of	O
+normalized	O
+spacings	O
+of	O
+successive	O
+nuclear	O
+or	O
+atomic	O
+excited	B-Process
+levels	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+same	O
+spin	B-Process
+and	O
+parity	B-Process
+correspond	O
+to	O
+integrable	B-Process
+classical	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+Wigner	B-Material
+'s	I-Material
+statistics	I-Material
+signal	O
+chaotic	B-Process
+motion	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+classical	B-Task
+regime	I-Task
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Intermediate	O
+situations	O
+are	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+assess	O
+.	O
+Very	O
+recently	O
+a	O
+proposal	O
+has	O
+been	O
+made	O
+to	O
+treat	O
+the	O
+spectral	B-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+δn	B-Process
+as	O
+discrete	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+series	I-Process
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Defining	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+δn	O
+=∫−∞	O
+En	O
++	O
+1ρ	O
+˜(	O
+E	O
+)	O
+dE	O
+−	O
+n	O
+,	O
+with	O
+ρ	O
+˜(	O
+E	O
+)	O
+the	O
+mean	O
+level	O
+density	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+the	O
+mapping	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+dimensionless	I-Process
+levels	I-Process
+with	O
+unitary	B-Process
+average	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+analyzing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+fluctuations	I-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+discrete	B-Process
+time	I-Process
+series	I-Process
+,	O
+they	O
+found	O
+that	O
+nuclear	B-Task
+power	I-Task
+spectra	I-Task
+behave	O
+like	O
+1f	O
+noise	O
+,	O
+postulating	O
+that	O
+this	O
+might	O
+be	O
+a	O
+characteristic	O
+signature	O
+of	O
+generic	O
+quantum	B-Task
+chaotic	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+we	O
+implement	O
+this	O
+idea	O
+,	O
+using	O
+the	O
+1f	B-Process
+spectral	I-Process
+behavior	I-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+test	O
+for	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+chaos	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+nuclear	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+errors	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Table	O
+1	O
+lists	O
+8	O
+pairs	O
+of	O
+B	B-Process
+decays	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+more	O
+decay	B-Process
+pairs	I-Process
+,	O
+since	O
+many	O
+of	O
+the	O
+particles	O
+in	O
+the	O
+final	O
+states	O
+can	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+as	O
+either	O
+pseudoscalar	O
+(	O
+P	O
+)	O
+or	O
+vector	O
+(	O
+V	O
+)	O
+mesons	B-Material
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+certain	O
+decays	B-Process
+are	O
+written	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+VV	O
+final	O
+states	O
+,	O
+while	O
+others	O
+are	O
+have	O
+PP	O
+states	O
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+three	O
+reasons	O
+for	O
+this	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+some	O
+decays	O
+involve	O
+a	O
+final-state	O
+π0	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+experimentally	O
+it	O
+will	O
+be	O
+necessary	O
+to	O
+find	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+decay	I-Task
+vertices	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+final	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+virtually	O
+impossible	O
+for	O
+a	O
+π0	O
+,	O
+and	O
+so	O
+we	O
+always	O
+use	O
+a	O
+ρ0	O
+.	O
+Second	O
+,	O
+some	O
+pairs	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+decays	I-Material
+are	O
+related	O
+by	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+SM	B-Material
+only	O
+if	O
+an	O
+(	O
+ss	O
+¯)	O
+quark	B-Material
+pair	I-Material
+is	O
+used	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+no	O
+P	O
+'s	O
+which	O
+are	O
+pure	O
+(	O
+ss	O
+¯)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+mesons	B-Material
+η	B-Material
+and	O
+η′	B-Material
+have	O
+an	O
+(	O
+ss	O
+¯)	O
+component	O
+,	O
+but	O
+they	O
+also	O
+have	O
+significant	O
+(	O
+uu	O
+¯)	O
+and	O
+(	O
+dd	O
+¯)	O
+pieces	O
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+result	O
+the	O
+b	O
+¯→	O
+s	O
+¯	O
+and	O
+b	O
+¯→	O
+d	O
+¯	O
+decays	B-Process
+are	O
+not	O
+really	O
+related	O
+by	O
+SU	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+in	O
+the	O
+SM	B-Material
+if	O
+the	O
+final	O
+state	O
+involves	O
+an	O
+η	B-Material
+or	O
+η′	B-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+therefore	O
+consider	O
+instead	O
+the	O
+vector	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+ϕ	B-Material
+which	O
+is	O
+essentially	O
+a	O
+pure	O
+(	O
+ss	O
+¯)	O
+quark	B-Material
+state	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+we	O
+require	O
+that	O
+both	O
+B0	B-Material
+and	O
+B	B-Material
+¯	I-Material
+0	I-Material
+be	O
+able	O
+to	O
+decay	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+final	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+cannot	O
+happen	O
+if	O
+the	O
+final	O
+state	O
+contains	O
+a	O
+single	O
+K0	O
+(	O
+or	O
+K	O
+¯	O
+0	O
+)	O
+meson	B-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+can	O
+occur	O
+if	O
+this	O
+final-state	B-Material
+particle	I-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+excited	B-Material
+neutral	I-Material
+kaon	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+case	O
+one	O
+decay	O
+involves	O
+K	B-Material
+*	I-Material
+0	I-Material
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+other	O
+has	O
+K	B-Material
+¯*	I-Material
+0	I-Material
+.	O
+Assuming	O
+that	O
+the	O
+vector	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+is	O
+detected	O
+via	O
+its	O
+decay	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+ψKsπ0	I-Process
+(	O
+as	O
+in	O
+the	O
+measurement	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+sin2β	I-Process
+via	O
+Bd0	O
+(	O
+t	O
+)→	O
+J	O
+/	O
+ψK	O
+*)	O
+,	O
+then	O
+both	O
+B0	B-Material
+and	O
+B	B-Material
+¯	I-Material
+0	I-Material
+can	O
+decay	B-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+same	O
+final	O
+state	O
+.	O
+
+If	O
+signals	O
+suggesting	O
+supersymmetry	B-Process
+(	O
+SUSY	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+discovered	O
+at	O
+the	O
+LHC	O
+then	O
+it	O
+will	O
+be	O
+vital	O
+to	O
+measure	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+spins	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+particles	I-Task
+to	O
+demonstrate	B-Task
+that	I-Task
+they	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+indeed	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+predicted	I-Task
+super-partners	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+method	O
+is	O
+discussed	O
+by	O
+which	O
+the	O
+spins	O
+of	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+SUSY	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+.	O
+Angular	B-Process
+distributions	I-Process
+in	O
+sparticle	B-Process
+decays	I-Process
+lead	O
+to	O
+charge	B-Process
+asymmetry	I-Process
+in	O
+lepton-jet	B-Process
+invariant	I-Process
+mass	I-Process
+distributions	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+asymmetry	O
+is	O
+proportional	O
+to	O
+the	O
+primary	B-Process
+production	I-Process
+asymmetry	I-Process
+between	O
+squarks	B-Material
+and	O
+anti-squarks	B-Material
+.	O
+Monte	B-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+are	O
+performed	O
+for	O
+a	O
+particular	O
+mSUGRA	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+point	I-Process
+at	O
+the	O
+LHC	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resultant	O
+asymmetry	B-Process
+distributions	I-Process
+are	O
+consistent	O
+with	O
+a	O
+spin-0	B-Material
+slepton	I-Material
+and	O
+a	O
+spin-12χ	O
+˜	O
+20	O
+,	O
+but	O
+are	O
+not	O
+consistent	O
+with	O
+both	O
+particles	B-Material
+being	O
+scalars	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+should	O
+be	O
+noted	O
+that	O
+BEBC	B-Material
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+and	O
+NOMAD	B-Material
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+observed	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+discrepancy	I-Task
+between	O
+experimental	O
+ρ	O
+rates	O
+and	O
+those	O
+estimated	O
+with	O
+JETSET	B-Material
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+NOMAD	B-Material
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+proposed	O
+to	O
+retune	B-Process
+some	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+used	O
+within	O
+JETSET	B-Material
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+better	I-Task
+agreement	I-Task
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+purpose	O
+of	O
+this	O
+analysis	B-Task
+events	B-Process
+were	I-Process
+simulated	I-Process
+both	O
+with	O
+the	O
+default	B-Process
+setting	I-Process
+and	O
+with	O
+the	O
+setting	B-Process
+proposed	I-Process
+by	I-Process
+NOMAD	I-Process
+of	O
+key	O
+JETSET	B-Material
+parameters	O
+,	O
+taking	B-Process
+an	I-Process
+average	I-Process
+between	I-Process
+them	I-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+result	O
+and	O
+half	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+difference	I-Process
+as	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+systematic	I-Process
+error	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+used	O
+experimental	O
+rates	O
+of	O
+light	B-Material
+neutral	I-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+and	O
+resonances	B-Process
+where	O
+available	O
+(	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+)	O
+for	O
+normalization	B-Process
+purposes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+uncertainty	O
+introduced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+JETSET	B-Material
+parameter	B-Process
+settings	I-Process
+(	O
+which	O
+amounts	O
+to	O
+20	O
+%	O
+at	O
+most	O
+)	O
+affects	O
+only	O
+the	O
+production	O
+of	O
+the	O
+η′	O
+and	O
+ϕ	O
+for	O
+which	O
+no	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+are	O
+available	O
+.	O
+This	O
+uncertainty	O
+is	O
+reflected	O
+in	O
+the	O
+error	O
+quoted	O
+in	O
+the	O
+table	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+contribution	O
+from	O
+η′	O
+and	O
+ϕ	O
+is	O
+small	O
+,	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+effect	O
+is	O
+less	O
+important	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+results	O
+of	O
+a	O
+relativistic	B-Task
+calculation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+decay	I-Task
+constants	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+framework	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+full	I-Process
+Salpeter	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+full	O
+Salpeter	O
+equation	O
+is	O
+a	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+describing	O
+a	O
+bound	O
+state	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+this	O
+method	O
+has	O
+a	O
+very	O
+solid	O
+basis	O
+in	O
+quantum	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+theory	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+very	O
+good	O
+in	O
+describing	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+bound	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+which	O
+is	O
+a	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+a	O
+previous	O
+paper	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+we	O
+solved	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+instantaneous	I-Task
+Bethe	I-Task
+–	I-Task
+Salpeter	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+also	O
+called	O
+full	B-Process
+Salpeter	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+After	O
+we	O
+solved	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+full	I-Task
+Salpeter	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+obtained	O
+the	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bound	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+used	O
+this	O
+wave	O
+function	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+average	I-Task
+kinetic	I-Task
+energy	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+heavy	B-Material
+quark	I-Material
+inside	O
+a	O
+heavy	B-Material
+meson	I-Material
+in	O
+0	O
+−	O
+state	O
+,	O
+and	O
+obtained	B-Process
+values	I-Process
+which	O
+agree	O
+very	O
+well	O
+with	O
+recent	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+found	O
+there	O
+that	O
+the	O
+relativistic	B-Process
+corrections	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+quite	I-Process
+large	I-Process
+and	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+ignored	O
+[	O
+16	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+use	B-Process
+this	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+to	O
+predict	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+decay	I-Task
+constants	I-Task
+of	O
+heavy	B-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+in	O
+0	O
+−	O
+state	O
+.	O
+
+Our	O
+aim	O
+is	O
+to	O
+introduce	B-Task
+vector	I-Task
+mesons	I-Task
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+a	O
+Lagrangian	B-Process
+which	O
+satisfies	O
+the	O
+low	B-Process
+energy	I-Process
+current	I-Process
+algebra	I-Process
+.	O
+One	O
+consistent	O
+method	O
+is	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+a	O
+non-linear	B-Process
+chiral	I-Process
+Lagrangian	I-Process
+with	O
+a	O
+hidden	B-Process
+local	I-Process
+symmetry	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+theory	O
+the	O
+vector	B-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+emerge	O
+as	O
+dynamical	B-Material
+vector	I-Material
+mesons	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+three	O
+point	O
+vector-pseudo	B-Process
+scalar	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+is	O
+given	O
+by	O
+(	O
+11	O
+)	O
+ih4	B-Process
+〈	I-Process
+Vμ	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+P	I-Process
+∂	I-Process
+μP	I-Process
+−∂	I-Process
+μPP	I-Process
+)〉	I-Process
+,	O
+where	O
+h	B-Process
+stands	O
+for	O
+the	O
+vector-pseudoscalar	B-Process
+coupling	I-Process
+.	O
+Some	O
+typical	O
+vertices	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+ρ	I-Process
+'s	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+pseudoscalar	I-Process
+mesons	I-Process
+are	O
+(	O
+12	O
+)	O
+π	O
++(	O
+p1	O
+)	O
+π	O
+−(	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+ρ0	O
+:	O
+h	O
+(	O
+p1	O
+−	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+μεμ,π	O
++(	O
+p1	O
+)	O
+π0	O
+(	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+ρ	O
+−	O
+:	O
+h	O
+(	O
+p1	O
+−	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+μεμ,K	O
++(	O
+p1	O
+)	O
+K	O
+¯	O
+0	O
+(	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+ρ	O
+−	O
+:	O
+h2	O
+(	O
+p1	O
+−	O
+p2	O
+)	O
+μεμ,etc.	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+directly	O
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+ρ	O
+decay	O
+width	O
+:	O
+Γ	O
+(	O
+ρ	O
+)=	O
+h2	O
+(|	O
+pπ	O
+|)	O
+3	O
+/(	O
+6πmρ2	O
+)	O
+,	O
+where	O
+pπ	O
+is	O
+the	O
+momentum	O
+of	O
+final	O
+state	O
+pions	O
+in	O
+the	O
+ρ	O
+rest	O
+frame	O
+.	O
+With	O
+Γ	O
+(	O
+ρ	O
+)=	O
+149.2MeV	O
+,	O
+we	O
+find	O
+h	O
+=	O
+5.95	O
+.	O
+We	O
+note	O
+in	O
+passing	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Kawarabayashi	O
+–	O
+Suzuki	O
+–	O
+Riazuddin	O
+–	O
+Fayyazuddin	O
+relation	O
+gives	O
+the	O
+value	O
+h	O
+=	O
+mρ	O
+/(	O
+2fπ	O
+)[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+h	O
+in	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+4	O
+)	O
+and	O
+the	O
+two	O
+values	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paragraph	O
+differ	O
+by	O
+small	O
+amounts	O
+(∼	O
+19	O
+%)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+strong	O
+four-point	O
+vertices	O
+involving	O
+pions	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+the	O
+first	O
+two	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+5	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+weak	O
+vertices	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+the	O
+definitions	O
+of	O
+Q6	O
+and	O
+Q8	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+numerical	O
+work	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+use	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+h	O
+from	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+4	O
+)	O
+and	O
+also	O
+h	O
+=	O
+5.95	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+the	O
+decay	O
+width	O
+.	O
+
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+the	O
+other	O
+local	O
+fields	O
+except	O
+the	O
+gravitational	O
+field	O
+are	O
+not	O
+always	O
+localized	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+brane	I-Task
+even	O
+in	O
+the	O
+warped	B-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+Randall	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Sundrum	I-Material
+model	I-Material
+in	O
+five	B-Task
+dimensions	I-Task
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+following	O
+facts	O
+are	O
+well	O
+known	O
+:	O
+spin	B-Process
+0	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+localized	I-Process
+on	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+brane	I-Process
+with	O
+positive	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+which	O
+also	O
+localizes	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+graviton	I-Process
+while	O
+the	O
+spin	O
+1	O
+/	O
+2	O
+and	O
+3	O
+/	O
+2	O
+fields	O
+are	O
+localized	O
+not	O
+on	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+with	O
+positive	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+but	O
+on	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+with	O
+negative	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Spin	O
+1	O
+field	O
+is	O
+not	O
+localized	O
+neither	O
+on	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+with	O
+positive	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+nor	O
+on	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+with	O
+negative	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+six	B-Process
+space	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+dimensions	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+spin	O
+1	O
+gauge	O
+field	O
+is	O
+also	O
+localized	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+brane	I-Process
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+fulfill	O
+the	O
+localization	B-Task
+of	O
+Standard	B-Material
+Model	I-Material
+particles	O
+on	O
+a	O
+brane	O
+with	O
+positive	B-Process
+tension	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+seems	O
+that	O
+some	O
+additional	O
+interactions	O
+except	O
+the	O
+gravitational	O
+interaction	O
+must	O
+be	O
+also	O
+introduced	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+bulk	I-Process
+.	O
+There	O
+is	O
+a	O
+lot	O
+of	O
+papers	O
+devoted	O
+to	O
+the	O
+different	O
+localization	B-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+bulk	O
+fields	O
+in	O
+various	O
+brane	B-Process
+world	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+.	O
+
+First-principles	B-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+have	O
+clarified	O
+the	O
+electronic	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+stability	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+W	B-Material
+@	I-Material
+Si12	I-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+under	O
+O2	B-Material
+molecule	O
+adsorption	B-Process
+and	O
+reaction	B-Process
+.	O
+Our	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+W-encapsulated	B-Process
+Si12	I-Process
+hexagonal	I-Process
+prism	I-Process
+cage	I-Process
+is	O
+very	O
+inert	O
+to	O
+oxidation	B-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+O2	B-Material
+molecule	O
+only	O
+weakly	O
+adsorbs	O
+onto	O
+the	O
+cluster	B-Material
+at	O
+relatively	O
+low	B-Process
+temperatures	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+range	O
+of	O
+several	O
+tens	O
+meV	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+significant	B-Task
+reaction	I-Task
+barriers	I-Task
+(	O
+0.593	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+1.118	I-Task
+eV	I-Task
+)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+O2	B-Material
+molecule	O
+on	O
+the	O
+cluster	B-Material
+are	O
+identified	O
+on	O
+different	O
+adsorption	B-Process
+sites	O
+,	O
+nevertheless	O
+,	O
+these	O
+reaction	B-Process
+paths	O
+are	O
+spin	B-Task
+forbidden	I-Task
+reactions	I-Task
+according	O
+to	O
+Winger	B-Process
+ʼs	I-Process
+spin	I-Process
+selection	I-Process
+rule	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+results	O
+imply	O
+that	O
+O2	B-Material
+readily	O
+desorb	O
+from	O
+the	O
+cluster	B-Material
+surface	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+dissociate	O
+and	O
+oxide	O
+the	O
+W	B-Material
+@	I-Material
+Si12	I-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+upon	O
+excitations	O
+.	O
+In	O
+high	B-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+high	I-Process
+pressure	I-Process
+conditions	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+O2	B-Material
+molecules	O
+may	O
+dissociate	O
+on	O
+the	O
+preferential	O
+edge	O
+site	O
+by	O
+overcoming	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+significantly	I-Process
+large	I-Process
+energy	I-Process
+barrier	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+length	B-Task
+effect	I-Task
+is	O
+always	O
+important	O
+in	O
+nanodevices	B-Material
+.	O
+So	O
+we	O
+investigate	O
+the	O
+length	B-Task
+dependence	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+electronic	I-Task
+transport	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+in	O
+M3	O
+by	O
+increasing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+carbon	I-Process
+unit	I-Process
+cells	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+region	O
+.	O
+Here	O
+we	O
+present	O
+the	O
+transport	O
+results	O
+when	O
+the	O
+numbers	O
+of	O
+carbon	O
+unit	O
+cells	O
+in	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+region	O
+are	O
+10	O
+and	O
+12	O
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+called	O
+M4	O
+and	O
+M5	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+.	O
+The	O
+current	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+characteristics	I-Process
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+8.	O
+We	O
+can	O
+see	O
+that	O
+the	O
+large	B-Process
+rectifying	I-Process
+ratio	I-Process
+still	O
+can	O
+be	O
+observed	O
+irrespective	O
+of	O
+the	O
+length	O
+of	O
+heterojunctions	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+the	O
+electronic	B-Task
+transport	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+for	O
+M3	O
+are	O
+mainly	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+the	O
+parity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+π	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+π	I-Process
+⁎	I-Process
+subbands	I-Process
+of	O
+left	O
+and	O
+right	O
+electrodes	O
+.	O
+Thees	O
+results	O
+indicate	O
+that	O
+the	O
+lengths	O
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+parts	O
+in	O
+the	O
+scattering	O
+regions	O
+have	O
+no	O
+affects	O
+on	O
+the	O
+qualitative	B-Task
+charge	I-Task
+transport	I-Task
+in	O
+M3	O
+.	O
+
+Topological	B-Process
+insulators	I-Process
+(	O
+TIs	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+promising	O
+candidates	O
+of	O
+spintronics	B-Material
+materials	I-Material
+because	O
+of	O
+their	O
+robust	O
+helical	O
+surface	O
+states	O
+and	O
+the	O
+extremely	O
+strong	O
+spin	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+orbit	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Initially	O
+,	O
+binary	B-Material
+chalcogenides	I-Material
+Bi2Te3	B-Material
+,	O
+Sb2Te3	B-Material
+and	O
+Bi2Se3	B-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+identified	O
+as	O
+three-dimensional	O
+TIs	B-Process
+by	O
+surface	B-Process
+sensitive	I-Process
+probes	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+angle	B-Process
+resolved	I-Process
+photoemission	I-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+and	O
+scanning	B-Process
+tunneling	I-Process
+microscopy	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+spectroscopy	I-Process
+.	O
+Later	O
+,	O
+ternary	B-Material
+chalcogenide	I-Material
+(	B-Material
+BixSb1	I-Material
+−	I-Material
+x	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+2Te3	I-Material
+[	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+which	O
+has	O
+similar	O
+tetradymite	O
+structure	O
+to	O
+the	O
+parent	O
+compounds	O
+Bi2Te3	B-Material
+and	O
+Sb2Te3	B-Material
+,	O
+was	O
+predicted	O
+by	O
+ab	B-Process
+initio	I-Process
+calculations	I-Process
+and	O
+confirmed	O
+by	O
+ARPES	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+as	O
+a	O
+tunable	O
+topological	B-Process
+insulator	I-Process
+whose	O
+Fermi	O
+energy	O
+and	O
+carrier	O
+density	O
+can	O
+be	O
+adjusted	O
+via	O
+changing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+Bi	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+Sb	I-Process
+composition	I-Process
+ratio	I-Process
+with	O
+stable	O
+topological	O
+surface	O
+state	O
+for	O
+the	O
+entire	O
+composition	O
+range	O
+.	O
+Combined	O
+with	O
+magnetism	B-Process
+or	O
+superconductivity	B-Process
+,	O
+TIs	B-Process
+have	O
+attracted	O
+great	O
+attention	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+rich	O
+variety	O
+of	O
+new	O
+physics	O
+and	O
+applications	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ferromagnetism	B-Process
+in	O
+several	O
+transition	B-Material
+metal	I-Material
+(	O
+TM	B-Material
+)	O
+doped	O
+TIs	B-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+breaks	O
+the	O
+time-reversal	O
+symmetry	O
+,	O
+has	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+[	O
+6	O
+–	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Ferromagnetism	B-Process
+in	O
+TIs	B-Process
+is	O
+important	O
+because	O
+the	O
+combination	O
+of	O
+magnetism	B-Process
+with	O
+TIs	B-Process
+makes	O
+a	O
+good	O
+platform	O
+to	O
+study	O
+fundamental	B-Task
+physical	I-Task
+phenomena	I-Task
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+quantum	O
+anomalous	O
+Hall	B-Task
+effect	I-Task
+[	O
+14	O
+–	O
+17	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Majorana	B-Task
+fermions	I-Task
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+,	O
+image	B-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+monopole	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+topological	O
+contributions	O
+to	O
+the	O
+Faraday	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+Kerr	I-Task
+magneto-optical	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Observations	B-Process
+show	O
+that	O
+in	O
+the	O
+same	O
+area	O
+with	O
+dimensions	O
+of	O
+a	O
+few	O
+tenths	O
+of	O
+a	O
+parsec	O
+could	O
+be	O
+many	O
+sources	O
+,	O
+some	O
+of	O
+which	O
+only	O
+emits	O
+OH	B-Material
+lines	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+some	O
+–	O
+only	O
+lines	O
+H2O	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+only	O
+known	O
+in	O
+physics	O
+the	O
+emission	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+that	O
+can	O
+give	O
+tremendous	O
+power	O
+within	O
+a	O
+narrow	O
+range	O
+of	O
+the	O
+spectrum	O
+,	O
+is	O
+coherent	O
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+the	O
+same	O
+phase	O
+and	O
+direction	O
+)	O
+light	B-Process
+lasers	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+are	O
+called	O
+optical	B-Process
+lasers	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+radio-masers	B-Process
+.	O
+Cosmic	B-Material
+maser	I-Material
+radio	I-Material
+sources	I-Material
+emitting	O
+in	O
+the	O
+lines	O
+of	O
+the	O
+molecules	O
+have	O
+an	O
+extremely	O
+high	O
+brightness	O
+temperature	O
+radiation	O
+Tb	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+molecules	O
+of	O
+methanol	B-Material
+masers	I-Material
+(	O
+CH3OH	B-Material
+)	O
+Tb	O
+value	O
+can	O
+reach	O
+109	O
+K	O
+,	O
+with	O
+masers	B-Material
+hydroxyl	I-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+(	O
+OH	B-Material
+)	O
+6	O
+×	O
+1012	O
+K	O
+.	O
+The	O
+typical	O
+size	O
+of	O
+the	O
+maser	B-Material
+clusters	I-Material
+is	O
+about	O
+1014	O
+–	O
+1015	O
+m	O
+and	O
+the	O
+neutron	B-Material
+star	I-Material
+radius	O
+is	O
+of	O
+the	O
+order	O
+of	O
+10	O
+km	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+radiation	B-Process
+dilution	I-Process
+coefficient	I-Process
+is	O
+equaled	O
+approximately	O
+(	O
+2.5	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+23	O
+)–(	O
+2.5	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+21	O
+)	O
+and	O
+,	O
+therefore	O
+,	O
+μB2B2	O
+/	O
+4	O
+(	O
+hν	O
+)	O
+2	O
+∼(	O
+2.4	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+5	O
+)–(	O
+2.4	O
+×	O
+10	O
+−	O
+7	O
+)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+hydrogen	B-Material
+line	I-Material
+21	O
+cm	O
+and	O
+of	O
+the	O
+order	O
+10	O
+−	O
+5	O
+–	O
+10	O
+−	O
+7	O
+for	O
+the	O
+OH	O
+18	O
+cm	O
+line	O
+or	O
+the	O
+same	O
+order	O
+as	O
+Eq	O
+.	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+exploring	O
+the	O
+WKB	B-Task
+limit	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+theory	I-Task
+,	O
+Bohm	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+was	O
+the	O
+first	O
+to	O
+notice	O
+that	O
+although	O
+one	O
+starts	O
+with	O
+all	O
+the	O
+ambiguities	O
+about	O
+the	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+a	O
+quantum	O
+system	O
+,	O
+the	O
+first	O
+order	O
+approximation	O
+fits	O
+the	O
+ordinary	O
+classical	O
+ontology	O
+.	O
+By	O
+that	O
+we	O
+mean	O
+that	O
+the	O
+real	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Schrödinger	B-Process
+equation	I-Process
+under	I-Process
+polar	I-Process
+decomposition	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+becomes	O
+the	O
+classical	O
+Hamilton	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Jacobi	I-Process
+equation	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+limit	O
+where	O
+terms	O
+involving	O
+ℏ	O
+are	O
+neglected	O
+.	O
+In	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+this	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+Letter	O
+we	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+classical	O
+trajectories	O
+arise	O
+from	O
+a	O
+short-time	B-Process
+quantum	I-Process
+propagator	I-Process
+when	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+O	O
+(	O
+Δt2	O
+)	O
+can	O
+be	O
+neglected	O
+.	O
+This	O
+fact	O
+was	O
+actually	O
+already	O
+observed	O
+by	O
+Holland	O
+some	O
+twenty	O
+years	O
+ago	O
+:	O
+In	O
+page	O
+269	O
+of	O
+his	O
+book	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+infinitesimal	B-Material
+time	I-Material
+intervals	I-Material
+are	O
+considered	O
+whose	O
+sequence	O
+constructs	O
+a	O
+finite	O
+path	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+along	O
+each	O
+segment	O
+the	O
+motion	O
+is	O
+classical	O
+(	O
+negligible	O
+quantum	O
+potential	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+that	O
+it	O
+follows	O
+that	O
+the	O
+quantum	O
+path	O
+may	O
+be	O
+decomposed	O
+into	O
+a	O
+sequence	O
+of	O
+segments	O
+along	O
+each	O
+of	O
+which	O
+the	O
+classical	O
+action	O
+is	O
+a	O
+minimum	O
+.	O
+The	O
+novel	O
+contribution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+present	O
+Letter	O
+is	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+proof	O
+of	O
+Holland	O
+ʼs	O
+result	O
+using	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+version	O
+of	O
+the	O
+propagator	B-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+Makri	O
+and	O
+Miller	O
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+(	O
+See	O
+also	O
+de	O
+Gosson	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+for	O
+a	O
+further	O
+discussion	O
+.	O
+)	O
+
+The	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+the	O
+glued	B-Process
+trees	I-Process
+(	O
+GT	B-Process
+)	O
+algorithm	O
+for	O
+quantum	B-Task
+search	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+following	O
+:	O
+beginning	O
+from	O
+the	O
+left-most	O
+vertex	O
+of	O
+a	O
+given	O
+GT	B-Material
+graph	I-Material
+,	O
+traverse	O
+the	O
+graph	O
+and	O
+reach	O
+the	O
+right-most	O
+vertex	O
+,	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+the	O
+target	O
+vertex	O
+.	O
+Childs	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+use	O
+this	O
+algorithm	O
+to	O
+show	O
+quantum	B-Task
+walk	I-Task
+search	I-Task
+to	O
+be	O
+fundamentally	O
+more	O
+effective	O
+than	O
+classical	B-Task
+random	I-Task
+walk	I-Task
+search	I-Task
+by	O
+presenting	O
+a	O
+class	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+graphs	I-Material
+(	O
+the	O
+GT	B-Material
+graphs	I-Material
+)	O
+that	O
+force	O
+classical	B-Task
+random	I-Task
+walks	I-Task
+to	O
+make	O
+exponentially	O
+many	O
+queries	O
+to	O
+an	O
+oracle	O
+encoding	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+the	O
+graph	O
+,	O
+but	O
+that	O
+are	O
+traversable	O
+by	O
+quantum	O
+walks	O
+with	O
+a	O
+polynomial	O
+number	O
+of	O
+queries	O
+to	O
+such	O
+an	O
+oracle	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+study	O
+the	O
+robustness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+to	O
+the	O
+detrimental	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+decoherence	O
+,	O
+we	O
+shall	O
+determine	O
+how	O
+effectively	O
+it	O
+achieves	O
+its	O
+goal	O
+when	O
+subjected	O
+to	O
+an	O
+increasing	B-Process
+degree	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+damping	I-Process
+noise	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+reason	O
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+the	O
+probability	O
+that	O
+the	O
+walker	O
+is	O
+on	O
+the	O
+target	O
+vertex	O
+at	O
+the	O
+end	O
+of	O
+the	O
+walk	O
+.	O
+We	O
+thus	O
+consider	O
+GT	B-Material
+graphs	I-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+one	O
+illustrated	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+(	O
+b	O
+)	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+consisting	O
+of	O
+n	O
+layers	O
+before	O
+the	O
+gluing	B-Process
+stage	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+labelled	O
+as	O
+G′n	O
+.	O
+
+Another	O
+remarkable	O
+feature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+quantum	B-Task
+field	I-Task
+treatment	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+revealed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+investigation	O
+of	O
+the	O
+vacuum	B-Material
+state	I-Material
+.	O
+For	O
+a	O
+classical	O
+field	O
+,	O
+vacuum	O
+is	O
+realized	O
+by	O
+simply	O
+setting	O
+the	O
+potential	O
+to	O
+zero	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+an	O
+unaltered	O
+,	O
+free	O
+evolution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+particle	B-Material
+'s	I-Material
+plane	I-Material
+wave	I-Material
+(|	O
+ψI	O
+〉=|	O
+ψIII	O
+〉=|	O
+k0	O
+〉)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+quantized	B-Task
+treatment	I-Task
+,	O
+vacuum	B-Material
+is	O
+represented	O
+by	O
+an	O
+initial	O
+Fock	O
+state	O
+|	O
+n0	O
+=	O
+0	O
+〉	O
+which	O
+still	O
+interacts	O
+with	O
+the	O
+particle	O
+and	O
+yields	O
+as	O
+final	O
+state	O
+|	O
+ΨIII	O
+〉	O
+behind	O
+the	O
+field	O
+region	O
+(	O
+19	O
+)|	O
+ΨI	O
+〉=|	O
+k0	O
+〉⊗|	O
+0	O
+〉⇒|	O
+ΨIII	O
+〉=∑	O
+n	O
+=	O
+0	O
+∞	O
+t0n	O
+|	O
+k	O
+−	O
+n	O
+〉⊗|	O
+n	O
+〉	O
+with	O
+a	O
+photon	O
+exchange	O
+probability	O
+(	O
+20	O
+)	O
+P0,n	O
+=|	O
+t0n	O
+|	O
+2	O
+=	O
+1n	O
+!	O
+e	O
+−	O
+Λ2Λ2n	O
+The	O
+particle	O
+thus	O
+transfers	O
+energy	O
+to	O
+the	O
+vacuum	O
+field	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+a	O
+Poissonian	O
+distributed	O
+final	O
+photon	O
+number	O
+.	O
+Let	O
+'s	O
+consider	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+a	O
+superconducting	B-Material
+resonant	I-Material
+circuit	I-Material
+as	O
+source	O
+of	O
+the	O
+field	O
+.	O
+The	O
+magnetic	B-Material
+field	I-Material
+along	O
+the	O
+axis	O
+of	O
+a	O
+properly	B-Material
+shaped	I-Material
+coil	I-Material
+is	O
+well	O
+approximated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+rectangular	O
+form	O
+.	O
+A	O
+particle	B-Material
+with	O
+a	O
+magnetic	O
+dipole	O
+moment	O
+passing	O
+through	O
+the	O
+coil	O
+then	O
+interacts	O
+with	O
+the	O
+circuit	O
+and	O
+excites	O
+it	O
+with	O
+a	O
+measurable	O
+loss	O
+of	O
+kinetic	O
+energy	O
+even	O
+if	O
+the	O
+circuit	O
+is	O
+initially	O
+uncharged	O
+and	O
+there	O
+is	O
+classically	O
+no	O
+field	O
+it	O
+can	O
+couple	O
+to	O
+.	O
+The	O
+phenomenon	O
+that	O
+vacuum	B-Material
+in	O
+quantum	O
+field	O
+theory	O
+does	O
+not	O
+mean	O
+to	O
+“	O
+no	O
+influence	O
+”	O
+as	O
+known	O
+from	O
+Casimir	B-Process
+forces	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+Lamb	I-Process
+shift	I-Process
+is	O
+clearly	O
+visible	O
+here	O
+as	O
+well	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+systems	O
+in	O
+which	O
+the	O
+Stern	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+Gerlach	I-Process
+force	I-Process
+is	O
+most	O
+prominent	O
+are	O
+those	O
+with	O
+a	O
+high	O
+electromagnetic	B-Process
+field	I-Process
+gradient	I-Process
+.	O
+Section	O
+2	O
+considers	O
+the	O
+implications	O
+of	O
+the	O
+coupling	O
+between	O
+the	O
+spin	O
+of	O
+a	O
+classical	O
+electron	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+rapidly	O
+varying	O
+electromagnetic	B-Material
+field	I-Material
+produced	O
+by	O
+a	O
+laser-driven	B-Process
+plasma	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+.	O
+Sufficiently	O
+short	O
+,	O
+high-intensity	B-Process
+laser	I-Process
+pulses	I-Process
+can	O
+form	O
+longitudinal	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+within	O
+the	O
+electron	O
+density	O
+of	O
+a	O
+plasma	B-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+density	B-Material
+waves	I-Material
+propagate	O
+with	O
+speed	O
+comparable	O
+to	O
+the	O
+group	O
+speed	O
+of	O
+the	O
+laser	B-Process
+pulse	I-Process
+.	O
+Not	O
+all	O
+plasma	B-Material
+electrons	I-Material
+form	O
+this	O
+wave	O
+,	O
+however	O
+;	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+electrons	O
+are	O
+caught	O
+up	O
+in	O
+the	O
+wave	O
+and	O
+accelerated	O
+by	O
+its	O
+high	O
+fields	O
+.	O
+The	O
+wave	O
+eventually	O
+collapses	O
+as	O
+these	O
+electrons	B-Process
+damp	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+wave	I-Process
+(	O
+the	O
+wave	B-Process
+‘	I-Process
+breaks’	I-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+extremely	O
+high	B-Material
+electric	I-Material
+field	I-Material
+gradient	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+wave	I-Material
+near	O
+wavebreaking	O
+provides	O
+an	O
+excellent	O
+theoretical	O
+testing	O
+ground	O
+for	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+Stern	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+Gerlach-type	I-Task
+contributions	I-Task
+to	O
+the	O
+trajectory	O
+of	O
+a	O
+test	O
+electron	B-Material
+.	O
+
+Flow-induced	O
+deformations	O
+can	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+irreversible	O
+changes	O
+in	O
+the	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+a	O
+polymeric	B-Material
+fluid	I-Material
+;	O
+if	O
+the	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+extension	O
+far	O
+exceeds	O
+the	O
+rate	O
+of	O
+relaxation	O
+,	O
+then	O
+the	O
+polymer	O
+chain	O
+can	O
+be	O
+broken	O
+.	O
+Mechanical	O
+degradation	O
+of	O
+polymers	B-Material
+in	O
+extensional	O
+flow	O
+has	O
+long	O
+been	O
+recognised	O
+[	O
+30	O
+]	O
+and	O
+leads	O
+to	O
+a	O
+reduction	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+average	I-Process
+molecular	I-Process
+weight	I-Process
+.	O
+A-Alamry	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+have	O
+recently	O
+reported	O
+evidence	O
+of	O
+flow-induced	O
+polymer	O
+degradation	O
+in	O
+DoD	B-Process
+jetting	I-Process
+.	O
+Central	B-Task
+scission	I-Task
+is	O
+observed	O
+for	O
+polystyrene	B-Material
+in	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+good	O
+solvents	O
+under	O
+certain	O
+jetting	O
+conditions	O
+for	O
+a	O
+bounded	O
+range	O
+of	O
+molecular	O
+weights	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+only	O
+those	O
+molecules	O
+that	O
+are	O
+fully	O
+extended	O
+can	O
+be	O
+fractured	O
+at	O
+the	O
+centre	O
+of	O
+the	O
+polymer	O
+chain	O
+[	O
+29	O
+]	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+investigate	O
+whether	O
+flow-induced	B-Task
+central	I-Task
+scission	I-Task
+is	O
+possible	O
+under	O
+the	O
+conditions	O
+of	O
+DoD	B-Process
+jetting	I-Process
+.	O
+
+This	O
+conclusion	O
+is	O
+a	O
+consequence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+high	O
+jet	O
+speeds	O
+and	O
+small	O
+nozzle	O
+diameters	O
+in	O
+combination	O
+with	O
+the	O
+relatively	O
+high	O
+viscosity	O
+solvent	O
+and	O
+modest	O
+molecular	O
+weights	O
+of	O
+the	O
+polystyrene	B-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+results	O
+in	O
+high	O
+Weissenberg	O
+numbers	O
+and	O
+moderate	O
+values	O
+of	O
+the	O
+extensibility	O
+,	O
+L	O
+studied	O
+here	O
+.	O
+As	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+earlier	O
+papers	O
+[	O
+3,6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+other	O
+jetting	B-Process
+fluid	I-Process
+combinations	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+those	O
+of	O
+de	O
+Gans	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+lie	O
+in	O
+a	O
+different	O
+jetting	O
+regime	O
+where	O
+full	O
+extension	O
+does	O
+not	O
+occur	O
+and	O
+relaxation	O
+time	O
+controls	O
+the	O
+viscoelastic	O
+behaviour	O
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+inkjet	B-Process
+fluid	I-Process
+assessment	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+need	O
+to	O
+provide	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+full	I-Task
+characterisation	I-Task
+including	I-Task
+both	I-Task
+linear	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+viscoelastic	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+complexity	O
+suggests	O
+assessments	O
+of	O
+inkjet	B-Material
+fluids	I-Material
+might	O
+have	O
+to	O
+include	O
+jetting	O
+from	O
+sets	O
+of	O
+DoD	B-Process
+print	I-Process
+head	I-Process
+devices	I-Process
+with	O
+different	O
+sensitivities	O
+to	O
+all	O
+the	O
+various	O
+VE	O
+parameters	O
+[	O
+37	O
+]	O
+,	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+reliance	O
+on	O
+testing	O
+without	O
+jetting	B-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+was	O
+not	O
+the	O
+expected	O
+outcome	O
+from	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+but	O
+does	O
+echo	O
+the	O
+very	O
+pragmatic	O
+viewpoint	O
+expressed	O
+as	O
+a	O
+“	B-Process
+map	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+misery	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+by	O
+Clasen	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+[	O
+38	O
+]	O
+and	O
+may	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+way	O
+forward	O
+for	O
+future	O
+R	O
+&	O
+D	O
+strategies	O
+towards	O
+ink	B-Task
+testing	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Denier	O
+and	O
+Hewitt	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+bounded	O
+solutions	O
+to	O
+9a	O
+,	O
+9b	O
+and	O
+9c	O
+subject	O
+to	O
+(	O
+10a	O
+)	O
+and	O
+(	O
+10b	O
+)	O
+exist	O
+only	O
+in	O
+the	O
+shear-thinning	O
+case	O
+for	O
+n	O
+>	O
+12	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+shear-thickening	B-Process
+case	O
+they	O
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+solutions	B-Material
+become	O
+non-differentiable	O
+at	O
+some	O
+critical	O
+location	O
+ηc	O
+,	O
+and	O
+although	O
+it	O
+transpires	O
+that	O
+this	O
+singularity	B-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+regularised	O
+entirely	O
+within	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+the	O
+power-law	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+will	O
+not	O
+consider	O
+such	O
+flows	B-Material
+here	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+in	O
+this	O
+study	O
+we	O
+will	O
+consider	O
+flows	O
+with	O
+power-law	O
+index	O
+in	O
+the	O
+range	O
+12	O
+<	O
+n	O
+⩽	O
+1	O
+.	O
+They	O
+have	O
+also	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+for	O
+12	O
+<	O
+n	O
+<	O
+1	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+the	O
+correct	B-Process
+algebraic	I-Process
+decay	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+numerical	O
+solutions	O
+one	O
+must	O
+apply	O
+the	O
+Robin	O
+condition	O
+(	O
+11	O
+)(	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+′	O
+,	O
+v	O
+¯	O
+′	O
+)=	O
+nη	O
+(	O
+n-1	O
+)(	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+,	O
+v	O
+¯)	O
+asη	O
+→∞	O
+,	O
+at	O
+some	O
+suitably	O
+large	O
+value	O
+of	O
+η	O
+=	O
+η	O
+∞≫	O
+1	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+Newtonian	O
+case	O
+this	O
+relationship	O
+becomes	O
+singular	O
+,	O
+this	O
+is	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+when	O
+n	O
+=	O
+1	O
+the	O
+functions	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+and	O
+v	O
+¯	O
+decay	O
+exponentially	O
+.	O
+Cochran	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+in	O
+this	O
+case	O
+(	O
+12	O
+)(	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+′	O
+,	O
+v	O
+¯	O
+′	O
+)=	O
+w	O
+¯∞(	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+,	O
+v	O
+¯)	O
+asη	O
+→∞	O
+,	O
+where	O
+w	O
+∞=-	O
+2	O
+∫	O
+0	O
+∞	O
+u	O
+¯	O
+dη	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+order	O
+for	O
+DLS	B-Task
+based	I-Task
+micro-rheology	I-Task
+to	O
+be	O
+successful	O
+,	O
+there	O
+must	O
+be	O
+sufficient	O
+scattering	O
+contrast	O
+between	O
+the	O
+sample	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+tracer	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+this	O
+,	O
+the	O
+maximum	O
+possible	O
+concentration	O
+of	O
+tracer	O
+particles	O
+was	O
+added	O
+such	O
+that	O
+single	O
+scattering	O
+events	O
+still	O
+dominated	O
+(	O
+as	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+measurements	O
+of	O
+diffusion	O
+coefficients	O
+in	O
+water	B-Material
+at	O
+different	O
+concentrations	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+determine	O
+whether	O
+or	O
+not	O
+the	O
+background	O
+scattering	O
+from	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+was	O
+sufficiently	O
+low	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+that	O
+of	O
+the	O
+tracer	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+,	O
+we	O
+also	O
+compared	O
+the	O
+scattering	B-Material
+intensities	I-Material
+obtained	O
+from	O
+samples	O
+with	O
+and	O
+without	O
+tracer	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+time	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+of	O
+this	O
+exercise	O
+are	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+6.	O
+From	O
+this	O
+figure	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+that	O
+although	O
+initially	O
+the	O
+scattering	B-Process
+from	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+without	O
+tracer	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+is	O
+low	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+those	O
+containing	O
+tracer	O
+particles	O
+,	O
+as	O
+gelation	B-Material
+proceeds	O
+this	O
+eventually	O
+ceases	O
+to	O
+be	O
+the	O
+case	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+presumably	O
+because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+supra-molecular	B-Material
+structures	I-Material
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+those	O
+seen	O
+previously	O
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+2B	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+results	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+6	O
+it	O
+was	O
+decided	O
+to	O
+only	O
+use	O
+data	O
+collected	O
+in	O
+the	O
+first	O
+240min	O
+of	O
+the	O
+experiment	O
+,	O
+after	O
+which	O
+point	O
+the	O
+scattering	B-Material
+from	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+gel	I-Material
+network	I-Material
+became	O
+rather	O
+too	O
+large	O
+to	O
+ignore	O
+.	O
+
+Tack	B-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+property	O
+of	O
+a	O
+PSA	B-Material
+as	O
+it	O
+quantifies	O
+its	O
+ability	O
+to	O
+form	O
+instantly	O
+a	O
+bond	O
+when	O
+brought	O
+into	O
+contact	O
+with	O
+a	O
+surface	O
+.	O
+The	O
+final	O
+adhesion	O
+and	O
+cohesive	O
+strength	O
+of	O
+the	O
+bond	O
+are	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+numerous	O
+factors	O
+including	O
+the	O
+surface	O
+energies	O
+of	O
+the	O
+adhesive	B-Material
+and	O
+substrate	B-Material
+,	O
+dwell	O
+time	O
+,	O
+contact	O
+pressure	O
+,	O
+mechanical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+adhesive	B-Material
+,	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+environmental	O
+conditions	O
+such	O
+as	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+humidity	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+tack	O
+is	O
+important	O
+in	O
+many	O
+applications	O
+where	O
+an	O
+instant	O
+bond	O
+is	O
+required	O
+,	O
+however	O
+it	O
+is	O
+equally	O
+important	O
+when	O
+a	O
+‘	B-Task
+clean’	I-Task
+separation	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+initially	O
+bonded	B-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+is	O
+desirable	O
+.	O
+Many	O
+different	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+measuring	O
+the	O
+tack	B-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+devised	O
+with	O
+the	O
+four	O
+main	O
+ones	O
+being	O
+the	O
+rolling	B-Process
+ball	I-Process
+,	O
+loop	B-Process
+tack	I-Process
+,	O
+quick	B-Process
+stick	I-Process
+and	O
+probe	B-Process
+tack	I-Process
+tests	B-Process
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Each	O
+has	O
+its	O
+own	O
+advantages	O
+and	O
+disadvantages	O
+and	O
+the	O
+specific	O
+testing	O
+method	O
+should	O
+be	O
+selected	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+particular	O
+application	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+first	O
+of	O
+these	O
+systems	O
+,	O
+a	O
+biopolymer	B-Process
+gel	I-Process
+,	O
+involves	O
+the	O
+thermoreversible	B-Task
+gelation	I-Task
+of	O
+aqueous	O
+gelatin	O
+solutions	O
+to	O
+form	O
+a	O
+physical	O
+gel	O
+,	O
+whereas	O
+the	O
+other	O
+systems	O
+considered	O
+herein	O
+involve	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+chemical	O
+gels	O
+featuring	O
+permanent	O
+cross-linked	B-Process
+branching	I-Process
+networks	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+second	O
+system	O
+is	O
+a	O
+commercial	B-Process
+silicone	I-Process
+dielectric	I-Process
+gel	I-Process
+(	O
+SDG	B-Process
+)	O
+which	O
+is	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+production	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+electronic	I-Task
+products	I-Task
+created	O
+by	O
+industrial	O
+printing	O
+processes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+third	O
+experimental	O
+system	O
+is	O
+a	O
+fibrin	B-Process
+gel	I-Process
+formed	O
+by	O
+the	O
+thrombin-induced	B-Process
+polymerisation	I-Process
+of	O
+fibrinogen	B-Process
+molecules	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+gel	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+product	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+latter	O
+case	O
+forms	O
+the	O
+principal	O
+microstructural	B-Material
+component	I-Material
+of	O
+a	O
+blood	B-Material
+clot	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+latter	O
+case	O
+is	O
+particularly	O
+interesting	O
+as	O
+the	O
+critical-gel	B-Material
+which	O
+is	O
+established	O
+at	O
+the	O
+GP	B-Material
+serves	O
+as	O
+a	O
+‘	B-Material
+template’	I-Material
+for	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+ensuing	I-Material
+development	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+microstructure	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+associated	I-Material
+rheological	I-Material
+properties	I-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+post-GP	O
+phase	O
+of	O
+fibrin	O
+clot	O
+evolution	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+convenient	O
+and	O
+widely	O
+reported	O
+technique	O
+for	O
+detection	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+GP	I-Task
+involves	O
+measurements	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+complex	I-Process
+shear	I-Process
+modulus	I-Process
+,	O
+G	O
+∗	O
+,	O
+over	O
+a	O
+range	O
+of	O
+frequencies	O
+,	O
+ω	O
+,	O
+in	O
+oscillatory	O
+shear	O
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+GP	O
+the	O
+elastic	O
+and	O
+viscous	O
+components	O
+of	O
+the	O
+complex	O
+modulus	O
+,	O
+G′	O
+and	O
+G	O
+″	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+scale	O
+in	O
+oscillatory	O
+frequency	O
+,	O
+ω	O
+,	O
+as	O
+G′	O
+(	O
+ω	O
+)∼	O
+G	O
+″(	O
+ω	O
+)∼	O
+ωα	O
+where	O
+α	O
+is	O
+termed	O
+the	O
+stress	O
+relaxation	O
+exponent	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+the	O
+GP	O
+may	O
+be	O
+identified	O
+as	O
+the	O
+instant	O
+where	O
+the	O
+G′	O
+and	O
+G	O
+″	O
+scale	O
+in	O
+frequency	O
+according	O
+to	O
+identical	O
+power	O
+laws	O
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+,	O
+behaviour	O
+corresponding	O
+to	O
+attainment	O
+of	O
+a	O
+frequency	O
+independent	O
+phase	O
+angle	O
+,	O
+δ	O
+(=	O
+atan	O
+(	O
+G	O
+″/	O
+G′	O
+))	O
+.	O
+GP	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+may	O
+involve	O
+‘	O
+frequency	O
+sweeps’	O
+with	O
+repeated	O
+consecutive	O
+application	O
+of	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+small	O
+amplitude	O
+oscillatory	O
+shear	O
+,	O
+SAOS	O
+,	O
+waveforms	O
+[	O
+15,16	O
+]	O
+,	O
+or	O
+by	O
+Fourier	O
+Transform	O
+Mechanical	O
+Spectroscopy	O
+,	O
+FTMS	O
+,	O
+in	O
+which	O
+G	O
+∗(	O
+ω	O
+)	O
+is	O
+found	O
+by	O
+simultaneous	O
+application	O
+of	O
+several	O
+harmonic	O
+frequencies	O
+in	O
+a	O
+composite	O
+waveform	O
+and	O
+its	O
+subsequent	O
+Fourier	O
+analysis	O
+[	O
+17,18	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Frequency	O
+sweeps	O
+are	O
+limited	O
+to	O
+relatively	O
+slow	O
+gelation	O
+processes	O
+due	O
+to	O
+sample	O
+mutation	O
+and	O
+interpolation	O
+errors	O
+[	O
+9,19,20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+FTMS	O
+may	O
+overcome	O
+these	O
+limitations	O
+,	O
+but	O
+is	O
+unsuitable	O
+for	O
+markedly	O
+strain	O
+sensitive	O
+materials	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+fibrin	O
+gels	O
+,	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+strain	O
+amplitude	O
+of	O
+the	O
+composite	O
+waveform	O
+exceeding	O
+the	O
+linear	O
+viscoelastic	O
+range	O
+(	O
+LVR	O
+)	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+Equilibrium	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+tension	I-Material
+was	O
+measured	O
+at	O
+21	O
+°	O
+C	O
+with	O
+a	O
+SITA	B-Process
+pro	I-Process
+line	I-Process
+t-15	I-Process
+bubble	I-Process
+tensiometer	I-Process
+.	O
+Rheological	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+were	O
+performed	O
+with	O
+an	O
+ARES	B-Process
+rheometer	I-Process
+at	O
+shear	O
+rates	O
+up	O
+to	O
+15s	O
+−	O
+1	O
+and	O
+with	O
+a	O
+piezo	B-Process
+axial	I-Process
+vibrator	I-Process
+[	O
+21	O
+]	O
+(	O
+PAV	B-Process
+)	O
+at	O
+frequencies	O
+up	O
+to	O
+6kHz	O
+.	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+shows	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+values	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+viscosity	I-Material
+(	O
+the	O
+real	O
+component	O
+η′	O
+of	O
+complex	O
+viscosity	O
+)	O
+at	O
+1s	O
+−	O
+1	O
+and	O
+4000s	O
+−	O
+1	O
+and	O
+of	O
+surface	B-Material
+tension	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+solutions	O
+with	O
+and	O
+without	O
+the	O
+surfactant	O
+mixture	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+most	B-Material
+concentrated	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+1.1wt	I-Material
+%)	I-Material
+solution	I-Material
+,	O
+viscosity	O
+fell	O
+from	O
+>	O
+60mPas	O
+at	O
+low	O
+shear	O
+rate	O
+to	O
+about	O
+4mPas	O
+at	O
+the	O
+highest	O
+shear	O
+rates	O
+.	O
+The	O
+PEDOT	B-Material
+:	I-Material
+PSS	I-Material
+fluids	I-Material
+also	O
+exhibited	O
+elasticity	O
+that	O
+steadily	O
+reduced	O
+with	O
+increasing	O
+frequency	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+All	O
+the	O
+aqueous	O
+PEDOT	B-Material
+:	I-Material
+PSS	I-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+shear-thinned	O
+significantly	O
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+surfactants	O
+did	O
+not	O
+affect	O
+the	O
+trends	O
+in	O
+the	O
+rheological	O
+behaviour	O
+,	O
+particularly	O
+at	O
+the	O
+higher	O
+frequencies	O
+(	O
+10	O
+–	O
+4000s	O
+−	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+general	O
+agent-based	O
+distributed	O
+framework	B-Task
+where	O
+each	B-Process
+agent	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+implementing	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+metaheuristic	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+local	I-Process
+search	I-Process
+combination	I-Process
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+an	O
+agent	O
+continuously	O
+adapts	B-Process
+itself	O
+during	O
+the	O
+search	O
+process	O
+using	O
+a	B-Material
+direct	I-Material
+cooperation	I-Material
+protocol	I-Material
+based	O
+on	O
+reinforcement	B-Task
+learning	I-Task
+and	O
+pattern	B-Task
+matching	I-Task
+.	O
+Good	B-Task
+patterns	I-Task
+that	O
+make	O
+up	O
+improving	O
+solutions	O
+are	O
+identified	O
+and	O
+shared	O
+by	O
+the	O
+agents	B-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+agent-based	B-Task
+system	I-Task
+aims	O
+to	O
+provide	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+modular	I-Process
+flexible	I-Process
+framework	I-Process
+to	O
+deal	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+variety	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+problem	I-Process
+domains	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+have	O
+evaluated	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+this	B-Task
+approach	I-Task
+using	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+framework	O
+which	O
+embodies	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+set	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+well	I-Process
+known	I-Process
+metaheuristics	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+different	I-Process
+configurations	I-Process
+as	O
+agents	O
+on	O
+two	B-Material
+problem	I-Material
+domains	I-Material
+,	O
+Permutation	B-Material
+Flow-shop	I-Material
+Scheduling	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+Capacitated	I-Material
+Vehicle	I-Material
+Routing	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+show	O
+the	O
+success	O
+of	O
+the	O
+approach	B-Task
+yielding	O
+three	O
+new	O
+best	O
+known	O
+results	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Capacitated	B-Material
+Vehicle	I-Material
+Routing	I-Material
+benchmarks	I-Material
+tested	O
+,	O
+whilst	O
+the	O
+results	O
+for	O
+Permutation	B-Material
+Flow-shop	I-Material
+Scheduling	I-Material
+are	O
+commensurate	O
+with	O
+the	O
+best	O
+known	O
+values	O
+for	O
+all	O
+the	O
+benchmarks	O
+tested	O
+.	O
+
+As	O
+mentioned	O
+earlier	O
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+represents	O
+ongoing	O
+efforts	O
+to	O
+efficiently	O
+address	O
+the	O
+stochastic	B-Task
+MPSP	I-Task
+.	O
+Future	O
+work	O
+may	O
+consider	O
+investigating	O
+whether	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+would	O
+be	O
+as	O
+successful	O
+or	O
+not	O
+in	O
+solving	O
+variants	O
+of	O
+the	O
+MPSP	O
+that	O
+include	O
+more	O
+operational	B-Task
+constraints	I-Task
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+variable	B-Task
+cut-off	I-Task
+grade	I-Task
+,	O
+grade	B-Task
+blending	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+stockpiling	B-Task
+,	O
+as	O
+it	O
+is	O
+in	O
+solving	O
+the	O
+“	O
+classical	O
+”	O
+variant	O
+considered	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+a	O
+general-purpose	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+and	O
+should	O
+be	O
+applicable	O
+to	O
+any	O
+of	O
+these	O
+variants	O
+.	O
+Other	O
+research	O
+avenues	O
+include	O
+considering	O
+other	O
+strategies	O
+for	O
+updating	O
+the	O
+penalties	O
+within	O
+PH	B-Process
+and	O
+other	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+solving	O
+the	O
+sub-problems	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+another	O
+important	O
+research	O
+direction	O
+is	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+other	O
+efficient	O
+solution	O
+approaches	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+it	O
+has	O
+been	O
+observed	O
+empirically	O
+that	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+formulation	O
+often	O
+achieves	O
+small	O
+integrality	O
+gaps	O
+,	O
+one	O
+approach	O
+could	O
+be	O
+to	O
+solve	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+linear	I-Process
+relaxation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+using	O
+an	O
+efficient	O
+algorithm	O
+and	O
+then	O
+to	O
+use	O
+an	O
+LP-rounding	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+to	O
+get	O
+an	O
+integer	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+propose	O
+an	O
+equilibrium	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+that	O
+allows	O
+to	O
+analyze	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+long-run	I-Task
+impact	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+electricity	I-Task
+market	I-Task
+design	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+transmission	I-Task
+line	I-Task
+expansion	I-Task
+by	O
+the	O
+regulator	O
+and	O
+investment	O
+in	O
+generation	O
+capacity	O
+by	O
+private	O
+firms	O
+in	O
+liberalized	O
+electricity	O
+markets	O
+.	O
+The	O
+model	O
+incorporates	O
+investment	O
+decisions	O
+of	O
+the	O
+transmission	O
+system	O
+operator	O
+and	O
+private	O
+firms	O
+in	O
+expectation	O
+of	O
+an	O
+energy-only	O
+market	O
+and	O
+cost-based	O
+redispatch	O
+.	O
+In	O
+different	O
+specifications	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+cases	O
+of	O
+one	O
+vs.	O
+multiple	O
+price	O
+zones	O
+(	O
+market	B-Process
+splitting	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+analyze	B-Process
+different	I-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+recover	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+cost	I-Process
+—	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+lump	B-Task
+sum	I-Task
+,	O
+generation	B-Task
+capacity	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+energy	B-Task
+based	I-Task
+fees	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+compare	O
+the	O
+outcomes	O
+of	O
+our	O
+multilevel	B-Process
+market	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+with	O
+a	O
+first	B-Process
+best	I-Process
+benchmark	I-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+also	O
+solve	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+corresponding	I-Process
+integrated	I-Process
+planner	I-Process
+problem	I-Process
+.	O
+Using	O
+two	O
+test	O
+networks	O
+we	O
+illustrate	O
+that	O
+energy-only	O
+markets	O
+can	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+suboptimal	O
+locational	O
+decisions	O
+for	O
+generation	O
+capacity	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+imply	O
+excessive	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+expansion	I-Process
+.	O
+Market	B-Process
+splitting	I-Process
+heals	O
+these	O
+problems	O
+only	O
+partially	O
+.	O
+These	O
+results	O
+are	O
+valid	O
+for	O
+all	O
+considered	O
+types	O
+of	O
+network	O
+tariffs	O
+,	O
+although	O
+investment	O
+slightly	O
+differs	O
+across	O
+those	O
+regimes	O
+.	O
+
+Regarding	O
+the	O
+implications	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+of	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+note	O
+two	O
+points	O
+.	O
+From	O
+a	O
+practical	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+endowed	O
+the	B-Task
+weighted	I-Task
+additive	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+distance	I-Task
+function	I-Task
+structure	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+takes	B-Process
+negative	I-Process
+values	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+points	I-Process
+located	I-Process
+outside	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+technology	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+non-negative	I-Process
+values	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+points	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+production	I-Process
+possibility	I-Process
+set	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+respect	O
+,	O
+the	B-Task
+weighted	I-Task
+additive	I-Task
+distance	I-Task
+function	I-Task
+methodologically	O
+supports	O
+the	O
+branch	O
+of	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+that	O
+resorts	O
+to	O
+the	O
+weighted	B-Material
+additive	I-Material
+model	I-Material
+or	O
+some	B-Material
+related	I-Material
+approach	I-Material
+to	O
+measure	B-Process
+productivity	I-Process
+over	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+,	O
+Mahlberg	O
+&	O
+Sahoo	O
+,	O
+2011	O
+or	O
+Chang	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+.	O
+From	O
+a	O
+theoretical	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+,	O
+we	O
+have	O
+provided	O
+a	B-Material
+new	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+function	I-Material
+with	O
+some	O
+interesting	O
+properties	O
+in	O
+contrast	O
+to	O
+the	O
+usual	O
+ones	O
+,	O
+mainly	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+when	O
+technical	O
+inefficiency	O
+has	O
+to	O
+be	O
+estimated	O
+,	O
+the	B-Material
+weighted	I-Material
+additive	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+function	I-Material
+coincides	O
+with	O
+the	O
+weighted	O
+additive	O
+model	O
+,	O
+which	O
+means	B-Process
+that	I-Process
+technical	I-Process
+inefficiency	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+measured	I-Process
+following	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+Pareto-Koopmans	I-Process
+notion	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+efficiency	I-Process
+;	O
+and	O
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+when	O
+productivity	O
+has	O
+to	O
+be	O
+determined	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+decomposed	I-Process
+over	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+the	O
+weighted	B-Material
+additive	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+function	I-Material
+emerges	O
+as	O
+an	O
+attractive	O
+tool	O
+to	O
+be	O
+used	O
+for	O
+cross-period	O
+evaluation	O
+of	O
+returns	O
+to	O
+scale	O
+changes	O
+,	O
+since	O
+this	O
+distance	O
+function	O
+is	O
+always	O
+feasible	O
+,	O
+even	O
+under	O
+Variable	O
+Returns	O
+to	O
+Scale	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+iron	B-Material
+ore	I-Material
+may	O
+be	O
+extracted	O
+from	O
+blocks	O
+of	O
+25	O
+×	O
+25	O
+×	O
+12meter3	O
+located	O
+at	O
+three	O
+consecutive	O
+mining	O
+benches	O
+of	O
+12meter	O
+height	O
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+case	O
+study	O
+,	O
+ten	O
+equally	O
+probable	B-Process
+scenarios	I-Process
+of	O
+iron	B-Material
+content	I-Material
+,	O
+phosphorous	B-Material
+,	O
+silica	B-Material
+,	O
+aluminum	B-Material
+and	O
+LOI	B-Material
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+quantify	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+joint	I-Task
+uncertainty	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+characteristics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+iron	I-Task
+ore	I-Task
+deposit	I-Task
+considered	O
+and	O
+are	O
+the	O
+input	O
+to	O
+the	O
+SSTPS	B-Process
+formulation	I-Process
+proposed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+section	O
+.	O
+The	O
+simulated	B-Task
+scenarios	I-Task
+available	O
+were	O
+provided	O
+and	O
+generated	O
+using	O
+the	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+simulated	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+detailed	O
+in	O
+Boucher	O
+and	O
+Dimitrakopoulos	O
+(	O
+2012	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+area	O
+considered	O
+is	O
+bounded	O
+by	O
+the	O
+limits	O
+of	O
+the	O
+given	O
+volume	O
+of	O
+production	O
+in	O
+the	O
+long-term	O
+first	O
+year	O
+production	O
+schedule	O
+provided	O
+.	O
+Fig.	O
+4	O
+shows	O
+3	O
+scenarios	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+iron	I-Process
+ore	I-Process
+content	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+conventional	O
+and	O
+single	O
+estimated	O
+(	O
+average	O
+)	O
+representation	O
+of	O
+iron	O
+content	O
+(	O
+Fe2O3	O
+%)	O
+for	O
+the	O
+upper	O
+bench	O
+.	O
+In	O
+total	O
+,	O
+734	B-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+from	O
+3525	O
+to	O
+21,150	O
+tonnes	O
+,	O
+with	O
+Fe2O3	B-Material
+from	O
+54.59	O
+%	O
+to	O
+60.63	O
+%	O
+,	O
+P	B-Material
+from	O
+0.02	O
+%	O
+to	O
+0.04	O
+%	O
+,	O
+SiO2	B-Material
+from	O
+3.10	O
+%	O
+to	O
+8.58	O
+%	O
+,	O
+Al2O3	B-Material
+from	O
+0.53	O
+%	O
+to	O
+1.88	O
+%	O
+and	O
+LOI	B-Material
+from	O
+8.75	O
+%	O
+to	O
+11.75	O
+%	O
+are	O
+available	O
+.	O
+
+Two-state	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+are	O
+often	O
+insufficient	O
+to	O
+fit	O
+complex	O
+traces	O
+,	O
+therefore	O
+we	O
+also	O
+study	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+approximate	I-Task
+fitting	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+large	I-Task
+M3PPs	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+single	O
+class	O
+setting	O
+,	O
+a	O
+known	O
+limitation	O
+of	O
+MMPPs	B-Material
+is	O
+the	O
+inability	O
+to	O
+simultaneously	O
+fit	O
+many	O
+statistical	B-Process
+descriptors	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+non-linearity	O
+of	O
+their	O
+underlying	B-Process
+equations	I-Process
+(	O
+Bodrog	O
+,	O
+Heindl	O
+,	O
+Horváth	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Telek	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+;	O
+Heindl	O
+,	O
+Horváth	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Gross	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+;	O
+Horváth	O
+&	O
+Telek	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+has	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+definition	O
+of	O
+several	O
+approaches	O
+to	O
+fit	O
+complex	O
+traces	O
+by	O
+composing	B-Process
+multiple	I-Process
+small-sized	I-Process
+MMPPs	I-Process
+or	I-Process
+MAPs	I-Process
+using	O
+Kronecker	B-Process
+operators	I-Process
+(	O
+Andersen	O
+&	O
+Nielsen	O
+,	O
+1998	O
+;	O
+Casale	O
+,	O
+Zhang	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Smirni	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+;	O
+Horváth	O
+&	O
+Telek	O
+,	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+.	O
+These	O
+methods	O
+employ	O
+composition	B-Process
+operators	I-Process
+for	O
+moment	O
+fitting	O
+,	O
+offering	O
+a	O
+different	O
+trade-off	O
+between	O
+computational	O
+cost	O
+and	O
+fitting	O
+accuracy	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+fitting	B-Task
+methods	I-Task
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+EM	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+(	O
+Breuer	O
+,	O
+2002	O
+;	O
+Horváth	O
+&	O
+Okamura	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+;	O
+Klemm	O
+,	O
+Lindemann	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Lohmann	O
+,	O
+2003	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+the	O
+superposition	B-Process
+operator	I-Process
+allows	O
+one	O
+to	O
+describe	O
+a	O
+trace	O
+by	O
+the	O
+statistical	B-Process
+multiplexing	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+several	I-Process
+MMPPs	I-Process
+,	O
+at	O
+the	O
+expense	O
+of	O
+an	O
+exponential	O
+growth	O
+of	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+states	O
+in	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+process	O
+(	O
+Sriram	O
+&	O
+Whitt	O
+,	O
+1986	O
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+state	B-Process
+space	I-Process
+explosion	I-Process
+is	O
+an	O
+obstacle	O
+for	O
+the	O
+application	O
+of	O
+MMPPs	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+MAPs	I-Material
+to	O
+modeling	B-Task
+real	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+;	O
+for	O
+example	O
+it	O
+considerably	O
+slows	O
+down	O
+,	O
+or	O
+even	O
+renders	O
+infeasible	O
+,	O
+the	O
+numerical	B-Task
+evaluation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+queueing	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+by	O
+matrix	B-Task
+geometric	I-Task
+methods	I-Task
+(	O
+Bini	O
+,	O
+Meini	O
+,	O
+Steffé	O
+,	O
+Pérez	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Houdt	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Pérez	O
+,	O
+Velthoven	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Houdt	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+For	O
+mixtures	B-Material
+described	O
+by	O
+an	O
+equation	O
+of	O
+state	O
+,	O
+this	O
+calculation	O
+amounts	O
+to	O
+simultaneously	O
+solving	O
+the	O
+condition	O
+of	O
+thermal	O
+,	O
+mechanical	O
+and	O
+diffusive	O
+equilibria	O
+(	O
+equality	O
+of	O
+chemical	O
+potential	O
+)	O
+amongst	O
+two	O
+fluid	O
+phases	O
+for	O
+each	O
+component	O
+of	O
+the	O
+mixture	O
+.	O
+The	O
+analytical	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+this	O
+calculation	O
+lends	O
+itself	O
+to	O
+a	O
+reasonably	O
+rapid	O
+solution	O
+by	O
+numerical	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+its	O
+most	O
+common	O
+form	O
+,	O
+the	O
+composition	O
+and	O
+temperature	O
+are	O
+fixed	O
+and	O
+the	O
+pressures	B-Material
+at	I-Material
+either	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+bubble	I-Material
+or	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+dew	I-Material
+point	I-Material
+are	O
+recursively	O
+calculated	O
+.	O
+The	O
+reader	O
+is	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+the	O
+excellent	O
+textbooks	O
+that	O
+describe	O
+the	O
+common	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+employed	I-Process
+[	O
+80	O
+–	O
+82	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+quality	O
+of	O
+the	O
+result	O
+is	O
+obviously	O
+limited	O
+by	O
+the	O
+accuracy	O
+of	O
+the	O
+EoS	B-Process
+to	O
+faithfully	O
+represent	O
+fluid	B-Material
+mixtures	I-Material
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+fact	O
+that	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+more	O
+interesting	O
+features	O
+of	O
+the	O
+phase	O
+diagram	O
+are	O
+close	O
+to	O
+the	O
+critical	O
+points	O
+of	O
+the	O
+mixture	O
+,	O
+make	O
+these	O
+calculations	O
+particularly	O
+challenging	O
+for	O
+all	O
+but	O
+the	O
+most	O
+optimized	O
+and	O
+force-fitted	O
+of	O
+models	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+next	O
+phase	O
+of	O
+our	O
+current	O
+study	O
+is	O
+to	O
+use	O
+the	O
+parameters	O
+obtained	O
+from	O
+pure-component	B-Process
+systems	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+transferable	O
+manner	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+mixtures	O
+.	O
+Mixtures	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+n-alkanes	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+H2O	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+studied	O
+previously	O
+with	O
+SAFT-γ	B-Process
+SW	I-Process
+[	O
+82	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+general	O
+it	O
+is	O
+well	O
+known	O
+that	O
+the	O
+extreme	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+phase	O
+separation	O
+[	O
+150	O
+]	O
+makes	O
+it	O
+challenging	O
+to	O
+model	O
+mixtures	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+H2O	I-Material
+with	O
+non-polar	B-Process
+compounds	I-Process
+.	O
+Because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+large	O
+differences	O
+in	O
+the	O
+dielectric	O
+constant	O
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+phases	O
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+in	O
+the	O
+dipole	O
+moment	O
+of	O
+H2O	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+hydrophobic	B-Material
+molecules	I-Material
+,	O
+it	O
+especially	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+phase-independent	O
+unlike	O
+interaction	O
+parameters	O
+[	O
+112	O
+]	O
+and	O
+thus	O
+to	O
+model	O
+simultaneously	O
+the	O
+equilibrium	O
+phases	O
+.	O
+In	O
+previous	O
+work	O
+[	O
+82	O
+]	O
+,	O
+emphasis	O
+was	O
+placed	O
+on	O
+obtaining	O
+an	O
+accurate	O
+description	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+alkane-rich	I-Task
+phases	I-Task
+(	O
+both	O
+liquid	B-Material
+and	O
+vapour	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+while	O
+small	O
+absolute	O
+(	O
+but	O
+not	O
+relative	O
+)	O
+deviations	O
+for	O
+the	O
+aqueous	O
+phase	O
+composition	O
+were	O
+achieved	O
+.	O
+The	O
+systems	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+in	O
+our	O
+current	O
+work	O
+are	O
+typically	O
+aqueous	B-Material
+mixtures	I-Material
+containing	O
+a	O
+high	O
+proportion	O
+of	O
+H2O	B-Material
+,	O
+alkylamine	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+CO2	B-Material
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+provide	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+overall	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fluid-phase	O
+equilibria	O
+at	O
+the	O
+conditions	O
+of	O
+interest	O
+,	O
+refinements	O
+have	O
+been	O
+made	O
+to	O
+the	O
+unlike	O
+parameters	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+study	O
+[	O
+129	O
+]	O
+relating	O
+to	O
+the	O
+interactions	O
+between	O
+H2O	O
+and	O
+the	O
+alkyl	O
+groups	O
+,	O
+CH3	O
+and	O
+CH2	O
+,	O
+namely	O
+ϵCH3,H2O	O
+,	O
+ϵCH2,H2O	O
+and	O
+λCH3,H2O	O
+,	O
+λCH2,H2O	O
+.	O
+
+Recently	O
+,	O
+fundamental	O
+(	O
+thermophysical	O
+property	O
+)	O
+research	O
+on	O
+ionic	B-Material
+clathrate	I-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+has	O
+experienced	O
+remarkable	O
+growth	O
+,	O
+particularly	O
+over	O
+the	O
+last	O
+ten	O
+years	O
+[	O
+21	O
+–	O
+30	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Previously	O
+,	O
+beginning	O
+with	O
+the	O
+first	O
+paper	O
+on	O
+unusual	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+tetrabutylammonium	I-Material
+salts	I-Material
+in	O
+1940	O
+[	O
+31	O
+]	O
+,	O
+a	O
+number	O
+of	O
+studies	O
+could	O
+be	O
+found	O
+on	O
+ionic	B-Material
+clathrate	I-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+(	O
+hereafter	O
+,	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+32	O
+–	O
+35	O
+]	O
+before	O
+the	O
+unified	O
+terminology	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrate	I-Material
+was	O
+generally	O
+accepted	O
+.	O
+Semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+attracting	O
+increased	O
+attention	O
+because	O
+of	O
+their	O
+promising	O
+applications	O
+as	O
+phase	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+materials	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+refrigeration	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+and	O
+in	O
+gas	B-Process
+capture	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+storage	I-Process
+[	O
+36	O
+–	O
+41	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+interesting	O
+speculation	O
+that	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrate	I-Material
+may	O
+be	O
+regarded	O
+as	O
+a	O
+representative	O
+substance	O
+for	O
+the	O
+study	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+thermal	I-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+in	O
+clathrate	O
+hydrate	O
+in	O
+general	O
+.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+:	O
+(	O
+1	O
+)	O
+it	O
+can	O
+reduce	O
+characterization	O
+problems	O
+as	O
+a	O
+solid	O
+sample	O
+,	O
+since	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrate	I-Material
+is	O
+formed	O
+around	O
+ambient	O
+temperature	O
+under	O
+atmospheric	O
+pressure	O
+and	O
+is	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+handle	O
+;	O
+(	O
+2	O
+)	O
+accurately	O
+measuring	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+thermal	I-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+of	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+have	O
+many	O
+similarities	O
+to	O
+clathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+,	O
+may	O
+make	O
+possible	O
+a	O
+deeper	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+the	O
+unique	O
+(	O
+anomalous	O
+)	O
+behavior	O
+of	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+conductivity	I-Process
+of	O
+clathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+;	O
+and	O
+(	O
+3	O
+)	O
+currently	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+no	O
+experimental	O
+studies	O
+on	O
+the	O
+thermal	O
+conductivity	O
+of	O
+semiclathrate	B-Material
+hydrates	I-Material
+.	O
+
+With	O
+development	O
+of	O
+performance-based	B-Task
+design	I-Task
+,	O
+some	O
+studies	O
+have	O
+been	O
+conducted	O
+on	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+analysis	O
+in	O
+buildings	O
+from	O
+different	O
+perspectives	O
+and	O
+levels	O
+.	O
+Models	B-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+FiRECAM	B-Process
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+and	O
+FiERAsystem	B-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+calculate	O
+the	O
+expected	O
+life	O
+risk	O
+.	O
+In	O
+other	O
+studies	O
+probabilistic	B-Process
+methods	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+assess	O
+levels	O
+of	O
+people	O
+safety	O
+in	O
+buildings	O
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Quantitative	B-Process
+risk	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+have	O
+also	O
+been	O
+used	O
+to	O
+quantify	O
+the	O
+risk	O
+to	O
+occupants	O
+using	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+factors	I-Process
+[	O
+15	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+studies	O
+to	O
+date	O
+have	O
+largely	O
+been	O
+concerned	O
+with	O
+various	O
+aspects	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+fire	I-Material
+risk	I-Material
+analysis	I-Material
+and	O
+there	O
+has	O
+been	O
+little	O
+in	O
+the	O
+way	O
+of	O
+development	O
+of	O
+systematic	B-Process
+theoretical	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+for	O
+analyzing	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+in	O
+buildings	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+management	O
+.	O
+Existing	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+management	O
+involves	O
+the	O
+identification	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+alternative	I-Process
+fire	I-Process
+safety	I-Process
+design	I-Process
+options	I-Process
+[	O
+16,17	O
+]	O
+,	O
+the	O
+ongoing	B-Process
+inspection	I-Process
+,	O
+maintenance	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+fire	I-Process
+protection	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+[	O
+18	O
+]	O
+and	O
+evacuation	B-Process
+training	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+drills	I-Process
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+study	O
+,	O
+basic	B-Material
+process	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+fire	I-Material
+risk	I-Material
+analysis	I-Material
+in	O
+building	O
+is	O
+described	O
+,	O
+and	O
+a	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+analysis	O
+model	O
+based	O
+on	O
+scenario	O
+clusters	O
+is	O
+established	O
+with	O
+consideration	O
+of	O
+the	O
+characteristics	O
+of	O
+fire	O
+dynamics	O
+and	O
+occupants'	O
+behavior	O
+.	O
+The	O
+number	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+deaths	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+directive	I-Material
+property	I-Material
+loss	I-Material
+are	O
+selected	O
+as	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+indices	O
+and	O
+the	O
+average	B-Material
+fire	I-Material
+risk	I-Material
+of	O
+residential	O
+buildings	O
+is	O
+quantitatively	O
+analyzed	O
+,	O
+so	O
+that	O
+appropriate	O
+fire	O
+risk	O
+management	O
+measures	O
+can	O
+be	O
+adopted	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+mentioned	O
+difficulties	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+calibration	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+inspired	O
+the	O
+concept	O
+of	O
+inverse	B-Task
+modelling	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+case	O
+,	O
+the	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+become	O
+entirely	O
+integrated	O
+in	O
+the	O
+calibration	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+and	O
+an	O
+optimization	B-Process
+routine	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+quantify	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+best	I-Task
+set	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+which	O
+explain	O
+the	O
+observed	O
+pyrolysis	B-Task
+behaviour	I-Task
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+multivariable	B-Task
+curve	I-Task
+fitting	I-Task
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+most	O
+used	O
+experimental	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+for	O
+model	B-Process
+calibration	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+the	O
+mass	B-Process
+loss	I-Process
+rate	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+surface	B-Process
+temperature	I-Process
+[	I-Process
+10	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+optimization	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+used	O
+is	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+variables	O
+and	O
+their	O
+interactions	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+past	O
+,	O
+only	O
+the	O
+few	O
+most	O
+uncertain	O
+parameters	B-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+the	O
+kinetics	B-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+)	O
+were	O
+generally	O
+used	O
+as	O
+potentiometers	B-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+sophisticated	O
+mathematical	B-Process
+procedures	I-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+developed	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+parameters	B-Process
+optimized	O
+simultaneously	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+Genetic	B-Process
+Algorithm	I-Process
+(	O
+GA	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+10,14	O
+]	O
+or	O
+Shuffled	B-Process
+Complex	I-Process
+Evolution	I-Process
+(	O
+SCE	B-Process
+)	O
+[	O
+11	O
+])	O
+.	O
+Lautenberger	O
+and	O
+Fernandez-Pello	O
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+have	O
+recently	O
+investigated	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+that	O
+the	O
+choice	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+can	O
+have	O
+on	O
+the	O
+optimized	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+They	O
+generated	O
+using	O
+their	O
+code	O
+GPYRO	B-Material
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+synthetic	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+(	O
+mass	O
+loss	O
+rate	O
+and	O
+surfaces	O
+temperature	O
+)	O
+and	O
+tried	O
+with	O
+different	O
+algorithms	B-Process
+to	O
+find	O
+back	O
+the	O
+set	O
+of	O
+input	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+The	O
+four	O
+optimization	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+provided	O
+results	O
+with	O
+an	O
+absolute	O
+average	O
+error	O
+between	O
+1	O
+%	O
+and	O
+25	O
+%	O
+.	O
+SCE	B-Process
+was	O
+the	O
+most	O
+suitable	O
+algorithm	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+synthetic	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+conveniently	O
+avoids	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+of	O
+agreement	O
+between	O
+the	O
+actual	O
+physical	O
+phenomena	O
+and	O
+any	O
+modelling	O
+assumption	O
+.	O
+
+RemarkThe	O
+purely	O
+radiative	B-Task
+spacetimes	I-Task
+used	O
+as	O
+reference	B-Material
+solutions	I-Material
+in	O
+our	O
+analysis	O
+are	O
+not	O
+perturbations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Minkowski	B-Task
+spacetime	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+way	O
+of	O
+seeing	O
+this	O
+is	O
+to	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+Newman	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Penrose	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+spacetime	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Newman	O
+–	O
+Penrose	O
+constants	O
+are	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+absolutely	O
+conserved	O
+quantities	O
+defined	O
+as	O
+integrals	O
+of	O
+certain	O
+components	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Weyl	B-Material
+tensor	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+Maxwell	B-Material
+fields	I-Material
+over	O
+cuts	O
+of	O
+null	O
+infinity	O
+—	O
+see	O
+[	O
+19	O
+–	O
+21	O
+]	O
+for	O
+the	O
+Einstein	O
+–	O
+Maxwell	O
+case	O
+.	O
+In	O
+[	O
+22	O
+]	O
+it	O
+has	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Newman	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Penrose	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+for	O
+a	O
+vacuum	B-Material
+radiative	I-Material
+spacetime	I-Material
+coincides	O
+with	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+rescaled	O
+Weyl	O
+spinor	O
+at	O
+i	O
++—	O
+this	O
+result	O
+can	O
+be	O
+extended	O
+to	O
+the	O
+electrovacuum	O
+case	O
+using	O
+the	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+this	O
+article	O
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+radiative	B-Task
+spacetimes	I-Task
+arising	O
+from	O
+the	O
+construction	O
+of	O
+[	O
+17	O
+]	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+that	O
+the	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Weyl	O
+spinor	O
+at	O
+i	O
++	O
+is	O
+essentially	O
+the	O
+mass	O
+quadrupole	O
+of	O
+the	O
+seed	O
+static	O
+spacetime	O
+.	O
+It	O
+follows	O
+,	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Newman	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Penrose	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+radiative	B-Material
+spacetime	I-Material
+can	O
+take	O
+arbitrary	O
+values	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+other	O
+hand	O
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+Minkowski	B-Task
+spacetime	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+Newman	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Penrose	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+are	O
+exactly	O
+zero	O
+,	O
+and	O
+those	O
+of	O
+perturbations	O
+thereof	O
+will	O
+be	O
+small	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+precise	O
+sense	O
+,	O
+our	O
+radiative	B-Task
+spacetimes	I-Task
+are	O
+,	O
+generically	O
+,	O
+not	O
+perturbations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Minkowski	B-Task
+spacetime	I-Task
+,	O
+unless	O
+all	O
+the	O
+Newman	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+Penrose	I-Material
+constants	I-Material
+vanish	O
+.	O
+
+To	O
+calculate	B-Task
+hedonic	I-Task
+price	I-Task
+indices	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+linear	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+initial	O
+or	O
+reference	O
+price	O
+has	O
+to	O
+be	O
+calculated	O
+(	O
+Triplett	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+present	O
+study	O
+adopts	O
+the	O
+approach	O
+of	O
+de	O
+Haan	O
+and	O
+Diewert	O
+(	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+:	O
+a	O
+price	O
+index	O
+is	O
+constructed	O
+using	O
+the	O
+price	O
+generated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+estimated	O
+coefficients	O
+of	O
+a	O
+base	B-Process
+period	I-Process
+regression	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+based	O
+period	O
+average	O
+values	O
+of	O
+a	O
+given	O
+cell	O
+phone	O
+plan	O
+characteristic	O
+z	O
+¯	O
+for	O
+each	O
+operator	O
+(	O
+Supplementary	O
+Table	O
+S5	O
+)	O
+.	O
+For	O
+continuous	O
+characteristics	O
+,	O
+direct	O
+averages	O
+are	O
+used	O
+;	O
+for	O
+binary	O
+characteristics	O
+,	O
+the	O
+proportions	O
+of	O
+cell	O
+phone	O
+plans	O
+containing	O
+the	O
+feature	O
+are	O
+used	O
+.	O
+The	O
+resulting	O
+prices	O
+for	O
+this	O
+average	O
+cell	O
+phone	O
+plan	O
+are	O
+converted	O
+to	O
+an	O
+index	O
+by	O
+applying	B-Process
+previously	I-Process
+calculated	I-Process
+pure	I-Process
+price	I-Process
+changes	I-Process
+(	O
+δs	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+hedonic	O
+price	O
+index	O
+is	O
+calculated	O
+as	O
+the	O
+weighted	O
+average	O
+of	O
+firm-level	O
+indices	O
+.	O
+Weights	O
+correspond	O
+to	O
+the	O
+relative	O
+proportion	O
+of	O
+cell	O
+phone	O
+plans	O
+by	O
+operator	O
+in	O
+the	O
+sample	O
+(	O
+0.3534	O
+for	O
+HT	O
+,	O
+0.3212	O
+for	O
+Vip	O
+,	O
+and	O
+0.3254	O
+for	O
+Tele2	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Social	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+gaming	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+refers	O
+to	O
+playing	O
+games	O
+that	O
+are	O
+connected	O
+to	O
+social	B-Material
+networking	I-Material
+services	I-Material
+(	O
+SNS	B-Material
+)	O
+directly	O
+,	O
+or	O
+through	O
+mobile	B-Material
+applications	I-Material
+(	O
+apps	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+is	O
+a	O
+popular	O
+online	O
+activity	O
+.	O
+Social	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+games	I-Process
+(	O
+SNG	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+generally	O
+free-to-play	O
+and	O
+do	O
+not	O
+award	O
+monetary	O
+prizes	O
+,	O
+but	O
+users	O
+can	O
+make	O
+in-game	O
+purchases	O
+to	O
+advance	O
+within	O
+the	O
+game	O
+,	O
+customise	O
+the	O
+game	O
+,	O
+give	O
+gifts	O
+to	O
+friends	O
+,	O
+and	O
+access	O
+other	O
+exclusive	O
+benefits	O
+and	O
+features	O
+,	O
+leading	O
+to	O
+these	O
+games	O
+being	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+‘	O
+freemium’	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+SNG	O
+are	O
+connected	O
+to	O
+a	O
+SNS	B-Process
+and	O
+encourage	O
+users	O
+to	O
+interact	O
+with	O
+their	O
+connections	O
+,	O
+most	O
+SNG	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+played	O
+without	O
+any	O
+social	O
+interaction	O
+.	O
+SNG	O
+have	O
+grown	O
+rapidly	O
+in	O
+popularity	O
+and	O
+the	O
+global	O
+SNG	B-Material
+market	I-Material
+is	O
+predicted	O
+to	O
+grow	O
+annually	O
+at	O
+16	O
+%	O
+from	O
+2013	O
+to	O
+2019	O
+to	O
+reach	O
+a	O
+total	O
+market	O
+value	O
+of	O
+US	O
+$	O
+17.4	O
+billion	O
+(	O
+Transparency	O
+Market	O
+Research	O
+,	O
+2015	O
+)	O
+.	O
+A	O
+survey	B-Process
+of	O
+Facebook	O
+users	O
+in	O
+Australia	O
+in	O
+November	O
+2012	O
+reported	O
+that	O
+there	O
+are	O
+over	O
+3.5	O
+million	O
+social	O
+gamers	O
+across	O
+Australia	O
+and	O
+almost	O
+70	O
+%	O
+play	O
+SNG	B-Material
+daily	O
+(	O
+Spiral	O
+Media	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+,	O
+and	O
+it	O
+is	O
+highly	O
+likely	O
+that	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+SNG	O
+has	O
+increased	O
+since	O
+this	O
+time	O
+.	O
+
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+reflectivity	O
+is	O
+less	O
+than	O
+the	O
+predicted	O
+value	O
+(∼	O
+96	O
+%)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+relate	O
+to	O
+,	O
+amongst	O
+other	O
+factors	O
+,	O
+the	O
+roughness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+GaN	B-Material
+/	I-Material
+AlN	I-Material
+interfaces	I-Material
+particularly	O
+for	O
+the	O
+first	O
+layer	O
+in	O
+the	O
+DBR	B-Material
+stack	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+non-uniformity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+DBR	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+thicknesses	O
+.	O
+Using	O
+STEM	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+each	O
+layer	O
+(	O
+on	O
+the	O
+a-plane	O
+)	O
+through	O
+the	O
+thickness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+stack	O
+,	O
+we	O
+calculate	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+new	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+(	O
+green	O
+curve	O
+)	O
+in	O
+which	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+reflectivity	O
+is	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+85	O
+%	O
+.	O
+This	O
+implies	O
+that	O
+variations	O
+in	O
+layer	O
+thickness	O
+through	O
+the	O
+stack	O
+are	O
+the	O
+main	O
+source	O
+of	O
+the	O
+reduced	O
+reflectivity	O
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+the	O
+model	O
+.	O
+In	O
+fact	O
+,	O
+a	O
+closer	O
+look	O
+at	O
+the	O
+cross-sectional	B-Material
+STEM	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+and	O
+a	O
+careful	O
+extraction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+thickness	I-Process
+have	O
+revealed	O
+that	O
+whilst	O
+the	O
+layer	O
+thicknesses	O
+are	O
+fairly	O
+consistent	O
+through	O
+the	O
+DBR	B-Material
+stack	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+wing	I-Material
+regions	I-Material
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+monotonic	O
+variation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+layer	O
+thicknesses	O
+in	O
+the	B-Material
+window	I-Material
+regions	I-Material
+.	O
+(	O
+The	O
+GaN	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+width	O
+smoothly	O
+increases	O
+,	O
+while	O
+the	O
+AlN	B-Material
+layer	I-Material
+thickness	O
+decreases	O
+through	O
+the	O
+DBR	O
+stack.	O
+)	O
+.	O
+This	O
+observation	O
+could	O
+potentially	O
+be	O
+of	O
+practical	O
+importance	O
+,	O
+for	O
+samples	O
+grown	O
+on	O
+templates	O
+with	O
+a	O
+uniform	O
+defect	O
+density	O
+,	O
+as	O
+one	O
+could	O
+achieve	O
+much	O
+better	O
+reflectivities	O
+simply	O
+by	O
+altering	O
+the	O
+growth	O
+time	O
+to	O
+counteract	O
+the	O
+change	O
+in	O
+growth	O
+rate	O
+.	O
+This	O
+possibility	O
+is	O
+the	O
+subject	O
+of	O
+ongoing	O
+investigations	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+cracks	O
+and	O
+trenches	O
+in	O
+the	O
+top	O
+surface	O
+may	O
+also	O
+reduce	O
+the	O
+measured	O
+reflectivity	O
+further	O
+.	O
+
+Note	O
+that	O
+the	O
+presented	O
+architecture	O
+works	O
+at	O
+the	O
+frame	O
+level	O
+,	O
+meaning	O
+that	O
+each	O
+single	O
+frame	O
+(	O
+plus	O
+its	O
+corresponding	O
+context	O
+)	O
+is	O
+fed-forward	O
+through	O
+the	O
+network	O
+,	O
+obtaining	O
+a	O
+class	O
+posterior	O
+probability	O
+for	O
+all	O
+of	O
+the	O
+target	B-Material
+languages	I-Material
+.	O
+This	O
+fact	O
+makes	O
+the	O
+DNNs	B-Process
+particularly	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+real-time	O
+applications	O
+because	O
+,	O
+unlike	O
+other	B-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+i-vectors	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+potentially	O
+make	O
+a	O
+decision	O
+about	O
+the	O
+language	O
+at	O
+each	O
+new	O
+frame	O
+.	O
+Indeed	O
+,	O
+at	O
+each	O
+frame	O
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+combine	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+evidence	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+past	I-Process
+frames	I-Process
+to	O
+get	O
+a	O
+single	O
+similarity	O
+score	O
+between	O
+the	O
+test	O
+utterance	O
+and	O
+the	O
+targetlanguages	O
+.	O
+A	O
+simple	O
+way	O
+of	O
+doing	O
+this	O
+combination	O
+is	O
+to	O
+assume	B-Process
+that	I-Process
+frames	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+independent	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+multiply	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+posterior	I-Process
+estimates	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+last	I-Process
+layer	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+score	O
+sl	O
+for	O
+language	O
+l	O
+of	O
+a	O
+given	O
+test	B-Material
+utterance	I-Material
+is	O
+computed	O
+by	O
+multiplying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+output	I-Process
+probabilities	I-Process
+pl	I-Process
+obtained	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+all	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+its	I-Process
+frames	I-Process
+;	O
+or	O
+equivalently	O
+,	O
+accumulating	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+logs	I-Process
+as	I-Process
+:(	I-Process
+6	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+sl	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+1N	I-Process
+∑	I-Process
+t	I-Process
+=	I-Process
+1Nlogp	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+Ll	I-Process
+|	I-Process
+xt	I-Process
+​	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+θ	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+where	O
+p	O
+(	O
+Ll	O
+|	O
+xt	O
+​	O
+,	O
+θ	O
+)	O
+represents	O
+the	O
+class	O
+probability	O
+output	O
+for	O
+the	O
+language	O
+l	O
+corresponding	O
+to	O
+the	O
+input	O
+example	O
+at	O
+time	O
+t	O
+,	O
+xt	O
+by	O
+using	O
+the	O
+DNN	B-Process
+defined	O
+by	O
+parameters	O
+θ	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+final	O
+set	O
+of	O
+experiments	O
+involved	O
+an	O
+adaptive	B-Process
+retraining	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+GMM	I-Process
+–	I-Process
+HMM	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+following	O
+the	O
+aNAT	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+new	O
+model	O
+only	O
+provided	O
+an	O
+improvement	O
+of	O
+0.3	O
+%	O
+,	O
+similar	O
+to	O
+using	O
+the	O
+aCMLLR	B-Process
+transforms	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+baseline	O
+GMM	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+HMM	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+training	B-Process
+show-based	I-Process
+aCMLLR	I-Process
+transforms	I-Process
+on	O
+top	O
+of	O
+the	O
+adaptively	O
+trained	O
+model	O
+boosted	O
+the	O
+improvement	O
+to	O
+0.8	O
+%	O
+absolute	O
+.	O
+This	O
+showed	O
+how	O
+adaptive	B-Process
+training	I-Process
+provided	O
+a	O
+better	O
+flexibility	O
+of	O
+the	O
+model	O
+to	O
+adapt	O
+to	O
+specific	O
+background	O
+conditions	O
+existing	O
+in	O
+each	O
+show	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+the	O
+factorisation	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+using	I-Process
+MLLR	I-Process
+speaker	I-Process
+transforms	I-Process
+on	O
+top	O
+of	O
+the	O
+aNAT	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+and	O
+show-based	O
+aCMLLR	B-Process
+transforms	I-Process
+was	O
+tested	O
+.	O
+This	O
+only	O
+increased	O
+the	O
+improvement	O
+to	O
+0.9	O
+%	O
+absolute	O
+(	O
+2.9	O
+%	O
+relative	O
+)	O
+,	O
+which	O
+reflects	O
+the	O
+difficulty	O
+of	O
+performing	O
+accurate	O
+speaker	B-Task
+clustering	I-Task
+in	O
+this	O
+task	O
+and	O
+how	O
+this	O
+actually	O
+hampers	O
+speaker	B-Task
+adaptation	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+research	O
+work	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+elaborates	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+theoretical	I-Task
+effectiveness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+proposed	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+multivariate	I-Task
+EMD	I-Task
+.	O
+It	O
+also	O
+clearly	O
+indicates	O
+through	O
+numerical	B-Process
+simulations	I-Process
+and	O
+applications	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+bearing	I-Task
+monitoring	I-Task
+that	O
+the	O
+expansion	B-Process
+from	I-Process
+standard	I-Process
+EMD	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+multivariate	I-Process
+EMD	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+successful	O
+exploration	O
+.	O
+Using	O
+multiple	O
+sensors	B-Material
+to	O
+collect	O
+signal	O
+from	O
+different	O
+locations	O
+of	O
+the	O
+machine	O
+and	O
+using	O
+the	O
+multivariate	B-Process
+EMD	I-Process
+to	O
+analyze	O
+multivariate	B-Material
+signal	I-Material
+can	O
+contribute	O
+to	O
+comprehensively	O
+collect	O
+all	O
+the	O
+frequency	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+related	O
+to	O
+any	O
+bearing	O
+fault	O
+,	O
+and	O
+is	O
+beneficial	O
+to	O
+extract	B-Task
+fault	I-Task
+information	I-Task
+,	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+early	O
+weak	O
+fault	O
+characteristics	O
+.	O
+Both	O
+the	O
+characteristic	O
+frequencies	O
+of	O
+simulated	O
+signal	O
+and	O
+the	O
+fault	O
+frequencies	O
+of	O
+practical	B-Material
+rolling	I-Material
+bearing	I-Material
+signal	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+extracted	O
+from	O
+the	O
+same	O
+order	O
+of	O
+IMF	O
+groups	O
+,	O
+thus	O
+showing	O
+that	O
+multivariate	B-Process
+EMD	I-Process
+is	O
+an	O
+effective	O
+signal	B-Process
+decomposition	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+and	O
+can	O
+be	O
+competently	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+fault	B-Process
+diagnosis	I-Process
+of	O
+rolling	B-Material
+bearings	I-Material
+when	O
+combined	O
+with	O
+a	O
+multiscale	B-Process
+reduction	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+and	O
+fault	B-Process
+correlation	I-Process
+factor	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+signal	B-Task
+acquisition	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+processing	I-Task
+,	O
+given	O
+the	O
+circumstance	O
+that	O
+there	O
+is	O
+a	O
+trend	O
+toward	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+multiple	O
+sensors	B-Material
+,	O
+multivariate	B-Process
+EMD	I-Process
+appears	O
+to	O
+be	O
+very	O
+useful	O
+and	O
+meaningful	O
+as	O
+a	O
+kind	O
+of	O
+multivariate	B-Process
+data	I-Process
+processing	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+By	O
+analyzing	O
+the	O
+simulated	B-Material
+signal	I-Material
+and	O
+two	O
+different	O
+practical	B-Material
+multivariate	I-Material
+signals	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+results	O
+demonstrate	O
+the	O
+significance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+method	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+fault	B-Task
+diagnosis	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+rolling	I-Task
+bearing	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	B-Task
+GFRFs	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+by	O
+either	O
+a	B-Material
+parametric-model-based	I-Material
+method	I-Material
+or	O
+a	B-Material
+nonparametric-model-based	I-Material
+method	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+parametric	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+a	B-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+parametric	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+is	O
+first	O
+identified	O
+from	O
+the	O
+input	O
+–	O
+output	O
+data	O
+.	O
+The	O
+GFRFs	B-Task
+are	O
+then	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+mapping	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+resultant	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+into	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+frequency	I-Process
+domain	I-Process
+using	O
+the	O
+probing	B-Material
+method	I-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+nonparametric	B-Task
+approach	I-Task
+is	O
+often	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+frequency-domain	B-Task
+Volterra	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+identification	I-Task
+and	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+observation	O
+that	O
+the	O
+Volterra	B-Task
+model	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+is	O
+linear	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+unknown	O
+Volterra	O
+kernels	O
+,	O
+which	O
+,	O
+in	O
+the	O
+frequency	O
+domain	O
+,	O
+corresponds	B-Material
+to	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+linear	I-Material
+relation	I-Material
+between	O
+the	O
+output	O
+frequency	O
+response	O
+and	O
+linear	O
+,	O
+quadratic	O
+,	O
+and	O
+higher	O
+order	O
+GFRFs	O
+.	O
+This	O
+linear	B-Task
+relationship	I-Task
+allows	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+a	B-Material
+least	I-Material
+squares	I-Material
+(	I-Material
+LS	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+approach	I-Material
+to	O
+solve	O
+for	O
+the	O
+GFRFs	B-Task
+.	O
+Several	O
+researchers	O
+[	O
+10	O
+–	O
+12	O
+]	O
+have	O
+used	O
+this	O
+method	O
+to	O
+estimate	O
+the	O
+GFRFs	O
+.	O
+But	O
+they	O
+usually	O
+made	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+assumption	I-Process
+that	O
+it	O
+is	O
+known	O
+a	O
+priori	O
+that	O
+the	B-Task
+system	I-Task
+under	O
+study	O
+can	O
+be	O
+represented	O
+by	O
+just	O
+two	B-Material
+or	I-Material
+three	I-Material
+terms	I-Material
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+such	O
+information	O
+is	O
+rarely	O
+available	O
+a	O
+priori	O
+.	O
+
+However	O
+this	O
+is	O
+not	O
+just	O
+a	O
+useful	O
+depiction	O
+of	O
+an	B-Task
+apposite	I-Task
+well-supported	I-Task
+statistical	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+.	O
+If	O
+we	O
+are	O
+prepared	O
+to	O
+allow	O
+that	O
+the	O
+process	O
+is	O
+driven	O
+by	O
+a	O
+CRG	B-Material
+and	O
+that	O
+the	O
+MAP	B-Material
+model	I-Material
+that	O
+we	O
+have	O
+discovered	O
+is	O
+indeed	O
+generating	O
+the	O
+idle	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+then	O
+identifying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+disconnected	I-Process
+components	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+allows	O
+us	O
+to	O
+immediately	O
+make	O
+assertions	O
+about	O
+the	B-Task
+impact	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+various	I-Task
+controls	I-Task
+we	O
+might	O
+apply	O
+to	O
+this	O
+regulatory	O
+process	O
+–	O
+just	O
+as	O
+we	O
+can	O
+were	O
+we	O
+to	O
+believe	O
+the	O
+model	O
+was	O
+a	O
+causal	O
+extension	O
+of	O
+a	O
+BN	B-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+microarrays	O
+,	O
+the	O
+objective	O
+of	O
+clustering	B-Task
+is	O
+to	O
+identify	B-Process
+patterns	I-Process
+among	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+and	O
+decide	O
+which	O
+genes	O
+to	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+in	O
+further	O
+,	O
+more	O
+gene-specific	O
+,	O
+experiments	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+therefore	O
+necessary	O
+for	O
+the	O
+scientist	O
+to	O
+make	O
+such	O
+causal	O
+conjectures	O
+about	O
+the	B-Task
+effect	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+controls	I-Task
+available	O
+to	O
+her	O
+on	O
+the	O
+expressions	O
+reflecting	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+regulatory	O
+process	O
+she	O
+studies	O
+.	O
+These	O
+conjectures	B-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+universal	O
+or	O
+nuanced	O
+by	O
+evoking	B-Material
+ideas	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+parsimony	I-Material
+.	O
+
+The	O
+first	O
+step	O
+of	O
+PB	B-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+enumeration	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+conditional	I-Material
+sample	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+through	O
+abductive	O
+logic	O
+programming	O
+,	O
+could	O
+be	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+“	O
+logical	B-Material
+inference	I-Material
+”	O
+in	O
+ProbLog	B-Material
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+.	O
+While	O
+both	O
+languages	O
+aim	O
+to	O
+generate	O
+a	O
+propositional	O
+formula	O
+and	O
+compile	O
+it	O
+into	O
+a	O
+decision	O
+diagram	O
+,	O
+“	B-Material
+logical	I-Material
+inference	I-Material
+”	I-Material
+in	I-Material
+PB	I-Material
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+abductive	O
+logic	O
+programming	O
+,	O
+while	O
+ProbLog	B-Material
+grounds	O
+the	O
+relevant	O
+parts	O
+of	O
+the	O
+probabilistic	O
+program	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+in	O
+PB	B-Material
+compilation	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+boolean	O
+formulas	O
+is	O
+performed	O
+using	O
+(	B-Process
+RO	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+BDDs	I-Process
+,	O
+while	O
+ProbLog	B-Material
+can	O
+use	O
+a	O
+wider	O
+range	O
+of	O
+decision	B-Process
+diagrams	I-Process
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+sentential	B-Process
+decision	I-Process
+diagrams	I-Process
+(	O
+SDD	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+deterministic	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+decomposable	I-Process
+negation	I-Process
+normal	I-Process
+form	I-Process
+(	O
+d-DNNF	B-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+These	O
+differences	O
+reflect	O
+the	O
+different	O
+aims	O
+of	O
+the	O
+two	O
+PPLs	B-Material
+:	O
+ProbLog	B-Material
+focuses	O
+on	O
+models	O
+where	O
+“	O
+logical	B-Task
+inference	I-Task
+”	O
+needs	O
+to	O
+be	O
+efficient	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+representation	O
+,	O
+the	O
+decision	O
+diagrams	O
+,	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+compact	O
+,	O
+while	O
+PB	B-Material
+focuses	O
+on	O
+models	O
+where	O
+“	B-Task
+logical	I-Task
+inference	I-Task
+”	I-Task
+is	O
+typically	O
+easy	O
+,	O
+however	O
+it	O
+must	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+repeatedly	O
+,	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+nature	O
+and	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+the	O
+observations	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+in	O
+future	O
+work	O
+,	O
+PB	B-Material
+could	O
+benefit	O
+from	O
+the	O
+use	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+more	I-Process
+compact	I-Process
+decision	I-Process
+diagrams	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+PSR	B-Task
+applied	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+vessels	I-Task
+,	O
+preservation	O
+of	O
+high	O
+curvature	O
+and	O
+branches	O
+(	O
+concavities	O
+)	O
+demands	O
+a	O
+high	O
+value	O
+of	O
+the	O
+d	O
+parameter	O
+,	O
+resulting	O
+in	O
+models	O
+with	O
+high	O
+number	O
+of	O
+polygons	O
+.	O
+To	O
+cope	O
+with	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+,	O
+Wu	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+evaluates	O
+a	O
+variant	O
+of	O
+PSR	O
+(	O
+in	O
+that	O
+work	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+as	O
+scale-adaptive	B-Process
+[	O
+SA	B-Process
+])	O
+,	O
+which	O
+includes	O
+curvature-dependent	B-Process
+polygonization	I-Process
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+increasing	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+decreasing	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+size	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+triangles	I-Process
+according	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+local	I-Process
+curvature	I-Process
+)	O
+(	O
+Wu	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2010	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+Wu	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+,	O
+other	O
+methods	O
+including	O
+MC	B-Process
+(	O
+without	O
+smoothing	O
+and	O
+decimation	O
+)	O
+are	O
+evaluated	O
+with	O
+application	O
+to	O
+vessel	B-Task
+modeling	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+authors	O
+,	O
+point	O
+at	O
+SA	B-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+suitable	O
+method	O
+for	O
+reconstruction	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+vessels	I-Task
+with	O
+applications	O
+to	O
+surgery	B-Task
+planning	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+methods	O
+evaluated	O
+by	O
+Wu	O
+et	O
+al	O
+.	O
+(	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+could	O
+be	O
+also	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+another	O
+set	O
+of	O
+techniques	O
+(	O
+known	O
+as	O
+model-based	B-Material
+methods	I-Material
+)	O
+(	O
+Preim	O
+and	O
+Oeltze	O
+,	O
+2008	O
+)	O
+,	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+context	O
+of	O
+vessel	B-Task
+modeling	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+surgery	I-Task
+planning	I-Task
+.	O
+
+The	O
+need	O
+for	O
+power	B-Task
+generation	I-Task
+industry	O
+to	O
+improve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+thermal	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+power	I-Task
+plant	I-Task
+has	O
+led	O
+to	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+9	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+12	I-Material
+%	I-Material
+Cr	I-Material
+martensitic	I-Material
+steels	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+development	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+research	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+P91	I-Task
+steels	I-Task
+started	O
+since	O
+late	O
+1970s	O
+and	O
+early	O
+1990s	O
+,	O
+respectively	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+work	O
+has	O
+focussed	O
+on	O
+their	O
+creep	O
+strengths	O
+due	O
+to	O
+its	O
+intended	O
+application	O
+at	O
+high	O
+temperature	O
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+more	O
+cyclic	O
+operation	O
+of	O
+power	B-Material
+plant	I-Material
+has	O
+introduced	O
+the	O
+possibility	O
+of	O
+fatigue	B-Process
+problems	I-Process
+.	O
+Bore	O
+cracking	O
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+effects	O
+of	O
+varying	O
+steam	B-Process
+warming	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+reported	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+temperature	B-Process
+cycling	I-Process
+causes	O
+thermal	O
+gradients	O
+between	O
+the	O
+inside	O
+and	O
+outside	O
+of	O
+components	O
+and	O
+this	O
+can	O
+cause	O
+cyclic	O
+stress	O
+levels	O
+to	O
+be	O
+of	O
+concerns	O
+.	O
+Recently	O
+,	O
+research	O
+on	O
+thermal	B-Task
+–	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+P91	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+including	O
+the	O
+characterisation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+cyclic	I-Task
+behaviour	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+material	I-Task
+using	O
+the	O
+two-layer	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+unified	I-Process
+visco-plasticity	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+[	O
+3,4	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+previous	O
+publications	O
+the	O
+present	O
+authors	O
+proposed	O
+a	O
+method	O
+to	O
+incorporate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+thermodynamics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+ternary	I-Task
+alloys	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+liquid	I-Task
+diffusion-governed	I-Task
+solidification	I-Task
+kinetics	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+multiphase	I-Task
+volume	I-Task
+average	I-Task
+solidification	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+[	O
+23,24	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Back	B-Process
+diffusion	I-Process
+was	O
+disregarded	O
+.	O
+A	O
+way	O
+to	O
+access	O
+the	O
+thermodynamic	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+Thermo-Calc	O
+[	O
+1	O
+])	O
+through	O
+a	O
+tabulation	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+interpolation	I-Material
+program	I-Material
+ISAT	B-Material
+(	O
+In	B-Material
+Situ	I-Material
+Adaptive	I-Material
+Tabulation	I-Material
+)	O
+was	O
+suggested	O
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+ISAT	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+it	O
+is	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+an	O
+online	O
+call	O
+of	O
+the	O
+thermodynamic	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+and	O
+trace	O
+the	O
+formation	O
+of	O
+each	O
+individual	O
+solid	O
+phase	O
+(	O
+primary	O
+,	O
+peritectic	O
+,	O
+eutectic	O
+,	O
+etc.	O
+)	O
+.	O
+As	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+calls	O
+of	O
+the	O
+thermodynamic	O
+data	O
+is	O
+equal	O
+to	O
+the	O
+product	O
+of	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+the	O
+discretized	B-Material
+volume	I-Material
+elements	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+time	O
+steps	O
+and	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+iterations	O
+per	O
+time	O
+step	O
+,	O
+the	O
+calculation	O
+becomes	O
+exhausting	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+current	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+modification	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+previous	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+using	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+linearized	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+diagram	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+no	O
+online	B-Process
+call	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+thermodynamic	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+is	O
+necessary	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+model	O
+presented	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+is	O
+extended	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+consider	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+back	I-Task
+diffusion	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+solid	I-Task
+.	O
+With	O
+these	O
+modifications	B-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+model	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+perform	B-Task
+casting	I-Task
+process	I-Task
+simulations	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+incorporated	I-Task
+full	I-Task
+diffusion-governed	I-Task
+solidification	I-Task
+kinetics	I-Task
+for	O
+ternary	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+at	O
+a	O
+reasonable	O
+computation	O
+cost	O
+.	O
+
+Due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+complex	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+the	O
+thermal	B-Process
+spray	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+modelling	B-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+playing	O
+a	O
+key	O
+role	O
+in	O
+providing	B-Task
+some	I-Task
+key	I-Task
+insights	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+process	I-Task
+design	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+operations	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+relationships	O
+among	O
+processing	B-Process
+conditions	O
+,	O
+particle	O
+characteristics	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+coating	B-Process
+properties	O
+are	O
+nonlinear	O
+and	O
+might	O
+be	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+be	O
+unravelled	O
+by	O
+the	O
+experimental	B-Task
+studies	I-Task
+alone	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+[	O
+5	O
+–	O
+7	O
+])	O
+Detailed	O
+information	O
+on	O
+the	O
+atomic	B-Process
+level	I-Process
+changes	I-Process
+leading	O
+to	O
+changes	O
+observed	O
+at	O
+macroscale	O
+can	O
+appropriately	O
+be	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+MD	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+effect	O
+of	O
+temperature	O
+and	O
+velocity	O
+can	O
+be	O
+determined	O
+more	O
+precisely	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+relatively	O
+simpler	O
+spray	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+of	O
+copper	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+copper	I-Material
+particle	I-Material
+was	O
+simulated	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+a	O
+better	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+particle	B-Process
+recrystallization	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+solidification	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+deformation	B-Process
+mechanics	O
+and	O
+topography	O
+of	O
+the	O
+impacting	O
+particles	B-Material
+.	O
+Using	O
+state-of-the-art	O
+methods	O
+to	O
+examine	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+mechanisms	O
+involved	O
+in	O
+the	O
+impacting	O
+behavior	O
+and	O
+structure	O
+–	O
+property	O
+relationship	O
+,	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+suggested	O
+that	O
+the	O
+consecutive	B-Process
+layer	I-Process
+deposition	I-Process
+of	O
+particles	B-Material
+can	O
+better	O
+be	O
+understood	O
+by	O
+understanding	B-Task
+individual	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+impacts	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+particle	B-Process
+–	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+interaction	I-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+and	O
+its	O
+relation	O
+to	O
+Reynolds	B-Process
+number	I-Process
+can	O
+offer	O
+information	O
+on	O
+the	O
+quality	O
+of	O
+the	O
+coating	B-Process
+through	O
+its	O
+response	O
+to	O
+shock	B-Process
+heating	I-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+general	O
+practice	O
+,	O
+engineering	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+are	O
+thermally	B-Process
+sprayed	I-Process
+in	O
+a	O
+continuous	O
+multilayer	O
+mode	O
+with	O
+cooling	B-Process
+;	O
+therefore	O
+there	O
+is	O
+an	O
+opportunity	O
+for	O
+developing	B-Task
+richer	I-Task
+theoretical	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+single	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+multiple	I-Task
+particle	I-Task
+impact	I-Task
+in	O
+conjunction	O
+with	O
+actual	O
+spraying	B-Task
+tests	I-Task
+,	O
+so	O
+as	O
+to	O
+identify	O
+cohesive	O
+and	O
+adhesive	O
+strength	O
+,	O
+hardness	O
+and	O
+residual	O
+stresses	O
+.	O
+
+Structural	B-Material
+adhesives	I-Material
+are	O
+increasingly	O
+used	O
+for	O
+bonding	B-Material
+components	I-Material
+within	O
+critical	B-Material
+load	I-Material
+bearing	I-Material
+engineering	I-Material
+structures	I-Material
+such	O
+as	O
+aerospace	B-Material
+and	O
+automotives	B-Material
+.	O
+Typically	O
+these	O
+adhesives	B-Material
+are	O
+based	O
+on	O
+epoxy	B-Material
+polymers	I-Material
+.	O
+Epoxies	B-Material
+are	O
+inherently	O
+brittle	O
+due	O
+to	O
+their	O
+homogeneous	O
+microstructure	B-Material
+and	O
+highly	O
+cross	O
+linked	O
+nature	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+there	O
+has	O
+been	O
+much	O
+research	O
+focused	O
+on	O
+improving	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+fracture	I-Task
+toughness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+epoxy	I-Task
+polymers	I-Task
+by	O
+incorporating	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+second	I-Process
+minority	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+at	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+nano-scale	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+modifiers	O
+fall	O
+into	O
+one	O
+of	O
+two	O
+main	O
+categories	O
+:	O
+inorganic	B-Material
+additives	I-Material
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+silica	B-Material
+[	O
+1,2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+glass	B-Material
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+,	O
+alumina	B-Material
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+nano-clays	B-Material
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+and	O
+carbon	B-Material
+nanotubes	I-Material
+[	O
+6,7	O
+]	O
+or	O
+organic	B-Material
+,	O
+usually	O
+rubber	B-Material
+particles	I-Material
+.	O
+Rubbery	B-Material
+additives	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+either	O
+core	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+shell	I-Material
+rubber	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+[	O
+8	O
+–	O
+10	O
+]	O
+or	O
+can	O
+form	O
+during	O
+curing	B-Process
+via	O
+reaction	B-Process
+induced	I-Process
+phase	I-Process
+separation	I-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+[	O
+11,12	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+primary	O
+energy	B-Process
+dissipation	I-Process
+mechanisms	I-Process
+for	O
+rubber	B-Material
+toughened	I-Material
+epoxies	I-Material
+are	O
+known	O
+to	O
+be	O
+both	O
+plastic	B-Task
+void	I-Task
+growth	I-Task
+and	O
+shear	B-Process
+band	I-Process
+development	I-Process
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+has	O
+also	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+a	O
+combination	O
+of	O
+the	O
+above	O
+additives	B-Material
+to	O
+create	O
+a	O
+hybrid	B-Material
+material	I-Material
+can	O
+provide	O
+synergistic	B-Process
+toughening	I-Process
+effects	I-Process
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+carbon	B-Material
+nanotubes	I-Material
+and	O
+silica	B-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+[	O
+14	O
+]	O
+or	O
+rubber	B-Material
+with	I-Material
+silica	I-Material
+nanoparticles	I-Material
+[	O
+15	O
+–	O
+17	O
+]	O
+.	O
+
+These	O
+results	O
+demonstrate	O
+that	O
+SW-SVR	B-Process
+predicts	O
+complicated	O
+micrometeorological	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+best	O
+prediction	O
+performance	O
+and	O
+the	O
+lowest	O
+computational	O
+complexity	O
+compared	O
+with	O
+standard	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+we	O
+found	O
+that	O
+dynamic	B-Process
+aggregation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+built	O
+from	O
+very	O
+little	O
+extracted	O
+data	O
+by	O
+D-SDC	B-Process
+is	O
+effective	O
+for	O
+compatibility	O
+of	O
+high	O
+prediction	O
+performance	O
+and	O
+low	O
+computational	O
+complexity	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+problems	O
+to	O
+be	O
+solved	O
+in	O
+SW-SVR	B-Process
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+prediction	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+SW-SVR	O
+sometimes	O
+deteriorates	O
+despite	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+of	O
+training	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+this	O
+problem	O
+occurred	O
+under	O
+the	O
+conditions	O
+that	O
+prediction	O
+horizons	O
+are	O
+6	O
+h	O
+as	O
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+3.	O
+This	O
+is	O
+because	O
+data	O
+extracted	O
+by	O
+D-SDC	B-Process
+involves	O
+unnecessary	O
+training	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+for	O
+highly	O
+accurate	O
+prediction	O
+.	O
+If	O
+D-SDC	B-Process
+extracts	O
+the	O
+same	O
+data	O
+as	O
+the	O
+extracted	O
+data	O
+when	O
+training	O
+periods	O
+are	O
+shorter	O
+,	O
+the	O
+prediction	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+SW-SVR	B-Process
+never	O
+deteriorates	O
+due	O
+to	O
+an	O
+increase	O
+of	O
+training	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+we	O
+must	O
+review	O
+both	O
+feature	O
+mapping	O
+and	O
+algorithms	O
+of	O
+D-SDC	B-Process
+so	O
+as	O
+to	O
+avoid	O
+extracting	O
+unnecessary	O
+training	O
+data	O
+.	O
+Meanwhile	O
+,	O
+SW-SVR	B-Process
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+combination	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+several	I-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+:	O
+kernel	B-Process
+approximation	I-Process
+,	O
+PLS	B-Process
+regression	I-Process
+,	O
+k-means	B-Process
+,	O
+D-SDC	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+linear	B-Process
+SVR	I-Process
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+each	O
+algorithm	O
+has	O
+several	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+SW-SVR	B-Process
+has	O
+more	O
+varied	O
+parameters	O
+,	O
+and	O
+it	O
+takes	O
+more	O
+time	O
+to	O
+tune	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+experiment	O
+,	O
+we	O
+used	O
+a	O
+grid	B-Process
+search	I-Process
+roughly	O
+so	O
+as	O
+to	O
+decide	O
+the	O
+parameters	O
+in	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+time	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+there	O
+is	O
+still	O
+room	O
+for	O
+improvement	O
+in	O
+the	O
+prediction	O
+performance	O
+by	O
+using	O
+other	O
+approaches	O
+such	O
+as	O
+a	O
+genetic	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+instead	O
+of	O
+a	O
+grid	B-Process
+search	I-Process
+(	O
+Huang	O
+&	O
+Wang	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+•	O
+More	O
+efforts	O
+should	O
+be	O
+directed	O
+towards	O
+advancing	O
+the	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+feature	B-Task
+extraction	I-Task
+to	O
+overcome	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+of	O
+dynamic	O
+factors	O
+that	O
+limit	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+.	O
+The	O
+use	O
+of	O
+advanced	B-Process
+machine	I-Process
+learning	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+deep	B-Process
+neural	I-Process
+networks	I-Process
+and	O
+muscles	B-Process
+synergies	I-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+should	O
+also	O
+be	O
+investigated	O
+on	O
+problems	O
+under	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+of	O
+multiple	O
+dynamic	O
+factors	O
+as	O
+such	O
+methods	O
+may	O
+provide	O
+substantial	O
+improvements	O
+upon	O
+the	O
+utilized	B-Process
+time-and-frequency	I-Process
+EMG	I-Process
+feature	I-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+(	O
+Diener	O
+,	O
+Janke	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Schultz	O
+,	O
+2015	O
+;	O
+Ison	O
+,	O
+Vujaklija	O
+,	O
+Whitsell	O
+,	O
+Farina	O
+,	O
+&	O
+Artemiadis	O
+,	O
+2016	O
+;	O
+Park	O
+&	O
+Lee	O
+,	O
+2016	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Meanwhile	O
+,	O
+we	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+performance	B-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+learning	O
+algorithms	O
+can	O
+be	O
+improved	O
+by	O
+using	O
+feature	B-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+that	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+the	O
+angular	O
+information	O
+of	O
+muscle	O
+activation	O
+patterns	O
+.	O
+Features	B-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+the	O
+TD-PSD	B-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+DFT	B-Process
+proved	O
+more	O
+successful	O
+than	O
+others	O
+in	O
+reducing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+impact	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+two	I-Task
+dynamic	I-Task
+factors	I-Task
+that	O
+we	O
+considered	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+features	O
+can	O
+be	O
+readily	O
+implemented	O
+into	O
+a	O
+prosthesis	B-Process
+controller	I-Process
+for	O
+real-time	B-Task
+control	I-Task
+,	O
+especially	O
+that	O
+the	O
+EMG	B-Process
+pattern	I-Process
+recognition	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+are	O
+nowadays	O
+becoming	O
+available	O
+for	O
+clinical	B-Task
+testing	I-Task
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+the	O
+COAPT	B-Process
+complete	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+(	O
+Kuiken	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2014	O
+)	O
+11https	O
+://	O
+www.coaptengineering.com	O
+/	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+recent	O
+years	O
+and	O
+mainly	O
+motivated	O
+by	O
+the	O
+impulse	O
+of	O
+data	B-Task
+mining	I-Task
+many	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+dimensionality	B-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+have	O
+arisen	O
+.	O
+Within	O
+these	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+worth	O
+highlighting	O
+the	O
+Principal	B-Material
+Component	I-Material
+Analysis	I-Material
+method	I-Material
+(	O
+PCA	B-Material
+)	O
+(	O
+Jolliffe	O
+,	O
+2002	O
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+an	O
+N-dimensional	O
+vector	O
+space	O
+,	O
+the	B-Material
+simplest	I-Material
+version	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+PCA	I-Material
+(	O
+linear	B-Material
+PCA	I-Material
+)	O
+is	O
+a	O
+technique	O
+that	O
+finds	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+mutually-uncorrelated	I-Process
+vectors	I-Process
+onto	O
+which	O
+the	B-Process
+projection	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+samples	I-Process
+generates	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+highest	I-Process
+variances	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+result	O
+is	O
+a	B-Material
+set	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+orthogonal	I-Material
+vectors	I-Material
+sorted	O
+in	O
+descending	O
+order	O
+of	O
+achieved	O
+variance	O
+.	O
+The	O
+first	O
+of	O
+these	O
+vectors	O
+is	O
+that	O
+onto	O
+which	O
+the	B-Process
+variance	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+projection	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+samples	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+maximum	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+sense	O
+,	O
+the	O
+original	O
+KPIs	O
+constitute	O
+the	O
+N-dimensional	B-Material
+vector	I-Material
+space	I-Material
+basis	I-Material
+,	O
+whereas	O
+the	O
+N	B-Material
+^	I-Material
+synthetic	I-Material
+KPIs	I-Material
+represent	O
+the	O
+orthogonal	O
+vectors	O
+with	O
+the	O
+highest	O
+variance	O
+.	O
+To	O
+be	O
+rigorous	O
+,	O
+up	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+N	I-Task
+synthetic	I-Task
+orthogonal	I-Task
+KPIs	I-Task
+may	O
+be	O
+computed	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+only	O
+a	O
+small	O
+set	O
+of	O
+them	O
+,	O
+the	B-Material
+first	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+^	I-Material
+,	O
+is	O
+enough	O
+to	O
+account	O
+for	O
+most	O
+of	O
+the	O
+variance	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	O
+.	O
+
+EM	B-Material
+sensors	I-Material
+exploit	O
+the	O
+difference	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+magnetic	I-Task
+properties	I-Task
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+relative	B-Task
+permeability	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+electrical	B-Task
+conductivity	I-Task
+between	O
+samples	O
+with	O
+different	O
+microstructural	B-Task
+phase	I-Task
+balances	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Material
+steels	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+change	O
+in	O
+relative	B-Task
+permeability	I-Task
+has	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+effect	O
+.	O
+Previously	O
+,	O
+multi-frequency	B-Material
+EM	I-Material
+sensors	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+shown	O
+to	O
+be	O
+able	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+austenite	O
+/	O
+ferrite	O
+fraction	O
+from	O
+0	O
+%	O
+to	O
+100	O
+%	O
+in	O
+model	O
+(	O
+HIPped	O
+austenitic	O
+/	O
+ferritc	O
+stainless	B-Material
+steel	I-Material
+powder	I-Material
+)	O
+alloys	O
+[	O
+7,8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+large	O
+difference	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+magnetic	I-Process
+properties	I-Process
+of	O
+ferrite	B-Process
+(	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+austenite	B-Process
+(	O
+paramagnetic	B-Process
+)	O
+phases	O
+makes	O
+the	O
+change	O
+in	O
+signal	O
+large	O
+and	O
+hence	O
+relatively	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+.	O
+EM	B-Material
+sensors	I-Material
+have	O
+also	O
+measured	O
+the	O
+levels	O
+of	O
+decarburisation	B-Task
+(	O
+variation	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+ferrite	I-Task
+content	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+depth	I-Task
+)	O
+in	O
+steel	B-Material
+rod	I-Material
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+approach	O
+adopted	O
+to	O
+relate	O
+the	O
+overall	O
+steel	O
+EM	B-Process
+sensor	I-Process
+signal	I-Process
+to	O
+its	O
+microstructure	O
+has	O
+been	O
+to	O
+construct	O
+a	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+(	O
+FE	B-Process
+)	O
+model	O
+for	O
+the	O
+microstructure	O
+(	O
+phase	O
+,	O
+region	O
+size	O
+and	O
+distribution	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+EM	B-Process
+properties	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+individual	I-Process
+phases	I-Process
+are	O
+assigned	O
+to	O
+those	O
+regions	O
+to	O
+give	O
+the	O
+overall	B-Process
+EM	I-Process
+properties	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+steel	B-Material
+.	O
+Within	O
+the	O
+model	O
+the	O
+particular	B-Process
+sensor	I-Process
+geometry	I-Process
+is	O
+included	O
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+two-dimensional	O
+axisymmetric	O
+for	O
+a	O
+cylindrical	B-Material
+sample	I-Material
+and	O
+tubular	B-Material
+sensor	I-Material
+[	O
+10	O
+])	O
+and	O
+the	O
+interaction	O
+with	O
+the	O
+steel	B-Material
+and	O
+any	O
+external	B-Material
+circuits	I-Material
+predicted	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+way	O
+different	O
+microstructures	B-Material
+and	O
+sensor	B-Material
+designs	O
+can	O
+be	O
+compared	O
+.	O
+
+Many	O
+applications	O
+in	O
+fluid	B-Task
+mechanics	I-Task
+have	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+surface	B-Process
+suction	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+as	O
+an	O
+effective	O
+flow-control	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+example	O
+,	O
+Gregory	O
+and	O
+Walker	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+discuss	O
+how	O
+the	O
+introduction	O
+of	O
+suction	O
+extends	O
+the	O
+laminar-flow	O
+region	O
+over	O
+a	O
+swept	B-Material
+wing	I-Material
+by	O
+reducing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+thickness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+boundary	I-Task
+layer	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+magnitude	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+crossflow	I-Task
+velocity	I-Task
+.	O
+Conclusions	O
+for	O
+the	O
+swept-wing	B-Material
+flow	O
+arose	O
+from	O
+equivalent	O
+studies	O
+of	O
+the	O
+von	O
+Kármán	O
+(	O
+rotating	B-Material
+disk	I-Material
+)	O
+flow	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Gregory	O
+and	O
+Walker	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Stuart	O
+[	O
+3	O
+])	O
+and	O
+work	O
+has	O
+since	O
+continued	O
+into	O
+this	O
+and	O
+related	O
+flows	O
+using	O
+numerical	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+asymptotic	I-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+(	O
+see	O
+Ockendon	O
+[	O
+4	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Dhanak	O
+[	O
+5	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Bassom	O
+and	O
+Seddougui	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Lingwood	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Turkyilmazoglu	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+,	O
+Lingwood	O
+and	O
+Garrett	O
+[	O
+9	O
+]	O
+,	O
+for	O
+example	O
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+literature	O
+shows	O
+that	O
+increasing	B-Process
+suction	I-Process
+has	O
+a	O
+stabilising	O
+effect	O
+on	O
+the	O
+general	O
+class	O
+of	O
+“	B-Process
+Bödewadt	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+Ekman	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+von	I-Process
+Kármán	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+(	I-Process
+BEK	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+flows	I-Process
+which	O
+results	O
+in	O
+an	O
+increase	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+critical	I-Process
+Reynolds	I-Process
+numbers	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+convective	O
+and	O
+absolute	O
+instabilities	O
+,	O
+a	O
+narrowing	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+range	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+unstable	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+and	O
+a	O
+decrease	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+amplification	I-Process
+rates	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+unstable	O
+convective	O
+modes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+convective	B-Process
+instability	I-Process
+results	O
+are	O
+interpreted	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+a	O
+delay	O
+in	O
+the	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+spiral	B-Material
+vortices	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+absolute	B-Process
+instability	I-Process
+results	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+the	O
+onset	O
+of	O
+laminar-turbulent	B-Process
+transition	I-Process
+(	O
+Lingwood	O
+[	O
+7,10,11	O
+])	O
+.	O
+
+We	O
+have	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+systematic	O
+,	O
+quantified	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+a	O
+specific	O
+problem	O
+:	O
+the	O
+design	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+mobile-friendly	I-Task
+unique	I-Task
+identifiers	I-Task
+.	O
+But	O
+our	O
+results	O
+also	O
+apply	O
+to	O
+the	O
+design	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+other	I-Task
+text-based	I-Task
+services	I-Task
+.	O
+There	O
+has	O
+been	O
+a	O
+trend	O
+toward	O
+bespoke	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+adaptive	I-Material
+keyboards	I-Material
+(	O
+e.g.	O
+,	O
+Dunlop	O
+and	O
+Levine	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Karrenbauer	O
+and	O
+Oulasvirta	O
+,	O
+2014	O
+;	O
+Leiva	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2015	O
+;	O
+Wiseman	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2013	O
+)	O
+.	O
+More	O
+often	O
+than	O
+not	O
+,	O
+though	O
+,	O
+input	B-Material
+devices	I-Material
+are	O
+a	O
+fixed	O
+constraint	O
+in	O
+the	O
+design	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+service	I-Task
+.	O
+Most	O
+users	O
+are	O
+typing	O
+on	O
+the	O
+keyboard	O
+that	O
+came	O
+with	O
+their	O
+phone	O
+.	O
+Those	O
+keyboards	O
+have	O
+advantages	O
+,	O
+limitations	O
+and	O
+quirks	O
+.	O
+The	O
+mode-switching	B-Process
+that	O
+most	O
+touchscreen	O
+keyboards	O
+require	O
+to	O
+reach	O
+numbers	O
+and	O
+capital	O
+letters	O
+is	O
+at	O
+the	O
+root	O
+of	O
+design	O
+improvements	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+When	O
+designing	B-Task
+services	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+vital	O
+to	O
+be	O
+aware	O
+of	O
+the	O
+fixed	O
+constraints	O
+of	O
+a	O
+system	O
+and	O
+to	O
+then	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+the	O
+aspects	O
+of	O
+a	O
+service	O
+'s	O
+design	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+controlled	O
+.	O
+Making	O
+changes	O
+to	O
+input	O
+data	O
+in	O
+this	O
+way	O
+is	O
+a	O
+cheap	O
+,	O
+quick	O
+and	O
+easy	O
+way	O
+to	O
+improve	O
+user	O
+experience	O
+.	O
+
+Probabilistic	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+stochastic	I-Process
+approaches	I-Process
+can	O
+facilitate	O
+the	O
+search	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+local	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+global	I-Task
+optima	I-Task
+.	O
+Evolutionary	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+genetic	B-Process
+population	I-Process
+(	O
+Jomier	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+;	O
+Rivest-Henault	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2012	O
+;	O
+Ruijters	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+)	O
+,	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+a	O
+strategy	O
+that	O
+is	O
+“	O
+less	O
+likely	O
+to	O
+get	O
+stuck	O
+in	O
+a	O
+local	O
+optimum	O
+”	O
+(	O
+Ruijters	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2009	O
+)	O
+.	O
+A	O
+cost	B-Material
+function	I-Material
+consisting	O
+of	O
+the	O
+“	O
+sum	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Gaussian-blurred	O
+intensity	O
+values	O
+in	O
+the	O
+[	O
+DSA	O
+]	O
+at	O
+the	O
+projected	O
+model	O
+points	O
+”	O
+(	O
+Jomier	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2006	O
+)	O
+is	O
+optimized	O
+using	O
+a	O
+genetic	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+optimizer	I-Process
+.	O
+Other	O
+authors	O
+“	O
+use	O
+the	O
+Condensation	B-Process
+form	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+sequential	I-Process
+Monte	I-Process
+Carlo	I-Process
+sampling	I-Process
+to	O
+estimate	O
+a	O
+cost	O
+function	O
+gradient	O
+”	O
+(	O
+Florin	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+2005	O
+)	O
+for	O
+finding	O
+the	O
+global	O
+minimum	O
+.	O
+Besides	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Kalman	O
+filter	O
+is	O
+successfully	O
+adopted	O
+(	O
+Curwen	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1994	O
+;	O
+Feldmar	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1997	O
+;	O
+Toledo	O
+et	O
+al.	O
+,	O
+1998	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+For	O
+all	O
+volunteers	O
+the	O
+AAMM	B-Task
+technique	I-Task
+significantly	O
+(	O
+p	O
+<	O
+0.01	O
+)	O
+outperformed	O
+the	O
+other	O
+two	O
+methods	O
+in	O
+all	O
+of	O
+the	O
+intervals	O
+as	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+by	O
+comparing	O
+to	O
+the	O
+error	B-Material
+curves	I-Material
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+8	O
+and	O
+the	O
+figures	O
+in	O
+Table	O
+1	O
+in	O
+the	O
+supplementary	O
+materials	O
+.	O
+Significance	O
+was	O
+assessed	O
+using	O
+a	O
+1-tailed	B-Process
+Wilcoxon	I-Process
+signed	I-Process
+rank	I-Process
+test	I-Process
+since	O
+the	O
+error	O
+distributions	O
+were	O
+generally	O
+not	O
+symmetric	O
+.	O
+The	O
+estimation	O
+errors	O
+for	O
+AAMM	B-Task
+and	O
+its	O
+non-adaptive	O
+counterpart	O
+,	O
+AAMM	O
+(	O
+no	O
+adapt.	O
+)	O
+,	O
+were	O
+similar	O
+in	O
+the	O
+beginning	O
+of	O
+the	O
+application	O
+phase	O
+,	O
+but	O
+as	O
+anticipated	O
+,	O
+as	O
+the	O
+application	O
+phase	O
+went	O
+on	O
+,	O
+the	O
+AAMM	O
+technique	O
+continually	O
+improved	O
+its	O
+accuracy	O
+by	O
+incorporating	O
+more	O
+and	O
+more	O
+data	O
+into	O
+the	O
+model	O
+.	O
+On	O
+average	O
+the	O
+motion	O
+estimation	O
+of	O
+AAMM	O
+improved	O
+by	O
+22.94	O
+%	O
+in	O
+T5	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+its	O
+non-adaptive	O
+counterpart	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+method	O
+has	O
+already	O
+significantly	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+the	O
+breathing	O
+pattern	O
+in	O
+T2	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+after	O
+between	O
+3	O
+and	O
+7	O
+min	O
+of	O
+imaging	O
+,	O
+where	O
+motion	O
+estimations	O
+where	O
+on	O
+average	O
+16.87	O
+%	O
+more	O
+accurate	O
+than	O
+at	O
+the	O
+beginning	O
+of	O
+the	O
+adaptation	O
+phase	O
+.	O
+By	O
+visually	O
+inspecting	O
+the	O
+curves	O
+for	O
+AAMM	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+8	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+seen	O
+that	O
+for	O
+many	O
+volunteers	O
+(	O
+in	O
+particular	O
+volunteers	O
+A	O
+,	O
+D	O
+,	O
+E	O
+,	O
+and	O
+F	O
+)	O
+the	O
+error	O
+curves	O
+start	O
+to	O
+flatten	O
+approximately	O
+around	O
+the	O
+7	O
+min	O
+mark	O
+.	O
+From	O
+this	O
+it	O
+can	O
+be	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+a	O
+longer	O
+calibration	O
+scan	O
+of	O
+around	O
+12	O
+min	O
+would	O
+be	O
+optimal	O
+,	O
+that	O
+is	O
+the	O
+5	O
+min	O
+that	O
+were	O
+used	O
+for	O
+calibration	O
+in	O
+this	O
+experiment	O
+plus	O
+7	O
+min	O
+worth	O
+of	O
+data	O
+added	O
+during	O
+the	O
+application	O
+phase	O
+.	O
+Note	O
+that	O
+this	O
+time	O
+could	O
+be	O
+significantly	O
+reduced	O
+if	O
+a	O
+non-cardiac-gated	O
+sequence	O
+was	O
+used	O
+.	O
+
+As	O
+a	O
+particular	O
+case	O
+of	O
+survey	O
+data	O
+,	O
+we	O
+used	O
+the	O
+iUTAH	B-Process
+“	I-Process
+Utah	I-Process
+Water	I-Process
+Survey	I-Process
+,”	I-Process
+which	O
+was	O
+implemented	O
+by	O
+participating	O
+researchers	O
+from	O
+several	O
+Utah	O
+institutions	O
+of	O
+higher	O
+education	O
+.	O
+The	O
+objectives	O
+of	O
+the	O
+survey	O
+were	O
+to	O
+document	O
+how	O
+a	O
+representative	O
+cross-section	O
+of	O
+Utah	B-Task
+'s	I-Task
+adult	I-Task
+population	I-Task
+thinks	I-Task
+about	I-Task
+water	I-Task
+issues	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+survey	B-Process
+included	O
+three	O
+core	O
+blocks	O
+of	O
+questions	O
+:	O
+perceptions	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+adequacy	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+local	I-Material
+water	I-Material
+supplies	I-Material
+,	O
+perceptions	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+quality	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+local	I-Material
+water	I-Material
+resources	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+concern	B-Material
+about	I-Material
+a	I-Material
+range	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+water	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+non-water	I-Material
+issues	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+number	O
+of	O
+additional	O
+questions	O
+captured	O
+information	O
+about	O
+respondents'	O
+familiarity	B-Material
+with	I-Material
+water	I-Material
+cost	I-Material
+,	O
+lawn-watering	O
+behaviors	O
+,	O
+participation	O
+in	O
+water	O
+based	O
+recreation	O
+,	O
+and	O
+demographic	O
+attributes	O
+.	O
+Supplementary	O
+material	O
+to	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+includes	O
+a	O
+document	O
+with	O
+a	O
+description	O
+of	O
+the	O
+dataset	O
+as	O
+a	O
+whole	O
+,	O
+a	O
+document	O
+containing	O
+the	O
+complete	O
+survey	O
+instrument	O
+,	O
+and	O
+two	O
+data	O
+files	O
+containing	O
+the	O
+results	O
+and	O
+an	O
+associated	O
+codebook	O
+(	O
+see	O
+Section	O
+4.3	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+Isogeometric	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+IGA	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+a	O
+numerical	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+which	O
+is	O
+directly	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+NURBS-based	B-Process
+representation	I-Process
+of	O
+CAD	O
+models	O
+.	O
+It	O
+exploits	O
+the	O
+tensor-product	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+2	O
+-	O
+or	O
+3-dimensional	O
+NURBS	B-Material
+objects	O
+to	O
+parameterize	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+domain	O
+.	O
+Hence	O
+the	O
+physical	O
+domain	O
+is	O
+parameterized	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+a	O
+rectangle	O
+or	O
+to	O
+a	O
+cube	O
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+,	O
+singularly	O
+parameterized	O
+NURBS	O
+surfaces	O
+and	O
+NURBS	O
+volumes	O
+are	O
+needed	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+represent	O
+non-quadrangular	O
+or	O
+non-hexahedral	O
+domains	O
+without	O
+splitting	O
+,	O
+thereby	O
+producing	O
+a	O
+very	O
+compact	O
+and	O
+convenient	O
+representation.The	O
+Galerkin	O
+projection	O
+introduces	O
+finite-dimensional	O
+spaces	O
+of	O
+test	O
+functions	O
+in	O
+the	O
+weak	O
+formulation	O
+of	O
+partial	O
+differential	O
+equations	O
+.	O
+In	O
+particular	O
+,	O
+the	O
+test	O
+functions	O
+used	O
+in	O
+isogeometric	O
+analysis	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+composing	O
+the	O
+inverse	O
+of	O
+the	O
+domain	O
+parameterization	O
+with	O
+the	O
+NURBS	O
+basis	O
+functions	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+singular	O
+parameterizations	O
+,	O
+however	O
+,	O
+some	O
+of	O
+the	O
+resulting	O
+test	O
+functions	O
+do	O
+not	O
+necessarily	O
+fulfill	O
+the	O
+required	O
+regularity	O
+properties	O
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+,	O
+numerical	O
+methods	O
+for	O
+the	O
+solution	O
+of	O
+partial	O
+differential	O
+equations	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+properly.We	O
+discuss	O
+the	O
+regularity	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+test	O
+functions	O
+.	O
+For	O
+one	O
+-	O
+and	O
+two-dimensional	O
+domains	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+several	O
+important	O
+classes	O
+of	O
+singularities	O
+of	O
+NURBS	O
+parameterizations	O
+.	O
+For	O
+specific	O
+cases	O
+we	O
+derive	O
+additional	O
+conditions	O
+which	O
+guarantee	O
+the	O
+regularity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+test	O
+functions	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+we	O
+present	O
+a	O
+modification	O
+scheme	O
+for	O
+the	O
+discretized	O
+function	O
+space	O
+in	O
+case	O
+of	O
+insufficient	O
+regularity	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+also	O
+shown	O
+how	O
+these	O
+results	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+for	O
+computational	O
+domains	O
+in	O
+higher	O
+dimensions	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+parameterized	O
+via	O
+sweeping	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+above	O
+discussion	O
+also	O
+lays	O
+bare	O
+the	O
+difference	O
+of	O
+perspectives	O
+between	O
+the	O
+fusion	O
+of	O
+hard	B-Process
+constraints	I-Process
+and	O
+knowledge-base	B-Process
+merging	I-Process
+:	O
+the	O
+idea	O
+of	O
+Konieczny	O
+and	O
+Pino-Perez	O
+is	O
+to	O
+explain	O
+the	O
+fusion	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+plain	I-Process
+epistemic	I-Process
+states	I-Process
+,	O
+understood	O
+as	O
+a	O
+set	O
+of	O
+plausible	O
+worlds	O
+,	O
+by	O
+the	O
+existence	O
+of	O
+underlying	O
+partial	B-Process
+orderings	I-Process
+or	O
+numerical	B-Process
+plausibility	I-Process
+degrees	I-Process
+(	O
+obtained	O
+by	O
+distances	O
+)	O
+,	O
+based	O
+on	O
+axioms	O
+that	O
+only	O
+use	O
+plausible	O
+sets	O
+attached	O
+to	O
+these	O
+orderings	O
+.	O
+In	O
+[	O
+67	O
+]	O
+the	O
+same	O
+authors	O
+use	O
+both	O
+hard	B-Process
+(	I-Process
+integrity	I-Process
+)	I-Process
+constraints	I-Process
+and	O
+belief	B-Process
+sets	I-Process
+referring	O
+to	O
+plausible	O
+worlds	O
+,	O
+and	O
+try	O
+to	O
+extend	O
+both	O
+the	O
+AGM	B-Process
+revision	I-Process
+and	O
+knowledge-based	B-Process
+merging	I-Process
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+they	O
+do	O
+not	O
+envisage	O
+the	O
+merging	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+integrity	I-Process
+constraints	I-Process
+discussed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+previous	O
+section	O
+.	O
+The	O
+belief	B-Task
+revision	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+merging	I-Task
+literature	O
+takes	O
+an	O
+external	O
+point	O
+of	O
+view	O
+on	O
+cognitive	O
+processes	O
+under	O
+study	O
+.	O
+The	O
+underlying	O
+ordered	B-Material
+structures	I-Material
+are	O
+here	O
+a	O
+consequence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+merging	O
+postulates	O
+,	O
+but	O
+they	O
+do	O
+not	O
+appear	O
+explicitly	O
+in	O
+the	O
+axioms	O
+and	O
+they	O
+are	O
+not	O
+observable	O
+from	O
+the	O
+outside	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+contrary	O
+,	O
+our	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+to	O
+construct	B-Process
+fusion	I-Process
+rules	I-Process
+that	O
+only	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+what	O
+is	O
+explicitly	O
+supplied	O
+by	O
+sources	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+sequel	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+the	O
+counterpart	O
+of	O
+our	O
+fusion	O
+postulates	O
+for	O
+ranked	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+,	O
+that	O
+can	O
+be	O
+expressed	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+total	O
+orders	O
+of	O
+possible	O
+worlds	O
+or	O
+by	O
+their	O
+encodings	O
+on	O
+a	O
+plausibility	O
+scale	O
+.	O
+
+Methods	O
+for	O
+anomaly	B-Task
+detection	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+local	O
+context	O
+are	O
+the	O
+conceptual	O
+opposite	O
+to	O
+the	O
+afore-described	B-Material
+centralized	I-Material
+methods	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+rely	O
+on	O
+globally	B-Material
+shared	I-Material
+models	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+data	B-Task
+mining	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+notion	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+locality	I-Task
+is	O
+often	O
+given	O
+as	O
+distance	B-Material
+between	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+values	I-Material
+(	O
+given	O
+a	B-Material
+specific	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+metric	I-Material
+such	I-Material
+as	I-Material
+Euclidean	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+A	O
+data	O
+point	O
+is	O
+compared	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+value	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+its	I-Process
+nearest	I-Process
+neighbors	I-Process
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+data	O
+distance	O
+[	O
+42	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	B-Task
+notion	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+locality	I-Task
+can	O
+also	O
+be	O
+given	O
+in	O
+a	B-Material
+geographical	I-Material
+distance	I-Material
+between	O
+the	O
+sources	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	O
+.	O
+Many	B-Material
+similar	I-Material
+values	I-Material
+(	O
+i.e.	O
+,	O
+data	O
+with	O
+small	O
+distance	O
+among	O
+each	O
+other	O
+)	O
+result	O
+in	O
+a	O
+higher	O
+density	O
+,	O
+called	O
+clusters	B-Material
+,	O
+while	O
+values	B-Process
+that	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+less	I-Process
+similar	I-Process
+result	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+lower	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+.	O
+Anomalies	B-Task
+can	O
+fall	O
+outside	O
+of	O
+any	O
+cluster	B-Material
+but	O
+,	O
+when	O
+frequently	O
+occurring	O
+,	O
+can	B-Process
+form	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+cluster	I-Process
+too	O
+.	O
+Determining	B-Task
+if	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+datum	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+normal	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+anomalous	I-Task
+compared	O
+to	O
+local	O
+neighborhood	O
+data	O
+is	O
+a	O
+challenge	O
+.	O
+
+MWSN	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+protocols	I-Process
+generally	O
+take	O
+influence	O
+from	O
+both	O
+WSN	B-Process
+and	O
+mobile	B-Process
+ad	I-Process
+hoc	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+(	O
+MANET	B-Process
+)	O
+routing	B-Process
+protocols	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+all	O
+share	O
+common	O
+limitations	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+bandwidth	O
+,	O
+power	O
+and	O
+cost	O
+.	O
+WSNs	B-Process
+often	O
+share	O
+the	O
+same	O
+aim	O
+as	O
+MWSNs	B-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+that	O
+they	O
+wish	O
+to	O
+route	B-Process
+data	I-Process
+from	O
+many	O
+sensors	B-Material
+to	O
+a	O
+single	O
+sink	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+WSNs	B-Process
+are	O
+normally	O
+considered	O
+to	O
+be	O
+static	O
+and	O
+so	O
+the	O
+associated	O
+routing	O
+protocols	O
+are	O
+often	O
+unable	O
+to	O
+cope	O
+in	O
+a	O
+mobile	O
+scenario	O
+[	O
+10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Alternatively	O
+,	O
+MANET	B-Process
+protocols	I-Process
+are	O
+designed	O
+to	O
+be	O
+able	O
+to	O
+cope	O
+with	O
+the	O
+mobility	O
+of	O
+nodes	O
+,	O
+however	O
+they	O
+aim	O
+to	O
+allow	O
+end-to-end	O
+communication	O
+to	O
+occur	O
+between	O
+any	O
+two	O
+nodes	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+This	O
+extra	O
+functionality	O
+is	O
+often	O
+not	O
+required	O
+by	O
+MWSNs	B-Process
+and	O
+so	O
+the	O
+additional	O
+overhead	O
+is	O
+unnecessary	O
+.	O
+Combined	O
+with	O
+the	O
+high	O
+packet	O
+delivery	O
+ratios	O
+and	O
+low	O
+delays	O
+that	O
+are	O
+demanded	O
+by	O
+emerging	O
+applications	O
+,	O
+the	O
+ideal	O
+routing	O
+solution	O
+for	O
+a	O
+MWSN	B-Process
+is	O
+one	O
+that	O
+can	O
+handle	O
+the	O
+mobility	O
+of	O
+nodes	O
+and	O
+allows	O
+data	O
+to	O
+be	O
+forwarded	O
+from	O
+the	O
+sensors	O
+to	O
+the	O
+sink	O
+in	O
+a	O
+reliable	O
+and	O
+timely	O
+manner	O
+.	O
+This	O
+set	O
+of	O
+requirements	O
+make	O
+the	O
+problem	O
+of	O
+routing	B-Task
+in	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+MWSN	I-Task
+a	O
+unique	O
+challenge	O
+,	O
+which	O
+will	O
+require	O
+new	O
+specifically	O
+designed	O
+solutions	O
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+reason	O
+there	O
+have	O
+been	O
+many	O
+routing	O
+protocols	O
+designed	O
+for	O
+MWSNs	B-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+such	O
+,	O
+this	O
+section	O
+will	O
+give	O
+an	O
+overview	O
+of	O
+the	O
+current	O
+literature	O
+,	O
+which	O
+highlights	O
+the	O
+different	O
+techniques	O
+and	O
+commonly	O
+used	O
+protocols	O
+in	O
+MWSN	B-Process
+routing	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+test	B-Task
+whether	I-Task
+haptic	I-Task
+patterns	I-Task
+can	I-Task
+convey	I-Task
+or	I-Task
+enhance	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+mood	I-Task
+music	I-Task
+of	O
+a	O
+movie	O
+,	O
+an	O
+affective	B-Material
+movie	I-Material
+clip	I-Material
+corpus	I-Material
+was	O
+required	O
+consisting	O
+of	O
+clips	O
+labeled	O
+according	O
+to	O
+the	O
+emotion	O
+conveyed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+mood	O
+music	O
+.	O
+The	O
+following	O
+database	B-Material
+collections	I-Material
+were	O
+examined	O
+as	O
+possible	O
+sources	O
+for	O
+the	O
+corpus	O
+:	O
+the	O
+Emotional	B-Material
+Movie	I-Material
+Database	I-Material
+(	O
+EMDB	B-Material
+)	O
+[	O
+19	O
+]	O
+,	O
+and	O
+Film	B-Material
+Stim	I-Material
+[	O
+20	O
+]	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+these	O
+were	O
+discarded	O
+after	O
+review	B-Process
+as	O
+unsuitable	O
+.	O
+The	O
+aim	O
+of	O
+this	O
+study	O
+is	O
+to	O
+enhance	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+mood	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+film	O
+score	O
+,	O
+and	O
+in	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+clips	O
+in	O
+the	O
+EMDB	B-Material
+,	O
+no	O
+audio	O
+is	O
+provided	O
+which	O
+deemed	O
+the	O
+clips	O
+unsuitable	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Film	B-Material
+Stim	I-Material
+database	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+clips	O
+are	O
+in	O
+French	O
+rather	O
+than	O
+English	O
+,	O
+and	O
+with	O
+no	O
+subtitles	O
+which	O
+where	O
+also	O
+deemed	O
+unsuitable	O
+since	O
+the	O
+studies	O
+are	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+with	O
+English	B-Material
+speaking	I-Material
+participants	I-Material
+.	O
+Furthermore	O
+,	O
+the	O
+Film	B-Material
+Stim	I-Material
+selection	I-Material
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+affective	O
+content	O
+of	O
+the	O
+narrative	O
+as	O
+in	O
+most	O
+of	O
+them	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+music	O
+which	O
+is	O
+also	O
+unsuitable	O
+as	O
+discussed	O
+.	O
+From	O
+our	O
+review	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+available	I-Process
+database	I-Process
+collections	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+was	O
+found	O
+that	O
+at	O
+present	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+standard	O
+corpus	O
+of	O
+affective	O
+movie	O
+clips	O
+where	O
+the	O
+affective	O
+indexing	O
+referred	O
+to	O
+the	O
+musical	O
+score	O
+of	O
+the	O
+clip	O
+.	O
+
+Aspect-oriented	B-Process
+Programming	I-Process
+(	O
+AOP	B-Process
+)	O
+can	O
+well	O
+solve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+cross-cutting	I-Task
+concerns	I-Task
+.	O
+Because	O
+of	O
+the	O
+different	O
+features	O
+of	O
+aspect	O
+,	O
+AOP	B-Process
+requires	O
+new	O
+techniques	O
+for	O
+testing	O
+.	O
+First	O
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+proposes	O
+a	O
+model	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+test	I-Task
+aspect-oriented	I-Task
+software	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+support	O
+the	O
+testing	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+first	O
+three	O
+steps	O
+,	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+the	O
+algorithm	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+selecting	I-Process
+aspect	I-Process
+relevant	I-Process
+test	I-Process
+cases	I-Process
+.	O
+Then	O
+,	O
+we	O
+develop	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+tool	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+implement	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+theoretical	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+automating	I-Task
+select	I-Task
+test	I-Task
+case	I-Task
+.	O
+Finally	O
+,	O
+a	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Bank	B-Process
+Account	I-Process
+System	I-Process
+is	O
+studied	O
+to	O
+illustrate	O
+our	O
+testing	O
+approach	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+the	O
+design	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+varnish	I-Task
+plant	I-Task
+at	O
+Crocodile	O
+Matchet	O
+Limited	O
+,	O
+Tema	O
+,	O
+Ghana	O
+was	O
+considered	O
+and	O
+modification	B-Task
+made	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+eliminate	I-Task
+blooming	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+rusting	I-Task
+of	O
+its	O
+product	O
+at	O
+the	O
+final	O
+processing	B-Material
+plant	I-Material
+when	O
+there	O
+is	O
+high	O
+moisture	O
+content	O
+in	O
+the	O
+atmosphere	O
+.	O
+The	O
+proposed	O
+design	O
+included	O
+pipelines	B-Material
+or	O
+ductsand	B-Material
+hot	I-Material
+air	I-Material
+receiving	I-Material
+chambers	I-Material
+for	O
+the	O
+Varnish	O
+Plant.Heat	O
+from	O
+the	O
+exhaust	O
+gas	O
+which	O
+would	O
+have	O
+otherwise	O
+,	O
+gone	O
+wasted	O
+,	O
+was	O
+utilised	O
+by	O
+redesigning	O
+the	O
+varnish	O
+plant	O
+and	O
+this	O
+yielded	O
+6.74kW	O
+of	O
+heat	O
+energy	O
+which	O
+was	O
+transferred	O
+into	O
+the	O
+air	O
+chambers	O
+to	O
+aid	O
+the	O
+drying	O
+ofmatchets	O
+at	O
+the	O
+hardening	O
+plant	O
+.	O
+Consequently	O
+,	O
+the	O
+absorption	O
+of	O
+the	O
+moisture	O
+on	O
+the	O
+steel	O
+and	O
+the	O
+dryness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+product	O
+were	O
+improved	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+studies	O
+were	O
+done	O
+to	O
+ensure	O
+constant	O
+supply	O
+of	O
+hot	O
+air	O
+into	O
+the	O
+air	O
+chambers	O
+.	O
+
+Digital	B-Material
+libraries	I-Material
+promise	O
+new	O
+societal	O
+benefits	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+e-learning	B-Process
+in	O
+digital	O
+or	O
+mobile	O
+times	O
+,	O
+starting	O
+with	O
+the	O
+elimination	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+time	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+space	I-Process
+constraints	I-Process
+of	O
+traditional	O
+bricks-and-mortar	B-Material
+libraries	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+library	O
+and	O
+information	O
+professionals	O
+are	O
+required	O
+to	O
+acquire	B-Task
+such	I-Task
+knowledge	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+skills	I-Task
+as	O
+the	O
+library	O
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+highly	O
+IT	O
+influenced	O
+service	O
+profession	O
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+gives	O
+an	O
+overview	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+current	I-Task
+trends	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+digital	I-Task
+library	I-Task
+research	I-Task
+consists	O
+of	O
+digital	O
+library	O
+characteristic	O
+,	O
+advantage	O
+,	O
+disadvantages	O
+and	O
+function	O
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+also	O
+highlights	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+impact	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+information	I-Task
+technology	I-Task
+on	O
+the	O
+traditional	O
+library	B-Material
+.	O
+
+According	O
+to	O
+the	O
+situation	O
+that	O
+the	O
+IT	O
+students	O
+can	O
+not	O
+meet	O
+the	O
+software	O
+industry	O
+demand	O
+for	O
+qualified	O
+personnel	O
+,	O
+a	O
+“	B-Process
+triple-driven	I-Process
+”	I-Process
+three-dimensional	I-Process
+software	I-Process
+development	I-Process
+practical	I-Process
+teaching	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+was	O
+proposed	O
+,	O
+aiming	O
+to	O
+improve	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+software	I-Task
+development	I-Task
+capabilities	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+innovation	I-Task
+sense	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+students	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+system	O
+can	O
+effectively	O
+improve	O
+students	O
+the	O
+interest	O
+of	O
+software	O
+development	O
+and	O
+the	O
+practical	B-Process
+skills	I-Process
+and	O
+sense	O
+of	O
+innovation	O
+,	O
+laying	O
+a	O
+solid	O
+foundation	O
+for	O
+student	O
+after	O
+graduation	O
+to	O
+rapidly	O
+integrate	O
+into	O
+the	O
+software	B-Process
+development	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+,	O
+meeting	O
+the	O
+needs	O
+of	O
+software	B-Task
+industry	I-Task
+.	O
+
+According	O
+to	O
+the	O
+shortcomings	O
+of	O
+long	O
+time	O
+and	O
+big	O
+errors	O
+about	O
+the	O
+moving	B-Process
+plate	I-Process
+recognition	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+the	O
+moving	B-Process
+plate	I-Process
+recognition	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+principal	B-Process
+component	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+(	O
+PCA	B-Process
+)	O
+color	B-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+On	O
+the	O
+basis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+moving	I-Task
+plate	I-Task
+recognition	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+'s	I-Task
+basic	I-Task
+principles	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+introduces	O
+the	O
+basic	O
+principles	O
+and	O
+calculation	O
+steps	O
+about	O
+PCA	B-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+discusses	O
+the	O
+feasibility	O
+of	O
+applying	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+PRS	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+The	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+has	O
+the	O
+advantages	O
+of	O
+faster	O
+speed	O
+and	O
+higher	O
+accuracy	O
+of	O
+recognition	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+provides	O
+a	O
+new	O
+thought	O
+for	O
+the	O
+research	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+moving	I-Task
+plate	I-Task
+recognition	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+.	O
+
+With	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+sport	O
+normal	O
+students	O
+in	O
+china	O
+,	O
+Some	O
+ideas	O
+to	O
+teaching	O
+and	O
+learning	O
+that	O
+view	O
+learning	O
+as	O
+a	O
+simple	O
+process	O
+of	O
+knowledge	B-Process
+have	O
+become	O
+outdated	O
+and	O
+ineffective	O
+,	O
+therefore	O
+,	O
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+improving	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+quality	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+teaching	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+learning	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+sport	I-Task
+normal	I-Task
+students	I-Task
+in	O
+china	O
+,	O
+this	O
+author	O
+discussed	O
+some	O
+factors	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+promoting	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+teaching	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+learning	I-Process
+for	O
+sport	O
+normal	O
+students	O
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+implementation	B-Process
+principle	I-Process
+,	O
+curriculum	B-Process
+design	I-Process
+,	O
+education	B-Process
+policy	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+so	O
+on	O
+.	O
+The	O
+meaning	O
+of	O
+results	O
+and	O
+their	O
+implication	O
+of	O
+future	B-Task
+research	I-Task
+are	O
+discussed	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+process-driven	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+presented	O
+to	O
+build	O
+an	O
+instinctive	O
+and	O
+efficient	O
+higher	O
+educational	O
+administrative	B-Process
+management	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+to	O
+overcome	B-Process
+problems	I-Process
+most	O
+universities	O
+facing	O
+.	O
+With	O
+this	O
+model	O
+,	O
+processes	B-Task
+are	I-Task
+identified	I-Task
+explicitly	O
+and	O
+the	O
+routine	O
+of	O
+educational	B-Process
+administration	I-Process
+is	O
+broken	O
+into	O
+small	O
+tasks	O
+.	O
+Each	O
+task	O
+has	O
+designated	O
+role	O
+of	O
+executors	O
+.	O
+A	O
+process	O
+describes	O
+the	O
+activities	O
+and	O
+relationships	O
+among	O
+them	O
+.	O
+A	O
+prototype	O
+of	O
+higher	O
+educational	O
+administrative	O
+system	O
+is	O
+built	O
+with	O
+Bonita	B-Material
+open	I-Material
+solution	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+demo	O
+shows	O
+that	O
+the	O
+process-driven	O
+higher	O
+educational	O
+administrative	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+helps	O
+end	O
+users	O
+understand	B-Process
+processes	I-Process
+they	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+involved	I-Process
+and	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+what	O
+to	O
+do	O
+.	O
+
+With	O
+employment	O
+of	O
+utilizing	O
+the	O
+investigation	B-Process
+,	O
+expert	B-Process
+interviews	I-Process
+and	O
+comparison	O
+,	O
+this	O
+article	O
+investigates	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+curricula	I-Task
+construction	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+curricula	I-Task
+design	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+curricula	I-Task
+content	I-Task
+for	O
+sports	O
+free	O
+normal	O
+students	O
+.	O
+On	O
+the	O
+basis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+investigation	B-Task
+,	O
+this	O
+article	O
+analyzed	O
+the	O
+theoretical	B-Process
+framework	I-Process
+of	O
+curricular	O
+construction	O
+and	O
+proposed	O
+some	O
+suggestions	O
+.	O
+We	O
+hope	O
+that	O
+it	O
+can	O
+provide	O
+some	O
+evidences	O
+for	O
+curricula	B-Process
+design	I-Process
+for	O
+sports	O
+free	O
+normal	O
+students	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+has	O
+been	O
+more	O
+than	O
+a	O
+century	O
+since	O
+the	O
+emergence	O
+of	O
+the	O
+lettered	B-Material
+words	I-Material
+.	O
+After	O
+that	O
+,	O
+with	O
+the	O
+development	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+economy	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+culture	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+increase	O
+of	O
+international	O
+contacts	O
+and	O
+communication	B-Process
+between	O
+China	O
+and	O
+foreign	O
+countries	O
+,	O
+lettered	B-Material
+words	I-Material
+have	O
+been	O
+appearing	O
+more	O
+frequently	O
+.	O
+Lettered	B-Material
+words	I-Material
+have	O
+become	O
+an	O
+indispensable	O
+part	O
+of	O
+Chinese	B-Material
+vocabulary	I-Material
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+WTO	B-Material
+,	O
+Ka	B-Material
+la	I-Material
+OK	I-Material
+and	O
+MP3	B-Material
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+new	O
+phenomenon	O
+in	O
+the	O
+vocabulary	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+modern	O
+Chinese	O
+,	O
+the	O
+lettered	B-Material
+words	I-Material
+draws	O
+a	O
+lot	O
+of	O
+academic	O
+attention	O
+.	O
+Ecolinguistics	B-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+new	O
+branch	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+linguistic	I-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+combine	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+linguistic	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+ecology	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+is	O
+trying	O
+to	O
+analyze	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+lettered	I-Task
+words	I-Task
+from	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+perspective	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Ecolinguistics	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+will	O
+discuss	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+reasons	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+appearing	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+lettered	I-Task
+words	I-Task
+and	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+may	O
+give	O
+to	O
+modern	O
+Chinese	O
+form	O
+the	O
+ecolinguistic	O
+view	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+21st	O
+century	O
+in	O
+the	O
+face	O
+of	O
+an	O
+aging	B-Process
+population	I-Process
+trend	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+health	O
+status	O
+of	O
+the	O
+elderly	O
+is	O
+a	O
+hot	O
+issue	O
+of	O
+social	O
+concern	O
+,	O
+therefore	O
+,	O
+to	O
+explore	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+health	I-Task
+status	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+Chinese	O
+population	O
+aging	O
+and	O
+the	O
+elderly	O
+,	O
+elderly	O
+fitness	O
+exercise	O
+Misunderstanding	O
+study	O
+and	O
+formulate	B-Task
+measures	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+methods	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+fitness	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+elderly	O
+,	O
+promoting	O
+elderly	B-Process
+fitness	I-Process
+training	I-Process
+towards	O
+a	O
+healthy	O
+,	O
+scientific	O
+direction	O
+,	O
+to	O
+promote	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+nationwide	I-Task
+fitness	I-Task
+activities	I-Task
+carried	O
+out	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+the	O
+exercise	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+scientific	I-Process
+fitness	I-Process
+of	O
+older	O
+persons	O
+.	O
+
+Faced	O
+with	O
+deficient	O
+ability	O
+of	O
+autonomic	B-Task
+learning	I-Task
+among	O
+learners	O
+and	O
+low	B-Process
+emotional	I-Process
+involvement	I-Process
+in	O
+current	O
+web-based	B-Material
+instructional	I-Material
+environment	I-Material
+,	O
+here	O
+we	O
+propose	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+construct	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+that	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+inter-subjectivity	O
+fusing	B-Process
+cognition	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+emotion	I-Process
+to	O
+make	O
+up	O
+for	O
+these	O
+shortages	O
+.	O
+Further	O
+more	O
+,	O
+we	O
+’ve	O
+put	O
+the	O
+construct	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+into	O
+practice	O
+through	O
+the	O
+online	B-Process
+teaching	I-Process
+reformation	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+quality	O
+course	O
+apparel	O
+production	O
+and	O
+management	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+algorithms	B-Task
+for	I-Task
+automatic	I-Task
+generation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+logic	I-Task
+reasoning	I-Task
+questions	I-Task
+.	I-Task
+The	O
+algorithms	O
+are	O
+able	O
+to	O
+construct	B-Process
+questions	I-Process
+that	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+solvable	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+unique	I-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithms	O
+employ	O
+AI	B-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+such	O
+as	O
+semantic	B-Process
+networks	I-Process
+to	O
+produce	O
+verbal	B-Material
+questions	I-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+algorithms	O
+are	O
+small	O
+in	O
+size	O
+and	O
+are	O
+able	O
+to	O
+replace	O
+traditional	B-Material
+question	I-Material
+databases	I-Material
+.	O
+They	O
+are	O
+particularly	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+implementation	O
+on	O
+the	O
+memory	B-Process
+constrained	I-Process
+mobile	I-Process
+platforms	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithms	O
+can	O
+be	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+question	B-Process
+generation	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+job	I-Process
+interview	I-Process
+,	O
+civil	O
+service	O
+exam	O
+,	O
+etc	O
+.	O
+
+By	O
+referring	O
+to	O
+many	O
+relevant	O
+data	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+essays	I-Material
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+aims	O
+at	O
+discussing	O
+and	O
+analyzing	O
+the	O
+importance	O
+of	O
+hip-push	O
+applied	O
+in	O
+walking	O
+race,based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+point	O
+of	O
+the	O
+view	O
+on	O
+sports	O
+biomechanics	O
+.	O
+With	O
+redard	O
+to	O
+the	O
+existing	O
+problems,the	O
+authors	O
+have	O
+made	O
+an	O
+objective	O
+analysis	O
+on	O
+the	O
+sports-biomechanics	O
+factors	O
+that	O
+can	O
+influence	O
+the	O
+race,hoping	O
+to	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+theoretical	O
+basis	O
+for	O
+the	O
+deep	O
+development	O
+and	O
+training	O
+of	O
+walking	O
+race	O
+.	O
+
+Amodel	O
+are	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+modeling	B-Task
+data-centric	I-Task
+Web	I-Task
+services	I-Task
+which	O
+are	O
+powered	O
+by	O
+relational	B-Material
+databases	I-Material
+and	O
+interact	B-Process
+with	I-Process
+users	I-Process
+according	O
+to	O
+logical	B-Process
+formulas	I-Process
+specifying	O
+input	O
+constraints	O
+,	O
+control-flow	B-Process
+constraints	I-Process
+and	O
+state	B-Process
+/	I-Process
+output	I-Process
+/	I-Process
+action	I-Process
+rules	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+Linear	B-Process
+Temporal	I-Process
+First-Order	I-Process
+Logic	I-Process
+(	O
+LTL-FO	B-Process
+)	O
+formulas	O
+over	O
+inputs	O
+,	O
+states	O
+,	O
+outputs	O
+and	O
+actions	O
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+express	O
+the	O
+properties	O
+to	O
+be	O
+verified.We	O
+have	O
+proven	O
+that	O
+automatic	O
+verification	O
+of	O
+LTL-FO	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+data-centric	B-Material
+Web	I-Material
+services	I-Material
+under	O
+input-bounded	O
+constraints	O
+is	O
+decidable	O
+by	O
+reducing	B-Process
+Web	I-Process
+services	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+data-centric	I-Process
+Web	I-Process
+applications	I-Process
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+verify	B-Task
+Web	I-Task
+service	I-Task
+specifications	I-Task
+using	O
+existing	O
+verifier	O
+designed	O
+for	O
+Web	B-Process
+applications	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+most	O
+important	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+the	O
+software	B-Process
+industry	I-Process
+is	O
+to	O
+produce	B-Task
+successful	I-Task
+product	I-Task
+.	O
+During	O
+the	O
+process	O
+of	O
+production	B-Process
+several	O
+times	O
+the	O
+product	B-Process
+fails	I-Process
+due	O
+to	O
+lack	O
+of	O
+proper	O
+management	B-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+is	O
+exploring	O
+the	O
+role	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+software	I-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+courses	I-Task
+in	O
+computer	B-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+related	O
+branches	O
+and	O
+then	O
+reasons	O
+why	O
+software	O
+developers	O
+lack	O
+project	B-Process
+management	I-Process
+in	O
+proper	B-Process
+software	I-Process
+management	I-Process
+trainings	I-Process
+.	O
+Our	O
+findings	O
+reflect	O
+that	O
+in	O
+majority	O
+of	O
+computer	O
+related	O
+branches	O
+like	O
+computer	O
+science	O
+,	O
+computer	O
+engineering	O
+,	O
+information	O
+system	O
+engineering	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+place	O
+for	O
+software	B-Process
+project	I-Process
+management	I-Process
+course	I-Process
+.	O
+Our	O
+findings	O
+are	O
+based	O
+on	O
+a	O
+survey	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+course	I-Task
+curriculums	I-Task
+of	O
+computer	B-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+,	O
+computer	B-Task
+science	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+information	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+courses	O
+taught	O
+in	O
+Turkish	O
+universities	O
+.	O
+
+Analyzing	O
+the	O
+significance	O
+of	O
+macroscopical	O
+dynamic	O
+monitoring	O
+of	O
+new	O
+add	O
+construction	B-Material
+land	I-Material
+,	O
+considering	O
+the	O
+influence	O
+of	O
+various	O
+factors	O
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+selected	O
+Yinchuan	B-Material
+Plain	I-Material
+for	O
+a	O
+typical	O
+experimental	O
+zone	O
+,	O
+built	O
+knowledge	B-Material
+base	I-Material
+of	O
+remote	B-Process
+sensing	I-Process
+images	I-Process
+interpretation	I-Process
+,	O
+used	O
+multi-temporal	B-Material
+remote	I-Material
+sensing	I-Material
+images	I-Material
+,	O
+carried	O
+through	O
+interactive	B-Process
+interpretation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+change	I-Process
+patterns	I-Process
+of	O
+new	O
+add	O
+construction	B-Material
+land	I-Material
+and	O
+field	B-Process
+validation	I-Process
+.	O
+Interpretation	B-Task
+results	O
+of	O
+20m	O
+scale	O
+remote	B-Material
+sensing	I-Material
+image	I-Material
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+minimum	O
+spot	O
+average	O
+area	O
+of	O
+new	O
+construction	B-Material
+land	I-Material
+change	O
+monitored	O
+by	O
+20m	O
+scale	O
+remote	B-Material
+sensing	I-Material
+data	I-Material
+is	O
+about	O
+6	O
+acres	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ability	O
+20m	O
+scale	O
+remote	O
+sensing	O
+data	O
+identifies	B-Process
+new	I-Process
+increased	I-Process
+construction	I-Process
+land	I-Process
+change	O
+further	O
+strengthens	O
+,	O
+shows	O
+in	O
+the	O
+recognition	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+smallest	I-Process
+spot	I-Process
+area	I-Process
+reduces	O
+and	O
+the	O
+recognition	O
+accuracy	O
+increases	O
+.	O
+
+Evolutionary	B-Process
+Algorithms	I-Process
+are	O
+the	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+,	O
+simulating	O
+the	O
+behavior	O
+of	O
+natural	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+algorithms	O
+are	O
+basically	O
+population	B-Process
+based	I-Process
+search	I-Process
+procedures	I-Process
+efficiently	O
+dealing	O
+with	O
+complex	O
+search	O
+spaces	O
+having	O
+robust	O
+and	O
+powerful	O
+search	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+.	O
+EAs	B-Process
+are	O
+highly	O
+applicable	O
+in	O
+multiobjective	O
+optimization	B-Process
+problem	I-Process
+which	O
+are	O
+having	O
+conflicting	O
+objectives	O
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+reviews	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+work	I-Task
+carried	I-Task
+out	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+diversity	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+convergence	I-Task
+issues	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+EMO	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+coordination	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+agricultural	I-Task
+products	I-Task
+supply	I-Task
+chain	I-Task
+with	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+yield	I-Process
+is	O
+studied	O
+based	O
+on	O
+prices	B-Process
+compensation	I-Process
+strategy	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+agricultural	B-Process
+producing	I-Process
+is	O
+influenced	O
+by	O
+the	O
+natural	O
+conditions	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+yield	B-Process
+is	O
+uncertain	O
+.	O
+While	O
+agricultural	B-Material
+products	I-Material
+is	O
+rigid	O
+demand	O
+goods	O
+,	O
+the	O
+fluctuations	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+yield	I-Process
+cause	O
+greater	O
+volatility	O
+of	O
+prices	O
+.	O
+The	O
+two	B-Process
+-	I-Process
+echelon	I-Process
+supply	I-Process
+chain	I-Process
+with	O
+one	O
+supplier	O
+and	O
+one	O
+retailor	O
+is	O
+studied	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+mathematical	B-Task
+model	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+constructed	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+model	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+prices	B-Process
+compensation	I-Process
+strategy	I-Process
+is	O
+Pareto	O
+improvement	O
+for	O
+agricultural	B-Process
+products	I-Process
+supply	I-Process
+chain	I-Process
+with	O
+stochastic	B-Process
+yield	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+it	O
+also	O
+incentive	O
+agricultural	B-Material
+products	I-Material
+supplier	O
+to	O
+rise	O
+the	O
+production	B-Process
+plan	I-Process
+and	O
+balance	O
+the	O
+profit	B-Process
+allocation	I-Process
+of	O
+supply	B-Process
+chain	I-Process
+.	O
+
+It	O
+is	O
+difficult	O
+in	O
+directly	O
+predicting	O
+permeability	B-Process
+from	O
+porosity	B-Process
+in	O
+tight	O
+sandstones	B-Material
+due	O
+to	O
+the	O
+poor	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+core	O
+derived	O
+porosity	B-Process
+and	O
+permeability	B-Process
+that	O
+caused	O
+by	O
+the	O
+extreme	O
+heterogeneity	O
+.	O
+The	O
+classical	O
+SDR	B-Process
+(	O
+Schlumberger	B-Process
+Doll	I-Process
+Research	I-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+Timur-Coates	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+are	O
+all	O
+unusable	O
+because	O
+not	O
+enough	O
+core	O
+samples	O
+were	O
+drilled	O
+for	O
+lab	O
+NMR	B-Process
+experimental	B-Process
+measurements	I-Process
+to	O
+calibrate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+involved	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+classification	B-Process
+scale	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+(	O
+CSM	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+after	O
+the	O
+target	O
+tight	O
+sandstones	B-Material
+are	O
+classified	O
+into	O
+two	O
+types	O
+,	O
+the	O
+relationship	O
+between	O
+core	O
+porosity	B-Process
+and	O
+permeability	B-Process
+is	O
+established	O
+for	O
+every	O
+type	O
+of	O
+formations	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+permeability	B-Task
+estimation	I-Task
+models	I-Task
+are	O
+established	O
+.	O
+Field	B-Material
+examples	I-Material
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+classification	B-Process
+scale	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+effective	O
+in	O
+estimating	O
+tight	O
+sandstone	B-Material
+permeability	B-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+opportunity	O
+offered	O
+by	O
+digital	O
+technologies	O
+to	O
+make	O
+deep	O
+rationalization	B-Process
+in	O
+purchase	O
+of	O
+supplies	B-Material
+is	O
+becoming	O
+indispensable	O
+in	O
+competition	O
+between	O
+enterprises	O
+,	O
+considering	O
+positive	O
+effects	O
+in	O
+reducing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+costs	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+companies	O
+that	O
+have	O
+adopted	O
+the	O
+E-Procurement	B-Process
+.	O
+As	O
+it	O
+has	O
+been	O
+confirmed	O
+by	O
+numerous	O
+case	B-Task
+studies	I-Task
+,	O
+automation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+procedures	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+purchase	O
+through	O
+e-procurement	B-Process
+technology	I-Process
+enables	O
+companies	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+a	O
+reduction	O
+in	O
+costs	O
+(	O
+average	O
+8-12	O
+%)	O
+of	O
+total	O
+purchases	O
+.	O
+So	O
+web-based	B-Process
+models	I-Process
+are	O
+playing	O
+a	O
+critical	O
+role	O
+within	O
+companies	O
+,	O
+especially	O
+in	O
+the	O
+generation	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+value	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+supply	I-Process
+chain	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+article	O
+focuses	O
+on	O
+the	O
+role	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+e-procurement	I-Task
+within	O
+a	O
+supply	B-Process
+chain	I-Process
+showing	O
+,	O
+through	O
+simulations	B-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+advantages	O
+and	O
+difficulties	O
+of	O
+implementing	O
+a	O
+systematic	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+Internet	O
+and	O
+defining	O
+the	O
+basic	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+an	O
+e-supply	B-Process
+chain	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+a	O
+hypergraph	B-Task
+model	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+structural	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+modeling	I-Process
+and	O
+reconfigurability	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+At	O
+first	O
+,	O
+we	O
+represent	O
+each	O
+system	O
+equation	O
+by	O
+a	O
+hyperedge	O
+,	O
+and	O
+then	O
+we	O
+extend	O
+the	O
+modeling	B-Process
+hypergraph	I-Process
+with	O
+others	O
+colored	O
+hyperedges	O
+(	O
+red	O
+and	O
+blue	O
+)	O
+which	O
+allows	O
+us	O
+to	O
+perform	O
+the	O
+analysis	B-Task
+task	I-Task
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+bottom	B-Process
+up	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+hypergraph	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+it	O
+'s	O
+very	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+check	O
+the	O
+system	B-Process
+reconfigurability	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+presence	O
+of	O
+fault	O
+by	O
+verifying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+existence	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+paths	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+affected	I-Process
+hyperedge	I-Process
+to	O
+specifics	O
+blue	O
+hyperedges	O
+passing	O
+through	O
+specifics	O
+red	O
+hyperedges	O
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+is	O
+illustrated	O
+through	O
+a	O
+pedagogical	B-Task
+example	I-Task
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+suggests	O
+a	O
+design	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+high	I-Task
+quality	I-Task
+real-time	I-Task
+rotation	I-Task
+face	I-Task
+detection	I-Task
+architecture	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+gesture	I-Task
+recognition	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+smart	I-Task
+TV	I-Task
+.	O
+For	O
+high	O
+performance	O
+rotated	O
+face	B-Process
+detection	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+multiple-MCT	O
+(	O
+Modified	O
+Census	O
+Transform	O
+)	O
+architecture	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+robust	O
+against	O
+lighting	O
+change	O
+,	O
+was	O
+used	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Adaboost	O
+learning	O
+algorithm	O
+was	O
+used	O
+for	O
+creating	O
+optimized	O
+learning	O
+data	O
+.	O
+The	O
+proposed	O
+hardware	O
+structure	O
+was	O
+composed	O
+of	O
+Color	O
+Space	O
+Converter	O
+,	O
+Image	O
+Resizer	O
+,	O
+Noise	O
+Filter	O
+,	O
+Memory	O
+Controller	O
+Interface	O
+,	O
+Image	O
+Rotator	O
+,	O
+Image	O
+Scaler	O
+,	O
+MCT	B-Process
+Generator	O
+,	O
+Candidate	O
+Detector	O
+,	O
+Confidence	O
+Switch	O
+,	O
+Confidence	O
+Mapper	O
+,	O
+Position	O
+Resizer	O
+,	O
+Data	O
+Grouper	O
+,	O
+Overlay	O
+Processor	O
+and	O
+Color	O
+Overlay	O
+Processer	O
+.	O
+As	O
+a	O
+result	O
+,	O
+suggested	O
+face	O
+detection	O
+device	O
+can	O
+conduct	O
+real-time	O
+processing	O
+at	O
+speed	O
+of	O
+at	O
+least	O
+30	O
+frames	O
+per	O
+second	O
+.	O
+
+Based	O
+on	O
+expectation-maximization	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+,	O
+parameter	B-Task
+estimation	I-Task
+was	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+data-driven	B-Process
+nonlinear	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+in	O
+this	O
+work	O
+.	O
+On	O
+this	O
+basis	O
+,	O
+particle	B-Material
+filters	I-Material
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+approximately	O
+calculate	O
+integrals	O
+,	O
+deriving	O
+EM	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+particle	B-Material
+filter	I-Material
+.	O
+And	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	O
+of	O
+using	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+algorithm	O
+for	O
+the	O
+soft	B-Material
+sensor	I-Material
+of	O
+COx	B-Material
+content	O
+in	O
+tail	B-Material
+gas	I-Material
+of	O
+PX	B-Process
+oxidation	I-Process
+side	O
+reactions	O
+was	O
+verified	O
+through	O
+simulation	B-Process
+results	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+a	O
+project	O
+aiming	O
+at	O
+integrating	B-Task
+immersive	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+reality	I-Task
+technologies	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+three-dimensional	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+world	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+use	O
+an	O
+educational	B-Material
+platform	I-Material
+vAcademia	B-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+test	O
+bed	O
+for	O
+the	O
+project	O
+,	O
+and	O
+focus	O
+on	O
+improving	O
+the	O
+learning	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+and	O
+,	O
+subsequently	O
+–	O
+the	O
+outcomes	O
+.	O
+We	O
+aim	O
+at	O
+increasing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+immersiveness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+3D	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+world	I-Task
+experience	I-Task
+by	O
+applying	O
+motion	B-Process
+tracking	I-Process
+for	O
+controlling	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+avatar	I-Process
+and	O
+two	O
+technologies	O
+for	O
+natural	B-Process
+navigation	I-Process
+:	O
+immersive	B-Process
+projection	I-Process
+and	O
+head-mounted	B-Material
+display	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+the	O
+major	B-Task
+types	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+learning	I-Task
+scenarios	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+designed	O
+systems	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+order	O
+to	O
+solve	O
+the	O
+problem	B-Task
+that	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+diesel	I-Task
+engine	I-Task
+PT	I-Task
+fuel	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+unable	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+field	I-Task
+maintain	I-Task
+,	O
+developed	O
+a	O
+portable	B-Material
+signal	I-Material
+acquisition	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+analysis	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+for	O
+diesel	B-Material
+engine	I-Material
+PT	I-Material
+fuel	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+PT	B-Task
+pump	I-Task
+work	I-Task
+Principle	I-Task
+was	I-Task
+analyzed	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+PT	O
+pump	O
+failure	O
+mapping	O
+relation	O
+between	O
+reason	O
+and	O
+failure	O
+phenomenon	O
+was	O
+analyzed	O
+;	O
+Secondly	O
+,	O
+the	O
+diesel	B-Material
+engine	I-Material
+PT	I-Material
+pump	I-Material
+failure	B-Task
+fuel	I-Task
+pressure	I-Task
+characteristics	I-Task
+were	I-Task
+analyzed	I-Task
+;	O
+Lastly	O
+,	O
+using	O
+the	O
+portable	O
+signal	B-Process
+acquisition	I-Process
+and	O
+analysis	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+to	O
+diagnose	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+diesel	I-Task
+engine	I-Task
+PT	I-Task
+fuel	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+experiment	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+system	O
+can	O
+correctly	O
+detect	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+diesel	I-Process
+engine	I-Process
+PT	I-Process
+fuel	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+state	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+behavior	O
+of	O
+cellular	B-Material
+beam	I-Material
+is	O
+described	O
+using	O
+design	B-Task
+methods	I-Task
+according	O
+to	O
+BS	O
+:	O
+5950	O
+,	O
+considering	O
+particularly	O
+the	O
+strength	O
+of	O
+tee	O
+sections	O
+and	O
+web	O
+post	O
+element	O
+.	O
+Such	O
+behavior	O
+is	O
+derived	O
+from	O
+parametric	O
+study	O
+involving	O
+finite	B-Process
+element	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+using	O
+software	O
+ANSYS	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+design	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+plastic	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+section	I-Process
+at	O
+ultimate	O
+loads	O
+and	O
+elastic	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+at	O
+serviceability	O
+loads	O
+.	O
+The	O
+procedure	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+design	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+cellular	I-Task
+beam	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+illustrated	I-Task
+and	O
+an	O
+example	O
+based	O
+on	O
+design	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+worked	O
+out	O
+and	O
+its	O
+verification	O
+is	O
+done	O
+for	O
+checking	O
+the	O
+suitability	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+low-carbon	B-Process
+economic	I-Process
+development	I-Process
+has	O
+become	O
+the	O
+trend	O
+and	O
+orientation	O
+of	O
+regional	O
+economic	O
+development	O
+.	O
+As	O
+the	O
+residents	O
+of	O
+Heilongjiang	O
+province	O
+,	O
+their	O
+consumption	O
+is	O
+the	O
+most	O
+direct	O
+way	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+the	O
+low-carbon	O
+lifestyle	O
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+research	O
+and	O
+discussion	O
+of	O
+the	O
+connotation	O
+of	O
+low-carbon	O
+consumption	O
+and	O
+its	O
+culture	O
+,	O
+behaviour	O
+,	O
+preferences	O
+and	O
+habits	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+the	O
+low-carbon	O
+consumption	O
+requires	O
+us	O
+to	O
+abide	O
+by	O
+the	O
+life-style	O
+of	O
+knowledge	O
+and	O
+culture	O
+.	O
+Therefore	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+obvious	O
+that	O
+the	O
+development	O
+of	O
+low-carbon	O
+economy	O
+is	O
+a	O
+complex	O
+and	O
+systematic	O
+project	O
+,	O
+involved	O
+the	O
+economic	O
+development	O
+mode	O
+,	O
+technological	O
+innovation	O
+mode	O
+,	O
+consumption	O
+values	O
+and	O
+changes	O
+of	O
+lifestyle	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+paper	O
+presents	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+studies	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+effect	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+multiwalled	I-Task
+carbon	I-Task
+nanotubes	I-Task
+18-20nm	O
+in	O
+concentrations	O
+of	O
+1	O
+and	O
+10mg	O
+/	O
+ml	O
+for	O
+diatoms	O
+Pseudo-nitzschia	B-Material
+pungens	I-Material
+(	O
+clone	B-Material
+PP-07	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+golden	B-Material
+alga	I-Material
+Isochrysis	I-Material
+galbana	I-Material
+(	O
+clone	B-Material
+TISO	I-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+The	O
+toxic	B-Process
+effects	I-Process
+of	O
+multiwalled	O
+nanotubes	B-Material
+on	O
+both	O
+types	O
+of	O
+algae	B-Material
+is	O
+revealed	O
+,	O
+which	O
+results	O
+in	O
+a	O
+decrease	O
+of	O
+the	O
+linear	O
+dimensions	O
+of	O
+cells	B-Material
+,	O
+chloroplasts	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+a	O
+reduced	O
+number	O
+of	O
+cells	B-Material
+when	O
+incubated	B-Process
+over	O
+24h	O
+(	O
+Pseudo-nitzschia	B-Material
+pungens	I-Material
+)	O
+and	O
+36hours	O
+(	O
+Isochrysis	B-Material
+galbana	I-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+retrospective	B-Task
+assessment	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+environmental	I-Task
+carrying	I-Task
+capacity	I-Task
+aims	O
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+historical	I-Task
+development	I-Task
+situation	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+reclamation	I-Task
+domain	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+'s	O
+an	O
+essential	O
+tool	O
+for	O
+improving	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+managed	I-Task
+level	I-Task
+and	O
+guiding	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+environmental	I-Task
+management	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+reclamation	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+a	O
+synthetic	B-Task
+assessment	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+cloud	I-Task
+theory	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+applied	I-Task
+to	O
+evaluate	O
+the	O
+single	O
+factor	O
+and	O
+multiple	O
+factors	O
+environmental	B-Process
+carrying	I-Process
+capacity	I-Process
+in	O
+Caofeidian	O
+marine	O
+district	O
+,	O
+Tangshan	O
+Bay	O
+,	O
+China	O
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+field	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+of	O
+five	O
+assessment	O
+indexes	O
+in	O
+recent	O
+six	O
+years	O
+,	O
+the	O
+assessment	O
+results	O
+are	O
+obtained	O
+which	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+marine	B-Process
+reclamation	I-Process
+has	O
+a	O
+certain	O
+impact	O
+for	O
+the	O
+marine	O
+environment	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+study	O
+is	O
+focused	O
+on	O
+the	O
+water-gas	B-Process
+shift	I-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+(	O
+WGSR	O
+)	O
+,	O
+occurring	O
+in	O
+the	O
+chemical	O
+kinetics	O
+equipment	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+increase	O
+hydrogen	O
+recovery	O
+from	O
+industrial	O
+processes	O
+.	O
+The	O
+research	O
+deals	O
+with	O
+comparing	O
+hydrogen	O
+recovery	O
+with	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+three	O
+different	O
+catalysts	O
+.	O
+The	O
+amount	O
+of	O
+the	O
+produced	O
+hydrogen	O
+depends	O
+considerably	O
+on	O
+the	O
+reaction	O
+state	O
+and	O
+the	O
+catalyst	O
+composition	O
+.	O
+To	O
+improve	O
+the	O
+course	O
+of	O
+the	O
+reaction	O
+,	O
+natural	O
+catalysts	O
+–	O
+calcite	O
+,	O
+coal	O
+char	O
+(	O
+unburned	O
+residues	O
+from	O
+coal	O
+)	O
+and	O
+modified	O
+olivine	O
+–	O
+are	O
+added	O
+to	O
+the	O
+gasification	O
+process	O
+and	O
+heated	O
+to	O
+the	O
+process	O
+temperature	O
+of	O
+800	O
+,	O
+850	O
+and	O
+900oC	O
+.	O
+
+Several	O
+inorganic	B-Material
+flocculating	I-Material
+agents	I-Material
+,	O
+including	O
+FeSO4	B-Material
+,	O
+Al2	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+SO4	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+3	I-Material
+,	I-Material
+FeCl3	B-Material
+and	O
+an	O
+organic	B-Material
+coagulant	I-Material
+aid	I-Material
+PAM	B-Material
+,	O
+were	O
+used	O
+to	O
+treat	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+wastewater	I-Process
+from	O
+domestic	O
+anima	O
+and	O
+poultry	O
+breeding	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+The	O
+ideal	O
+operating	O
+conditions	O
+were	O
+attained	O
+by	O
+single	B-Task
+factor	I-Task
+experiment	I-Task
+and	O
+orthogonal	B-Task
+design	I-Task
+experiment	I-Task
+.	O
+And	O
+the	O
+ideal	O
+operating	O
+conditions	O
+are	O
+follows	O
+:	O
+the	O
+dose	O
+of	O
+FeSO4	B-Material
+and	O
+PAM	B-Material
+is	O
+135.2mg	O
+/	O
+L	O
+and	O
+0.384mg	O
+/	O
+L	O
+respectively	O
+when	O
+keeping	O
+the	O
+pH	O
+10	O
+;	O
+and	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+removal	B-Process
+rate	I-Process
+is	O
+55	O
+%	O
+and	O
+60	O
+%	O
+for	O
+COD	B-Material
+and	O
+turbidity	O
+.	O
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+experimental	O
+results	O
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+analyzes	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+main	I-Task
+factors	I-Task
+that	O
+affect	O
+wastewater	B-Process
+flocculation	I-Process
+treatment	I-Process
+.	O
+
+Many	O
+models	B-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+propounded	O
+for	O
+forecasting	B-Process
+lightning	I-Process
+.	O
+Though	O
+majority	O
+of	O
+the	O
+model	B-Process
+had	O
+shown	O
+accuracy	O
+,	O
+the	O
+response	O
+time	O
+in	O
+detecting	O
+natural	B-Process
+phenomenon	I-Process
+is	O
+quite	O
+low	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+model	O
+,	O
+we	O
+used	O
+the	O
+mathematical	B-Task
+experimentation	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+micro	B-Material
+scale	I-Material
+plasmas	I-Material
+to	O
+develop	O
+the	O
+macro	B-Material
+scale	I-Material
+atmospheric	I-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+which	O
+we	O
+believe	O
+is	O
+a	O
+major	O
+influence	O
+of	O
+lightning	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+Schrödinger-electrostatic	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+was	O
+propounded	O
+to	O
+further	O
+increase	O
+both	O
+the	O
+accuracy	O
+and	O
+alacrity	O
+of	O
+detecting	B-Process
+natural	I-Process
+phenomena	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+According	O
+to	O
+our	O
+theoretical	B-Task
+experimentation	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+air	B-Material
+density	O
+plays	O
+a	O
+major	O
+role	O
+in	O
+lightning	B-Process
+forecast	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+guess	O
+was	O
+verified	O
+using	O
+the	O
+Davis	B-Process
+Weather	I-Process
+Station	I-Process
+to	O
+track	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+air	I-Task
+density	I-Task
+both	O
+in	O
+the	O
+upper	O
+and	O
+lower	O
+atmosphere	O
+.	O
+The	O
+air	O
+density	O
+in	O
+the	O
+upper	B-Material
+atmosphere	I-Material
+showed	O
+prospect	O
+as	O
+a	O
+vital	O
+factor	O
+for	O
+lightning	B-Process
+forecast	O
+.	O
+
+Design	B-Task
+semantics	I-Task
+is	O
+an	O
+integration	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+human	I-Task
+mode	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+existence	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+view	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+culture	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+art	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+means	O
+it	O
+is	O
+a	O
+unity	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+art	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+science	I-Task
+.	O
+Design	B-Task
+semantics	I-Task
+is	O
+the	O
+annotation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+form	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+reflection	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+its	I-Task
+symbolic	I-Task
+meaning	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+means	O
+it	O
+is	O
+an	O
+explanation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+deposited	I-Task
+human	I-Task
+cultural	I-Task
+spirit	I-Task
+.	O
+Chinese	O
+art	O
+stresses	O
+Expression	O
+,	O
+Force	O
+and	O
+Qi	O
+.	O
+In	O
+China	O
+,	O
+people	O
+advocate	O
+“	O
+to	B-Process
+learn	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+nature	I-Process
+”	O
+,	O
+“	O
+to	O
+look	O
+up	O
+to	O
+observe	O
+the	O
+sun	O
+,	O
+the	O
+moon	O
+and	O
+stars	O
+,	O
+and	O
+look	O
+down	O
+to	O
+observe	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+surroundings	I-Process
+”	O
+,	O
+and	O
+take	O
+“	O
+Nature	O
+and	O
+Man	O
+in	O
+One	O
+”	O
+as	O
+the	O
+highest	O
+state	O
+of	O
+spirit	O
+.	O
+Design	B-Task
+semantics	I-Task
+is	O
+expressed	O
+in	O
+space	B-Task
+environment	I-Task
+design	I-Task
+through	O
+a	O
+symbiotic	O
+philosophical	O
+view	O
+that	O
+natural	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+artificial	I-Material
+forms	I-Material
+are	O
+complementary	O
+and	O
+interactive	O
+.	O
+This	O
+form	O
+of	O
+design	O
+leads	O
+humans	O
+back	O
+to	O
+a	O
+better	O
+state	O
+of	O
+living	O
+,	O
+i.e.	O
+Nature	O
+and	O
+Man	O
+in	O
+One	O
+.	O
+
+It	O
+has	O
+been	O
+acknowledged	O
+that	O
+megalopolises	O
+are	O
+playing	O
+a	O
+leading	O
+role	O
+in	O
+the	O
+processes	O
+of	O
+both	O
+economic	B-Process
+development	I-Process
+and	O
+culture	B-Process
+change	I-Process
+.	O
+Thereupon	O
+,	O
+the	O
+new	O
+emphases	O
+on	O
+sustainability	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+transportation	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+in	O
+megalopolis	O
+are	O
+creating	O
+new	O
+demands	O
+for	O
+adequate	O
+approach	B-Task
+to	I-Task
+measure	I-Task
+its	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+diagnosis	I-Task
+potential	I-Task
+drawbacks	I-Task
+.	O
+By	O
+examining	O
+the	O
+descriptions	O
+of	O
+sustainable	O
+transport	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+as	O
+well	O
+as	O
+its	O
+evaluating	O
+approach	O
+,	O
+a	O
+framework	B-Material
+with	O
+the	O
+general	O
+applicability	O
+and	O
+easily	O
+accessible	O
+data	O
+resource	O
+for	O
+evaluating	O
+sustainability	O
+of	O
+transport	B-Process
+system	I-Process
+in	O
+megalopolis	O
+is	O
+developed	O
+based	O
+on	O
+nature	O
+of	O
+regional	O
+structure	O
+and	O
+the	O
+feature	O
+transport	O
+demand	O
+in	O
+megalopolis	O
+.	O
+The	O
+proposed	B-Task
+framework	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+applied	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+analysis	O
+and	O
+comparison	O
+of	O
+Jing-Jin-Ji	O
+and	O
+Yangtze	O
+River	O
+Delta.	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+problems	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+creating	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+introducing	I-Task
+intelligent	I-Task
+management	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+as	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+important	O
+mechanism	O
+of	O
+increasing	B-Task
+energy	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+in	O
+industry	O
+.	O
+Operating	O
+principles	O
+of	O
+intelligent	B-Process
+electric	I-Process
+power	I-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+developed	O
+in	O
+MSTU	B-Material
+«	I-Material
+STANKIN	I-Material
+»	I-Material
+for	O
+AC	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+DC	I-Material
+grids	I-Material
+on	O
+industrial	O
+plants	O
+are	O
+described	O
+.	O
+Essential	O
+devices	B-Process
+composing	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+are	O
+considered	O
+,	O
+their	O
+technical	B-Task
+characteristics	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+described	I-Task
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+are	O
+presented.In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+consider	O
+problems	O
+of	O
+creating	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+introducing	I-Task
+intelligent	I-Task
+management	I-Task
+systems	I-Task
+as	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+most	O
+important	O
+mechanism	O
+of	O
+increasing	O
+energy	O
+efficiency	O
+in	O
+industry	O
+.	O
+Operating	O
+principles	O
+of	O
+intelligent	O
+electric	O
+power	O
+distribution	O
+systems	O
+developed	O
+in	O
+MSTU	O
+«	O
+STANKIN	O
+»	O
+for	O
+AC	O
+and	O
+DC	O
+grids	O
+on	O
+industrial	O
+plants	O
+are	O
+described	O
+.	O
+Essential	O
+devices	O
+composing	O
+the	O
+systems	O
+are	O
+considered	O
+,	O
+their	O
+technical	O
+characteristics	O
+are	O
+described	O
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+are	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+
+Along	O
+with	O
+the	O
+expansion	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+computer-based	I-Task
+climate	I-Task
+simulations	I-Task
+,	O
+efficient	O
+visualization	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+massive	I-Task
+climate	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+are	O
+becoming	O
+more	O
+important	O
+than	O
+ever	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+try	O
+to	O
+explore	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+factors	I-Task
+behide	I-Task
+climate	I-Task
+changes	I-Task
+by	O
+combining	B-Process
+window	I-Process
+query	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+time-varying	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+mining	I-Process
+techniques	I-Process
+.	O
+With	O
+constant	O
+query	O
+time	O
+and	O
+acceptable	O
+storage	O
+cost	O
+,	O
+the	O
+algorithms	B-Process
+presented	O
+support	O
+various	O
+queries	B-Process
+on	O
+3d	B-Process
+time-varying	I-Process
+datasets	I-Process
+,	O
+such	O
+as	O
+average	O
+,	O
+min	O
+,	O
+and	O
+max	O
+value	O
+.	O
+A	O
+new	O
+time-varying	B-Process
+data	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+is	O
+given	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+especially	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+analyzing	B-Task
+big	I-Task
+data	I-Task
+.	O
+All	O
+these	O
+algorithms	B-Process
+have	O
+been	O
+implemented	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+integrated	I-Task
+into	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+visual	I-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+with	O
+tiled-LCD	B-Material
+ultra-resolution	I-Material
+display	I-Material
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+on	O
+several	B-Material
+datasets	I-Material
+from	I-Material
+practical	I-Material
+applications	I-Material
+are	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+
+Improving	B-Task
+as	I-Task
+well	I-Task
+as	I-Task
+evaluating	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	O
+High	B-Task
+Performance	I-Task
+Computing	I-Task
+(	O
+HPC	B-Task
+)	O
+applications	O
+by	O
+migrating	B-Process
+them	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+Cloud	I-Process
+environments	I-Process
+are	O
+widely	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+critical	O
+issues	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+high	B-Task
+performance	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+Cloud	I-Task
+computing	I-Task
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+poor	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+performance	I-Process
+,	O
+heterogeneous	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+dynamic	I-Process
+environments	I-Process
+are	O
+some	O
+series	O
+of	O
+pitfalls	O
+for	O
+execution	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+HPC	I-Process
+applications	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+Cloud	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+proposes	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+new	I-Task
+approach	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+improve	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+scalability	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+HPC	I-Task
+applications	I-Task
+on	O
+Amazon	B-Material
+'s	I-Material
+HPC	I-Material
+Cloud	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+evidence	O
+from	O
+our	O
+approach	O
+points	O
+a	O
+significant	O
+improvement	O
+in	O
+speed	B-Process
+up	I-Process
+and	O
+scale	B-Process
+up	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+response	B-Process
+rate	I-Process
+of	O
+more	O
+than	O
+20	O
+percent	O
+parallel	B-Process
+efficiency	I-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+Cloud	B-Material
+in	O
+comparison	O
+to	O
+dedicated	O
+HPC	B-Material
+cluster	I-Material
+.	O
+We	O
+state	O
+that	O
+the	O
+EC2	B-Material
+Cloud	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+feasible	O
+platform	O
+for	O
+deploying	B-Process
+on-demand	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+small	I-Process
+sized	I-Process
+HPC	I-Process
+applications	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+present	O
+an	O
+extended	B-Task
+version	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+graph-based	I-Task
+unsupervised	I-Task
+Word	I-Task
+Sense	I-Task
+Disambiguation	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+spreading	B-Process
+activation	I-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+applied	O
+to	O
+the	O
+graphs	O
+dynamically	O
+built	O
+on	O
+the	O
+basis	O
+of	O
+the	O
+text	O
+words	O
+and	O
+a	O
+large	O
+wordnet	O
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	O
+,	O
+originally	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+English	O
+and	O
+Princeton	O
+WordNet	O
+,	O
+was	O
+adapted	O
+to	O
+Polish	O
+and	O
+plWordNet	O
+.	O
+An	O
+extension	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+knowledge	O
+acquired	O
+from	O
+the	O
+corpus-derived	O
+Measure	O
+of	O
+Semantic	O
+Relatedness	O
+was	O
+proposed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+extended	O
+algorithm	O
+was	O
+evaluated	O
+against	O
+the	O
+manually	O
+disambiguated	O
+corpus	O
+.	O
+We	O
+observed	O
+improvement	O
+in	O
+the	O
+case	O
+of	O
+the	O
+disambiguation	O
+performed	O
+for	O
+shorter	O
+text	O
+contexts	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+application	O
+expressed	O
+improvement	O
+in	O
+document	O
+clustering	O
+task	O
+.	O
+
+Sentence	B-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+approaches	O
+for	O
+text	B-Task
+summarization	I-Task
+that	O
+has	O
+been	O
+attracted	O
+many	O
+researchers	O
+and	O
+scholars	O
+of	O
+natural	B-Task
+language	I-Task
+processing	I-Task
+field	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+a	O
+method	O
+that	O
+generates	B-Task
+sentence	I-Task
+reduction	I-Task
+and	O
+applying	O
+in	O
+Vietnamese	B-Process
+text	I-Process
+summarization	I-Process
+using	O
+Bayesian	B-Process
+Network	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+Bayesian	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+find	O
+the	O
+best	B-Task
+likelihood	I-Task
+short	I-Task
+sentence	I-Task
+through	O
+compare	B-Process
+difference	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+probability	I-Process
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+with	O
+980	B-Material
+sentences	I-Material
+,	O
+show	O
+that	O
+our	O
+method	O
+really	O
+effectively	O
+in	O
+generating	B-Process
+sentence	I-Process
+reduction	I-Process
+that	O
+understandable	O
+,	O
+readable	O
+and	O
+exactly	O
+grammar	O
+.	O
+
+Knowledge	B-Task
+Management	I-Task
+(	O
+KM	B-Task
+)	O
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+hotspots	O
+for	O
+research	O
+in	O
+the	O
+past	O
+decade	O
+.	O
+In	O
+most	O
+cases	O
+,	O
+the	O
+number	O
+of	O
+users	O
+in	O
+a	O
+Knowledge	B-Process
+Management	I-Process
+System	I-Process
+(	O
+KMS	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+very	O
+large	O
+,	O
+and	O
+they	O
+are	O
+from	O
+varied	O
+departments	O
+,	O
+even	O
+other	O
+companies	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+some	O
+defects	B-Task
+when	I-Task
+existing	I-Task
+methods	I-Task
+about	I-Task
+access	I-Task
+control	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+recommendation	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+deployed	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+KMS	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+analyzed	I-Task
+to	O
+show	O
+that	O
+these	O
+widely-used	O
+approaches	O
+need	O
+to	O
+be	O
+extended	B-Process
+.	O
+To	O
+overcome	O
+the	O
+deficiencies	O
+of	O
+previous	O
+work	O
+,	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+proposes	O
+an	O
+extended	O
+Role-Based	O
+Access	O
+Control	O
+(	O
+RBAC	O
+)	O
+method	O
+and	O
+a	O
+hybrid	O
+recommendation	O
+approach	O
+for	O
+Knowledge	O
+Management	O
+System	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+,	O
+a	O
+real-life	O
+system	O
+is	O
+presented	O
+to	O
+verify	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+methodology	O
+.	O
+
+Some	O
+nonlinear	B-Process
+wave	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+are	O
+more	O
+difficult	O
+to	O
+investigate	B-Task
+mathematically	I-Task
+,	O
+as	O
+no	O
+general	O
+analytical	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+for	O
+their	O
+solutions	O
+exists	O
+.	O
+The	O
+Exponential	B-Process
+Time	I-Process
+Differencing	I-Process
+(	O
+ETD	B-Process
+)	O
+technique	O
+requires	O
+minimum	B-Material
+stages	I-Material
+to	O
+obtain	O
+the	O
+requiredaccurateness	O
+,	O
+which	O
+suggests	O
+an	O
+efficient	O
+technique	O
+relatingto	O
+computational	B-Process
+duration	I-Process
+thatensures	O
+remarkable	O
+stability	B-Process
+characteristicsupon	I-Process
+resolving	B-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+wave	I-Task
+equations	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+article	O
+solves	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+diagonal	I-Task
+example	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Kawahara	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+via	O
+the	O
+ETD	B-Process
+Runge-Kutta	I-Process
+4	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+.	O
+Implementation	O
+of	O
+this	O
+technique	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+by	O
+short	O
+Matlab	B-Material
+programs	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Contractor	B-Task
+selection	I-Task
+for	O
+a	O
+project	O
+is	O
+an	O
+important	O
+decision	O
+,	O
+one	O
+for	O
+the	O
+project	B-Material
+time	I-Material
+and	I-Material
+cost	I-Material
+,	O
+next	O
+for	O
+the	O
+quality	B-Material
+obtained	O
+by	O
+the	O
+project	O
+.	O
+Although	O
+the	O
+project	B-Material
+managers	I-Material
+can	O
+easily	O
+determine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+project	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+cost	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+quality	O
+is	O
+usually	O
+undefined	O
+especially	O
+for	O
+un-experienced	B-Material
+managers	I-Material
+.	O
+With	O
+a	O
+learnable	B-Process
+property	I-Process
+,	O
+an	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+first	O
+introduced	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+to	O
+quantify	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+quality	I-Task
+obtained	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+gas	I-Task
+well	I-Task
+drilling	I-Task
+project	I-Task
+.	O
+Then	O
+,	O
+based	O
+on	O
+these	O
+three	O
+objectives	B-Material
+(	B-Material
+time	I-Material
+,	O
+cost	B-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+quality	B-Material
+)	O
+,	O
+a	O
+contractor	B-Task
+selection	I-Task
+problem	I-Task
+is	O
+converted	O
+to	O
+an	O
+optimization	B-Task
+problem	I-Task
+.	O
+Next	O
+,	O
+the	O
+NSGA-II	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+is	O
+utilized	O
+for	O
+solution	O
+.	O
+At	O
+the	O
+end	O
+,	O
+a	O
+sensitivity	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+is	O
+performed	O
+to	O
+select	O
+the	O
+parameters	O
+of	O
+the	O
+algorithm	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+a	O
+regression	B-Task
+analysis	I-Task
+based	O
+method	O
+is	O
+proposed	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+Journal	I-Task
+Influence	I-Task
+Score	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+Influence	O
+Score	O
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+measure	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+scientific	I-Task
+influence	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+scholarly	I-Task
+journals	I-Task
+.	O
+Journal	B-Process
+Influence	I-Process
+Score	I-Process
+is	O
+calculated	O
+by	O
+using	B-Process
+various	I-Process
+factors	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+a	I-Process
+weighted	I-Process
+manner	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+Score	O
+is	O
+then	O
+compared	B-Task
+with	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+SCImago	I-Task
+Journal	I-Task
+Score	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+error	O
+is	O
+small	O
+between	O
+the	O
+existing	O
+and	O
+proposed	O
+methods	O
+,	O
+proving	O
+that	O
+the	O
+model	O
+is	O
+a	O
+feasible	O
+and	O
+effective	O
+way	O
+of	O
+calculating	B-Task
+scientific	I-Task
+impact	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+journals	I-Task
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+present	O
+a	O
+tele-operated	B-Process
+mobile	I-Process
+robot	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+for	O
+old	B-Task
+age	I-Task
+surveillance	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+robot	O
+operates	O
+in	O
+autonomous	B-Process
+mode	I-Process
+in	O
+which	O
+the	O
+robots	O
+navigates	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+environment	I-Process
+and	O
+search	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+unusual	I-Process
+situation	I-Process
+of	O
+elderly	B-Material
+people	I-Material
+.	O
+If	O
+a	O
+patient	B-Material
+is	O
+lying	B-Process
+on	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+floor	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+robot	B-Material
+informs	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+user	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+user	O
+switches	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+mode	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+autonomous	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+haptic	I-Process
+based	I-Process
+user	O
+control	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+autonomous	B-Process
+mode	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+robot	B-Material
+utilizes	O
+the	O
+visual	B-Task
+sensor	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+landmarks	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+monitor	I-Task
+the	O
+entire	O
+environment	O
+.	O
+The	O
+robot	B-Material
+is	O
+equipped	O
+microphone	B-Material
+,	O
+speaker	B-Material
+and	O
+monitor	B-Material
+making	O
+it	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+communicate	B-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+user	O
+in	O
+remote	B-Material
+place	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+robot	B-Material
+utilizes	O
+the	O
+vital	B-Process
+sensors	I-Process
+to	O
+check	O
+the	O
+patient	B-Material
+'s	I-Material
+condition	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+preliminary	O
+surveillance	O
+experiments	O
+show	O
+a	O
+good	O
+performance	O
+.	O
+
+Recently	O
+,	O
+a	O
+network	B-Task
+virtualization	I-Task
+technology	I-Task
+has	O
+attracted	O
+considerable	O
+attention	O
+as	O
+one	O
+of	O
+new	B-Task
+generation	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+technologies	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+permit	O
+the	O
+rapid	B-Task
+changing	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+topology	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+a	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+new	O
+virtual	B-Process
+network	I-Process
+construction	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+shortest	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+betweenness	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+our	O
+proposed	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+,	O
+at	O
+first	O
+,	O
+a	O
+service	B-Material
+provider	I-Material
+receives	O
+a	O
+user	O
+'s	O
+request	O
+for	O
+the	O
+reconfiguration	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+constructed	I-Process
+virtual	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+case	O
+,	O
+the	O
+service	B-Material
+provider	I-Material
+reconfigures	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+topology	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+constructed	I-Process
+virtual	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+rapidly	O
+based	O
+on	O
+shortest	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+betweenness	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+evaluate	O
+the	O
+performance	O
+of	O
+our	O
+proposed	O
+method	O
+with	O
+simulation	B-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+we	O
+show	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	O
+of	O
+our	O
+proposed	O
+method	O
+.	O
+
+Security	O
+issues	O
+of	O
+data	B-Material
+hosted	O
+in	O
+a	O
+Cloud	B-Material
+Computing	I-Material
+provider	I-Material
+remain	O
+hidden	O
+seen	O
+excessive	B-Process
+marketing	I-Process
+that	O
+led	O
+to	O
+a	O
+totally	O
+unrealistic	O
+view	O
+of	O
+cloud	B-Task
+computing	I-Task
+security	I-Task
+.	O
+Although	O
+Cloud	B-Task
+Computing	I-Task
+has	O
+not	O
+yet	O
+reached	O
+the	O
+level	O
+of	O
+maturity	O
+expected	O
+by	O
+its	O
+customers	O
+,	O
+and	O
+that	O
+the	O
+problems	O
+of	O
+confidentiality	B-Process
+,	I-Process
+integrity	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+reliability	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+consistency	I-Process
+(	O
+CIRC	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+still	O
+open	O
+,	O
+the	O
+researchers	O
+in	O
+this	O
+field	O
+have	O
+already	O
+considered	O
+a	O
+future	B-Process
+cloud	I-Process
+strategy	I-Process
+which	O
+aims	O
+:	O
+a	O
+better	O
+QoS	O
+,	O
+reliability	O
+and	O
+high	O
+availability	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+the	O
+Multi-Clouds	B-Process
+,	O
+Cloud	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+Clouds	I-Process
+or	O
+Interclouds.This	O
+paper	O
+will	O
+present	O
+the	O
+security	O
+limitations	O
+in	O
+the	O
+single	O
+Cloud	O
+and	O
+the	O
+usefulness	O
+of	O
+adopting	O
+rather	O
+Multi-Clouds	O
+strategy	O
+to	O
+reduce	O
+security	O
+risks	O
+,	O
+through	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+DepSky	O
+which	O
+is	O
+a	O
+virtual	O
+storage	O
+system	O
+that	O
+ensures	O
+better	O
+availability	O
+and	O
+high	O
+confidentiality	O
+of	O
+data	O
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+presents	O
+general	O
+results	O
+on	O
+the	O
+Java	B-Task
+source	I-Task
+code	I-Task
+snippet	I-Task
+detection	I-Task
+problem	O
+.	O
+We	O
+propose	O
+the	O
+tool	O
+which	O
+uses	O
+graph	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+subgraph	I-Process
+isomorphism	I-Process
+detection	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+number	O
+of	O
+solutions	O
+for	O
+all	O
+of	O
+these	O
+tasks	O
+have	O
+been	O
+proposed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+literature	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+although	O
+that	O
+all	O
+these	O
+solutions	O
+are	O
+really	O
+fast	O
+,	O
+they	O
+compare	B-Process
+just	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+constant	I-Process
+static	I-Process
+trees	I-Process
+.	O
+Our	O
+solution	O
+offers	O
+to	O
+enter	B-Process
+an	I-Process
+input	I-Process
+sample	I-Process
+dynamically	I-Process
+with	O
+the	O
+Scripthon	B-Material
+language	I-Material
+while	O
+preserving	B-Process
+an	I-Process
+acceptable	I-Process
+speed	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+used	O
+several	B-Process
+optimizations	I-Process
+to	O
+achieve	O
+very	O
+low	O
+number	O
+of	O
+comparisons	B-Process
+during	O
+the	O
+matching	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+adaptive	B-Task
+beamforming	I-Task
+techniques	I-Task
+for	O
+smart	B-Material
+antennas	I-Material
+based	O
+upon	O
+Least	B-Process
+Mean	I-Process
+Squares	I-Process
+(	O
+LMS	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+Sample	B-Process
+Matrix	I-Process
+Inversion	I-Process
+(	O
+SMI	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+Recursive	B-Process
+Least	I-Process
+Squares	I-Process
+(	O
+RLS	B-Process
+)	O
+and	O
+Conjugate	B-Process
+Gradient	I-Process
+Method	I-Process
+(	O
+CGM	B-Process
+)	O
+are	O
+discussed	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analyzed	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+beamforming	B-Process
+performance	I-Process
+is	O
+studied	O
+by	O
+varying	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+element	I-Process
+spacing	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+antenna	I-Process
+array	I-Process
+elements	I-Process
+for	O
+each	O
+algorithm	B-Material
+.	O
+These	O
+four	O
+algorithms	B-Material
+are	O
+compared	O
+for	O
+their	O
+rate	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+convergence	I-Process
+,	O
+beamforming	B-Process
+and	O
+null	B-Process
+steering	I-Process
+performance	I-Process
+(	O
+beamwidth	B-Process
+,	O
+null	B-Process
+depths	I-Process
+and	O
+maximum	B-Process
+side	I-Process
+lobe	I-Process
+level	I-Process
+)	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+three	B-Task
+different	I-Task
+approaches	I-Task
+for	O
+implementing	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+quantum	I-Task
+search	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+by	I-Task
+adiabatic	I-Task
+evolution	I-Task
+are	O
+shown	O
+.	O
+As	O
+expected	O
+,	O
+either	O
+one	O
+of	O
+them	O
+can	O
+provide	O
+a	O
+quadratic	B-Process
+speed	I-Process
+up	I-Process
+as	O
+opposed	O
+to	O
+the	O
+classical	B-Process
+search	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+implies	O
+that	O
+adiabatic	B-Process
+evolution	I-Process
+based	O
+quantum	B-Task
+computation	I-Task
+gives	O
+more	O
+feasibilities	B-Material
+than	O
+the	O
+quantum	B-Process
+circuit	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+equivalence	O
+between	O
+them	O
+has	O
+already	O
+been	O
+proven	O
+in	O
+the	O
+corresponding	O
+literature	O
+.	O
+
+Video-oculography	B-Process
+(	O
+VOG	B-Process
+)	O
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+eye	B-Process
+movement	I-Process
+measurement	I-Process
+methods	I-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+key	O
+problem	O
+of	O
+VOG	B-Process
+is	O
+to	O
+accurately	B-Task
+estimate	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+pupil	I-Task
+center	I-Task
+.	O
+Then	O
+a	O
+pupil	B-Process
+location	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+morphology	B-Process
+and	O
+Canny	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+was	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+a	O
+WIFI-based	B-Process
+VOG	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+which	O
+was	O
+developed	O
+our	O
+latest	O
+work	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+a	O
+healthy	B-Material
+volunteer	I-Material
+was	O
+introduced	O
+to	O
+do	O
+sinusoidal	B-Task
+tracking	I-Task
+test	I-Task
+to	O
+evaluate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+pupil	I-Task
+location	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+.	O
+Experimental	O
+results	O
+showed	O
+that	O
+the	O
+method	O
+could	O
+well	O
+trace	B-Process
+eye	I-Process
+movement	I-Process
+and	O
+meet	O
+the	O
+anticipated	O
+results	O
+with	O
+stimulation	B-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+Hamiltonian	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+variational	B-Process
+approach	I-Process
+are	O
+utilized	O
+to	O
+treat	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+relativistic	I-Task
+harmonic	I-Task
+oscillator	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+amplitude-frequency	B-Process
+relationship	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+nice	O
+reliability	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+by	O
+the	O
+result	B-Process
+comparison	I-Process
+with	O
+that	O
+from	O
+open	B-Material
+literature	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+simplicity	O
+and	O
+efficiency	O
+of	O
+the	O
+methods	O
+are	O
+also	O
+disclosed	O
+for	O
+different	O
+range	O
+of	O
+the	O
+initial	B-Process
+amplitude	I-Process
+during	O
+looking	O
+for	O
+the	O
+amplitude-frequency	B-Process
+relationship	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+nonlinear	B-Process
+relativistic	I-Process
+harmonic	I-Process
+oscillator	I-Process
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+make	O
+the	O
+explained	O
+variables	O
+our	O
+financial	B-Process
+stress	I-Process
+index	I-Process
+consist	O
+of	O
+the	O
+synchronous	B-Process
+variables	I-Process
+financial	I-Process
+systemic	I-Process
+risk	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+make	O
+the	O
+explanatory	O
+variables	O
+the	O
+macroeconomic	B-Process
+variable	I-Process
+,	O
+currency	B-Process
+credit	I-Process
+variable	I-Process
+,	O
+asset	B-Process
+price	I-Process
+variable	I-Process
+and	O
+the	O
+macroeconomic	B-Process
+variable	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+correlative	I-Process
+economic	I-Process
+powers	I-Process
+,	O
+then	O
+use	O
+stepwise	B-Process
+regression	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+to	O
+establish	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+financial	I-Task
+systemic	I-Task
+risk	I-Task
+best	I-Task
+predict	I-Task
+equation	I-Task
+,	O
+thus	O
+set	B-Task
+up	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+reasonable	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+practical	I-Task
+financial	I-Task
+systemic	I-Task
+risk	I-Task
+early-warning	I-Task
+index	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+;	O
+besides	O
+,	O
+use	O
+the	O
+best	B-Process
+prediction	I-Process
+equations	I-Process
+predicts	O
+the	O
+financial	O
+systemic	O
+risk	O
+status	O
+in	O
+2011	O
+.	O
+The	O
+predicted	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+Chinese	O
+financial	O
+systemic	O
+risk	O
+is	O
+on	O
+the	O
+rise	O
+in	O
+the	O
+first	O
+three	O
+quarters	O
+and	O
+higher	O
+than	O
+the	O
+peak	O
+of	O
+2008	O
+;	O
+financial	O
+systemic	O
+risk	O
+start	O
+to	O
+decline	O
+since	O
+the	O
+fourth	O
+quarter	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+Obstacle	B-Task
+detection	I-Task
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+inverse	B-Process
+perspective	I-Process
+mapping	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+homography	I-Process
+.	O
+Obstacle	B-Task
+classification	I-Task
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+fuzzy	B-Process
+neural	I-Process
+network	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+estimation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+vanishing	I-Task
+point	I-Task
+relies	O
+on	O
+feature	B-Process
+extraction	I-Process
+strategy	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+exploits	O
+the	O
+geometrical	B-Process
+relations	I-Process
+between	O
+the	O
+elements	B-Material
+in	O
+the	O
+scene	B-Material
+so	O
+that	O
+obstacle	B-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+detected	B-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+estimated	B-Process
+homography	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+road	B-Material
+plane	I-Material
+between	O
+successive	O
+images	B-Material
+is	O
+used	O
+for	O
+image	B-Task
+alignment	I-Task
+.	O
+A	O
+new	O
+fuzzy	B-Process
+decision	I-Process
+fusion	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+with	O
+fuzzy	B-Process
+attribution	I-Process
+for	I-Process
+obstacle	I-Process
+detection	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+classification	I-Process
+application	I-Process
+is	O
+described	O
+The	B-Process
+fuzzy	I-Process
+decision	I-Process
+function	I-Process
+modifies	O
+parameters	O
+with	O
+auto-adapted	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+to	O
+get	O
+better	O
+classification	B-Process
+probability	O
+It	O
+is	O
+shown	O
+that	O
+the	O
+method	O
+can	O
+achieve	O
+better	O
+classification	O
+result	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+load	O
+of	O
+beam	B-Material
+pumping	I-Material
+unit	I-Material
+is	O
+changeable	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+often	O
+in	O
+a	O
+state	O
+of	O
+light	B-Process
+load	I-Process
+.	O
+Reducing	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+certain	I-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+can	O
+improve	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+power	I-Process
+factor	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+efficiency	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+beam	I-Process
+pumping	I-Process
+unit	I-Process
+when	O
+in	O
+light	B-Process
+load	I-Process
+.	O
+We	O
+can	O
+change	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+by	O
+changing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+thyristor	I-Process
+trigger	I-Process
+angle	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+complex	O
+and	O
+unacceptable	O
+to	O
+analyze	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+change	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+cycles	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+load	I-Process
+overall	I-Process
+.	O
+So	O
+we	O
+can	O
+divide	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+load	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+whole	O
+cycle	O
+into	O
+several	O
+equal	B-Material
+parts	I-Material
+,	O
+each	O
+can	O
+be	O
+thought	O
+of	O
+as	O
+a	O
+constant	B-Process
+load	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+most	O
+optimal	B-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+current	B-Process
+load	I-Process
+can	O
+be	O
+calculated	B-Task
+by	I-Task
+genetic	I-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+.	O
+When	O
+each	O
+load	O
+is	O
+in	O
+the	O
+most	O
+optimal	B-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+,	O
+we	O
+can	O
+get	O
+the	O
+whole	B-Process
+optimal	I-Process
+voltage	I-Process
+changeable	I-Process
+rule	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+Then	O
+it	O
+produces	O
+the	O
+result	O
+of	O
+energy	B-Task
+saving	I-Task
+.	O
+
+Based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+description	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+of	O
+object-orientation-based	B-Process
+direction	I-Process
+relation	I-Process
+in	O
+two-dimensional	B-Material
+space	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+description	B-Task
+mode	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+object-orientation-based	I-Task
+direction	I-Task
+relation	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+three-dimensional	I-Task
+space	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+proposed	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+basic	O
+idea	O
+is	O
+that	O
+the	O
+actual	O
+direction	B-Process
+region	I-Process
+is	O
+modeled	O
+as	O
+an	O
+open	B-Material
+shape	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+computation	B-Process
+related	O
+to	O
+the	O
+world	B-Material
+boundary	I-Material
+of	O
+spatial	B-Process
+direction	I-Process
+region	I-Process
+is	O
+eliminated	O
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+processing	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+direction	I-Process
+predicates	I-Process
+is	O
+converted	O
+into	O
+the	O
+processing	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+topological	I-Process
+operations	I-Process
+between	O
+open	B-Material
+shapes	I-Material
+and	O
+closed	O
+geometry	B-Material
+objects	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithms	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+topological	I-Process
+operations	I-Process
+between	O
+open	B-Material
+shapes	I-Material
+and	O
+closed	O
+geometry	B-Material
+objects	I-Material
+are	O
+presented	O
+and	O
+the	O
+theoretical	B-Task
+proof	I-Task
+for	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+correctness	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+completeness	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+algorithms	I-Task
+is	O
+performed	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+paper	O
+deals	O
+with	O
+the	O
+computation	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+distribution	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+components	I-Task
+reliability	I-Task
+parameters	I-Task
+.	O
+Knowledge	O
+of	O
+the	O
+component	B-Process
+reliability	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+in	O
+power	B-Material
+networks	I-Material
+is	O
+necessary	O
+for	O
+the	O
+reliability	B-Process
+computation	I-Process
+and	O
+also	O
+for	O
+reliability-centered	B-Process
+maintenance	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+.	O
+Component	B-Process
+reliability	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+are	O
+possible	O
+to	O
+retrieve	B-Process
+only	O
+with	O
+accurate	B-Material
+databases	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+distribution	I-Material
+companies	I-Material
+.	O
+Such	O
+a	O
+database	B-Material
+includes	O
+records	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+outages	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+interruptions	I-Process
+in	O
+power	B-Material
+networks	I-Material
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+impossible	O
+to	O
+retrieve	B-Process
+reliability	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+from	O
+this	O
+data	B-Material
+in	O
+a	O
+direct	O
+way	O
+because	O
+of	O
+heterogeneity	B-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	B-Task
+some	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+databases	I-Task
+calculations	I-Task
+.	O
+We	O
+apply	O
+this	O
+framework	B-Process
+for	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+retrieving	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+parameters	I-Process
+from	I-Process
+outage	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+Czech	O
+and	O
+Slovak	O
+republics	O
+.	O
+There	O
+are	O
+also	O
+actual	O
+results	O
+.	O
+
+In	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+we	O
+propose	O
+a	O
+conceptual	B-Task
+methodology	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+control	I-Task
+liquid	I-Task
+state	I-Task
+of	O
+Al-Si	B-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+in	O
+melting	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+holding	I-Process
+sub-process	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+pressure	B-Process
+die-casting	I-Process
+process	I-Process
+.	O
+Given	O
+that	O
+,	O
+we	O
+determine	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+characteristic	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+holding	I-Task
+furnace	I-Task
+based	O
+on	O
+weight	B-Material
+percent	I-Material
+(	O
+wt	O
+%)	O
+of	O
+the	O
+certain	O
+alloys	O
+and	O
+their	O
+elements	O
+.	O
+Subsequently	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+introduces	O
+an	O
+application	O
+of	O
+methodology	O
+of	O
+research	O
+for	O
+establishing	O
+characteristic	O
+of	O
+holding	O
+furnace	O
+.	O
+The	O
+application	O
+was	O
+realized	O
+under	O
+real	O
+conditions	O
+in	O
+foundry	O
+that	O
+uses	O
+horizontal	O
+cold	O
+chamber	O
+machine	O
+CLH	O
+400.1	O
+.	O
+The	O
+chemical	O
+analysis	O
+was	O
+performed	O
+by	O
+spectrophotometer	O
+SPECTROLAB	O
+JR.CCD	O
+2000	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+the	O
+last	O
+part	O
+of	O
+the	O
+paper	O
+lists	O
+overall	O
+findings	O
+with	O
+possible	O
+future	O
+direction	O
+to	O
+extend	O
+this	O
+methodology	O
+in	O
+practice	O
+.	O
+
+Our	O
+country	O
+is	O
+rich	O
+of	O
+line	B-Process
+galloping	I-Process
+,	O
+there	O
+are	O
+many	O
+important	O
+galloping	B-Material
+data	I-Material
+failed	O
+to	O
+collect	B-Task
+systematically	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+completely	I-Task
+because	O
+there	O
+is	O
+no	O
+unified	B-Process
+management	I-Process
+platform	I-Process
+.	O
+After	O
+the	O
+galloping	B-Process
+occurrence	I-Process
+in	O
+2009	O
+–	O
+2010	O
+'s	O
+winter	O
+the	O
+department	O
+of	O
+productive	O
+of	O
+the	O
+State	O
+Grid	O
+Corporation	O
+organized	O
+a	O
+lot	O
+of	O
+human	O
+to	O
+carry	B-Process
+out	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+research	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+galloping	I-Process
+information	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+this	O
+work	O
+is	O
+time	O
+–	O
+consuming	O
+and	O
+inefficient	O
+.	O
+The	O
+State	O
+Grid	O
+Corporation	O
+has	O
+used	O
+the	O
+production	B-Material
+management	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+(	O
+PMS	B-Material
+)	O
+which	O
+is	O
+a	O
+powerful	O
+and	O
+easy	O
+to	O
+use	O
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+help	O
+of	O
+the	O
+system	O
+we	O
+can	O
+create	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+galloping	I-Task
+database	I-Task
+which	O
+can	O
+save	B-Process
+resources	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+storage	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+galloping	I-Process
+data	I-Process
+.	O
+To	O
+build	O
+and	O
+put	O
+it	O
+into	O
+application	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+database	I-Process
+can	O
+provide	O
+technical	B-Process
+support	I-Process
+for	O
+line	B-Process
+galloping	I-Process
+prevention	I-Process
+and	O
+galloping	B-Process
+research	I-Process
+work	I-Process
+.	O
+
+This	O
+paper	O
+presents	O
+a	O
+non-fragile	B-Process
+controller	I-Process
+design	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+system	B-Process
+quadratic	I-Process
+performance	I-Process
+optimization	I-Process
+.	O
+For	O
+the	O
+additive	B-Process
+controller	I-Process
+gain	I-Process
+variations	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+necessary	O
+and	O
+sufficient	O
+conditions	O
+for	O
+the	O
+existence	O
+of	O
+non-fragile	B-Process
+state	I-Process
+feedback	I-Process
+controller	I-Process
+are	O
+given	O
+and	O
+transformed	B-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+LMI	B-Task
+problems	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+simplifies	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+solutions	I-Process
+to	O
+obtain	O
+non-fragile	B-Process
+state	I-Process
+feedback	I-Process
+controllers	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+flight	B-Process
+control	I-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+results	O
+prove	O
+the	O
+reliability	O
+and	O
+validity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+method	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+fuzzy-Hammerstein	B-Task
+model	I-Task
+predictive	I-Task
+control	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+is	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+a	O
+continuous	B-Material
+stirred-tank	I-Material
+reactor	I-Material
+(	O
+CSTR	B-Material
+)	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+T-S	B-Process
+fuzzy	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+approximate	O
+the	O
+static	B-Task
+nonlinear	I-Task
+characteristics	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Hammerstein	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+a	O
+linear	O
+autoregressive	O
+model	O
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+solve	O
+the	O
+results	O
+of	O
+optimal	O
+control	O
+.	O
+The	O
+designed	O
+nonlinear	O
+predictive	O
+controller	O
+using	O
+Hammerstein	O
+model	O
+make	O
+good	O
+use	O
+of	O
+the	O
+ability	O
+of	O
+universal	O
+approach	O
+nonlinear	O
+of	O
+T-S	O
+model	O
+,	O
+and	O
+divide	O
+the	O
+question	O
+of	O
+nonlinear	O
+predictive	O
+control	O
+into	O
+the	O
+nonlinear	O
+model	O
+recongnization	O
+and	O
+the	O
+question	O
+of	O
+linear	O
+predictive	O
+control	O
+.	O
+The	O
+application	O
+results	O
+of	O
+CSTR	O
+process	O
+show	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+control	O
+method	O
+has	O
+good	O
+control	O
+performance	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+PID	O
+controller	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+key	O
+point	O
+of	O
+robot	B-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+is	O
+optimal	O
+design	O
+and	O
+control	O
+.	O
+The	O
+efficiency	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+robot	I-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+has	O
+been	O
+the	O
+goal	O
+of	O
+researchers	O
+in	O
+recent	O
+years	O
+.	O
+Screws	B-Material
+are	O
+used	O
+to	O
+describe	B-Task
+dynamic	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+and	O
+an	O
+O	B-Material
+(	I-Material
+N	I-Material
+)	I-Material
+recursive	I-Material
+robot	I-Material
+forward	O
+dynamic	O
+algorithm	O
+is	O
+given	O
+on	O
+this	O
+.	O
+It	O
+can	O
+be	O
+easily	O
+extended	O
+to	O
+tree	B-Process
+topology	I-Process
+,	I-Process
+closed	I-Process
+loop	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+spatial	I-Process
+robot	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+.	O
+And	O
+three	O
+classic	O
+methods	O
+of	O
+robot	B-Task
+dynamics	I-Task
+are	O
+compared	O
+for	O
+easy	O
+of	O
+use	O
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+dynamics	B-Process
+described	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+screws	I-Process
+are	O
+helpful	O
+in	O
+high	B-Process
+efficient	I-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+modelling	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+The	O
+dynamical	B-Process
+expressions	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+screws	B-Material
+are	O
+concise	O
+and	O
+clear	O
+.	O
+It	O
+'s	O
+efficiency	O
+is	O
+high	O
+of	O
+O	O
+(	O
+N	O
+)	O
+and	O
+is	O
+linear	B-Process
+to	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+degree	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+freedom	I-Process
+.	O
+With	O
+the	O
+improvement	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+computation	I-Task
+efficiency	I-Task
+,	O
+it	O
+will	O
+make	O
+the	O
+real-time	B-Process
+dynamics	I-Process
+control	I-Process
+become	O
+possible	O
+.	O
+
+An	O
+algorithm	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+multi-axis	I-Process
+NC	I-Process
+tool-path	I-Process
+generation	I-Process
+for	O
+subdivision	B-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+is	O
+proposed	O
+.	O
+The	O
+algorithm	B-Process
+includes	O
+two	O
+steps	O
+:	O
+model	B-Process
+building	I-Process
+and	O
+tool	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+generation	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+section	O
+of	O
+model	B-Process
+building	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+order	O
+to	O
+obtain	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+deformed	I-Task
+surface	I-Task
+,	O
+the	O
+deformation	B-Process
+vector	I-Process
+is	I-Process
+computed	I-Process
+which	O
+is	O
+associated	O
+with	O
+the	O
+curvature	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+slope	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+cutter	I-Process
+location	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+procedure	O
+of	O
+tool	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+generation	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+slicing	B-Process
+procedure	I-Process
+is	O
+adopted	O
+to	O
+get	O
+the	O
+CL	B-Material
+points	I-Material
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+inversely	B-Process
+converted	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+.	O
+The	O
+method	O
+is	O
+tested	B-Task
+by	I-Task
+some	I-Task
+examples	I-Task
+with	I-Task
+actual	I-Task
+machining	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+method	O
+can	O
+effectively	O
+reduce	O
+the	O
+error	O
+of	O
+the	O
+scallop	B-Material
+height	I-Material
+for	O
+subdivision	B-Material
+surface	I-Material
+and	O
+obtain	O
+the	O
+better	O
+shape	O
+and	O
+quality	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+the	O
+computational	O
+complexity	O
+and	O
+is	O
+scalable	O
+and	O
+robust	O
+.	O
+
+Modeling	B-Task
+or	I-Task
+approximating	I-Task
+high	I-Task
+dimensional	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+computationally-expensive	I-Task
+problems	I-Task
+faces	O
+an	O
+exponentially	O
+increasing	O
+difficulty	O
+,	O
+the	O
+“	O
+curse	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+dimensionality	I-Process
+”	O
+.	O
+This	O
+paper	O
+proposes	O
+a	O
+new	B-Process
+form	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+high	I-Process
+dimensional	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+representation	I-Process
+(	O
+HDMR	B-Process
+)	O
+by	O
+utilizing	O
+the	O
+support	B-Process
+vector	I-Process
+regression	I-Process
+(	O
+SVR	B-Process
+)	O
+,	O
+termed	O
+as	O
+adaptive	B-Process
+SVR-HMDR	I-Process
+,	O
+to	O
+conquer	B-Task
+this	I-Task
+dilemma	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+proposed	O
+model	O
+could	O
+reveal	O
+explicit	B-Process
+correlations	I-Process
+among	O
+different	O
+input	B-Material
+variables	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+underlying	O
+function	O
+which	O
+is	O
+unknown	O
+or	O
+expensive	O
+for	O
+computation	B-Process
+.	O
+Taking	O
+advantage	O
+of	O
+HDMR	B-Process
+'s	O
+hierarchical	O
+structure	O
+,	O
+it	O
+could	O
+alleviate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+exponential	I-Task
+increasing	I-Task
+difficulty	I-Task
+,	O
+and	O
+gain	O
+satisfying	O
+accuracy	O
+with	O
+small	O
+set	O
+of	O
+samples	O
+by	O
+SVR	B-Process
+.	O
+Numerical	O
+examples	O
+of	O
+different	O
+dimensionality	O
+are	O
+given	O
+to	O
+illustrate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+principle	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+procedure	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	O
+SVR-HDMR	B-Process
+.	O
+
+Metal	B-Material
+–	I-Material
+intermetallic	I-Material
+laminated	I-Material
+(	O
+MIL	B-Material
+)	O
+composites	O
+are	O
+fabricated	B-Process
+upon	I-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+sintering	I-Process
+of	O
+titanium	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+aluminum	I-Material
+foils	I-Material
+of	O
+various	O
+thicknesses	O
+.	O
+The	O
+intermetallic	B-Process
+phase	I-Process
+of	O
+Al3Ti	B-Process
+forming	I-Process
+during	O
+the	O
+above	O
+processing	B-Process
+gives	O
+high	O
+hardness	O
+and	O
+stiffness	O
+to	O
+the	O
+composite	B-Material
+,	O
+while	O
+unreacted	B-Material
+titanium	I-Material
+provides	O
+the	O
+necessary	O
+high	O
+strength	O
+and	O
+ductility	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+results	O
+of	O
+studies	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+microstructure	I-Process
+and	O
+some	O
+mechanical	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+layered	B-Material
+composites	I-Material
+are	O
+presented	B-Task
+on	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+example	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+Ti-Al	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+.	O
+Static	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+dynamic	I-Task
+tests	I-Task
+results	I-Task
+are	I-Task
+discussed	I-Task
+for	O
+the	O
+case	O
+when	O
+the	O
+intermetallic	B-Process
+reaction	I-Process
+was	O
+interrupted	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+course	O
+of	O
+intermetallic	B-Process
+sintering	I-Process
+and	O
+also	O
+for	O
+the	O
+case	O
+when	O
+it	O
+was	O
+completed	O
+.	O
+
+A	O
+design	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+for	O
+network	B-Process
+attack	I-Process
+and	O
+defense	B-Process
+simulation	I-Process
+platform	I-Process
+is	O
+discussed	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+.	O
+Firstly	O
+the	O
+component	O
+and	O
+function	O
+of	O
+the	O
+platform	O
+are	O
+analyzed	O
+.	O
+Then	O
+Visio	B-Process
+second	I-Process
+development	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+construct	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+topology	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+parsing	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+virtual	I-Task
+network	I-Task
+topology	I-Task
+is	O
+also	O
+researched	O
+and	O
+the	O
+relative	B-Material
+flow	I-Material
+sheet	I-Material
+is	O
+described	O
+.	O
+Lastly	O
+an	O
+example	O
+is	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+to	O
+test	B-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+platform	I-Task
+.	O
+Simulation	O
+results	O
+show	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	O
+of	O
+the	O
+proposed	O
+method	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+existing	O
+GO	B-Process
+methodology	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+is	O
+theoretical	O
+,	O
+and	O
+hard	O
+to	O
+solve	O
+with	O
+computer	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+research	O
+a	O
+new	B-Task
+method	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+get	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+reliability	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+based	I-Task
+on	I-Task
+GO	I-Task
+methodology	I-Task
+.	O
+According	O
+to	O
+some	O
+properties	O
+of	O
+the	O
+operators	O
+in	O
+GO	B-Material
+chart	I-Material
+,	O
+GO	O
+chart	O
+can	O
+be	O
+transformed	O
+into	O
+series	B-Process
+structure	I-Process
+,	O
+then	O
+the	O
+minimal	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+sets	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+induced	I-Process
+based	O
+on	O
+Enumeration	B-Process
+method	I-Process
+from	O
+first	O
+operator	O
+to	O
+last	O
+one	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+very	O
+convenient	O
+for	O
+computer	O
+to	O
+calculate	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+reliability	I-Task
+with	O
+the	O
+new	O
+method	O
+based	O
+on	O
+minimal	B-Process
+path	I-Process
+sets	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+case	O
+study	O
+indicates	O
+the	O
+method	O
+is	O
+suitable	O
+for	O
+practical	B-Task
+engineering	I-Task
+,	O
+which	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+possess	O
+the	O
+quantitative	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+of	O
+complex	B-Process
+GO	I-Process
+methodology	I-Process
+models	I-Process
+.	O
+
+The	O
+number	O
+of	O
+hidden	B-Material
+nodes	I-Material
+is	O
+a	O
+critical	O
+factor	O
+for	O
+the	O
+generalization	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+ELM	I-Task
+.	O
+Generally	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+heavy	O
+for	O
+time	B-Process
+consumption	I-Process
+to	O
+obtain	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+optimal	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+hidden	I-Process
+nodes	I-Process
+with	O
+trial-and-error	B-Process
+.	O
+A	O
+novel	B-Task
+algorithm	I-Task
+is	I-Task
+proposed	I-Task
+to	O
+optimize	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+hidden	I-Task
+node	I-Task
+number	I-Task
+to	O
+guarantee	O
+good	O
+generalization	B-Process
+,	O
+which	O
+employs	O
+the	O
+PSO	B-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+optimization	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+with	O
+structural	B-Process
+risk	I-Process
+minimization	I-Process
+principle	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+simulation	O
+results	O
+indicate	O
+our	O
+algorithm	B-Process
+for	O
+the	O
+optimal	O
+number	O
+of	O
+hidden	B-Material
+nodes	I-Material
+is	O
+reasonable	O
+and	O
+feasible	O
+with	O
+6	B-Material
+datasets	I-Material
+on	O
+benchmark	O
+problems	O
+by	O
+the	O
+accuracy	B-Process
+comparisons	I-Process
+.	O
+
+For	O
+providing	O
+the	O
+government	O
+with	O
+effective	B-Task
+monitoring	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+trends	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+economic	I-Process
+variables	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+future	O
+and	O
+good	O
+reference	O
+for	O
+developing	B-Process
+a	I-Process
+reasonable	I-Process
+policy	I-Process
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+establish	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+time	I-Task
+series	I-Task
+model	I-Task
+on	O
+China	O
+'s	O
+Foreign	B-Process
+Direct	I-Process
+Investment	I-Process
+(	O
+FDI	B-Process
+)	O
+by	O
+using	O
+wavelet	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+and	O
+intervention	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+and	O
+time	B-Process
+series	I-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+and	O
+predict	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+trend	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+FDI	I-Task
+in	O
+the	O
+next	O
+several	O
+years	O
+.	O
+This	O
+model	O
+eliminates	O
+the	O
+interference	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+noise	I-Process
+for	O
+predicting	O
+by	O
+using	O
+wavelet	B-Process
+analysis	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+describes	O
+the	O
+autocorrelation	B-Process
+and	O
+time-varying	B-Process
+volatility	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+financial	B-Material
+time	I-Material
+series	I-Material
+by	O
+using	O
+ARIMA	B-Process
+-	I-Process
+GARCH-M	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+simulation	O
+results	O
+show	O
+that	O
+this	O
+model	O
+explains	O
+the	O
+dynamic	O
+structure	O
+of	O
+China	O
+'s	O
+FDI	B-Process
+trends	O
+well	O
+.	O
+
+Monitoring	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+wear	I-Task
+condition	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+tramway	B-Material
+superstructure	I-Material
+is	O
+one	O
+of	O
+the	O
+key	O
+points	O
+to	O
+guarantee	O
+an	O
+adequate	O
+safety	B-Process
+level	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+light	B-Material
+rail	I-Material
+transport	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+purpose	O
+of	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+is	O
+to	O
+suggest	O
+a	O
+new	B-Task
+non-conventionalprocedure	I-Task
+for	O
+measuring	O
+the	O
+transverse	B-Process
+profile	I-Process
+of	O
+rails	B-Material
+in	O
+operation	O
+by	O
+means	O
+of	O
+image-processing	B-Process
+technique	I-Process
+.	O
+This	O
+methodological	O
+approach	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+the	O
+“	O
+information	B-Material
+”	I-Material
+contained	O
+in	O
+high-resolution	B-Material
+photographic	I-Material
+images	I-Material
+of	O
+tracks	B-Material
+and	O
+on	O
+specific	B-Process
+algorithms	I-Process
+which	O
+allow	O
+to	O
+obtain	O
+the	O
+exact	O
+geometric	O
+profile	O
+of	O
+the	O
+rails	B-Material
+and	O
+therefore	O
+to	O
+measure	O
+the	O
+state	O
+of	O
+the	O
+rail-head	O
+extrados	O
+wear	O
+.	O
+
+Robust	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+automatic	I-Task
+thresholding	I-Task
+of	O
+gray	B-Material
+level	I-Material
+images	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+commonly	O
+used	O
+in	O
+the	O
+field	O
+of	O
+pattern	B-Task
+recognition	I-Task
+and	O
+computer	B-Task
+vision	I-Task
+for	O
+objects	B-Task
+detecting	I-Task
+,	I-Task
+tracking	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+recognizing	I-Task
+.	O
+The	O
+Otsu	B-Process
+scheme	I-Process
+,	O
+a	O
+widely	O
+used	O
+image	B-Process
+thresholding	I-Process
+technique	I-Process
+,	O
+provides	O
+approving	O
+results	O
+for	O
+segmenting	B-Process
+a	O
+gray	B-Material
+level	I-Material
+image	I-Material
+with	O
+only	O
+one	O
+modal	B-Process
+distribution	I-Process
+in	O
+gray	B-Material
+level	I-Material
+histogram	I-Material
+.	I-Material
+However	O
+,	O
+it	O
+provides	O
+poor	O
+results	O
+if	O
+the	O
+histogram	O
+of	O
+a	O
+gray	O
+level	O
+is	O
+non-bimodal	O
+.	O
+For	O
+enhancing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+performance	I-Task
+of	O
+the	O
+Otsu	B-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+further	O
+,	O
+in	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+an	O
+improved	O
+median-based	B-Process
+Otsu	I-Process
+image	I-Process
+thresholding	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+is	O
+presented	O
+.	O
+Finally	O
+extensive	B-Task
+tests	I-Task
+are	O
+performed	O
+and	O
+the	O
+experiments	O
+show	O
+that	O
+our	O
+method	O
+obtain	O
+more	O
+satisfactory	O
+results	O
+than	O
+the	O
+original	O
+Otsu	B-Process
+thresholding	I-Process
+algorithm	I-Process
+.	O
+
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+a	O
+novel	O
+position	B-Task
+estimation	I-Task
+method	I-Task
+of	O
+prism	B-Material
+was	O
+proposed	O
+for	O
+single-lens	B-Material
+stereovision	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+prism	B-Material
+with	O
+multi	O
+faces	O
+was	O
+considered	O
+as	O
+a	O
+single	B-Material
+optical	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+composed	O
+of	O
+some	O
+refractive	B-Material
+planes	I-Material
+.	O
+A	O
+transformation	B-Material
+matrix	I-Material
+which	O
+can	O
+express	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+relationship	I-Task
+between	O
+an	O
+object	B-Material
+point	I-Material
+and	O
+its	O
+image	B-Material
+by	O
+the	O
+refraction	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+prism	I-Process
+was	O
+derived	O
+based	O
+on	O
+geometrical	B-Process
+optics	I-Process
+,	O
+and	O
+a	O
+mathematical	B-Process
+model	I-Process
+was	O
+introduced	O
+which	O
+can	O
+denote	O
+the	O
+position	O
+of	O
+prism	B-Material
+with	O
+arbitrary	O
+faces	O
+only	O
+by	O
+7	O
+parameters	O
+.	O
+This	O
+model	O
+can	O
+extend	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+application	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+single-lens	I-Process
+stereovision	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+using	O
+prism	B-Material
+to	O
+a	O
+more	O
+widely	O
+area	O
+.	O
+Experimentation	O
+results	O
+are	O
+presented	O
+to	O
+prove	O
+the	O
+effectiveness	B-Process
+and	O
+robustness	B-Process
+of	O
+our	O
+proposed	O
+model	O
+.	O
+
+Power	B-Process
+Grid	I-Process
+reasoning	I-Process
+expert	I-Process
+system	I-Process
+is	O
+a	O
+complex	O
+system	O
+.	O
+To	O
+solve	O
+knowledge	B-Task
+sharing	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+knowledge	I-Task
+Base	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+expert	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+we	O
+abstract	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analyze	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+power	I-Task
+grid	I-Task
+security	I-Task
+investigation	I-Task
+procedure	I-Task
+by	O
+using	O
+ontology	B-Process
+Technology	I-Process
+.	O
+With	O
+ontology-based	B-Material
+Power	I-Material
+Grid	I-Material
+knowledge	I-Material
+base	I-Material
+,	O
+we	O
+establish	O
+associated	B-Task
+relationship	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+procedure	I-Task
+vocabularies	I-Task
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+paper	O
+,	O
+we	O
+introduce	B-Task
+and	I-Task
+analyze	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+semantic	I-Task
+reasoning	I-Task
+tools	I-Task
+such	O
+as	O
+Jena	B-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+reasoner	B-Process
+mechanism	I-Process
+and	O
+inference	B-Material
+rules	I-Material
+of	I-Material
+grammar	I-Material
+has	O
+been	O
+included	O
+and	O
+explained	O
+.	O
+At	O
+last	O
+we	O
+give	O
+a	O
+specific	B-Task
+application	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+security	I-Task
+investigation	I-Task
+procedure	I-Task
+ontology	I-Task
+and	I-Task
+reasoning	I-Task
+.	O
+
+This	O
+phase	O
+was	O
+completed	O
+in	O
+2005	O
+.	O
+Previous	O
+contracts	O
+had	O
+been	O
+procured	O
+with	O
+the	O
+contractor	O
+providing	O
+the	O
+detailed	B-Material
+design	I-Material
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+system	O
+the	O
+design	O
+was	O
+undertaken	O
+by	O
+Mott	O
+MacDonald	O
+.	O
+It	O
+was	O
+developed	O
+by	O
+looking	B-Process
+at	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+systems	I-Process
+installed	I-Process
+previously	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+calculating	I-Process
+what	O
+was	O
+actually	O
+required	O
+to	O
+achieve	O
+cathodic	B-Task
+protection	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+piers	I-Task
+.	O
+This	O
+resulted	O
+in	O
+a	O
+significant	B-Process
+reduction	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+number	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+zones	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+monitoring	I-Process
+probes	I-Process
+.	O
+The	O
+varying	B-Process
+amounts	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+steelwork	I-Process
+in	O
+the	O
+beams	O
+had	O
+previously	O
+lead	O
+to	O
+up	O
+to	O
+5	O
+zones	O
+per	O
+beam	O
+,	O
+with	O
+multiple	B-Process
+layers	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+mesh	I-Process
+to	O
+achieve	O
+the	O
+design	O
+current	O
+density	O
+.	O
+On	O
+review	O
+of	O
+the	O
+data	B-Material
+the	O
+operating	O
+current	O
+density	O
+was	O
+similar	O
+in	O
+all	O
+zones	O
+and	O
+so	O
+this	O
+was	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+a	O
+single	O
+zone	O
+per	O
+beam	O
+.	O
+The	O
+encapsulation	B-Process
+was	O
+susceptible	O
+to	O
+ASR	B-Process
+and	O
+contained	O
+post	O
+tensioning	O
+and	O
+so	O
+it	O
+was	O
+decided	O
+to	O
+use	O
+a	O
+galvanic	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+based	O
+on	O
+Galvashield	B-Material
+CC	I-Material
+anodes	I-Material
+from	O
+Fosroc	O
+.	O
+Our	O
+design	O
+did	O
+not	O
+include	O
+an	O
+option	O
+to	O
+allow	O
+depolarization	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+the	I-Task
+galvanic	I-Task
+system	I-Task
+,	O
+but	O
+the	O
+contractor	O
+supplied	O
+one	O
+,	O
+such	O
+that	O
+the	O
+anodes	O
+could	O
+be	O
+remotely	O
+disconnected	O
+.	O
+The	O
+control	O
+unit	O
+was	O
+from	O
+Electrotech	O
+CP	O
+and	O
+operated	O
+via	O
+a	O
+broadband	B-Process
+connection	I-Process
+provided	O
+by	O
+the	O
+contractor	O
+.	O
+
+An	O
+innovative	O
+sound	B-Material
+wall	I-Material
+system	I-Material
+was	O
+developed	O
+in	O
+the	O
+University	O
+of	O
+Western	O
+Ontario	O
+,	O
+and	O
+was	O
+examined	O
+to	O
+serve	O
+as	O
+a	O
+vertical	O
+extension	O
+to	O
+the	O
+existing	B-Material
+sound	I-Material
+walls	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+wall	B-Material
+system	I-Material
+(	O
+denoted	O
+as	O
+flexi-wall	B-Material
+)	O
+consists	O
+of	O
+stay-in-place	B-Material
+poly-blocks	I-Material
+as	O
+formwork	O
+,	O
+light	B-Material
+polyurethane	I-Material
+foam	I-Material
+(	O
+LPF	B-Material
+)	O
+reinforced	O
+with	O
+steel	B-Material
+rebars	I-Material
+as	O
+structural	B-Material
+cores	I-Material
+and	O
+polyurea	B-Material
+as	O
+a	O
+coating	B-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+wall	B-Material
+surfaces	I-Material
+(	O
+Fig.	O
+1	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Poly-blocks	B-Material
+are	O
+interlocking	B-Material
+light-weight	I-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+which	O
+are	O
+stacked	O
+up	O
+layer	O
+by	O
+layer	O
+and	O
+act	O
+as	O
+formwork	O
+for	O
+the	O
+LPF	B-Material
+cores	I-Material
+.	O
+The	O
+poly-block	B-Material
+is	O
+20	O
+×	O
+20	O
+×	O
+80cm3	O
+and	O
+includes	O
+four	O
+cylindrical	B-Material
+voids	I-Material
+with	O
+14cm	O
+diameter	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+made	O
+of	O
+molded	B-Material
+low-density	I-Material
+polyurethane	I-Material
+and	O
+weighs	O
+approximately	O
+1kg	O
+.	O
+The	O
+poly-blocks	B-Material
+are	O
+fire-resistant	B-Material
+blocks	I-Material
+and	O
+have	O
+an	O
+excellent	O
+capability	O
+to	O
+absorb	B-Process
+,	O
+mitigate	B-Process
+and	O
+reflect	B-Process
+a	O
+wide	O
+range	O
+of	O
+noises	O
+with	O
+unmatched	O
+frequency	O
+of	O
+reflective	O
+noise	O
+.	O
+Polyurea	B-Material
+coating	I-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+abrasion-resistant	B-Material
+finishing	I-Material
+layer	I-Material
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+sprayed	B-Process
+on	O
+the	O
+surfaces	B-Material
+of	I-Material
+the	I-Material
+wall	I-Material
+and	O
+sets	O
+within	O
+2	O
+–	O
+3min	O
+.	O
+This	O
+layer	B-Material
+also	O
+enhances	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+resistance	I-Process
+of	O
+poly-blocks	B-Material
+against	O
+stone	B-Process
+impact	I-Process
+,	O
+weathering	B-Process
+,	O
+fire	B-Process
+development	I-Process
+,	O
+chemicals	B-Material
+and	O
+penetration	B-Process
+.	O
+LPF	B-Material
+is	O
+an	O
+expanding	B-Material
+liquid	I-Material
+mixture	I-Material
+which	O
+is	O
+injected	O
+into	O
+the	O
+poly-block	B-Material
+voids	I-Material
+and	O
+cures	B-Material
+within	O
+10min	O
+.	O
+Steel	B-Material
+rebars	I-Material
+are	O
+epoxied	O
+into	O
+holes	B-Material
+drilled	O
+in	O
+the	O
+existing	B-Material
+sound	I-Material
+wall	I-Material
+to	O
+connect	O
+the	O
+wall	B-Material
+extension	I-Material
+to	O
+its	O
+base	B-Material
+.	O
+
+Another	O
+important	O
+reason	O
+for	O
+the	O
+damages	O
+incurred	O
+by	O
+the	O
+RC	O
+buildings	O
+is	O
+workmanship	B-Process
+defects	I-Process
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+understood	O
+that	O
+granulometry	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+handmade	I-Process
+concretes	I-Process
+was	O
+not	O
+in	O
+compliance	O
+with	O
+the	O
+standards	O
+since	O
+the	O
+aggregate	O
+utilized	O
+in	O
+them	O
+was	O
+not	O
+sieved	O
+.	O
+Also	O
+the	O
+compaction	B-Process
+process	I-Process
+was	O
+not	O
+properly	O
+implemented	O
+in	O
+general	O
+in	O
+the	O
+installment	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+concrete	I-Process
+in	O
+RC	O
+buildings	O
+.	O
+This	O
+situation	O
+resulted	O
+in	O
+the	O
+concrete	O
+to	O
+exhibit	O
+an	O
+excessively	O
+porous	O
+structure	O
+.	O
+The	O
+most	O
+fundamental	O
+rules	O
+of	O
+thumb	O
+of	O
+construction	O
+,	O
+namely	O
+concrete	B-Material
+cover	I-Material
+,	O
+was	O
+not	O
+taken	O
+care	O
+of	O
+in	O
+formwork	O
+workmanship	O
+.	O
+Faults	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+connections	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+stirrups	I-Process
+to	O
+the	O
+longitudinal	O
+bars	O
+,	O
+unstaggered	B-Process
+formation	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+stirrup	I-Process
+hooks	B-Material
+in	O
+beams	B-Material
+and	O
+columns	B-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+perpendicular	B-Process
+angles	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+hooks	B-Material
+,	O
+inadequately	B-Process
+anchorage	I-Process
+lengths	I-Process
+of	O
+the	O
+stirrup	B-Material
+hooks	I-Material
+and	O
+longitudinal	B-Material
+bars	I-Material
+,	O
+and	O
+the	O
+use	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+cold	I-Process
+joints	I-Process
+were	O
+the	O
+other	O
+frequently	O
+encountered	O
+workmanship	B-Process
+defects	I-Process
+(	O
+Figs.	O
+19	O
+–	O
+22	O
+)	O
+.	O
+
+The	O
+exponential	B-Process
+relationships	I-Process
+reported	O
+in	O
+the	O
+plots	O
+may	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+convert	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+dielectric	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+to	I-Task
+air	I-Task
+void	I-Task
+values	I-Task
+as	O
+prescribed	O
+in	O
+previous	O
+studies	O
+[	O
+1	O
+–	O
+3	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+AC	B-Process
+pavement	I-Process
+composite	I-Process
+permittivity	I-Process
+reduces	O
+,	O
+along	O
+with	O
+the	O
+reflection	O
+coefficient	O
+,	O
+as	O
+the	O
+volumetric	B-Process
+proportion	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+air	I-Process
+increases	O
+as	O
+compared	O
+to	O
+the	O
+remaining	O
+components	O
+.	O
+However	O
+,	O
+the	O
+method	O
+relies	O
+on	O
+an	O
+empirical	O
+fit	O
+,	O
+determined	O
+on	O
+a	O
+case-by-case	O
+basis	O
+,	O
+since	O
+the	O
+permittivity	O
+of	O
+the	O
+remaining	O
+components	O
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+mix	B-Material
+design	I-Material
+(	O
+aggregate	O
+type	O
+,	O
+binder	O
+content	O
+,	O
+etc.	O
+)	O
+.	O
+Long	B-Process
+term	I-Process
+studies	I-Process
+in	I-Process
+Finland	I-Process
+concluded	O
+that	O
+this	O
+empirical	O
+fit	O
+is	O
+an	O
+exponential	B-Task
+relationship	I-Task
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+exponential	O
+fits	O
+,	O
+using	O
+a	O
+sufficient	B-Process
+amount	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+cores	I-Process
+,	O
+can	O
+be	O
+used	O
+to	O
+map	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+air	I-Task
+void	I-Task
+content	I-Task
+variation	I-Task
+in	O
+a	O
+similar	O
+manner	O
+to	O
+the	O
+dielectric	B-Material
+maps	I-Material
+shown	O
+in	O
+Fig.	O
+4.	O
+Only	O
+4	O
+cores	O
+were	O
+feasible	O
+due	O
+to	O
+various	O
+factors	O
+involved	O
+with	O
+testing	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+final	I-Task
+lift	I-Task
+of	O
+an	O
+in-service	O
+pavement	O
+.	O
+More	O
+cores	O
+are	O
+needed	O
+for	O
+more	B-Task
+stable	I-Task
+exponential	I-Task
+coefficients	I-Task
+,	O
+although	O
+the	O
+limited	O
+cores	O
+show	O
+that	O
+the	O
+predicted	B-Process
+relationships	I-Process
+are	O
+similar	O
+for	O
+the	O
+measured	B-Process
+dielectric	I-Process
+range	I-Process
+in	O
+this	O
+case-study	O
+.	O
+Since	O
+both	O
+regressions	B-Process
+predict	O
+air	B-Task
+void	I-Task
+content	I-Task
+at	O
+a	O
+maximum	O
+difference	O
+of	O
+0.56	O
+%	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+within	O
+the	O
+uncertainty	O
+of	O
+the	O
+core	B-Process
+measurement	I-Process
+precision	I-Process
+of	O
+0.7	O
+%	O
+,	O
+use	O
+of	O
+either	O
+the	O
+initial	B-Process
+or	I-Process
+repeat	I-Process
+run	I-Process
+regression	I-Process
+predictions	I-Process
+are	O
+appropriate	O
+.	O
+
+MicroCT	B-Process
+has	O
+been	O
+applied	O
+to	O
+AM	B-Material
+parts	I-Material
+in	O
+various	O
+forms	O
+.	O
+Some	O
+preliminary	B-Material
+results	I-Material
+demonstrating	O
+the	O
+visualization	B-Task
+of	I-Task
+defects	I-Task
+including	O
+porosity	B-Process
+in	I-Process
+AM	I-Process
+components	I-Process
+were	O
+reported	O
+in	O
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+another	O
+study	O
+,	O
+the	O
+porosity	B-Task
+structures	I-Task
+in	I-Task
+parts	I-Task
+built	O
+with	O
+improper	O
+settings	O
+were	O
+investigated	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+this	O
+work	O
+,	O
+the	O
+average	B-Process
+porosity	I-Process
+ranged	O
+from	O
+0.1	O
+–	O
+0.5	O
+%	O
+,	O
+and	O
+large	O
+pores	O
+were	O
+observed	O
+which	O
+followed	O
+the	O
+build	B-Process
+direction	I-Process
+and	O
+may	O
+be	O
+attributed	O
+to	O
+the	O
+electron	B-Process
+beam	I-Process
+raster	I-Process
+and	I-Process
+overlap	I-Process
+pattern	I-Process
+.	I-Process
+This	O
+was	O
+followed	O
+by	O
+more	O
+recent	B-Material
+reports	I-Material
+of	O
+the	O
+porosity	B-Task
+distribution	I-Task
+as	O
+a	O
+function	O
+of	O
+build	O
+strategy	O
+for	O
+electron	B-Material
+beam	I-Material
+melted	I-Material
+samples	I-Material
+with	O
+average	O
+porosity	O
+<	O
+0.2	O
+%	O
+[	O
+8	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+another	O
+study	O
+,	O
+similar	O
+porosity	B-Material
+images	I-Material
+from	O
+microCT	B-Material
+were	O
+reported	O
+at	O
+levels	O
+above	O
+0.2	O
+%	O
+average	O
+porosity	O
+[	O
+9,10	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Very	O
+recent	O
+work	O
+reports	O
+similar	O
+images	O
+and	O
+may	O
+indicate	O
+that	O
+the	O
+porosity	O
+structure	O
+depends	O
+on	O
+the	O
+build	O
+direction	O
+[	O
+11	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Other	O
+applications	O
+of	O
+the	O
+use	O
+of	O
+microCT	O
+to	O
+characterize	B-Task
+AM	I-Task
+parts	I-Task
+include	O
+the	O
+comparison	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+part	I-Process
+to	I-Process
+its	I-Process
+design	I-Process
+model	I-Process
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+and	O
+the	O
+characterization	B-Process
+of	I-Process
+surface	I-Process
+roughness	I-Process
+of	O
+such	O
+parts	O
+[	O
+13	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+the	O
+present	O
+work	O
+,	O
+the	O
+aim	O
+is	O
+to	O
+demonstrate	B-Task
+a	I-Task
+specific	I-Task
+type	I-Task
+of	I-Task
+defect	I-Task
+present	O
+at	O
+very	B-Process
+low	I-Process
+average	I-Process
+porosity	I-Process
+levels	I-Process
+below	O
+0.01	O
+%	O
+,	O
+and	O
+which	O
+does	O
+not	B-Process
+follow	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+build	I-Process
+direction	I-Process
+as	O
+in	O
+some	O
+other	O
+reported	O
+examples	O
+.	O
+We	O
+also	O
+demonstrate	O
+how	O
+this	O
+porosity	B-Task
+structure	I-Task
+changes	I-Task
+after	O
+Hot	B-Process
+Isostatic	I-Process
+Pressing	I-Process
+(	O
+HIP	B-Process
+)	O
+treatment	O
+of	O
+the	O
+same	O
+sample	O
+.	O
+
+Aeroengine	B-Task
+turbine	I-Task
+disks	I-Task
+often	O
+consist	O
+of	O
+paramagnetic	B-Material
+,	O
+that	O
+means	O
+non-ferromagnetic	B-Material
+Nickel	I-Material
+based	I-Material
+alloys	I-Material
+.	O
+Sometimes	O
+,	O
+parasitic	B-Material
+small	I-Material
+ferromagnetic	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+can	O
+be	O
+included	O
+in	O
+these	O
+disks	O
+that	O
+may	O
+decrease	B-Task
+the	I-Task
+mechanical	I-Task
+stability	I-Task
+.	O
+For	O
+this	O
+reason	O
+,	O
+in	O
+case	O
+of	O
+a	O
+suspicion	O
+disks	O
+are	O
+to	O
+be	O
+analysed	O
+with	O
+respect	O
+to	O
+ferromagnetic	B-Process
+inclusions	I-Process
+.	O
+These	O
+inclusions	O
+generate	O
+a	O
+magnetic	B-Task
+density	I-Task
+which	O
+can	O
+be	O
+measured	O
+by	O
+a	O
+flux	B-Material
+gate	I-Material
+magnetometer	I-Material
+using	O
+the	O
+magnetic	B-Process
+remanence	I-Process
+method	I-Process
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+The	O
+detection	B-Process
+principle	I-Process
+of	I-Process
+ferromagnetic	I-Process
+impurities	I-Process
+in	O
+non-magnetic	O
+metallic	O
+materials	O
+is	O
+based	O
+on	O
+their	O
+remanence	O
+.	O
+Before	O
+such	O
+a	O
+measurement	B-Task
+can	O
+be	O
+carried	O
+out	O
+,	O
+the	O
+aeroengine	O
+turbine	O
+disks	O
+are	O
+premagnetised	B-Process
+in	O
+axial	O
+direction	O
+.	O
+As	O
+ferromagnetic	O
+materials	O
+show	O
+the	O
+well-known	O
+hysteresis	B-Process
+behaviour	I-Process
+,	O
+those	O
+materials	O
+can	O
+be	O
+magnetised	O
+by	O
+a	O
+strong	B-Process
+magnetic	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+which	O
+drives	O
+the	O
+magnetic	O
+material	O
+into	O
+saturation	O
+.	O
+When	O
+removing	B-Process
+the	I-Process
+magnetic	I-Process
+field	I-Process
+,	O
+the	O
+remanence	O
+is	O
+left	O
+.	O
+This	O
+remaining	B-Process
+flux	I-Process
+density	I-Process
+is	O
+used	O
+to	O
+detect	O
+them	O
+in	O
+non-magnetic	O
+materials	O
+.	O
+
+Although	O
+the	O
+presented	O
+model	O
+is	O
+developed	O
+and	O
+tested	O
+with	O
+a-C	B-Material
+:	I-Material
+H	I-Material
+layers	I-Material
+in	O
+mind	O
+,	O
+it	O
+is	O
+not	O
+necessarily	O
+limited	O
+to	O
+them	O
+.	O
+Moreover	O
+,	O
+the	O
+only	O
+assumptions	O
+are	O
+chemical	B-Process
+reactions	I-Process
+between	O
+the	O
+gas	B-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+solid	B-Material
+forming	I-Material
+volatiles	I-Material
+,	O
+the	O
+loss	O
+of	O
+these	O
+volatiles	O
+from	O
+the	O
+material	O
+and	O
+the	O
+two	O
+stated	O
+boundary	O
+conditions	O
+of	O
+gas	B-Material
+influx	O
+at	O
+a	O
+single	B-Material
+outer	I-Material
+surface	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+possibility	O
+of	O
+reactions	B-Process
+throughout	O
+the	O
+bulk	O
+.	O
+Porosity	B-Process
+and	O
+significant	O
+gas	B-Material
+inventories	I-Material
+were	O
+observed	O
+not	O
+only	O
+for	O
+carbon	B-Material
+[	O
+12	O
+]	O
+but	O
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+also	O
+for	O
+beryllium	B-Material
+co-deposits	I-Material
+[	O
+25	O
+]	O
+and	O
+can	O
+be	O
+expected	O
+for	O
+other	O
+co-deposits	O
+formed	O
+in	O
+plasma	B-Material
+devices	I-Material
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+.	O
+Thus	O
+,	O
+TCR	B-Material
+and	O
+its	O
+description	O
+by	O
+the	O
+presented	O
+model	O
+may	O
+be	O
+applicable	O
+to	O
+all	O
+deposits	O
+.	O
+If	O
+a	O
+layer	O
+has	O
+constituents	B-Process
+that	I-Process
+are	I-Process
+not	I-Process
+forming	I-Process
+volatiles	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+the	I-Process
+reactive	I-Process
+gas	I-Process
+,	O
+e.g.	O
+W	B-Process
+and	I-Process
+Be	I-Process
+with	I-Process
+O2	I-Process
+,	O
+these	O
+constituents	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+removed	O
+by	O
+TCR	B-Material
+,	O
+as	O
+they	O
+will	O
+not	O
+be	O
+removed	O
+from	O
+the	O
+deposit	O
+.	O
+This	O
+can	O
+influence	O
+the	O
+removal	O
+of	O
+other	O
+deposit	B-Material
+constituents	I-Material
+and	O
+the	O
+time	O
+evolution	O
+of	O
+the	O
+process	O
+can	O
+change	O
+.	O
+The	O
+new	O
+understanding	O
+of	O
+TCR	B-Material
+may	O
+,	O
+for	O
+the	O
+first	O
+time	O
+,	O
+allow	O
+applying	O
+the	O
+method	O
+in	O
+a	O
+controlled	O
+way	O
+to	O
+nuclear	B-Material
+fusion	I-Material
+devices	I-Material
+,	O
+possibly	O
+solving	O
+the	O
+tritium	B-Process
+retention	I-Process
+issue	O
+especially	O
+related	O
+to	O
+carbon	B-Material
+based	I-Material
+materials	I-Material
+.	O
+
+Power	B-Material
+and	I-Material
+particle	I-Material
+exhaust	I-Material
+are	O
+crucial	O
+for	O
+the	O
+viability	O
+of	O
+any	O
+future	O
+fusion	B-Material
+power	I-Material
+plant	I-Material
+concept	O
+.	O
+Heat	O
+in	O
+fusion	B-Process
+reactors	I-Process
+must	O
+be	O
+extracted	O
+through	O
+a	O
+wall	O
+and	O
+cannot	O
+be	O
+exhausted	O
+volumetrically	O
+,	O
+which	O
+limits	O
+the	O
+allowed	O
+power	O
+density	O
+in	O
+fusion	O
+reactors	O
+[	O
+1	O
+]	O
+and	O
+is	O
+a	O
+severe	B-Task
+technical	I-Task
+challenge	I-Task
+in	O
+itself	O
+[	O
+2	O
+]	O
+.	O
+In	O
+addition	O
+,	O
+structural	B-Process
+material	I-Process
+changes	I-Process
+resulting	O
+from	O
+neutron	B-Process
+irradiation	I-Process
+cause	O
+degradation	O
+in	O
+the	O
+heat	O
+exhaust	O
+capabilities	O
+of	O
+existing	O
+designs	O
+[	O
+3	O
+]	O
+and	O
+static	B-Process
+surfaces	I-Process
+can	O
+suffer	O
+severely	O
+from	O
+erosion	O
+due	O
+to	O
+impinging	B-Material
+plasma	I-Material
+particles	I-Material
+[	O
+4,5	O
+]	O
+.	O
+It	O
+is	O
+concluded	O
+that	O
+conventional	O
+concepts	O
+and	O
+materials	O
+for	O
+plasma	B-Task
+facing	I-Task
+components	I-Task
+(	O
+PFCs	B-Task
+)	O
+reach	O
+their	O
+limits	O
+in	O
+terms	O
+of	O
+material	O
+lifetime	O
+and	O
+power	O
+exhaust	O
+at	O
+approximately	O
+20MW	O
+/	O
+m2	O
+,	O
+which	O
+is	O
+presumably	O
+dramatically	O
+reduced	O
+to	O
+<	O
+10MW	O
+/	O
+m2	O
+due	O
+to	O
+neutron	B-Material
+damage	O
+in	O
+a	O
+D-T	B-Material
+reactor	I-Material
+[	O
+6	O
+]	O
+or	O
+even	O
+only	O
+half	O
+that	O
+value	O
+[	O
+7	O
+]	O
+.	O
+