This paper make the explained variables our financial stress index consist of the synchronous variables financial systemic risk, and make the explanatory variables the macroeconomic variable, currency credit variable, asset price variable and the macroeconomic variable of correlative economic powers, then use stepwise regression method to establish the financial systemic risk best predict equation, thus set up the reasonable and practical financial systemic risk early-warning index system; besides, use the best prediction equations predicts the financial systemic risk status in 2011. The predicted results show that Chinese financial systemic risk is on the rise in the first three quarters and higher than the peak of 2008; financial systemic risk start to decline since the fourth quarter.

O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I B I I B I I O O B I O O O O O O B I I O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The boundary element method (BEM) has clear advantages when applied to shape optimisation of high-voltage devices, see [4–8] for an introduction to BEM. First of all, BEM relies only on a surface discretisation so that there is no need to maintain an analysis-suitable volume discretisation during the shape optimisation process. Moreover, BEM is ideal for solving problems in unbounded domains that occur in electrostatic field analysis. In gradient-based shape optimisation the shape derivative of the cost functional with respect to geometry perturbations is needed [9–11]. To this purpose, we use the adjoint approach and solve the primary and the adjoint boundary value problems with BEM. The associated linear systems of equations are dense and an acceleration technique, such as the fast multipole method [12,13], is necessary for their efficient solution. For some recent applications of fast BEM in shape optimisation and Bernoulli-type free-boundary problems we refer to [14–16].

O B I I B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O B I I I I O O O B I I O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O


Aeroengine turbine disks often consist of paramagnetic, that means non-ferromagnetic Nickel based alloys. Sometimes, parasitic small ferromagnetic particles can be included in these disks that may decrease the mechanical stability. For this reason, in case of a suspicion disks are to be analysed with respect to ferromagnetic inclusions. These inclusions generate a magnetic density which can be measured by a flux gate magnetometer using the magnetic remanence method [1]. The detection principle of ferromagnetic impurities in non-magnetic metallic materials is based on their remanence. Before such a measurement can be carried out, the aeroengine turbine disks are premagnetised in axial direction. As ferromagnetic materials show the well-known hysteresis behaviour, those materials can be magnetised by a strong magnetic field which drives the magnetic material into saturation. When removing the magnetic field, the remanence is left. This remaining flux density is used to detect them in non-magnetic materials.

B I I O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O


Ferritic and martensitic steels are candidate materials for use in nuclear reactors [1,2]. The transmutation-created inert gas, especially He, plays an important role in the microstructural evolution of these steels under neutron irradiation. In a previous paper [3] the mechanisms by which He in a perfect body-centred-cubic (bcc) Fe lattice, can agglomerate into bubbles was discussed. It was shown that small He interstitial clusters are highly mobile but become effectively pinned with the emission of Fe interstitials when the clusters contain 5 or more He atoms. Small bubbles up to around 1.5 nm in diameter can easily form at room temperature from such seed points but larger bubbles are more difficult to form by diffusion alone due to the induced strain in the bcc lattice which increases the energy barriers for diffusion towards the bubbles whilst reducing them in a direction away from the bubbles. Subsequent bubble enlargement can then only occur either through increased temperature or by radiation induced mechanisms which increase the number of vacancies in the bubble and reduce the lattice strain. Emission of interracial loops from such a bubble was not observed in molecular dynamics simulations.

B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B B I O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O B I B I I I O O O B O O O O B I I

mechanisms by which he in a perfect body-centred-cubic (bcc) fe lattice, can agglomerate into bubbles


From a general point of view, polymerization techniques can be divided into two types of chemical reactions: step-growth polymerization and free radical polymerization. Step-growth polymerization is widely used for synthesis of polyesters, polyamide and epoxies while the synthesis of polyacrylics requires the use of free radical polymerization. These polymerization reactions can be performed either in bulk or in solution or in dispersed media. Heterophase polymerizations (i.e. emulsion, dispersion and miniemulsion polymerizations) present the advantage of easier removal of the resulting product from the reactor compared to bulk polymerization thanks to the low viscosity of the reaction medium. Polymerization in solution also induces lower viscosity but also lower reaction rates due to dilution of the reactants and higher cost and environmental impact due to the use of organic solvents. These problems are solved in the case of heterophase polymerizations where the reactants are confined inside droplets (no dilution effect) and water is used as medium. The use of surfactant molecules are usually needed for the stabilization of the monomer droplet and subsequent polymer particles in the water phase.

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O B O B I I O B O O O O O O B B O B O O O O B O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O B O O B O O B I B I O B B O B I O O O O O B I I I I O O B O O B B O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B O

bulk polymerization
dilution effect
polymerization reactions
polymerization techniques
reaction medium
stabilization of the monomer droplet
step-growth polymerization
synthesis of polyacrylics
synthesis of polyesters

bulk
chemical reactions
dilution
dispersed media
dispersion
droplets
emulsion
epoxies
free radical polymerization
heterophase polymerizations
miniemulsion polymerizations
monomer droplet
organic solvents
polyacrylics
polyamide
polyesters
polymerization
polymer particles
reactants
reaction
reactor
removal of the resulting product
solution
surfactant molecules
water


Thermal performance of the smart window has been predicted under different simulated parameters namely, direct solar radiation intensity, ambient temperature, water inlet temperature, and water flow rate. Fig. 11 shows a sample of temperature distribution of all window components at a plane passing through the horizontal window segment based on simulation physical conditions listed on Table 3. Simulation data has been collected from all successive simulations. The effect of increasing direct solar radiation on both solar cells and water temperatures is shown in Fig. 12. Three different simulations were performed assuming direct solar radiation intensities of 400, 600, and 800W/m2 incident on the window’s front pane with set ambient temperature, water inlet temperature and water flow rate of respectively 273K, 283K and 0.01kg/s. Water temperature was found to increase by 5°C as it passed through the tube, carrying the solar cells, from left to right for the bottom most units at 800W/m2 of direct incident solar radiation.

B I I I I I O O O O O B I O B I I I B I B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I


Modeling collaboration processes is a challenging task. Existing modeling approaches are not capable of expressing the unpredictable, non-routine nature of human collaboration, which is influenced by the social context of involved collaborators. We propose a modeling approach which considers collaboration processes as the evolution of a network of collaborative documents along with a social network of collaborators. Our modeling approach, accompanied by a graphical notation and formalization, allows to capture the influence of complex social structures formed by collaborators, and therefore facilitates such activities as the discovery of socially coherent teams, social hubs, or unbiased experts. We demonstrate the applicability and expressiveness of our approach and notation, and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.

O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I O B I O O O B I I I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


In this Letter we revisit the Chesnavich model Hamiltonian [37] in the light of recent developments in TST. For barrierless systems such as ion–molecule reactions, the concepts of OTS and TTS can be clearly formulated in terms of well defined phase space geometrical objects. (For work on the phase space description of OTS, see Refs. [38–40].) The first goal of the present article is the identification of these notions with well defined phase space dividing surfaces attached to NHIMs. The second and main goal is an elucidation of the roaming phenomenon in the context of the Chesnavich model Hamiltonian. The associated potential function, possessing many features associated with a realistic molecular PES, leads to dynamics which clearly reveal the origins of the roaming effect. Based on our trajectory simulations, we show how the identification of the TTS and OTS DSs with periodic orbit dividing surfaces (PODS) provides the natural framework for analysis of the roaming mechanism.

O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O B I O O O O B O O B O B O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O

well defined phase space dividing surfaces attached to nhims


We have demonstrated a new approach to the manufacture of self-folding hydrogel scaffolds by the use of readily available and fast throughput methods. The process shows effective pattern transfer by first embossing a sacrificial layer and using it as a soluble mould in the fabrication process. The use of a sacrificial layer of PAA imparts environmental sensitivity to the hydrogel film on only one surface. The subsequent swelling of the PAA inter-penetrating network (IPN) in elevated pH causes a swelling differential across the film, causing it to roll to accommodate the difference in surface area between the two surfaces. The surface functionalization and patterning stages are thus combined into one photolithographic operation. The net result is a method of producing environmentally triggered self-folding all hydrogel scaffolds by a, to the authors’ knowledge, novel use of sacrificial layer embossing. The patterned hydrogel films can be triggered consecutively allowing for successive rolling and unrolling depending on the aqueous pH. The choice of PEGDMA hydrogel provides a versatile platform for creating a variety of hydrogel scaffolds, and while being non-fouling and nontoxic it is permeable to proteins. Furthermore PEGDMA can be modified to produce biodegradable and cell adhesive hydrogels for a variety of biomedical applications.

O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I I O O O B I I O O B I I I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B I O O B I O O B O O O B O B I I I I I I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I I O B I I O O B I O O O B O B O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I

swelling of the paa inter-penetrating network


The scheduling process we adopt matches a multiple stage stochastic programming approach. Standard two-stage stochastic programs with linear or convex functions are often solved using the L-shaped method or Bender's decomposition [44,6,7]. However, our recourse decision (scheduled cancellations) is still anticipative to further uncertainty, namely the second shift surgery durations, unavailability and cancellations. As such, the decision problem can be viewed as a three-stage recourse model [5,6]. Solving the scheduling problem is further complicated because the recourse function is integer. Laporte and Louveaux [26] propose modified L-shaped decomposition with adjusted optimal cuts for two stage stochastic program with integer recourse. Angulo et al. [1] alternately generate optimal cuts of the linear sub-problem and the integer sub-problem, which improves the practical convergence (see also [15,8]). We follow a sample average approximation approach (SAA) which uses this framework. Moreover, we prove and exploit a specific relationship between the first-stage realization and the optimal number of scheduled cancellations to speed up the computation of integer cuts. We use Jensen's inequality [17] to upper bound the minus second (and third) stage cost, a technique that was proposed by Batun et al. [3].

O B I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The need for power generation industry to improve the thermal efficiency of power plant has led to the development of 9–12% Cr martensitic steels. The development of and research on P91 steels started since late 1970s and early 1990s, respectively [1]. The work has focussed on their creep strengths due to its intended application at high temperature. Recently, the introduction of more cyclic operation of power plant has introduced the possibility of fatigue problems. Bore cracking due to the effects of varying steam warming has been reported [2]. The temperature cycling causes thermal gradients between the inside and outside of components and this can cause cyclic stress levels to be of concerns. Recently, research on thermal–mechanical analysis of P91 has been carried out including the characterisation of the cyclic behaviour of the material using the two-layer and unified visco-plasticity models [3,4].

O O O B I O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O

development of and research on p91 steels


In this paper, however, we prefer the simpler ‘framed’ cell employed by Hadjiconstantinou and Patera [16], where the shear stress is generated by constraining the velocity in a ‘frame’ rather than by modifying the shape of the box. The framed cell is periodic, but we cannot simply calculate the average stress in the whole box because the presence of an external buffer would produce spurious results. We need the local stress in the core region, but this complicates the Oij term in Eq. (3). There are other methods to calculate the stress tensor such as the method of planes [32], the volume-average approach [26,14], or the method derived from the Schweitz virial relation [25], but, in general, we must choose between a complicated computational cell (i.e. Lees–Edwards cell) and simplifying the calculation of the momentum flux, or a simple cell (i.e. framed cell) and complicating the calculation of the momentum flux. The new method we propose here does not need the direct calculation of the flux, so it avoids this issue altogether: we can use the framed cell and, at the same time, avoid the calculation of the IK equation.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I

calculate the stress tensor
complicated computational cell
constraining the velocity
framed cell
ik equation
lees–edwards cell
method of planes
schweitz virial relation
shear stress
simple cell


An increase of neutron leakage from the core region can be achieved through modifications in the core geometry (usually by adopting a pan-cake geometry of the active core region at the expense of the general neutron economy). Extensive studies determined a set of core design modifications that optimised the total sodium void reactivity (becoming less positive). Among the most efficient design solutions identified is an enlarged sodium plenum above the active core region in combination with an absorber layer above the sodium plenum (to reduce neutron backscattering from the reflector region above the plenum). Fig. 19 shows the combined effect of different upper plenum thicknesses of the absorber and boron layers. It can be observed that the sequential increase of the layer's thickness converge to an asymptotic value of reactivity reduction slightly over 800pcm. The pair of values selected was 60cm for the sodium plenum and 30cm for the boron layer. These modifications implied a considerable increase in the sub-assembly length that was compensated by reducing the upper axial reflector width (Sun et al., 2013).

O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O B I O O B B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

absorber and boron layers
absorber layer
axial reflector
boron layer
core
design solutions
enlarged sodium plenum
neutron
plenum
reactivity reduction
sodium


Denier

and

Hewitt

have

shown

that

bounded

solutions

to

and

subject

to

and

exist

only

in

the

shear-thinning

case

for

In

the

shear-thickening

case

they

have

shown

that

solutions

become

non-differentiable

at

some

critical

location

ηc,

and

although

it

transpires

that

this

singularity

can

be

regularised

entirely

within

the

context

of

the

power-law

model,

we

will

not

consider

such

flows

here.

Thus

in

this

study

we

will

consider

flows

with

power-law

index

in

the

range

They

have

also

shown

that

for

to

ensure

the

correct

algebraic

decay

in

the

numerical

solutions

one

must

apply

the

Robin

condition(11)(u¯′,v¯′)=nη(n-1)(u¯,v¯)asη→∞,at

some

suitably

large

value

of

η=η∞≫1.

In

the

Newtonian

case

this

relationship

becomes

singular,

this

is

due

to

the

fact

that

when

the

functions

u¯

and

v¯

decay

exponentially.

Cochran

showed

that

in

this

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

power-law model
robin condition(11)
shear-thickening

correct algebraic decay
flows
singularity
solutions


In this paper, we present algorithms for automatic generation of logic reasoning questions. The algorithms are able to construct questions that are solvable with unique solutions. The algorithms employ AI techniques such as semantic networks to produce verbal questions. These algorithms are small in size and are able to replace traditional question databases. They are particularly suitable for implementation on the memory constrained mobile platforms. The algorithms can be applied to question generation for job interview, civil service exam, etc.

O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O


Ever since the identification of the paramagnetic E′ centre in SiO2 as an unpaired electron localised in an sp3 hybrid orbital of an Si atom backbonded to three oxygen atoms, a number of attempts has been made at explaining the optical and electronic properties of SiO2 in the presence of E′ centres. The irradiation or hole injection induces trapping of positive charge in thin layers of a-SiO2 grown on silicon surfaces by thermal oxidation. This effect has been correlated with paramagnetic E′ centre signals and led to the initial assignment of the neutral oxygen vacancy as the major hole trap in a-SiO2 [1–3]. In this model, originally proposed for E′ centres in α-quartz, upon trapping a hole, one Si atom from the two Si atoms constituting the vacancy remains neutral and hosts the localised unpaired electron while its counterpart becomes positively charged. Although this model has initially been accepted widely for its simplicity, it fails to account for a number of observations, such as the positive charge trapping without generation of E′ centres [4], the formation of high density of E′ centres without the corresponding density of positive charge [5], and the absence of correlation between the decrease of the E′ centre density and the density of positive charge upon post-irradiation electron injection in SiO2 [6].

O O O O O O O B I O B O O B I O O O B I I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O B O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O B O

explaining the optical and electronic properties of sio2 in the presence of e′ centres

identification of the paramagnetic e′ centre in sio2

trapping of positive charge in thin layers of a-sio2 grown on silicon surfaces

e′ centre
e′ centres
hole injection
irradiation
localised unpaired electron
major hole trap
neutral oxygen vacancy
oxygen atoms
positive charge
si atom
si atoms
silicon surfaces
sio2
sp3 hybrid orbital
thermal oxidation
unpaired electron


In this Letter, we extend the McVittie's solution into charged black holes. We first deduce the metric for a Reissner–Nordström black hole in the expanding universe; several special cases of our solution are exactly the same as some solutions discovered previously. In the previous work [6] we have applied the asymptotic conditions to derive the Schwarzschild metric in the expanding universe, which is exactly the same as that derived by McVittie by solving the full Einstein equations. That demonstrates the power of this simple and straight-forward approach. In this Letter we follow the same procedure to derive the metric for the Reissner–Nordström black holes in Friedman–Robertson–Walker universe. We then study the influences of the evolution of the universe on the size of the black hole. Finally, in order to study the motion of the planet, we rewrite the metric from the cosmic coordinates system to the Schwarzschild coordinates system.

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I I O B I I I I I I I I I I I I

deduce the metric for a reissner–nordström black hole in the expanding universe

extend the mcvittie's solution into charged black holes

applied the asymptotic conditions to derive the schwarzschild metric in the expanding universe

reissner–nordström black holes in friedman–robertson–walker universe

rewrite the metric from the cosmic coordinates system to the schwarzschild coordinates system


Hitherto, the investigation of fossil-orientation was only used for the topmost surface of fossil mass occurrences, deposited directly on the sea floor. Due to the fast development of virtual methods (e.g., macro-CT, µ-CT, nano-CT, etc.) it became possible, to investigate the interior orientation of such fossil mass occurrences in three-dimensional detail. Although, a series of paleontological studies deal with 3D-visualization of fossil-elements, no mass occurrence has previously been reconstructed three dimensionally for investigating their interior orientation. This study illustrates an interdisciplinary approach of virtual reconstruction, analyses and interpretation of the interior orientation of an ammonoid mass occurrence. The method established herein produces clear and consistent results using planispirally coiled ammonoid shells – fossils, that so far would have been used only with caution for depositional interpretations. This method can be applied to any kind of fossil mass occurrence, or even other abundant organic elements and particles, to examine their orientation and depositional conditions to conclude on their paleoenvironment, particularly on paleocurrents.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I B I I I I I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

3d-visualization
µ-ct
fossil-elements
investigation of fossil-orientation
macro-ct
nano-ct
ossil mass occurrences


Shading can be the most detrimental factor on performance for a domestic system. The impact of shading on performance varies depending on the electrical series and parallel arrangement of cells within a module and modules within an installed array. Whilst many approaches to shading analysis have been proposed, computational efficiency is not reported despite being of high importance when incorporating shading algorithms into an overall energy yield model. The lack of consideration of the non-linear impacts of shading on smaller systems for example means that the shading loss is significantly underestimated, especially from supposedly small obstacles such as antennas or chimneys. As an example, the system shown in Fig. 1 illustrates the case where the installer may have attested a shade loss factor close to unity under UK microgeneration guidelines (Microgeneration Certification Scheme, 2013), i.e. negligible, but the performance of the system is severely compromised due to the non-linear cell mismatch effects. An effective shading sub-model therefore needs to give feedback to inform decisions of array layout in the proximity of obstructions but must not rely on high power computing.

B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I

effective shading sub-model
non-linear cell mismatch effects
shading algorithms
shading analysis
system shown in fig. 1


At 200 – 300°C: nuclear densities are localised in the tetrahedral volume roughly covering the 8c and 32f positions with “bulges” of nuclear densities pointing toward the 48i position, while at 400 and 500°C continuous nuclear densities forming a straight line along the <100> direction are found, indicative of oxide-ion diffusion pathway along that direction. In the literature, curved pathways along the <100> direction passing through the 48i site are generally observed in fluorite materials [20], the prevalence of curve pathway as opposed from straight pathway is explained by the repulsion between cation and anions, the curved pathway allowing the cation–anion to maintain a reasonable distance. However, a straight pathway is observed for Y0.785Ta0.215O1.715 [23], as is the case for the present material. This suggests that Ta and Re cations might play a similar role in these systems.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O

anions
“bulges”
cation
fluorite materials
present material
ta and re cations


An algorithm of multi-axis NC tool-path generation for subdivision surfaces is proposed. The algorithm includes two steps: model building and tool path generation. In the section of model building, in order to obtain the deformed surface, the deformation vector is computed which is associated with the curvature and the slope of cutter location surface. In the procedure of tool path generation, the slicing procedure is adopted to get the CL points. In addition, the inversely converted method is used. The method is tested by some examples with actual machining. The results show that the method can effectively reduce the error of the scallop height for subdivision surface and obtain the better shape and quality. In addition, the computational complexity and is scalable and robust.

O B O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O B I O B I I O O O O B I O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

algorithm of multi-axis nc tool-path generation for subdivision surfaces


We consider finite-time, future (sudden or Big Rip type) singularities which may occur even when strong energy condition is not violated but equation of state parameter is time-dependent. Recently, example of such singularity has been presented by Barrow, we found another example of it. Taking into account back reaction of conformal quantum fields near singularity, it is shown explicitly that quantum effects may delay (or make milder) the singularity. It is argued that if the evolution to singularity is realistic, due to quantum effects the universe may end up in de Sitter phase before scale factor blows up. This picture is generalized for braneworld where sudden singularity may occur on the brane with qualitatively similar conclusions.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I B I I I I I I I I O B I I I O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O B I I

finite-time, future (sudden or big rip type) singularities

the universe may end up in de sitter phase


In the calculations for the formation energy, the box size is set to 30a0×30a0×30a0, where a0 is the bcc Fe lattice parameter. For all calculations periodic boundary conditions and constant volume are used. The Monte Carlo algorithm used to determine the lowest energy configuration of the cluster [28] is organised as follows. First, the energetics of voids without helium are investigated. A vacancy is introduced into the simulation cell and the system is minimised using a conjugate gradient algorithm, yielding a single vacancy formation energy Evac of 1.72eV. Next, the atom with the highest potential energy is removed from the system and again the system is minimised. This scheme is iteratively continued to create voids up to the number of target vacancies and the formation energy of each is calculated. Next, helium atoms are introduced to the vacancies. The total system energy is measured and recorded. At this point, a Metropolis MC scheme [29] is used to find the low energy configurations. Every helium in the system is randomly displaced from its site up to a maximum of rmax (4.5Å, the cut off distance for He–He interactions) in each of the x, y and z directions and then minimised using the conjugate gradient algorithm. Each bubble is continued for a minimum of 10,000 steps. After that, the searches will be terminated if the system energy does not drop within a further 10 steps. A schematic of this iterative process is shown in Fig. 1.

O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O B I I O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

he
helium atoms
single vacancy formation energy
voids without helium


There have been relatively few attempts to observe and in some cases extract the average current density from video images taken of growing 2D pits. Frankel presented a method to directly measure the average anodic current density from the growing pit boundary velocity in Al [33], an Al alloy [34] and Ni–Fe [35] thin films. Subsequently, Ryan et al. [27,36] determined the anodic current density in pits propagating as 2D disks in stainless steel thin films by measuring the pit edge movement velocity. Ernst and Newman [11,12,37] studied stability of pit growth in detail and measured the kinetics of 2D pit propagation in depth and width and compared the results with kinetics in 1D pencil electrodes. They developed a semi-quantitative model for pit propagation which explained the lacy pit cover formation during the pit growth, although they did not measure current density within the pit. More recently, Tang and Davenport [38] tracked the pit boundary movement and computed the instantaneous but average current density in Fe-Co thin films. However, there have been no previous attempts to quantify the local current density during inhomogeneous growth of pits, although such local variation in current density has long been recognised [7].

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B O O B I O B I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O

measured the kinetics of 2d pit propagation

1d pencil electrodes
2d disks
2d pit
2d pits
al
anodic current
current
lacy pit cover
pit
pits
stainless steel thin films
video images


Table 1 lists 8 pairs of B decays. In fact, there are more decay pairs, since many of the particles in the final states can be observed as either pseudoscalar (P) or vector (V) mesons. Note that certain decays are written in terms of VV final states, while others are have PP states. There are three reasons for this. First, some decays involve a final-state π0. However, experimentally it will be necessary to find the decay vertices of the final particles. This is virtually impossible for a π0, and so we always use a ρ0. Second, some pairs of decays are related by SU(3) in the SM only if an (ss¯) quark pair is used. However, there are no P's which are pure (ss¯). The mesons η and η′ have an (ss¯) component, but they also have significant (uu¯) and (dd¯) pieces. As a result the b¯→s¯ and b¯→d¯ decays are not really related by SU(3) in the SM if the final state involves an η or η′. We therefore consider instead the vector meson ϕ which is essentially a pure (ss¯) quark state. Finally, we require that both B0 and B¯0 be able to decay to the final state. This cannot happen if the final state contains a single K0 (or K¯0) meson. However, it can occur if this final-state particle is an excited neutral kaon. In this case one decay involves K*0, while the other has K¯*0. Assuming that the vector meson is detected via its decay to ψKsπ0 (as in the measurement of sin2β via Bd0(t)→J/ψK*), then both B0 and B¯0 can decay to the same final state.

O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O B I I O O O O B O B O B O O O O O

decay pairs
decay to the final state
decay to ψksπ0
final-state particle
find the decay vertices
k¯*0
k*0
pairs of decays
quark pair
quark state
vector meson

b0
b¯0
b decays
decay
decays
excited neutral kaon
final particles
measurement of sin2β
meson
mesons
quark
sm
η
η′
ϕ
ψksπ0


Both methods of structure solution reveal a bent conformation of the central terthiophene units of the DOTT molecule as is clearly visible in all three cases in Figure 5. However, there is a fundamental difference in the conformation of the octyl side chains. Whilst for the single crystal phase at T=100K linearly extended chains are observed (Figure 5B), a defined rotation of the octyl chains relative to the terthiophene unit is found for the three thin film phases (Figure 5A). The rotation angle of about ±70° results from a twist of the first CC single bond at the link between the terthiophene unit and the octyl chain (see arrows Figure 5A). Two features of this rotated conformation are interesting. First, a molecule with rotated side chains represents the equilibrium state of an isolated single DOTT molecule as obtained by combined MD and VASP calculations [33]. Second, the rotated conformation of the octyl chains allows a dense packing of the octyl side chains for both molecules. Interestingly, the single crystal structure at room temperature shows the twisted as well as the linear conformation of the octyl side chains within one molecule (Figure 5C).

O O O B I O O B I O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O

bent conformation
central terthiophene units
combined md and vasp calculations
crystal structure
defined rotation of the octyl chains
dense packing
dott molecule
linearly extended chains
octyl chain
octyl chains
octyl side chains
rotated side chains
structure solution
terthiophene unit
thin film
twist of the first cc single bond


While impedance spectroscopy is a quite common method to investigate mixed conducting thin film electrodes, [6,10–12] oxygen tracer experiments are often performed on bulk samples [13–16]. Recently, several IEDP measurements of mixed conducting cathode materials were published with the oxide films being deposited on insulating substrates [17–19]. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge no study so far reported experiments with both techniques being applied on the same films at the same temperature. This contribution reports the results of a study applying EIS and IEDP to one and the same La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) thin film in order to get complementary results on the resistive contributions of the oxygen reduction kinetics on such films. As electrical measurements require an oxygen ion conductor, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was used as substrate for LSC films with two different grain sizes. Quantitative material parameters are deduced from both types of experiments and comparison of the data allowed testing the appropriateness of analysis models.

O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B I I I O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B I O O B O O B I I B O O O O O B B O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I

applying eis and iedp to one and the same la0.6sr0.4coo3−δ (lsc) thin film

analysis models
bulk samples
comparison of the data
eis
electrical measurements
films
grain
iedp
impedance spectroscopy
insulating substrates
lsc
mixed conducting cathode materials
mixed conducting thin film electrodes
oxygen
quantitative material parameters
thin film
ysz
yttria stabilized zirconia


Max-linear programs have been used to describe optimisation problems for multiprocessor interactive systems. In some instances the variables used in this model are required to be integer; however, no method seems to exist for finding integer solutions to max-linear programs.For a generic class of matrices, we show that integer solutions to two-sided max-linear systems and programs can be found in polynomial time. For general matrices, we adapt the existing methods for finding real solutions to obtain algorithms for finding integer solutions.

O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I O O B I I I I


The immersed boundary method (IBM), proposed by Peskin for studying flow patterns around heart valves [3], has been applied to a wide range of problems including arterial blood flow [4], modelling of the cochlea [5], modelling of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow [6] and flows involving suspended particles [7]. A comprehensive list of applications can be found in [8]. The IBM is both a mathematical formulation and a numerical scheme for fluid–structure interaction problems. As mentioned above, in a classical fluid–structure interaction problem, the fluid and the structure are considered separately and then coupled together via some suitable jump conditions. In the IBM however, the structure–which is usually immersed in a Newtonian fluid–is viewed as being part of the surrounding fluid. This means that only a single equation of motion needs to be solved (i.e. a one-phase formulation). Additionally, the IBM allows the immersed structure to move freely over the underlying fluid mesh, alleviating the need for the remeshing required in a classical formulation.

O B I I B O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O B I I I I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O B O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O

newtonian fluid
surrounding fluid
underlying fluid mesh

modelling of red blood cells in poiseuille flow


Monitoring the wear condition of the tramway superstructure is one of the key points to guarantee an adequate safety level of the light rail transport system. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new non-conventionalprocedure for measuring the transverse profile of rails in operation by means of image-processing technique. This methodological approach is based on the “information” contained in high-resolution photographic images of tracks and on specific algorithms which allow to obtain the exact geometric profile of the rails and therefore to measure the state of the rail-head extrados wear.

B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

high-resolution photographic images
image-processing technique
information”
new non-conventionalprocedure
wear condition

light rail transport system
monitoring the wear condition
rails
safety level
specific algorithms
tracks
tramway superstructure
transverse profile


The PESs here employed have already been tested in order to verify their validity for dynamical purposes. Such tests include studies of the nitrogen exchange reaction [14] both adiabatic by running trajectories on the lowest surfaces and non-adiabatic by using the trajectory surface hoping (TSH) method [22,23] for transitions to the excited state of same symmetry. It was concluded that nonadiabatic transitions could not make a significant impact on the rate coefficients, and therefore all trajectories here reported are independently integrated for each symmetry on the corresponding lowest adiabatic PES. In fact, we have tested the impact of running the trajectories starting on the upper sheets, and found no vibrational transition to take place, only small amounts of rotational energy is exchanged in this case. Also neglected are electronic transitions to the quartet state which are believed to be far less probable than the simple vibrational energy transfer here studied due to their spin-forbidden character. It should also be noted that the use of quasiclassical trajectories is justified by the large masses of the atoms involved [24].

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O


Our simulations confirm experimental observations that W net erosion represents only tiny fraction (in our simulation ∼1%) of the W gross erosion. The estimated upstream W fluxes, FWupstrem, are in good agreement with the experimentally observed values ⩽1019m-2s-1 [16]. Moreover, this value is not very sensitive to the divertor plasma temperature. For low temperatures the energy of D and C ions hitting to the divertor plates is too low to sputter sufficient amount of W. With increasing energy the W sputtering increases, but the potential drop in the divertor plasma increases too. As a result, most of the W atoms are ionized in the vicinity of the divertor and return back to the plates. There are two effects leading to the observed prompt redeposition of W ions: first is the “near-divertor” ionization of W due to low ionization potential −7.86eV (for comparison the ionization potentials for D and C are 13,6 and 10.6eV), second, W+n ions have large Larmor radius ∼2/nmm, so that they are redeposited within the distance of a Larmor radius. Important to note that a significant fraction of W ions escaping this prompt redeposition are returned back due to the friction with the main ions.

O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I B O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B B O O O O O O O O B O B I O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I

d and c ions
divertor plasma
divertor plates
hitting to the divertor plates
near-divertor” ionization
w atoms
w fluxes
w gross erosion
w ions
w net erosion
w+n ions
w sputtering

c
d
divertor
estimated upstream w fluxes
experimentally observed values
friction with the main ions
fwupstrem
increasing energy
ionization
ionized
large larmor radius
observed prompt redeposition
plates
return
simulations
w


The spins and parities of Θ+ and Ξ−− are not yet known experimentally. In this new wave of pentaquark research, most theoretical papers take the spin equal to 1/2. The parity is more controversial. In chiral soliton or Skyrme models the parity is positive [4]. In constituent quark models it is usually positive. In the present approach, the parity of the pentaquark is given by P=(−)ℓ+1, where ℓ is the angular momentum associated with the relative coordinates of the q4 subsystem. We analyze the case where the subsystem of four light quarks is in a state of orbital symmetry [31]O and carries an angular momentum ℓ=1. Although the kinetic energy of such a state is higher than that of the totally symmetric [4]O state, the [31]O symmetry is the most favourable both for the flavour–spin interaction [12] and the colour–spin interaction [13]. In the first case the statement is confirmed by the comparison between the realistic calculations for positive parity [12] and negative parity [14], based on the same quark model [15]. In Ref. [12] the antiquark was heavy, c or b, and accordingly the interaction between light quarks and the heavy antiquark was neglected, consistent with the heavy quark limit. In Ref. [16] an attractive spin–spin interaction between s̄ and the light quarks was incorporated and shown that a stable or narrow positive parity uudds̄ pentaquark can be accommodated within such a model. This interaction has a form that corresponds to η meson exchange [17] and its role is to lower the energy of the whole system.

O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I I


Arrays of TFTs and circuits were fabricated on precleaned, 5cm×5cm, 125μm thick polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates (Dupont-Teijin). Full details of our vacuum-fabrication procedures have been given in previous publications [17–19,23]. Briefly, aluminium gate electrodes and associated tracks were vacuum evaporated onto the substrates through shadow masks. Subsequently, the substrates were attached to a cooled web-coater drum (Aerre Machines). With the drum rotating at a linear speed of 25m/min under vacuum, flash-evaporated TPGDA monomer vapour which condensed onto the substrates was cross-linked by exposure, in situ, to a plasma. The resulting smooth, pinhole-free films were typically 500nm to 1μm thick with a measured dielectric constant varying in the range 4–5. For circuit fabrication, the insulator was patterned using shadow masks to define rectangular areas separated by 1mm gaps to act as vias for inter-layer metallic connections. The substrates were then transferred into an evaporator (Minispectros, Kurt Lesker) integrated into a nitrogen glovebox for the vacuum-deposition (2.4nm/min) of DNTT onto the insulator. Without exposing the substrates to ambient air, the gold source/drain metallisation layer was deposited through a shadow mask in the same evaporator.

O O B O B O O O O O O O B I B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O B O O O B O B I O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B

polyethylene naphthalate (pen) substrates

aluminium gate electrodes
ambient air
circuit fabrication
circuits
drum
evaporator
exposure
films
insulator
nitrogen glovebox
pen
plasma
polyethylene naphthalate
shadow mask
shadow masks
substrates
tfts
tracks
vacuum


In the present paper, a hypergraph model for the structural system modeling and reconfigurability analysis has been presented. At first, we represent each system equation by a hyperedge, and then we extend the modeling hypergraph with others colored hyperedges (red and blue) which allows us to perform the analysis task. Based on the bottom up analysis hypergraph model, it's very easy to check the system reconfigurability in the presence of fault by verifying the existence of paths from the affected hyperedge to specifics blue hyperedges passing through specifics red hyperedges. The method is illustrated through a pedagogical example.

O O O O O B I O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I


The Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT) is a well-developed perturbation theory used to describe quantitatively the volumetric properties of fluids. The reader is referred to several reviews on the topic which describe the various stages of its development and the multiple versions available [50–53]. The fundamental difference between the versions is in the underlying intermolecular potential employed to describe the unbounded constituent particles. Hard spheres, square well fluids, LJ fluids, argon, alkanes have all been employed as reference fluids in the different incarnations of SAFT. For the purpose of this work we will center on a particular version of the SAFT EoS, i.e. the SAFT-VR Mie recently proposed by Laffitte et al. [54] and expanded into a group contribution approach, SAFT-γ, by Papaioannou et al. [55]. This particular version of SAFT provides a closed form EoS that describes the macroscopical properties of the Mie potential [56], also known as the (m,n) potential; a generalized form of the LJ potential (albeit predating it by decades). The Mie potential has the form(1)ϕ(r)=Cεσrλr−σrλawhere C is an analytical function of the repulsive and attractive exponents, λa and λr, respectively, σ is a parameter that defines the length scale and is loosely related to the average diameter of a Mie bead; ɛ defines the energy scale and corresponds to the minimum potential energy between two isolated beads; expressed here as a ratio to the Boltzmann constant, kB. The Mie function, as written above, deceivingly suggests that four parameters are needed to characterize the behaviour of an isotropic molecule, however the exponents λa and λr are intimately related, and for fluid phase equilibria, one needs not consider them as independent parameters [57]. Accordingly, we choose herein to fix the attractive exponent to λa=6 which would be expected to be representative of the dispersion scaling of most simple fluids and refer from here on to the repulsive parameter as λ=λr. The potential simplifies to(2)ϕ(r)=λλ−6λ66/(λ−6)εσrλ−σr6

O O O B O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I B I O O B O B B B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

lj fluids
(m,n) potential
reference fluids
saft eos
saft-vr mie
saft-γ
simple fluids
square well fluids
statistical associating fluid theory

alkanes
argon
bead
beads
closed form eos
fluid
fluids
group contribution approach
hard spheres
intermolecular potential
isotropic molecule
lj potential
mie potential
perturbation theory
saft
unbounded constituent particles


A limitation of the pharmacyte approach is the one-time nature of the intervention: ACT T-cells can only be loaded once with a cargo of adjuvant drug prior to transfer, and the duration of stimulation is inherently limited by expansion of the cell population in vivo, since cell-bound particles are diluted with each cell division. We hypothesized that a strategy to target supporting drugs to T-cells with nanoparticle drug carriers directly in vivo would enable transferred lymphocytes to be repeatedly stimulated with supporting adjuvant drugs, and thereby provide continuous supporting signals over the prolonged durations that might be necessary for elimination of large tumor burdens. Such “re-arming” of T-cells with supporting drugs could be achieved by repeated administration of targeted particles, allowing adoptively-transferred T-cells to be restimulated multiple times directly in vivo, while the use of internalizing targeting ligands would minimize the likelihood of immune responses against the nanoparticle carrier. To our knowledge, only two prior studies have attempted to target nanoparticles to T-cells in vivo [17,18]. In both of these studies, particles were targeted to T-cells via peptide-MHC ligands that bind to specific T-cell receptors. However, peptide-MHC-functionalized nanoparticles have recently been shown to deliver an anergizing/tolerizing signal to T-cells [18,19] — which is ideal for treating graft rejection or autoimmunity, but runs counter to the goals of cancer immunotherapy.

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I

“re-arming” of t-cells with supporting drugs


This section is devoted to the discretization of the advection–diffusion equation and to the analysis of dispersion and diffusion eigencurves for different polynomial orders. The spectral/hp continuous Galerkin method considered closely resembles the formulation presented in [7]. Sec. 2.1 describes in detail the derivation of the semi-discrete advection–diffusion problem as applied to wave-like solutions, from which the relevant eigencurves can be obtained. The inviscid case (linear advection) is then addressed in Sec. 2.2, where the role of primary and secondary eigencurves is discussed from the perspective introduced in [9]. The viscous case is subsequently considered in Sec. 2.3, where eigencurves are shown to feature irregular oscillations for problems strongly dominated by either convection or diffusion.

O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The opportunity offered by digital technologies to make deep rationalization in purchase of supplies is becoming indispensable in competition between enterprises, considering positive effects in reducing the costs of the companies that have adopted the E-Procurement. As it has been confirmed by numerous case studies, automation of procedures for the purchase through e-procurement technology enables companies to achieve a reduction in costs (average 8-12%) of total purchases. So web-based models are playing a critical role within companies, especially in the generation of value of supply chain. This article focuses on the role of e-procurement within a supply chain showing, through simulations, the advantages and difficulties of implementing a systematic use of the Internet and defining the basic structure of an e-supply chain.

O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

e-procurement
e-procurement technology
e-supply chain
role of e-procurement
web-based models

automation of procedures
case studies
generation of value of supply chain
rationalization
reducing the costs
simulations
supplies
supply chain


In the supersymmetric case, such a small coupling for quartic interaction cannot be realized if the potential is lifted by the gauge D-term interactions, since, if so, the coupling constant λ becomes of the order O(g2) where g is the gauge coupling constant in the standard model. Therefore, we focus our attention on the D-flat directions. For D-flat directions, we have to be more careful since behaviors of the potential depend on which flat direction we consider. In the MSSM, Yukawa interactions exist in the superpotential to generate the fermion masses. Such Yukawa interactions lift some of the D-flat directions. In addition, we can also find several D-flat directions which are not affected by the Yukawa interactions associated with the fermion masses; without R-parity violation, such D-flat directions are only lifted by the effects of supersymmetry breaking.33Here, we assume that coefficients of non-renormalizable terms are suppressed enough to be neglected. This may be explained by the R-symmetry, assigning R-charge 23 to each MSSM chiral superfields. (See Ref. [6] for the details.)

O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O

behaviors of the potential
gauge coupling constant
mssm chiral superfields
small coupling
standard model
the coupling constant λ
yukawa interactions


I also could not resist mentioning another wild speculation [10]. Many years ago, inspired by the almost exact correspondence between Einstein's post-Newtonian equations of gravity and Maxwell's equations of motion I proposed the gravitipole in analogy with Dirac's magnetic monopole. After Dirac there was considerable debate on how a field theory of magnetic monopoles may be formulated. Eventually, 't Hooft and Polyakov showed that the magnetic monopole exists as an extended solution in certain non-abelian gauge theories. Most theorists now believe that electromagnetism is merely a piece of a grand unified theory and that magnetic monopoles exist. Might it not turn out that Einstein's theory is but a piece of a bigger theory and that gravitipoles exist? In grand unified theory the electromagnetic field is a component of a multiplet. Could it be that the gravitational field also somehow carries an internal index and that the field we observe is just a component of a multiplet? Throwing caution to the wind, I also asked in [10] if the gravitipole and the graviton might not form a representation under some dual group just as the magnetic monopole and the photon form a triplet under the dual group of Montonen and Olive [11].

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O

einstein's post-newtonian equations of gravity

electromagnetic field
electromagnetism
field theory of magnetic monopoles
gravitational field
gravitipole
gravitipoles
graviton
magnetic monopole
magnetic monopoles
photon


The observed conductivity of A2FeMoO6–δ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) [7] was linked to a potential double exchange mechanism, with conduction between Fe3+-O-Mo-O-Fe2+. Double-exchange mechanisms, as proposed by Zener [23], posit that electron transfer between ions in different oxidation states may be facilitated if the electron does not have to alter its spin state. Replacement of Mo with Fe in this mechanism would be expected to result in a reduction of the conductivity through reduction of the available percolation pathways, unless delocalisation of Fe electrons through Fe2+-O-Fe3+ exchange could also occur. Double exchange mechanisms have been observed previously for mixed valent iron in iron oxides [24], and, as iron is known to exist in a mixed valent state for Ca2–xSrxFeMoO6–δ [25], this provides a plausible explanation for the observed metallic conductivity. Band structure calculations and Mossbauer spectroscopy could be utilised to further elucidate the conduction mechanism for these compounds, however this is outside the scope of this enquiry.

O B I O B O O B B B O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O

a2femoo6–δ
ba
band structure calculations
ca
ca2–xsrxfemoo6–δ
compounds
conduction mechanism
delocalisation of fe electrons
double exchange mechanism
double exchange mechanisms
electron
fe
ions
iron
metallic conductivity
mo
mossbauer spectroscopy
observed conductivity
oxidation
percolation pathways
reduction of the conductivity
replacement
sr


The most important goal of the software industry is to produce successful product. During the process of production several times the product fails due to lack of proper management. This paper is exploring the role of software engineering courses in computer engineering related branches and then reasons why software developers lack project management in proper software management trainings. Our findings reflect that in majority of computer related branches like computer science, computer engineering, information system engineering there is no place for software project management course. Our findings are based on a survey of course curriculums of computer engineering, computer science and information system engineering courses taught in Turkish universities.

O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I O B I B I I I I I O O O O O

project management
proper software management trainings
software management
software project management
software project management course


Due to the complex nature of the thermal spray process, modelling has been playing a key role in providing some key insights for process design and operations. The relationships among processing conditions, particle characteristics, and the resulting coating properties are nonlinear and might be difficult to be unravelled by the experimental studies alone (e.g. [5–7]) Detailed information on the atomic level changes leading to changes observed at macroscale can appropriately be obtained by MD simulation and the effect of temperature and velocity can be determined more precisely. In this work, relatively simpler spray system of copper–copper particle was simulated to obtain a better understanding of particle recrystallization and solidification, and deformation mechanics and topography of the impacting particles. Using state-of-the-art methods to examine the physical mechanisms involved in the impacting behavior and structure–property relationship, it can be suggested that the consecutive layer deposition of particles can better be understood by understanding individual particle impacts. The particle–surface interaction mechanism and its relation to Reynolds number can offer information on the quality of the coating through its response to shock heating. As a general practice, engineering components are thermally sprayed in a continuous multilayer mode with cooling; therefore there is an opportunity for developing richer theoretical models for single or multiple particle impact in conjunction with actual spraying tests, so as to identify cohesive and adhesive strength, hardness and residual stresses.

O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O


MINERAL (MINeral ERror AnaLysis) is a new MATLAB® based program that provides mineral formula recalculations combined with the associated propagation of the analytical uncertainties. Methods are based on the work of Giamarita and Day (1990). However, additional features have been added to provide users with greater flexibility in data reporting. Many programs exist to recalculate wt% data into formula unit cations. Some generalized programs can be used to recalculate the formula of multiple minerals e.g. CALCMIN (Brandelik, 2009) and HYPER-FORM (De Bjerg et al., 1992). Other programs are mineral specific e.g. AMPH CLASS (Esawi, 2004) and PROBE AMPH (Tindle and Webb, 1994) for the recalculation of amphibole analyses; ILMAT (Lepage, 2003) for the recalculation of magnetite and ilmenite; and PX-NOM (Sturm, 2002) for the recalculation of pyroxene analyses. MINERAL provides a rapid method for the recalculation of multiple common minerals. However, its strength lies in the fact that is the first tool to incorporate the associated uncertainty propagation calculations. As these are performed concurrently with the standard recalculations, no additional time is needed to perform uncertainty propagation. While an understanding of the underlying calculations is strongly recommended, MINERAL is designed to allow users with little or no experience operating MATLAB® and/or performing mineral formula recalculations and uncertainty propagation to undertake both with ease.

B B O O O B I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O

allow users with little or no experience operating matlab® and/or performing mineral formula recalculations and uncertainty propagation to undertake both with ease


In the present work, a LIF technique is applied for investigation of gas-sheared film flow in horizontal rectangular duct. The technique makes it possible to perform field measurements of local film thickness, resolved in both space and time, similar to the work of Alekseenko et al. (2009). The flat shape and large transverse size of the duct allow us to resolve the film thickness in transverse coordinate as well. Alekseenko et al. (2012) attempted to do this in annular downward flow, but, for technical reasons, the sampling frequency was not high enough in their experiments. More recently Alekseenko et al. (2014a) showed that the LIF technique can also detect entrained droplets. The technique allows the simultaneous study of three-dimensional wavy structures and liquid entrainment, and can improve understanding of the entrainment phenomenon.

O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I

film flow
gas-sheared film flow
resolve the film thickness
three-dimensional wavy structures


Poor oxidation behavior is the major barrier to the increased use of Ti-based alloys in high-temperature structural applications. The demand to increase the service temperature of these alloys beyond 550°C (the typical temperature limit) requires careful study to understand the role that composition has on the oxidation behavior of Ti-based alloys [1–3]. The attempt to overcome this limitation in Ti-based alloys has led to the production of alloys with substantially improved oxidation resistance such as β-21S and also development of coatings and pre-oxidation techniques [1,4–6]. While it is tempting to extrapolate the oxidation behavior (e.g. oxidation rate law, depth of oxygen ingress and scale thickness) observed for a limited number of compositions under a certain oxidation condition to a broader compositional range, there are numerous examples in the literature where deviations from the expected relations are observed [7,8].

O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

understand the role that composition has on the oxidation behavior of ti-based alloys


In the paper we propose a conceptual methodology to control liquid state of Al-Si alloys in melting and holding sub-process of the pressure die-casting process. Given that, we determine the characteristic of the holding furnace based on weight percent (wt %) of the certain alloys and their elements. Subsequently the paper introduces an application of methodology of research for establishing characteristic of holding furnace. The application was realized under real conditions in foundry that uses horizontal cold chamber machine CLH 400.1. The chemical analysis was performed by spectrophotometer SPECTROLAB JR.CCD 2000. Finally the last part of the paper lists overall findings with possible future direction to extend this methodology in practice.

O O O O O O B I I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I

al-si alloys
clh 400.1
holding furnace
melting and holding sub-process
pressure die-casting process
real condition
spectrolab jr.ccd 2000
wt %


Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been widely used in science and engineering problems. They attempt to model the ability of biological nervous systems to recognize patterns and objects. ANN basic architecture consists of networks of primitive functions capable of receiving multiple weighted inputs that are evaluated in terms of their success at discriminating the classes in Τa. Different types of primitive functions and network configurations result in varying models (Hastie et al., 2009; Rojas, 1996). During training network connection weights are adjusted if the separation of inputs and predefined classes incurs an error. Convergence proceeds until the reduction in error between iterations reaches a decay threshold (Kotsiantis, 2007; Rojas, 1996). We use feed-forward networks with a single hidden layer of nodes, a so called Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) (Venables and Ripley, 2002), and select one of two possible parameters: size, the number nodes in the hidden layer.

B I I B O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I B O O O O B I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O B I I I I I I I I I I I B O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O

different types of primitive functions and network configurations


Structural adhesives are increasingly used for bonding components within critical load bearing engineering structures such as aerospace and automotives. Typically these adhesives are based on epoxy polymers. Epoxies are inherently brittle due to their homogeneous microstructure and highly cross linked nature. Thus, there has been much research focused on improving the fracture toughness of epoxy polymers by incorporating a second minority phase at the nano-scale. These modifiers fall into one of two main categories: inorganic additives, e.g. silica [1,2], glass [3], alumina [4], nano-clays [5] and carbon nanotubes [6,7] or organic, usually rubber particles. Rubbery additives can be either core–shell rubber particles [8–10] or can form during curing via reaction induced phase separation mechanisms [11,12]. The primary energy dissipation mechanisms for rubber toughened epoxies are known to be both plastic void growth and shear band development [13]. It has also been shown that a combination of the above additives to create a hybrid material can provide synergistic toughening effects, e.g. carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticles [14] or rubber with silica nanoparticles [15–17].

O B O O O O B I O B I I I I O O B O B O O B O O O B I B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O B O O O O B I O O B O B I O B O O O B I I O O O O O B O B I I I I O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B I I O B I O B O O O B I I I O


The fluence of each capsule was determined by using activation monitor sets. These monitor sets consist of different metal wire pieces that have an activation reaction at a specific energy range. The different activation energies are chosen in such a way that the spectrum can be reconstructed. In BODEX, each capsule contained a flux monitor set on the ‘back side’ (as seen from the core) and one on the front side, positioned at the central height of the capsules. Additionally, one detector was placed at the top and one at the bottom, resulting in a total of 6 monitor sets per leg. The fluence in each capsule was determined as the average between the two flux monitor located in each capsule. The sets have been analysed by determining the activation of each wire piece, which indicates the fluence of a specific energy range. Table 3 show the values of the fluences for the two capsules containing molybdenum.

O B O O B O O O O B B O O B O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B

activation
capsule
capsules
detector
fluence
fluences
flux monitor
metal wire pieces
molybdenum
monitor
wire piece


Water is the most important liquid, and the nature of its structure remains a topic of keen debate and an active area of research [1–9]. Much of this debate centers around whether water has a mainly tetrahedral structure with a continuum of distorted hydrogen bonds, or if it contains a mixture of two distinct components. One major development in recent years is the application of inner-shell spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at the oxygen K-edge to investigate the structure of water [2,10–12]. These methods can provide a direct structural probe of water, providing insight into the nature of its hydrogen bonding network. Theoretical studies play a critical role in these studies, since the analysis of the experimental data requires calculations to provide a link between the observed spectral features and the underlying structure. However, the simulation of the XAS or XES for liquid water presents a difficult challenge because it requires accurate molecular dynamics simulations to provide a correct description of the molecular structure coupled with accurate calculations of the spectral properties, i.e. excitation energies and line intensities. Furthermore, adequate sampling over molecular configurations also needs to be accounted for.

B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O B O B O B B O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B I O B I O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O

inner-shell spectroscopic techniques
liquid water
oxygen k-edge
x-ray absorption spectroscopy
x-ray emission spectroscopy

accurate molecular dynamics simulations
adequate sampling
calculations
direct structural probe of water
distorted hydrogen bonds
excitation energies
experimental data
hydrogen bonding network
line intensities
liquid
molecular configurations
molecular structure
observed spectral features
spectral properties
underlying structure
water
xas
xes


A number of model parameters can change regionally or seasonally, in particular the inherent optical properties of water constituents [ai⁎(λ), aY⁎(λ), aD⁎(λ), bX(λ), bb,X⁎, bb,Mie⁎] and the apparent optical properties of the bottom [Rib(λ), Bi] and the atmosphere. The database provided with WASI has been derived from in-situ measurements from lakes in Southern Germany (Gege, 1998; Heege, 2000; Pinnel, 2007). If no site-specific information is available, it can be used as a first approximation for other ecosystems as well. The variability within an ecosystem can be as large as between different ecosystem, i.e. ecosystem-specific sets of optical properties do not exist. However, region or season specific information should be used whenever available. Ideally, the optical properties should be measured at the test site close to the airplane or satellite overpass. This is however not always possible. A valuable source of information is the IOCCG webpage (IOCCG, 2013b). It maintains a list of links to publicly available data sets, for example the IOCCG (2006) data bank, the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set (NOMAD) and the SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS).

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B

nasa bio-optical marine algorithm data set

optical properties of the bottom [rib(λ), bi] and the atmosphere

seawifs bio-optical archive and storage system

database
ioccg
nomad
optical properties
region or season specific information
seabass
wasi
water constituents


Geomagnetic jerks are conspicuous yet poorly understood phenomena of Earth’s magnetic field, motivating investigations of their morphology and the theory behind their origins. Jerks are most commonly defined by their observed form at a single observatory as ‘V’ shapes in a single component of the geomagnetic secular variation (SV), the first time derivative of the main magnetic field (MF). The times of the gradient changes, which separate linear trends of several years, have associated step changes in the second time derivative of the MF (secular acceleration (SA)) and impulses in the third time derivative. The ‘V’ shape SV definition of jerks includes an implicit expectation of a ‘large’ magnitude step change in the gradient without definition of this scale or its threshold value other than the basic need for it to be observable in the data above the highly variable background noise. Jerks can be described by their amplitude, that is, the difference in the gradients of the two linear SV segments about a jerk, A=a2-a1, where a2 is the gradient after the jerk and a1 is the gradient before the jerk. This measure is essentially the best fit SA change across a jerk. Jerk amplitude is thus positive for a positive step in SA and negative for a negative step. Here we do not consider spatial extent in our definition and refer to individual features in one field component of a given observatory time series as a single jerk.

B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O B I B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

jerk amplitude
main magnetic field
sa change
secular variation
sv segments

earth’s magnetic field
geomagnetic jerks
geomagnetic secular variation
gradient changes
jerk
jerks
‘large’ magnitude step change
magnetic field
mf
sa
secular acceleration
sv


The paper deals with the computation of distribution network components reliability parameters. Knowledge of the component reliability parameters in power networks is necessary for the reliability computation and also for reliability-centered maintenance system. Component reliability parameters are possible to retrieve only with accurate databases of distribution companies. Such a database includes records of outages and interruptions in power networks. It is impossible to retrieve reliability parameters from this data in a direct way because of heterogeneity. In this paper, we introduce some results of databases calculations. We apply this framework for the retrieving of parameters from outage data in the Czech and Slovak republics. There are also actual results.

O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O B I I I I O O B O B I I I I O B I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O


A design method for network attack and defense simulation platform is discussed in this paper. Firstly the component and function of the platform are analyzed. Then Visio second development method is used to construct the virtual network topology. The parsing of virtual network topology is also researched and the relative flow sheet is described. Lastly an example is carried out to test performance of the platform. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

O B I O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O B I I I I O B I I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O

test performance of the platform
virtual network

construct the virtual network topology
defense simulation platform
design method
network attack
parsing of virtual network topology
platform
relative flow sheet
test performance
visio second development method


Probabilistic and stochastic approaches can facilitate the search for local and global optima. Evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic population (Jomier et al., 2006; Rivest-Henault et al., 2012; Ruijters et al., 2009), are considered as a strategy that is “less likely to get stuck in a local optimum” (Ruijters et al., 2009). A cost function consisting of the “sum of the Gaussian-blurred intensity values in the [DSA] at the projected model points” (Jomier et al., 2006) is optimized using a genetic algorithm optimizer. Other authors “use the Condensation form of sequential Monte Carlo sampling to estimate a cost function gradient” (Florin et al., 2005) for finding the global minimum. Besides, the Kalman filter is successfully adopted (Curwen et al., 1994; Feldmar et al., 1997; Toledo et al., 1998).

B I I I O O O B I I I I I B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

condensation form of sequential monte carlo sampling


In previous publications the present authors proposed a method to incorporate the thermodynamics of ternary alloys and liquid diffusion-governed solidification kinetics into a multiphase volume average solidification model [23,24]. Back diffusion was disregarded. A way to access the thermodynamic data (e.g. Thermo-Calc [1]) through a tabulation and interpolation program ISAT (In Situ Adaptive Tabulation) was suggested. With the ISAT approach it is possible to perform an online call of the thermodynamic data and trace the formation of each individual solid phase (primary, peritectic, eutectic, etc.). As the number of calls of the thermodynamic data is equal to the product of the number of the discretized volume elements, the time steps and the calculation iterations per time step, the calculation becomes exhausting. Therefore, the current model is a modification of the previous model using a linearized phase diagram, and no online call of thermodynamic data is necessary. In addition, the model presented in this paper is extended to consider the back diffusion into the solid. With these modifications, the model can be used to perform casting process simulations with incorporated full diffusion-governed solidification kinetics for ternary alloys at a reasonable computation cost.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I B B I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I I I I I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O


It has been acknowledged that megalopolises are playing a leading role in the processes of both economic development and culture change. Thereupon, the new emphases on sustainability of transportation system in megalopolis are creating new demands for adequate approach to measure its performance and diagnosis potential drawbacks. By examining the descriptions of sustainable transport system as well as its evaluating approach, a framework with the general applicability and easily accessible data resource for evaluating sustainability of transport system in megalopolis is developed based on nature of regional structure and the feature transport demand in megalopolis. The proposed framework is applied in the analysis and comparison of Jing-Jin-Ji and Yangtze River Delta..

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O


In general, the ion exchange capacity (IEC) is closely related to the proton conductivity of PEMs because the acid functionalities, such as sulfonic acid groups, contribute to the proton conduction in a membrane. Beyond a certain sulfonation degree, PEMs tend to absorb too much water or are even soluble in water, which negatively affect their mechanical resistance and water resistance [17,18]. Therefore, the improvement of proton conductivity using aromatic polymers with moderately adjusted IEC values has been under intense investigation [19–23]. To achieve high proton conductivity with moderate IEC values, the formation of ion channel structures, which enable effective proton conduction, has been studied. In the course of these studies, an ideal morphology has been pursued by microphase separation of segmented block copolymers in which hydrophilic sulfonated polymer segments form an interconnected three-dimensional network responsible for efficient proton transport, while a complementary network of hydrophobic non-sulfonated segments imparts a reinforcing effect, preventing excessive swelling in water and enhancing the mechanical properties. An image of the ideal morphology for PEMs is shown in Fig. 2.

O O O B I I B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O B I I I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O

improvement of proton conductivity using aromatic polymers with moderately adjusted iec values

aromatic polymers
effective proton conduction
enhancing the mechanical properties
formation of ion channel structures
high proton conductivity
hydrophilic sulfonated polymer segments
iec
ion exchange capacity
membrane
pems
preventing excessive swelling in water
proton
segmented block copolymers
sulfonic acid groups
water


One of the challenges in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the relativistic bound state problem. In the light-cone Hamiltonian approach [1] light-cone wave functions can be constructed in a boost invariant way. It is necessary to have reliable light-cone wave functions if one wants to calculate high energy scattering, especially exclusive reactions. Many parametrizations assume separability of the dependence on the longitudinal momentum fraction and transverse momentum which is very unlikely since the two momenta are coupled in the kinetic energy operator. Various approaches have been tried to compute such wave functions. One can use the usual equal time Hamiltonian [2] and transform the resulting wave functions into light-cone form with the help of kinematical on-shell equations. The light-cone Hamiltonian in a string picture is formulated in Ref. [3]. More ambitious is the construction of an effective Hamiltonian including the gauge degrees of freedom explicitly and then solving the bound state problem. For mesons this approach [4,5] still needs many parameters to be fixed. Attempts have been made to solve the valence quark wave function for mesons in a simple Hamiltonian with a two-body potential [6].

O O O O O B I B O O B I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B O O O B O O O O O

simple hamiltonian with a two-body potential

construction of an effective hamiltonian including the gauge degrees of freedom explicitly


As mentioned previously, the weakly penalized system can be thought of as a generalized formulation which can result in the PL, penalty or statically condensed PL formulations depending on the choice of the projection operator. The equivalence of these methods under the weakly penalized regime, allows us to combine and take advantage of the good characteristics of each method. For instance, the weakly penalized formulation combines the simplified structure of the penalty method with the convergence characteristics of the PL formulation. However, due to the stiffness of the linear system at high values of the bulk modulus, the penalized formulations (classic penalty/weakly penalized) exhibit deteriorated nonlinear convergence. This stands in stark contrast to the PL method which (for inf–sup stable schemes) exhibits fast convergence even for high bulk modulus. However, we observe that, when the choice of πh provides equivalence with the discrete PL method, poor nonlinear convergence is observed though, in principle, the convergence should be similar. Examining the update formulae for both weakly penalized and PL approaches (see Appendix C), we observe that deteriorated convergence stems from: (1) initial residual amplification, and (2) the amplification of the residual.

O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O B I I I

pl, penalty or statically condensed pl formulations

amplification of the residual
convergence
generalized formulation
inf–sup stable schemes
initial residual amplification
penalized formulations
penalty method
pl
weakly penalized


In this paper, coordination problem of agricultural products supply chain with stochastic yield is studied based on prices compensation strategy. The agricultural producing is influenced by the natural conditions, and the yield is uncertain. While agricultural products is rigid demand goods, the fluctuations of yield cause greater volatility of prices. The two- echelon supply chain with one supplier and one retailor is studied, and the mathematical model is constructed. The model showed that prices compensation strategy is Pareto improvement for agricultural products supply chain with stochastic yield, and it also incentive agricultural products supplier to rise the production plan and balance the profit allocation of supply chain.

O O O B I O B I B I O B I O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I O B I

agricultural producing
agricultural products
coordination problem
fluctuations of yield
mathematical model
prices compensation strategy
production plan
profit allocation
stochastic yield
supply chain
yield


SPM, and AFM in particular, has been widely applied to questions in polymer crystallization. The technique has several strengths that make it ideally suited for such studies. It is a high resolution technology, routinely resolving sub 10nm features [13,14], and hence allowing the fundamental length scale of the polymer lamellar crystal, its thickness, to be observed. AFM requires no staining or metal coating of the sample, so sample preparation is relatively straightforward. Also, it is non-destructive under many circumstances. This allows images to be obtained while a process such as crystal growth or melting is occurring, giving time-resolved data at lamellar or sub-lamellar resolution [15–18]. It is this final feature that provides many of the most exciting possibilities of AFM for studying polymer crystallization, as it is now possible to watch crystal growth, crystal melting, and re-organisations within crystals at the lamellar scale, seeing how structure evolves and local conditions influence kinetics. AFM has a wide range of different measuring modes, and, with the ever increasing number of functional semicrystalline polymers available (e.g. [19]), the breadth of experiments that can be carried out with a single machine is also one of the techniques attractions.

B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O B O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

afm
crystal
crystals
high resolution technology
melting
metal coating
polymer
resolving sub 10nm features
sample preparation
semicrystalline polymers
spm
staining