In order for DLS based micro-rheology to be successful, there must be sufficient scattering contrast between the sample and the tracer particles. In order to achieve this, the maximum possible concentration of tracer particles was added such that single scattering events still dominated (as determined by measurements of diffusion coefficients in water at different concentrations). In order to determine whether or not the background scattering from the sample was sufficiently low compared to that of the tracer particles, we also compared the scattering intensities obtained from samples with and without tracer particles as a function of time. The results of this exercise are shown in Fig. 6. From this figure it can be seen that although initially the scattering from the sample without tracer particles is low compared to those containing tracer particles, as gelation proceeds this eventually ceases to be the case. This is presumably because of the development of supra-molecular structures, such as those seen previously (Fig. 2B). Based on the results in Fig. 6 it was decided to only use data collected in the first 240min of the experiment, after which point the scattering from the gel network became rather too large to ignore.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O

dls based micro-rheology
scattering from the gel network
scattering intensities
supra-molecular structures

gelation
sample and the tracer particles
scattering
tracer particles
water


As the progression towards smaller lithographic nodes continues it has become necessary to adopt thinner resist films to mitigate problems such as pattern collapse. To address the issue of reduced etch resistance of thin photoresist films the semiconductor industry has begun to develop multilayer processes where the pattern is first transferred into an intermediate organic hardmask with higher etch selectivity before final silicon pattern transfer [25–27]. In this paper we demonstrate how the introduction of such a multilayer process can also benefit nanosphere lithography by increasing achievable aspect ratios of silicon nanopillars without the need for complex etch processes requiring specialised and expensive equipment, but instead needing only a standard SF6/C4F8 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mixed mode etch process at room temperature [28]. As intermediate layer material we used polyimide, which finds widespread use as encapsulation material for IC production. It is readily patterned in oxygen plasma and has a lower etch rate than silicon in SF6 gas. Its flexibility can also be used for the fabrication of soft polymer pillars by the same process as we will show. The multilayer process slightly increases the complexity of sample preparation but allows basic ICP etching to achieve high aspect ratio structures at smaller feature sizes that previously reported without the need for complex etching equipment.

O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

icp etching
silicon nanopillars
silicon pattern transfer
thin photoresist films


Zirconium alloys are commonly used as the fuel cladding for water cooled nuclear fission reactors, mainly due to their low neutron cross-section, good corrosion resistance during normal operating conditions and sufficient mechanical strength [1]. Despite high corrosion resistance at normal operating temperatures (around 300 °C) [2], Zr alloys oxidise very rapidly when exposed to temperatures a few hundred degrees higher. This is an exothermic reaction, which can further accelerate oxidation and, at temperatures beyond 1000 °C, potentially lead to disintegration of the fuel rods, as highlighted during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. For this reason new research activities have been initiated worldwide to develop accident tolerant fuels (ATF). Additionally, ATFs could also provide further enhancements in corrosion performance during normal operating conditions enabling the development of fuel assemblies for very high burn-up.

B I O O O O O B I O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O

develop accident tolerant fuels
fuel assemblies
fuel rods

accident tolerant fuels
atf
development of fuel assemblies
disintegration of the fuel rods
enhancements in corrosion performance
exothermic reaction
fuel cladding
oxidation
oxidise
water cooled nuclear fission reactors
zirconium alloys
zr alloys


The second stress state is a tri-axial tensile stress designed to represent the zone ahead of an advancing crack tip. Micro-scale lateral cracks have been observed in the oxide layer, and appear to form very close to or at the metal–oxide interface (Fig. 1). Finite element analysis by Parise et al. indicated that these cracks form as a result of localised tensile stresses above peaks in the metal–oxide interface roughness [31]. These cracks are considered separate to any nano-scale cracks that might result from the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation. An assumption is made here that whether the micro-scale lateral cracks form via fracture of the oxide or by de-bonding at the interface a triaxial tensile stress state will still be present. In manufactured partially stabilised zirconia cracks would be expected to destabilise the tetragonal phase. This is simulated by applying tensile stress in direction 1, 2 and 3. As this the maximum stress at the crack tip is not known, the applied tensile stresses cover a range from 0.1GPa up to a maximum stress value of 2.2GPa as it is approximately equal to three times the fracture strength of bulk fracture strength for manufactured stabilized zirconia [34]. For the biaxial compressive and triaxial tensile stress states it is the trends in behaviour rather than the absolute values that are considered of greatest importance for this work.

O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O B I I O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


A nanocomposite system consisting of a semiconducting matrix and embedded ferromagnetic nanostructures has been fabricated. The ferromagnetic characteristics as coercivity, remanence and magnetic anisotropy of the nanocomposite can be adjusted by the electrochemical parameters. Furthermore the spatial distribution of the metal structures within the pores can be varied which means that the magnetic interactions between the particles can be influenced. In the case of densely packed particles within the pores dipolar coupling between them occurs and results in quasi magnetic chains which offer a much larger magnetic anisotropy than non-interacting particles. By modifying the current density small Ni-particles (3–6nm) can be deposited. If the packing density of these particles is sufficiently close, Ni-tubes of a few nanometer in thickness are covering the pore walls. The presented nanocomposite is an interesting system for magnetic applications as magnetic sensor technology. Silicon as substrate renders this composite a good candidate for the integration in existing process technology.

B I I O O B I I I I I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O


Modeling or approximating high dimensional, computationally-expensive problems faces an exponentially increasing difficulty, the “curse of dimensionality”. This paper proposes a new form of high dimensional model representation (HDMR) by utilizing the support vector regression (SVR), termed as adaptive SVR-HMDR, to conquer this dilemma. The proposed model could reveal explicit correlations among different input variables of the underlying function which is unknown or expensive for computation. Taking advantage of HDMR's hierarchical structure, it could alleviate the exponential increasing difficulty, and gain satisfying accuracy with small set of samples by SVR. Numerical examples of different dimensionality are given to illustrate the principle, procedure and performance of SVR-HDMR.

B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O B I I B O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

modeling or approximating high dimensional, computationally-expensive problems


Based on expectation-maximization algorithm, parameter estimation was proposed for data-driven nonlinear models in this work. On this basis, particle filters were used to approximately calculate integrals, deriving EM algorithm based on particle filter. And the effectiveness of using the proposed algorithm for the soft sensor of COx content in tail gas of PX oxidation side reactions was verified through simulation results.

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O B I O B O O O O O O B O

data-driven nonlinear models
expectation-maximization algorithm
px oxidation

cox
em algorithm
parameter estimation
particle filter
particle filters
px
simulation
soft sensor
tail gas


Mice bearing the orthotopic model were treated starting from day 21 after NB cell implant; mice with the pseudo-metastatic model received the first treatment 4h after NB cell injection. These therapeutic schedules were designed to test the effects of our targeted formulations against both established and pseudo-metastatic preclinical models of human NB, as described [16,19]. Animals were treated i.v. once a week for 3 weeks with untargeted (SL[DXR]) or peptide-targeted SL[DXR] (5mg/kg). Scrambled peptide-functionalized liposomes were used as a control, and in every experiment a group of control mice received HEPES-buffered saline. Survival times were used as the main criterion for determining treatment efficacy. In the orthotopic model, time-dependent anti-tumor activity was also evaluated by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and X-ray analyses. For this purpose, the GI-LI-N cell line was infected with a retrovirus expressing the firefly luciferase gene, as previously reported [17]; luciferase activity of retrovirally-transduced cells was visualized in vivo by BLI (IVIS Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA) after a 10min incubation with 150μg/mL of d-luciferin (Caliper Life Sciences), as described [17]. X-ray analysis was superimposed to the luminescence for a better visualization of the tumors.

B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

animals
determining treatment efficacy
infected
luciferase activity
mice bearing the orthotopic model
orthotopic model
our targeted formulations
preclinical models
survival times
test the effects
these therapeutic schedules
untargeted
visualized


Previous studies have shown that there are two main mechanisms for the development of radiation-induced DSBs [16,17]. For γ-ray radiation, single step is the main process to cause DSBs (see Figure 3b), which is attributed to the generation of number of ROS upon the incident of individual photon of γ-ray. Whereas photo-radiation causes DSBs through two step mechanism (Figure 3a) by reflecting that each single photon causes mostly single ROS and thus induces only single strand break. Then, when a second single strand break occurs where near the existing single strand break, DBS is caused, i.e., the two step mechanism. Summarizing the results and discussion we may conclude as that: (1) The significant protective effect of AA against photo-induced damage may reflect the effective diminish of ROS by AA. (2) For the γ-ray induced DSB, the protective effect by AA is a little bit weaker than the case of photo irradiation. This may be due to the generation of numbers of ROS by single photon of γ-ray. Surviving oxygen species against the diminishment effect by AA may cause DSBs. (3) As for the DSBs by ultrasound, damage is caused by the shockwave through the generation of cavitations [18]. Thus, the chemical effect of AA to diminish ROS is considered to be negligibly small for the protection of DSBs.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O B

development of radiation-induced dsbs
photo-induced damage
photo irradiation
photon of γ-ray
photo-radiation
radiation-induced dsbs
single photon of γ-ray
strand
γ-ray induced dsb
γ-ray radiation

aa
cavitations
dbs
diminish ros
dsbs
generation of number of ros
photo
photon
ros
shockwave
single step
single strand break
two step mechanism
ultrasound


In this paper, three different approaches for implementing a quantum search algorithm by adiabatic evolution are shown. As expected, either one of them can provide a quadratic speed up as opposed to the classical search algorithm. This implies that adiabatic evolution based quantum computation gives more feasibilities than the quantum circuit model, although the equivalence between them has already been proven in the corresponding literature.

O O O B I I O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O B I O B I O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

adiabatic evolution
classical search algorithm
feasibilities
quadratic speed up
quantum circuit model
quantum computation
quantum search algorithm
three different approaches


In this paper, we present a tele-operated mobile robot system for old age surveillance. The robot operates in autonomous mode in which the robots navigates in the environment and search for unusual situation of elderly people. If a patient is lying on the floor, the robot informs the user. The user switches the control mode from autonomous to haptic based user control. In the autonomous mode, the robot utilizes the visual sensor and landmarks to monitor the entire environment. The robot is equipped microphone, speaker and monitor making it possible to communicate with the user in remote place. In addition, the robot utilizes the vital sensors to check the patient's condition. The preliminary surveillance experiments show a good performance.

O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O B O O B I O O O O B I I I O B I I I O B I O O B O B I I I O B B I I O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B B O B O O O O B O O O O B I O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

patient's condition
tele-operated mobile robot system
visual sensor and landmarks to monitor


Longitudinal beam and target single-spin asymmetries have been at the center of the attention lately, since they have been measured by the HERMES and CLAS experimental Collaborations [1–4] and more measurements are planned. They were originally believed to be signals of the so-called T-odd fragmentation functions [5], in particular, of the Collins function [6–12]. However, both types of asymmetry can receive contributions also from T-odd distribution functions [13–16], a fact that has often been neglected in analyses. An exhaustive treatment of the contributions of T-odd distribution functions has not been carried out completely so far, especially up to subleading order in an expansion in 1/Q, Q2 being the virtuality of the incident photon and the only hard scale of the process, and including quark mass corrections. It is the purpose of the present work to describe the longitudinal beam and target spin asymmetries in a complete way in terms of leading and subleading twist distribution and fragmentation functions. We consider both single-particle inclusive DIS, e+p→e′+h+X, and single-jet inclusive DIS, e+p→e′+jet+X. We assume factorization holds for these processes, even though at present there is no factorization proof for observables containing subleading-twist transverse-momentum dependent functions (only recently proofs for the leading-twist case have been presented in Refs. [17,18]).

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

exhaustive treatment of the contributions of t-odd distribution functions

longitudinal beam and target single-spin asymmetries

receive contributions also from t-odd distribution functions

hermes and clas experimental collaborations


Zirconium alloys are used as cladding to encapsulate fuel pellets in pressurised and boiling water nuclear reactors. Research into oxidation of these alloys has been significant since the introduction of the material. However, the microstructure and electro-chemical processes during oxidation are complex and many questions still remain unanswered. One such issue is the formation of lateral cracks near the metal-oxide interface. Small cracks have been seen to form continuously during oxidation, with large scale networks of lateral cracks forming cyclically every ∼2μm of oxide growth. These networks of cracks can be correlated with acceleration in the corrosion kinetics [1–7]. These lateral cracks might enable the link up of nano pores along grain boundaries perpendicular to the metal/oxide interface as reported in [8,9]. Experiments using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction (S-XRD) by both Polatidis et al. and Petigny et al., have separately shown that oxides formed on Zircaloy-4 are composed of monoclinic and stabilised tetragonal phases, with an ∼7% reduction in the tetragonal phase fraction from 1 to 3μm oxide growth [4,10]. One theory is that the lateral cracks may destabilise the tetragonal phase close to the metal-oxide interface. The phase transformation has an ∼6% expansion associated with it, which could lead to fracture perpendicular to the metal-oxide interface, thereby generating fast ingress routes for oxygen containing species [11,12].

O B O O O B O O B I O O O O B I I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O


The optimised structure at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level was then used to perform calculations of the lowest electronic singlet excited states with the coupled cluster linear response (LR) coupled cluster hierarchy CCS, CC2, CCSD and CC3, along with perturbative corrected methods CIS(D) and CCSDR(3). The correlated response methods were performed with an all-electron atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis set contracted to 6s5p4d3f1g on manganese, [47] together with the cc-pVTZ basis set on the oxygen atoms. The all-electron correlated calculations invoked a 13 orbital frozen core (O 1s, Mn 1s2s2p3s3p). Trial calculations correlating these orbitals only had a minor effect on excitation energies. For comparison the EOM-CCSD method with the cc-pVTZ basis on all atoms was tested to compare with LR-CCSD. These formally give exactly the same excitation energies, although the transition moments are more accurate for LR-CCSD. Abelian symmetry (D2) was used in all correlated excited state calculations.

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I B B I I B B B O B O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I B O O O O O B I I

all-electron correlated calculations
b3lyp/aug-cc-pvtz
cc-pvtz
ccsdr(3)
cis(d)
eom-ccsd method
lr-ccsd

6s5p4d3f1g
abelian symmetry
ano
atomic natural orbital
cc2
cc3
ccs
ccsd
correlated response methods
coupled cluster hierarchy
d2
excitation energies
excited state calculations
linear response
lowest electronic singlet
lr
manganese
mn
o
optimised structure
oxygen
perturbative corrected methods
transition moments


The mentioned difficulties associated with the calibration process inspired the concept of inverse modelling. In this case, the experimental data become entirely integrated in the calibration process and an optimization routine is used to quantify the best set of parameters which explain the observed pyrolysis behaviour (i.e. multivariable curve fitting). The most used experimental data for model calibration have been the mass loss rate and the surface temperature [10–12]. The optimization technique used is function of the number of variables and their interactions. In the past, only the few most uncertain parameters (i.e. the kinetics parameters) were generally used as potentiometers [13]. However, sophisticated mathematical procedures have been developed to increase the number of parameters optimized simultaneously (e.g. Genetic Algorithm (GA) [10,14] or Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) [11]). Lautenberger and Fernandez-Pello [12] have recently investigated the influence that the choice of algorithm can have on the optimized parameters. They generated using their code GPYRO a set of synthetic data (mass loss rate and surfaces temperature) and tried with different algorithms to find back the set of input parameters. The four optimization algorithms provided results with an absolute average error between 1% and 25%. SCE was the most suitable algorithm. The use of synthetic data conveniently avoids the problem of agreement between the actual physical phenomena and any modelling assumption.

O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O B I I O O O B I O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B B O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

choice of algorithm
genetic algorithm
optimization algorithms
quantify the best set of parameters
surface temperature [

algorithm
algorithms
calibration process
experimental data
ga
gpyro
inverse modelling
kinetics parameters
mass loss rate
mathematical procedures
model calibration
multivariable curve fitting
optimization routine
optimization technique
parameters
potentiometers
pyrolysis behaviour
sce
shuffled complex evolution
synthetic data


The goal of the glued trees (GT) algorithm for quantum search is the following: beginning from the left-most vertex of a given GT graph, traverse the graph and reach the right-most vertex, referred to as the target vertex. Childs et al. [1] use this algorithm to show quantum walk search to be fundamentally more effective than classical random walk search by presenting a class of graphs (the GT graphs) that force classical random walks to make exponentially many queries to an oracle encoding the structure of the graph, but that are traversable by quantum walks with a polynomial number of queries to such an oracle. In order to study the robustness of the algorithm to the detrimental effects of decoherence, we shall determine how effectively it achieves its goal when subjected to an increasing degree of phase damping noise. For this reason, we will focus on the probability that the walker is on the target vertex at the end of the walk. We thus consider GT graphs such as the one illustrated in Fig. 1(b), i.e. consisting of n layers before the gluing stage, and thus labelled as G′n.

O O O O B I B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O


PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) has become by far the most popular material in the academic microfluidics community because it is inexpensive, easy to fabricate by replication of molds made using rapid prototyping or other techniques, flexible, optically transparent, biocompatible and its fabrication does not require high capital investment and cleanroom conditions. Various techniques have been adapted to fabricate microfluidic structures in PDMS, including wet and dry etching [20–22], photolithographic patterning of a photosensitive PDMS [23], and laser ablation [24]. But, it was the “soft-lithography” techniques [25] introduced by Whitesides et al. that enabled the widespread use of PDMS and opened up the era of PDMS-based microfluidics in the late 1990s. Replica molding, which is the casting of prepolymer against a master and generating a replica of the master in PDMS, has become a standard fabrication technique available in almost every research laboratory. Detailed overviews of soft-lithography techniques and their applications can be found from the reviews by McDonald et al. [26] and Sia et al. [27]. Nowadays, many tools dedicated for this purpose are available and can be purchased as a complete set (e.g. SoftLithoBox® provided by Elveflow (USA) [28]). Moreover, companies, such as FlowJEM (Canada) [29], Microfluidic Innovations (USA) [30], and Scientific Device Laboratory (USA) [31] provide rapid prototyping service for PDMS-based LOC devices.

B B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O B O B I I I O B I O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

fabricate microfluidic structures
pdms-based loc devices
pdms-based microfluidics
prepolymer
rapid prototyping service
“soft-lithography” techniques
soft-lithography techniques

casting of prepolymer against a master and generating a replica of the master in pdms


Energy conservation is critical to ensure stability of a numerical method, especially for contact and collision problems [28,43]. A number of conserving schemes have been developed to ensure energy conservation. These schemes make use of the penalty regulation of normal contact constraint and inherit the conservation property from continuum problems. These conservation schemes can conveniently be combined with the finite element method to simulate frictionless [44] and frictional [43] contact and collision. Hesch and Betsch [45] formulated the node-to-segment contact method and solved large deformation contact problems with the conserving scheme. More recently, an energy and momentum-conserving temporal discretization scheme [46] was developed for adhesive contact problems without considering friction and dissipation. Even though the conserving scheme improves numerical stability, it also inherits from the penalty method the difficulty of having to determine penalty parameters. In order to remove penalty sensitivity, Chawla and Laursen [47] proposed an energy and momentum conserving algorithm, which makes use of Lagrange multipliers instead of penalty parameters.

B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O


Copper electro-chemical deposition (ECD) of through silicon via (TSV) is a key challenge of 3D integration. This paper presents a numerical modeling of TSV filling concerning the influence of the accelerator and the suppressor. The diffusion–adsorption model was used in the simulation and effects of the additives were incorporated in the model. The boundary conditions were derived from a set of experimental Tafel curves with different concentrations of additives, which provided a quick and accurate way for copper ECD process prediction without complicated surface kinetic parameters fitting. The level set method (LSM) was employed to track the copper and electrolyte interface. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experiments. For a given feature size, the current density for superfilling could be predicted, which provided a guideline for ECD process optimization.

O O O B O B I I B O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B I I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O

copper electro-chemical deposition (ecd) of through silicon via (tsv)


Power and particle exhaust are crucial for the viability of any future fusion power plant concept. Heat in fusion reactors must be extracted through a wall and cannot be exhausted volumetrically, which limits the allowed power density in fusion reactors [1] and is a severe technical challenge in itself [2]. In addition, structural material changes resulting from neutron irradiation cause degradation in the heat exhaust capabilities of existing designs [3] and static surfaces can suffer severely from erosion due to impinging plasma particles [4,5]. It is concluded that conventional concepts and materials for plasma facing components (PFCs) reach their limits in terms of material lifetime and power exhaust at approximately 20MW/m2, which is presumably dramatically reduced to <10MW/m2 due to neutron damage in a D-T reactor [6] or even only half that value [7].

B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O

d-t reactor
neutron damage
neutron irradiation
structural material changes

fusion power plant
fusion reactors
impinging plasma particles
neutron
pfcs
plasma facing components
power and particle exhaust
severe technical challenge
static surfaces
structural material


The iron ore may be extracted from blocks of 25×25×12meter3 located at three consecutive mining benches of 12meter height. For this case study, ten equally probable scenarios of iron content, phosphorous, silica, aluminum and LOI are used to quantify the joint uncertainty in the characteristics of the iron ore deposit considered and are the input to the SSTPS formulation proposed in the previous section. The simulated scenarios available were provided and generated using the stochastic simulated technique detailed in Boucher and Dimitrakopoulos (2012). The area considered is bounded by the limits of the given volume of production in the long-term first year production schedule provided. Fig. 4 shows 3 scenarios of iron ore content as well as the corresponding conventional and single estimated (average) representation of iron content (Fe2O3%) for the upper bench. In total, 734 blocks from 3525 to 21,150 tonnes, with Fe2O3 from 54.59% to 60.63%, P from 0.02% to 0.04%, SiO2 from 3.10% to 8.58%, Al2O3 from 0.53% to 1.88% and LOI from 8.75% to 11.75% are available.

O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O B B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O

734 blocks
al2o3
aluminum
fe2o3
iron
loi
p
phosphorous
probable scenarios
silica
simulated scenarios
sio2
sstps formulation
stochastic simulated technique


Immunopotentiators activate innate immunity directly (for example, cytokines) or through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, such as those for bacterial components). The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of PRRs that are an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. Some studies have shown that TLR ligands have adjuvant activity and enhance antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, especially when they are combined with delivery systems that promote their uptake and delivery into antigen-presenting cells [22–24]. For clinical studies, TLR9 is generally stimulated with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing one or more unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. In humans, CpG has been used as an adjuvant for infectious disease vaccination [25,26] and in the development of cancer therapy [27]. In a mouse model, CpG has also been shown to induce T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses, which are characterized by the production of IFN-γ and the generation of IgG2a [28,29]. Moreover, a previous study had demonstrated that different liposomes with CpG ODN significantly increased Th1-biased cytokines and augmented cell mediated immune response [30].

B B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O B O B I O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B I I I I O

production of ifn-γ and the generation of igg2a

activate innate immunity
adjuvant
augmented cell mediated immune response
clinical studies
cpg
immunopotentiators
induce t helper 1
infectious disease vaccination
liposomes
mouse model
prrs
stimulated
synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides
tlr9
tlr ligands
tlrs


The ART model is a hadronic transport model that includes baryons such as N, Δ(1232), N∗(1440), N∗(1535), Λ, Σ, and mesons such as π, ρ, ω, η, K, K∗. Both elastic and inelastic collisions among most of these particles are included by using the experimental data from hadron–hadron collisions. The ART model has been quite successful in explaining many experimental observations, including the surprisingly large kaon antiflow [11,12] in heavy ion collisions at AGS energies. The ART model also allows us to understand whether or not the strongly interacting matter formed in these collisions reaches chemical and/or thermal equilibrium. In the present study, we extend the ART model to include perturbatively the Ξ particle as in the studies for other rare particles using the transport model [6,13,14].

O B I O O B I I O O B O O O O O O B B O B O O B B B B B B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O B O O O B I B O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I O

extend the art model to include perturbatively the ξ particle


There have been suggestions that electrons can be trapped in the bulk and at surfaces of silica [15] but new models of electron trapping centres started to appear only recently. It has been suggested by Bersuker et al., who used molecular models, that electrons can be trapped by Si–O bonds in a-SiO2 leading to their weakening and thus facilitating Si–O bond dissociation [16]. Further calculations by Camellone et al. have shown that electrons can spontaneously trap in non-defective continuum random network model of a-SiO2 [17]. Recent calculations have also demonstrated that the two dominant neutral paramagnetic defects at surfaces of a-SiO2, the non-bridging oxygen centre and the silicon dangling bond, are deep electron traps and can form the corresponding negatively charged defects [18]. However, these theoretical predictions have not yet been confirmed experimentally, emphasising the challenges for identifying defect centres.

O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O B O B I O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

bulk
deep electron traps
electrons
electron trapping centres
identifying defect centres
molecular models
negatively charged defects
neutral paramagnetic defects
silica
silicon dangling bond
si–o bond
si–o bonds
spontaneously trap
trapped
weakening


One of the great successes of the experimental program carried out at LEP has been to put a firm lower bound on the Higgs mass, mH>114 GeV [1], and at the same time, together with the information coming from SLD, to give a strong indirect evidence that the Higgs boson, the still missing particle of the Standard Model (SM), should be relatively light with a high probability for its mass to be below 200 GeV. The search for the Higgs boson is one of the main objective of the Tevatron and the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC), that are supposed to span all the Higgs mass regions up to 1 TeV. At hadron colliders the main Higgs production mechanism is the gluon fusion [2], a process whose knowledge is fundamental in order to put limits on the Higgs mass or, in case the Higgs is discovered, to compare the measured cross section with the SM result. Concerning the Higgs decay channels, it is quite difficult for an hadron collider to access part of the mass range favored by the LEP results, the so-called intermediate Higgs mass region 114≲mH≲160 GeV, because of the large QCD background to the dominant modes. In this region the rare decay H→γγ is the most interesting alternative to the usual decay channels.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B I I I I I I I I O O B B I O O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O B O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O B I

put a firm lower bound on the higgs mass

span all the higgs mass regions up to 1 tev

access part of the mass range favored by the lep results

compare the measured cross section with the sm result


Robust and automatic thresholding of gray level images has been commonly used in the field of pattern recognition and computer vision for objects detecting, tracking and recognizing. The Otsu scheme, a widely used image thresholding technique, provides approving results for segmenting a gray level image with only one modal distribution in gray level histogram. However, it provides poor results if the histogram of a gray level is non-bimodal. For enhancing the performance of the Otsu algorithm further, in this work, an improved median-based Otsu image thresholding algorithm is presented. Finally extensive tests are performed and the experiments show that our method obtain more satisfactory results than the original Otsu thresholding algorithm.

B I I I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B B O B O B I O O O B I I O O O O B O B I I O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

median-based otsu image thresholding algorithm

computer vision
detecting
enhancing the performance
extensive tests
gray level image
gray level images
histogram
image thresholding technique
modal distribution
otsu algorithm
otsu scheme
otsu thresholding algorithm
pattern recognition
recognizing
robust and automatic thresholding
segmenting
thresholding
tracking


The reason to investigate the BFKL and DGLAP equations in the case of supersymmetric theories is based on a common belief, that the high symmetry may significantly simplify the structure of these equations. Indeed, it was found in the leading logarithmic approximation (LLA) [10], that the so-called quasi-partonic operators in N=1 SYM are unified in supermultiplets with anomalous dimensions obtained from universal anomalous dimensions γuni(j) by shifting its arguments by an integer number. Further, the anomalous dimension matrices for twist-2 operators are fixed by the superconformal invariance [10]. Calculations in the maximally extended N=4 SYM, where the coupling constant is not renormalized, give even more remarkable results. Namely, it turns out, that here all twist-2 operators enter in the same multiplet, their anomalous dimension matrix is fixed completely by the super-conformal invariance and its universal anomalous dimension in LLA is proportional to Ψ(j−1)−Ψ(1), which means, that the evolution equations for the matrix elements of quasi-partonic operators in the multicolor limit Nc→∞ are equivalent to the Schrödinger equation for an integrable Heisenberg spin model [11,12]. In QCD the integrability remains only in a small sector of the quasi-partonic operators [13]. In the case of N=4 SYM the equations for other sets of operators are also integrable [14–16]. Evolution equations for quasi-partonic operators are written in an explicitly super-conformal form in Ref. [17].

O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

calculations in the maximally extended n=4 sym, where the coupling constant is not renormalized

evolution equations for quasi-partonic operators

evolution equations for the matrix elements of quasi-partonic operators in the multicolor limit nc→∞

investigate the bfkl and dglap equations in the case of supersymmetric theories


An application of ROMP derived random copolymers is the covalent incorporation of optical sensor moieties into a polymer matrix. ROM polymers have been tested as matrix materials for the oxygen sensing phosphorescent complex platinum tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. A correlation between the nature of the ROM polymer’s side chain and the optical response of the sensor molecules has been established [34]. Several works are dedicated to the synthesis of ROMP-able optical sensor molecules such as phenantroimidazoles [35,36], europium complexes [37] or xanthene dyes [38], their random copolymerization and the evaluation of their sensing profiles in the copolymers. Another application comprises random copolymers with covalently bound eosin and/or ethyl dimethylamino benzoate units which were tested as macroinitiators for the photopolymerization of acrylates aiming at an initiator/coinitiator system which combines good polymerization activity with improved migration stability [39].

O O O O O O B O O B I I I I I I I I I B I O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O B I O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B I I O B I I I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O

synthesis of romp-able optical sensor molecules


Unlike conventional materials used in nerve tissue engineering, PAs can be directly injected in vivo into models and spontaneously self-assemble into nanofibers in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, PAs can function as biomimetic materials exemplified by collagen-mimetic PAs [92]. Conventional materials often rely on electrospinning as a manufacturing method to achieve fiber-like structures suitable for use in nerve regeneration. The self-assembly nature of PAs allows them to circumvent costly manufacturing methods. However, in contrast to conventional manufacturing methods like electrospinning where quality and batch-to-batch variability can be tightly controlled, merely relying on self-assembly as a method of large-scale commercial production is still an experimental concept. Perhaps the next step would be to carefully compare and contrast the robustness of self-assemled PAs to electrospun nanofibers. Given that the constituent elements in PAs and external factors like pH can affect its structural assembly, parameters must be finely tuned and optimized in order for PA nanofibers to be used as a full-fledged commercialized medical product [93].

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

robustness of self-assemled pas to electrospun nanofibers

a manufacturing method
biomimetic materials
compare and contrast
conventional manufacturing methods
costly manufacturing methods
electrospinning
pa nanofibers
pas
tuned and optimized


Absorption events through the charged current reactions (2)νe+40Ar→e−+40K∗andν̄e+40Ar→e++40Cl∗. There is some uncertainty in predicting e−(e+) event rates for these processes which arise due to the nuclear model dependencies of the absorption cross section and the treatment of the Coulomb distortion of electron (positron) in the field of the residual nucleus. The nuclear absorption cross section for the charged current neutrino reactions in 40Ar relevant to supernova neutrino energies was first calculated by Raghavan [10] and Bahcall et al. [11] for Fermi transitions leading to isobaric analogue state (IAS) at 4.38 MeV in 40K∗. Later Ormand et al. [12] used a shell model to calculate the Fermi and Gamow–Teller transitions. In these calculations Fermi function F(Z,Ee) was used to take into account the Coulomb effects. In a recent paper Bueno et al. [13] make use of a calculation by Martinez-Pinedo et al. [14] who use a shell model for Fermi and Gamow–Teller transitions and a continuum random phase approximation (CRPA) for forbidden transitions to calculate the absorption cross sections. In this calculation the Coulomb distortion of the produced electron is treated with a hybrid model where a Fermi function is used for lower electron energies and modified effective momentum approximation (MEMA) for higher electron energies [14–17]. In a recent work Bhattacharya et al. [18] have measured the Fermi and Gamow–Teller transition strengths leading to excited states up to 6 MeV in 40K∗ and obtained the neutrino absorption cross section for supernova neutrinos in 40Ar.

B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I I O B B O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O

shell model for fermi and gamow–teller transitions

absorption events through the charged current reactions

fermi and gamow–teller transition strengths


To the best of authors’ knowledge, so far there are only very few papers [12,13,16,29] which address the performance of linear algebra solvers. In Ref. [16], the authors study the performance of direct solvers which are clearly not suitable for large problems, specially in three-dimensions. In Ref. [29], the tearing and interconnecting approach of finite element methods is used in the context of isogeometric analysis, and the numerical tests (in absence of any theoretical study) suggest almost optimal (with a logarithmic factor) convergence rates of the proposed isogeometric tearing and interconnecting method. The only paper which provides rigorous theoretical study, supported by extensive numerical examples, is by Beirao et al. [12] where the authors discuss the overlapping Schwarz methods. The same authors have also proposed BDDC preconditioners for isogeometric analysis in [13].

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I O O


This paper presents a non-fragile controller design method based on system quadratic performance optimization. For the additive controller gain variations, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-fragile state feedback controller are given and transformed to the LMI problems, which simplifies the solutions to obtain non-fragile state feedback controllers. The flight control simulation results prove the reliability and validity of the method.

O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O

non-fragile controller design method
non-fragile state feedback controller
non-fragile state feedback controllers


Methods for anomaly detection in a local context are the conceptual opposite to the afore-described centralized methods, which rely on globally shared models. In data mining, the notion of locality is often given as distance between data values (given a specific distance metric such as Euclidean distance). A data point is compared to the value of its nearest neighbors in terms of data distance [42]. However, the notion of locality can also be given in a geographical distance between the sources of the data. Many similar values (i.e., data with small distance among each other) result in a higher density, called clusters, while values that are less similar result in a lower density. Anomalies can fall outside of any cluster but, when frequently occurring, can form a cluster too. Determining if a datum is normal or anomalous compared to local neighborhood data is a challenge.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O B I I O O O O B I I I O B I I I I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I I I I I I B O O O O O B O O O O B I I I O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O

afore-described centralized methods
the notion of locality

a specific distance metric such as euclidean distance

determining if a datum is normal or anomalous


In this work, we have developed a simple numerical scheme based on the Galerkin finite element method for a multi-term time fractional diffusion equation which involves multiple Caputo fractional derivatives in time. A complete error analysis of the space semidiscrete Galerkin scheme is provided. The theory covers the practically very important case of nonsmooth initial data and right hand side. The analysis relies essentially on some new regularity results of the multi-term time fractional diffusion equation. Further, we have developed a fully discrete scheme based on a finite difference discretization of the Caputo fractional derivatives. The stability and error estimate of the fully discrete scheme were established, provided that the solution is smooth. The extensive numerical experiments in one- and two-dimension fully confirmed our convergence analysis: the empirical convergence rates agree well with the theoretical predictions for both smooth and nonsmooth data.

O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O

finite difference discretization of the caputo fractional derivatives

multiple caputo fractional derivatives in time


The next phase of our current study is to use the parameters obtained from pure-component systems in a transferable manner to represent the corresponding mixtures. Mixtures of n-alkanes and H2O have been studied previously with SAFT-γ SW [82]. In general it is well known that the extreme nature of the phase separation [150] makes it challenging to model mixtures of H2O with non-polar compounds. Because of the large differences in the dielectric constant of the two phases as well as in the dipole moment of H2O and the hydrophobic molecules, it especially difficult to obtain phase-independent unlike interaction parameters [112] and thus to model simultaneously the equilibrium phases. In previous work [82], emphasis was placed on obtaining an accurate description of the alkane-rich phases (both liquid and vapour), while small absolute (but not relative) deviations for the aqueous phase composition were achieved. The systems of interest in our current work are typically aqueous mixtures containing a high proportion of H2O, alkylamine, and CO2. Consequently, in order to provide an improved overall description of the fluid-phase equilibria at the conditions of interest, refinements have been made to the unlike parameters presented in the previous study [129] relating to the interactions between H2O and the alkyl groups, CH3 and CH2, namely ϵCH3,H2O, ϵCH2,H2O and λCH3,H2O, λCH2,H2O.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I B I I O O O O O O

interactions between h2o and the alkyl groups

alkylamine
alkyl groups
aqueous mixtures
ch3 and ch2
co2
h2o
hydrophobic molecules
liquid
vapour


Discovering that both the vacancy and interstitial defect migration pathways are confined to Ga-free regions suggests changes in recombination rates of isolated vacancy-interstitial pairs in comparison to pure Pu. The degree to which the rates are effected depends on the distribution of residual defects post a cascade event, in addition to the concentration and ordering of the Ga atoms. If vacancies and interstitials become greatly separated after the collision cascade, then pathways to recombination are likely to become restricted and recovery times will be extended. This is viable for cascades that created a vacancy rich core surrounded by dispersed interstitials, as found for the low energy cascades in Pu and PuGa [11,12]. This may also be the case for channelling events, where energetic atoms travel deep into the lattice through channels of low atomic density.

O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I I I I I I


In this paper, a regression analysis based method is proposed to calculate the Journal Influence Score. This Influence Score is used to measure the scientific influence of scholarly journals. Journal Influence Score is calculated by using various factors in a weighted manner. The Score is then compared with the SCImago Journal Score. The results show that the error is small between the existing and proposed methods, proving that the model is a feasible and effective way of calculating scientific impact of journals.

O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I O B I O O O B I I I I I I O B I O O O B I I I I I I O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I

journal influence score
regression analysis based method
scholarly journals
scientific influence
scimago journal score


Owing to widespread availability, the most extensively adopted tomography technique utilizes the milling power of a focused ion beam (FIB) in conjunction with the imaging capabilities of high resolution FE-SEM, to provide a sequence of 2D images that can be effectively re-combined in 3D space. However, because this technique is destructive, studies of microstructural evolution are influenced by inherent sample variability. Non-destructive X-ray nano-computed tomography (CT) [9–11] provides a platform for exploring dynamic microstructural change in the absence of these possible complications and is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron radiation. The authors have previously demonstrated a technique for preparation of optimal sample geometries for X-ray nano-CT [12], while this FIB sample preparation route will involve the selective removal of portions of the fuel cell electrode microstructure (and therefore may be destructive to the working fuel cell), the non-destructive X-ray characterization technique allows repeated, non-destructive characterization of the selected sample which facilitates the study of microstructural evolution processes in response to various environmental changes.

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O

non-destructive x-ray characterization technique

non-destructive x-ray nano-computed tomography

preparation of optimal sample geometries for x-ray nano-ct


Up to now, morphological studies of the multi-component polymeric materials have been carried out by various microscopic and scattering methods. Optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are commercially available and widely used. The biggest advantage of microscopy is that they provide intuitive real-space representations of the various morphologies. However, when it comes to “measurements”, especially in a quantitative way, microscopy sometimes lacks a statistical accuracy due to the small field of view. In contrast, the scattering methods provide much a superior statistical accuracy than that of microscopy simply because the observation volume is larger than that of the microscopes. One must remember, however, that the scattering methods normally require “(hypothesized) models” for data analysis in advance: They do not provide an intuitive insight into the morphologies as does microscopy. After all, for the complete characterization of a specific morphology, one may need to first know the morphologies from the microscopy and subsequently to evaluate the structural parameters by scattering on the basis of the morphology; the two methods are complementary.

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B O O B B O O B B O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

“(hypothesized) models”
multi-component polymeric materials
optical microscopes
scanning electron microscopes
transmission electron microscopes

afms
atomic force microscopes
data analysis
microscopes
microscopic and scattering methods
microscopy
morphological studies
scattering methods
sems
tems


In recent years, the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method has emerged as a more thorough alternative for locally solving conservation laws of the shallow water equations with higher accuracy [21–27]. The DG method further involves finite element weak formulation to–inherently from conservation principles–shape a piecewise-polynomial solution over each local discrete cell, via local basis functions. On this basis, the DG polynomial accuracy is spanned by a set of coefficients, describing accuracy information, which are all locally evolved in time from conservation principles at the discrete level, with an arbitrary order of accuracy. A DG-based shallow water model appeals in providing higher quality solutions on very coarse meshes than a traditional finite volume counterpart, but is comparatively expensive to run and imposes a more restrictive stability condition for the CFL number [28,29].

O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O

cfl number
conservation principles
dg
discontinuous galerkin
finite element weak formulation
local basis functions
shallow water equations
very coarse meshes


In summary, we have shown that one can describe the experimental data of the HERMES Collaboration for hadron attenuation on nuclei without invoking any changes in the fragmentation function due to gluon radiation. In our dynamical studies, that include the most relevant FSI, we employ only the ‘free’ fragmentation function on a nucleon and attribute the hadron attenuation to the deceleration of the produced (pre-)hadrons due to FSI in the surrounding medium. We find that in particular the z-dependence of RMh is very sensitive to the interaction cross section of leading prehadrons and can be used to determine σlead. The interaction of the leading prehadrons during the formation time could be interpreted as an in-medium change of the fragmentation function, which however could not be given in a closed form. The extracted average hadron formation times of τf≳0.3 fm/c are compatible with the analysis of antiproton attenuation in p+A reactions at AGS energies [17]. In an upcoming work we will investigate in detail the spectra for different particle species (π±,K±,p,p̄) to examine, if the formation times of mesons and antibaryons are about equal. In addition we will improve our model to describe the primary photon–nucleon reaction below the PYTHIA threshold of W⩾4 GeV.

O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

detail the spectra for different particle species (π±,k±,p,p̄)

describe the experimental data of the hermes collaboration for hadron attenuation on nuclei

improve our model to describe the primary photon–nucleon reaction below the pythia threshold of w⩾4 gev


In this paper, the design of a varnish plant at Crocodile Matchet Limited, Tema, Ghana was considered and modification made to eliminate blooming and rusting of its product at the final processing plant when there is high moisture content in the atmosphere. The proposed design included pipelines or ductsand hot air receiving chambers for the Varnish Plant.Heat from the exhaust gas which would have otherwise, gone wasted, was utilised by redesigning the varnish plant and this yielded 6.74kW of heat energy which was transferred into the air chambers to aid the drying ofmatchets at the hardening plant. Consequently, the absorption of the moisture on the steel and the dryness of the product were improved. Further studies were done to ensure constant supply of hot air into the air chambers.

O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O B I I I O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I

absorption of the moisture
air chambers
blooming
design of a varnish plant
drying ofmatchets
ductsand hot air receiving chambers
exhaust gas
further studies
hardening plant
heat energy
pipelines
processing plant
redesigning the varnish plant
rusting
steel


One surface was then polished and cleaned using a protocol designed to eliminate as much preparation-related contamination as possible. This is as follows: The lead surface was polished by hand using a damp abrasive disc (BuehlerMet II ®) to remove visible surface defects and to expose a fresh metal surface. Coupons were then polished using a sequence of diamond polishes with decreasing particle sizes (6μm, 3μm, 1μm Buehler MetaDi ® polycrystalline diamond suspension). A polishing cloth (Buehler MicroCloth ®) was saturated with the appropriate diamond suspension. A custom-made jig fitted to an automatic polisher (Buehler Minimet ® 1000) was used to hold the coupons in place during automated polishing. Coupons were polished for 15min using each diamond suspension followed by rinsing with 2-propanol (99.5%, reagent grade) and cleaning in 2-propanol for 5min in an ultrasonic bath. After polishing with the 1μm diamond suspension, the coupons were ultrasonically cleaned in 2-propanol for 3×5min, with fresh propanol for each cleaning cycle. Polished coupons were stored in 2-propanol until required.

O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B B O O O O O O

2-propanol
custom-made jig
diamond polishes
diamond suspension
polishing cloth
polycrystalline diamond

automated polishing
cleaning
coupons
damp abrasive disc
diamond
metal surface
polished
polisher
polishing
propanol
surface
ultrasonic bath


The test cases confirm that the high-order discretisation retains exponential convergence properties with increasing geometric and expansion polynomial order if both the solution and true surface are smooth. Errors are found to saturate when the geometric errors, due to the parametrisation of the surface elements, begin to dominate the temporal and spatial discretisation errors. For the smooth solutions considered as test cases, the results show that this dominance of geometric errors quickly limits the effectiveness of further increases in the number of degrees of freedom, either through mesh refinement or higher solution polynomial orders. Increasing the order of the geometry parametrisation reduces the geometric error. The analytic test cases presented here use a coarse curvilinear mesh; for applications, meshes are typically more refined in order to capture features in the solution and so will better capture the geometry and consequently reduce this lower bound on the solution error. If the solution is not smooth, we do not expect to see rapid convergence. In the case that the solution is smooth, but the true surface is not, then exponential convergence with P and Pg can only be achieved if, and only if, the discontinuities are aligned with element boundaries. However, if discontinuities lie within an element, convergence will be limited by the geometric approximation, since the true surface cannot be captured. In the cardiac problem, we consider both the true surface and solution to be smooth.

O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O B I O O B I O B I I O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O B I I O O B I I I O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O B I O B O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B O O O

element boundaries
exponential convergence properties
high-order discretisation
surface elements


In summary, we have developed a technique for site-specific nanowire size reduction by FIB thinning. Transmission electron microscope images of a thinned tungsten composite nanowire with width reduced from 80 to 20nm show uniform shrinking along the length of the wire and high resolution images show no obvious changes of the morphology after thinning. The critical current density of the as-deposited wire and one thinned to a width of 50nm is 1.7×105 and 1.4×105A/cm2 at 4.26K, respectively, suggesting insignificant modulation of the electrical properties during thinning. These results suggest that FIB-milling is a potential approach for controllable size reduction with high resolution towards the observation of size- and quantum effects, as well as for construction of 3D superconducting nanodevices.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

construction of 3d superconducting nanodevices

3d superconducting nanodevices
fib thinning
high resolution images
modulation of the electrical properties
thinned tungsten composite nanowire
thinning
transmission electron microscope images
uniform shrinking
wire


Some nonlinear wave equations are more difficult to investigate mathematically, as no general analytical method for their solutions exists. The Exponential Time Differencing (ETD) technique requires minimum stages to obtain the requiredaccurateness, which suggests an efficient technique relatingto computational duration thatensures remarkable stability characteristicsupon resolving nonlinear wave equations. This article solves the diagonal example of Kawahara equation via the ETD Runge-Kutta 4 technique. Implementation of this technique is proposed by short Matlab programs.

O B I I O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O B I I B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I I O O B I I I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I

etd runge-kutta 4 technique
resolving nonlinear wave equations

solves the diagonal example of kawahara equation


Inverse miniemulsion polymerization is a water-in-oil (W/O) heterogeneous polymerization process that forms kinetically stable macroemulsions at, below, or around the critical micellar concentration (CMC). This process contains aqueous droplets (including water-soluble monomers) stably dispersed, with the aid of oil-soluble surfactants, in a continuous organic medium. Stable inverse miniemulsions are formed under high shear by either a homogenizer or a high speed mechanical stirrer. Oil-soluble nonionic surfactants with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value around 4 are used to implement colloidal stability of the resulting inverse emulsion. Upon addition of radical initiators, polymerization occurs within the aqueous droplets producing colloidal particles (Fig. 2) [83]. Several reports have demonstrated the preparation of stable particles of hydrophilic and water-soluble polymers [86–89], polyaniline nanoparticles [90], and organic–inorganic hybrid particles [91–93]. This method also allows for the preparation of crosslinked microgels in the presence of difunctional crosslinkers [27,94–100]. In addition, CRP techniques including ATRP [78,79,82,101,102] and RAFT [103] in inverse miniemulsion have been explored to prepare well-defined nanoparticles and nanogels.

B I B O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B I I B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O B I B O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I O B O O B O O B I O O O O O O B O B


The next important step might be the derivation of the Dirac equation. The Creutz model [32] suggests that we should consider incorporating into the logical inference treatment, the additional knowledge that one has objects hopping on a lattice instead of particles moving in a space-time continuum. Recall that up to Section 2.4, the description of the measurement scenario, robustness etc. is explicitly discrete. In Section 2.4, the continuum limit was taken only because our aim was to derive the Pauli equation, which is formulated in continuum space-time. Of course, the description of the motion of the particle in Section 2.6 is entirely within a continuum description but there is no fundamental obstacle to replace this treatment by a proper treatment of objects hopping on a lattice. Therefore it seems plausible that the logical inference approach can be extended to describe massless spin-1/2 particles moving in continuum space-time by considering the continuum limit of the corresponding lattice model. An in-depth, general treatment of this problem is beyond the scope of the present paper and we therefore leave this interesting problem for future research.

O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

dirac equation
future research
lattice
measurement scenario
motion of the particle
objects
pauli equation
the creutz model


In these frameworks, however, the physical spacetime dimension is an input rather than a prediction of the theory. In fact, in standard theories whose gravitational sector is described by the Einstein–Hilbert action, there is no obstruction to perform dimensional reductions to spacetimes of dimensions d≠4. Then the question arises, since eleven-dimensional Minkowski space is a maximally (super)symmetric state, and the theory is well-behaved around it, why the theory does not select this configuration as the vacuum, but instead, it chooses a particular compactified space with less symmetry. An ideal situation, instead, would be that the eleven-dimensional theory dynamically predicted a low energy regime which could only be a four-dimensional effective theory. In such a scenario, a background solution with an effective spacetime dimension d>4 should be expected to be a false vacuum where the propagators for the dynamical fields are ill-defined, lest a low energy effective theory could exist in dimensions higher than four.

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O

d>4
eleven-dimensional theory
four-dimensional effective theory
(super)symmetric state

background solution
compactified space
dimensional reductions
effective spacetime dimension
einstein–hilbert action
false vacuum
low energy effective theory
low energy regime
minkowski space
physical spacetime dimension
prediction of the theory
propagators for the dynamical fields
select this configuration
standard theories


Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting (FETI) methods are a powerful approach to designing solvers for large-scale problems in computational mechanics. The numerical simulation problem is subdivided into a number of independent sub-problems, which are then coupled in appropriate ways. NURBS- (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) based isogeometric analysis (IGA) applied to complex geometries requires to represent the computational domain as a collection of several NURBS geometries. Since there is a natural decomposition of the computational domain into several subdomains, NURBS-based IGA is particularly well suited for using FETI methods.This paper proposes the new IsogEometric Tearing and Interconnecting (IETI) method, which combines the advanced solver design of FETI with the exact geometry representation of IGA. We describe the IETI framework for two classes of simple model problems (Poisson and linearized elasticity) and discuss the coupling of the subdomains along interfaces (both for matching interfaces and for interfaces with T-joints, i.e. hanging nodes). Special attention is paid to the construction of a suitable preconditioner for the iterative linear solver used for the interface problem. We report several computational experiments to demonstrate the performance of the proposed IETI method.

B I I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I B O O B I O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I B O O O O B I I O B O O B I I O B O O O B O O O O O B I I B O B I O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I

computational domain as a collection of several nurbs geometries

demonstrate the performance of the proposed ieti method

finite element tearing and interconnecting

isogeometric tearing and interconnecting


Recently, fundamental (thermophysical property) research on ionic clathrate hydrates has experienced remarkable growth, particularly over the last ten years [21–30]. Previously, beginning with the first paper on unusual hydrates of tetrabutylammonium salts in 1940 [31], a number of studies could be found on ionic clathrate hydrates (hereafter, semiclathrate hydrates) [32–35] before the unified terminology semiclathrate hydrate was generally accepted. Semiclathrate hydrates have been attracting increased attention because of their promising applications as phase change materials for refrigeration systems and in gas capture and storage [36–41]. In addition, there is interesting speculation that semiclathrate hydrate may be regarded as a representative substance for the study of thermal conductivity in clathrate hydrate in general. This is because: (1) it can reduce characterization problems as a solid sample, since semiclathrate hydrate is formed around ambient temperature under atmospheric pressure and is easy to handle; (2) accurately measuring the thermal conductivity of semiclathrate hydrates, which have many similarities to clathrate hydrates, may make possible a deeper understanding of the unique (anomalous) behavior of the thermal conductivity of clathrate hydrates; and (3) currently, there are no experimental studies on the thermal conductivity of semiclathrate hydrates.

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I


Multi-phase flows are common, in fact quite general, in environmental and industrial processes. Broadly these may be modelled as continuous problems where phases are mixed (e.g. oil–water homogenisation [36], sediment transport [18]) or interface problems where phases are distinct and interact at the interface (e.g. gas-assisted injection moulding [21], liquid jet breakup [40]). In some cases flows start as interface problems but as mixing occurs at the interface they become effectively continuous, at least locally. Air entrainment, perhaps due to wave breaking, is an obvious example. We consider here two-phase interface problems where the interface remains distinct and the density difference is high, e.g. air and water, and where one phase may be considered incompressible. The interface is transient and may become highly distorted and interconnected. Such problems have been tackled with mesh-based methods using periodic (or adaptive) re-meshing or additional phase tracking functions [40]. However, these approaches can be time-consuming to implement and prone to errors in surface representation [50] or mass conservation [34].

O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

air entrainment
gas-assisted injection moulding
mesh-based methods
multi-phase flows
re-meshing
two-phase interface problems

air
distorted and interconnected
environmental and industrial processes
interface problems
liquid jet breakup
mixing
oil–water homogenisation
phases are mixed
phase tracking functions
sediment transport
water
wave breaking


Despite the ubiquity of time-dependent dynamical systems in nature, there has been relatively little work done on the analysis of time series from such systems. Mathematically they are known as non-autonomous systems, which are named as such because, unlike autonomous systems, in addition to the points in space over which they are observed they are also influenced by the points in time. Recently there has been much work on the direct ‘bottom-up’ approach to these systems, which includes the introduction of a subclass known as chronotaxic systems that are able to model the stable but time-varying frequencies of oscillations in living systems [8,9]. In contrast, the time series analysis of these systems, referred to as the inverse or ‘top-down’ approach, has not been studied in detail before. This is partly because non-autonomous systems can still be analysed in the same way as other types of systems in both the deterministic [10] and the stochastic [11] regime. However, it is now argued that this type of analysis is insufficient and that an entirely new analytical framework is required to provide a more useful picture of such systems. In the case of chronotaxic systems some methods have already been developed for the inverse approach and they have shown to be useful in analysing heart rate variability [12]. A general and dedicated procedure for analysing non-autonomous systems has still not been tackled though.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

analysis of time series
analytical framework
autonomous systems
chronotaxic systems
deterministic
heart rate variability
inverse
living systems
stochastic
time series analysis


In conclusion, a new approach to the “grind-free” nanoprecursor route to direct combinatorial solid state synthesis of several “difficult to make” and hitherto unknown phase-pure heterometallic Ruddlesden Popper type La4Ni3−xFexO10 materials has been described. The new approach used a high-throughput reactor and robotic automation (RAMSI) to rapidly synthesise a range of nanoparticle co-precipitate precursors in cloned libraries at a rate of 7.5 samples an hour. Each library could then be heat-treated at a different temperature and an initial powder XRD screen was used to locate and approximate phase boundary. A more focussed second synthesis and XRD characterisation of selected larger heat-treated powders was then performed to reconfirm the locations of the phase boundaries with the highest dopant level being achieved for La4Ni2FeO10 which is significantly greater Fe doping than has been achieved by anyone previously (despite several notable efforts). EXAFS data suggested that Fe3+ was located onto Ni sites in all cases and did not exist as a separate iron oxide phase.

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O

phase-pure heterometallic ruddlesden popper type la4ni3−xfexo10 materials


Within a coalescence approach as successfully applied earlier in the light-quark sector, we have evaluated transverse-momentum dependencies of charmed hadrons in central heavy-ion reactions at RHIC. For the charm-quark distributions at hadronization we have considered two limiting scenarios, i.e., no reinteractions (using spectra from PYTHIA) and complete thermalization with transverse flow of the bulk matter. The resulting J/ψ (mT-)spectra differ in slope by up to a factor of 2 (harder for pQCD c-quarks), and the integrated yield is about a factor of 3 larger in the thermal case. For D-mesons, we found that the difference in the slope parameters of the pT-spectra in the two scenarios is less pronounced, but their elliptic flow is about a factor of 2 larger for pT⩾1.5 GeV in the thermalized case. The elliptic flow pattern of D-mesons was found to be essentially preserved in the single-electron decay spectra, rendering the latter a very promising observable to address the strength of charm reinteractions in the QGP. The present study can be straightforwardly generalized to charmed baryons (Λc), which may serve as a complimentary probe for charm-quark reinteractions in the QGP.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O B

baryons
charmed hadrons
charm reinteractions
coalescence approach
complete thermalization
complimentary probe
difference in the slope parameters
elliptic flow
hadronization
integrated yield
qgp
spectra
transverse flow


However, the measured reflectivity is less than the predicted value (∼96%), which is likely to relate to, amongst other factors, the roughness of the GaN/AlN interfaces particularly for the first layer in the DBR stack and the non-uniformity of the DBR layer thicknesses. Using STEM measurements of the thickness of each layer (on the a-plane) through the thickness of the stack, we calculate a new model (green curve) in which the overall reflectivity is reduced to 85%. This implies that variations in layer thickness through the stack are the main source of the reduced reflectivity in comparison to the model. In fact, a closer look at the cross-sectional STEM data and a careful extraction of layer thickness have revealed that whilst the layer thicknesses are fairly consistent through the DBR stack in the wing regions, there is a monotonic variation in the measured layer thicknesses in the window regions. (The GaN layer width smoothly increases, while the AlN layer thickness decreases through the DBR stack.). This observation could potentially be of practical importance, for samples grown on templates with a uniform defect density, as one could achieve much better reflectivities simply by altering the growth time to counteract the change in growth rate. This possibility is the subject of ongoing investigations. In addition, the presence of cracks and trenches in the top surface may also reduce the measured reflectivity further.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

cross-sectional stem data
dbr stack in the wing regions
gan/aln interfaces

aln layer
altering the growth time
calculate a new model
dbr layer
dbr stack
extraction of layer thickness
gan layer
stem measurements
the window regions


The low-carbon economic development has become the trend and orientation of regional economic development. As the residents of Heilongjiang province, their consumption is the most direct way to achieve the low-carbon lifestyle. Based on the research and discussion of the connotation of low-carbon consumption and its culture, behaviour, preferences and habits, it is concluded that the low-carbon consumption requires us to abide by the life-style of knowledge and culture. Therefore, it is obvious that the development of low-carbon economy is a complex and systematic project, involved the economic development mode, technological innovation mode, consumption values and changes of lifestyle.

O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O

carbon
development of low-carbon economy
low-carbon consumption
low-carbon economic development
low-carbon economy
regional economic development

economic development
technological innovation


The oxide thickness is calculated using the weight gain and surface area. Artificially changing the surface profile will modify the surface area and calculated oxide thickness. SEM images of samples removed after 111 days oxidation were used to define the change in surface profile length with variation in applied roughness. The profile lengths extracted from the images were then used to modify the length of the sample and therefore the surface area. Table 1 shows the original oxide thicknesses after 111 days oxidation, the modified oxide thicknesses based on the surface profile length and the percentage difference. Results show a maximum decrease in the oxide thickness of 4% when using a surface which accounts for roughness. Comparing the change in oxide thickness between different surface finishes indicates a variation of less than 1%. As such, the impact of the variation in the profile length on the calculated oxide thickness is considered to be insignificant. In addition, if the differences in weight gain were only due to differences in surface area, rougher samples would be expected to demonstrate thicker oxides at the earliest stages of oxidation.

O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B B O O O B O O O B O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B

images oxidation oxide oxides profile sample samples surface


We describe three ways to solve the reflection problem. The first way is very simple (Section 4). We exploit the consequences of shifting the semi-infinite row by one period (to the right or left). In effect, we regard the semi-infinite row as two scatterers, one of which is another semi-infinite row. This idea goes back to a series of papers by Millar in the 1960s, starting with [2]. He used it for several two-dimensional grating problems. A similar approach was used for layered media by Shenderov [3]. In our one-dimensional context, we obtain a quadratic equation for R; we show how to select the correct solution. We remark that there has been much recent interest in related two-dimensional waveguide problems; see, for example, [4–6], where the shifting-by-one-period idea is again employed, leading to a quadratic equation for a certain operator.

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O

semi-infinite row
shifting-by-one-period idea
shifting the semi-infinite row
two-dimensional grating problems
two-dimensional waveguide problems

layered media
obtain a quadratic equation
quadratic equation
reflection problem
two scatterers
waveguide problems


The results from two types of oxidation test are combined in this study. Table 1 shows the test matrix with the two approaches included. All the 100h tests and the test conducted at 650°C were performed using a thermogravimetric balance (TGA). The weight change during these tests was monitored continually and adjusted to accommodate buoyancy effects. All other tests were conducted in horizontal tube furnaces. For these latter tests, batches of specimens were placed in alumina boats and inserted into the furnaces at temperature. Intermittent weighing at room temperature was used to determine the oxidation kinetics. At selected time intervals, a specimen was removed from the batch for examination before the high temperature exposure continued for the remainder of the batch. Table 1 shows the time intervals chosen for examination. At 600°C one isothermal test, having an exposure time of 1000h, has been performed to date.

O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I I I I I I O B I I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

table 1 shows the time intervals chosen for examination


The behavior of cellular beam is described using design methods according to BS: 5950, considering particularly the strength of tee sections and web post element. Such behavior is derived from parametric study involving finite element analysis using software ANSYS. The design method is based on plastic analysis of beam section at ultimate loads and elastic analysis at serviceability loads. The procedure of design of cellular beam is illustrated and an example based on design method is worked out and its verification is done for checking the suitability.

O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O B I O O O B I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O

ansys
cellular beam
design method
design methods
elastic analysis
finite element analysis
plastic analysis of beam section


We study sequences of optimal walks of a growing length in weighted digraphs, or equivalently, sequences of entries of max-algebraic matrix powers with growing exponents. It is known that these sequences are eventually periodic when the digraphs are strongly connected. The transient of such periodicity depends, in general, both on the size of digraph and on the magnitude of the weights. In this paper, we show that some bounds on the indices of periodicity of (unweighted) digraphs, such as the bounds of Wielandt, Dulmage–Mendelsohn, Schwarz, Kim and Gregory–Kirkland–Pullman, apply to the weights of optimal walks when one of their ends is a critical node.

O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The microwave background is not the only universal photon field that has to be taken in consideration. Especially interesting is the isotropic infrared and optical background (IRB). The number density of IRB is smaller than that of MBR by more that two orders of magnitude. On the other hand, protons of lower energy can interact on the IRB, and the smaller number density has to be weighted with the higher flux of interacting protons. The present Universe is optically thin to 1019 eV and lower energy protons, but even at low redshifts the proton interaction rate quickly increases. This is different from the interactions on MBR, where the interacting protons quickly lose their energy even at z=0. The cosmological evolution of UHECR injection is thus of major importance for the contribution of such interactions to the flux of cosmogenic neutrinos.

O B I O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I

cosmological evolution of uhecr injection


A multi-physics description of a multiscale system is often referred to as a ‘hybrid’ model. In fluid dynamics, a typical hybrid combines a molecular treatment (a ‘micro’ model) with a continuum-fluid one (a ‘macro’ model), with the aim of obtaining the accuracy of the former with the efficiency of the latter [1–4]. The micro and macro models generally have characteristic timescales that are very different, which means that time-accurate simulations can be extremely challenging: the size of the timestep required to make the micro model stable and accurate is so small that simulations over significant macro-scale time periods are intractable. If the system is ‘scale-separated’, a physical (as distinct from numerical) approximation can be made that enables the coupled models to advance at different rates (asynchronously) with negligible penalty on macro-scale accuracy. E et al. [5] were the first to introduce and implement this concept in a time-stepping method for coupled systems, referred to in the classification of Lockerby et al. [6] as a continuous asynchronous (CA) scheme (‘continuous’ since the micro and macro models advance without interruption [5]). In this paper we extend this idea to multiscale systems comprising an arbitrary number of coupled models.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O B O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I