It is well known that one of the long standing problems in physics is understanding the confinement physics from first principles. Hence the challenge is to develop analytical approaches which provide valuable insight and theoretical guidance. According to this viewpoint, an effective theory in which confining potentials are obtained as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking of scale invariance has been developed [1]. In particular, it was shown that a such theory relies on a scale-invariant Lagrangian of the type [2] (1)L=14w2−12w−FμνaFaμν, where Fμνa=∂μAνa−∂νAμa+gfabcAμbAνc, and w is not a fundamental field but rather is a function of 4-index field strength, that is, (2)w=εμναβ∂μAναβ. The Aναβ equation of motion leads to (3)εμναβ∂βw−−FγδaFaγδ=0, which is then integrated to (4)w=−FμνaFaμν+M. It is easy to verify that the Aaμ equation of motion leads us to (5)∇μFaμν+MFaμν−FαβbFbαβ=0. It is worth stressing at this stage that the above equation can be obtained from the effective Lagrangian (6)Leff=−14FμνaFaμν+M2−FμνaFaμν. Spherically symmetric solutions of Eq. (5) display, even in the Abelian case, a Coulomb piece and a confining part. Also, the quantum theory calculation of the static energy between two charges displays the same behavior [1]. It is well known that the square root part describes string like solutions [3,4].

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O

(2)w=εμναβ∂μaναβ
function of 4-index field strength
integrated to (4)w=−fμνafaμν+m
leff=−14fμνafaμν+m2−fμνafaμν
scale-invariant lagrangian
εμναβ∂βw−−fγδafaγδ=0


In contrast with polymers, which are typically synthesized in the liquid phase, SWNTs are produced through a variety of synthesis techniques that typically involve the reaction of a gaseous carbon feedstock to form the nanotubes on catalyst particles. MWNTs were first observed in arc discharge fullerene reactors [1,26]; this technique was later adapted to produce SWNTs [3]. Similarly, the fullerene production method of laser ablation [27] was adapted to produce SWNTs (∼1.4nm diameter) in larger quantities on metal catalyst particles [28–30]. A number of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes have been developed to grow SWNTs and MWNTs, all involving the reaction of a gaseous carbon compound as feedstock. These processes include fluidized bed [31], “carpet” growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from catalyst particles embedded in a substrate [32–35] as shown in Fig. 3, and “catalytic gas flow CVD” [36,37]. One of the most effective, cheap, and scalable CVD techniques is the HiPco (high-pressure CO) process, which does not use pre-formed catalyst particles unlike most other CVD techniques [38].

O O O B O O O B I I I I B O B I I I I I I O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I B O O B I I I I I O B I O O O O O B O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I B O O O O O O B O B O O B I I I I I I I I O O O B I O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O

“carpet” growth of carbon nanotubes (cnts) from catalyst particles embedded in a substrate

the most effective, cheap, and scalable cvd techniques


We have developed a systematic, quantified understanding of a specific problem: the design of mobile-friendly unique identifiers. But our results also apply to the design of other text-based services. There has been a trend toward bespoke and adaptive keyboards (e.g., Dunlop and Levine, 2012; Karrenbauer and Oulasvirta, 2014; Leiva et al., 2015; Wiseman et al., 2013). More often than not, though, input devices are a fixed constraint in the design of a service. Most users are typing on the keyboard that came with their phone. Those keyboards have advantages, limitations and quirks. The mode-switching that most touchscreen keyboards require to reach numbers and capital letters is at the root of design improvements we propose in this paper. When designing services, it is vital to be aware of the fixed constraints of a system and to then focus on the aspects of a service's design that can be controlled. Making changes to input data in this way is a cheap, quick and easy way to improve user experience.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

bespoke and adaptive keyboards
designing services
design of a service
input devices


Many applications in fluid mechanics have shown that surface suction can be used as an effective flow-control mechanism. For example, Gregory and Walker [1] discuss how the introduction of suction extends the laminar-flow region over a swept wing by reducing the thickness of the boundary layer and the magnitude of crossflow velocity. Conclusions for the swept-wing flow arose from equivalent studies of the von Kármán (rotating disk) flow (see Gregory and Walker [2], Stuart [3]) and work has since continued into this and related flows using numerical and asymptotic approaches (see Ockendon [4], Dhanak [5], Bassom and Seddougui [6], Lingwood [7], Turkyilmazoglu [8], Lingwood and Garrett [9], for example). The literature shows that increasing suction has a stabilising effect on the general class of “Bödewadt, Ekman and von Kármán” (BEK) flows which results in an increase in critical Reynolds numbers for the onset of convective and absolute instabilities, a narrowing in the range of unstable parameters and a decrease in amplification rates of the unstable convective modes. The convective instability results are interpreted in terms of a delay in the onset of spiral vortices, and the absolute instability results in terms of the onset of laminar-turbulent transition (Lingwood [7,10,11]).

O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O

“bödewadt, ekman and von kármán” (bek) flows


For the reverse current analysis, for both scenarios (shading and short circuits) were tested on two systems, one system using standard silicon modules and another system using high efficiency modules. For the standard silicon system, a power of 50kWp was considered, with a system composed by 10 strings of 24 modules per string and an approximate system Voc of 864 [VDC]. For the high efficiency system, a power of 40kWp was considered, with a system composed by 10 strings of 18 modules per string and an approximate system Voc of 873 [VDC]. Fig. 5(a) shows the reverse current present in one string when different numbers of modules in the string are shaded by 90%. Fig. 5(b) shows the reverse current present in one string when different numbers of modules of the string are short-circuited. For both figures the continuous lines are for the standard silicon system and the dashed lines are for the high efficiency system.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O B O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I I I I O O O B B I I B O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I I I I O O O B B I I B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I

10 strings of 18 modules per string
10 strings of 24 modules per string
high efficiency modules
high efficiency system
reverse current
standard silicon modules
standard silicon system
system
vdc
voc of 864
voc of 873


Evolutionary Algorithms are the stochastic optimization methods, simulating the behavior of natural evolution. These algorithms are basically population based search procedures efficiently dealing with complex search spaces having robust and powerful search mechanism. EAs are highly applicable in multiobjective optimization problem which are having conflicting objectives. This paper reviews the work carried out for diversity and convergence issues in EMO.

B I O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

reviews the work carried out for diversity and convergence issues in emo

eas
emo
evolutionary algorithms
natural evolution
optimization problem
population based search procedures
search mechanism
stochastic optimization methods


Although the presented model is developed and tested with a-C:H layers in mind, it is not necessarily limited to them. Moreover, the only assumptions are chemical reactions between the gas and the solid forming volatiles, the loss of these volatiles from the material and the two stated boundary conditions of gas influx at a single outer surface and the possibility of reactions throughout the bulk. Porosity and significant gas inventories were observed not only for carbon [12] but, e.g. also for beryllium co-deposits [25] and can be expected for other co-deposits formed in plasma devices [1]. Thus, TCR and its description by the presented model may be applicable to all deposits. If a layer has constituents that are not forming volatiles with the reactive gas, e.g. W and Be with O2, these constituents cannot be removed by TCR, as they will not be removed from the deposit. This can influence the removal of other deposit constituents and the time evolution of the process can change. The new understanding of TCR may, for the first time, allow applying the method in a controlled way to nuclear fusion devices, possibly solving the tritium retention issue especially related to carbon based materials.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O B I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O B O O

a-c:h layers
beryllium co-deposits
carbon based materials
gas influx
gas inventories
reactive gas
tritium retention
tritium retention issue


As mentioned earlier, this paper represents ongoing efforts to efficiently address the stochastic MPSP. Future work may consider investigating whether the algorithm would be as successful or not in solving variants of the MPSP that include more operational constraints, such as variable cut-off grade, grade blending, and stockpiling, as it is in solving the “classical” variant considered in this paper. Indeed, it is a general-purpose algorithm and should be applicable to any of these variants. Other research avenues include considering other strategies for updating the penalties within PH and other methods for solving the sub-problems. Finally, another important research direction is the development of other efficient solution approaches. Since it has been observed empirically that the problem formulation often achieves small integrality gaps, one approach could be to solve the linear relaxation of the problem using an efficient algorithm and then to use an LP-rounding procedure to get an integer solution.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

general-purpose algorithm
lp-rounding procedure
stochastic mpsp
variable cut-off grade

grade blending
mpsp
operational constraints
ph
solve the linear relaxation
stockpiling


The existing GO methodology algorithm is theoretical, and hard to solve with computer. In this paper, we research a new method to get the reliability of system based on GO methodology. According to some properties of the operators in GO chart, GO chart can be transformed into series structure, then the minimal path sets are induced based on Enumeration method from first operator to last one. It is very convenient for computer to calculate the system reliability with the new method based on minimal path sets. The case study indicates the method is suitable for practical engineering, which can be used to possess the quantitative analysis of complex GO methodology models.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O B I I I

new method to get the reliability of system based on go methodology

calculate the system reliability
complex go methodology models
enumeration method
go chart
go methodology
minimal path sets
practical engineering
quantitative analysis
series structure


Another choice was to graft the fluorinated groups on the copolymers with functional groups. Casazza et al. [52] synthesized an acrylic terpolymer with pendent perfluoroether segments via grafting fluorinated groups into a poly(butyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyehtyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) random copolymer through hexamethylene diisocyanate functionality. Malshe et al. [53,54] studied the coating properties of fluorinated acrylic copolymers based on MMA, BA, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). They partially esterified hydroxyl functionality of HEMA with tetrafluoro propanoic acid and cured the polymer with butylated melamine formaldehyde resin. Such methods were suited for the synthesis of copolymers containing complicated fluorinated groups or difficult to be provided directly by living polymerization.

B I O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O B I I I I I I O B I I O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I

hydroxyl functionality of hema with tetrafluoro propanoic acid


Progressive photon mapping was first proposed by Hachisuka et al. (2008) as an iterative extension of the standard static photon mapping approach as implemented in the Radiance extension. It combines multiple smaller photon maps to approximate a much larger one which may not fit into memory using the traditional approach. Through iteration, the process mitigates the noise inherent in Monte Carlo raytracing by combining successive results and averaging them. At the same time, the density estimate bandwidth1Bandwidth describes the support, or area of influence, of a filter used to weight the photons retrieved from the photon map during a nearest neighbour lookup on a surface (Jensen, 2001). The resulting irradiance is proportional to the photon density, and the bandwidth is defined by the distance (radius) to the furthest photon found. In this paper, we generalise the term to describe either the radius or the number of nearest neighbours for a density estimate, depending on the implementation.1 (radius or number of nearest photons) is gradually reduced to mitigate bias. As Hachisuka points out, the accumulated density estimates converge to an unbiased solution in the limit.

O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O B I I O B I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B I I O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


In order to study the mechanical behavior of metal films on compliant polymer substrates, fragmentation testing is often employed [8–12]. During fragmentation testing, the film-substrate couple is strained under uni-axial tension and observed with light microscopy (LM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brittle metals or ceramic films fracture, forming through thickness cracks (channel cracks) at low strain perpendicular to the straining direction. On the other hand, ductile metal films will first deform locally in the form of necks at low strains (Fig. 1a) and with increased strain through thickness cracks (TTC) can evolve (Fig. 1b). Fragmentation testing is best performed in-situ with LM or SEM so that the strain when the first crack forms can be observed. The initial fracture strain of the film, also known as the crack onset strain, can then be used to determine the interfacial fracture shear stress with knowledge of the crack spacing at saturation, λ, film thickness, h, and the fracture stress, σf=Efilmεf, where εf is the fracture strain, using the shear lag model [8,13,14]. In-situ fragmentation testing with LM or SEM allows for the crack spacing evolution to be observed as a function of applied strain (Fig. 1c). Under tensile straining conditions, a brittle film will initially fracture at very low strains (<1%) and then with further strain continue to form cracks until the saturation crack spacing is reached. After the saturation spacing has been reached, cracks can no longer form between existing crack fragments and the film could delaminate via buckling.

O O O O O B I O B I O O B I B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I B B I O B I B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O B I I O O B I O B O B O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B

film-substrate couple
fracture strain
performed in-situ with lm or sem
strained under uni-axial tension
study the mechanical behavior
σf=efilmεf

brittle film
brittle metals
buckling
ceramic films
crack spacing evolution
deform locally
delaminate
film
form cracks
fracture
fragmentation testing
function of applied strain
light microscopy
lm
mechanical behavior
metal films
polymer substrates
scanning electron microscopy
sem
shear lag model
shear stress
strain
tensile straining


Several inorganic flocculating agents, including FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 and an organic coagulant aid PAM, were used to treat the wastewater from domestic anima and poultry breeding in this paper. The ideal operating conditions were attained by single factor experiment and orthogonal design experiment. And the ideal operating conditions are follows: the dose of FeSO4 and PAM is 135.2mg/L and 0.384mg/L respectively when keeping the pH 10; and the corresponding removal rate is 55% and 60% for COD and turbidity. Based on the experimental results, this paper analyzes the main factors that affect wastewater flocculation treatment.

O B I I O B O B O O B I I B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O

analyzes the main factors
cod
fecl3
feso4
inorganic flocculating agents
organic coagulant aid
orthogonal design experiment
pam
removal rate
single factor experiment
treat the wastewater
wastewater flocculation


Tack is an important property of a PSA as it quantifies its ability to form instantly a bond when brought into contact with a surface. The final adhesion and cohesive strength of the bond are influenced by numerous factors including the surface energies of the adhesive and substrate, dwell time, contact pressure, mechanical properties of the adhesive, as well as environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity [8]. Therefore, tack is important in many applications where an instant bond is required, however it is equally important when a ‘clean’ separation of the initially bonded surfaces is desirable. Many different methods for measuring the tack have been devised with the four main ones being the rolling ball, loop tack, quick stick and probe tack tests [9]. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and the specific testing method should be selected based on the particular application.

B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I B I B I O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

adhesive
bonded surfaces
‘clean’ separation
loop tack
probe tack
psa
quick stick
rolling ball
substrate
tack
tests


In order to solve the problem that the diesel engine PT fuel system is unable to field maintain, developed a portable signal acquisition and analysis system for diesel engine PT fuel system. Firstly, the PT pump work Principle was analyzed, and the PT pump failure mapping relation between reason and failure phenomenon was analyzed; Secondly, the diesel engine PT pump failure fuel pressure characteristics were analyzed; Lastly, using the portable signal acquisition and analysis system to diagnose the diesel engine PT fuel system, experiment results show that the system can correctly detect the diesel engine PT fuel system state.

O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B I I I I I O O O O B I O B O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I

problem that the diesel engine pt fuel system is unable to field maintain

detect the diesel engine pt fuel system state

diagnose the diesel engine pt fuel system


In the brane system appearing in string/D-brane theory, the stableness is the most important requirement. We find some stable brane configurations in the SUSY bulk-boundary theory. We systematically solve the singular field equation using a general mathematical result about the free-wave solution in S1/Z2-space. The two scalars, the extra-component of the bulk-vector (A5) and the bulk-scalar (Φ), constitute the solutions. Their different roles are clarified. The importance of the “parallel” configuration is disclosed. The boundary condition (of A5) and the boundary matter fields are two important elements for making the localized configuration. Among all solutions, the solution (c1=−1, c2=−1) is expected to be the thin-wall limit of a kink solution. We present a bulk Higgs model corresponding to the non-singular solution. The model is expected to give a non-singular and stable brane solution in the SUSY bulk-boundary theory.

O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O

a5
boundary condition
brane system
bulk higgs model
different roles are clarified
kink solution
solution
solve the singular field equation
stable brane configurations
stableness
φ


The presence of chaotic motion in nuclear systems has been firmly related with the statistics of high-lying energy levels [8,9]. Poisson distributions of normalized spacings of successive nuclear or atomic excited levels with the same spin and parity correspond to integrable classical dynamics, while Wigner's statistics signal chaotic motion in the corresponding classical regime [10]. Intermediate situations are more difficult to assess. Very recently a proposal has been made to treat the spectral fluctuations δn as discrete time series [11]. Defining (1)δn=∫−∞En+1ρ˜(E)dE−n, with ρ˜(E) the mean level density which allows the mapping to dimensionless levels with unitary average level density, and analyzing the energy fluctuations as a discrete time series, they found that nuclear power spectra behave like 1f noise, postulating that this might be a characteristic signature of generic quantum chaotic systems. In the present work we implement this idea, using the 1f spectral behavior as a test for the presence of chaos in nuclear mass errors.

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O B O O B I I O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I I I O B I I I O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I I

chaotic motion in nuclear systems
statistics of high-lying energy levels
wigner's statistics

1f spectral behavior
analyzing the energy fluctuations
chaos in nuclear mass errors
chaotic motion
classical regime
discrete time series
excited levels
integrable classical dynamics
mapping to dimensionless levels
nuclear power spectra
parity
poisson distributions
quantum chaotic systems
spectral fluctuations
spin
unitary average level density
δn


RemarkThe purely radiative spacetimes used as reference solutions in our analysis are not perturbations of the Minkowski spacetime. A way of seeing this is to consider the Newman–Penrose constants of the spacetime. The Newman–Penrose constants are a set of absolutely conserved quantities defined as integrals of certain components of the Weyl tensor and the Maxwell fields over cuts of null infinity—see [19–21] for the Einstein–Maxwell case. In [22] it has been shown that the value of the Newman–Penrose constants for a vacuum radiative spacetime coincides with the value of the rescaled Weyl spinor at i+—this result can be extended to the electrovacuum case using the methods of this article. For the radiative spacetimes arising from the construction of [17] it can be seen that the value of the Weyl spinor at i+ is essentially the mass quadrupole of the seed static spacetime. It follows, that the Newman–Penrose constants of the radiative spacetime can take arbitrary values. On the other hand, for the Minkowski spacetime, the Newman–Penrose constants are exactly zero, and those of perturbations thereof will be small. Thus, in this precise sense, our radiative spacetimes are, generically, not perturbations of the Minkowski spacetime, unless all the Newman–Penrose constants vanish.

O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O

maxwell fields
minkowski spacetime
newman–penrose constants
radiative spacetime
radiative spacetimes
reference solutions
weyl tensor


Two methods of formulating anionic nanocomplexes were evaluated. In both, nanocomplexes were prepared in water at a range of molar charge ratios of L to D while the peptide P to D molar charge ratio was maintained constant at 3:1. Method 1 (L:D:P): DNA was first added to an anionic liposome (LA, LAP1 or LAP2) and incubated for 15min at room temperature and then the peptide was added with rapid mixing and incubated at room temperature for a further 20min; Method 2 (P:D:L): the peptide was added to the DNA and incubated for 15min at room temperature and then liposome was added with rapid mixing and incubated at room temperature for a further 20min. Irrespective of the method of order of mixing, all molar charge ratios in this study refer to L:P:D. Cationic formulations LPD and LCPRGPD were prepared in the order L:P:D as described previously; first, the peptide was added to the liposome DOTMA/DOPE or LCPRG followed by addition of the DNA with rapid mixing and incubated for 30min at room temperature to allow for complex formation [30]. The nanocomplexes prepared were termed LPD (liposome DOTMA/DOPE), LADP and PDLA (liposome LA), PDLAP1 (liposome LAP1), PDLAP2 (liposome LAP2), PDLAPRG (liposome LAPRG) and LCPRGPD (liposome LCPRG).

O O O B I I O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O B O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O B B O B O B B O B B O B B O B B O O B B B

dope
dotma
la, lap1 or lap2
liposome dotma/dope
liposome la
liposome lap1
liposome lap2
liposome laprg
liposome lcprg
rapid mixing and incubated

added
an anionic liposome
dna
formulating anionic nanocomplexes
incubated
ladp
lcprg
lcprgpd
liposome
lpd
nanocomplexes
pdla
pdlap1
pdlap2
pdlaprg
peptide
prepared


Following fission, noble gas atoms will be distributed in the fuel matrix initially accommodated at point defects trap sites, generally thought to be Schottky trivacancy defects [4,5,31]. Diffusion to either bubbles or grain boundaries is then facilitated by associating a further uranium vacancy defect for the gas atom to ‘hop’ into, with the original vacancy then able to loop around to ensure continued diffusion. The rate determining step in the process is not the migration of the Xe itself but rather the rearrangement of the VU defect to facilitate net Xe diffusion [6–8]. Activation energies for the overall process depend on the availability of the defect trap sites, which in turn depends on the crystal stoichiometry. For Xe diffusion in UO2−x, UO2 and UO2+x the activation energies calculated using DFT are 7.04–12.92 eV, 4.15–7.88 eV and 1.38–4.07 eV with the ranges reflecting the way the calculations were performed depending on the charge states of the defects involved and the presence of a Jahn–Teller distortion [7]. Activation energies calculated using empirical pair potentials can vary strongly depending on the choice of potential. Govers et al. examined three different potentials for UO2 (those of Basak [9], Jackson [10] and Morelon [11]) coupled with different parameterisations for the U–Xe and O–Xe interactions from Geng [12] and Nicoll [13] and recommend values of 6.5 eV, 4.5 eV and 2.4 eV [6] for the different stoichiometric regimes in very good agreement with the experimental values of 6.0 eV, 3.9 eV and 1.7 eV respectively [14].

O B B I I O O O O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O B I I O B O O B O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O B B O B B O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

crystal stoichiometry
uo2+x
vu defect
xe diffusion

activation
bubbles
charge
crystal
defect trap sites
dft
diffusion
empirical pair potentials
fission
fuel matrix
gas atom
grain boundaries
‘hop’ into
jahn–teller distortion
loop around
migration
noble gas atoms
o–xe
point defects trap sites
potential
potentials
rearrangement
schottky trivacancy defects
uo2
uo2−x
uranium
u–xe
vu
xe


The above discussion also lays bare the difference of perspectives between the fusion of hard constraints and knowledge-base merging: the idea of Konieczny and Pino-Perez is to explain the fusion of plain epistemic states, understood as a set of plausible worlds, by the existence of underlying partial orderings or numerical plausibility degrees (obtained by distances), based on axioms that only use plausible sets attached to these orderings. In [67] the same authors use both hard (integrity) constraints and belief sets referring to plausible worlds, and try to extend both the AGM revision and knowledge-based merging. However, they do not envisage the merging of integrity constraints discussed in the previous section. The belief revision and merging literature takes an external point of view on cognitive processes under study. The underlying ordered structures are here a consequence of the merging postulates, but they do not appear explicitly in the axioms and they are not observable from the outside. On the contrary, our approach is to construct fusion rules that only rely on what is explicitly supplied by sources. In the sequel we consider the counterpart of our fusion postulates for ranked models, that can be expressed by means of total orders of possible worlds or by their encodings on a plausibility scale.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

hard (integrity) constraints
knowledge-based merging
knowledge-base merging

agm revision
belief revision and merging
belief sets
construct fusion rules
fusion of plain epistemic states
hard constraints
merging of integrity constraints
numerical plausibility degrees
ordered structures
partial orderings
ranked models


Under these experimental conditions, the observed dynamics has to occur where the probe laser induces the reactions resulting in further ionization [30]. The two-step decay model [26] was applied to explain the above-mentioned fragmentation of DCPD to CPD, shown in Figure 8a. The fitting of the rise and decay components of the transients were done by Matlab® programming using the curve fitting Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The best fit decay constants for the biexponential decay components of C10H12+ ion signal is τ1=35fs and τ2=240fs, while that for C5H6+ ion signal is τ1=36fs and τ2=280fs, respectively. These decay constants conform to the previously reported time constants of norbornene and norbornadiene [22,23]. The transients of the reaction fragment C5H6+ are sufficiently different from that of the parent ion C10H12+ indicating that we are studying the distinct dynamics of the neutrals and not that of the parent ion fragmentation [24]. Applying laser control principles under such experimental circumstances also confirms that we are controlling the product yield of C5H6+, resulting from the photochemical reaction of DCPD.

O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B O O O B I O O B I I I O B I I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

curve fitting levenberg–marquardt algorithm


Our country is rich of line galloping, there are many important galloping data failed to collect systematically and completely because there is no unified management platform. After the galloping occurrence in 2009–2010's winter the department of productive of the State Grid Corporation organized a lot of human to carry out the research of galloping information, this work is time–consuming and inefficient. The State Grid Corporation has used the production management system (PMS) which is a powerful and easy to use. With the help of the system we can create a galloping database which can save resources and storage the galloping data. To build and put it into application of database can provide technical support for line galloping prevention and galloping research work.

O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O B O O B O O

application of database
collect systematically and completely
create a galloping database
galloping
pms
production management system
technical support
unified management platform


The number of experiments conducted was reduced by selecting the four most important parameters for variation, Table 1 while the remaining parameters were kept constant. The O2 flow rate (QO2) was keep constant at 99sccm, while the SF6 flow rate (QSF6) was varied between 0 and 20sccm. The pressure in the etch chamber was controlled to keep the gas density stable. Since the pressure has a pronounced effect on etch characteristics, the pressure (p) was varied between 20 and 40mTorr. It should be noted that the system was run in automatic pressure control mode, which continuously adjusts the throttle valve to keep a constant pressure during etch. The coil power (PC) was fixed at 1000W, while the bias power (PB) was varied between 0 and 30W. Finally, the substrate chuck temperature (T) was controlled between 10 and 50°C. This design resulted in a full factorial screening in four parameters, where three center points were used to check for quadratic curvature, where the quadratic term of a parameter is needed to generate a valid model. The total number of experiments in this setup is 19, which were processed for 20min each. The experiments in the design were carried out in random order.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

keep the gas density stable
pressure in the etch chamber
throttle valve

adjusts the throttle valve
automatic pressure control
check for quadratic curvature
etch chamber
factorial screening
gas


This phase was completed in 2005. Previous contracts had been procured with the contractor providing the detailed design. For this system the design was undertaken by Mott MacDonald. It was developed by looking at the systems installed previously and calculating what was actually required to achieve cathodic protection of the piers. This resulted in a significant reduction in the number of zones and monitoring probes. The varying amounts of steelwork in the beams had previously lead to up to 5 zones per beam, with multiple layers of mesh to achieve the design current density. On review of the data the operating current density was similar in all zones and so this was reduced to a single zone per beam. The encapsulation was susceptible to ASR and contained post tensioning and so it was decided to use a galvanic system based on Galvashield CC anodes from Fosroc. Our design did not include an option to allow depolarization of the galvanic system, but the contractor supplied one, such that the anodes could be remotely disconnected. The control unit was from Electrotech CP and operated via a broadband connection provided by the contractor.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O


The algorithm allows the modelling of plasmas of arbitrary degeneracy under the binary collision approximation. It uses a numerical interpolation of the inverse cumulative density function of the Fermi–Dirac distribution to initialise simulation particles, and collisions are subject to Pauli blocking. It is not appropriate in the limit of very strong coupling because the plasma theory which the Monte Carlo code is based on breaks down. The strong coupling limit corresponds to lnΛ≲3, with lnΛ the Coulomb logarithm [10]. The code is designed for lnΛ>3 in collisional plasmas with a non-negligible level of degeneracy. It is noted that Monte Carlo techniques with degenerate capabilities have been developed for studying transport in semi-conductors [11] but no such method exists for fully-ionised plasmas. Some of the techniques described are potentially applicable to other types of codes, for example, Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes.

O O O O B I I I I I O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fully-ionised plasmas
strong coupling limit
transport in semi-conductors


In this article we propose a method which adopts a different approach to the generation procedure outlined above and that helps to address the problem of generating high-order meshes for high Reynolds number flows. The method is conceptually simple, cheap to implement and does not require a dense linear boundary-layer mesh. It is based on the use of an isoparametric [17] or, in general, a transfinite interpolation [18] where a high-order coarse boundary-layer prismatic mesh is subdivided into either prisms or tetrahedra using the mapping that defines the coarse high-order prisms. The procedure is also very versatile as it permits meshes with different distributions of y+ to be generated with ease and furthermore, the validity of these meshes is guaranteed if the initial mesh is valid and the polynomial space is chosen appropriately.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O

generating high-order meshes for high reynolds number flows

generation procedure
initial mesh
meshes
polynomial space
prisms
reynolds number flows
tetrahedra


There exist some interesting cases where the deformation structure becomes simple. One is the limit to the N=1/2 superspace [5], where the action should reduce to N=1/2 super-Yang–Mills theory with adjoint matter. Another interesting case is the singlet deformation [10,11], where the deformation parameters belongs to the singlet representation of the R-symmetry group SU(2)R. In this Letter, we will study N=2 supersymmetric U(1) gauge theory in the harmonic superspace with singlet deformation. In this case, the gauge and supersymmetry transformations get correction linear in the deformation parameter. Therefore we can easily perform the field redefinition such that the component fields transform canonically under the gauge transformation. In the case of N=1/2 super-Yang–Mills theory, such field redefinition is also possible [5]. But in this case the component fields do not transform canonically under the deformed supersymmtery transformation. In the singlet case, we will show that there is a field redefinition such that the redefined fields also transform canonically under the deformed supersymmetry. We will construct a deformed Lagrangian which is invariant under both the gauge and supersymmetry transformations. We find that the deformed Lagrangian is characterized by a single function of an antiholomorphic scalar field.

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I I I O B I O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I I

n=1/2 super-yang–mills theory with adjoint matter

antiholomorphic scalar field
component fields
correction linear
deformation parameter
deformation parameters
deformation structure
deformed lagrangian
deformed supersymmetry
deformed supersymmtery transformation
field redefinition
gauge and supersymmetry transformations
gauge transformation
harmonic superspace
single function
singlet case
singlet deformation
singlet representation


The agreement between the new data and the calculations with the relativistic deuteron wave function should not be considered as accidental one; in this connection other results should be mentioned. Previously it was shown [15] that calculations within the framework of light-front dynamics with Karmanov's deuteron wave function are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data on the T20 parameter of deuteron breakup on H and C targets with the emission of protons at 0° in the k region from 0.4 to 0.8 GeV/c. Furthermore, within the same approach a qualitative description of the momentum behaviour of the Ayy parameter of the 9Be(d,p)X reaction at a deuteron momentum of 4.5 GeV/c and a detected proton angle of 80 mr and a rather good description of the Ayy data for the 12C(d,p)X reaction at 9 GeV/c and 85 mr were obtained [16].

O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

calculations within the framework of light-front dynamics with karmanov's deuteron wave function

emission of protons at 0° in the k region from 0.4 to 0.8 gev/c

qualitative description of the momentum behaviour of the ayy parameter of the 9be(d,p)x reaction

t20 parameter of deuteron breakup on h and c targets


The thermodynamics of copper-zinc alloys (brass) was subject of numerous investigations. Brass is characterised by an excess enthalpy and excess entropy of mixing, both of which are negative. The enthalpic data were measured by solution calorimetry e.g., [1–3] and based on chemical potential data calculated from phase equilibrium experiments e.g., [4–6], the excess entropy of mixing could be evaluated e.g., [7–9]. This excess entropy contains both, the vibrational and the configurational parts. The excess vibrational entropy, defined as the deviation from the entropy of a mechanical mixture of the end members A and B (i.e., Smmechmix=XASmA+XBSmB), can be determined by measuring the low temperature heat capacity (5 to 300K) versus composition behaviour. The determination of the excess configurational entropy, i.e., the excess entropy coming from non-random atomic distributions and defects, is much more difficult. Here, neutron scattering investigations together with computer simulations are normally used. If, however, reliable data of the total excess entropy (from enthalpic and chemical potential data) are available, the measurement of the excess vibrational entropy enables the determination of the excess configurational entropy simply by subtraction. Since configurational and vibrational entropies may have different temperature dependencies, it is worthwhile to separate the entropic effects. This is one aim of this study. Another aim is to deliver experimental data so that first principles studies can test their models on a disordered alloy, whose structural details (short-range order) depend on temperature.

O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O B I I O O O B I I I I I O O B I I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O

measuring the low temperature heat capacity (5 to 300k) versus composition behaviour


The optical properties of charged excitations are important for understanding organic semiconductor photophysics. The injection of electric charge into organic materials polarizes the surroundings and changes the bond lengths around it, such an excitation is defined as a charged polaron. Absorption of light and fluorescence quenching by polarons are important issues in the operation of organic optoelectronic devices. It is particularly relevant to the development of electrically pumped lasers. With recent advances in materials properties and optical design the lasing threshold of organic structures under optical pumping is now low enough to enable pumping by inorganic laser diodes [1–3] and LEDs [4] which is promising for fabrication of very sensitive low-cost devices for biosensing and chemosensing [5,6]. However, light absorption by injected charges has been reported to be the major obstacle to electrically pumped lasing [7]. Injected charges can also quench luminescence as they accept energy from excitons by resonant dipole–dipole interactions and this is an important loss mechanism in organic LEDs as well as in lasers. Absorption cross-sections of polarons are not known to the desired accuracy because of the difficulty of quantifying the charge density injected into the film. Previous studies used controlled electrical injection of charges in unipolar devices through contacting electrodes and field-dependent charge mobility measurements to estimate the charge densities which were compared with the values obtained by capacitance–voltage analysis and the two results differed by a factor of three [8,9].

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O


The first of these systems, a biopolymer gel, involves the thermoreversible gelation of aqueous gelatin solutions to form a physical gel, whereas the other systems considered herein involve the formation of chemical gels featuring permanent cross-linked branching networks. The second system is a commercial silicone dielectric gel (SDG) which is used in the production of electronic products created by industrial printing processes. The third experimental system is a fibrin gel formed by the thrombin-induced polymerisation of fibrinogen molecules. The gel network product in the latter case forms the principal microstructural component of a blood clot [8]. The latter case is particularly interesting as the critical-gel which is established at the GP serves as a ‘template’ for the ensuing development of microstructure and associated rheological properties in the post-GP phase of fibrin clot evolution [9].

O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O

critical-gel
cross-linked branching networks
thrombin-induced polymerisation


Seismic tomography is a powerful tool to investigate the deep structure under the volcanoes. With the recently rapid development of Chinese provincial seismic networks (Zheng et al., 2009, 2010) and some portable seismic arrays (Hetland et al., 2004; Duan et al., 2009; Lei et al., 2012b) around the volcanoes, it has become possible to image the detailed 3-D velocity structure under some of these volcanoes, where seismic stations are densely spaced. In this overview, we synthesize the results from the deep seismic images of the upper mantle under the Changbaishan, Tengchong, Hainan volcanoes as well as the Datong volcano (Fig. 1). We also evaluate the advantages of recently updated seismic tomographic techniques for deriving potential information. This work updates a previous review of Zhao and Liu (2010) on this topic, with more detailed synthesis of all the available information.

B I O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

changbaishan, tengchong, hainan volcanoes as well as the datong

image the detailed 3-d velocity structure


We shall establish the variational format in the space–time domain S=defΩ×I, for given spatial domain Ω and time domain I=(0,T), for a quite broad class of problems involving a first order time-derivative. In particular, the coupled problem of consolidation of geomaterials falls within this class. Another interesting application is the problem of dynamics, rewritten in first-order form, i.e. through a Hamiltonian description. It is of considerable interest to note from the outset that, due to the forward transport of information in time, it is always possible to consider a set of finite time intervals, whereby the solution at the end of any such interval will act as the initial data for the next one. To this end, we introduce a partition 0=t0<t1<⋯<tN=T of the considered time domain I=(0,T) into time-intervals In=(tn−1,tn) of length Δtn=tn−tn−1.11The abbreviated notation Δt=Δtn will be used henceforth for the current time step associated with In. Hence, we define space–time slabs Sn=defΩ×In such that the space–time domain can be given as S=defΩ×I=S1∪S2⋯∪Sn.

O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O


Many models have been propounded for forecasting lightning. Though majority of the model had shown accuracy, the response time in detecting natural phenomenon is quite low. In this model, we used the mathematical experimentation of the micro scale plasmas to develop the macro scale atmospheric plasma which we believe is a major influence of lightning. The Schrödinger-electrostatic algorithm was propounded to further increase both the accuracy and alacrity of detecting natural phenomena. According to our theoretical experimentation, the air density plays a major role in lightning forecast. Our guess was verified using the Davis Weather Station to track the air density both in the upper and lower atmosphere. The air density in the upper atmosphere showed prospect as a vital factor for lightning forecast.

O B O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O B I O O B I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O B O

detecting natural phenomena.
schrödinger-electrostatic algorithm
track the air density

air
davis weather station
forecasting lightning
lightning
macro scale atmospheric plasma
mathematical experimentation
micro scale plasmas
model
models
natural phenomenon
theoretical experimentation
upper atmosphere


Aspect-oriented Programming (AOP) can well solve the cross-cutting concerns. Because of the different features of aspect, AOP requires new techniques for testing. First, this paper proposes a model to test aspect-oriented software. In order to support the testing model of the first three steps, we propose the algorithm of selecting aspect relevant test cases. Then, we develop a new tool to implement the theoretical of automating select test case. Finally, a case of the Bank Account System is studied to illustrate our testing approach.

O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O


Security issues of data hosted in a Cloud Computing provider remain hidden seen excessive marketing that led to a totally unrealistic view of cloud computing security. Although Cloud Computing has not yet reached the level of maturity expected by its customers, and that the problems of confidentiality, integrity, reliability and consistency (CIRC) are still open, the researchers in this field have already considered a future cloud strategy which aims: a better QoS, reliability and high availability, it is the Multi-Clouds, Cloud of Clouds or Interclouds.This paper will present the security limitations in the single Cloud and the usefulness of adopting rather Multi-Clouds strategy to reduce security risks, through the use of DepSky which is a virtual storage system that ensures better availability and high confidentiality of data.

O O O B O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O B I I O O B I I I I O B

usefulness of adopting rather multi-clouds strategy

present the security limitations in the single cloud


By referring to many relevant data and essays, this paper aims at discussing and analyzing the importance of hip-push applied in walking race,based on the point of the view on sports biomechanics .With redard to the existing problems,the authors have made an objective analysis on the sports-biomechanics factors that can influence the race,hoping to provide a theoretical basis for the deep development and training of walking race.

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I I


The choice of the interpolation functions and support point coordinates for the gradient field is crucial to ensure stability and accuracy of the formulation. For example, nodal integration and NS-FEM are unstable involving the appearance of spurious low-energy modes. They need non-physical penalty energy functions that stabilize them. The articles [2,28] numerically verify the stability, convergence and accuracy of several W2 variants including new elements which can be constructed based on the idea of assumed continuous deformation gradients. For first order hexahedral elements, [2,28] found good results for the element types C3D_8N_27C and C3D_8N_8I. The first is defined by 27 support points and a second order tensor-product interpolation of the deformation gradient by Lagrange polynomials. The latter element type is defined by 16 support points with 8 points being coincident with the nodes and 8 additional points in the element interior. Among the tested first order tetrahedra, the nodally integrated tetrahedron with an additional bubble mode in the gradients was found to be most accurate. It turned out to be even the most efficient with respect to computing time in explicit analysis [28] because the enlarged critical time step compensates the slightly increased numerical cost per restoring force assembly. Fig. 1 illustrates the positions of support points for various CAG and SFEM formulations.

O O O O B I O B I I I I I I O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I

numerically verify the stability, convergence and accuracy of several w2 variants


This paper presents general results on the Java source code snippet detection problem. We propose the tool which uses graph and subgraph isomorphism detection. A number of solutions for all of these tasks have been proposed in the literature. However, although that all these solutions are really fast, they compare just the constant static trees. Our solution offers to enter an input sample dynamically with the Scripthon language while preserving an acceptable speed. We used several optimizations to achieve very low number of comparisons during the matching algorithm.

O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B I I I I O O B I O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O B O O B I


The class of steels known as oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys (also known as nanostructured ferritic alloys) consist of a dispersion of ultra-fine oxide particles throughout the matrix. These oxide particles serve to improve the mechanical properties of the system, particularly at high temperatures, of the system through inhibiting dislocation motion and grain boundary sliding. In nuclear applications the oxide particles have been suggested to act as point defect sinks [10,11] to improve radiation tolerance, and as preferential sites for the formation of nano-scale He bubbles therefore reducing swelling compared to non-ODS steels [12–15]. The ability of the oxide particles to improve these properties depends on the structure and composition of the particles [10,11,16,17] and their stability under irradiation. Typical compositions of ODS steels include between 9 and 14at.% Cr for oxidation resistance (most commonly 14at.%); W for solid solution hardening; Y2O3 that is put into solid solution during the initial, mechanical alloying, process but then during consolidation at high temperatures forms precipitates; and Ti to inhibit significant growth of the oxide particles; the balance being made up of Fe and impurities [18]. For this reason these steels are often referred to as 14YWT, reflecting the constituent elements.

O B I I O O B I I B B I O O O B B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B I O B O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O B I O B O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B I


We evaluated three spin-on carbon hardmasks from Irresistible Materials [12]. The spin-on carbon compositions were dissolved in a suitable solvent such as chloroform or anisole with a concentration in the range 5–50g/l. In this report, film thickness measurements were made for IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02 films, whilst IM-HM11-03 was used for etching; further investigations to compare the performance of the different compositions across tasks are underway. Films of the SoC were prepared by spin coating on hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates with a speed varying between 800 and 2000 RPM for 60s. After spin coating the film was baked for 2min at temperatures of up to 330°C. In order to enable further processing, the SoC should be rendered insoluble in typical solvents for resist and spin-on-hardmask to enable further processing. The elution behavior of films of IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02 for thicknesses between 30 and 325nm was tested as a function of the baking temperature. Fig. 1 shows the normalized film thickness of two formulations of the SoC (IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02), before and after dipping in monochlorobenzene (MCB):IPA 1:1 solution. Prior to baking the thickness of IM-HM11-01 was ∼320nm, and the thickness of IM-HM11-02 was ∼250nm. For temperatures above 190°C the IM-HM11-02 film was rendered insoluble, whilst a temperature of 260°C was required to achieve the same for IM-HM11-01. Film thickness did not affect the elution results.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I I I I I I O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O

aked for 2min at temperatures of up to 330°c

evaluated three spin-on carbon hardmasks from irresistible materials


In the present work we use the mortar finite element method for the coupling of nonconforming discretized sub-domains in the framework of nonlinear elasticity. The mortar method has been shown to preserve optimal convergence rates (see Laursen (2002) [25] for details) and is variationally consistent. We show that the method can be applied to isogeometric analysis with little effort, once the framework of NURBS based shape functions has been implemented. Furthermore, a specific coordinate augmentation technique allows the design of an energy–momentum scheme for the constrained mechanical system under consideration. The excellent performance of the redesigned mortar method as well as the energy–momentum scheme is illustrated in representative numerical examples.In the present work we use the mortar finite element method for the coupling of nonconforming discretized sub-domains in the framework of nonlinear elasticity. The mortar method has been shown to preserve optimal convergence rates (see Laursen (2002) [25] for details) and is variationally consistent. We show that the method can be applied to isogeometric analysis with little effort, once the framework of NURBS based shape functions has been implemented. Furthermore, a specific coordinate augmentation technique allows the design of an energy–momentum scheme for the constrained mechanical system under consideration. The excellent performance of the redesigned mortar method as well as the energy–momentum scheme is illustrated in representative numerical examples.

O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O

framework of nurbs based shape functions


We analyze the diagonal and transition magnetic and electric dipole moments of charged leptons in extended technicolor (ETC) models, taking account of the multiscale nature of the ETC gauge symmetry breaking, conformal (walking) behavior of the technicolor theory, and mixing in the charged-lepton mass matrix. We show that mixing effects dominate the ETC contributions to charged lepton electric dipole moments and that these can yield a value of |de| comparable to the current limit. The rate for μ→eγ can also be close to its limit. From these and other processes we derive constraints on the charged lepton mixing angles. The constraints are such that the ETC contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, which includes a significant lepton mixing term, can approach, but does not exceed, the current sensitivity level.

O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O B I B O O O O O O O O O B B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O


With employment of utilizing the investigation, expert interviews and comparison, this article investigates the curricula construction, curricula design and curricula content for sports free normal students. On the basis of the investigation, this article analyzed the theoretical framework of curricular construction and proposed some suggestions. We hope that it can provide some evidences for curricula design for sports free normal students.

O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

curricula design
expert interviews
investigation
theoretical framework


It should be noted that BEBC [21] and NOMAD [20] observed a discrepancy between experimental ρ rates and those estimated with JETSET [16]. NOMAD [20] proposed to retune some of the parameters used within JETSET to obtain better agreement. Therefore, for the purpose of this analysis events were simulated both with the default setting and with the setting proposed by NOMAD of key JETSET parameters, taking an average between them as a result and half a difference as a systematic error. We used experimental rates of light neutral mesons and resonances where available (Table 1) for normalization purposes. The uncertainty introduced by the JETSET parameter settings (which amounts to 20% at most) affects only the production of the η′ and ϕ for which no experimental data are available. This uncertainty is reflected in the error quoted in the table. However, since the contribution from η′ and ϕ is small, the overall effect is less important.

O O O O O B O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B I I I I O O B O B I I O O O O O O B B I I O O O B I O O O O O O B O O B O B I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

analysis
bebc
default setting
events were simulated
experimental data
half a difference as a systematic error
jetset
light neutral mesons
nomad
normalization
observed a discrepancy
obtain better agreement
parameter settings
resonances
retune some of the parameters
taking an average between them


The crack band approach for producing mesh independent load–displacement curves for fracture in plain concrete is based on the idea that the crack opening is transformed into inelastic strain by distributing it over an element length dependent zone [5]. This approach will only produce mesh independent load–displacement curves, if the inelastic strain profiles in the finite element analysis are mesh size dependent. This requirement is an important difference to the nonlocal model which is designed to produce both mesh size independent load–displacement curves and strain profiles. In CDPM2, the crack band approach is applied only to the tensile part of the damage algorithm by replacing the stress–inelastic strain law shown in Fig. 2(b) by a stress–inelastic displacement law of the form(13)σ=ftexp(−ϵinhwft)if(ϵin>0)Here, wft is a crack opening threshold used to control the slope of the softening curve and h is the width of the crack-band, which in the present study is equal to the maximum dimension of the element along the principal direction of the strain tensor corresponding to the maximum tensile principal strain at the onset of damage. For the compressive part, a stress–inelastic strain law was used to determine the compressive damage parameter, since it was reported in [14] for columns subjected to eccentric compression that inelastic strain profiles in compression do not exhibit a mesh dependence which would satisfy the assumptions of the crack-band approach. This approach of applying the crack-band approach only to the tensile part has already been successfully used in Grassl et al. [16].

O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

crack band approach
inelastic strain profiles
stress–inelastic displacement law
stress–inelastic strain law
tensile part


We investigate the density behavior of the symmetry energy with respect to isospin equilibration in the combined systems Ru(Zr)+Zr(Ru) at relativistic energies of 0.4 and 1.528A GeV. The study is performed within a relativistic framework and the contribution of the iso-vector, scalar δ field to the symmetry energy and the isospin dynamics is particularly explored. We find that the isospin mixing depends on the symmetry energy and a stiffer behavior leads to more transparency. The results are also nicely sensitive to the “fine structure” of the symmetry energy, i.e., to the covariant properties of the isovector meson fields.The isospin tracing appears much less dependent on the in medium neutron–proton cross sections (σnp) and this makes such observable very peculiar for the study of the isovector part of the nuclear equation of state.Within such a framework, comparisons with experiments support the introduction of the δ meson in the description of the iso-vector equation of state.

O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O


Algorithms regarding distance fields go back to the level set equation. The level set method was presented by Osher and Sethian [20] who described the temporal propagation of moving interfaces by numerical methods solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. This is performed by a finite difference scheme working on a rectangular grid in two or three dimensions. Information on normal vectors and curvature can be obtained. The fast marching method [21] provides an efficient numerical scheme of complexity nlogn to compute the support values on the grid. It is a reinterpretation of the propagation process, i.e. the time where the interface passes a certain grid point is influenced only by those neighboring grid points which are previously passed by the interface. An overview on the theory of level set and fast marching methods and their applications to problems of various areas are given in [22,23], for example shape offsetting, computing distances, photolithography development, seismic travel times, etc. Distance fields are a special case of the level set equation where the absolute value of the advection velocity is 1.

B I I I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I B I B I B I I O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O


In our study we illustrate the properties of gauge invariant extensions of local functionals. We aim at clarifying, via specific examples, the relation between a functional which is local in a particular gauge (but not necessarily gauge invariant), and its gauge invariant extension (which is not necessarily local). We show that the non-localities found are not perturbatively local because they cannot be expressed in terms of an infinite derivative expansion. We believe that the implications of this observation have not been clearly emphasised in the literature, as attested by the absence of any debate about it in recent works. It is precisely these dangerous infrared modes that make it hard to define a gauge independent renormalisation for the gauge invariant extensions of local functionals. This observation supports the remark in [2] that the expectation value receives important contributions from both large and small distances. Our arguments on renormalisability are based on the notion of renormalisation in the modern sense [8] which relies on BRST cohomology theorems. The BRST terminology will therefore be frequently used here, even though it is not always necessary.

O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Equilibrium surface tension was measured at 21°C with a SITA pro line t-15 bubble tensiometer. Rheological measurements were performed with an ARES rheometer at shear rates up to 15s−1 and with a piezo axial vibrator [21] (PAV) at frequencies up to 6kHz. Table 1 shows the measured values of viscosity (the real component η′ of complex viscosity) at 1s−1 and 4000s−1 and of surface tension for the solutions with and without the surfactant mixture. For the most concentrated (1.1wt%) solution, viscosity fell from >60mPas at low shear rate to about 4mPas at the highest shear rates. The PEDOT:PSS fluids also exhibited elasticity that steadily reduced with increasing frequency [4]. All the aqueous PEDOT:PSS solutions shear-thinned significantly, but the presence of surfactants did not affect the trends in the rheological behaviour, particularly at the higher frequencies (10–4000s−1).

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

most concentrated (1.1wt%) solution
pedot:pss fluids
pedot:pss solutions
sita pro line t-15 bubble tensiometer

ares rheometer
equilibrium surface tension
pav
piezo axial vibrator
rheological measurements
surface tension
values of viscosity


Thus, the extension to the charmed analogue Θc(3099) provides an interesting test for the SDO sum rule and lattice calculations [17]. Here, the charm quark is quite heavy so that the constituent-quark picture may fit well and the JW prediction for the parity is expected to be reproduced from QCD. In fact, quenched lattice calculation finds the parity of Θc(3099) to be positive [28]. In the extension to the Θc(3099) sum rules, there are two important aspects, which make this sum rule different from the SDO sum rule. First of all, since the charm quark is too heavy to form quark condensate, it gives non-perturbative effects only by radiating gluons. The quark–gluon mixed condensate 〈s̄gsσ·Gs〉, which was the important contribution in the Θ+ sum rule, is replaced by gluonic operators in the heavy quark expansion that are normally suppressed. Secondly, the charm quark mass has to be kept finite in the OPE, which can be done by using the momentum space expression for the charm-quark propagator. This is different from the light-quark sum rule where the calculation is performed in the coordinate space and all the quark propagators are obtained based on the expansion with the small quark mass. Keeping these two aspects in mind, we construct QCD sum rules for Θc(3099) and see how they are different from the Θ+(1540) sum rule.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

charm quark mass has to be kept finite in the ope

extension to the charmed analogue θc(3099)

see how they are different from the θ+(1540) sum rule

charm quark
gluonic operators
heavy quark
jw prediction
momentum space expression
ope
qcd
quark condensate
quark–gluon mixed condensate
quark propagators
quenched lattice calculation
radiating gluons
sdo sum rule
small quark
sum rule


In this paper, we present a project aiming at integrating immersive virtual reality technologies into a three-dimensional virtual world. We use an educational platform vAcademia as a test bed for the project, and focus on improving the learning process and, subsequently – the outcomes. We aim at increasing the immersiveness of 3D virtual world experience by applying motion tracking for controlling the avatar and two technologies for natural navigation: immersive projection and head-mounted display. In addition, we propose the major types of learning scenarios for the use of the designed systems.

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O B I O B I I O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O

increasing the immersiveness of 3d virtual world experience


The early theoretical work of Catlow assessed a number of Willis type clusters and found them all to be stable using potential-based methods [6]. More recently “split interstitial” type clusters (Fig. 1) have emerged from computational studies as stable species following the potential based investigation of Govers et al. which found the 2:2:2 cluster in a UO2 supercell relaxed to a split di-interstitial [13] (Fig. 1(b)); a single VO with three Oi displaced approximately 1.6Å in 〈111〉 directions from the VO. This result was later confirmed by the LSDA+U calculations of Geng et al. [7]. The family of split interstitial clusters was extended to include tri-interstitials [8] (a di-interstitial with the fourth Oi site occupied) and quad-interstitials [9] (two di-interstitials on adjacent sites, giving a total of two VO and six Oi) (Fig. 1(d)). Following this Andersson et al. postulated a model for U4O9 based on a UO2 supercell containing multiple split quad-interstitial clusters; following the prediction of their LSDA+U calculations that the quad-interstitial is more stable than its cuboctahedral counterpart [12].

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O

di-interstitial with the fourth oi site occupied

a single vo with three oi
cuboctahedral
model for u4o9
oi
potential based investigation
split interstitial clusters
uo2 supercell
vo
willis type clusters


In situ oxidation, experiments were carried out using 3mm diameter discs with one surface ground and polished to a 1μm diamond finish. The 3mm discs were then oxidised in a Philips XL-30 FEG ESEM with a hot stage attachment. The oxidising atmosphere used was laboratory air at a pressure of 266Pa. During the experiment, the sample was observed and imaged using a primary beam energy of 20kV and an Everhart–Thornley secondary electron detector. The sample was heated at a rate of 100°C/min to a temperature of 700°C and held at this temperature for 8min to stabilise the stage and the microscope. The sample was then heated to a final temperature of 900°C at the same heating rate. The total time of exposure of the sample was 120min before cooling to room temperature by turning off the heating coils. The samples were then examined in the LEO 1530VP FEGSEM with chemical information gathered using EDS. Cross-sections and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) samples were produced using a dual beam FEI Nova Nanolab 600 for Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling perpendicular to the phase boundaries to determine their influence on the oxide development and imaged using a Jeol 2000FX W-filament TEM. EDS maps of the TEM samples were collected using the Nanolab 600 with a Scanning TEM (STEM) detector and an EDAX Genesis EDS system at an accelerating voltage of 30kV.

B I I O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O B I I B O O O O O B I I I I I O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O B I O O B I B O O O B I I I O O B I I I

heated to a final temperature of 900°c
jeol 2000fx w-filament tem
oxide development
philips xl-30 feg esem
scanning tem (stem) detector
tem samples

3mm diameter discs
accelerating voltage of 30kv
dual beam fei nova nanolab 600
edax genesis eds system
eds
fib
focused ion beam
ground and polished
heated
heating coils
hot stage attachment
in situ oxidation
leo 1530vp fegsem
nanolab 600
oxide
oxidised
scanning tem
stabilise the stage and the microscope
stem
tem
transmission electron microscope


Failure of structural components is a major concern in the nuclear power industry and represents not only a safety issue, but also a hazard to economic performance. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and especially intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), have proved to be a significant potential cause of failures in the nuclear industry in materials such as Alloy 600 (74% Ni, 16% Cr and 8% Fe) and stainless steels, especially in Pressurised Water Reactors (PWR) [1–5]. Stress corrosion cracking in pressurized water reactors (PWSCC) occurs in Alloy 600 in safety critical components, such as steam generator tubes, heater sleeves, pressurized instrument penetrations and control rod drive mechanisms [2,6,7]. Understanding the mechanisms that control SCC in this alloy will allow for continued extensions of life in current plant as well as safer designs of future nuclear reactors.

B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I B O B I I O B I I B O O B O O B I I O O B I I B I B I I O B I I I O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I

alloy
control rod drive mechanisms
failure of structural components
heater sleeves
igscc
intergranular stress corrosion cracking
nuclear reactors
plant
pressurised water reactors
pressurized instrument penetrations
pressurized water reactors
pwr
pwscc
safety critical components
scc
stainless steels
steam generator tubes
stress corrosion cracking


MicroCT has been applied to AM parts in various forms. Some preliminary results demonstrating the visualization of defects including porosity in AM components were reported in [6]. In another study, the porosity structures in parts built with improper settings were investigated [7]. In this work, the average porosity ranged from 0.1–0.5%, and large pores were observed which followed the build direction and may be attributed to the electron beam raster and overlap pattern. This was followed by more recent reports of the porosity distribution as a function of build strategy for electron beam melted samples with average porosity < 0.2% [8]. In another study, similar porosity images from microCT were reported at levels above 0.2% average porosity [9,10]. Very recent work reports similar images and may indicate that the porosity structure depends on the build direction [11]. Other applications of the use of microCT to characterize AM parts include the comparison of the part to its design model [12] and the characterization of surface roughness of such parts [13]. In the present work, the aim is to demonstrate a specific type of defect present at very low average porosity levels below 0.01%, and which does not follow the build direction as in some other reported examples. We also demonstrate how this porosity structure changes after Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) treatment of the same sample.

B O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B I I I I I I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I B O O O O O


To restrict pollen tube growth to a single focal plane is an important subject to enable their accurate growth analysis under microscopic observation. In the conventional method to assay pollen tube growth, the pollen tubes grow in a disorderly manner on solid medium, rendering it impossible to observe their growth in detail. Here, we present a new method to assay pollen tube growth using poly-dimethylsiloxane microchannel device to isolate individual pollen tubes. The growth of the pollen tube is confined to the microchannel and to the same focal plane, allowing accurate microscopic observations. This methodology has the potential for analyses of pollen tube growth in microfluidic environments in response to chemical products and signaling molecules, which paves the way for various experiments on plant reproduction.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I I I


Another important reason for the damages incurred by the RC buildings is workmanship defects. It is understood that granulometry of the handmade concretes was not in compliance with the standards since the aggregate utilized in them was not sieved. Also the compaction process was not properly implemented in general in the installment of concrete in RC buildings. This situation resulted in the concrete to exhibit an excessively porous structure. The most fundamental rules of thumb of construction, namely concrete cover, was not taken care of in formwork workmanship. Faults in the connections of stirrups to the longitudinal bars, unstaggered formation of stirrup hooks in beams and columns, the perpendicular angles of the hooks, inadequately anchorage lengths of the stirrup hooks and longitudinal bars, and the use of cold joints were the other frequently encountered workmanship defects (Figs. 19–22).

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O B I B I I I B O B O B O B I O O B B I I O O O B O B I O O B I I I O O O O O B I O O

concrete cover
installment of concrete
stirrup hooks

beams
columns
compaction process
concrete
faults in the connections of stirrups
granulometry of the handmade concretes
hooks
inadequately anchorage lengths
longitudinal bars
perpendicular angles
unstaggered formation of stirrup
use of cold joints
workmanship defects


In this Letter, we present results of a relativistic calculation of decay constants in the framework of full Salpeter equation. The full Salpeter equation is a relativistic equation describing a bound state. Since this method has a very solid basis in quantum field theory, it is very good in describing a bound state which is a relativistic system. In a previous paper [16], we solved the instantaneous Bethe–Salpeter equation [17], which is also called full Salpeter equation [18]. After we solved the full Salpeter equation, we obtained the relativistic wave function of the bound state. We used this wave function to calculate the average kinetic energy of the heavy quark inside a heavy meson in 0− state, and obtained values which agree very well with recent experiments. We also found there that the relativistic corrections are quite large and cannot be ignored [16]. In this Letter we use this method to predict the values of decay constants of heavy mesons in 0− state.

O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O B I I I I O B I I O O B I B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I I I O O O B I O B I I I I O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I I I O B I O O O

solved the instantaneous bethe–salpeter equation


In this article we consider an extension to the equations of poroelasticity by modelling the flow of a slightly compressible single phase fluid in a viscoelastic porous medium. The constitutive equations therefore allow for the presence of viscoelastic relaxation effects in the porous media (but not the fluid). Fully discrete numerical schemes are derived based on a lagged and non-lagged backward Euler time stepping method applied to a mixed and Galerkin finite element spatial discretization. We show that the lagged scheme is unconditionally stable and give an optimal a priori error bound for it. Furthermore, this scheme is practical and useful in the sense that it can be easily implemented in existing poroelasticity software because the coupling between the viscous stresses and pressures and the elasticity and flow equations is ‘lagged’ by one time step. The required additional coding therefore takes the form of extra ‘right hand side loads’ together with some updating subroutines for the viscoelastic internal variables, but the solver and assembly engines remain intact. This idea of lagging has been used before for nonlinearly viscoelastic diffusion problems in [3,24] but, of course, is not new. Lagging in numerical schemes is discussed more widely by Lowrie in [14].

O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O B I O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O B B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O

lagged and non-lagged backward euler time stepping method

mixed and galerkin finite element spatial discretization


With ever increasing computer performance, simulations in much larger systems have become feasible. However, full-atomistic approaches to polymer crystallization need extremely large computer power even in the case of simple polymers, and appropriate modeling or coarse-graining of the system is imperative. From a series of work on the development of coarse-grained models for polymers, Mayer and Muller-Plathe have build up a model of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for studying early stage of crystallization. They investigated the emergence of crystalline order from the isotropic melt by rapid quenching [51,52]. They could reproduce many elementary processes of homogenous nucleation that showed good correspondence with experiments and other simulations, in temperature dependence of lamella thickness, structure of fold surface, etc. In their work, they neglected long-range force (van der Waals attraction) to accelerate computation. Their model has the energy contribution due to intrachain interactions only and the dominant driving force for crystallization is entropic, which seems to ignore dominant driving force for polymer crystallization in conventional sense. However, their work is reminiscent of the classical solid–liquid transition in systems of repulsive spherical atoms [53] and poses an intriguing problem as to the intrinsic driving force for polymer crystallization.

O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B

coarse-grained models
coarse-graining of the system
full-atomistic approaches
liquid
polymer crystallization
poly(vinyl alcohol)
simple polymers
solid

appropriate modeling
classical solid–liquid transition
crystalline
crystallization
fold surface
homogenous nucleation
intrachain interactions
isotropic melt
lamella
polymer
polymers
pva
rapid quenching
repulsive spherical atoms
simulations


The displacement cascade is a rapid process (of order picoseconds). Further migration of vacancies and SIAs, mainly by diffusion, happens over a timescale of order nanoseconds [17]. This is still short compared to operating times, so is important to consider the equilibrium result of such processes: If the vacancies and SIAs were likely to find their Frenkel partner, recombine, and annihilate, then the metal should essentially return to its original structure; however, if defects instead formed large clusters of a single type this could result in formation of voids, dislocation loops or swelling, possibly weakening the material in the process. Defects can be trapped at grain boundaries or surface, so for an ODS particle to effect the diffusion, there concentration must be such that there are many such particles in each grain.

O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

defects
diffusion
dislocation loops
displacement cascade
grain
migration of vacancies and sias
ods particle
structure
swelling
voids


The number of hidden nodes is a critical factor for the generalization of ELM. Generally, it is heavy for time consumption to obtain the optimal number of hidden nodes with trial-and-error. A novel algorithm is proposed to optimize the hidden node number to guarantee good generalization, which employs the PSO in the optimization process with structural risk minimization principle. The simulation results indicate our algorithm for the optimal number of hidden nodes is reasonable and feasible with 6 datasets on benchmark problems by the accuracy comparisons.

O O O B I O O O O O O B O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O B O O B I O B I I I O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I

6 datasets
accuracy comparisons
algorithm
elm
generalization
hidden node
hidden nodes
optimization process
pso
structural risk minimization principle
time consumption


Gamma titanium aluminides are a family of low density, high performance alloys with the potential to replace current Ni-base superalloys used in the production of aero-engine components. Investment casting is one of the most economical methods to produce titanium and titanium aluminide alloy products, increasing the components' integrity and mechanical properties, whilst reducing material waste and machining cost [1]. Titanium aluminides are difficult to process mainly due to the low fluidity of the TiAl alloy around its melting temperature [2]. Due to the high affinity of elements such as oxygen, nitrogen etc., titanium and its alloys can easily interact with mould materials during the investment casting process, resulting in an interaction hardened layer being generated at the metal surface [3,4]. This hardened layer contains a large amount of dissolved oxygen, and it is very brittle and susceptible to crack generation and propagation [5].

B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B B O B O O B O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I O

aero-engine components
interaction hardened layer
ni-base superalloys
production of aero-engine components
titanium aluminide alloy
titanium aluminides