For all volunteers the AAMM technique significantly (p < 0.01) outperformed the other two methods in all of the intervals as can be seen by comparing to the error curves shown in Fig. 8 and the figures in Table 1 in the supplementary materials. Significance was assessed using a 1-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test since the error distributions were generally not symmetric. The estimation errors for AAMM and its non-adaptive counterpart, AAMM (no adapt.), were similar in the beginning of the application phase, but as anticipated, as the application phase went on, the AAMM technique continually improved its accuracy by incorporating more and more data into the model. On average the motion estimation of AAMM improved by 22.94% in T5 with respect to its non-adaptive counterpart. However, the method has already significantly adapted to the breathing pattern in T2, i.e. after between 3 and 7 min of imaging, where motion estimations where on average 16.87% more accurate than at the beginning of the adaptation phase. By visually inspecting the curves for AAMM in Fig. 8 it can be seen that for many volunteers (in particular volunteers A, D, E, and F) the error curves start to flatten approximately around the 7 min mark. From this it can be concluded that a longer calibration scan of around 12 min would be optimal, that is the 5 min that were used for calibration in this experiment plus 7 min worth of data added during the application phase. Note that this time could be significantly reduced if a non-cardiac-gated sequence was used.

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

1-tailed wilcoxon signed rank test
aamm (no adapt.)
aamm technique
calibration scan
non-cardiac-gated sequence

aamm
calibration
error curves
imaging
motion estimation
motion estimations


We consider the shape optimisation of two- and three-dimensional solids by combining multiresolution subdivision surfaces with immersed finite elements. As widely discussed in isogeometric analysis literature, the geometry representations used in today’s computer aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) software are inherently incompatible [1]. This is particularly limiting in shape optimisation during which a given CAD geometry model is to be iteratively updated based on the results of a finite element computation. The inherent shortcomings of present geometry and analysis representations have motivated the proliferation of various shape optimisation techniques. In the most prevalent approaches a surrogate geometry model [2–8] or the analysis mesh [9,10] instead of the true CAD model is optimised, see also [11] and references therein. Generally, it is tedious or impossible to map the optimised surrogate geometry model or analysis mesh back to the original CAD model, which is essential for continuing with the design process and later for manufacturing purposes. Moreover, geometric design features are usually defined with respect to the CAD model and cannot be easily enforced on the surrogate model. Recently, the shape optimisation of shells, solids and other applications using isogeometric analysis has been explored; that is, through directly optimising the CAD geometry model [12–15].

O O O B I O O O O B O B I I I O B I I O O O O B I O O B I O O O B I I B O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B B O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B O O O

cad geometry model
cad model
isogeometric analysis literature
shape optimisation techniques
two- and three-dimensional solids


We propose an equilibrium model that allows to analyze the long-run impact of the electricity market design on transmission line expansion by the regulator and investment in generation capacity by private firms in liberalized electricity markets. The model incorporates investment decisions of the transmission system operator and private firms in expectation of an energy-only market and cost-based redispatch. In different specifications we consider the cases of one vs. multiple price zones (market splitting) and analyze different approaches to recover network cost—in particular lump sum, generation capacity based, and energy based fees. In order to compare the outcomes of our multilevel market model with a first best benchmark, we also solve the corresponding integrated planner problem. Using two test networks we illustrate that energy-only markets can lead to suboptimal locational decisions for generation capacity and thus imply excessive network expansion. Market splitting heals these problems only partially. These results are valid for all considered types of network tariffs, although investment slightly differs across those regimes.

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

energy based fees
equilibrium model
excessive network expansion
first best benchmark
generation capacity based
integrated planner problem
lump sum
market splitting
multilevel market model


Power Grid reasoning expert system is a complex system. To solve knowledge sharing of knowledge Base in expert system, we abstract and analyze the power grid security investigation procedure by using ontology Technology. With ontology-based Power Grid knowledge base, we establish associated relationship of procedure vocabularies. In this paper, we introduce and analyze of semantic reasoning tools such as Jena. The reasoner mechanism and inference rules of grammar has been included and explained. At last we give a specific application of security investigation procedure ontology and reasoning.

O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I O B I O B I I I I I I I I O O B I O O O O B I O O B I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I O O B O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I

knowledge sharing of knowledge base in expert system

ontology-based power grid knowledge base


In exploring the WKB limit of quantum theory, Bohm [2] was the first to notice that although one starts with all the ambiguities about the nature of a quantum system, the first order approximation fits the ordinary classical ontology. By that we mean that the real part of the Schrödinger equation under polar decomposition of the wave function becomes the classical Hamilton–Jacobi equation in the limit where terms involving ℏ are neglected. In contrast to this approach, in this Letter we show that the classical trajectories arise from a short-time quantum propagator when terms of O(Δt2) can be neglected. This fact was actually already observed by Holland some twenty years ago: In page 269 of his book [6] infinitesimal time intervals are considered whose sequence constructs a finite path. It is shown that along each segment the motion is classical (negligible quantum potential), and that it follows that the quantum path may be decomposed into a sequence of segments along each of which the classical action is a minimum. The novel contribution of the present Letter is an improved proof of Hollandʼs result using an improved version of the propagator due to Makri and Miller [9,10]. (See also de Gosson [3] for a further discussion.)

O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

schrödinger equation under polar decomposition of the wave function


In the NJL model studied here, we find no stable stars with either CFL or normal quark matter cores. This is the opposite of the prediction of Ref. [15] where it was argued that there is no 2SC phase in compact stars. Let us be more precise: performing a Taylor expansion in the strange quark mass, the authors of Ref. [15] found that in beta-equilibrated electrically and color neutral quark matter the 2SC phase is always less favored than the CFL phase or normal quark matter. From this observation they concluded that the 2SC phase is absent in compact stars. In contrast to this result, it was shown in Ref. [16] in the framework of the NJL model that neutral 2SC matter could be the most favored quark phase in a certain regime. However, the authors argued that this interval might disappear if the hadronic phase is included more properly. This is indeed what we found for parameter set RKH, while for parameter set HK the 2SC phase survives only in a tiny window. Nevertheless, if Nature chooses to be similar to this equation of state, it will be this tiny window which gives rise to hybrid stars, whereas the CFL phase would be never present in compact stars.

O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I

beta-equilibrated electrically
njl model studied

2sc phase
cfl or normal quark matter cores
cfl phase
color neutral quark matter
compact stars
hadronic phase
hybrid stars
neutral 2sc matter
njl model
normal quark matter
quark phase
stable stars
strange quark mass
taylor expansion


To conclude, the electrochemical reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal has been studied in a lithium chloride–potassium chloride eutectic molten salt at 450°C. Both electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray techniques have been utilised to deduce the electrochemical reduction potential, mechanism and reduction pathway. The electrochemical reduction potential of the UO2|U couple is dependent on the activity of oxide ions existing within the melt. The electrochemical reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal seems to occur in a single, 4-electron-step, process; indicated by a single reduction peak (C1) in the cyclic voltammograms and also by the exclusion of any other phases in the EDXD data. The electrochemical reduction may be impeded by an increase in oxo-acidity of the molten salt. That is, O2− ions that are liberated by the electroreduction may not react at the counter electrode and, thus, not be removed from the molten salt. This could be due to the electrode geometry and/or the inherent microstructure of the working electrode: a high tortuosity, for example, would impede the diffusion of O2− ions out of the working electrode. This could then cause an increase in the activity of oxide ions existing within the melt and hence inhibit the electrochemical reduction – exploration of the microstructure of working electrodes will be the focus of future work.

O O O B O O B I O B I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O B O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O


Our

aim

is

to

introduce

vector

mesons

in

terms

of

a

Lagrangian

which

satisfies

the

low

energy

current

algebra.

One

consistent

method

is

in

terms

of

a

non-linear

chiral

Lagrangian

with

a

hidden

local

symmetry

In

this

theory

the

vector

mesons

emerge

as

dynamical

vector

mesons.

The

three

point

vector-pseudo

scalar

interaction

is

given

by

where

h

stands

for

the

vector-pseudoscalar

coupling.

Some

typical

vertices

of

ρ's

to

pseudoscalar

mesons

are

(12)π+(p1)π−(p2)ρ0:h(p1−p2)μεμ,π+(p1)π0(p2)ρ−:h(p1−p2)μεμ,K+(p1)K¯0(p2)ρ−:h2(p1−p2)μεμ,etc.,

which

is

directly

related

to

the

ρ

decay

width:

where

pπ

is

the

momentum

of

final

state

pions

in

the

ρ

rest

frame.

With

we

find

We

note

in

passing

that

the

Kawarabayashi–Suzuki–Riazuddin–Fayyazuddin

relation

gives

the

value

Thus

the

value

of

h

in

Eq.

and

the

two

values

in

this

paragraph

differ

by

small

amounts

The

strong

four-point

vertices

involving

pions

are

obtained

from

the

first

two

terms

of

Eq.

The

weak

vertices

are

obtained

from

the

definitions

of

and

In

the

numerical

work

we

shall

use

the

value

of

h

from

Eq.

and

also

obtained

from

the

decay

width.

O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

strong four-point vertices involving pions are obtained

momentum of final state pions in the ρ rest frame


This study proposes a new framework of a numerical modelling of the gas exchange between air and water across their interface, and subsequent chemical reaction in water based on an extended two-compartment model. The major purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental concept for modelling physicochemical processes of the gas exchange, followed by the chemical reaction in water. Demonstrating fundamental data and knowledge on the important environmental transport phenomena, especially the effects of the Schmidt number and the chemical reaction rate on the gas exchange mechanisms across the interface have also been attempted. The gas exchange processes are separated into two physicochemical substeps, the first is the gas–liquid equilibrium between the two phases, and the second is the chemical reaction in the water phase. A first-order, irreversible chemical reaction of the gaseous material after its uptake into the water phase is assumed here to simplify interactions of the chemical reactions and turbulent transport phenomena in water. While a traditional two-compartment model assumes uniform concentration of a material in each compartment, the present two-compartment model uses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique in the water compartment to evaluate temporal development of three-dimensional profiles of the velocity and concentration fields. A direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach is used to evaluate profiles of fluid velocities and concentrations in water, and several important turbulence statistics have been evaluated without using turbulent closures, and subgrid-scale models. We assume that a fluid flow in the water phase is a well-developed turbulent water layer of a low Reynolds number, and the Schmidt number is varied from 1 to 8 to observe the effects of the molecular diffusion of the gas in sub-interface water on the gas exchange rate at the interface. Six degrees of the nondimensional chemical reaction rate are used to find the effect of the chemical reaction rate on the gas exchange mechanisms. Extrapolations of the gas exchange rates and the related transport phenomena toward larger Schmidt number and the faster chemical reaction rate will also be examined to predict the gas exchange processes of the actual gases of Sc∼O(102) based on results from the present numerical experiments.

O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O B O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I

air
cfd
chemical reaction
chemical reactions
computational fluid dynamics
concentrations in water
direct numerical simulation
dns
effects of the schmidt number
fluid flow in the water phase
fluid velocities
framework
fundamental concept
gas
gaseous material
gases
gas–liquid equilibrium
modelling physicochemical processes
molecular diffusion
numerical experiments
transport phenomena
water


In this paper, adaptive beamforming techniques for smart antennas based upon Least Mean Squares (LMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) are discussed and analyzed. The beamforming performance is studied by varying the element spacing and the number of antenna array elements for each algorithm. These four algorithms are compared for their rate of convergence, beamforming and null steering performance (beamwidth, null depths and maximum side lobe level).

O O O B I I O B I O O B I I B B I I B B I I B O B I I B O B I I O B O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O B O O B O O O O B I I B O B I I B B I O B I I I


First-principles calculations have clarified the electronic structure and stability of the W@Si12 cluster under O2 molecule adsorption and reaction. Our results show that the W-encapsulated Si12 hexagonal prism cage is very inert to oxidation. The O2 molecule only weakly adsorbs onto the cluster at relatively low temperatures, in the range of several tens meV. However, significant reaction barriers (0.593–1.118 eV) for the O2 molecule on the cluster are identified on different adsorption sites, nevertheless, these reaction paths are spin forbidden reactions according to Wingerʼs spin selection rule. These results imply that O2 readily desorb from the cluster surface rather than dissociate and oxide the W@Si12 cluster upon excitations. In high temperature and high pressure conditions, the O2 molecules may dissociate on the preferential edge site by overcoming a significantly large energy barrier.

O O O O O B I I I O O O B O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O B I I O O B I I I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I

w-encapsulated si12 hexagonal prism cage


The dashed curve represents the PuO2 molar fraction on the sample surface. It shows that, following the UO2–PuO2 phase boundaries, rather well established in this compositional range (see Section 4.3 below), the newly formed liquid surface is initially enriched in plutonium dioxide. Subsequently, due to fast diffusion in the liquid phase, the initial sample composition (x(PuO2)=0.25) tends to be rapidly restored. It is however clear, from the simulation, that the fast cooling occurring after the end of the laser pulse leads to onset of solidification before the initial composition is fully recovered in the liquid. A surface solid crust forms then upon freezing before the total liquid mass has crystallised (see insets in Fig. 4). The double inflection during cooling in this case corresponds to the solidification onset on the sample surface (first inflection) and to the disappearance of the last liquid inside the material (second inflection). The highest recalescence temperature represents the solidification point of a composition very close to the initial one (approximately ±0.01 on x(PuO2) in the current example), except for small segregation effects. These latter have been studied also experimentally in the present research, by post-melting material characterisation.

O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

liquid surface
plutonium dioxide
post-melting material characterisation

cooling
enriched in plutonium dioxide
freezing
laser pulse
liquid
puo2
sample surface
simulation
small segregation effects
solidification
surface solid crust
uo2–puo2 phase boundaries


Social network gaming, which refers to playing games that are connected to social networking services (SNS) directly, or through mobile applications (apps), is a popular online activity. Social network games (SNG) are generally free-to-play and do not award monetary prizes, but users can make in-game purchases to advance within the game, customise the game, give gifts to friends, and access other exclusive benefits and features, leading to these games being referred to as ‘freemium’. Although SNG are connected to a SNS and encourage users to interact with their connections, most SNG can be played without any social interaction. SNG have grown rapidly in popularity and the global SNG market is predicted to grow annually at 16% from 2013 to 2019 to reach a total market value of US$17.4 billion (Transparency Market Research, 2015). A survey of Facebook users in Australia in November 2012 reported that there are over 3.5 million social gamers across Australia and almost 70% play SNG daily (Spiral Media, 2013), and it is highly likely that the use of SNG has increased since this time.

B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B I B O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O

apps
mobile applications
sng
sns
social network games
social network gaming
social networking services
survey


MWSN routing protocols generally take influence from both WSN and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols, which all share common limitations, such as bandwidth, power and cost. WSNs often share the same aim as MWSNs, in that they wish to route data from many sensors to a single sink. However, WSNs are normally considered to be static and so the associated routing protocols are often unable to cope in a mobile scenario [10]. Alternatively, MANET protocols are designed to be able to cope with the mobility of nodes, however they aim to allow end-to-end communication to occur between any two nodes [2]. This extra functionality is often not required by MWSNs and so the additional overhead is unnecessary. Combined with the high packet delivery ratios and low delays that are demanded by emerging applications, the ideal routing solution for a MWSN is one that can handle the mobility of nodes and allows data to be forwarded from the sensors to the sink in a reliable and timely manner. This set of requirements make the problem of routing in a MWSN a unique challenge, which will require new specifically designed solutions. For this reason there have been many routing protocols designed for MWSNs. As such, this section will give an overview of the current literature, which highlights the different techniques and commonly used protocols in MWSN routing.

B B I O O O O O B O B I I I B B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O

manet protocols
mwsn routing
mwsn routing protocols
routing in a mwsn

manet
mobile ad hoc network
mwsn
mwsns
route data
routing protocols
sensors
wsn
wsns


We used 2μm of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on a ∼520μm silicon carrier wafer from Advanced Diamond Technologies Ltd. Detailed information about the material and the stamp fabrication can be found in our earlier paper [16]. The UNCD wafer was scribed into 1×1cm2 samples and subjected to RCA cleaning (SC-1), followed by ultrasonic solvent cleaning. Nanofeature stamps were then created from the samples using conventional electron beam lithography (EBL) with negative tone electron sensitive resist, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). An Al discharge layer was required above the resist to prevent e-beam deflection due to charge build-up on the surface [17]. Several stamps were produced with this process and the pattern written varied in design but consisted of arrays of circular pillars. After EBL and HSQ development, the HSQ was used as an etch mask for RIE with a mixture of oxygen and argon gas. The etched diamond nanopillars were typically 225nm high. Fig. 1 displays a scanning electron micrograph of some typical stamp features.

O O O O O O B O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I B I I I I I I I O B I I I B O B I I I I B I B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O B O O B O O O O B I O B O O O O B O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O

nanofeature stamps were then created from the samples


Faced with deficient ability of autonomic learning among learners and low emotional involvement in current web-based instructional environment, here we propose a construct model that is based on inter-subjectivity fusing cognition with emotion to make up for these shortages. Further more, we’ve put the construct model into practice through the online teaching reformation of the quality course apparel production and management.

O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O

propose a construct model
web-based instructional environment

autonomic learning
construct model
fusing cognition with emotion
low emotional involvement
online teaching reformation


In this work, a numerical strategy for designing an optimal maintenance scheduling for a structure, accounting explicitly for the effects of uncertainty is suggested. This contribution, which can be regarded as an extension of the methods developed in [23], presents several novel aspects over similar approaches proposed in the literature. Firstly, the initiation and propagation of fatigue crack is modeled efficiently by means of cohesive zone elements [24–26]. The application of this class of elements allows modeling the crack initiation and propagation within a unified framework. It should be noted that cohesive zone elements have already been used for uncertainty quantification of the crack propagation phenomenon [27,28]. However its application within the context of maintenance scheduling constitutes a novelty. The second innovative aspect of this contribution refers to the assessment of the reliability sensitivity with respect to the variables that define the maintenance scheduling. The estimation of this sensitivity, which is required in order to determine the optimal maintenance schedule within the proposed framework, can be quite demanding as the model characterizing repair of a cracked structure leads to a discontinuous performance function associated with the failure probability. A new approach for modeling this function is proposed herein. The continuous and discontinuous parts respectively of the function are considered separately to estimate accurately the gradients of the failure events.

O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I


Anodizing processes are widely used for protecting aluminium alloys against corrosion [1]. The resultant films are composed of amorphous alumina and consist of a relatively thick, porous, outer region and a thinner, non-porous, inner region [2,3]. The porous region contains the major pores of the film, which extend from the film surface to the barrier layer. Near the film surface, shorter, incipient pores are also present, whose growth stopped in the early stages of anodizing. The diameter of the major pores and the thickness of the inner, barrier region are dependent on the potential applied during anodizing, with typical proportionalities of ∼1nmV−1 [3,4]. Studies of ionic migration in barrier-type and porous anodic alumina films have usually found a transport number of O2− ions of ∼0.6 [5,6]. During the formation of porous films, the outward migrating Al3+ ions, constituting the remainder of the ionic current, are ejected to the electrolyte at the pore bases [7]. The electronic current in the barrier region is generally considered to be negligible. The thickness of the barrier region, which is relatively constant during the growth of a film under either a constant potential or constant current density, is maintained by a balance between growth of the barrier layer by continued oxidation of the aluminium substrate and thinning of the barrier layer by either field-assisted dissolution of the alumina at the pore bases [8] or field-assisted flow of alumina from the barrier layer to the pore walls [9–13]. The pores may be widened toward the film surface by chemical dissolution to an extent dependent on the anodizing conditions.

B O O O O O B I I O B O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O B I I I I O O B I O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O B O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O B O O B I O O B I O O B O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O B O

alumina
aluminium substrate
anodizing
barrier layer
barrier region
chemical dissolution
corrosion
ejected
electrolyte
extend from the film surface
film
incipient pores
ionic current
ionic migration
major pores
o2− ions
oxidation
pore bases
pores
pore walls
porous films
protecting aluminium alloys
resultant films


This study is focused on the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), occurring in the chemical kinetics equipment, which is used to increase hydrogen recovery from industrial processes. The research deals with comparing hydrogen recovery with the use of three different catalysts. The amount of the produced hydrogen depends considerably on the reaction state and the catalyst composition. To improve the course of the reaction, natural catalysts – calcite, coal char (unburned residues from coal) and modified olivine – are added to the gasification process and heated to the process temperature of 800, 850 and 900oC.

O O O O O O O O B B O O O B I I O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O B B I B I I I O B I O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O

gas
hydrogen recovery
natural catalysts
water
water-gas shift reaction

calcite
catalyst
catalysts
chemical kinetics equipment
coal char
gasification process
heated
hydrogen
industrial processes
modified olivine
reaction
unburned residues from coal
wgsr


Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a numerical simulation method which is directly based on the NURBS-based representation of CAD models. It exploits the tensor-product structure of 2- or 3-dimensional NURBS objects to parameterize the physical domain. Hence the physical domain is parameterized with respect to a rectangle or to a cube. Consequently, singularly parameterized NURBS surfaces and NURBS volumes are needed in order to represent non-quadrangular or non-hexahedral domains without splitting, thereby producing a very compact and convenient representation.The Galerkin projection introduces finite-dimensional spaces of test functions in the weak formulation of partial differential equations. In particular, the test functions used in isogeometric analysis are obtained by composing the inverse of the domain parameterization with the NURBS basis functions. In the case of singular parameterizations, however, some of the resulting test functions do not necessarily fulfill the required regularity properties. Consequently, numerical methods for the solution of partial differential equations cannot be applied properly.We discuss the regularity properties of the test functions. For one- and two-dimensional domains we consider several important classes of singularities of NURBS parameterizations. For specific cases we derive additional conditions which guarantee the regularity of the test functions. In addition we present a modification scheme for the discretized function space in case of insufficient regularity. It is also shown how these results can be applied for computational domains in higher dimensions that can be parameterized via sweeping.

B I B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B

nurbs-based representation of cad models

consider several important classes of singularities of nurbs parameterizations


Numerical simulation of the gas flow through such non-trivial internal geometries is, however, extremely challenging. This is because conventional continuum fluid dynamics, which assumes that locally a gas is close to a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, becomes invalid or inaccurate as the smallest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. the channel height) approaches the mean distance between molecular collisions, λ [1]. An accurate and flexible modelling alternative for these cases is the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) [2]. However, DSMC can be prohibitively expensive for internal-flow applications, which typically have a geometry of high-aspect ratio (i.e. are extremely long, relative to their cross-section). The high-aspect ratio creates a formidable multiscale problem: processes need to be resolved occurring over the smallest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. a channelʼs height), as well as over the largest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. the length of a long channel network), simultaneously.

B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I O O O O O B I I I I B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O

high-aspect ratio
internal-flow applications


An attempt of a quite comprehensive answer to this question is made hereafter, within the following structure of the remaining paper: first, we introduce the mathematical systems biology of bone, starting from the work of Pivonka et al. [25,26], and extending it to mechanoregulatory feedback control (Section 2). Then, we introduce a continuum micromechanics representation adopted from Hellmich et al. [30], in order to scale elasticity and strains from the level of the extravascular bone matrix to that of cortical bone1In this paper, we restrict ourselves to cortical bone, due to its major importance in providing sufficient load-carrying capacity. However, extension of the coupled approach proposed here to trabecular bone is straightforward; it merely requires recalibration of underlying parameters.1 and vice versa (Section 3). The micromechanics formulation is fed with composition quantities derived from the systems biology approach, which, in turn, is provided with mechanical stimuli gained from the micromechanics model. We then apply the coupled approach to biochemical and mechanical conditions typical for postmenopausal osteoporosis (Section 4) and microgravity exposure (Section 5), and discuss key sensitivity features (Section 6). After emphasizing the potentials and limitations of the presented approach (Section 7), we conclude the paper in (Section 8).

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O


The final set of experiments involved an adaptive retraining of the GMM–HMM parameters following the aNAT procedure. This new model only provided an improvement of 0.3%, similar to using the aCMLLR transforms on the baseline GMM–HMM model. However, training show-based aCMLLR transforms on top of the adaptively trained model boosted the improvement to 0.8% absolute. This showed how adaptive training provided a better flexibility of the model to adapt to specific background conditions existing in each show. Finally, the factorisation approach using MLLR speaker transforms on top of the aNAT model and show-based aCMLLR transforms was tested. This only increased the improvement to 0.9% absolute (2.9% relative), which reflects the difficulty of performing accurate speaker clustering in this task and how this actually hampers speaker adaptation.

O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I

adaptive retraining of the gmm–hmm parameters

factorisation approach using mllr speaker transforms


After

all

micro

elements

reach

a

relaxed

steady-state,

measurements

are

obtained

using

a

cumulative

averaging

technique

to

reduce

noise.

Each

micro

element

is

divided

into

spatially-oriented

bins

in

the

y-direction

in

order

to

resolve

the

velocity

and

shear-stress

profiles.

Velocity

in

each

bin

is

measured

using

the

Cumulative

Averaging

Method

(CAM)

while

the

stress

tensor

field

is

measured

using

the

Irving–Kirkwood

relationship

A

least-squares

polynomial

fit

to

the

data

is

performed,

which

helps

reduce

noise

further.

The

fit

produces

a

continuous

function

that

avoids

stability

issues

arising

from

supplying

highly

fluctuating

data

to

the

macro

solver.

A

least-squares

fit

is

applied

to

an

Nth

order

polynomial

for

the

velocity

profile

in

the

core

region,

and

an

Mth

order

polynomial

for

the

velocity

profile

in

the

constrained

region:(16)〈ui,core〉=∑k=1Nbk,iyi′(N−k),for

where

bk,i

and

ck,i

are

the

coefficients

of

the

polynomials

used

in

the

core

micro

region

and

constrained

region

respectively.

An

estimate

of

the

new

slip

velocity

uB

for

input

to

the

macro

solution

is

taken

directly

from

the

compressed

wall

micro-element

solution

at

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

resolve the velocity and shear-stress profiles

supplying highly fluctuating data to the macro solver

cam
continuous function
cumulative averaging method
cumulative averaging technique
irving–kirkwood relationship
macro solution
macro solver
mth order polynomial
new slip velocity
nth order polynomial
polynomials
reduce noise
stability issues
stress tensor field
velocity


We start by outlining the motivation, structure and content of the review. It has long been known that cardiovascular signals contain a number of oscillatory components that are not exactly periodic. To put it differently, their periods (frequencies) fluctuate with time. For example, heart rate variability (HRV) has in itself provided a major topic of discussion. We introduce one of the statistical approaches to HRV in Section 3. However, in order to understand the variability of the cardiovascular system, discussion of a single source is insufficient because the cardiovascular system is composed of many different physiological components (subsystems) and it is the effects of their mutual interaction that combine to produce HRV. This is demonstrated in Section 4, revealed by results obtained using the wavelet transform. In Section 5, we discuss the cardio-respiratory interaction in terms of phase synchronization. To set the scene for these later discussions, we summarize the basic principles of phase dynamics in Section 2. For readers who are unfamiliar with the physiological aspects of the research, we provide Appendices A on the cardiovascular system and B on how measurements of cardiovascular signals are conducted. Appendix C provides details of the statistical methods used in the group data analyses.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I

introduce one of the statistical approaches to hrv

cardiovascular signals
cardiovascular system
frequencies
group data analyses
heart rate variability
hrv
oscillatory components
periods
phase dynamics
phase synchronization
physiological components
statistical approaches
statistical methods
subsystems
wavelet transform


On the other hand, the other local fields except the gravitational field are not always localized on the brane even in the warped geometry. Indeed, in the Randall–Sundrum model in five dimensions [2], the following facts are well known: spin 0 field is localized on a brane with positive tension which also localizes the graviton while the spin 1/2 and 3/2 fields are localized not on a brane with positive tension but on a brane with negative tension [6]. Spin 1 field is not localized neither on a brane with positive tension nor on a brane with negative tension [7]. In six space–time dimensions, the spin 1 gauge field is also localized on the brane [8]. Thus, in order to fulfill the localization of Standard Model particles on a brane with positive tension, it seems that some additional interactions except the gravitational interaction must be also introduced in the bulk. There is a lot of papers devoted to the different localization mechanisms of the bulk fields in various brane world models.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I

brane world models
five dimensions
introduced in the bulk
localization
localized on the brane
localizes the graviton
negative tension
positive tension
randall–sundrum model
six space–time dimensions
spin 0 field is localized on a brane
standard model
warped geometry


Inspired by energy-fueled phenomena such as cortical cytoskeleton flows [46,45,32] during biological morphogenesis, the theory of active polar viscous gels has been developed [37,33]. The theory models the continuum, macroscopic mechanics of a collection of uniaxial active agents, embedded in a viscous bulk medium, in which internal stresses are induced due to dissipation of energy [41,58]. The energy-consuming uniaxial polar agents constituting the gel are modeled as unit vectors. The average of unit vectors in a small local volume at each point defines the macroscopic directionality of the agents and is described by a polarization field. The polarization field is governed by an equation of motion accounting for energy consumption and for the strain rate in the fluid. The relationship between the strain rate and the stress in the fluid is provided by a constitutive equation that accounts for anisotropic, polar agents and consumption of energy. These equations, along with conservation of momentum, provide a continuum hydrodynamic description modeling active polar viscous gels as an energy consuming, anisotropic, non-Newtonian fluid [37,33,32,41]. The resulting partial differential equations governing the hydrodynamics of active polar viscous gels are, however, in general analytically intractable.

O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O

energy consuming, anisotropic, non-newtonian fluid

these equations, along with conservation of momentum

active polar viscous gels
biological morphogenesis
constitutive equation
continuum hydrodynamic description
cortical cytoskeleton flows
equation of motion
fluid
gel
polarization field
uniaxial active agents
uniaxial polar agents
viscous bulk medium


The study outlines a trial of transient response analysis on full-scale motorway bridge structures to obtain information concerning the steel–concrete interface and is part of a larger study to assess the long-term sustained benefits offered by Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) after the interruption of the protective current [1]. These structures had previously been protected for 5–16years by an ICCP system prior to the start of the study. The protective current was interrupted, in order to assess the long-term benefits provided by ICCP after it has been turned off. This paper develops and examines a simplified approach for the on-site use of transient response analysis and discusses the potential advantages of the technique as a tool for the assessment of the corrosion condition of steel in reinforced concrete structures.

O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O B I I

assess the long-term benefits
iccp system
long-term sustained benefits


Microhardness can be related to other macroscopic mechanical properties such as yield stress, σ, and elastic modulus, E, both derived from compression testing. For work-hardened metals, Tabor derived a direct proportionality between hardness and compressive yield stress: H≈3σ [20]. However, it was soon realized that Tabor's relationship only applies to materials that exhibit full plasticity [9,10]. Deviations from this relationship have been reported for a number of metals, glasses and polymers where the elastic strains are non-negligible [9]. Hence, the different expressions describing the correlation of hardness with conventional macroscopic mechanical properties rely on the validity of the above-mentioned elasto-plastic models. In this way, hardness and yield stress no longer hold direct proportionality but their relationship depends on the specific material properties, such as Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus [9,11–13]. It has been shown that these elasto-plastic models not only satisfactorily explain an H/σ ratio of ≈2 for a number of polyethylene materials of different nature, but also theoretically account for the range of H/E ratios experimentally determined [21].

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

specific material properties,
work-hardened metals


Sentence reduction is one of approaches for text summarization that has been attracted many researchers and scholars of natural language processing field. In this paper, we present a method that generates sentence reduction and applying in Vietnamese text summarization using Bayesian Network model. Bayesian network model is used to find the best likelihood short sentence through compare difference of probability. Experimental results with 980 sentences, show that our method really effectively in generating sentence reduction that understandable, readable and exactly grammar.

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O B I I B I I O O O O O B I I I O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O

980 sentences
bayesian network model
best likelihood short sentence
compare difference of probability
generates sentence reduction
generating sentence reduction
natural language processing
sentence reduction
text summarization


As a particular case of survey data, we used the iUTAH “Utah Water Survey,” which was implemented by participating researchers from several Utah institutions of higher education. The objectives of the survey were to document how a representative cross-section of Utah's adult population thinks about water issues. The survey included three core blocks of questions: perceptions of the adequacy of local water supplies, perceptions of the quality of local water resources, and concern about a range of water and non-water issues. A number of additional questions captured information about respondents' familiarity with water cost, lawn-watering behaviors, participation in water based recreation, and demographic attributes. Supplementary material to this paper includes a document with a description of the dataset as a whole, a document containing the complete survey instrument, and two data files containing the results and an associated codebook (see Section 4.3).

O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I I I I B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I I I O B I B I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O

utah's adult population thinks about water issues


With the development of sport normal students in china, Some ideas to teaching and learning that view learning as a simple process of knowledge have become outdated and ineffective, therefore, In order to improving the quality of teaching and learning on sport normal students in china, this author discussed some factors on promoting the level of teaching and learning for sport normal students, such as implementation principle, curriculum design, education policy, and so on. The meaning of results and their implication of future research are discussed.

O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O


Analyzing the significance of macroscopical dynamic monitoring of new add construction land, considering the influence of various factors, this paper selected Yinchuan Plain for a typical experimental zone, built knowledge base of remote sensing images interpretation, used multi-temporal remote sensing images, carried through interactive interpretation of change patterns of new add construction land and field validation. Interpretation results of 20m scale remote sensing image show that the minimum spot average area of new construction land change monitored by 20m scale remote sensing data is about 6 acres. The ability 20m scale remote sensing data identifies new increased construction land change further strengthens, shows in the recognition of the smallest spot area reduces and the recognition accuracy increases.

O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I I B O O B I I O O B I I I I O O O B I O B I B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O


In order to test whether haptic patterns can convey or enhance the mood music of a movie, an affective movie clip corpus was required consisting of clips labeled according to the emotion conveyed in the mood music. The following database collections were examined as possible sources for the corpus: the Emotional Movie Database (EMDB) [19], and Film Stim [20]. However, these were discarded after review as unsuitable. The aim of this study is to enhance the mood in the film score, and in the case of the clips in the EMDB, no audio is provided which deemed the clips unsuitable. In the case of the Film Stim database, the clips are in French rather than English, and with no subtitles which where also deemed unsuitable since the studies are carried out with English speaking participants. Furthermore, the Film Stim selection is based on the affective content of the narrative as in most of them there is no music which is also unsuitable as discussed. From our review of available database collections, it was found that at present there is no standard corpus of affective movie clips where the affective indexing referred to the musical score of the clip.

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

affective movie clip corpus
database collections
emdb
emotional movie database
english speaking participants
enhance the mood
film stim
review


Another

remarkable

feature

of

the

quantum

field

treatment

can

be

revealed

from

the

investigation

of

the

vacuum

state.

For

a

classical

field,

vacuum

is

realized

by

simply

setting

the

potential

to

zero

resulting

in

an

unaltered,

free

evolution

of

the

particle's

plane

wave

In

the

quantized

treatment,

vacuum

is

represented

by

an

initial

Fock

state

which

still

interacts

with

the

particle

and

yields

as

final

state

|ΨIII〉

behind

the

field

region(19)|ΨI〉=|k0〉⊗|0〉⇒|ΨIII〉=∑n=0∞t0n|k−n〉⊗|n〉

with

a

photon

exchange

The

particle

thus

transfers

energy

to

the

vacuum

field

leading

to

a

Poissonian

distributed

final

photon

number.

Let's

consider,

for

example,

a

superconducting

resonant

circuit

as

source

of

the

field.

The

magnetic

field

along

the

axis

of

a

properly

shaped

coil

is

well

approximated

by

the

rectangular

form.

A

particle

with

a

magnetic

dipole

moment

passing

through

the

coil

then

interacts

with

the

circuit

and

excites

it

with

a

measurable

loss

of

kinetic

energy

even

if

the

circuit

is

initially

uncharged

and

there

is

classically

no

field

it

can

couple

to.

The

phenomenon

that

vacuum

in

quantum

field

theory

does

not

mean

to

“no

influence”

as

known

from

Casimir

forces

or

Lamb

shift

is

clearly

visible

here

as

well.

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O

casimir forces or lamb shift
magnetic field
particle
properly shaped coil
quantized treatment
quantum field treatment
superconducting resonant circuit
vacuum


Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a relatively new sintering-based technique [17] in which the powder to be consolidated is loaded into an electrically and thermally conductive graphite mould and a large DC pulsed current (1000–5000A) is applied under a uniaxial pressure. When current passes through the graphite mould (and the powder if it is electrically conductive), the powder is heated both from the outside (the mould acts as a heating element) and inside (due to Joule heating from the intrinsic electrical resistance of the powder material). SPS is characterised by very fast heating (up to 2000°C/min) and cooling rates and short holding times (minutes) to achieve near theoretical density [17]. Thus SPS occupies a very different time–temperature–density space in powder consolidation maps when compared with conventional methods, such as hot pressing sintering and HIP with ramp rate of 50–80°C/min and a few hours holding time. Although SPS has been studied for a rapidly growing number of materials [17], there are only a small number of studies on the fabrication and microstructural characterisation of ODS steels processed by SPS, briefly reviewed below.

B I I B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O

electrically and thermally conductive graphite mould and a large dc pulsed current (1000–5000a) is applied under a uniaxial pressure

fabrication and microstructural characterisation of ods steels processed by sps


The purpose of this Letter is to answer the above question and to confront those six-zero textures of lepton mass matrices with the latest experimental data. First, we shall present a concise analysis of the lepton mass matrices in Table 1 and reveal their isomeric features, namely, they have the same phenomenological consequences, although their structures are apparently different. Second, we shall examine the predictions of these lepton mass matrices by comparing them with the 2σ and 3σ intervals of two neutrino mass-squared differences and three lepton flavor mixing angles,22To be specific, we make use of the 2σ and 3σ intervals of two neutrino mass-squared differences and three lepton flavor mixing angles given by M. Maltoni et al. in Ref. [5]. which are obtained from a global analysis of the latest solar, atmospheric, reactor (KamLAND and CHOOZ [10]) and accelerator (K2K) neutrino data. We find no parameter space allowed for six isomeric lepton mass matrices at the 2σ level. At the 3σ level, however, their results for neutrino masses and lepton flavor mixing angles can be compatible with current data. Third, we incorporate the seesaw mechanism and the Fukugita–Tanimoto–Yanagida hypothesis [9] in the charged lepton and Dirac neutrino mass matrices with six texture zeros. It turns out that their predictions, including θ23≈45°, are in good agreement with the present experimental data even at the 2σ level.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O B I O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

solar, atmospheric, reactor (kamland and chooz [10]) and accelerator (k2k) neutrino data


We

deal

with

the

intensity

scattered

by

a

random

mixture

of

deuterated/hydrogenated

PE

chains.

The

algorithm

used

by

us

to

evaluate

the

Kratky

plots

by

sets

of

parallel

polymer

stems

is

very

simplified.

We

checked

it

to

be

adequate

in

the

reciprocal

coordinate

range

under

investigation

comparing

the

results

with

more

precise

calculations.

The

scattering

centres

are

identified

with

pseudo-atoms

repeating

after

a

constant

distance

of

along

straight

lines

coinciding

with

the

stem

axes,

scattering

centres

being

placed

on

each

stem;

the

scattering

by

atoms

belonging

to

chain

folds

is

neglected.

The

parallel

stem

axes

are

disposed

according

to

a

hexagonal

setting

a

rough

approximation

to

the

monoclinic,

pseudo-hexagonal

structure

of

PE

and

the

scattering

centres

have

the

same

axial

coordinates

in

all

the

stems.

Defining

an

integer

i

going

from

to

the

total

number

of

scattering

centres,

we

have

[9](1A)q2·I(q)=C·(bH−bD)2∑i=1ns·100∑j=1ns·1004πqsin(q·dij)dij;dij2=Δij2+(zj−zi)2;q=2πsinθλwhere

bH,

bD

respectively

are

the

scattering

lengths

of

hydrogen

and

deuterium,

dij

is

the

distance

between

C

atoms,

2θ

is

the

diffraction

angle

and

λ

the

wavelength.

The

i-th

C

atom

coordinate

along

the

stem

axis

is

zi

and

Δij

is

the

distance

between

the

stem

axes

where

the

atoms

i

and

j

belong.

For

all

the

stems

we

have

the

same

set

of

zi

coordinates.

The

sum

in

Eq.

is

extended

to

all

the

stems

of

the

crystalline

domain,

see

Figs.

and

for

examples.

O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O B O B O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O

c atoms
deuterated
hydrogenated
pe chains
pseudo-atoms
scattering centres
stem axes

atoms
calculations
chain folds
crystalline
deuterium
hydrogen
kratky plots
parallel polymer stems
parallel stem axes
pe
scattering
stem
stems


Room temperature powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on a PANalytical Empyrean diffractometer. The obtained XRD patterns were analysed with STOE Win XPOW software in order to determine phase purity, the crystal structure and the cell parameters of the samples. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a Netzsch STA 449C instrument equipped with Proteus thermal analysis software. The TGA studies were carried out under reducing conditions (5% H2/Ar) from room temperature to 900°C, in order to determine the weight change of the perovskite during the reduction. The microstructure of the samples' surface was analysed using a JEOL JSM-6700 field emission 74 scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The total conductivity of the samples was measured using a conventional four-terminal method. Bar samples were prepared by calcination at 1300°C for 1h. Gold wire contacts were attached to the bars, which then were cured at 850°C for 1h. The conductivity of the samples was measured under a redox cycle at 900°C. Low oxygen partial pressure was achieved by using a continuous flow of 5% H2/Ar.

O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O B O O O O B I I I O O O O B I O B I O O B I O O O B I B O O O O B I I I O O B I I I O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I O O O O O O B O O O

5% h2/ar
feg-sem
four-terminal method
h2/ar
powder x-ray diffraction
total conductivity
xrd patterns


By the early 1970s, and following the ‘golden age’ of general relativity that took place in the 1960s, there was a wide array of candidate theories of gravity in existence that could rival Einstein’s. A formalism was needed to deal with this great abundance of possibilities, and this was provided in the form of the Parameterised Post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism by Kenneth Nordtvedt, Kip Thorne and Clifford Will. The PPN formalism was built on the earlier work of Eddington and Dicke, and allowed for the numerous theories available at the time to be compared to cutting edge astrophysical observations such as lunar laser ranging, radio echo, and, in 1974, the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar. The PPN formalism provided a clear structure within which one could compare and assess various theories, and has been the benchmark for how theories of gravity should be evaluated ever since. We will give an outline of the PPN formalism, and the constraints available within it today, in Section 2.

O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I B I O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

parameterised post-newtonian
ppn formalism


The GFRFs of nonlinear systems can be determined by either a parametric-model-based method or a nonparametric-model-based method [8]. In the parametric approach, a nonlinear parametric model is first identified from the input–output data. The GFRFs are then obtained by mapping the resultant model into the frequency domain using the probing method [9]. The nonparametric approach is often referred to as frequency-domain Volterra system identification and is based on the observation that the Volterra model of nonlinear systems is linear in terms of the unknown Volterra kernels, which, in the frequency domain, corresponds to a linear relation between the output frequency response and linear, quadratic, and higher order GFRFs. This linear relationship allows the use of a least squares (LS) approach to solve for the GFRFs. Several researchers [10–12] have used this method to estimate the GFRFs. But they usually made the assumption that it is known a priori that the system under study can be represented by just two or three terms. However, such information is rarely available a priori.

O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I I I I I I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O

frequency-domain volterra system identification


The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes 18-20nm in concentrations of 1 and 10mg / ml for diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (clone PP-07) and golden alga Isochrysis galbana (clone TISO). The toxic effects of multiwalled nanotubes on both types of algae is revealed, which results in a decrease of the linear dimensions of cells, chloroplasts, and a reduced number of cells when incubated over 24h (Pseudo-nitzschia pungens) and 36hours (Isochrysis galbana).

O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B I O B I O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B I

algae
carbon nanotubes
cells
chloroplasts
clone tiso
golden alga isochrysis galbana
incubated
isochrysis galbana
nanotubes
studies
toxic effects


To address the vertical displacement estimation of conventional pile groups subjected to mechanical loads, various numerical and analytical methods have been proposed. These methods include the finite element method [e.g., 2,3], the boundary element method [e.g., 4,5], the finite difference method [e.g., 6], the interaction factor method [e.g., 7,8–11], the equivalent pier and raft methods [e.g., 12–14], and the settlement ratio method [e.g., 15]. The finite element method, while providing the most rigorous and exhaustive representation of the pile group-related problem, is generally computationally expensive and considered mainly a research tool rather than a design tool. Conversely, the versatility of simplified (approximate) methods, such as the interaction factor approach that allows capturing the (e.g., vertical) displacements of any general pile group by the analysis of the displacement interaction between two identical piles and by the use of the elastic principle of superposition of effects, makes them attractive as design tools because they allow for the use of expedient parametric studies under various design conditions.

O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O B I I I I O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O


Ge (100) wafers (n- and p-type) were cleaned in ultra high vacuum (<10−6mbar) at 500°C and 600°C for 10min to evaporate any native oxide and so achieve an oxide free surface. Subsequently, wafers were exposed to an Al flux for a range of times to deposit ultrathin Al layers. The samples were then oxidized at ambient temperatures in the MBE load lock to produce Al2O3 layers. The samples were transferred within 1min to an Oxford Instruments OpAL reactor and thin films of HfO2 were deposited on the Al2O3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The HfO2 depositions used a [(CpMe)2HfOMeMe] precursor coupled with an O2 plasma as the oxidizing species. Between 30 and 130 ALD cycles were used to grow HfO2 thicknesses from 1.6 to 7nm at 250°C. For electrical measurements, circular gold contacts of area 1.96×10−3cm2 were deposited onto the films to form MOS gate electrodes and Al was deposited on the back of the Ge wafers to provide an ohmic contact. After preliminary measurements, the samples were annealed in forming gas (FGA) at 350°C for 30min. The oxide leakage current was measured using a Keithley 230B voltage source and Keithley 617B electrometer. The HP 4192A low frequency (LF) impedance analyzer at small signal frequencies between 100Hz to 1MHz was used to perform high frequency capacitance–voltage (HF CV) measurements.

O O B O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O B I I O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O B I I O O B O O B O O O O O O B I I I O O B O B O O O O B O B I I B O B O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O B O O B I I O B O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B O B I I I B O O O O O B I I O B O O B I I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

hp 4192a low frequency (lf) impedance analyzer

to perform high frequency capacitance–voltage (hf cv) measurements

al
al2o3
ald
annealed in forming gas
atomic layer deposition
circular gold contacts
cleaned in ultra high vacuum
electrical measurements
evaporate any native oxide
fga
films
ge wafers
grow hfo2 thicknesses
hfo2
keithley 230b voltage source
keithley 617b electrometer
mbe load lock
measured
mos gate electrodes
o2 plasma
ohmic contact
oxford instruments opal reactor
oxide free surface
oxide leakage current
oxidized
oxidizing species
samples
wafers


Contractor selection for a project is an important decision, one for the project time and cost, next for the quality obtained by the project. Although the project managers can easily determine the project time and cost, the quality is usually undefined especially for un-experienced managers. With a learnable property, an approach is first introduced in this paper to quantify the quality obtained for a gas well drilling project. Then, based on these three objectives (time, cost, and quality), a contractor selection problem is converted to an optimization problem. Next, the NSGA-II algorithm is utilized for solution. At the end, a sensitivity analysis is performed to select the parameters of the algorithm.

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O B O B O B O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O

contractor selection
cost
gas well drilling project
learnable property
objectives
optimization problem
project managers
quality
sensitivity analysis


The charmonium production has long been considered as a good process for investigating both perturbative and nonperturbative properties of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), because of the relatively large difference between the scale at which the charm–quark pair is produced at the parton level and the scale at which it evolves into a quarkonium. In particular, comparing to hadron colliders, e+e− colliders, provide a cleaner environment to study the charmonium productions and decays. However, some puzzles arise from the recent measurements on the prompt J/ψ productions at BaBar and Belle [1–3]. For the inclusive J/ψ productions, the cross section is much larger than the predictions of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) [4]; there is also an over-abundance of the four-charm–quark processes including the exclusive J/ψ and charmonium productions; there is no apparent signal in the hard J/ψ spectrum which has been predicted by the J/ψgg production mode as well as the color-octet mechanism in NRQCD. To provide plausible solutions and explanations for these conflicts, theorists have studied the possibilities of the contribution from two-virtual-photon mediate processes [5], large higher-order QCD corrections [6,7], collinear suppression at the end-point region of the J/ψ momentum [7,8], contribution from the J/ψ-glueball associated production [9] and contribution from a very light scalar boson [10].

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O

collinear suppression at the end-point region of the j/ψ momentum

contribution from the j/ψ-glueball associated production

exclusive j/ψ and charmonium productions

investigating both perturbative and nonperturbative properties of quantum chromodynamics (qcd


An innovative sound wall system was developed in the University of Western Ontario, and was examined to serve as a vertical extension to the existing sound walls. The wall system (denoted as flexi-wall) consists of stay-in-place poly-blocks as formwork, light polyurethane foam (LPF) reinforced with steel rebars as structural cores and polyurea as a coating of the wall surfaces (Fig. 1). Poly-blocks are interlocking light-weight blocks which are stacked up layer by layer and act as formwork for the LPF cores. The poly-block is 20×20×80cm3 and includes four cylindrical voids with 14cm diameter. It is made of molded low-density polyurethane and weighs approximately 1kg. The poly-blocks are fire-resistant blocks and have an excellent capability to absorb, mitigate and reflect a wide range of noises with unmatched frequency of reflective noise. Polyurea coating is an abrasion-resistant finishing layer, which is sprayed on the surfaces of the wall and sets within 2–3min. This layer also enhances the surface resistance of poly-blocks against stone impact, weathering, fire development, chemicals and penetration. LPF is an expanding liquid mixture which is injected into the poly-block voids and cures within 10min. Steel rebars are epoxied into holes drilled in the existing sound wall to connect the wall extension to its base.

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O B I O B I O B O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O B O O B O O B I I I O O O O O B O B I I I O O O B I B B I B O B B O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B O O O B I I O O O B I O O B

abrasion-resistant finishing layer
fire-resistant blocks
flexi-wall
interlocking light-weight blocks
lpf cores
molded low-density polyurethane
poly-block
poly-blocks
poly-block voids
polyurea coating
stay-in-place poly-blocks

absorb
base
chemicals
coating
cures
cylindrical voids
enhances the surface resistance
existing sound wall
existing sound walls
expanding liquid mixture
fire development
holes
layer
light polyurethane foam
lpf
mitigate
penetration
polyurea
reflect
sound wall system
sprayed
steel rebars
stone impact
structural cores
surfaces of the wall
wall extension
wall surfaces
wall system
weathering


According to the situation that the IT students can not meet the software industry demand for qualified personnel, a “triple-driven” three-dimensional software development practical teaching system was proposed, aiming to improve the software development capabilities and innovation sense of students. This system can effectively improve students the interest of software development and the practical skills and sense of innovation, laying a solid foundation for student after graduation to rapidly integrate into the software development process, meeting the needs of software industry.

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I


We propose a method for the lattice QCD computation of nucleon–nucleon low-energy interactions. It consists in simulating QCD in the background of a “electromagnetic” field whose potential is non-vanishing, but whose field strength is zero. By tuning the background field, phase-shifts at any (but small) momenta can be determined by measuring the shift of the ground state energy. Lattice sizes as small as 5 Fermi can be sufficient for the calculation of phase shifts up to momenta of order of mπ/2.

O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O

lattice qcd computation of nucleon–nucleon low-energy interactions


Within

the

range

of

temperatures

chosen,

alanine

dipeptide

exhibits

very

simple

behaviour.

This

result

is

due

to

the

relatively

small

number

of

physically

relevant

minima

(seven

were

characterised

using

this

force

field

and

solvent

model)

and

the

larger

potential

energy

spacing

between

the

global

minimum

and

higher

energy

minima.

Indeed,

cross-overs

in

the

approximate

global

free

energy

minimum

for

this

system

(where

the

free

energy

of

the

second-lowest

potential

energy

minimum

becomes

lower

than

that

of

the

global

potential

energy

minimum)

in

the

harmonic

approximation

would

occur

at

In

general,

the

harmonic

prediction

for

the

crossover

temperature

between

two

minima

is(4)kBTxo=V1−V2ln((o2ν¯2κ)/(o1ν¯1κ)),from

Eq.

which

clearly

illustrates

the

balance

between

potential

energy

and

well

entropy.

O O B I I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I

cross-overs in the approximate global free energy

balance between potential energy and well entropy


In all these studies, the association between the transition and lateral cracking in the oxide layer depicts some interaction between the mechanical behaviour of the system, and its corrosion kinetics, but does not provide a clear understanding of the morphology of the metal:oxide interface during the corrosion process, at the nanometre level. Understanding why this transition behaviour happens is critical when modelling the rate of growth of oxide, and therefore to the lifetime prediction of Zr clads, and ultimately to the safety of nuclear power reactors. No model will be complete without a nanoscale understanding of what is going on during oxidation. Thus, it is essential that the oxide scale and the top layers of the metal are studied at nanometre resolution to reveal the detailed structural and chemical changes associated with diffusion of oxygen and the resulting oxidation of the metal. Whilst a number of techniques have been employed for this purpose, it is clear that various techniques within transmission electron microscopy (TEM) will be among the most versatile and informative for this purpose, although additional information can be added by techniques such as atom probe tomography.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I I O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

understanding why this transition behaviour happens


Assuming a constant cell electrical conversion efficiency of 15%, a constant fraction of the incident solar radiation would be dissipated by the solar cell for each solar radiation intensity level. From Table 2, it can be seen that for the worst scenario when the ambient temperature was 50°C with natural convection only, the predicted cell electrical conversion efficiency would have reduced to approximately 8% rather than the 15% assumed. The energy dissipated as heat from the cell would thus be 7% higher. To correct for this effect the apparent insolation level should be modified using the following formula:(3)Iact=I×0.850.85+dηwhere Iact is the actual incident solar radiation intensity, dη is solar cell efficiency difference between the initially assumed 15% and final calculated cell efficiency based on measured cell temperature.

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

apparent insolation level
cell electrical conversion
natural convection
solar radiation


FR schemes are similar to nodal DG schemes, which are arguably the most popular type of unstructured high-order method (at least in the field of computational aerodynamics). Like nodal DG schemes, FR schemes utilise a high-order (nodal) polynomial basis to approximate the solution within each element of the computational domain, and like nodal DG schemes, FR schemes do not explicitly enforce inter-element solution continuity. However, unlike nodal DG schemes, FR methods are based solely on the governing system in a differential form. A description of the FR approach in 1D is presented below. For further information see the original paper of Huynh [2].

B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O B I O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

approximate the solution
computational aerodynamics
computational domain
fr approach
fr methods
fr schemes
nodal


Two different micro-contact set-ups were used in the experiments. The asymmetrically heated measurement set-up (Fig. 2a) allows to change the contacted electrode within seconds and thereby to gain statistical information over a large number of different microelectrodes on one and the same sample in a relatively short time. It also enables monitoring of optical changes during the measurement in real time. However, the asymmetrical heating from the bottom side and local cooling (e.g. by convection, radiation, and the contacting tip acting as a heat sink) is known to cause temperature gradients within the sample [11]. Such temperature gradients are responsible for thermo-voltages, which can lead to measurement artifacts in electrochemical experiments [24]. Moreover, in this set-up temperature cycles can hardly be performed on single microelectrodes but require subsequent contacting and de-contacting of different microelectrodes.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B B O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B

asymmetrical heating
change the contacted electrode
contacting tip
convection
electrochemical experiments
gain statistical information
heat sink
local cooling
microelectrodes
monitoring of optical changes
radiation
temperature cycles
temperature gradients


Recent publications [31] employ a variety of methods for calculating upper limits and there is no universally accepted procedure [27,32,33]. We choose an approach similar to that first advocated by Feldman and Cousins [27]. This method has been since extended by Conrad et al. [34] to incorporate uncertainties in detector sensitivity and the background estimate based on an approach described by Cousins and Highland [35]. A further refinement of the Conrad et al. method by Hill [36] results in more appropriate behavior of the upper limit when the observed number of events is less than the estimated background, as is the case for the present measurement. We have adopted this method but note that Table 2 contains all of the numbers needed to calculate an upper limit using any of the methods in the papers cited above. We assume that the probability density functions of Fsens and background estimates are Gaussian-distributed.

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O

further refinement of the conrad et al. method

background estimate
background estimates
calculate an upper limit
calculating upper limits
detector sensitivity
incorporate uncertainties
measurement
more appropriate behavior
probability density functions


Designers of microfluidic devices are in need of computational tools that can be used to analyse problems that involve rarefied gas flows in complex micro geometries. Numerical simulation of the gas flow through such geometries is, however, extremely challenging. Conventional continuum fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes invalid or inaccurate as the characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. the channel height, h) approaches the molecular mean free path, λ [1,2]. When λ/h≳0.1, the error in solutions obtained from CFD may be significant, and we must consider the fluid for what it is: a collection of interacting particles. However, the computational expense of simulating the flow of a rarefied gas in high-aspect-ratio micro geometries (i.e. ones that are long, relative to their cross section) using a particle method, such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method [2], can be prohibitively high [3,4]. The computational intensity of the particle method is greater still when simulating low-speed microfluidic devices where there are only small deviations from equilibrium, characterised by extremely low Mach numbers and weak temperature gradients.

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O B I I I I I I I

high-aspect-ratio micro geometries
long, relative to their cross section
rarefied gas flows

extremely low mach numbers and weak temperature gradients


The particular phase field model we employ is an extension of [6], and is based on the three dimensional thermal phase field model of [7] and two dimensional thermal-solutal phase field model of [8]. One feature of the physical problem is that it is purely dissipative, or entropy increasing, as all natural relaxational phenomena are. The resulting PDEs are of Allen–Cahn [9] and Carn–Hilliard type [10]. That is to say, the model involves time derivatives of the three fields coupled to forms involving variational derivatives of some functional – typically the free energy functional. As the dendrite grows the free energy reduces monotonically with time but never achieves equilibrium if the domain boundary is far from the dendrite. Although we have listed some of the difficult aspects of this model, the relaxational aspect is typically an asset and results in stable numerical schemes: there is no convection, for example (at least in the absence of flow in the melt).

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I O O B O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B


Improving as well as evaluating the performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) applications by migrating them to Cloud environments are widely considered as critical issues in the field of high performance and Cloud computing. However, poor network performance, heterogeneous and dynamic environments are some series of pitfalls for execution of HPC applications in Cloud. This paper proposes a new approach to improve the performance and scalability of HPC applications on Amazon's HPC Cloud. The evidence from our approach points a significant improvement in speed up and scale up with the response rate of more than 20 percent parallel efﬁciency on the Cloud in comparison to dedicated HPC cluster. We state that the EC2 Cloud system is a feasible platform for deploying on-demand, small sized HPC applications.

B I I I I I I O B I I B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O

deploying on-demand, small sized hpc applications

proposes a new approach to improve the performance and scalability of hpc applications

improving as well as evaluating the performance


We have presented spectrally resolved femtosecond three-pulse photon echo measurements on Zn(II)–OEP, Ni(II)–OEP and Co(II)–OEP. Increased degree of freedom in scans of time delays allows one to separate and extract specific type of spectroscopic information in complex molecules by studying spectral and temporal evolution of the photon echo signals. By varying the population times, population relaxation dynamics and inhomogeneous broadening is revealed in the photon echo spectra. Time-integrated photon echo signals show two different timescales. The electronic relaxation timescale is found to be sub 50fs whereas the timescale for intramolecular vibrational relaxation, occurring in Q00 band, was found to be over a picosecond for Co(II)–OEP and Ni(II)–OEP and within a picosecond for Zn(II)–OEP.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I B I I O B I O O O O B I I O B I I O O O B O B I I O O O O B I O O B O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


In this paper we consider problems of creating and introducing intelligent management systems as one of the most important mechanism of increasing energy efficiency in industry. Operating principles of intelligent electric power distribution systems developed in MSTU «STANKIN» for AC and DC grids on industrial plants are described. Essential devices composing the systems are considered, their technical characteristics are described. Experimental results are presented.In this paper we consider problems of creating and introducing intelligent management systems as one of the most important mechanism of increasing energy efficiency in industry. Operating principles of intelligent electric power distribution systems developed in MSTU «STANKIN» for AC and DC grids on industrial plants are described. Essential devices composing the systems are considered, their technical characteristics are described. Experimental results are presented.

O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I I O O O O


A popular choice is to couple a set of quadrature points with an equal number of nodal Lagrange polynomials defined at the same points, leading to a collocation method. There are many examples of this throughout the literature, both in terms of the more traditionally utilised continuous Galerkin (CG) and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulations, as well as newer extensions such as the flux reconstruction (FR) technique as presented by Huynh [23]. In collocation methods, while most linear operators can be exactly integrated in this setting depending on the choice of quadrature, integrals of nonlinear terms typically incur numerical error. However, the computational efficiencies that can be attained through the use of a collocation formulation, especially given the presence of a diagonal mass matrix, often outweigh the numerical error that is incurred.

O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O B I B O O O O B I O O O B I B O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

couple a set of quadrature points with an equal number of nodal lagrange polynomials


Classical, two-dimensional sigma models on compact symmetric spaces G/H are integrable by virtue of conserved quantities which can arise as integrals of local or non-local functions of the underlying fields (the accounts in [1–5] contain references to the extensive literature). Since these models are asymptotically free and strongly coupled in the infrared, their quantum properties are not straightforward to determine. Nevertheless, following Lüscher [6], Abdalla, Forger and Gomes showed [7] that, in a G/H sigma model with H simple,11Here, and throughout this Letter, we shall use ‘simple’ to mean that the corresponding Lie algebra has no non-trivial ideals. Hence U(1) is simple in our terminology, in addition to the usual non-Abelian simple groups of the Cartan–Killing classification [13]. the first conserved non-local charge survives quantization (after an appropriate renormalization [6–8]), which suffices to ensure quantum integrability of the theory. By contrast, calculations using the 1/N expansion reveal anomalies that spoil the conservation of the quantum non-local charges in the CPN−1=SU(N)/SU(N−1)×U(1) models for N>2, and in the wider class of theories based on the complex Grassmannians SU(N)/SU(n)×SU(N−n)×U(1) for N>n>1 [9].

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

complex grassmannians su(n)/su(n)×su(n−n)×u(1) for n>n>1

corresponding lie algebra has no non-trivial ideals

two-dimensional sigma models on compact symmetric spaces g/h

quantization
quantum integrability
renormalization
simple


For providing the government with effective monitoring of the trends of the economic variables in the future and good reference for developing a reasonable policy, in this paper, we establish a time series model on China's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by using wavelet analysis and intervention analysis and time series analysis and predict the trend of FDI in the next several years. This model eliminates the interference of noise for predicting by using wavelet analysis, and describes the autocorrelation and time-varying volatility of the financial time series by using ARIMA- GARCH-M model. The simulation results show that this model explains the dynamic structure of China's FDI trends well.

O O O O O B I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O B I I I I O O B I I B O O B I O B I O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O

arima- garch-m model
predict the trend of fdi
time series model
time-varying volatility

autocorrelation
developing a reasonable policy
effective monitoring
establish a time series model
fdi
financial time series
foreign direct investment
interference of noise
intervention analysis
time series analysis
trends of the economic variables
wavelet analysis


A scenario is proposed for bi-large lepton mixing in the framework of nearly threefold degenerate Majorana neutrinos. In our proposal, we impose Z3 symmetry in the neutrino sector at a high energy scale to account for the threefold degenerate neutrinos and the maximal mixing between νμ and ντ. In order to obtain the atmospheric neutrino mass splitting while keeping the maximal mixing between νμ and ντ, we introduce a small perturbation to the neutrino mass matrix without breaking Z3 symmetry. On the other hand, the solar neutrino mixing arises due to the non-diagonal charged lepton mass matrix, and the desirable large mixing and mass splitting for the solar neutrino oscillation can be obtained by radiative corrections.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O B I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O B I

bi-large lepton mixing
neutrino mass matrix
neutrino sector
non-diagonal charged lepton mass matrix
solar neutrino
solar neutrino mixing

introduce a small perturbation to the neutrino mass matrix without breaking z3 symmetry