Traditionally, archaeologists have recorded sites and artefacts via a combination of ordinary still photographs, 2D line drawings and occasional cross-sections. Given these constraints, the attractions of 3D models have been obvious for some time, with digital photogrammetry and laser scanners offering two well-known methods for data capture at close range (e.g. Bates et al., 2010; Hess and Robson, 2010). The highest specification laser scanners still boast better positional accuracy and greater true colour fidelity than SfM–MVS methods (James and Robson, 2012), but the latter produce very good quality models nonetheless and have many unique selling points. Unlike traditional digital photogrammetry, little or no prior control of camera position is necessary, and unlike laser scanning, no major equipment costs or setup are involved. However, the key attraction of SfM–MVS is that the required input can be taken by anyone with a digital camera and modest prior training about the required number and overlap of photographs. A whole series of traditional bottlenecks are thereby removed from the recording process and large numbers of archaeological landscapes, sites or artefacts can now be captured rapidly, in the field, in the laboratory or in the museum. Fig. 2a–c shows examples of terracotta warrior models for which the level of surface detail is considerable.

O O O O B O B O O O O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O

occasional cross-sections
recorded sites and artefacts
sfm–mvs methods
traditional digital photogrammetry


In this section, we use the terrain data processing as an example to describe the geodetic data transformation method. Since Google Maps/Earth server only gives the terrain data in graphical display, we have to get terrain digital data from other sources. The fine-resolution (3″ or finer) terrain data bases such as SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission) or USGS's DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data are necessary. Moreover, since 3DWF is used to model the fine-scale (meters up to 100m) atmospheric flow, it needs fine resolution terrain data. In this project, we use the terrain elevation data set from SRTM (Farr et al. 2007) with 3-arcsecond (~90m resolution at the equator) resolution. The data covers the land area, nearly global from 56S to 60N latitudes. We use the processed version 4 SRTM data set as described in Gamache (2005) in which some of the missing data holes were filled. The original data is organized in WGS84 (World Geodetic System 84) geodetic coordinate system. When the data are applied to the 3DWF model, they are transformed to the local East, North and Up (ENU) coordinate (see Fig. 3). Since the 3DWF is a fine scale wind model and its entire model domain is not intended to be larger than 20×20km, this Cartesian coordinate system is a good choice with very little distortion due to the curvature of the Earth's surface. The transformation from the WGS84 data to the ENU coordinate is performed as follows (Fukushima, 2006; Featherstone and Claessens, 2008).

O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I O O B B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O


While virtualization technologies certainly reduce the complexity of using a system, and especially when working across multiple heterogeneous computing environments, they are not widely deployed in high performance computing scenarios. As its name suggest, HPC seeks to obtain maximum performance from computing platforms. Extra software layers impact detrimentally on performance, meaning that in HPC scenarios users typically run the applications as close to the ‘bare metal’ as possible. In addition to the performance degradation introduced by virtualization technologies, choosing what details to abstract in a virtualized interface is itself very important. Grid and cloud computing support different interaction models. In grid computing, the user interacts with an individual resource (or sometimes a broker) in order to launch jobs into a queuing system. In cloud computing, users interact with a virtual server, in effect putting them in control of their own complete operating system. Both of these interaction models put the onus on the user to understand very specific details of the system that they are dealing with, making life difficult for the end user, typically a scientist who wants to progress his or her scientific investigations without any specific usability hurdles obstructing the pathway.

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

grid and cloud computing
high performance computing scenarios

applications
broker
cloud computing
grid computing
high performance computing
hpc
interaction models
queuing system
virtualization technologies
virtualized interface
virtual server


The expression for Pc is also easily found in the same basis, where it becomes apparent that the dynamics of conversion in matter depends only on the relative orientation of the eigenstates of the vacuum and matter Hamiltonians. This allows to directly apply the known analytical solutions for Pc, and, upon rotating back, obtain a generalization of these results to the NSI case. For example, the answer for the infinite exponential profile [18,19] A∝exp(−r/r0) becomes Pc=exp[γ(1−cos2θrel)/2]−1exp(γ)−1, where γ≡4πr0Δ=πr0Δm2/Eν. We further observe that since γ⪢1 the adiabaticity violation occurs only when |θ−α|⪡1 and φ≃π/2, which is the analogue of the small-angle MSW [10,20] effect in the rotated basis. The “resonant” region in the Sun where level jumping can take place is narrow, defined by A≃Δ [21]. A neutrino produced at a lower density evolves adiabatically, while a neutrino produced at a higher density may undergo level crossing. The probability Pc in the latter case is given to a very good accuracy by the formula for the linear profile, with an appropriate gradient taken along the neutrino trajectory, (12)Pc≃Θ(A−Δ)e−γ(cos2θrel+1)/2, where Θ(x) is the step function, Θ(x)=1 for x>0 and Θ(x)=0 otherwise. We emphasize that our results differ from the similar ones given in [5,22] in three important respects: (i) they are valid for all, not just small values of α (which is essential for our application), (ii) they include the angle φ, and (iii) the argument of the Θ function does not contain cos2θ, as follows from [21]. We stress that for large values of α and φ≃π/2 adiabaticity is violated for large values of θ.

O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I I O O B O B I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

generalization of these results to the nsi case


In this section we wish to calculate the cross section for the absorption of massless scalars by the self-dual string in the world volume of the M-theory five-brane. We will adopt an entirely world volume approach similar to that of [21–23]. We begin by writing the equation satisfied by the s-wave with energy ω, φ(r,t)=φ(r)eiωt, of the linear fluctuations of the four overall transverse scalars about the self-dual string, (it is known that there are problems when one considers higher angular momentum modes [23], one must take care with the validity of the linearized approximation, this is discussed in [13]): (15)ρ−3ddρρ3ddρ+1+R6ω6ρ6φ(ρ)=0, where ρ=rω, R=Q1/3ℓp. Note, as pointed out by [11] world volume solitons have a much sharper potential than the Coulomb type potential typical of brane solutions in supergravity; thus this scattering is different to that of the string in six-dimensional supergravity. Nevertheless, for small ωR one may solve this problem by matching an approximate solution in the inner region to an approximate solution in the outer region; this follows closely the supergravity calculation [24].

O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O

massless scalars
m-theory five-brane
self-dual string
s-wave


Moreover, one observes segregation effects by the XRD analysis, which probably took place at high temperature, and were partially quenched to room temperature. The phase analysis showed up to three distinct phases, which should have hence a distinct measurable phase transition temperature, if they crystallise from the liquid on the surface. In the thermograms these effects are not observable as different solidification arrest or clear inflections. The proportion of new appearing phases is small and therefore the latent heat released by this new phase will be also small. The reflected light signal technique only showed one phase change during cooling. As well, the location of this segregation cannot be determined exactly in the molten pool or later in the re-solidified material. At the surface, where the temperature is measured, the material analysis by Raman spectroscopy has not shown signs of segregation, so that also the uncertainties in composition for the phase transition are taken from the uncertainties from the XRD analysis for the most abundant phase at each composition in re-solidified material.

O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O

raman spectroscopy
re-solidified material
segregation effects

clear inflections
crystallise
latent heat
liquid
material analysis by raman spectroscopy
molten pool
phase change
phase transition
quenched
reflected light signal technique
segregation
solidification arrest
surface
thermograms
xrd analysis


A hydroxyl-functionalized poly(butylene succinate) based polyester was prepared by conventional polycondensation of benzyl-protected dimethyl malonate and 1,4-butanediol (Scheme 2(a)) [24a]. Yao et al. reported on the direct polycondensation of l-lactic acid and citric acid with the formation of poly[(l-lactic acid)-co-(citric acid)], obtaining a polyester oligomer with both pendant carboxylic and hydroxyl groups [24b]. This PLCA oligomer was reacted with dihydroxylated PLLA as a macromonomer, yielding a PLCA–PLLA multiblock copolymer as shown in Scheme 2(b). While lipases have been investigated for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic ester monomers [25,26], they have also been used for the preparation of polyesters by polycondensation reactions. The advantage of this technique is that these enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed without protection of the pendant functional groups. In this field, hydroxyl-bearing polyesters have been synthesized by the copolymerization of divinyl adipate with various triols (e.g. glycerol, 1,2,4-butanetriol) as represented in Scheme 2(c) [27] and by copolymerizations of 1,8-octanediol with adipic acid and several alditols [28]. Very recently, several α-hydroxy acids derived from amino acids were homo- and copolymerized with lactic acid by polycondensation in bulk without protected monomers (Scheme 2(d)) [29]. Biodegradable polyesters with various pendant groups were obtained, although the molecular weights remained low (1000–3000gmol−1).

O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O B I O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

1,2,4-butanetriol
1,4-butanediol
1,8-octanediol
enzyme-catalyzed
hydroxyl-bearing polyesters
l-lactic acid
polyester oligomer
poly[(l-lactic acid)-co-(citric acid)]
ring-opening polymerization
α-hydroxy acids

adipic acid
alditols
amino acids
biodegradable polyesters
citric acid
copolymerization
copolymerizations
cyclic ester monomers
dihydroxylated plla
dimethyl malonate
divinyl adipate
glycerol
lactic acid
lipases
monomers
plca oligomer
plca–plla multiblock copolymer
polycondensation
polyester
polyesters
rop
triols


Apache Pig is a platform for creating MapReduce workflows with Hadoop. These workflows are expressed as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of tasks that exist at a conceptually higher level than their implementations as series of MapReduce jobs. Pig Latin is the procedural language used for building these workflows, providing syntax similar to the declarative SQL commonly used for relational database systems. In addition to standard SQL operations, Pig can be extended with user-defined functions (UDFs) commonly written in Java. We adopted Pig for our implementation of the correlator to speed up development time, allow for ad hoc workflow changes, and to embrace the Hadoop community׳s migration away from MapReduce towards more generalized DAG processing (Mayer, 2013). Specifically, in the event that future versions of Hadoop are optimized to support paradigms other than MapReduce, Pig scripts could take advantage of these advances without recoding, whereas explicit Java MapReduce jobs would need to be rewritten.

B I O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O

mapreduce workflows
pig latin
pig scripts
sql operations
user-defined functions

apache pig
dag processing
dags
directed acyclic graphs
hadoop
java mapreduce
mapreduce
pig
sql
udfs


This figure demonstrates that changes in the measure of bitumen content create sizable differences in the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet. As the percentage of glass increases, the measure of the stiffness modulus of modified asphalt increases too. But with pass of optimum measure of glass the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples decrease. This trend in total of percentages of bitumen content is existing. Due to that waste glass cullet has no suction; the trend does not extend to measuring the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples including waste glass cullet with different percentage of bitumen content. Glass particles do not absorb any bituminous material, so it is necessary to decrease the bitumen content with the addition of glass cullet. According to Fig. 2 and the results of the Marshall tests, the optimum bitumen measures decrease significantly in samples that include higher percentages of waste glass cullet. As the percentage of optimum bitumen content is 1% more in samples without waste glass cullet in comparison with saphaltic samples that include 20% waste glass cullet. The stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet increased due to additional interlocking between the aggregate and the angularity of particles of glass cullet content. The increase in the intrusive friction angle because of the glass particles’ increased angularity is the main reason for the addition of the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet. But as the percentage of glass content reaches greater than 15%, the particles’ abundance cause slip these particles on together. The stiffness modulus of samples decreases as the percentage of glass cullet increases. The variations in the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include different percentages of waste glass cullet at different temperature are shown in Fig. 3.

O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O B I O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O B O B I O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B O O O O O B O B B O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O B O O B I O B I O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O

asphaltic samples
bitumen
bituminous material
glass
interlocking
marshall tests
modified asphalt
particles
saphaltic samples
stiffness modulus


In this paper a comparison between two popular feature extraction methods is presented. Scale-invariant feature transform (or SIFT) is the first method. The Speeded up robust features (or SURF) is presented as second. These two methods are tested on set of depth maps. Ten defined gestures of left hand are in these depth maps. The Microsoft Kinect camera is used for capturing the images [1]. The Support vector machine (or SVM) is used as classification method. The results are accuracy of SVM prediction on selected images.In this paper a comparison between two popular feature extraction methods is presented. Scale-invariant feature transform (or SIFT) is the first method. The Speeded up robust features (or SURF) is presented as second. These two methods are tested on set of depth maps. Ten defined gestures of left hand are in these depth maps. The Microsoft Kinect camera is used for capturing the images [1]. The Support vector machine (or SVM) is used as classification method. The results are accuracy of SVM prediction on selected images.

O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O

classification method
feature extraction
scale-invariant feature transform


In this paper, crystal plasticity model, in combination with XFEM, has been applied to study cyclic deformation and fatigue crack growth in a nickel-based superalloy LSHR (Low Solvus High Refractory) at high temperature. The first objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a RVE-based finite element model with the incorporation of a realistic material microstructure. The second objective of this work was to determine the parameters of a crystal plasticity constitutive model to describe the cyclic deformation behaviour of the material by using a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) interfaced with the finite element package ABAQUS. The model parameters were calibrated from extensive finite element analyses to fit the monotonic, stress relaxation and cyclic test data. The third objective was to predict crack growth by combining the XFEM technique and the calibrated crystal plasticity UMAT, for which accumulated plastic strain was used as the fracture criterion.

O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O B I I I O O O B I O O O O B I

develop and evaluate a rve-based finite element model

abaqus
calibrated crystal plasticity umat
crack growth
crystal plasticity constitutive model
crystal plasticity model
cyclic deformation
finite element analyses
fracture criterion
low solvus high refractory
lshr
plastic strain
umat
xfem


The purported advantages of EMR implementation in urban slums are widely promoted. Increasingly capable health information systems could facilitate communication, help coordinate care, and improve the continuity of care in disadvantaged communities like Kibera. However, available systems may not have the ability to simplify care or improve efficiency where funding and human resources are scarce, infrastructure is unreliable and health data demands are opportunistic, not strategic. This study described perceptions of local EMR stakeholders in two urban slum clinics. They shared many observations that may be important for other EMR initiatives to heed, and worried most about the sustainability of EMR initiatives in like communities. The future for EMR use in urban slums is promising. Innovative new technologies, such as mobile applications and point-of-care laboratory tests, could extend the reach of EMRs where infrastructure is wanting. New cloud-based EMR ecosystems, where data is collected and stored centrally could leverage cell phone networks to promote more health information sharing, coordination of care and ultimately better outcomes for vulnerable populations.Summary pointsWhat was already known on the topic?•Rapid urbanization is associated with growth in the number and size of urban slums and an associated rise in the burden of disease, further worsening an already fragmented and inefficient health care system.

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

cloud-based emr ecosystems
emr implementation

emr
emrs
health information systems
mobile applications


The proposed multihop routing protocol, PHASeR, applies the technique of blind forwarding in a MWSN, which increases the reliability of data delivery through its inherent use of multiple routes. This approach requires a gradient metric to be continuously maintained, which is problematic in a dynamic topology. The literature commonly uses either flooding or location awareness, however flooding creates large amounts of overhead and location determination schemes can often be inaccurate, power hungry and create the issue of the dead end problem. PHASeR uses a novel method of gradient maintenance in a mobile network, which requires the proactive sharing of only local topology information. This is facilitated by a global TDMA (time division multiple access) MAC (medium access control) layer and further reduces the amount of overhead, which in turn will decrease packet latency. PHASeR is also set apart by its use of encapsulation, which allows data from multiple nodes to be transmitted in the same packet in order to handle high volumes of traffic. It utilises node cooperation to create a robust multipath routing solution. As such, the contribution of this paper is a cross-layer routing protocol for MWSNs that can handle the constant flow of data from sensors in highly mobile situations.

O O B I I B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I B B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O

cross-layer routing protocol
cross-layer routing protocol for mwsns
node cooperation

encapsulation
gradient maintenance
gradient metric
mac
medium access control
mobile network
multihop routing protocol
mwsn
mwsns
node
nodes
packet latency
phaser
sensors
tdma
time division multiple access


One way to enforce this ratio is to use a probabilistic, ‘roulette wheel’ style lane selection policy. VISSIM, along with most simulation toolkits, offers methods to specify probabilistic routing whereby a defined percentage of vehicles are sent down unique routes. This is a piecewise technique that can be reapplied at various locations around a simulation. While these methods are attractive from a calibration perspective as exact representations of existing statistics can be ensured, the process is an unrealistic one as it assumes that drivers make probabilistic decisions at precise locations. So in this case when a vehicle arrives at a point prior to the weighbridges it is allocated one of the lanes based on the respective probabilities. It turns out that this method leads to significant variations in trip times depending on the initial random number seed, this can be seen in a graphic of the key areas of the simulation for the 2 different runs (Fig. 7). One of the benefits of graphical microsimulation is that the 2D and 3D simulations help the researcher to visualise a new scheme and its potential benefits but also to highlight unrealistic behaviour. Fig. 7 shows the congestion at the decision point for 2 different runs. Using probabilistic routing to enforce correct routing percentages is a clear case of overcalibration affecting simulation brittleness.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O

probabilistic, ‘roulette wheel’ style
simulation toolkits

2d and 3d simulations
drivers
graphical microsimulation
lane selection policy
piecewise technique
probabilistic routing
simulation
vehicle
vissim
weighbridges


Let us now consider the case of a beta-beam source. Similarly to the case of a static tritium source, an advantage of the beta-beams is that the neutrino fluxes can be very accurately calculated. Fig. 3 shows the electron–neutrino scattering events in the range of 0.1 MeV to 1 MeV and 1 keV to 10 keV, respectively. (In Fig. 3(b) we have rounded to the nearest integer number of counts.) The shape of the flux-averaged cross sections is very similar to the reactor case as reflected in the event rates shown in the figures. As can be seen, by measuring electron recoils in the keV range with a beta-beam source one could, with a sufficiently strong source, have a very clear signature for a neutrino magnetic moment of 5×10−11μB. These figures are for Helium-6 ions, however, similar results can be obtained using neutrinos from 18Ne. The results shown are obtained for an intensity of 1015 ν/s (i.e., 1015 ions/s). If there is no magnetic moment, this intensity will produce about 170 events in the 0.1 MeV to 1 MeV range per year and 3 events in the 1 keV to 10 keV range per year. These numbers increase to 210 and 55, respectively, in the case of a magnetic moment of 5×10−11μB.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

beta-beams
beta-beam source
electron recoils
helium-6 ions
neutrino fluxes
neutrino magnetic moment

electron
electron–neutrino scattering
neutrino
neutrinos
reactor case
static tritium source


The mesoporous silica particles were prepared by the surfactant self-assembly method described previously [18,24]. Briefly, a homogeneous solution of the soluble silica precursor, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), and hydrochloric acid was mixed in ethanol and water. A surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), with an initial concentration much less than the critical micelle concentration was added to lower the surface tension of the liquid mixture and act as the mesoporous structure-directing template. Aerosol solutions of soluble silica plus surfactant were then generated with nitrogen as a carrier atomizing gas using a commercially available atomizer (Model 9392A, TSI, Inc., St. Paul, MN). The aerosol droplets were solidified in a tube furnace at 400°C until dry. Once dried, a durapore membrane filter, kept at 80°C, was used to collect the particles. As a final step, the surfactant was removed at 400°C for 5h via calcination. The surface of the mesoporous silica core in these studies was chemically modified with 10wt.% or 15wt.% by aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO) conducted identically as previously described [17] to create a positive surface charge to increase loading efficiency of negatively charged cargo. Further, Liu and colleagues report the colloidal stability of these protocells with lipid bilayers, excess amount of liposomes (50μg liposomes per 0.5mg silica were used [18]).

O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B B O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O B B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O

mesoporous silica core
mesoporous structure-directing template
soluble silica precursor
surfactant self-assembly
water.

aerosol droplets
aerosol solutions
aminopropyltriethoxysilane
aptes
atomizer
atomizing gas
calcination
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
ctab
durapore membrane filter
ethanol
homogeneous solution
hydrochloric acid
liposomes
mesoporous silica
nitrogen
protocells
soluble silica
surfactant
teos
tetraethylorthosilicate
tube furnace


The Discrete Element Method applied to spheres is well established as a reasonably realistic tool, in a wide range of engineering disciplines, for modelling packing and flow of granular materials; Asmar et al. [8] describes the fundamentals of this method as applied by code developed in-house at Nottingham; since these are widely documented the details are not reproduced here, simply a summary. It applies an explicit time stepping approach to numerically integrate the translational and rotational motion of each particle from the resulting forces and moments acting on them at each timestep. The inter-particle and particle wall contacts are modelled using the linear spring–dashpot–slider analogy. Contact forces are modelled in the normal and tangential directions with respect to the line connecting the particles centres. Particle elastic stiffness is set so sphere “overlap” is not significant and moderate contact damping is applied. Particle cohesion can also be modelled but is assumed to be negligible in the current study. The translational and rotational motion of each particle is modelled using a half step leap-frog Verlet numerical integration scheme to update particle positions and velocities. Near-neighbour lists are used to increase the computational efficiency of determining particle contacts and a zoning method is used each time the list is composed; that is the system is divided into cubic regions, each particle centre is within one zone, and potential contacting particles are within the same or next-door neighbour zones. Full details are given in Asmar et al. [8].

O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O B I I I O O B O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

half step leap-frog verlet numerical integration scheme

contact damping
contact forces
contacting particles
discrete element method
explicit time stepping approach
forces
granular materials
linear spring–dashpot–slider analogy
moments
numerically integrate
particle
particles centres
sphere
spheres
translational and rotational motion
velocities
zoning method


Three Runge–Kutta IMEX schemes were tested by Ullrich and Jablonowski [23] for the HEVI solution of the equations governing atmospheric motion. They tested the ARS(2,3,2) scheme of Ascher et al. [1] and also suggested the less computationally expensive but nearly as accurate Strang carryover scheme. This involves Strang splitting but the first implicit stage is cleverly re-used from the final implicit stage of the previous time-step and so there is only one implicit solution per time-step. Another novel approach taken by Ullrich and Jablonowski [23] is to use a Rosenbrock solution in order to treat all of the vertical terms implicitly rather than just the terms involved in wave propagation. A Rosenbrock solution is one iteration of a Newton solver. This circumvents the time-step restriction associated with vertical advection at the cost of slowing the vertical advection.

O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I

ars(2,3,2) scheme
one iteration of a newton solver
time-step restriction

atmospheric motion
hevi solution
newton solver
rosenbrock solution
runge–kutta imex schemes
slowing the vertical advection
strang carryover scheme
strang splitting
vertical advection
wave propagation


The other methods for enhancement of photocatalytic activity are grafting co-catalysts. There are two kinds of co-catalysts in terms of its function: one is for separation of electrons and the other is for separation of holes. The former representative co-catalysts are Pt, Fe3+, and Cu2+ [9–12]. It was reported that Fe3+ and Cu2+ were grafted as amorphous oxide cluster [9,10], and reduced into Fe2+ and Cu+ by receiving one electron, respectively [11,12]. The reduced metal oxide cluster with reduced ions could return into the original state by giving more than one electron to molecular oxygen. The latter ones are CoOx, CoPi (CoPOx), IrOx, and RuOx which are used for water oxidation, among which CoPi is reported to be the most effective co-catalyst for water oxidation [13]. However, there were few reports concerning co-grafting effects on photocatalytic activity especially in gaseous phase. We expected that by co-grafting of both co-catalysts for separations of electrons and holes, photocatalytic activity in gaseous phase would be further enhanced. Moreover, complex of BiVO4 with the other materials of p-type semiconductor is also effective for enhancing photocatalytic activity.

O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B B B B O B O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B I O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

co-catalyst
co-catalysts
co-grafting
cu+
cu2+
fe2+
fe3+
p-type semiconductor
separation of electrons
separation of holes

amorphous oxide cluster
bivo4
coox
copi
copox
electron
electrons
enhancement of photocatalytic activity
gaseous phase
holes
irox
oxygen
photocatalytic activity
pt
reduced ions
reduced metal oxide cluster
ruox
water oxidation


A living polymerization is a reaction without transfer and termination reactions that can proceed up to complete monomer conversion. In addition, when initiation is quantitative and fast compared to the propagation reaction, polymers with precisely controlled chain length and narrow molar mass distribution can be obtained. In the case of an industrial styrene polymerization this would permit to avoid any specific washing or degassing steps, which are necessary in the radical process to remove residual monomer and low molar mass oligomers. Since head-to-head defects along the chains are absent, anionic polystyrene would exhibit also a better thermal stability than radical one. Therefore, production of anionic polystyrene (PS) would be of interest if the conditions required to control the polymerization could be adapted to the market and be able to compete economically with industrial radical processes. The use of organic solvents and of expensive alkyllithium initiators, as well as the relatively low reaction temperatures required, was some important limitation to overcome. The possibilities to achieve a quantitative living-like anionic polymerization of styrene in the absence of solvent and at elevated temperature, using inexpensive initiating systems, were the main targets identified to tremendously decrease the cost of the anionic process. This implied at first to control the reactivity and stability of initiating and propagating active species in such unusual operating conditions.

O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O

production of anionic polystyrene (ps)
(ps

alkyllithium initiators
anionic polymerization of styrene
anionic polystyrene
degassing
industrial styrene polymerization
low molar mass oligomers
monomer conversion
organic solvents
polymerization
polymers
propagating active species
propagation
reaction
solvent
termination
washing


The

threshold

values

for

removing

large

caters

were

determined

by

examining

the

craters

within

the

study

area,

referencing

previous

studies

(Molloy

and

Stepinski,

and

some

trial

and

error.

After

the

parameter

values

are

determined,

the

rest

of

the

process

is

automated.

However,

we

do

anticipate

some

minimum

manual

editing

may

be

needed

in

some

complicated

terrains

when

apply

it

to

all

of

Mars.

To

minimize

the

distortion

resulted

from

map

projection

on

global

datasets,

we

will

choose

an

equal

area

projection

by

evaluating

the

options

suggested

in

Steinwand

et

al.

or

conduct

geodesic

area

calculation

using

software

such

as

“Tools

for

Graphics

and

Shapes”

post-formational

modification

to

the

valleys

may

be

minimum

(Williams

and

Phillips,

there

may

nonetheless

be

modifications

such

as

eolian

fill

and

mass

wasting

(e.g.,

Grant

et

al.,

Thus

the

volume

estimates

derived

with

PBTH

method

represents

a

lower

bound.

Comparing

the

estimates

from

MOLA

and

HRSC

data

reveals

that

MOLA

estimate

is

about

of

HRSC

value.

However,

MOLA

has

global

coverage

whereas

HRSC

does

not.

Therefore,

for

areas

where

there

is

only

MOLA

coverage,

the

estimate

may

be

scaled

upward

by

times.

The

algorithm

has

been

tested

on

DEMs

with

various

resolutions

m

for

simulated

DEM,

for

HRSC,

and

for

MOLA).

It

can

certainly

be

applied

to

higher

resolution

DEMs

for

Mars

when

they

become

available,

but

the

threshold

values

will

need

to

be

adjusted.

B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

the threshold values for removing large caters were determined


Contact methods have been developed and used in Lagrangian staggered-grid hydrodynamic (SGH) calculations for many years. Early examples of contact methods are discussed in Wilkins [37] and Cherry et al. [7]. Hallquist et al. [17] provides an overview of multiple contact algorithms used in various Lagrangian SGH codes dating back to HEMP [37]. Of particular interest, Hallquist et al. [17] describes the contact surface scheme used in TOODY [31] and later implemented in DYNA2D [36]. The contact method of TOODY uses a master–slave approach. The goal of this approach is to treat the nodes on the contact surface in a manner similar to an internal node. The physical properties of the slave surface are interpolated to a ghost mesh (termed phony elements in [17]) that overlays the slave zones. The physical properties are interpolated from the slave surface to the ghost zones using surface area weights. The surface area weights are equal to the ratio of the ghost zone surface area to the surface area of the master surface. The contact surface method for nodal-based Lagrangian cell-centered hydrodynamics (CCH) presented in this paper will use surface area weights similar in concept to those in TOODY. Following the area fraction approach of TOODY may seem retrospective; however, using surface area weights naturally extends to the new CCH methods that solve a Riemann-like problem at the node of a zone [10,24,25,3].

B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B O O B I O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O O B I O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O B I I O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O

nodal-based lagrangian cell-centered hydrodynamics

solve a riemann-like problem at the node of a zone

area fraction approach
cch
contact algorithms
contact method
contact methods
contact surface
dyna2d
ghost mesh
ghost zones
ghost zone surface area
hemp
internal node
lagrangian sgh
master–slave approach
master surface
nodes
phony elements
sgh
slave surface
slave zones
surface area
toody


Copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloadditions have been recently extensively studied by polymer chemists for the synthesis of functional polymers (either end-functional or side-functional). The post-functionalization of synthetic polymers is an important feature of macromolecular engineering as many polymerization mechanisms are rather sensitive to the presence of bulky or functional groups. For example, a wide variety of telechelic polymers (i.e. polymers with defined chain-ends) can be efficiently prepared using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and CuAAC. This strategy was independently reported in early 2005 by van Hest and Opsteen [31], Lutz et al. [32], and Matyjaszewski et al. [33]. Such step was important since ATRP is a very popular polymerization method in modern materials science [34,35]. Indeed, ATRP is a facile technique, which allows the preparation of well-defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, predictable chain length, controlled microstructure, defined chain-ends and controlled architecture [36–41]. However, the range of possibilities of ATRP can be further broadened by CuAAC. For instance, the ω-bromine chain-ends of polymers prepared by ATRP can be transformed into azides by nucleophilic substitution and subsequently reacted with functional alkynes (Scheme 3) [32]. Due to the very high chemoselectivity of CuAAC, this method is highly modular and may be used to synthesize a wide range of ω-functional polymers. Moreover, the formed triazole rings are not “passive” spacers but interesting functions exhibiting H-bonds capability, aromaticity and rigidity.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

copper-catalyzed huisgen cycloadditions
h-bonds
polymers with defined chain-ends
preparation of well-defined polymers
synthesis of functional polymers
synthetic polymers
telechelic polymers
ω-bromine chain-ends of polymers
ω-functional polymers

alkynes
atom transfer radical polymerization
atrp
azides
cuaac
functional polymers
macromolecular engineering
nucleophilic substitution
polymerization
polymers
triazole rings


AA 2024-T3 aluminium alloy is widely used for aerospace applications due to its high strength to weight ratio and high damage tolerance that result from copper and magnesium as the principal alloying elements and appropriate thermomechanical processing. The microstructure of the alloy is relatively complex and a number of compositionally-distinct phases have been identified [1]. Although possessing favourable mechanical properties, the alloy is relatively susceptible to corrosion and generally requires surface treatment in practical applications. The corrosion behaviour of the alloy is particularly affected by the presence of the intermetallic particles due to their differing potentials with respect to the alloy matrix [2–9]. Copper-containing second phase particles at the alloy surface are particularly detrimental to the corrosion resistance as they provide preferential cathodic sites [2,10]. One of the principle types of second phase particle that is important to the corrosion behaviour of the alloy is the S phase (Al2CuMg) particle [1,11]. Dealloying of S phase particles, which may account for ∼60% of the constituent particles in AA2024 alloys [11], is commonly observed when the alloy is exposed to an aggressive environment. The particles are considered as important initiation sites for severe localized corrosion in the alloy [11–22]. The dealloying of the S phase particles and the resulting enrichment of copper result in a decrease of the Volta potential with respect to the matrix and hence the dealloyed particles become active cathodic sites [23–25].

O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B I O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O B O O B I B O O B O B I B O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O B I B O O O B O B O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O

copper-containing second phase particles

aa2024 alloys
aerospace applications
al2cumg
alloy
alloying elements
cathodic sites
constituent particles
copper
corrosion
dealloyed particles
dealloying
decrease of the volta potential
enrichment
intermetallic particles
magnesium
particles
second phase particle
s phase
surface treatment
thermomechanical processing


In

the

Total

Focusing

Method

(TFM)

the

beam

is

synthetically

focused

at

every

point

in

the

target

region

as

follows.

After

obtaining

the

FMC

data,

the

target

region,

which

is

in

the

x–z

plane

in

(Fig.

is

discretized

into

a

grid.

The

signals

from

all

elements

in

the

array

are

then

summed

to

synthesize

a

focus

at

every

point

in

this

grid.

Linear

interpolation

of

the

time

domain

signals

is

necessary

since

they

are

discretely

sampled.

The

intensity

of

the

TFM

image

ITFM

at

any

point

(x,z)

is

given

by:(10)ITFM(x,z)=|∑HTR(1c((xT−x)2+z2+(xR−x)2+z2))|forallT,Rwhere

HTR(t)

is

the

Hilbert

transform

of

a

signal

uTR(t)

in

the

FMC

data,

xT

is

the

x-position

of

the

transmitting

element

(T)

and

xR

is

the

x-position

of

the

receiving

element

(R).

Note

that

the

z-position

of

all

elements

is

zero

(Fig.

The

summation

is

carried

out

for

all

possible

transmitter–receiver

pairs

and

therefore

uses

all

the

information

captured

with

FMC.

This

algorithm

is

referred

to

as

‘conventional

TFM’

in

this

paper.

O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

synthesize a focus at every point in this grid

discretely sampled
discretized into a grid
fmc
grid
hilbert transform
linear interpolation
r
receiving element
summation
summed
t
tfm
total focusing method
transmitter–receiver pairs
transmitting element
x–z plane


The viscoelastic behavior of elastomers containing small amounts of unattached chains has been investigated to characterize the dynamics of the polymer chains trapped in fixed networks [66–68]. Polymer chains trapped in fixed networks constitute a simpler system for the study of the polymer chain dynamics than the corresponding uncrosslinked polymer melts. This is because the complicated effect of the motion of the surrounding chains on the dynamics of the probe chain – called “constraint release” [69] – is absent in the fixed network systems. Most of the earlier studies employed randomly crosslinked elastomers as host networks. In this case, precise control of the mesh size of the host networks is not possible, and the mesh size has a broad distribution. The end-linking systems give the host networks a more uniform mesh size, and they can control the mesh size by the size of the precursor chains. We investigated the dynamic viscoelasticity of end-linked PDMS elastomers containing unattached linear PDMS as functions of the size of the unattached chains (Mg) and the network mesh (Mx) (Fig. 9a) [70]. We employed two types of host networks with Mx>Me and Mx<Me where Me (≈10,000 for PDMS) is the molecular mass between adjacent entanglements in the molten state. The Mx>Me and Mx<Me networks (designated as NL and NS, respectively) were designed by end-linking the long (Mn=84,000) and short precursor chains (Mn=4,550), respectively. The mesh of the NL networks is dominated by trapped entanglements, while that of the NS network is governed by chemical cross-links.

O B I O B O O O O B I O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O O O B I B O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O

chemical cross-links.
constraint release
mx<me
mx>me
network mesh
pdms elastomers


Using measured data from two arable sites in the UK we have shown that lags can have significant impact on model evaluation and can affect both the level of correlation between measured and simulated data and the magnitude of the sums of the residuals. Also, we used the division of MSE to three constituent statistics (SB, SDSD and LCS) to show how the level of correlation can affect the sum of residuals. By dividing the algorithm-predicted series of lag values into monthly sets and examining the frequency distribution of the lags, certain patterns in these temporally patchy series have been identified. A challenging task in relation to time lags between observed and simulated daily data, is to determine their cause. This task becomes more difficult for model outputs such as soil N2O emissions that are driven by various interacting variables. Even more so, because the measured N2O datasets and the measured datasets of their drivers (e.g. soil moisture, soil N content) cover small time periods, they are not continuous and can vary widely in size. In this study we implemented the algorithm using measured and simulated data for soil moisture (first and second example) and soil mineral N (second example), and compared its results with the respective results for N2O. In our first example, we showed that the estimated lags in N2O prediction are related to the lags in soil moisture prediction in a way that changes gradually through time. In our second example, the lags in N2O prediction were explained by the lags in soil moisture and soil mineral N prediction, with which they had a positive relationship.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O

n2o datasets
n2o emissions
n2o prediction
soil mineral n prediction
soil moisture prediction


Fig. 9 displays the growth of two of the main corrosion products that develop or form on the surface of Cu40Zn with time, hydrozincite (Fig. 9a) and Cu2O (Fig. 9b). It should be remembered that both phases were present already from start of the exposure. The data is presented in absorbance units and allows comparisons to be made of the amounts of each species between the two Cu40Zn surfaces investigated, DP and HZ7. The tendency is very clear that the formation rates of both hydrozincite and cuprite are quite suppressed for Cu40Zn with preformed hydrozincite (HZ7) compared to the diamond polished surface (DP). In summary, without being able to consider the formation of simonkolleite, it can be concluded that an increased surface coverage of hydrozincite reduces the initial spreading ability of the NaCl-containing droplets and thereby lowers the overall formation rate of hydrozincite and cuprite.

O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I B O B O O O O O O O B I O O B O B O O O O B O O B B O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O B

comparisons to be made of the amounts of each species between the two cu40zn surfaces investigated


The measurements presented here provide evidence for the existence of di-cluster structures in 10–12,14Be. Certainly, if the breakup process samples the overlap between the wavefunctions of the ground state and the excited states, the first-chance cluster breakup cross-sections, shown in Fig. 4(a), indicate that the xHe+A−xHe cluster structure does not decrease over the mass range A=10, 12 and 14. Given also that the decay energy threshold increases with mass number, the present data may even indicate a slight increase in clustering. The breakup cross-sections also appear to demonstrate that these nuclei possess a stronger structural overlap with an α–Xn–α configuration, although the reaction mechanics by which this final state is reached may be complex. That is to say that the dominant structural mode of the neutron rich isotopes may be identified with two alpha-particles plus valence neutrons. These comprehensive measurements of the neutron-removal and cluster breakup for the first time provide experimental data whereby the structure of the most neutron-rich Be isotopes can be modeled via their reactions.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


An

OPE

of

VQCD(r)

was

developed

in

In

this

and

the

next

paragraph,

we

review

the

content

of

that

paper

relevant

to

our

analysis.

Within

this

framework,

short-distance

contributions

are

contained

in

the

potentials,

which

are

in

fact

the

Wilson

coefficients,

while

non-perturbative

contributions

are

contained

in

the

matrix

elements

that

are

organized

in

multipole

expansion

in

r→

at

The

following

relation

was

derived:

(16)VQCD(r)=VS(r)+δEUS(r),(17)δEUS=−ig2TFNC∫0∞dte−iΔV(r)t×〈r→⋅E→a(t)φadj(t,0)abr→⋅E→b(0)〉+O(r3).

VS(r)

denotes

the

singlet

potential.

δEUS(r)

denotes

the

non-perturbative

contribution

to

the

QCD

potential,

which

starts

at

in

the

multipole

expansion.

ΔV(r)=VO(r)−VS(r)

denotes

the

difference

between

the

octet

and

singlet

potentials;

see

for

details.

Intuitively

VS(r)

corresponds

to

VUV(r;μf)

and

δEUS(r)

to

VIR(r;μf).

We

adopt

dimensional

regularization

in

our

analysis;

we

also

refer

to

hard

cutoff

schemes

when

discussing

conceptual

aspects.

O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O

dimensional regularization
hard cutoff schemes
multipole expansion
ope
qcd potential


Although the basic mechanisms of the AD process are reasonably well understood, it has not proved simple to apply existing theories to the interpretation of experimental data. What is needed is a combination of the AD theory and the electronic structure of realistic systems, including surface defects and adsorbed species. Such electronic structure calculations are still complex and time-consuming. In many cases, especially for insulating surfaces, attempts to model MIES spectra use simple or intuitive models. In Refs. [4,6,23] it is assumed that the main transition mechanism is Auger de-excitation, and the MIES spectra have been simulated by the surface density of states (DOS) projected on the surface oxygen ions of the uppermost surface layer using a Hartree–Fock method (the crystal code [24,25]) and a density functional theory (DFT) method (the cetep code [26]). The effect of the overlap between the surface and He(1s) wavefunctions was taken into account only approximately by applying an additional z-dependent exponential factor to the surface DOS. Other workers [5,6] estimated the AD transition probability using a DOS projected on to the projectile 1s atomic orbital. However, they were not able to use state-of-the-art methods for the surface electronic structure. Yet the success of the simplified treatments [4–6], especially for MIES features such as relative energies of the different peaks, suggests that real spectra are indeed related to the projection of the surface DOS on to the projectile orbital.

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I B O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O B I I B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O

ad transition
auger de-excitation
mies spectra

ad
adsorbed species
cetep code
crystal code
density functional theory
density of states
dft
dos
hartree–fock method
mies
surface defects
surface oxygen ions


This paper proposes a sentence stress feedback system in which sentence stress prediction, detection, and feedback provision models are combined. This system provides non-native learners with feedback on sentence stress errors so that they can improve their English rhythm and fluency in a self-study setting. The sentence stress feedback system was devised to predict and detect the sentence stress of any practice sentence. The accuracy of the prediction and detection models was 96.6% and 84.1%, respectively. The stress feedback provision model offers positive or negative stress feedback for each spoken word by comparing the probability of the predicted stress pattern with that of the detected stress pattern. In an experiment that evaluated the educational effect of the proposed system incorporated in our CALL system, significant improvements in accentedness and rhythm were seen with the students who trained with our system but not with those in the control group.

O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

call system
predict and detect the sentence stress
prediction and detection models
sentence stress feedback system
stress feedback provision model


Brodsky and Lepage [8] have proposed a formula for meson pair production which looks similar to (25), except for a different charge factor and the appearance of the timelike electromagnetic meson form factor instead of the annihilation form factor R(s). This formula was obtained from the leading-twist result by neglecting part of the amplitudes with opposite photon helicities. As has been pointed out in [9], this part is however not approximately independent of the pion distribution amplitude and not generically small. We also remark that the appearance of Fπ(s) in the γγ→π+π− amplitude is no longer observed if corrections from partonic transverse momentum in the hard scattering process are taken into account, and that these corrections are not numerically small for the values of s we are dealing with [13]. Notice further that two-photon annihilation produces two pions in a C-even state, whereas the electromagnetic form factor projects on the C-odd state of a pion pair. In contrast, our annihilation form factor R2π(s) is C-even as discussed after (24). Finally, due to a particular charge factor, the Brodsky–Lepage formula leads to a vanishing cross section for γγ annihilation into pairs of neutral pseudoscalars.

O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I I O O O B I

formula for meson pair production
meson pair production
photon
photon helicities
r2π(s)
two-photon annihilation


Plastically deformed MGs develop inhomogeneity and show harder and softer regions [16]. While this could in principle be associated with a BE according to the composite model, a MG provides no basis for a dislocation-based theory. The search for a BE in plastic flow is hindered by the softening of MGs associated with shear-banding (in contrast to the work-hardening familiar in conventional alloys). Anelastic deformation is, however, of interest as its time-dependence must relate to relaxation processes in the MG structure that in turn should be connected to the onset of plasticity. In particular, anelasticity may offer a way to study the operation of the shear transformation zones (STZs [17]) often used to interpret the deformation of MGs. Fujita et al. have used torsion tests to observe anelasticity in MGs loaded (at maximum, on the cylindrical sample surface) to 30%, 16% and just 4% of the shear yield stress τy [18]. In the present work we apply torsion to MG samples to reach stresses up to 24% of τy, and for the first time in the elastic regime investigate the effects of torque reversal.

O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

anelastic deformation
mg
mgs
search for a be in plastic flow
shear transformation zones
stzs


Despite

the

loss

of

directed,

self-complementary

hydrogen

bonding

through

alkylation

of

the

imidazole

ring,

electrostatic

aggregation

of

imidazolium

salts

is

a

tunable,

self-assembly

process,

which

is

instrumental

to

several

applications.

Imidazolium

salts

are

used

to

extract

metal

ions

from

aqueous

solutions

and

coat

metal

nanoparticles

dissolve

carbohydrates

and

create

polyelectrolyte

brushes

on

surfaces

For

example,

atom

transfer

radical

polymerization

(ATRP)

was

used

to

graft

ethyl)

imidazolium

chloride)

brushes

onto

gold

surfaces

One

of

the

imidazolium

salt’s

most

promising

attributes

is

its

antimicrobial

action

and

molecular

self-assembly

into

liquid

crystals

chlorides

and

bromides,

1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium

chlorides,

and

N-alkyl-N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium,

for

example,

all

exhibit

strong

biocidal

activity

Hydrogels

form

from

polymerized

methylimidazolium-based

ionic

liquids

with

acryloyl

groups;

the

polymer

self-assembles

into

organized

lamellae

with

unique

swelling

properties,

leading

to

bioactive

applications

Other

bioactive

applications

for

imidazolium

salts

include

antiarrhythmics

anti-metastic

agents

and

imidazolium-based

steroids

Separation

applications

include

efficient

absorption

of

Imidazolium

salts

enhance

vesicle

formation

as

imidazolium

surfactants

and

they

also

find

application

in

polymeric

actuators

O O O O O O B I O B O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O B I O O B O O O B I O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I O B O O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O

poly(1-ethyl 3-(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl) imidazolium chloride

polymerized methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids

acryloyl groups
alkylation
antiarrhythmics
antimicrobial action
aqueous solutions
atom transfer radical polymerization
atrp
bioactive applications
biocidal activity
bromides
carbohydrates
co2
electrostatic aggregation
gold surfaces
hydrogels form
hydrogen bonding
imidazolium salts
imidazolium surfactants
liquid crystals
metal ions
metal nanoparticles
organized lamellae
polyelectrolyte brushes
polymer
polymeric actuators
separation applications
vesicle formation


Fig. 7 shows the relationship between the testing time and friction coefficients of various samples under dry conditions. There exist running in and steady wear period in the wear process of uncoated AZ31 and anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles while there has a steady wear period only in the wear process of composite anodizing coating with Al2O3 nanoparticles. At the same time, the addition of nano-particles to electrolyte led to reduction of friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of composite coating is relatively lower and more stable than what has been reported in literature [24,25] for anodizing coatings. This may be caused by “rolling effect” made by Al2O3 nanoparticles on the surface of oxide coating. Spherical nanoparticles change sliding into rolling, which reduce friction, making the friction coefficient becomes more stable. The friction coefficient of anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles has large fluctuation maybe for the damage of coating. In contrast to the uncoated AZ31 magnesium alloy, the anodizing coatings show slightly lower friction coefficient. This can be attributed to their higher load-bearing capacity for high hardness.

O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O B O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O

anodizing coating without al2o3 nanoparticles

al2o3 nanoparticles
anodizing coatings
coating
electrolyte
friction coefficient
friction coefficients
reduce friction
“rolling effect”
spherical nanoparticles
testing time
uncoated az31
wear process


ObjectiveElectrically evoked auditory steady-state responses (EASSRs) are neural potentials measured in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to periodic pulse trains presented, for example, through a cochlear implant (CI). EASSRs could potentially be used for objective CI fitting. However, EEG signals are contaminated with electrical CI artifacts. In this paper, we characterized the CI artifacts for monopolar mode stimulation and evaluated at which pulse rate, linear interpolation over the signal part contaminated with CI artifact is successful.MethodsCI artifacts were characterized by means of their amplitude growth functions and duration.ResultsCI artifact durations were between 0.7 and 1.7ms, at contralateral recording electrodes. At ipsilateral recording electrodes, CI artifact durations are range from 0.7 to larger than 2ms.ConclusionAt contralateral recording electrodes, the artifact was shorter than the interpulse interval across subjects for 500pps, which was not always the case for 900pps.SignificanceCI artifact-free EASSRs are crucial for reliable CI fitting and neuroscience research. The CI artifact has been characterized and linear interpolation allows to remove it at contralateral recording electrodes for stimulation at 500pps.

O O O O O B O B I O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O B I B B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I O B O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O

electrically evoked auditory steady-state responses

characterized the ci artifacts for monopolar mode stimulation


Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) has been applied to characterising soot agglomerates of particles and compared with Transmission Electron Microscoscopy (TEM). Soot nanoparticles were extracted from used oil drawn from the sump of a light duty automotive diesel engine. The samples were prepared for analysis by diluting with heptane. Individual tracking of soot agglomerates allows for size distribution analysis. The size of soot was compared with length measurements of projected two-dimensional TEM images of agglomerates. Both the techniques show that soot-in-oil exists as agglomerates with average size of 120nm. NTA is able to measure particles in polydisperse solutions and reports the size and volume distribution of soot-in-oil aggregates; it has the advantages of being fast and relatively low cost if compared with TEM.Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) has been applied to characterising soot agglomerates of particles and compared with Transmission Electron Microscoscopy (TEM). Soot nanoparticles were extracted from used oil drawn from the sump of a light duty automotive diesel engine. The samples were prepared for analysis by diluting with heptane. Individual tracking of soot agglomerates allows for size distribution analysis. The size of soot was compared with length measurements of projected two-dimensional TEM images of agglomerates. Both the techniques show that soot-in-oil exists as agglomerates with average size of 120nm. NTA is able to measure particles in polydisperse solutions and reports the size and volume distribution of soot-in-oil aggregates; it has the advantages of being fast and relatively low cost if compared with TEM.

B I I B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

soot agglomerates
soot-in-oil aggregates

agglomerates
heptane
nanoparticle tracking analysis
nta
polydisperse solutions
size distribution analysis
soot nanoparticles
tem
transmission electron microscoscopy


PV cells are one of the most promising technologies for conversion of incident solar radiation into electric power. However, this technology is still far from being able to compete with fossil fuel-based energy conversion technologies because of its relatively low efficiency and energy density. Theoretically, there are three unavoidable losses that limit the solar conversion efficiency of a device with a single absorption threshold or band gap Eg: (1) incomplete absorption, where photons with energies below Eg are not absorbed; (2) thermalization or carrier cooling, where solar photons with sufficient energy generate electron-hole pairs and then immediately lose almost all energy in excess of Eg in the form of heat; and (3) radiative recombination, where a small fraction of the excited states radioactively recombine with the ground state at the maximum power output (Hanna & Nozik, 2006; Henry, 1980). Taking an air mass of 1.5 as an example, for different band gap Eg these three losses can be calculated and the results are indicated by areas S1, S2, and S3 in Fig. 1. Note that the area under the outer curve is the solar power per unit area, and that only S4 can be delivered to the load.

B I O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

electric power
electron-hole pairs
fossil fuel-based energy conversion
incident solar radiation
incomplete absorption
solar photons


Measuring and analysing the hold time of the CPA pill allows the thermal boundary resistance within the pill to be assessed; the thermal boundary dictates the actual temperature of the CPA crystals in comparison to the temperature of the cold finger, which is maintained at a constant temperature by a servo control program. Fig. 17 shows the temperature profile during the recycling of the CPA pill and subsequent operation at 200mK. During the hold time, the servo control program maintained the CPA pill temperature to within a millikelvin. It is expected that microkelvin stability can be achieved with fast read-out thermometry (which was not available at the time of testing but which will be used for the mKCC), as this would allow for temperature control on much faster (millisecond) timescales than the current (approximately 1s) thermometry readout used.

O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O B O O O O B I O O O B O O B I O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O B O O O B O O B I O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O B I B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

measuring and analysing the hold time of the cpa pill

cold finger
cpa crystals
cpa pill
microkelvin stability
mkcc
operation at 200mk
pill
recycling
servo control program
temperature
thermal boundary


Volume EM can be performed using transmission or scanning electron microscopes. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice is dependant on the required lateral (x, y) and axial (z) resolution, and the size of the structure of interest. Historically, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was the tool of choice for ultrastructural examination of biomedical specimens at sub-nanometer resolution. However, for many cell biology studies structural resolution is actually limited by the deposition of heavy metals onto membranes during sample preparation. In addition, voxel dimensions may only need to be half that of the smallest expected feature of interest (Briggman and Bock, 2012). Advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology are now driving a paradigm shift in electron imaging. SEMs with field emission electron sources and high efficiency electron detectors can achieve lateral resolutions in the order of 3nm, allowing visualisation of structures such as synaptic vesicles and membranes (De Winter et al., 2009; Knott et al., 2008; Vihinen et al., 2013; Villinger et al., 2012), though resolving individual leaflets of membrane bilayers remains a challenge (Vihinen et al., 2013). The use of low beam energies also limits the interaction volume, enhancing axial resolution (Hennig and Denk, 2007). In this review, volume imaging in both transmission and scanning EMs will be explored, moving from traditional manual techniques, through to the latest systems where aspects of both sample preparation and imaging have been automated.

B I O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O B I O B O O O

scanning electron microscopy (sem) technology


Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiographic (3D-DSA) images from diagnostic cerebral angiography were obtained at least one day prior to embolization in all patients. The raw data of 3D-DSA in a DICOM file were used for creating a 3D model of the target vessel segment. These data were converted to standard triangulation language (STL) surface data as an aggregation of fine triangular meshes using 3D visualization and measurement software (Amira version X, FEI, Burlington, MA, USA). An unstructured computational volumetric mesh was constructed from the triangulated surface. Smoothing and remeshing followed as next steps. The STL file was then transferred to a 3D printer (OBJET30 Pro; Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The resolution of the build layer was 0.028mm, and the 3D printed vessel model was produced using acrylic resin (Vero). Following immersion in water for a few hours, the surface of the 3D printed model was smoothed by manually removing spicule.

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O B I O B I O B O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I B O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O

3d visualization and measurement software

creating a 3d model of the target vessel segment

three-dimensional digital subtraction angiographic

3d model
3d printed model
3d printer
3d visualization
acrylic resin
amira version x
cerebral angiography
computational volumetric mesh
dicom file
embolization
immersion in water
measurement
objet30 pro
remeshing
smoothed
smoothing
standard triangulation language
stl
triangular meshes
triangulated surface
vero


We define a new multispecies model of Calogero type in D dimensions with harmonic, two-body and three-body interactions. Using the underlying conformal SU(1,1) algebra, we indicate how to find the complete set of the states in Bargmann–Fock space. There are towers of states, with equidistant energy spectra in each tower. We explicitely construct all polynomial eigenstates, namely the center-of-mass states and global dilatation modes, and find their corresponding eigenenergies. We also construct ladder operators for these global collective states. Analysing corresponding Fock space, we detect the universal critical point at which the model exhibits singular behavior. The above results are universal for all systems with underlying conformal SU(1,1) symmetry.We define a new multispecies model of Calogero type in D dimensions with harmonic, two-body and three-body interactions. Using the underlying conformal SU(1,1) algebra, we indicate how to find the complete set of the states in Bargmann–Fock space. There are towers of states, with equidistant energy spectra in each tower. We explicitely construct all polynomial eigenstates, namely the center-of-mass states and global dilatation modes, and find their corresponding eigenenergies. We also construct ladder operators for these global collective states. Analysing corresponding Fock space, we detect the universal critical point at which the model exhibits singular behavior. The above results are universal for all systems with underlying conformal SU(1,1) symmetry.

O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

define a new multispecies model of calogero type in d dimensions


In this work we develop a new approach to DEA suitable for modelling three-dimensional problems. The present DEA methods rely on the fact that one can easily parametrise the boundary of the region being modelled, and then apply an orthonormal basis approximation over the resulting boundary phase space coordinate system. In two dimensions this is simple as the boundary may be parametrised along its arc-length and the associated momentum (or direction) coordinate taken tangential to the boundary. The basis can be any suitable (scaled) univariate basis in both position and momentum, such as a Fourier basis [8] or Chebyshev polynomials [9]. Defining a suitable parametrisation for the spatial coordinate in three-dimensions becomes much more difficult. In momentum space spherical polar coordinates may be employed and so these problems do not arise.

O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O

develop a new approach to dea suitable for modelling three-dimensional problems

boundary phase space coordinate system
chebyshev polynomials
dea
fourier basis
orthonormal basis approximation
parametrise the boundary of the region
spherical polar coordinates
univariate basis


We have developed the theory of electrons carrying quantized orbital angular momentum. To make connection to realistic situations, we considered a plane wave moving along the optic axis of a lens system, intercepted by a round, centered aperture.88In the experiment, this aperture carries the holographic mask. It turns out that the movement along the optic axis can be separated off; the reduced Schrödinger equation operating in the plane of the aperture can be mapped onto Bessel's differential equation. The ensuing eigenfunctions fall into families with discrete orbital angular momentum ℏm along the optic axis where m is a magnetic quantum number. Those vortices can be produced by matching a plane wave after passage through a holographic mask with a fork dislocation to the eigenfunctions of the cylindrical problem. Vortices can be focussed by magnetic lenses into volcano-like charge distributions with very narrow angular divergence, resembling loop currents in the diffraction plane. Inclusion of spherical aberration changes the ringlike shape but does not destroy the central zero intensity of vortices with m≠0. Partial coherence of the incident wave leads to a rise of the central intensity minimum. It is shown that a very small source angle (i.e. a very high coherence) is necessary so as to keep the volcano structure intact. Their small angular width in the far field may allow the creation of nm-sized or smaller electron vortices but the demand for extremely high coherence of the source poses a serious difficulty.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

angular divergence
aperture
holographic mask
incident wave
inclusion of spherical aberration
lens system
magnetic lenses
partial coherence
plane
reduced schrödinger equation
vortices


Each hit position inside the drift chambers was calculated from the drift time digitized by a flash analog-to-digital converter. The calculation was carried out based on a relation between the hit position and the drift time (x–t relation). The x–t relation was precisely calculated by a drift chamber simulation package, GARFIELD [20], and a gas property simulation package, MAGBOLTZ [21]. Although the chambers were constructed carefully with a tolerance of 100 μm, there was a small position deviation of wires and field-shaping patterns, which could locally modify the electric field. In order to take account of the limited accuracy in the chamber manufacturing, a correction was commonly applied to the calculated x–t relation throughout the experiments. The correction was obtained to minimize the χ2 in the fitting of straight tracks of clean muon events observed on the ground without magnetic field. The correction was as small as expected from the accuracy in the chamber manufacturing. During the observations, the x–t relation was affected by the variation in the pressure and temperature of the chamber gas. In order to take account of these time-dependent variations, the x–t relation was calibrated for each data-taking run. Especially in calibrating the x–t relation of ODCs, an absolute reference positions were provided by SciFi, which are not affected by the variation in the pressure nor temperature.

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I B I O B I O O O O O O B O O B O O O B I I I B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

chamber gas
chamber manufacturing
drift chambers
drift chamber simulation package
flash analog-to-digital converter


Recent astronomical observations of high redshift type Ia supernovae performed by two groups [1–3] as well as the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation obtained by the BOOMERANG [4] and MAXIMA-1 [5] experiments seem to indicate that at present the Universe is in a state of accelerated expansion. If one analyzes these data within the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) standard model of cosmology their most natural interpretation is that the Universe is spatially flat and that the (baryonic plus dark) matter density ρ is about one third of the critical density ρcrit. Most interestingly, the dominant contribution to the energy density is provided by the cosmological constant Λ. The vacuum energy density (1.1)ρΛ≡Λ/(8πG) is about twice as large as ρ, i.e., about two thirds of the critical density. With ΩM≡ρ/ρcrit, ΩΛ≡ρΛ/ρcrit and Ωtot≡ΩM+ΩΛ: (1.2)ΩM≈1/3,ΩΛ≈2/3,Ωtot≈1. This implies that the deceleration parameter q is approximately −1/2. While originally the cosmological constant problem [6] was related to the question why Λ is so unnaturally small, the discovery of the important role played by ρΛ has shifted the emphasis toward the “coincidence problem”, the question why ρ and ρΛ happen to be of the same order of magnitude precisely at this very moment [7].

O B I O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O

friedmann–robertson–walker (frw) standard model

why ρ and ρλ happen to be of the same order of magnitude precisely at this very moment


We addressed the question whether carbohydrate coupling increased antigen uptake by DCs via C-type lectin receptor targeting. Therefore, the antigens were labeled with pHrodo Red dye (Invitrogen), a dye that specifically fluoresces as pH decreases from neutral to acidic, as provided in endosomes/lysosomes of cells. In vitro characterization of the cellular uptake of neoglycocomplexes using bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) demonstrated superior ingestion of mannan-conjugates MN–Ova and MN–Pap (Supplementary Fig. S4A-D,F). This was confirmed in vivo by intradermal needle-injection of labeled antigen into the ear pinnae of mice. Antigen uptake and transport to the ear dLNs were measured after 24h by FACS analysis. DCs in cervical LNs were identified according to their high expression of MHC class II (Fig. 3A) and additionally characterized by CD8α, CD11b, and CD11c expression and uptake of pHrodo-labeled antigen (Fig. 3B, D–F). The results showed significantly elevated numbers of pHrodo+MHCIIhigh DCs for mannan conjugates MN–Ova and MN–Pap (and to a lesser degree for MD–Pap) in comparison to the unmodified antigens (Fig. 3C). Both carbohydrates targeted antigen preferentially to CD8α− DCs, as indicated by an increase in CD8α−/pHrodo+ DCs compared to unmodified antigens (Fig. 3E and F). Nevertheless, whether the antigens were taken up in situ by dermal DCs or by LN resident APCs via the afferent lymphatics could not be fully elucidated. Histology revealed that antigen-loaded cells in the dLNs were already present 30min after intradermal injection (Supplementary Fig. S4G), suggesting both mechanisms.

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I B O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O

antigen
antigens
bmdcs
bone marrow derived dendritic cells
carbohydrates
cd11b
cd11c
cd8α
cd8α− dcs
facs analysis
fluoresces
ingestion
intradermal injection
invitrogen
md–pap
mn–ova
mn–pap
neoglycocomplexes
phrodo red dye


We consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity where instead of the scale factor of the spatial metrics in the action functional a massless scalar (dilaton) field occurs which scales all masses including the Planck mass. Instead of the expansion of the universe we obtain the Hoyle–Narlikar type of mass evolution, where the temperature history of the universe is replaced by the mass history. We show that this conformal-invariant cosmological model gives a satisfactory description of the new supernova Ia data for the effective magnitude–redshift relation without a cosmological constant and make a prediction for the high-redshift behavior which deviates from that of standard cosmology for z>1.7.We consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity where instead of the scale factor of the spatial metrics in the action functional a massless scalar (dilaton) field occurs which scales all masses including the Planck mass. Instead of the expansion of the universe we obtain the Hoyle–Narlikar type of mass evolution, where the temperature history of the universe is replaced by the mass history. We show that this conformal-invariant cosmological model gives a satisfactory description of the new supernova Ia data for the effective magnitude–redshift relation without a cosmological constant and make a prediction for the high-redshift behavior which deviates from that of standard cosmology for z>1.7.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O B O O B I O O O B I I I O O O B I I I I O O B I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O B O O B I O O O B I I I O O O B I I I I O O B I I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O

consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of einstein's general relativity

cosmological constant
dilaton
effective magnitude–redshift relation
expansion of the universe
hoyle–narlikar type of mass evolution
masses
mass history
massless scalar
planck mass
scale factor
standard cosmology
supernova ia data
temperature history of the universe


Global optimisation algorithms are used in this study to solve the optimisation problem as they are known to be efficient in incorporating statistical information and dealing with complicated objective functions that have multiple local minima/maxima. The genetic algorithm (GA) is such a global optimisation technique that mimics biological evolution processes and is used in this particular study. The algorithm starts with a random selection of a population from the decision variable domain (X). The genetic algorithm repeatedly modifies this population. At each step, the algorithm selects a group of individual values from the population (parent) which are evolved through crossover or mutation to produce members of the next generation. This process is repeated for several generations until an optimum solution is reached. See [19] for a fuller description of the GA.

B I I O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I B O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I B O B I O O O B O O O O O B I I I I I O O B B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

local minima/maxima
random selection of a population

crossover
decision variable domain
ga
genetic algorithm
global optimisation algorithms
global optimisation technique
incorporating statistical information
mimics biological evolution processes
mutation
objective functions
parent
population
selects a group of individual values
solve the optimisation problem
x


There are a number of avenues to explore for future work, in particular the use of other time–frequency analysis methods. The STFT spectrogram was utilised here, as it is the simplest to implement. Whilst all of the echoes could be clearly resolved in both time and frequency, the spectrogram suffers from a fixed resolution, i.e. an increase of time resolution necessarily leads to a decrease in frequency resolution. Other methods of time–frequency analysis, such as discrete wavelet analysis, benefit from advantage of multi-resolution analysis, which offers improved temporal resolution of the high frequency components, and frequency resolution of the low frequency components [25,18,19]. Also, whilst the current work has utilised SH waves that are generated by EMATs, the physics that describes the pulsed array system is universal to other types of waves. Future work will include demonstrating this phenomenon with a number of other systems, for example using longitudinal ultrasonic waves or electromagnetic waves.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I I O O O B I I O B I