document: Inverse miniemulsion polymerization is a water-in-oil (W/O) heterogeneous polymerization process that forms kinetically stable macroemulsions at, below, or around the critical micellar concentration (CMC). This process contains aqueous droplets (including water-soluble monomers) stably dispersed, with the aid of oil-soluble surfactants, in a continuous organic medium. Stable inverse miniemulsions are formed under high shear by either a homogenizer or a high speed mechanical stirrer. Oil-soluble nonionic surfactants with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value around 4 are used to implement colloidal stability of the resulting inverse emulsion. Upon addition of radical initiators, polymerization occurs within the aqueous droplets producing colloidal particles (Fig. 2) [83]. Several reports have demonstrated the preparation of stable particles of hydrophilic and water-soluble polymers [86–89], polyaniline nanoparticles [90], and organic–inorganic hybrid particles [91–93]. This method also allows for the preparation of crosslinked microgels in the presence of difunctional crosslinkers [27,94–100]. In addition, CRP techniques including ATRP [78,79,82,101,102] and RAFT [103] in inverse miniemulsion have been explored to prepare well-defined nanoparticles and nanogels.
doc_bio_tags: B I B O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B I I B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I I O O O B I B O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I O B O O B O O B I O O O O O O B O B
extractive_keyphrases: aqueous droplets atrp cmc colloidal particles critical micellar concentration crosslinked microgels crp techniques difunctional crosslinkers heterogeneous polymerization process high speed mechanical stirrer homogenizer implement colloidal stability of the resulting inverse emulsion inverse miniemulsion kinetically stable macroemulsions nanogels nanoparticles organic–inorganic hybrid particles organic medium polymerization radical initiators raft stable inverse miniemulsions
abstractive_keyphrases: inverse emulsion inverse miniemulsion polymerization oil-soluble nonionic surfactants oil-soluble surfactants polyaniline nanoparticles preparation of crosslinked microgels in the presence of difunctional crosslinkers stable particles of hydrophilic and water-soluble polymers water-in-oil water-soluble monomers w/o