Letrozole in the extended adjuvant setting : MA .17 Relapse after completing adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is a persistent threat for women with hormone-responsive breast cancer . Third-generation aromatase inhibitors , such as letrozole , provide a new option for extended adjuvant hormonal therapy after 5 years of tamoxifen . MA .17 was conducted to determine whether letrozole improves outcome after discontinuation of tamoxifen . Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer -LRB- N = 5,187 -RRB- were randomized to letrozole 2.5 mg or placebo once daily for 5 years . At a median follow-up of 30 months , letrozole significantly improved disease-free survival -LRB- DFS ; P < 0.001 -RRB- , the primary end point , compared with placebo -LRB- hazard ratio -LSB- HR -RSB- for recurrence or contralateral breast cancer 0.58 ; 95 % confidence interval -LSB- CI -RSB- 0.45 , 0.76 -RSB- P < 0.001 -RRB- . Furthermore , letrozole significantly improved distant DFS -LRB- HR = 0.60 ; 95 % CI 0.43 , 0.84 ; P = 0.002 -RRB- and , in women with node-positive tumors , overall survival -LRB- HR = 0.61 ; 95 % CI 0.38 , 0.98 ; P = 0.04 -RRB- . Clinical benefits , including an overall survival advantage , were also seen in women who crossed over from placebo to letrozole after unblinding , indicating that tumors remain sensitive to hormone therapy despite a prolonged period since discontinuation of tamoxifen . The efficacy and safety of letrozole therapy beyond 5 years is being assessed in a re-randomization study , following the emergence of new data suggesting that clinical benefit correlates with the duration of letrozole . MA .17 showed that letrozole is extremely well-tolerated relative to placebo . Letrozole should be considered for all women completing tamoxifen ; new results from the post-unblinding analysis suggest that letrozole treatment should also be considered for all disease-free women for periods up to 5 years following completion of adjuvant tamoxifen . Introduction and rationale There is a persistent risk of breast cancer recurrence following primary treatment -LSB- 1 -- 3 -RSB- . Initially , patients with hormone receptor-positive -LRB- HR + -RRB- breast tumors have a lower risk of recurrence than those with HR − tumors , but with longer follow-up , the opposite may be the case -LSB- 3 , 4 -RSB- . For example , Saphner showed that the significantly higher hazard of recurrence in HR − versus HR + patients in the time period 0 -- 12 years -LRB- P < 0.00001 -RRB- could be explained by the higher risk of recurrence in years 0 -- 5 for HR − patients -LRB- P < 0.0001 -RRB- . However , between years 3 and 4 , the hazard of recurrence for HR − and HR + patients crossed , and beyond 5 years was actually higher for HR + patients -LRB- P = 0.00002 -RRB- -LSB- 4 -RSB- . These data clearly indicate the need for continuous hormonal treatment for women with HR + tumors . The benefits of adjuvant hormonal treatment with tamoxifen were first demonstrated in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project -LRB- NSABP -RRB- B-14 trial -LSB- 5 -RSB- . This large randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial involving patients with node-negative , HR + breast cancer demonstrated a significant prolongation of disease-free survival -LRB- DFS -RRB- among women treated with tamoxifen for 5 years , as compared with those receiving placebo . Updated results with longer follow-up demonstrated that the 5-year benefit in DFS with tamoxifen persisted through at least 10 years of follow-up , and a statistically significant survival benefit was also observed -LSB- 6 -RSB- . However , since the optimal duration of tamoxifen therapy was not known , patients who had completed 5 years of tamoxifen therapy and were disease-free were re-randomized to receive placebo or tamoxifen . Results published with a follow-up of 7 years after reassignment demonstrated a disadvantage in patients who continued tamoxifen compared with those who discontinued : DFS was 78 vs. 82 % , respectively -LRB- P = 0.03 -RRB- , and overall survival -LRB- OS -RRB- was 91 vs. 94 % -LRB- P = 0.07 -RRB- . Thus , extending tamoxifen treatment beyond 5 years was not deemed beneficial -LSB- 7 -RSB- nor recommended -LSB- 8 -RSB- when the MA .17 trial was initiated . While clearly in the best interest of patients , discontinuation of tamoxifen after 5 years creates a therapeutic dilemma because of the persistent risk of breast cancer recurrence . Relapse or appearance of new tumors after completion of tamoxifen therapy is relatively common in patients with HR + tumors -LSB- 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 -RSB- . The Oxford meta-analysis found that more than half of breast cancer recurrences and two thirds of breast cancer deaths occur after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen -LSB- 3 -RSB- . In the NSABP B-14 trial , the average annual rate of breast cancer recurrences was 8.9 per 1,000 patients who discontinued tamoxifen at 5 years -LSB- 7 -RSB- . Patients in whom tamoxifen is discontinued therefore require an alternative treatment option to provide continuing protection from recurrence . The loss of efficacy seen with long-term tamoxifen therapy may result from the emergence of a hormone-independent tumor phenotype -LSB- 9 , 10 -RSB- or the induction of hypersensitivity to estradiol -LSB- 11 , 12 -RSB- . Tamoxifen is thought to be more susceptible than aromatase inhibitors -LRB- AIs -RRB- to this adaptive change because of its intrinsic agonist properties -LSB- 12 -RSB- . Furthermore , data from the NSABP B-14 trial suggest that residual tumor cells may become tamoxifen-resistant , and that continued use of tamoxifen might in fact stimulate their proliferation -LSB- 6 , 13 -RSB- . The development of highly potent and selective third-generation AIs provided a new hormone therapy option for patients with HR + breast cancer -LSB- 14 -- 16 -RSB- . It is suggested in independent studies that Letrozole -LRB- Femara ® -RRB- is the most potent of the AIs as determined by in vitro assays -LSB- 17 -RSB- and clinical studies of total body aromatization -LSB- 18 -RSB- . A recent study has demonstrated that the more complete inhibition of aromatase achieved by 2.5 mg of letrozole than by 1 mg of anastrozole results in a greater degree of suppression of estradiol -LSB- 19 -RSB- . The clinical efficacy of letrozole was initially demonstrated in patients with HR + metastatic breast cancer . In this setting , first-line therapy with letrozole was shown to significantly improve outcome compared with tamoxifen therapy -LSB- 20 , 21 -RSB- . While OS was not significantly improved -LRB- 34 vs. 30 months , respectively -RRB- , an exploratory analysis of the patients that did not cross over showed a longer survival benefit for letrozole-treated patients -LRB- 35 vs. 20 months -RRB- -LSB- 22 -RSB- . Second-line therapy with letrozole has also demonstrated significant clinical benefits in patients with HR + metastatic breast cancer in whom tamoxifen has failed -LSB- 23 -RSB- , and in one randomized trial demonstrated a significantly higher response rate than anastrozole in this population -LSB- 24 -RSB- . Data from in vivo models using MCF-7 cells transfected with the aromatase gene have shown that letrozole is more effective than tamoxifen and devoid of the agonist action observed with the selective estrogen receptor modulator -LSB- 25 , 26 -RSB- . Although the mechanisms of estrogen blockade are different for letrozole and tamoxifen , combining the two agents did not increase antitumor activity in the MCF-7 xenograft model -LSB- 25 -RSB- . The authors proposed that sequential administration of tamoxifen and letrozole would be a more effective strategy -LSB- 25 -RSB- . This hypothesis was recently confirmed in vivo -LSB- 27 -RSB- . Using the MCF-7 model , it was demonstrated that tumors progressing on tamoxifen responded to second-line letrozole therapy , but tumors that progressed on letrozole did not respond to second-line treatment with tamoxifen or fulvestrant -LSB- 27 -RSB- . The evident need to continue hormone therapy after discontinuation of tamoxifen in patients with HR + primary breast cancer and the potential efficacy of AIs in tumors resistant to tamoxifen provided the rationale for testing adjuvant letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen . This paper reviews the key results from the landmark MA .17 trial -LSB- 28 , 29 -RSB- and discusses the advantages of letrozole treatment after the recommended 5 years of tamoxifen therapy have been completed . To date , letrozole is the only AI approved in the United States and Europe for extended adjuvant therapy . Trial design and patients MA .17 was a phase III , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of letrozole as extended adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer who had completed approximately 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy -LSB- 28 , 29 -RSB- . The aim of the trial was to determine whether letrozole improves outcome after the discontinuation of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy . The MA .17 trial was led by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and included the North American Breast Intergroup and the Breast International Group . Institutional review boards of participating institutions approved the study protocol , and all patients gave written informed consent . Patient population The trial enrolled 5,187 postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer in whom 5 years of tamoxifen -LRB- range 4.5 -- 6 years -RRB- therapy had been completed less than 3 months before enrollment . Eligible women had to have histologically confirmed , HR + primary breast cancer . HR + tumors were defined as estrogen receptor-positive -LRB- ER + -RRB- or progesterone receptor-positive -LRB- PgR + -RRB- as determined by a level of 10 fmol/mg of protein or a positive immunohistochemical analysis . Women were defined as being postmenopausal if they were aged at least 50 years at the start of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy , were < 50 years of age at the start of tamoxifen therapy but postmenopausal at the initiation of tamoxifen therapy , were < 50 years at the start of tamoxifen therapy but had undergone bilateral oophorectomy , were premenopausal and < 50 years at the start of tamoxifen therapy but became amenorrheic during chemotherapy or treatment with tamoxifen , or were any age but had postmenopausal levels of luteinising hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone prior to the study . All women had a good performance status and life expectancy of at least 5 years . Randomized trial design Eligible women were randomly assigned to receive treatment with letrozole -LRB- 2.5 mg -RRB- or placebo orally daily for 5 years -LRB- see Fig. 1 -RRB- . Women were stratified according to the tumor HR status -LRB- positive or unknown -RRB- , lymph-node status -LRB- negative , positive , or unknown -RRB- , and receipt or nonreceipt of previous adjuvant chemotherapy . Exploratory sub-analyses were based on these stratification factors and two additional covariates -LRB- criteria for the definition of postmenopausal status at the start of tamoxifen treatment and duration of tamoxifen treatment -RRB- . Fig. 1MA .17 randomized trial design End points and rules for interim analyses The primary end point of the trial was DFS , defined as the time from randomization to the earliest recurrence of the primary disease -LRB- in the breast , chest wall , or nodal or distant metastatic sites -RRB- or the development of a new primary breast cancer in the contralateral breast . Secondary cancer and death without a recurrence or a diagnosis of contralateral breast cancer were not included as events . The trial was powered to detect a 2.5 % improvement in 4-year DFS with letrozole -LRB- from 88 to 90.5 % -RRB- . Two interim analyses were scheduled , and stopping rules were specified a priori for interim monitoring -LSB- 30 -RSB- . The secondary efficacy end points of the trial were OS -LRB- defined as the time from randomization to death from any cause -RRB- , annual incidence rate of contralateral breast cancer , long-term safety and tolerability , and overall and menopause-specific quality of life -LRB- QOL -RRB- . In addition , distant DFS -LRB- DDFS -RRB- , defined as the time from random assignment until the first observation of distant metastasis , was included as a secondary efficacy end point in the final analysis -LSB- 29 -RSB- . QOL and long-term safety were assessed as secondary end points -LSB- 31 -RSB- . Adverse events were graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute -LRB- version 2.0 -RRB- . QOL was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form General Health Survey -LRB- SF-36 -RRB- and the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire -LSB- 32 , 33 -RSB- . The effects of letrozole on lipid profile and bone mineral density -LRB- BMD -RRB- were assessed annually in companion studies to MA .17 -LSB- 34 , 35 -RSB- . Efficacy of letrozole as extended adjuvant therapy A total of 5,187 patients were randomized to either letrozole -LRB- n = 2,593 -RRB- or placebo -LRB- n = 2,594 -RRB- . Because of noncompliance , 10 patients in the letrozole and seven in the placebo arm were excluded from all analyses , leaving 5,170 patients -LRB- 2,583 on letrozole and 2,587 on placebo -RRB- in the time to event analysis -LRB- 50 patients deemed ineligible for several reasons and 33 with major protocol violations were included in the analysis -RRB- . The final safety analysis excluded 21 patients who never received study medication , yielding a final safety population of 5,149 patients , 2,572 receiving letrozole and 2,577 receiving placebo -LSB- 29 -RSB- . Based on the 43 % reduction in recurrence risk -LRB- P = 0.00008 -RRB- with letrozole seen in the first interim analysis at 2.4 years ' median follow-up -LSB- 28 -RSB- , the data and safety monitoring committee recommended that the MA .17 trial be discontinued early , and the participants were informed of the results . The trial was unblinded in October 2003 , and patients on placebo were given the opportunity to switch to letrozole . Updated efficacy results after a median follow-up of 30 months confirmed the significant clinical benefits of letrozole as extended adjuvant therapy -LSB- 29 -RSB- . The updated trial results and recent additional efficacy analyses of MA .17 are summarized below . Letrozole significantly improves outcome At 30 months ' follow-up , letrozole significantly improved DFS , the primary end point , compared with placebo -LRB- see Fig. 2 -RRB- -LSB- 29 -RSB- . The 4-DFS for patients receiving letrozole was 94.4 % , compared with 89.8 % for patients receiving placebo . The hazard ratio for recurrence or contralateral breast cancer was 0.58 -LRB- 95 % confidence interval -LSB- CI -RSB- 0.45 , 0.76 ; P ≤ 0.76 -RRB- , representing a 42 % reduction in risk for letrozole relative to placebo . The updated analysis also showed that letrozole produced a statistically significant improvement in DDFS -LRB- hazard ratio = 0.60 ; 95 % CI 0.43 , 0.84 ; P = 0.002 -RRB- , which may be regarded as a more meaningful end point than overall DFS ; women with distant metastases inevitably die of breast cancer , and an improvement in DDFS may therefore translate into longer overall survival -LSB- 36 , 37 -RSB- . Letrozole treatment non-significantly prolonged time to contralateral breast cancer incidence , resulting in a 37.5 % relative risk reduction compared with placebo -LSB- 29 -RSB- . Fig. 2Kaplan -- Meier curves for disease-free survival in the updated analysis of MA .17 . N , number at risk ; S , survival percent , with 95 % confidence intervals -LRB- CIs -RRB- in parentheses . Reprinted from ref . -LSB- 29 -RSB- with permission The prospectively planned subgroup analysis showed that letrozole significantly improved DFS in all patients , irrespective of nodal status . The reduction in risk of recurrence in node-positive tumors was 39 % -LRB- hazard ratio = 0.61 ; 95 % CI 0.45 , 0.84 -RRB- , and 55 % in those with node-negative tumors -LRB- hazard ratio = 0.45 ; 95 % CI 0.27 , 0.73 -RRB- . While OS was not significantly improved -LRB- hazard ratio = 0.82 ; 95 % CI 0.57 , 1.19 ; P = 0.3 -RRB- , letrozole significantly improved OS in patients with node-positive tumors -LRB- hazard ratio = 0.61 ; 95 % CI 0.38 , 0.98 ; P = 0.04 -RRB- -LRB- see Fig. 3 -RRB- , and this was the first survival advantage demonstrated by an AI in early breast cancer . Fig. 3Forest plots of the treatment effect -LRB- letrozole vs. placebo -RRB- , in terms of overall survival , in subgroups defined by hormone receptor status , lymph node status , previous chemotherapy , menopausal criteria , and duration of tamoxifen treatment . For each subgroup , the hazard ratio for death from any cause is plotted as a solid square , and the area of the square is proportional to the variance of the estimated effect . The length of the horizontal line through the square indicates the 95 % confidence interval -LRB- CI -RRB- . The arrow at the end of the horizontal line indicates that the confidence interval is larger than the scale of the figure . Reprinted from ref . -LSB- 29 -RSB- with permission Additional MA .17 analyses Optimal duration of extended adjuvant letrozole The final MA .17 database , including all events up to the date of unblinding , was analyzed to examine the relationship between duration of treatment and outcomes -LSB- 38 , 39 -RSB- . Data from this analysis have provided further evidence to support an extended duration of letrozole , as this cohort analysis found that the longer patients are exposed to extended adjuvant letrozole -LRB- at least out to 48 months -RRB- , the greater the benefit -LSB- 39 -RSB- . The risk of disease recurrence increased over time in the placebo group , whereas in patients receiving letrozole , risk appeared to peak at around 2 years of treatment and decrease thereafter . In the overall patient population , hazard ratios for events in DFS and DDFS progressively decreased over time , favoring letrozole , with the trend being significant -LRB- P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0013 , respectively -RRB- . The trend for OS was not significant but was always < 1 . In the 2,360 patients with node-positive status , hazard ratios for DFS , DDFS , and OS all decreased over time , with tests for trend all showing significance -LRB- P = 0.0004 , 0.0005 , and 0.038 , respectively -RRB- . Considering the 2,568 patients with node-negative status , the hazard ratios for DFS decreased over time , with the test for trend being significant -LRB- P = 0.027 -RRB- , whereas the hazard ratios for DDFS and OS showed no significant change over time -LRB- see Table 1 -RRB- . Table 1Analysis of the hazard ratios for disease recurrence over time between the letrozole and placebo arms of MA .17 Month after randomizationNo . at risk -LRB- letrozole/placebo -RRB- Hazard rate -LRB- letrozole -RRB- Hazard rate -LRB- placebo -RRB- Hazard ratio -LRB- letrozole vs. placebo -RRB- a122 ,425 / 2,4090.000930.001800.52 -LRB- 0.40 -- 0.64 -RRB- 241,555 / 1,5300.001050.002360.45 -LRB- 0.33 -- 0.56 -RRB- 36768/7230 .000900.002610.35 -LRB- 0.21 -- 0.48 -RRB- 48244/2310 .000590.003060.19 -LRB- 0.04 , 0.34 -RRB- Reprinted from ref . -LSB- 38 -RSB- with permission from ElsevieraHazard ratios < 1 indicate values in favor of letrozole MA .17 ITT analysis The intent-to-treat -LRB- ITT -RRB- analysis at 54 months ' follow-up looked at all outcomes , including all events before and after the unblinding , based on the original randomization of letrozole versus placebo ; it did not take into account whether or not patients in the placebo group switched to letrozole at the unblinding of the data . The results further showed that patients randomized initially to letrozole had fewer DFS events than those initially randomized to placebo -LSB- 40 -RSB- . Publication of the final analysis of this data are awaited , but these provisional results highlight the strong beneficial effect of extended adjuvant therapy with letrozole when started immediately after tamoxifen . Impact of HR status on clinical benefit A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine whether HR status had an effect on the outcome of letrozole in the extended adjuvant setting -LSB- 41 -RSB- . ER and PgR positivity were defined as ≥ 10 fmol/mg protein or positive by immunocytochemical analysis . Preliminary results from 4,635 patients , based on local testing of HR status , showed that the reduction in risk of recurrence with letrozole compared with placebo was greatest in women with the most hormone-dependent tumors . The final results of this analysis await publication . These results should be interpreted cautiously , as this was an unplanned , retrospective analysis , and receptor levels were measured locally . Furthermore , from the outset , the analysis of outcomes in all other subgroups besides the ER + / PgR + -LRB- n = 3,809 -RRB- patients was weakened by the low numbers of patients in these groups -LRB- e.g. , ER + / PgR − , n = 636 -RRB- -LSB- 42 -RSB- . MA .17 post-unblinding analysis The trial was unblinded in 2003 because DFS values were met -LRB- stopping boundary nominal significance , P = 0.0008 -RRB- and patients were given the opportunity to cross over . Post-unblinding analysis of MA .17 has provided additional efficacy data on patients who had crossed over from placebo to letrozole -LRB- n = 1,655 -RRB- , comparing them with patients who elected no treatment at the time of the unblinding -LRB- n = 613 -RRB- -LSB- 43 -RSB- . These patients had not received any hormonal therapy after discontinuing tamoxifen . Data were adjusted for baseline patient and disease variables including tumor size , nodal status , and prior adjuvant chemotherapy . A preliminary analysis suggests that letrozole has significant clinical benefits in patients in whom treatment with the AI is started after a prolonged period since the discontinuation of tamoxifen . The publication of these results is eagerly awaited as they may effect patient care worldwide . MA .17 re-randomization A re-randomization of all patients completing letrozole to receive a further 5 years of letrozole or placebo is under way to confirm this finding -LSB- 40 , 44 -RSB- . An amendment to this protocol allows women completing 5 years of any AI to be re-randomized to a further 5 years of letrozole or not regardless of prior tamoxifen or its duration . The MA .17 re-randomization study should provide additional insights into the efficacy and safety of extending letrozole therapy beyond 5 years -LSB- 45 -RSB- . Safety of letrozole in the extended adjuvant setting The women included in this trial had been disease-free for approximately 5 years during treatment with tamoxifen and , therefore , the safety and tolerability of continued hormone treatment with letrozole was an important consideration when the MA .17 trial was designed . Furthermore , early unblinding of the trial has not prevented the collection of long-term safety data , and additional sub-studies are providing useful information on the safety profile of letrozole in the extended adjuvant setting . The safety of AIs is discussed in detail in the paper by Dr. Perez in this supplement . The MA .17 trial showed that letrozole is extremely well tolerated relative to placebo . The most common adverse events reported were secondary to estrogen suppression and included hot flashes , myalgia , arthralgia , alopecia , and newly diagnosed osteoporosis . The increase in newly diagnosed osteoporosis -LRB- 8.1 % for letrozole vs. 6 % for placebo ; P = 0.003 -RRB- -LSB- 29 -RSB- was predictable from the potent suppression of estrogens by third-generation AIs -LSB- 17 -RSB- and the association between estrogen levels and bone turnover -LSB- 46 -- 48 -RSB- . Of note , no significant difference in clinical fracture rate was seen between letrozole and placebo groups -LRB- 5.3 vs. 4.6 % ; P = 0.25 -RRB- -LSB- 29 -RSB- . MA .17 B is a companion study designed to compare the effects of letrozole -LRB- n = 122 -RRB- and placebo -LRB- n = 104 -RRB- on BMD in the L2 -- L4 -LRB- posteroanterior -RRB- region of the spine and hip -LSB- 35 -RSB- . At 24 months , patients receiving letrozole had a significant decrease in total hip BMD -LRB- − 3.6 vs − 0.71 % ; P = 0.044 -RRB- and lumbar spine BMD -LRB- − 5.35 vs. − 0.70 % ; P = 0.008 -RRB- . Further follow-up is necessary to evaluate the long-term clinical implications of this modest increase in bone resorption and reduction in BMD in the spine and hip with letrozole compared with placebo . Prophylactic use of the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid is being studied as a means to prevent BMD loss -LSB- 49 , 50 -RSB- . Results from two clinical trials have indicated that early use of zoledronic acid effectively prevents BMD loss in women receiving adjuvant letrozole -LSB- 49 , 51 -RSB- . Estrogen has a beneficial effect on lipid profiles , and it has been suggested that AIs may have a relatively unfavorable effect . However , MA .17 L , a substudy of MA .17 -LRB- n = 347 -RRB- , demonstrated that letrozole does not significantly alter serum cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , or lipoprotein -LRB- a -RRB- compared with placebo -LSB- 34 -RSB- . This is in agreement with the results of the main MA .17 trial , which showed no difference in hypercholesterolemia rates between placebo and letrozole -LSB- 28 -RSB- . Importantly , in the updated analysis of the MA .17 dataset , there were no significant differences between the letrozole and placebo arms in the incidence of hypercholesterolemia -LRB- 16 % in each arm ; P = 0.79 -RRB- or cardiovascular events -LRB- 5.8 vs. 5.6 % ; P = 0.76 -RRB- -LSB- 29 -RSB- . The QOL substudy was conducted in 3,612 patients treated in MA .17 -LRB- 1,813 letrozole and 1,799 placebo -RRB- -LSB- 31 -RSB- . The analysis demonstrated that letrozole did not have an adverse impact on overall QOL , as determined by SF-36 , which is an important and reassuring finding , as the extension of letrozole treatment for up to 10 years in this setting is now being tested -LSB- 44 -RSB- . Conclusions In recent years , considerable progress has been made in developing more effective hormonal treatments for women with breast cancer and improving the efficacy demonstrated with tamoxifen -LSB- 3 -RSB- . The pioneering MA .17 trial has demonstrated the need for extended adjuvant therapy after 5 years of tamoxifen to reduce the risk of recurrence in postmenopausal women with HR + breast cancer . On the basis of this trial , letrozole was approved as extended adjuvant therapy , and it is currently the only AI approved for this indication -LSB- 22 , 52 -RSB- . MA .17 demonstrated that extended adjuvant therapy with letrozole provides women further protection against relapse after the completion of tamoxifen . These findings support the concept that distant micrometastases that have survived 5 years of tamoxifen therapy remain highly estrogen-sensitive and responsive to extended adjuvant letrozole treatment . This is an important clinical benefit in view of the persistent risk of relapse beyond 10 years in patients with HR + tumors -LSB- 4 -RSB- . In fact , the cohort analysis showed that in the placebo group , there was actually an increasing risk of disease recurrence over time after discontinuing prior tamoxifen -LSB- 40 -RSB- . The preliminary MA .17 ITT data suggest that the strongest beneficial effect is still obtained when starting letrozole within 3 months of completing tamoxifen -LSB- 38 -RSB- , while the post-unblinding results suggest that women with hormone-dependent breast cancer who are prescribed letrozole following a prolonged delay after completing tamoxifen may experience a significant improvement in outcome -LSB- 43 -RSB- . Therefore , if a patient misses the chance to start letrozole within 3 months post tamoxifen , these results suggest that there is still a benefit to initiating letrozole therapy for up to 5 years following the discontinuation of tamoxifen . Importantly , women in all risk categories benefited in terms of reduced risk for recurrence of their cancer . Thus , in both node-positive as well as node-negative women , there was a strong improvement in DFS , and `` low risk '' status of the primary tumor should not preclude consideration of extended adjuvant therapy with letrozole . Extended therapy with adjuvant letrozole should therefore be considered for all women currently completing tamoxifen . In addition , in women who have completed tamoxifen within the last 5 years , introduction of letrozole for 5 years can be discussed because although we do not have level 1 evidence for benefit in this setting as yet , our post-unblinding analysis of MA17 strongly supports the potential for benefit in these women . Among the clinical questions left unanswered are the optimal duration of letrozole and the long-term safety of extended adjuvant therapy in women leading a normal healthy lifestyle . Preliminary results of a cohort study analysis of MA .17 provide support for the use of extended adjuvant letrozole for at least up to 4 years -LSB- 40 , 53 -RSB- . The MA-17 re-randomization study will assign patients completing 5 years of letrozole to a further 5 years of letrozole or placebo and should provide data on the efficacy and safety of extending letrozole therapy beyond 5 years -LSB- 45 -RSB- . In conclusion , HR + breast cancer presents an unremitting threat that may require life-long hormone therapy . The optimal hormone treatment strategy is evolving based on the results of landmark clinical trials in the initial adjuvant -LSB- 54 , 55 -RSB- , sequential adjuvant -LSB- 56 -RSB- , and extended adjuvant settings -LSB- 28 , 29 -RSB- . The optimal agent , sequence of treatments , or combination of treatments will be able to provide the greatest improvement in OS with minimal acute and long-term toxicity . MA .17 has demonstrated that letrozole is highly effective and extremely well tolerated when given in the extended adjuvant setting . The results of the pivotal MA .17 trial have changed current clinical practice to extend letrozole protective therapy in thousands of breast cancer patients currently receiving 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen . The benefits of long-term adjuvant letrozole treatment clearly outweigh any adverse events in postmenopausal women who have survived breast cancer after initial adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen . Long-term side effects and risks continue to be monitored and taken into account when any individual patient is being considered for extended adjuvant therapy .

B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

aromatase inhibitors
breast cancer
letrozole
tamoxifen


Hypothesis : hair cover can protect against invasive melanoma on the head and neck -LRB- Australia -RRB- The anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma reflects people 's levels and patterns of sun exposure . While examining trends of incident invasive melanomas by site in recent decades in Australia we noted significant increases in incidence on the ears but not the face or any other site in women younger than 40 years , by 6 % -LRB- 95 % confidence interval -LSB- CI -RSB- 2 -- 10 % -RRB- per year , and 40 -- 59 years by 7 % -LRB- 95 % CI 4 -- 10 % -RRB- per year . Men of the same age showed no corresponding changes in ear melanoma . However incidence rates of ear melanoma in general were fourfold higher in males than females in Australia . Further , using data from the National Cancer Institute 's Surveillance , Epidemiology and End Results -LRB- SEER -RRB- Program , rates of invasive melanoma on the ear were found to be sevenfold higher in males than females in the US population in the same period . Higher rates of scalp and neck melanomas were also seen in men and women in both populations . We therefore speculated that the isolated rises of ear melanoma in younger women in Australia , and the higher overall rates of ear , scalp and neck melanoma in men compared with women , reflect differences in hair coverage . We tested the specific hypothesis that hair cover reduces sun exposure of the ears using experimental manikins and found that hair cover of the ear reduced solar ultraviolet-B exposure by 81 % -LSB- SE ± 8 -RSB- compared with uncovered ears . We conclude that hair cover can protect against invasive melanoma on the ear and may similarly protect on the scalp and neck . When discretionary , hair may be an important additional factor to be considered for melanoma prevention . Introduction Sun exposure is the major environmental cause of melanoma -LSB- 1 -RSB- and so the anatomic distribution of melanoma in Caucasian populations largely reflects relative levels of sun exposure of different body sites -LSB- 2 -RSB- . Similarly in a given population , changes in site distribution of melanoma have long been known to offer clues about change in people 's sun-related behavior -LSB- 3 -RSB- . For example Magnus -LSB- 4 -RSB- analyzed melanoma incidence rates by age cohort and tumor site in Norway 1955 -- 1977 and found that trunk and lower limb melanomas had increased much more than face and neck melanomas among younger generations , consistent with changes in clothing and sun-tanning habits in the first half of the twentieth century . Here we describe an isolated rise in the incidence of melanoma of the ear in women under 60 years of age in Australia . This distinct increase of invasive melanoma on a discrete site indicated some diminution in covering of the ear in young women in preceding decades . While a change in hat wear was one possible explanation , we speculated that a change in hair cover may also explain the observed rise , and that less hair coverage of the head among men in general may explain their higher relative incidence of melanoma on the ears and scalp compared with women -LSB- 2 -RSB- . When we searched for published data regarding the sun protection factor of hair we found none . Hence we set out to test the specific hypothesis that hair cover protects the ear from sun exposure using experimental manikins . Recent trends in melanoma in Australia Based on data for 109,062 invasive melanomas assembled by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare from cancer registries in all Australian states and territories , trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma in Australia 1982 -- 1999 by sex and site were examined . Sites of invasive melanoma were pre-classified by cancer registries according to a standard protocol . For each site annual notifications were provided with age in 5-year bands . Population estimates by age and sex were obtained for each year from the Australian Bureau of Statistics . Annual sex-specific incidence rates of melanoma age-standardized to the WHO World Population were computed for each site and relative rates of increase were calculated for three age bands , less than 40 years , 40 -- 59 years and 60 years and over , by regressing the logarithms of these rates on years . The average relative change in melanoma incidence rates over all sites each year was estimated as 3.2 % -LRB- 99 % CI 3.0 -- 3.4 % -RRB- in males and 1.5 % -LRB- 99 % CI 1.3 -- 1.8 % -RRB- in females but increases varied by sex and age . Highest increases were seen in men 60 years and over -LRB- 4.4 % per year , 95 % CI 4.2 -- 4.6 % -RRB- , followed by women 60 and over and men 40 -- 59 years -LRB- 2.9 % per year -RRB- , and then by women aged 40 -- 59 years -LRB- 1.5 % per year -RRB- -LRB- Table 1 -RRB- . In contrast persons under 40 years showed little to no relative increase in invasive melanoma in the last two decades : young men showed a 1.4 % annual increase of borderline significance and women under 40 years showed virtually no change in melanoma incidence -LRB- Table 1 -RRB- . Table 1Age-standardized incidence of melanoma on head and neck sites and all sites in Australia 1982 -- 1986 and 1995 -- 1999 by age and sexSiteAge -LRB- years -RRB- No . of melanomasIncidence rates per 100,000 % Annual relative increase -LRB- 95 % CI -RRB- 1982 -- 19861995 -- 1999MalesEar < 401790.150.222.0 -LRB- − 0.9 -- 5.0 -RRB- 40 -- 59 4260.951.31 1.9 -LRB- 0.0 -- 3.8 -RRB- ≥ 60 1,1153.296.464.2 -LRB- 3.0 -- 5.4 -RRB- Face < 40 3920.340.502.6 -LRB- − 0.7 -- 4.5 -RRB- 40 -- 59 1,1252.483.85 3.2 -LRB- 2.1 -- 4.4 -RRB- ≥ 60 3,54611.0620.303.7 -LRB- 3.0 -- 4.4 -RRB- All sites < 40 10,7318.9111.981.4 -LRB- 1.0 -- 1.8 -RRB- 40 -- 59 19,89843.3864.652.8 -LRB- 2.5 -- 3.1 -RRB- ≥ 60 27,95785.34166.534.4 -LRB- 4.2 -- 4.6 -RRB- FemalesEar < 40 1060.080.176.1 -LRB- 2.4 -- 9.9 -RRB- 40 -- 59 1300.230.537.0 -LRB- 3.6 -- 10.4 -RRB- ≥ 60 2260.580.921.9 -LRB- − 0.8 -- 4.6 -RRB- Face < 404510.400.540.9 -LRB- − 0.9 -- 0.7 -RRB- 40 -- 598402.482.340.0 -LRB- − 1.3 -- 1.4 -RRB- ≥ 603,5089.7315.282.4 -LRB- 1.8 -- 3.1 -RRB- All sites < 4013,49413.4915.290.3 -LRB- 0.1 -- 0.7 -RRB- 40 -- 5917,32844.2454.691.5 -LRB- 1.2 -- 1.8 -RRB- ≥ 6019,65455.7487.052.9 -LRB- 2.6 -- 3.2 -RRB- Recent site-specific trends in melanoma on the head and neck in Australia Site-specific trends in melanoma for males and females within each age group reflected the above trends for all sites combined , such that men 60 and over generally had the highest relative increases on each anatomic site and women under 40 , the least -LRB- data not shown for trunk and limbs -RRB- . The striking exception was a significant 6.1 % increase -LRB- 95 % CI 2.4 -- 9.9 % -RRB- in incidence rates of melanoma on the ears in women under 40 years based on 106 invasive tumors diagnosed in the study period . A similar rise of 7 % -LRB- 95 % CI 3.6 -- 10.4 % -RRB- was seen for ear melanomas in women 40 -- 59 years based on 130 invasive tumors -LRB- Table 1 -RRB- . The incidence rates of melanoma on the face in young women and those under 40 -- 59 years showed little change -LRB- 0.9 % and 0.0 % respectively -RRB- , and similarly on the scalp and neck -LRB- data not shown -RRB- . In contrast , young men showed no significant relative increases of melanoma on the ear or any other sites on the head and neck in the same period . Men aged 40 -- 59 years also showed no significant relative increases of melanoma on the ear but modest relative increases in melanoma on the face of around 3 % per year -LRB- Table 1 -RRB- and also on the scalp and neck . Sex-specific differences in incidence rates of melanoma on the head and neck Between 1982 and 1999 in Australia the overall age-standardized incidence rate of ear melanoma in males was 0.91 -LRB- 99 % CI 0.85 -- 0.97 -RRB- per 100,000 , 4 times higher than the corresponding rate of 0.24 -LRB- 99 % CI 0.21 -- 0.26 -RRB- per 100,000 in females . The male excess was seen in all age groups though the difference in rates of ear melanoma between young men and young women was small by the end of the study period , compared with the sevenfold sex-specific difference seen in older men and women over 60 . The incidence rate of scalp and neck melanoma -LRB- sites pre-combined -RRB- in males was 2 times higher than in females -LRB- 2.18 , 99 % CI 2.09 -- 2.27 and 1.08 , 99 % CI 1.02 -- 1.14 per 100,000 respectively -RRB- though again the differences were narrowed in the youngest age group . Incidence rates of melanoma on the face were slightly higher overall in males than females -LRB- 2.62 , 99 % CI 2.52 -- 2.72 and 2.06 , 99 % CI 1.98 -- 2.14 per 100,000 respectively -RRB- but were no different in men and women under 40 years -LRB- Table 1 -RRB- . Differences in incidence rates of melanoma on the ear , scalp , face and neck were seen even more clearly in an earlier unrelated study of the Queensland data for 1987 -LSB- 2 -RSB- where site-specific incidence rates of melanoma had been calculated and further adjusted for relative body surface area . Incidence of invasive melanoma on the ear in Queensland males was 209 per unit area of skin per 100,000 per year compared with 50 per unit area of skin per 100,000 per year in females , again a fourfold difference . On the scalp there was a 20-fold greater incidence in males than females and on the neck a fourfold difference . Again rates on the face in males and females showed very little difference in Queensland in 1987 -LSB- 2 -RSB- . To assess whether comparable patterns were seen in other populations , age-standardized incidence rates of melanoma per 100,000 for 1982 -- 1999 were calculated for sub-sites of the head and neck for the regions covered by the National Cancer Institute 's Surveillance , Epidemiology and End Results -LRB- SEER -RRB- Program of population-based cancer registries -LSB- 5 -RSB- . In males compared with females there was a sevenfold higher incidence rate of ear melanoma and a threefold higher rate of scalp and neck melanoma compared with a less than twofold higher incidence rate of melanoma on the face . Hypothesis The systematically higher incidence of invasive melanoma on the ear , scalp and neck compared with the face in males and females is consistent with the general hypothesis that hair cover can offer long-term protection of the skin from sun exposure . We tested the specific hypothesis that hair cover of the ear protects it from solar ultraviolet -LRB- UV -RRB- radiation by conducting an experiment using manikin head-forms in which the difference in solar UV radiation to ears with and without hair cover was measured . We used four manikin head-forms : three wearing human hairpieces -LRB- blonde , brown and black -RRB- covering the ears and one uncovered -LRB- Fig. 1 -RRB- . These were set facing north on a concrete floor and exposed to natural sunlight in Brisbane -LRB- 27 ° S -RRB- from 11 am to 1 pm Australian Eastern Standard Time daily for five consecutive days in May 2005 . Cloud cover was zero and surface reflectivity less than 7 % . Sun exposure was measured by UV-sensitive polysulfone dosimeters placed on the ears and nose of each manikin . Fig. 1Measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation on ears in relation to hair cover using head-forms and polysulfone dosimeters Ears covered by hair received on average 81 % -LSB- SE ± 8 -RSB- less solar UV radiation than bare ears when exposed to the sun . As a control site on the face , the corresponding solar UV exposures to the noses of the manikins were monitored -LRB- Fig. 1 -RRB- and showed a slight variation during the experiment in the reverse direction , namely a 5 % -LSB- SE ± 3.4 -RSB- increase in UV radiation to the wigged manikins compared with the bare manikin . Discussion These experimental data support our hypothesis that hair cover offers substantial sun protection of the skin of the ear and by extrapolation , the skin of the scalp and back of the neck as well if hair is worn long . Taken together with the recently observed change in incidence of invasive melanoma on the ear in women in Australia and the consistent pattern in Australia and the United States of lower incidence of melanoma in females on the scalp , ear and neck -- sites that are more frequently covered or screened by hair than in males , the evidence suggests that hair cover can indeed protect against invasive melanoma on these sites . Other explanations for the observed site - and sex-specific patterns can be considered . Change in diagnostic trends was unlikely to explain the observed rise in ear melanomas in younger women since in situ melanomas were not included in the analyses . One possibility is that the distinct increase of ear melanomas in Australian women under 60 was due to the loss of some other form of physical protection . For example the rise in popularity of caps in the 1980s resulted in a decrease in cover of the ear but not the face in young women who wore brimmed hats in preceding decades -LSB- 6 -RSB- . If this were the sole explanation , some analogous rise in the rate of ear melanomas in men might have been expected as an aftermath as well , but has been observed neither in Australia nor the US . Another cause of increasing sun exposure of the ears in young women may have been the upsurge in women 's participation in outdoor sport that also occurred in the 1970s and 1980s -LSB- 7 -RSB- if caps rather than hats were worn . However even if change from hats to caps did explain the recent rise in incidence of ear melanomas in Australian women , difference in hat wear between the sexes does not explain the systematically higher rates of invasive melanoma in men than in women across the various sub-sites of the head and neck with less discrepant rates on the face . -LRB- Indeed facial hair cover in men with beards may mitigate the effect of overall higher outdoor exposure of men than women for facial melanomas -RRB- . We also speculated that younger women 's hair styles may have changed over time and become shorter leading to greater exposure of the ears and neck , but there is little evidence available to address this question . Finally in view of the known sex-specific differences in melanoma incidence on sites such as the scalp , it is surprising that the sun-protection factor of human hair has never been measured before . This absence of quantitative data contrasts with the extensive information available about the sun-protection provided by clothing and sunscreens -LSB- 8 , 9 -RSB- . If our general hypothesis is confirmed , hair cover of the ears in particular would add another potential means of melanoma prevention , especially in high-risk populations , among individuals in whom amount of hair cover is discretionary .

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B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O

melanoma
ear
solar ultraviolet radiation
protection
hair