One-Round Multi-Party Communication Complexity of Distinguishing Sums We consider an instance of the following problem: Parties P 1 , . . . , P k each receive an input x i , and a coordinator (distinct from each of these parties) wishes to compute f (x 1 , . . . , x k ) for some predicate f . We are interested in one-round protocols where each party sends a single message to the coordinator; there is no communication between the parties themselves. What is the minimum communication complexity needed to compute f , possibly with bounded error?We prove tight bounds on the one-round communication complexity when f corresponds to the promise problem of distinguishing sums (namely, determining which of two possible values the {x i } sum to) or the problem of determining whether the {x i } sum to a particular value. Similar problems were studied previously by Nisan and in concurrent work by Viola. Our proofs rely on basic theorems from additive combinatorics, but are otherwise elementary. Consider the following general problem: There are k parties P 1 , . . . , P k , with each party P i holding input x i . A central coordinator (distinct from each of the parties) wants to learn f (x 1 , . . . , x k ) for some fixed boolean function (or partial function) f . We are interested in one-round protocols where each party sends a single message to the coordinator and the coordinator then computes the result; there is no communication between the parties, nor does the coordinator send anything to the parties. A trivial solution, of course, is for each party P i to send x i to the coordinator, who then applies f to the complete set of inputs and thus obtains the correct result. For which functions f can the total communication complexity be reduced, possibly with bounded error?. Let G denote an abelian group and assume each party's input lies in G. We study the communication complexity of two (related) functions in the model described above. Definition 1. Fix distinct g 0 , g 1 ∈ G. The k-party Sum-Distinguish problem (relative to g 0 , g 1 ) is defined by letting f be the partial function given by. The k-party Sum-Equal problem (relative to g) is defined by letting f be the function given by f (x 1 , . . . , x k ) = 1 if i x i = g 0 otherwise .. We explore the communication complexity of solving the above for G = Z p (p prime) and G = Z. 1 Our proofs rely on the generalized Cauchy-Davenport Theorem, but otherwise use only elementary arguments. Our results can be summarized as follows:. • For Sum-Distinguish with G = Z or G = Z p , p prime, we show a deterministic protocol with total communication complexity k log k + O(k); note that the communication in the latter case is independent of p. For G = Z p , we prove a lower bound of k · min{log k, log p} − k on the communication complexity of any deterministic protocol.. • For Sum-Equal with G = Z or G = Z p , p prime, we show a protocol using public randomness with error ǫ and total communication complexity k log k/ǫ + O(k). A lower bound (for deterministic protocols and G = Z p ) is implied by our lower bound for Sum-Distinguish.. We also briefly consider the case G = Z N for square-free N . The problems above are natural in the number-in-hand model of multi-party communication complexity, and variants of the Sum-Distinguish and Sum-Equal problems have been considered in prior work [8, 7, 4, 5, 10] , sometimes for k = 2 only. (We survey prior results in the next section.) Our motivation, though, comes from the domain of distributed intrusion detection. The goal of distributed intrusion-detection systems (DIDS) is to monitor a network across a number of hosts in order to detect aberrant behavior (indicating a potential intrusion) and, if detected, raise an alarm. In typical operation of DIDS, each host records some observations over a specified time period; at the end of this period, each of those hosts sends all the data it has recorded to a central coordinator, which then determines -based on the aggregate data from all the hosts -whether or not to issue an alarm. In some systems (e.g., when the hosts are geographically distributed, when communication is over a low-bandwidth channel, and/or when the volume of data recorded at each host is huge), reducing the communication becomes critical. While there has been some work aimed at reducing the communication complexity of DIDS [2, 9, 6], we are not aware of any prior theoretical study of the problem.. If we model the decision of the coordinator by some predicate f computed over the data x 1 , . . . , x k recorded by each host, we recover exactly the general problem being considered here. (For the application to distributed intrusion detection, direct communication between the hosts would typically be impossible, and it would be undesirable for the coordinator to have to send data to the hosts.) While Sum-Distinguish and Sum-Equal are too simplistic to capture real-world decision procedures, they were chosen to correspond to the "DIDS-like" problems of distinguishing between a "good" system state g 0 and a "bad" system state g 1 (in the case of Sum-Distinguish), or identifying when the system is in one particular "bad" state g (in the case of Sum-Equal).

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


In Pursuit of Moderation: Nine Common Errors and Their Solutions Abstract argued that the contribution many university researchers make to the MIS field is "scrupulous attention" to scientific methods, using largely quantitatively and statistically based approaches. MIS researchers have recently focused on improving the quantitative methods employed.. For example, MIS researchers investigated methodological issues in experiments (Jarvenpaa et al. 1985) , highlighted problems of statistical power (Baroudi and Orlikowski 1989) , questioned model complexity (Lee et al. 1997) , and examined the rigor with which instruments are validated (Boudreau et al. 2001) . The goal of this paper is to sensitize MIS researchers to methodological issues surrounding tests of moderated relationships.. Three types of relationships dominate MIS research: simple linear or additive relationships, mediated relationships (typically sequences of linear relationships), and moderator relationships. Moderator relationships are the most interesting and perhaps the most difficult of the three to establish empirically (McClelland and Judd 1993) . A review of recent MIS research reveals an increasing interest in moderated relationships. The increasing interest in moderated relationships reinforces a notion that MIS researchers are increasingly addressing: context matters in MIS research. Relevant contexts include organizational, technological, and individual. For example, researchers investigating technology acceptance have incorporated individual contexts such as personal innovativeness (Agarwal and Prasad 1998) , work experience and gender (Venkatesh and Morris 2000) and yielded a richer understanding of the phenomenon of interest. This paper critically assesses moderation tests performed by MIS researchers. We hope to raise awareness about common errors and enhance the craftsmanship of moderation testing by providing a central summary of nine common errors. While these errors have been separately identified elsewhere, this is the first attempt to synthesize and assess the extent to which MIS researchers are prone to their commission. Some of these errors, while generally understood, still occur frequently. Others are less well understood and occur with great regularity. Importantly, the increasingly popular use of partial least squares (PLS) applications (Gefen et al. 2000) has been accompanied by an introduction of a new error as well as reintroduction of some old errors.. We critically assess moderation tests in the sample of 26 articles published from 1991 through 2000, identifying three general types of errors labeled inappropriate statistics, misalignment of phenomena and research design, and measurement issues. Nine specific errors were distinguished, although not all studies reported enough information to determine whether an error occurred. Descriptions of these errors and methods of avoiding them should help MIS investigators advance theory and practice by minimizing Type I and Type II errors in tests of moderation.. We first review various conceptual definitions of moderation, then present three sets of common difficulties encountered when searching for moderation in MIS research and ways to avoid them. Analysis of select articles is presented to demonstrate error commission, potential consequences, and illustrations of best research practice. We conclude by recommending reporting guidelines to improve the thoroughness with which authors report moderation-related evidence and enhance the ability of readers and reviewers to evaluate tests of moderation. Tests for moderation are a significant part of the growing body of empirical research findings in MIS. While many MIS investigators are aware of a number of the issues presented here, mixed results containing substantial numbers of Type I and Type II errors will occur less frequently if authors, reviewers, and editors are more aware of This is important in helping readers understand the contribution of the study in hand but also in helping MIS researchers be more aware of the overall role moderation plays in understanding MIS issues.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Combination of TOPSIS and AHP in load shedding scheme for large pulp mill electrical system In the era of technology, a variety of powerful equipments are design to satisfy the demand of industry sector. However, these equipments need a stable and reliable electrical supply in order for the whole system to flow smoothly. The overview of this paper is mainly about the load shedding application toward a large pulp mill electrical system using the multi-decision making methods which are the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Whenever there are shortages of electrical supply, the load shedding method shall be applied in order to recover and stabilize the system. Load shedding is a module that shed the higher possible load in the system to overcome the voltage shortage in the system. The objective of this paper is to extract the possible unnecessary load and determine the ranking of the load according to their importance level. The proposed methods are to test on the plant load shedding table from a paper pulp mill industry with 25 load points for practical applications. Pulp mill is considered as one of the heavy industries which consist of hundreds of hectares of land that used for massive and sophisticated equipments and system [1] . To overcome and control this massive system, mill wide control system shall be integrated with mill wide electrical system, so that all plants and relevant system can be operated in good and proper manner. In this industry, protections are needed to ensure all the equipments were away from danger and safe to be used. For example, the Smart Motor Control Centre (MCC), microprocessor protection relay for switchgear of incoming feeder, harmonic filter feeder with profibus protocol, outgoing feeder and transformer feeder were operated in this industry to help in reducing the down time, maintenance cost, and data collections for diagnostic and maintenance purposes.. Palaniswany et al. [2] developed a method for best load shedding in a power system. This is a simple and economical protection system. In this method, it considers the dependence of load on voltage and frequency, together with the effect of the generator controls and voltage regulators. The objective of the system is not delivering the load shedding, but the power balance is obtained through the load shedding method.. According to Perumal and Chan [3] , load shedding priority is determined based on the criticality of loads, that is the least important loads are shed in the first stage and the very important ones are shed in the last stage. In another word, not all the loads were included in load shedding scheme, but only selected loads that full-filled the load shedding design will be chosen. For those units that are required to be operated in all time shall not be included into this scheme.. Load shedding technique is used to shut down certain predetermined electric loads or devices whenever there is any failure of generator to catch up the system frequency. When a power system is vulnerable to the stability problem, corrective control actions may be required [4] . The corrective controls can be done by restoring back the stable system when subjected to severe disturbances. Besides that, the corrective load shedding can also be applied if the subjected operation were units that cannot be shut down or the restoring of stable system could not effectively overcome the stability problem. As mentioned, the stability of a power system is important for an industry to keep their operation running.. It is normally used in industrial, large commercial and utility operations to make sure the system flow is always in good condition. The emergency loads shedding control required in restoring the power flow solvability and searching the minimum load shedding direction according to the sensitivity vector [5] . This is one of the energy utilities' methods to maintain the stability on the energy generation system by temporary switching off the distribution of energy to different geographical areas.. Arya et al. [6] had used the numerical method on finding the minimum eigenvalue of load flow to determine the load shedding in IEEE 6 bus and 14 bus test system. Due to this is based on the statistical inference, there are many iterations required in order to obtain the results.. On the other hand, the under frequency is always being used by the researchers to study about the load shedding scheme. For instance, Hooshmand and Moazzami used neural network to train the system acting fast toward under frequency circumstances [7] . Meanwhile, Karimi et al. used load shedding controller to trigger the load shedding scheme for an islanded distribution network [8] . The paper clearly indicates the situation of the system frequency in few cases. In addition, the hybrid load shedding scheme by using frequency and power was successfully developed by Giroletti et al. [9] . By using a dynamic algorithm, the numbers of loads to be shed was minimized. This is very important for the industrial application. If the loads to shed can be minimized, it means that the production of the industry can be maintained well even the system is unstable.. However, the efficiency of the system could bring to the messy job to the operators where thousands of data need to be analyzed daily to know and ensure the system flows smoothly and nevertheless identifying which load needs to be shed to keep the system to operate continuously.. In this paper, TOPSIS method is applied to give rank according to the importance of the alternatives towards the criteria's throughout the specific calculation. With this method, operators could base on the ranking provided and solve the tripping problems without causing the whole system to shut down or collapse. The procedure of extended TOPSIS is explained in seven steps. Within the steps, it includes the normalized rules of combination as the pre-operation of external collection, defining the PIS and NIS, calculating the separation measurements of each alternative from total PIS and NIS, computing the closeness coefficient of each alternative and the ranking of the preference order for group. This paper presents an idea to combine the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making with the load shedding in large pulp mill of electrical power system. This method is an agent in searching the best set of load to be shed to recover the shortage of the available electricity. The result satisfied the theory of load shedding where the largest load is the load to be shed to overcome the voltage shortage in a short time. Table 4 The relative closeness coefficient and load ranking. In this paper, a new method in finding weight has been applied. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to obtain the criteria Table 2 The selected loads for load ranking analysis. weight while the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is used to rank the selected load into series of sequences. In AHP method, the weight represents the priority of each criterion. From the calculations, the higher that the value of weight calculated (W AHP ), the higher that the priority of one criteria. The numerical weight or priority derived from AHP allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared each other in a rational and consistent way. These values were then taken as their weight for TOPSIS usage. After the executions of TOPSIS method, the analyses of percentage of loads in every category are shown in Figs. 6-8 . First, among 25 of areas in a pulp mill industry, there were 16 areas that been chosen for load shedding scheme. The load shedding should begin from the non-vital loads, and then go to semi-vital loads. The vital loads can only be shed if there was a circumstance such that generator encounter severe damage. Voltage collapse can be caused by the higher estimation load in one system. Hence, in order to apply the load shedding scheme on an industry, load estimation can be one of the main criteria to be taken into account.. Secondly, the evaluation ranking sheds more on the areas that have higher estimation loads. The areas, FL, WWT, H 2 SO 4 rank 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. Part of the reason is that, these three areas are having higher estimation loads and were in the non-vital group while the power supplies from the generator is just in the adequate manner to support the system. For other areas, CIO 2 R, NaOHR, and PDM rank 4th, 5th, and 6th respectively. These areas mostly stand of lower energy consumption but the power supplies towards the estimated load are much more sufficient. Hence, the area, PDM comes out to be the last area to shed in semi-vital group.. Based on the above analyses, a few recommendations are provided to improve the performance of the electrical system. First, the area that often occurring shortage of power supply should undergo monthly analyses on the power quality. This could help in gathering the relevant data and identifying the problems that occurring in the system. Besides that, all the operators shall ensure all unused machines or any unnecessary loads were off after used. With this, it helps in reducing the demand of the energy during the peak hour. When unnecessary load is being shed, it could adequately overcome the insufficient power supply form the main generator.. In the industry, the load shedding method shall be conducted by operators who is more experience and could act fast to start the load shedding manually. Hence, with the help of ranking, the operator can take and identify the load that should be shut down first. However, time relay will cause a system to collapse. Hence, this ranking can also be programmed into the system based on tripping time needed.

O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


A fuzzy logic-based damage identification method for simply-supported bridge using modal shape ratios A fuzzy logic system (FLS) is established for damage identification of simply supported bridge. A novel damage indicator is developed based on ratios of mode shape components between before and after damage. Numerical simulation of a simply-supported bridge is presented to demonstrate the memory, inference and anti-noise ability of the proposed method. The bridge is divided into eight elements and nine nodes, the damage indicator vector at characteristic nodes is used as the input measurement of FLS. Results reveal that FLS can detect damage of training patterns with an accuracy of 100%. Aiming at other test patterns, the FLS also possesses favorable inference ability, the identification accuracy for single damage location is up to 93.75%. Tests with noise simulated data show that the FLS possesses favorable anti-noise ability. There are totally 621.9 thousand highway bridges in China, small and medium span bridges are over 90% according to the annual statistical report of Chinese highway maintenance [1] . These structures are susceptible to damage such as steel corrosion, concrete cracks and carbanation due to harsh environment, increasing traffic volume and material aging, their safety and durability performance degrade during service time. Therefore, it is essential to identify the damage of bridge in order to improve its operation efficiency [2] [3] [4] [5] .. Vibration-based damage identification method has attracted worldwide interest in the past few decades [6, 7] . The theoretical background is that the modal parameters (frequency, mode shape etc) are functions of physical properties (stiffness, mass etc) of bridge. The damage in structure alters its properties, and the modal parameters inevitably changed. The commonly used modal parameters for damage identification include natural frequency, mode shape and their derivatives, such as modal shape curvature, modal strain energy, modal flexibility etc [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .. Among these modal characteristics, natural frequency has no relation with measuring positions and can be measured most conveniently and accurately [6] . However, the frequency-based method possesses several apparent drawbacks. For instance, it is inferior sensitive to minor damage, and easily affected by environment [13] . Additionally, the simply supported reinforced concrete bridges are spatial symmetric structures. Natural frequency can not distinguish damage at symmetric locations in these symmetric structures.. These difficulties of using frequency as damage indicator can be overcome to some extent by using changes in mode shapes [14] [15] [16] . Comparing with natural frequency, mode shapes contain the spatial information with respect to location of damage. Meanwhile, they vary less sensitively to environmental effects. Modal perturbation analysis indicates that modal shape ratios are also less sensitive to the modeling errors than frequency [17] .. Modal curvature is another most widely used damage indicator [10, 13, 14] , which is the second spatial derivative of mode shape. It can be calculated by central difference approximation method in practice. But its calculation results possess apparent errors, which largely depend on the number of measuring points [18] . Modal shape ratios can be obtained more simply, which only need the mode shapes of structure before and after damage.. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been utilized by many researchers to identify damage location and severity [17, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] , as they can achieve the nonlinear mapping between the inputs and outputs from training of certain amount of samples. But neural networks have the reputation of being black box that are difficult to understand [24] . Moreover, the test results of ANN are highly dependent on the accuracy of training samples. Fuzzy systems allow for easier understanding because they are expressed in terms of linguistic variables [25] . And they are finding increasing use in structural damage identification. Ganguli et al. [14, [26] [27] [28] adopted the natural frequency and modal shape curvature as the input of fuzzy logic systems and genetic fuzzy logic systems for the damage detection of helicopter rotor blades. Zhao et al. [29] proposed a method based on principal component analysis, modified mountain clustering method, descent method and fuzzy logic systems for the damage detection of concrete bridges. Reda Taha [30] introduced a new techniques based on Bayesian updating and fuzzy sets to improve pattern recognition and damage detection of structures. However, the fuzzy logic method using mode shape ratio as input variables has not been reported.. In this paper, a novel damage indicator based on mode shape ratio is constructed. A simply supported bridge is divided into 8 elements with equal length and uniform bending rigidity. The damage indicator at several characteristic nodes is selected as the input measurements of FLS. The outputs of the FLS are damage levels of each element. Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the memory, inference and antinoise ability of the proposed method. We have demonstrated a method to identify the damage of simply supported bridges based on FLS. A novel damage indicator transformed from mode shape ratios is proposed in this paper and used as the input measurement of FLS, while damage severity of element is treated as the ouput one. Gauss and Bell membership functions are selected for fuzzification of input and output variables, respectively. Numerical simulation on selected damage cases is conducted to verify the memory, inference and antinoise ability of the proposed method. As for the memory ability, FLS can detect damage of training patterns with an accuracy of 100% for single and multiple damage locations. Aiming at other test patterns, the FLS also possesses favorable inference ability, the identification accuracy for single damage location is up to 93.75%. Tests with noise simulated data show that the FLS can detect damage very accurately at different noise levels.

O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


A distributed power management design based on MOST networks Abstract. MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) protocol is a high-speed multimedia bus protocol. The system can make more and more media devices in the car automatically collaborate, sharing of audio, video and other data, but its own power consumption has not been a better optimization. In the paper, depending on the network management and the notification mechanism, a distributed power management solutions was designed that the slave nodes can sleep independently and the master node manages the network state, and the wake-up mechanisms in the sleep state were proposed. A mathematical modeling and analysis of MOST networks power were built in MATLAB. This program takes full advantage of MOST network protocol for the intelligent management. Simulation results shown that, with the increasing number of nodes in MOST, energy saving become more effective. More than 20% power saved can be achieved with distributed power management solution in 8-node MOST. MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) is the de-facto standard for multimedia and infotainment networking in the automotive industry. The technology was designed from the ground up to provide an efficient and cost-effective fabric to transmit audio, video, data and control information between any devices attached even to the harsh environment of an automobile. The features of MOST make it suitable for any application, inside or outside the car that needs to network multimedia information along with data and control functions, for example, CD-Changer, DVD, GPS, Video camera, Phone, Radio, Laptops and communicators and so on. MOST not only defines the physical interconnection between devices but also specifies and standardizes a lean embedded communication protocol and software framework that simplifies the development of complete systems and applications to distribute and manage multimedia content [1] .. It solved some problems about the complexity of car wiring, the increase of the weight and EMI of cars. Although its roots are in the automotive industry, MOST can be used for applications in other areas such as other transportation applications, A/V networking, security and industrial applications. With the devices increasing, it has become a very serious problem that the power cost of MOST enlarged greatly. In some cases, we can reduce system power consumption actually. For example, when using a car phone, all the audio equipment should be shut down.. The current power management is ensured by a central controller in which a program is implemented. This centralized management is based on a ""top-down"" approach. The master node as a central controller switched the system state between running, standby and sleep [2] . In this mode, as long as there is a node in work, the entire network is running. Only all the nodes have not the task, the system will sleep or be shut down. The centralized management requires the designer of the control system to be exhaustive in the control flow written in the program. If an event not covered by the system occurs it is unable to respond adequately. Moreover, if the configuration has to be changed (addition or removal of a node), the program must be completely redesigned. So the effect of energy saving with the centralized power management solution is low and not obvious. Therefore this paper gives a more intelligent power management solution based on a ""bottom-up"" approach. Every slave node controls its state based on the event, and shares the changes with the other nodes [3] . On the basis of the overall management, we added the control of each node, only to maintain the current working node. In last the design achieved minimum power consumption across the network and reached the green energy-conserving results.. This paper makes the following specific contributions:  Depending on the network management principle and the notification mechanism, a distributed power management solution was designed that the slave nodes can sleep independently and the master node manages the network state, and the wake-up mechanisms in the sleep state were proposed.  A mathematical modeling and analysis of MOST networks power were built in MATLAB. After executing the same sequence of tasks generated randomly, the total cost of MOST based on a distributed power management is shown. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces related research in power management. Section 3 describes the MOST protocols and principles which we taken as the base for power management. Section 4 addresses the design and implementations include hardware and software designs. Section 5 investigates the efficient and effective implementation of it through comprehensive simulations. Finally, section 6 draws concluding remarks and our future work. In this paper, the objective of the distributed power management program is that the node can control separately its state in the absence of task requests, regardless of the status of other nodes. The traditional management model is a master switch. Each node can not manage separately, which results that the node still work without the task, waste of the energy. As can be seen from the test, when there are tasks in the system, distributed power management is always superior to the traditional power management. As the system will perform a task, not all nodes need to participate, so we can close some idle nodes to save energy. Although the proposed method has achieved good results, there is still much room for optimization. For example, when preparing to shut down the node, how to elect the size of the time period [24] [25] to be extended is a problem. If it is too long, there will be no effect, and if too short, it will increase the system's power consumption. Power and performance management via lookahead control [26] or prediction algorithm [27] offer a reference way to our subject, which always virtualized or studied the workload laws. How to do more intelligent management and the imitation of the event"s law will be the next focus of consideration. MOST is a novel network architecture which is designed for high quality of service and efficient transport of audio and video，so related research in MOST is poor and the references on the power management of MOST were very limited. So the related work we focused on was MOST principle and application of power management in other projects. The centralized management In MOST principle was implemented by a PowerMaster(master node). It broadcasts a query message to each node to make sure whether every node is already to be shut down [2] [4] . It was accomplished by a poll procedure so that there would be a heavy load on the bus. The ""top-down"" approach results in the weaknesses such as bad fault tolerance of an element, high operating costs and so on.. Distributed management idea has been introduced by various systems. The distributed management solution was proposed as an application of multi-agent (MAS) to power management in a hybrid power source [3] [5] . Various photovoltaic generator, super-condensators, batteries and grids regarded as agents were developed individually, and communicated between each other for ensure cohesion of the system. A multi-agent system was proposed for a distributed smart grid whose message exchange is designed to be compatible with an IP-based network [6] .. In wireless network, [7] demonstrated Busy-time power consumption of 802.11 interfaces can be dramatically reduced by judiciously putting the interface into a power-saving mode for idle intervals as short as several microseconds. Cell2Notify was presented to minimize energy consumption by powering off the Wi-Fi interface when there is no VoIP call in progress, and powering it on only on the reception of an incoming VoIP call [8] . Proxy architecture was proposed for reducing energy waste based on network traffic patterns and user presence indicators [9] . Sleeping and rate adaptation are valuable [10] depending on the power profile of network equipment and the utilization of the network itself for reducing network energy. A power assignment was found, which induced communication graph is an energy t-spanner, and its cost is bounded by some constant times the cost of an optimal power assignment [11] .Neighborhood-based Power Management was proposed for conserving energy by allowing neighbors of the signaling node to send data opportunistically [12] . A predictive control algorithm was developed which, in an online fashion, determines the transmission power levels and codebooks to be used by the sensors [13] , it conserved sensor energy well.

O O B I O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


13C metabolic flux analysis shows that resistin impairs the metabolic response to insulin in L6E9 myotubes Background: It has been suggested that the adipokine resistin links obesity and insulin resistance, although how resistin acts on muscle metabolism is controversial. We aimed to quantitatively analyse the effects of resistin on the glucose metabolic flux profile and on insulin response in L6E9 myotubes at the metabolic level using a tracer-based metabolomic approach and our in-house developed software, Isodyn. Several studies have identified positive correlations between resistin levels and IR in vivo [24] and in vitro [19] [20] [21] [22] . Overall, our results showed that resistin significantly alters glucose metabolism in L6E9 myotubes and their response to insulin. Of the whole set of metabolic changes induced by resistin in L6E9 myotubes, the imbalance in PDC and PC fluxes as well as the higher acetyl-CoA output flux for fatty-acid synthesis and other metabolic processes should be emphasized. Resistin impairs the normal metabolism of insulin, and the metabolism is directed to try to maintain the imbalance between the PDC and PC fluxes. In this way, L6E9 reduces TCAcycle fluxes and acetyl-CoA output fluxes, which leads to an important metabolic imbalance in the central carbon metabolic pathways of L6E9 myotubes.. It has been reported that IR in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue is usually accompanied by glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia [24] . In this way, our results showed the importance of the balance of PDC and PC in glucose metabolism.. Our results support the idea that metabolic disorders such as T2DM are caused by complex multi-molecular interactions that cannot be explained readily by an alteration in expression of a single gene or gene product, or even alteration of a single enzymatic cascade. The robustness of results obtained on the effects of insulin on L6E9 metabolism found by combining tracer-based metabolomic data and flux analyses using Isodyn showed that this approach is a suitable tool to study the effects of hormones on the central carbon metabolism network in myocytes. After the discovery of several adipocyte-secreted molecules (including lipid metabolites and adipokines), adipocytes were recognized as part of endocrine tissue [9, 11, 37] . These molecules enable adipocytes to communicate with other tissues and organs, and to regulate: the metabolism of lipids and glucose; energy balance; insulin action; cell proliferation. Resistin was identified as an adipokine, and it was suggested that it might link obesity and IR [12, 13] . However, the role of resistin in the pathophysiology of IR in humans and animals, and how it acts in muscle, liver and fat, is controversial [15, 16] .. Here, we investigated the effect of resistin on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in L6E9 rat myotubes. We used tracer-based metabolomics and our in-house Isodyn software to analyse quantitatively metabolic flux distribution in this cell line under different incubation conditions. The response to insulin and other hormone stimuli in L6E9 cells is similar to that observed in skeletal muscle in vivo [38] . Hence, L6E9 cells are considered to be suitable models for analyses of the effect of resistin on glucose metabolism and on the metabolic response of muscle cells to insulin.. Analyses with Isodyn data provided an overview of the central carbon metabolism of L6E9 skeletal muscle cells. Analyses were undertaken assuming a metabolic steady state (though not assuming an isotopic steady state), and rapid mixing of isotopic isomers of the same metabolite throughout different intracellular compartments. Incubation with a large excess of glucose ensured the required glucose uptake throughout the incubation. The other conditions of incubation did not change, so the assumption of a metabolic steady state seemed reasonable. Rapid mixing of isotopic isomers of the same species throughout the cell is accepted for analyses of data of stable isotopes [39] . Fitting of experimental data in the framework of these assumptions suggested a set of metabolic fluxes underlying the measured distributions of isotopic isomers.. The effect of insulin on L6E9 myotubes increases glycolysis, PPP, and incorporation of pyruvate to the TCA cycle through PDC and fatty-acid synthesis Our results suggested that L6E9 myotubes were highly glycolytic, with active synthesis and degradation of glycogen, and showed TCA-cycle activity and acetyl-CoA output. Oxidative PPP was weakly active in this cell type. Furthermore, use of the same tools revealed that insulin activated the uptake and phosphorylation of glucose, glycolysis and lactate production, the oxidative branch of the PPP, pyruvate incorporation towards the TCA cycle and increased acetyl-CoA output (which is used for fatty-acid synthesis). We observed that insulin altered the ratio between PDC and PC fluxes by increasing the PDC flux (See figure on previous page.) Figure 2 Gene expression of enzymes related to pyruvate homeostasis. L6E9 myotubes were treated (Res+) or not treated (Res-) with 100 nM resistin for 8 h and then incubated for 6 h with 10 mM glucose in the absence (Ins-) or presence (Ins+) of 100 nM insulin. RT-qPCR monitoring of mRNA levels of pyruvate carboxylase (Pc) (A), pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (Pkm2) (B), pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 1 (Pdha1) (C), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 (Pdk2) (D), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 (Pdk4) (E), cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh1) (F), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (Me1) (G) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) (H) are shown. Results from three experiments are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (*) indicates p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.01 compared with the condition of neither resistin nor insulin. (#) indicates p < 0.05 and (##) p < 0.01 compared with L6E9 myotubes treated only with resistin.. through an increase of levels of Pdha1 and decrease of Pdk2 and Pdk4 mRNA. The effects of insulin on the metabolic flux distribution of L6E9 myotubes reported in the present study correlate with the known activation of PDC by profound suppression of Pdk4 expression in skeletal muscle [40] , inhibition of expression of the Pck1 gene, and the increase in glucose uptake and lactate production observed using other approaches [38, 41] .. The effect of resistin on L6E9 myotubes increases glycolysis and fatty-acid synthesis and alters the ratio between PDC and PC, tilting it towards direct incorporation of pyruvate through PDC Our results revealed that, in the absence of insulin, resistin activated glucose phosphorylation and the glycolytic pathway. Also, resistin did not affect the glycogen content in skeletal muscle. Even though enrichment of the glycogen label (reflected in the m2 values of the glycogen molecule) was not significantly different to the control condition, the tendency was for glycogen-related fluxes to be lower, a result that was in accordance with other works [22] . Furthermore, our approach showed that, even though many of the TCA-cycle fluxes remained unchanged, the ratio between the PDC and PC fluxes was significantly altered, effectively increasing the incorporation of pyruvate through PDC into mitochondria (as suggested by the reduction observed in levels of Pdk4 mRNA). PC activity is finely regulated by mechanisms such as allosteric activation by acetyl carnitine, which was not tested in this study. The acetyl-CoA output for fatty-acid synthesis was also increased after resistin treatment, which would explain the higher flux towards the TCA cycle. For analyses of the effect of resistin on glucose metabolism and on the metabolic response of muscle cells to insulin, L6E9 myotubes were pretreated for 8 h with or without resistin (100 nM). After preincubation, myotubes were incubated for a further 6 h with glucose (10 mM) that was 50% enriched in [1,2-13 C 2 ]-glucose in the absence or presence of 100 nM insulin and in the continued presence or absence of resistin.. After 6 h of incubation, glucose consumption, lactate production, intracellular levels of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) were determined (Table 1) , as were the mass-isotopomer distributions in glucose and lactate from the incubation medium, as well as glycogen glucose and ribose isolated from RNA in cell pellets ( Table 2) . Analyses of the obtained data by Isodyn determined the distribution of the metabolic flux profile of L6E9 myotubes under various incubation conditions (Table 3 ). Figure 1 summarises the qualitative changes in metabolites and fluxes. Obesity is increasing to epidemic proportions [1, 2] , starting from young ages [3, 4] , and is associated with an increase in the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) throughout the world [2, 5] . In recent years, active participation of immune cells in obesity and T2DM has become evident [6, 7] . This chronic activation of the innate immune system can lead to insulin resistance (IR), impaired tolerance to glucose and, eventually, T2DM [8, 9] .. Adipose tissue produces a vast array of adipocytederived factors ("adipokines") that regulate the metabolism, inflammation and body mass [10, 11] . One of these adipokines, resistin, belongs to a family of cysteine-rich proteins shown to be involved in inflammation and altered insulin sensitivity in rodents [12, 13] . Resistin is produced from adipose tissue in rodents whereas, in humans, it is secreted by the mononuclear lymphocytes and stromal cells within adipose tissue [14, 15] . Studies in humanised resistin mice suggest that, even though the site of resistin production differs between species, human resistin exacerbates inflammation in white adipose tissue and contributes to IR, thereby impairing its normal effects [16, 17] .. IR is defined as the genetic or learned inability of target tissues to respond normally to the action of circulating hormones. It has been described in skeletal muscle but also in liver and adipose tissues [18] . Some studies have shown that resistin affects glucose transport and insulin-stimulated oxidation of glucose in L6 skeletal muscle cells [19] [20] [21] [22] . It also decreases the uptake and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids [23] and glycogen synthase kinase-3-β, as well as insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation [19, 22] in the same cell line. Furthermore, high levels of resistin in rats leads to IR involving impaired insulin signalling in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissues, resulting in glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia [24] . These observations link resistin in muscle-cell metabolism to IR.. Changes in the metabolome (i.e., the whole set of metabolites) have been described as the "ultimate" response of an organism to various events, such as genetic alterations as well as disease-based or environmental influences [25] . However, the metabolome is dynamic and metabolites are transformed continuously in the cell. Comprehensive characterisation of the metabolic networks and their functional states requires quantitative knowledge of intracellular metabolic fluxes. These intracellular fluxes can be quantified by analysing incorporation of labelled substrates in metabolic products using appropriate bioinformatic tools [26] .. Skeletal muscle is considered to be the main tissue involved in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis because its contribution to glucose uptake is ≈ 75% of the total contribution of peripheral tissues [27] , and it is the main tissue responsible for insulin-dependent glucose use. Also, pyruvate homeostasis-related fluxes in skeletal muscle play a critical part in glucose homeostasis [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . A better understanding of how these fluxes work together in muscle cells is needed to understand this process.. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of resistin on the central carbon metabolic network of rat skeletal muscle cells, and to ascertain how resistin alters the response of muscle cells to insulin at the metabolic level. We used [1, [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] C 2 ]-glucose as a tracer, analysed isotopomer distributions by gas cromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), and quantified metabolic fluxes using Isodyn software [26, [33] [34] [35] [36] . In the model of the glucose metabolic network in skeletal muscle we included the glycolytic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)-and pyruvate carboxylase (PC)-catalysed reactions were also included to account for pyruvate homeostasis-related fluxes. Resistin-induced alterations in the profile of metabolic fluxes of rat skeletal muscle cells were identified, and were complemented by analyses of the expression of certain genes.. The study presented here offers a wider vision than previously published of the metabolic reorganisation that resistin induces in rat skeletal muscle cells and in the metabolic response of these cells to insulin. Our observations provide new data for a more precise understanding of the effect of resistin on metabolic-network adaptations of skeletal muscle cells, and help to explain the role of resistin in the IR described in myocytes. Our work reveals the importance of tackling the study of complex biological systems from a systems-biology point of view to fully understand multifactorial diseases and identify new therapeutic targets.

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Introducing RFID at Middlesex University Learning Resources Purpose -To describe the first year of the implementation of RFID in Middlesex University Learning Resources. Design/methodology/approach -The technology is explained in detail to set the scene. Information on the implementation is presented in chronological order. Findings -Problems which would generally be applicable to other installations in these early days of the use of RFID in libraries are pointed out. Practical implications -It is possible to implement RFID without too much lead time, though had longer been available some aspects would have gone more smoothly. RFID technology is not new but its commercial application is quite recent because costs have reduced as the technology has matured and become more widespread. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification and in essence consists of a miniature transmitter or receiver incorporated into a device known as a tag, in a moveable item which can be located by a receiver or transmitter which may be stationary or also movable depending on the application. RFID in library systems consists of two items, a transponder (the word is derived from TRANSmitter and resPONDER) consisting of an antenna and a chip and a reader attached to a computer to identify the item. The total package is called a tag or a label. The tag or label is attached to the item to be identified and the reader is non-moveable, for example fixed in a security gate or incorporated into a library counter or a self-service machine.. Data can be written to and stored in the tag, data which may include a barcode and much more beside; the tags used at Middlesex have a capacity of 1,024 bits.. As far as library materials are concerned, RFID rivals barcodes as a means of identification and magnetic strips as a means of security so RFID can be regarded as dual purpose in that respect. Barcodes have to be read by an optical scanning device such as a light pen; they have to be in line of sight of the reader. RFID tags on the other hand can be placed inside an object for their greater security. For example, IBM have used RFID technology to locate small to medium-sized items of boxed equipment which may be placed inside a carton with a tag attached to the item inside the box but 'visible' to the RFID reader.. They are also used in the retail trade for security: a tag on an item inside a shopping bag can activate an alarm and indicate the item that is being stolen so that it can be identified against goods that have been legitimately paid for. The same methodology can be used with library materials to control their accidental or deliberate unauthorised removal from the library.. The book trade has been interested for a few years in the application of RFID technology. If every book had incorporated into it during production a tag, this could contain data such as the ISBN plus copy number which together would make a unique identifier. This could be a write-once tag, its data would never change. This might be used by library systems and equated to the library's item identification number by means of a table held in the database of the automated library system. By identification number is meant the identifier in the system often referred to as the barcode or accession number. This tag could therefore be used by the publisher, wholesale distribution, retail distribution and the library successively. Because of the cost of RFID tags (currently 25p to 55p) it is best to use them repeatedly. A library will have a great deal of re-use so an RFID tag may be particularly cost effective for libraries, certainly more so than for the retail trade. Read-only tags are cheaper than those which can be constantly changed in their contents. Another scenario could involve a writeable tag being incorporated into publications which could be re-used by different systems. In this case a succession of owners of a book could write to the tag the data each needed to control the items within their particular environment. It can therefore be seen that a library would benefit more from RFID being incorporated into a book than the book trade. RFID as envisaged in this scenario would be most effective if it were incorporated into the majority of books.. Tagging publications universally at the point of production was rejected some years ago by the book-trade. Profit margins would have been seriously depleted if tags had been added to books. The main beneficiary would have been libraries who can re-use tags repeatedly as books are circulated and indeed need to be prevented from leaving the library illegally over time. Libraries did not show sufficient enthusiasm or the will to pay for published materials to include this technology at the time of production.. There are different standards for tags. Tags can vary according to the radio frequency they transmit. Most library systems currently are using 13.56 MHz. They also vary according to their air interface: there are four different protocols for that. They can also vary according to the conventions used for storing the data.. RFID has been around in libraries for a number of years. In the UK, the first installation for library circulation and security control was at the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library where the TagSys system was installed in 2001. In 2002 Intellident's system was installed in the Oxford University Business School's Sainsbury Library in its new building near Oxford Railway Station (Digicult, 2003) . Intellident have since set up installations at Colchester Public Library and Nottingham Trent University Library. However, as far as the project at Middlesex University was concerned, the first encounter that any Middlesex University Learning Resources staff had with RFID was at an ISO meeting in Rome in May 2003 where it was reported that Danish Standards (the opposite number of the British Standards Institution in Denmark) had attempted to develop standards for the selection and layout of data on an RFID chip: a representative of Danish Standards gave a paper describing the technology and explaining the standards that were needed to make it function, those that were in place and those that were required. Next, at the IFLA General Conference in Berlin in 2003 (Lindquist, 2003) , a session was presented on RFID: speakers included the research director of the library automation system vendor VTLS (Chachra, 2003) . After this session, visits were made to one or two stands in the exhibition which were demonstrating RFID, one of which was the Swiss company Bibliotheca. About the same time, the University Librarian came across RFID in use in libraries in Singapore. RFID has proved popular with library users. Library staff have been enthusiastic about the ease of self service as compared with earlier equipment though some have expressed disappointment at the performance of counter machines. One member of staff wondered why they could not use self issue machines at the counter; the reason for that is that self issue machines are streamlined in their functionality to make them easy to use and cannot give staff the opportunity to see more information about a user's transactions or perform functions that only staff can perform.. The Sheppard Library at Middlesex University's Hendon campus was built to replace the old accommodation for all Learning Resources' services. It has a much larger floor space but the same number of staff running it as before. Additionally, more students have been transferred to the Hendon Campus since the building was planned. RFID has contributed well towards alleviating service problems that have arisen through having to serve a larger space and a larger number of students; it has achieved this by reducing the amount of staff time engaged on circulation and stock management functions.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The Pairing of a Wavelet Basis With a Mildly Redundant Analysis via Subband Regression A distinction is usually made between wavelet bases and wavelet frames. The former are associated with a one-to-one representation of signals, which is somewhat constrained but most efficient computationally. The latter are over-complete, but they offer advantages in terms of flexibility (shape of the basis functions) and shift-invariance. In this paper, we propose a framework for improved wavelet analysis based on an appropriate pairing of a wavelet basis with a mildly redundant version of itself (frame). The processing is accomplished in four steps: 1) redundant wavelet analysis, 2) wavelet-domain processing, 3) projection of the results onto the wavelet basis, and 4) reconstruction of the signal from its nonredundant wavelet expansion. The wavelet analysis is pyramid-like and is obtained by simple modification of Mallat's filterbank algorithm (e.g., suppression of the down-sampling in the wavelet channels only). The key component of the method is the subband regression filter (Step 3) which computes a wavelet expansion that is maximally consistent in the least squares sense with the redundant wavelet analysis. We demonstrate that this approach significantly improves the performance of soft-threshold wavelet denoising with a moderate increase in computational cost. We also show that the analysis filters in the proposed framework can be adjusted for improved feature detection; in particular, a new quincunx Mexican-hat-like wavelet transform that is fully reversible and essentially behaves the th Laplacian of a Gaussian. D URING the past 15 years, wavelets have had a profound impact on signal and image processing. They have led to the development of a variety of new algorithms for signal compression (JPEG2000) [1] , [2] , denoising (soft-thresholding and its multiple variants) [3] - [6] , enhancement, and restoration (e.g., deconvolution) [7] , [8] , as well as signal analysis (e.g., fractals, singularities, texture) [9] , [10] . From the practitioner point of view, there are two categories of wavelet transforms: nonredundant and redundant ones.. The first type (one-to-one mapping) is necessarily associated with a wavelet basis that can be defined either in the continuous domain-i.e., for the space of -dimensional finite energy signals [11] -, or in the discrete domain by considering the space of square summable sequences [12] . Wavelet bases are elegant mathematically, as well as most efficient computationally, thanks to Mallat's fast filterbank algorithm. They can be designed to be orthogonal, which is advantageous for optimal bit allocation (thanks to Parseval's identity), and also for statistical purposes because white noise remains white in the transformed domain. A key property that justifies their success is that they yield sparse representations of signals that are piecewise smooth. These features are beneficial for data compression, and for designing simple, efficient wavelet-domain algorithms such as soft-threshold denoising. The only downside of wavelet bases is their lack of shift-invariance because the underlying sampling is critical.. The second type of redundant transformation is associated with wavelet frames. The simplest versions are redundant variants of a decomposition into wavelet bases; they go under the name of cycle spinning (where one iterates the transform on a sequence of translated input signals) [13] , the "à trous" wavelets which correspond to the undecimated version of Mallat's algorithm [14] - [16] , or discrete wavelet frames [17] . There are also other less redundant transforms such as Kingsbury's complex dual tree decomposition which combines two wavelet bases that are in quadrature [18] , [19] , and Simoncelli's steerable pyramid [20] . Presently, the consensus among researchers is that redundant wavelets are better suited for signal and image analysis, and that they also yield better results for tasks such as denoising. While it is straightforward to obtained a redundant decomposition from a basis (using cycle spinning or the undecimated version of Mallat's algorithm), this approach tends to be very heavy in term of memory usage and computation because the resolution of the wavelet subband remains the same irrespective of the scale of the analysis. This can be a serious limitation, especially in two or higher dimensions. If one analyzes the situation in term of sampling density, there is an obvious waste in conciseness as one moves to coarser scales because the bandwidth of wavelet coefficients gets narrower as a result of the convolution with the dilated analysis wavelet.. Our purpose in this paper is to present an effective way of getting rid of the less informative part of this redundancy without compromising perfect reconstruction. Specifically, we are interested in maintaining some controlled level of redundancy within the wavelet subbands to improve shift-invariance, while retaining the sub-sampling (pyramid structure) as we move to coarser resolution to avoid explosion in data size. Yang and Jing have recently proposed a practical solution for getting closer to that goal by simply replacing the original sampling matrix by a more progressive one (e.g., quincunx instead of dyadic) which can be viewed as an incomplete version of cycle spinning [21] . The present approach is based on a different principle which does not require any factorization of the dilation matrix. It is also more flexible from a wavelet designer point of view. Our proposal is a two-step strategy that tries to make the best use of both wavelet worlds: 1) frames for a (mildly) redundant analysis and for data processing, and 2) a wavelet basis for the representation and efficient reconstruction of the output signal. The conversion between the two representations is performed by a regression module that orthogonally projects the redundant wavelet coefficients onto the corresponding wavelet subspace at a given resolution.. The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we first develop the concept in 1-D, which leads to a modification of the standard two-channel filterbank algorithm where the high-pass analysis branch (wavelet coefficients) is undecimated. We then generalize the system to multiple bands in Section III for the processing of higher dimensional signals. We also describe an extension of the method that allows using modified analysis wavelets while preserving the perfect reconstruction property. Finally, in Section IV, we validate the method by showing that it leads to some performance improvement for image denoising. We also illustrate the reshaping capabilities of the technique by presenting a new family of Mexican-hat-like wavelet transforms with improved isotropy properties. We have introduced a general mechanism for improving the invariance properties and the feature extraction capabilities of any multidimensional wavelet basis. We believe that such a fix is essential if one wants to make this type of representation more attractive for analysis and processing purposes. Wavelet bases are elegant mathematically, but they are inherently constrained due to the requirement for a nonredundant representation. In other words, there is not much hope for coming up with an "ideal" wavelet basis that would simultaneously fulfill the following desirable properties for image processing: orthogonality (one-to-one representation), symmetry, good spatial localization, shift-invariance, scale-invariance, rotation-invariance, smoothness, etc. [42] . In fact, designing wavelet bases is essentially an art in finding the best compromise among the above conflicting goals. Yet, the invariance properties of the transform can be improved straightforwardly by adding basis functions, which then yields a wavelet frame. However, this needs to accomplished parsimoniously, and this is where the technique proposed in this paper comes in very handy. Indeed, one can easily control the redundancy and maintain it within a reasonable range (2 to 4); this is much more difficult to achieve with alternative scheme such as cycle spinning which are much more demanding computationally and storage-wise. The pyramid-like reduction that is provided by the present approach is advantageous from that perspective and also quite compatible with our present knowledge of the organization of primary visual cortex.. A final aspect that we have explored briefly is the possibility of changing the wavelet filters to improve the quality of the analysis. The possibilities there are almost limitless because there is essentially no constraint on the choice of the reshaping filter . We have illustrated the concept with the design of Mexican-hat-like wavelets whose distinguishing property is to be very nearly isotropic. Also, the fact that these wavelets behave like multiscale th order fractional derivative operators makes them prime candidates for the analysis of fractal processes. For instance, one can easily estimate the local (isotropic) Hurst exponent (or, equivalently, an average Hölder exponent) of a process based on the decay of the wavelet energy across scale (fitting of a straight line in a log-log plot). A further advantage of the present type of analysis is that is offers a progressive scale transition (a reduction by as opposed to the more traditional factor of 2).

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