Project-based learning : teachers learning and using high-tech to preserve Cajun culture Using project-based learning pedagogy in EdTc 658 Advances in Educational Technology , the author has trained inservice teachers in Southwestern Louisiana with an advanced computer multimedia program called Director -LRB- R -RRB- -LRB- Macromedia , Inc. -RRB- . The content of this course focused on modeling the project-based learning pedagogy and researching Acadian 's traditions and legacy . With the multi-functions of microcomputers , new technologies were used to preserve and celebrate the local culture with superiority of text , graphics , animation , sound , and video . The article describes how several groups of school teachers in the surrounding areas of a regional state university of Louisiana learned computer multimedia using project-based learning and integrated their learning into local cultural heritage

O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I

edtc 658 advances in educational technology

project-based learning
project-based learning pedagogy
inservice teachers
acadian traditions
school teachers


Union outreach - a pilgrim 's progress As the American labor movement continues on its path toward reorganization and rejuvenation , archivists are challenged to ensure that the organizational , political , and cultural changes labor unions are experiencing are fully documented . The article examines the need for labor archivists to reach out actively to unions and the problems they face in getting their message across , not only to union leadership but also to union members . Outreach by labor archivists is vital on three critical fronts : the need to secure union funding in support of labor archival programs ; obtaining union cooperation in reviewing and amending obsolete deposit agreements ; and coordinating efforts with unions to save the records of closing district and local union offices . Attempting to resolve these outstanding issues , labor archivists are pulled between two distinct institutional cultures -LRB- one academic in nature , the other enmeshed in a union bureaucracy -RRB- and often have their own labor archival programs compromised by the internal dynamics and politics inherent in administering large academic libraries and unions . If labor archivists are to be successful , they must find their collective voice within the labor movement and establish their relevancy to unions during a period of momentous change and restructuring . Moreover , archivists need to give greater thought to designing and implementing outreach programs that bridge the fundamental `` disconnect '' between union bureaucracies and the rank and file , and unions and the public

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

american labor movement
archivists
cultural changes
labor unions
union leadership
union members
union funding
labor archival programs
union cooperation
obsolete deposit agreements
union offices
institutional cultures
union bureaucracy
internal dynamics
large academic libraries
collective voice


Theoretical and experimental investigations on coherence of traffic noise transmission through an open window into a rectangular room in high-rise buildings A method for theoretically calculating the coherence between sound pressure inside a rectangular room in a high-rise building and that outside the open window of the room is proposed . The traffic noise transmitted into a room is generally dominated by low-frequency components , to which active noise control -LRB- ANC -RRB- technology may find an application . However , good coherence between reference and error signals is essential for an effective noise reduction and should be checked first . Based on traffic noise prediction methods , wave theory , and mode coupling theory , the results of this paper enabled one to determine the potentials and limitations of ANC used to reduce such a transmission . Experimental coherence results are shown for two similar , empty rectangular rooms located on the 17th and 30th floors of a 34 floor high-rise building . The calculated results with the proposed method are generally in good agreement with the experimental results and demonstrate the usefulness of the method for predicting the coherence

O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

traffic noise transmission
open window
rectangular room
sound pressure
traffic noise prediction methods
mode coupling theory
wave theory

high-rise buildings
low-frequency components
active noise control technology


Improving the predicting power of partial order based QSARs through linear extensions Partial order theory -LRB- POT -RRB- is an attractive and operationally simple method that allows ordering of compounds , based on selected structural and/or electronic descriptors -LRB- modeled order -RRB- , or based on their end points , e.g. , solubility -LRB- experimental order -RRB- . If the modeled order resembles the experimental order , compounds that are not experimentally investigated can be assigned a position in the model that eventually might lead to a prediction of an end-point value . However , in the application of POT in quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling , only the compounds directly comparable to the noninvestigated compounds are applied . To explore the possibilities of improving the methodology , the theory is extended by application of the so-called linear extensions of the model order . The study show that partial ordering combined with linear extensions appears as a promising tool providing probability distribution curves in the range of possible end-point values for compounds not being experimentally investigated

O O O O O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

partial order theory
linear extensions
electronic descriptors
modeled order
end points


A formal model of computing with words Classical automata are formal models of computing with values . Fuzzy automata are generalizations of classical automata where the knowledge about the system 's next state is vague or uncertain . It is worth noting that like classical automata , fuzzy automata can only process strings of input symbols . Therefore , such fuzzy automata are still -LRB- abstract -RRB- devices for computing with values , although a certain vagueness or uncertainty are involved in the process of computation . We introduce a new kind of fuzzy automata whose inputs are instead strings of fuzzy subsets of the input alphabet . These new fuzzy automata may serve as formal models of computing with words . We establish an extension principle from computing with values to computing with words . This principle indicates that computing with words can be implemented with computing with values with the price of a big amount of extra computations

O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

formal model
computing with words
fuzzy automata
fuzzy subsets
input alphabet
extension principle


Loudspeaker voice-coil inductance losses : circuit models , parameter estimation , and effect on frequency response When the series resistance is separated and treated as a separate element , it is shown that losses in an inductor require the ratio of the flux to MMF in the core to be frequency dependent . For small-signal operation , this dependence leads to a circuit model composed of a lossless inductor and a resistor in parallel , both of which are frequency dependent . Mathematical expressions for these elements are derived under the assumption that the ratio of core flux to MMF varies as omega / sup n-1 / , where n is a constant . A linear regression technique is described for extracting the model parameters from measured data . Experimental data are presented to justify the model for the lossy inductance of a loudspeaker voice-coil . A SPICE example is presented to illustrate the effects of voice-coil inductor losses on the frequency response of a typical driver

O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O

circuit models
parameter estimation
frequency response
series resistance
linear regression
lossy inductance
spice
lossless inductor

loudspeaker voice-coil inductance losses


Entrepreneurs in Action : a Web-case model Much of the traditional schooling in America is built around systems of compliance and control , characteristics which stifle the creative and entrepreneurial instincts of the children who are subjected to these tactics . The article explores a different approach to education , one that involves capturing the interest of the student through the use of problem and project-based instruction delivered via the Internet . Called Entrepreneurs in Action , this program seeks to involve students in a problem at the outset and to promote the learning of traditional subject areas as a process of the problem-solving activities that are undertaken . The program 's details are explained , from elementary school through university level courses , and the authors outline their plans to test the efficacy of the program at each level

B I I O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

entrepreneurs in action
traditional schooling
america
entrepreneurial instincts
internet
traditional subject areas
elementary school
university level courses

web-case model
project-based instruction
problem-solving activities


Real-time tissue characterization on the basis of in vivo Raman spectra The application of in vivo Raman spectroscopy for clinical diagnosis demands dedicated software that can perform the necessary signal processing and subsequent -LRB- multivariate -RRB- data analysis , enabling clinically relevant parameters to be extracted and made available in real time . Here we describe the design and implementation of a software package that allows for real-time signal processing and data analysis of Raman spectra . The design is based on automatic data exchange between Grams , a spectroscopic data acquisition and analysis program , and Matlab , a program designed for array-based calculations . The data analysis software has a modular design providing great flexibility in developing custom data analysis routines for different applications . The implementation is illustrated by a computationally demanding application for the classification of skin spectra using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

computationally demanding application
modular design
data analysis software
clinical diagnosis
dedicated software
automatic data exchange
grams
matlab
linear discriminant analysis

clinically relevant parameters extraction


High-density remote storage : the Ohio State University Libraries depository The article describes a high-density off-site book storage facility operated by the Ohio State University Libraries . Opened in 1995 , it has the capacity to house nearly 1.5 million items in only 9000 square feet by shelving books by size on 30-foot tall shelving . A sophisticated climate control system extends the life of stored materials up to 12 times . An online catalog record for each item informs patrons that the item is located in a remote location . Regular courier deliveries from the storage facility bring requested materials to patrons with minimal delay

O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O

ohio state university libraries
shelving
climate control system
stored materials
patrons
online catalog record
remote location
courier deliveries


Assessment of the macrocyclic effect for the complexation of crown-ethers with alkali cations using the substructural molecular fragments method The Substructural Molecular Fragments method -LRB- Solov ` ev , V. P. ; Varnek , A. A. ; Wipff , G. J. Chem . Inf . Comput . Sci . 2000 , 40 , 847-858 -RRB- was applied to assess stability constants -LRB- logK -RRB- of the complexes of crown-ethers , polyethers , and glymes with Na/sup + / , K/sup + / , and Cs/sup + / in methanol . One hundred forty-seven computational models including different fragment sets coupled with linear or nonlinear fitting equations were applied for the data sets containing 69 -LRB- Na/sup + / -RRB- , 123 -LRB- K/sup + / -RRB- , and 31 -LRB- Cs/sup + / -RRB- compounds . To account for the `` macrocyclic effect '' for crown-ethers , an additional `` cyclicity '' descriptor was used . `` Predicted '' stability constants both for macrocyclic compounds and for their open-chain analogues are in good agreement with the experimental data reported earlier and with those studied experimentally in this work . The macrocyclic effect as a function of cation and ligand is quantitatively estimated for all studied crown-ethers

O O O B I O O B O O O B I O O B I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Building digital collections at the OAC : current strategies with a view to future uses Providing a context for the exploration of user defined virtual collections , the article describes the history and recent development of the Online Archive of California -LRB- OAC -RRB- . Stating that usability and user needs are primary factors in digital resource development , issues explored include collaborations to build digital collections , reliance upon professional standards for description and encoding , system architecture , interface design , the need for user tools , and the role of archivists as interpreters in the digital environment

O B I O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I

digital collections
oac
future uses
user defined virtual collections
history
online archive of california
user needs
digital resource
professional standards
system architecture
interface design
user tools
digital environment

encoded archival description
archival descriptive standards
metadata standards
best practices
user studies


Fuzzy polynomial neural networks : hybrid architectures of fuzzy modeling We introduce a concept of fuzzy polynomial neural networks -LRB- FPNNs -RRB- , a hybrid modeling architecture combining polynomial neural networks -LRB- PNNs -RRB- and fuzzy neural networks -LRB- FNNs -RRB- . The development of the FPNNs dwells on the technologies of computational intelligence -LRB- CI -RRB- , namely fuzzy sets , neural networks , and genetic algorithms . The structure of the FPNN results from a synergistic usage of FNN and PNN . FNNs contribute to the formation of the premise part of the rule-based structure of the FPNN . The consequence part of the FPNN is designed using PNNs . The structure of the PNN is not fixed in advance as it usually takes place in the case of conventional neural networks , but becomes organized dynamically to meet the required approximation error . We exploit a group method of data handling -LRB- GMDH -RRB- to produce this dynamic topology of the network . The performance of the FPNN is quantified through experimentation that exploits standard data already used in fuzzy modeling . The obtained experimental results reveal that the proposed networks exhibit high accuracy and generalization capabilities in comparison to other similar fuzzy models

B I I I O B I O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fuzzy polynomial neural networks
hybrid architectures
fuzzy modeling
computational intelligence
fuzzy sets
genetic algorithms
group method of data handling
gmdh
dynamic topology

highly nonlinear rule-based models
fuzzy inference method
learning
standard backpropagation
membership functions
learning rates
momentum coefficients
genetic optimization


Alien Rescue : a problem-based hypermedia learning environment for middle school science The article describes an innovative hypermedia product for sixth graders in space science : Alien Rescue . Using a problem-based learning approach that is highly interactive , Alien Rescue engages students in scientific investigations aimed at finding solutions to complex and meaningful problems . Problem-based learning -LRB- PBL -RRB- is an instructional strategy proven to be effective in medical and business fields , and it is increasingly popular in education . However , using PBL in K-12 classrooms is challenging and requires access to rich knowledge bases and cognitive tools . Alien Rescue is designed to provide such cognitive support for successful use of PBL in sixth-grade classrooms . The design and development of Alien Rescue is guided by current educational research . Research is an integral part of this project . Results of formative evaluation and research studies are being integrated into the development and improvement of the program . Alien Rescue is designed in accordance with the National Science Standards and the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills -LRB- TEKS -RRB- for science . So far Alien Rescue has been field-tested by approximately 1400 sixth graders . More use in middle schools is in progress and more research on its use is planned

B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O

alien rescue
middle school science
space science
sixth graders
scientific investigations
pbl
instructional strategy
business fields
rich knowledge bases
cognitive tools
cognitive support
educational research
formative evaluation
middle schools


Recommendations for implementing Internet inquiry projects The purpose of the study presented was to provide recommendations to teachers who are interested in implementing Internet inquiry projects . Four classes of ninth - and tenth-grade honors students -LRB- N = 100 -RRB- participated in an Internet inquiry project in which they were presented with an ecology question that required them to make a decision based on information that they gathered , analyzed , and synthesized from the Internet and their textbook . Students then composed papers with a rationale for their decision . Students in one group had access to pre-selected relevant Web sites , access to the entire Internet , and were provided with less online support . Students in the other group had access to only pre-selected relevant Web sites , but were provided with more online support . Two of the most important recommendations were : 1 -RRB- to provide students with more online support ; and 2 -RRB- to provide students with pre-selected relevant Web sites and allow them to search the Internet for information

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

internet inquiry projects
teachers
honors students
ecology question
online support


Novel ZE-isomerism descriptors derived from molecular topology and their application to QSAR analysis We introduce several series of novel ZE-isomerism descriptors derived directly from two-dimensional molecular topology . These descriptors make use of a quantity named ZE-isomerism correction , which is added to the vertex degrees of atoms connected by double bonds in Z and E configurations . This approach is similar to the one described previously for topological chirality descriptors -LRB- Golbraikh , A. , et al. . J. Chem . Inf . Comput . Sci . 2001 , 41 , 147-158 -RRB- . The ZE-isomerism descriptors include modified molecular connectivity indices , overall Zagreb indices , extended connectivity , overall connectivity , and topological charge indices . They can be either real or complex numbers . Mathematical properties of different subgroups of ZE-isomerism descriptors are discussed . These descriptors circumvent the inability of conventional topological indices to distinguish between Z and E isomers . The applicability of ZE-isomerism descriptors to QSAR analysis is demonstrated in the studies of a series of 131 anticancer agents inhibiting tubulin polymerization

O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I I O B I O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I

qsar analysis
vertex degrees
modified molecular connectivity indices
overall zagreb indices
extended connectivity
overall connectivity
topological charge indices
complex numbers
anticancer agents
tubulin polymerization


MEMS applications in computer disk drive dual-stage servo systems We present a decoupled discrete time pole placement design method , which can be combined with a self-tuning scheme to compensate variations in the microactuator 's -LRB- MA 's -RRB- resonance mode . Section I of the paper describes the design and fabrication of a prototype microactuator with an integrated gimbal structure . Section II presents a decoupled track-following controller design and a self-tuning control scheme to compensate for the MA 's resonance mode variations

B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Median partitioning : a novel method for the selection of representative subsets from large compound pools A method termed median partitioning -LRB- MP -RRB- has been developed to select diverse sets of molecules from large compound pools . Unlike many other methods for subset selection , the MP approach does not depend on pairwise comparison of molecules and can therefore be applied to very large compound collections . The only time limiting step is the calculation of molecular descriptors for database compounds . MP employs arrays of property descriptors with little correlation to divide large compound pools into partitions from which representative molecules can be selected . In each of n subsequent steps , a population of molecules is divided into subpopulations above and below the median value of a property descriptor until a desired number of 2/sup n / partitions are obtained . For descriptor evaluation and selection , an entropy formulation was embedded in a genetic algorithm . MP has been applied to generate a subset of the Available Chemicals Directory , and the results have been compared with cell-based partitioning

B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O

median partitioning
large compound pools
molecules
time limiting step
molecular descriptors
database compounds
entropy formulation
genetic algorithm
available chemicals directory

representative subset selection
property descriptor array
cell-based partitioning


Using molecular equivalence numbers to visually explore structural features that distinguish chemical libraries A molecular equivalence number -LRB- meqnum -RRB- classifies a molecule with respect to a class of structural features or topological shapes such as its cyclic system or its set of functional groups . Meqnums can be used to organize molecular structures into nonoverlapping , yet highly relatable classes . We illustrate the construction of some different types of meqnums and present via examples some methods of comparing diverse chemical libraries based on meqnums . In the examples we compare a library which is a random sample from the MDL Drug Data Report -LRB- MDDR -RRB- with a library which is a random sample from the Available Chemical Directory -LRB- ACD -RRB- . In our analyses , we discover some interesting features of the topological shape of a molecule and its set of functional groups that are strongly linked with compounds occurring in the MDDR but not in the ACD . We also illustrate the utility of molecular equivalence indices in delineating the structural domain over which an SAR conclusion is valid

O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O

molecular equivalence number
structural features
topological shapes
cyclic system
functional groups
chemical libraries
mdl drug data report
available chemical directory
molecular equivalence indices

molecule classification
nonoverlapping relatable classes


Chemical information based scaling of molecular descriptors : a universal chemical scale for library design and analysis Scaling is a difficult issue for any analysis of chemical properties or molecular topology when disparate descriptors are involved . To compare properties across different data sets , a common scale must be defined . Using several publicly available databases -LRB- ACD , CMC , MDDR , and NCI -RRB- as a basis , we propose to define chemically meaningful scales for a number of molecular properties and topology descriptors . These chemically derived scaling functions have several advantages . First , it is possible to define chemically relevant scales , greatly simplifying similarity and diversity analyses across data sets . Second , this approach provides a convenient method for setting descriptor boundaries that define chemically reasonable topology spaces . For example , descriptors can be scaled so that compounds with little potential for biological activity , bioavailability , or other drug-like characteristics are easily identified as outliers . We have compiled scaling values for 314 molecular descriptors . In addition the 10th and 90th percentile values for each descriptor have been calculated for use in outlier filtering

B I I I O B I O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

universal chemical scale
library design
chemical information based scaling
molecular descriptors
molecular topology
chemical properties
databases
diversity analyses
data sets
descriptor boundaries
biological activity
bioavailability
outliers

library analysis
similarity analyses
drug-like characteristics


On the use of neural network ensembles in QSAR and QSPR Despite their growing popularity among neural network practitioners , ensemble methods have not been widely adopted in structure-activity and structure-property correlation . Neural networks are inherently unstable , in that small changes in the training set and/or training parameters can lead to large changes in their generalization performance . Recent research has shown that by capitalizing on the diversity of the individual models , ensemble techniques can minimize uncertainty and produce more stable and accurate predictors . In this work , we present a critical assessment of the most common ensemble technique known as bootstrap aggregation , or bagging , as applied to QSAR and QSPR . Although aggregation does offer definitive advantages , we demonstrate that bagging may not be the best possible choice and that simpler techniques such as retraining with the full sample can often produce superior results . These findings are rationalized using Krogh and Vedelsby 's -LRB- 1995 -RRB- decomposition of the generalization error into a term that measures the average generalization performance of the individual networks and a term that measures the diversity among them . For networks that are designed to resist over-fitting , the benefits of aggregation are clear but not overwhelming

O O O O B I I O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

neural network ensembles
qsar
qspr
training set
training parameters
generalization performance
uncertainty
bootstrap aggregation
bagging
retraining

generalization error decomposition
structure-activity correlation
structure-property correlation


A method for correlations analysis of coordinates : applications for molecular conformations We describe a new method to analyze multiple correlations between subsets of coordinates that represent a sample . The correlation is established only between specific regions of interest at the coordinates . First , the region -LRB- s -RRB- of interest are selected at each molecular coordinate . Next , a correlation matrix is constructed for the selected regions . The matrix is subject to further analysis , illuminating the multidimensional structural characteristics that exist in the conformational space . The method 's abilities are demonstrated in several examples : it is used to analyze the conformational space of complex molecules , it is successfully applied to compare related conformational spaces , and it is used to analyze a diverse set of protein folding trajectories

O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I


Novel active noise-reducing headset using earshell vibration control Active noise-reducing -LRB- ANR -RRB- headsets are available commercially in applications varying from aviation communication to consumer audio . Current ANR systems use passive attenuation at high frequencies and loudspeaker-based active noise control at low frequencies to achieve broadband noise reduction . This paper presents a novel ANR headset in which the external noise transmitted to the user 's ear via earshell vibration is reduced by controlling the vibration of the earshell using force actuators acting against an inertial mass or the earshell headband . Model-based theoretical analysis using velocity feedback control showed that current piezoelectric actuators provide sufficient force but require lower stiffness for improved low-frequency performance . Control simulations based on experimental data from a laboratory headset showed that good performance can potentially be achieved in practice by a robust feedback controller , while a single-frequency real-time control experiment verified that noise reduction can be achieved using earshell vibration control

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

earshell vibration control
aviation communication
consumer audio
passive attenuation
broadband noise reduction
force actuators
inertial mass
velocity feedback control
piezoelectric actuators
stiffness
robust feedback controller

active noise-reducing headset
external noise transmission
single-frequency real-time control


Noise effect on memory recall in dynamical neural network model of hippocampus We investigate some noise effect on a neural network model proposed by Araki and Aihara -LRB- 1998 -RRB- for the memory recall of dynamical patterns in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex ; the noise effect is important since the release of transmitters at synaptic clefts , the operation of gate of ion channels and so on are known as stochastic phenomena . We consider two kinds of noise effect due to a deterministic noise and a stochastic noise . By numerical simulations , we find that reasonable values of noise give better performance on the memory recall of dynamical patterns . Furthermore we investigate the effect of the strength of external inputs on the memory recall

B I O B I O B I I I O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

hippocampus
dynamical neural network model
noise effect
memory recall
dynamical patterns
entorhinal cortex
synaptic clefts
gate of ion channels
stochastic phenomena
deterministic noise
stochastic noise
numerical simulations

brain functions
synaptic strength
inhibitory connection


Uncertainty bounds and their use in the design of interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems We derive inner - and outer-bound sets for the type-reduced set of an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system -LRB- FLS -RRB- , based on a new mathematical interpretation of the Karnik-Mendel iterative procedure for computing the type-reduced set . The bound sets can not only provide estimates about the uncertainty contained in the output of an interval type-2 FLS , but can also be used to design an interval type-2 FLS . We demonstrate , by means of a simulation experiment , that the resulting system can operate without type-reduction and can achieve similar performance to one that uses type-reduction . Therefore , our new design method , based on the bound sets , can relieve the computation burden of an interval type-2 FLS during its operation , which makes an interval type-2 FLS useful for real-time applications

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems
inner-bound sets
outer-bound sets
type-reduced set
karnik-mendel iterative procedure
real-time applications
time-series forecasting


Hours of operation and service in academic libraries : toward a national standard In an effort toward establishing a standard for academic library hours , the article surveys and compares hours of operation and service for ARL libraries and IPEDS survey respondents . The article ranks the ARL -LRB- Association for Research Libraries -RRB- libraries according to hours of operation and reference hours and then briefly discusses such issues as libraries offering twenty-four access and factors affecting service hour decisions

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

academic library hours
arl libraries
ipeds survey respondents
association for research libraries

integrated post secondary education data system


Pattern recognition strategies for molecular surfaces . I. Pattern generation using fuzzy set theory A new method for the characterization of molecules based on the model approach of molecular surfaces is presented . We use the topographical properties of the surface as well as the electrostatic potential , the local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity , and the hydrogen bond density on the surface for characterization . The definition and the calculation method for these properties are reviewed . The surface is segmented into overlapping patches with similar molecular properties . These patches can be used to represent the characteristic local features of the molecule in a way that is beyond the atomistic resolution but can nevertheless be applied for the analysis of partial similarities of different molecules as well as for the identification of molecular complementarity in a very general sense . The patch representation can be used for different applications , which will be demonstrated in subsequent articles

B I I O B I O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

pattern recognition strategies
molecular surfaces
pattern generation
fuzzy set theory
model approach
topographical properties
electrostatic potential
hydrogen bond density
overlapping patches
molecular properties
local features
atomistic resolution
partial similarities
molecular complementarity
patch representation

local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity
segmented surface
lipophilicity
hydrophilicity


Factors contributing to preservice teachers ' discomfort in a Web-based course structured as an inquiry A report is given of a qualitative emergent design study of a Science , Technology , Society Interaction -LRB- STS -RRB- Web-enhanced course . Students ' discomfort during the pilot test provided insight into the intellectual scaffolding that preservice secondary science teachers needed to optimize their performance when required to develop understanding through open-ended inquiry in a Web environment . Eight factors identified contributed to student discomfort : computer skills , paradigm shifts , trust , time management , thinking about their own thinking , systematic inquiry , self-assessment , and scientific discourse . These factors suggested developing understanding through inquiry by conducting a self-designed , open-ended , systematic inquiry required autonomous learning involving metacognitive skills and time management skills . To the extent in which students either came into the course with this scaffolding , or developed it during the course , they were successful in learning about STS and its relationship to science teaching . Changes in the Web site made to accommodate learners ' needs as they surfaced are described

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I O B I O B O B I O B O O O B O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

qualitative emergent design study
student discomfort
intellectual scaffolding
preservice secondary science teachers
web environment
computer skills
paradigm shifts
trust
time management
thinking
systematic inquiry
scientific discourse
autonomous learning
metacognitive skills
sts
science teaching

science technology society interaction course


Unsafe at any speed ? While Sun prides itself on Java 's secure sandbox programming model , Microsoft takes a looser approach . Its C# language incorporates C-like concepts , including pointers and memory management . But is unsafe code really a boon to programmers , or is it a step backward ?

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

sun java secure sandbox programming model


MTD-PLS : a PLS-based variant of the MTD method . II . Mapping ligand-receptor interactions . Enzymatic acetic acid esters hydrolysis The PLS variant of the MTD method -LRB- T.I. Oprea et al. , SAR QSAR Environ . Res . 2001 , 12 , 75-92 -RRB- was applied to a series of 25 acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis substrates . Statistically significant MTD-PLS models -LRB- q/sup 2 / between 0.7 and 0.8 -RRB- are in agreement with previous MTD models , with the advantage that local contributions are understood beyond the occupancy/nonoccupancy interpretation in MTD . A `` chemically intuitive '' approach further forces MTD-PLS coefficients to assume only negative -LRB- or zero -RRB- values for fragmental volume descriptors and positive -LRB- or zero -RRB- values for fragmental hydrophobicity descriptors . This further separates the various kinds of local interactions at each vertex of the MTD hypermolecule , making this method suitable for medicinal chemistry synthesis planning

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I

minimum topological difference method
mtd-pls models
pls-based variant
ligand-receptor interactions mapping
chemically intuitive approach
steric misfit
additive approach
intermolecular force categories
regression coefficients
ligand binding affinity
hydrogen bonding
polarizabilities
statistical model stability


An efficient parallel algorithm for the calculation of canonical MP2 energies We present the parallel version of a previous serial algorithm for the efficient calculation of canonical MP2 energies . It is based on the Saebo-Almlof direct-integral transformation , coupled with an efficient prescreening of the AO integrals . The parallel algorithm avoids synchronization delays by spawning a second set of slaves during the bin-sort prior to the second half-transformation . Results are presented for systems with up to 2000 basis functions . MP2 energies for molecules with 400-500 basis functions can be routinely calculated to microhartree accuracy on a small number of processors -LRB- 6-8 -RRB- in a matter of minutes with modern PC-based parallel computers

O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

parallel algorithm
canonical mp2 energies
ao integrals
synchronization delays
basis functions
mp2 energies
microhartree accuracy


K-12 instruction and digital access to archival materials Providing K-12 schools with digital access to archival materials can strengthen both student learning and archival practice , although it can not replace direct physical access to records . The article compares a variety of electronic and nonelectronic projects to promote teaching with primary source materials . The article also examines some of the different historiographical and pedagogical approaches used in archival Web sites geared for K-12 instruction , focusing on differences between the educational sites sponsored by the Library of Congress and the National Archives and Records Administration

O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O B I O O O B I O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O B I I I I

national archives and records administration

k-12 instruction
electronic projects
historiographical approaches


Genetic algorithm guided selection : variable selection and subset selection A novel genetic algorithm guided selection method , GAS , has been described . The method utilizes a simple encoding scheme which can represent both compounds and variables used to construct a QSAR/QSPR model . A genetic algorithm is then utilized to simultaneously optimize the encoded variables that include both descriptors and compound subsets . The GAS method generates multiple models each applying to a subset of the compounds . Typically the subsets represent clusters with different chemotypes . Also a procedure based on molecular similarity is presented to determine which model should be applied to a given test set compound . The variable selection method implemented in GAS has been tested and compared using the Selwood data set -LRB- n = 31 compounds ; nu = 53 descriptors -RRB- . The results showed that the method is comparable to other published methods . The subset selection method implemented in GAS has been first tested using an artificial data set -LRB- n = 100 points ; nu = 1 descriptor -RRB- to examine its ability to subset data points and second applied to analyze the XLOGP data set -LRB- n = 1831 compounds ; nu = 126 descriptors -RRB- . The method is able to correctly identify artificial data points belonging to various subsets . The analysis of the XLOGP data set shows that the subset selection method can be useful in improving a QSAR/QSPR model when the variable selection method fails

O O O O O B I O B I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O


Presentation media , information complexity , and learning outcomes Multimedia computing provides a variety of information presentation modality combinations . Educators have observed that visuals enhance learning which suggests that multimedia presentations should be superior to text-only and text with static pictures in facilitating optimal human information processing and , therefore , comprehension . The article reports the findings from a 3 -LRB- text-only , overhead slides , and multimedia presentation -RRB- * 2 -LRB- high and low information complexity -RRB- factorial experiment . Subjects read a text script , viewed an acetate overhead slide presentation , or viewed a multimedia presentation depicting the greenhouse effect -LRB- low complexity -RRB- or photocopier operation -LRB- high complexity -RRB- . Multimedia was superior to text-only and overhead slides for comprehension . Information complexity diminished comprehension and perceived presentation quality . Multimedia was able to reduce the negative impact of information complexity on comprehension and increase the extent of sustained attention to the presentation . These findings suggest that multimedia presentations invoke the use of both the verbal and visual working memory channels resulting in a reduction of the cognitive load imposed by increased information complexity . Moreover , multimedia superiority in facilitating comprehension goes beyond its ability to increase sustained attention ; the quality and effectiveness of information processing attained -LRB- i.e. , use of verbal and visual working memory -RRB- is also significant

B I O B I O O B I B I O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

cognitive processing limitations
human working memory
verbal working memory channel
visual working memory channel


The impact of EAD adoption on archival programs : a pilot survey of early implementers The article reports the results of a survey conducted to assess the impact that the implementation of Encoded Archival Description -LRB- EAD -RRB- has on archival programs . By gathering data related to the funding , staffing , and evaluation of EAD programs and about institutional goals for EAD implementation , the study explored how EAD has affected the operations of the institutions which are utilizing it and the extent to which EAD has become a part of regular repository functions

O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B I O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

ead adoption
archival programs
encoded archival description
funding
staffing
ead programs
institutional goals
ead implementation
regular repository functions

archival descriptive standards
diffusion of innovation


Learning weights for the quasi-weighted means We study the determination of weights for quasi-weighted means -LRB- also called quasi-linear means -RRB- when a set of examples is given . We consider first a simple case , the learning of weights for weighted means , and then we extend the approach to the more general case of a quasi-weighted mean . We consider the case of a known arbitrary generator f . The paper finishes considering the use of parametric functions that are suitable when the values to aggregate are measure values or ratio

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O

learning
parametric functions
measure values

quasi-weighted means
quasi-linear means
ratio values


The archival imagination of David Bearman , revisited Many archivists regard the archival imagination evidenced in the writings of David Bearman as avant-garde . Archivist L. Henry -LRB- 1998 -RRB- has sharply criticized Bearman for being irreverent toward the archival theory and practice outlined by classical American archivist T. R. Schellenberg . Although Bearman is sometimes credited -LRB- and sometimes berated -RRB- for establishing `` a new paradigm '' centered on the archival management of electronic records , his methods and strategies are intended to encompass all forms of record keeping . The article provides general observations on Bearman 's archival imagination , lists some of its components , and addresses elements of Henry 's critique . Although the long lasting impact of Bearman 's imagination upon the archival profession might be questioned , it nonetheless deserves continued consideration by archivists and inclusion as a component of graduate archival education

O B I O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

archival imagination
david bearman
archival theory
classical american archivist
schellenberg
archival management
electronic records
record keeping
archival profession
graduate archival education


Computer mediated communication and university international students The design for the preliminary study presented was based on the experiences of the international students and faculty members of a small southwest university being surveyed and interviewed . The data collection procedure blends qualitative and quantitative data . A strong consensus was found that supports the study 's premise that there is an association between the use of computer mediated communication -LRB- CMC -RRB- and teaching and learning performance of international students . Both groups believe CMC to be an effective teaching and learning tool by : increasing the frequency and quality of communication between students and instructors ; improving language skills through increased writing and communication opportunities ; allowing students and instructors to stay current and to compete effectively ; providing alternative teaching and learning methods to increase students ' confidence in their ability to communicate effectively with peers and instructors ; and improving the instructors ' pedagogical focus and questioning techniques

B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O B O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O B I O B I

computer mediated communication
university international students
faculty members
small southwest university
data collection procedure
quantitative data
cmc
teaching
learning performance
language skills
communication opportunities
instructors
peers
pedagogical focus
questioning techniques


Nuclear magnetic resonance molecular photography A procedure is described for storing a two-dimensional -LRB- 2D -RRB- pattern consisting of 32 * 32 = 1024 bits in a spin state of a molecular system and then retrieving the stored information as a stack of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra . The system used is a nematic liquid crystal , the protons of which act as spin clusters with strong intramolecular interactions . The technique used is a programmable multifrequency irradiation with low amplitude . When it is applied to the liquid crystal , a large number of coherent long-lived / sup 1/H response signals can be excited , resulting in a spectrum showing many sharp peaks with controllable frequencies and amplitudes . The spectral resolution is enhanced by using a second weak pulse with a 90 degrees phase shift , so that the 1024 bits of information can be retrieved as a set of well-resolved pseudo-2D spectra reproducing the input pattern

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

nematic liquid crystal
spin clusters
strong intramolecular interactions
programmable multifrequency irradiation
low amplitude
spectral resolution
second weak pulse

coherent long-lived /sup 1/h response signals

high-content molecular information processing


Nuts and bolts : implementing descriptive standards to enable virtual collections To date , online archival information systems have relied heavily on legacy finding aids for data to encode and provide to end users , despite fairly strong indications in the archival literature that such legacy data is problematic even as a mediated access tool . Archivists have only just begun to study the utility of archival descriptive data for end users in unmediated settings such as via the Web . The ability of future archival information systems to respond to the expectations and needs of end users is inextricably linked to archivists getting their collective data house in order . The General International Standard Archival Description -LRB- ISAD -LRB- G -RRB- -RRB- offers the profession a place from which to start extricating ourselves from the idiosyncracies of our legacy data and description practices

O O O O O B I O O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O B I I O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O

general international standard archival description


Pattern recognition strategies for molecular surfaces . II . Surface complementarity For pt.I see ibid. , vol .23 , p.1176-87 -LRB- 2002 -RRB- . Fuzzy logic based algorithms for the quantitative treatment of complementarity of molecular surfaces are presented . Therein , the overlapping surface patches defined in part I of this series are used . The identification of complementary surface patches can be considered as a first step for the solution of molecular docking problems . Standard technologies can then be used for further optimization of the resulting complex structures . The algorithms are applied to 33 biomolecular complexes . After the optimization with a downhill simplex method , for all these complexes one structure was found , which is in very good agreement with the experimental results

B I I O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

pattern recognition strategies
surface complementarity
fuzzy logic based algorithms
quantitative treatment
molecular surfaces
overlapping surface
biomolecular complexes
optimization
downhill simplex method


Complexity transitions in global algorithms for sparse linear systems over finite fields We study the computational complexity of a very basic problem , namely that of finding solutions to a very large set of random linear equations in a finite Galois field modulo q. Using tools from statistical mechanics we are able to identify phase transitions in the structure of the solution space and to connect them to the changes in the performance of a global algorithm , namely Gaussian elimination . Crossing phase boundaries produces a dramatic increase in memory and CPU requirements necessary for the algorithms . In turn , this causes the saturation of the upper bounds for the running time . We illustrate the results on the specific problem of integer factorization , which is of central interest for deciphering messages encrypted with the RSA cryptosystem

B I O B I O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

complexity transitions
global algorithms
sparse linear systems
finite fields
random linear equations
finite galois field
statistical mechanics
gaussian elimination
phase boundaries
integer factorization
rsa cryptosystem

message deciphering
encryption
disordered systems


Prediction of ultraviolet spectral absorbance using quantitative structure-property relationships High performance liquid chromatography -LRB- HPLC -RRB- with ultraviolet -LRB- UV -RRB- spectrophotometric detection is a common method for analyzing reaction products in organic chemistry . This procedure would benefit from a computational model for predicting the relative response of organic molecules . Models are now reported for the prediction of the integrated UV absorbance for a diverse set of organic compounds using a quantitative structure-property relationship -LRB- QSPR -RRB- approach . A seven-descriptor linear correlation with a squared correlation coefficient -LRB- R/sup 2 / -RRB- of 0.815 is reported for a data set of 521 . compounds . Using the sum of ZINDO oscillator strengths in the integration range as an additional descriptor allowed reduction in the number of descriptors producing a robust model for 460 compounds with five descriptors and a squared correlation coefficient 0.857 . The descriptors used in the models are discussed with respect to the physical nature of the UV absorption process

O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

high performance liquid chromatography
reaction products
organic chemistry
computational model
relative response
squared correlation coefficient
zindo oscillator strengths

ultraviolet spectral absorbance prediction


Prospecting virtual collections Virtual collections are a distinct sub-species of digital collections and digital archives . Archivists and curators as archivists and curators do not construct virtual collections ; rather they enable virtual collections through the application of descriptive and other standards . Virtual collections are constructed by end users

O B I B I O O O O O B I O B I O B O B O B O B O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I

virtual collections
digital collections
digital archives
archivists
curators
end users


Improvements and critique on Sugeno 's and Yasukawa 's qualitative modeling Investigates Sugeno 's and Yasukawa 's -LRB- 1993 -RRB- qualitative fuzzy modeling approach . We propose some easily implementable solutions for the unclear details of the original paper , such as trapezoid approximation of membership functions , rule creation from sample data points , and selection of important variables . We further suggest an improved parameter identification algorithm to be applied instead of the original one . These details are crucial concerning the method 's performance as it is shown in a comparative analysis and helps to improve the accuracy of the built-up model . Finally , we propose a possible further rule base reduction which can be applied successfully in certain cases . This improvement reduces the time requirement of the method by up to 16 % in our experiments

O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

qualitative modeling
fuzzy modeling
trapezoid approximation
membership functions
rule creation
parameter identification algorithm
rule base reduction


A Web-accessible database of characteristics of the 1,945 basic Japanese kanji In 1981 , the Japanese government published a list of the 1,945 basic Japanese kanji -LRB- Jooyoo Kanji-hyo -RRB- , including specifications of pronunciation . This list was established as the standard for kanji usage in print . The database for 1,945 basic Japanese kanji provides 30 cells that explain in detail the various characteristics of kanji . Means , standard deviations , distributions , and information related to previous research concerning these kanji are provided in this paper . The database is saved as a Microsoft Excel 2000 file for Windows . This kanji database is accessible on the Web site of the Oxford Text Archive , Oxford University -LRB- http://ota.ahds.ac.uk -RRB- . Using this database , researchers and educators will be able to conduct planned experiments and organize classroom instruction on the basis of the known characteristics of selected kanji

O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

basic japanese kanji
pronunciation
cells
means
standard deviations
distributions
microsoft excel 2000 file for windows
classroom instruction

web-accessible database
jooyoo kanji-hyo
kanji usage print
oxford text archive web site


Adaptive neural/fuzzy control for interpolated nonlinear systems Adaptive control for nonlinear time-varying systems is of both theoretical and practical importance . We propose an adaptive control methodology for a class of nonlinear systems with a time-varying structure . This class of systems is composed of interpolations of nonlinear subsystems which are input-output feedback linearizable . Both indirect and direct adaptive control methods are developed , where the spatially localized models -LRB- in the form of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems or radial basis function neural networks -RRB- are used as online approximators to learn the unknown dynamics of the system . Without assumptions on rate of change of system dynamics , the proposed adaptive control methods guarantee that all internal signals of the system are bounded and the tracking error is asymptotically stable . The performance of the adaptive controller is demonstrated using a jet engine control problem

O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O

interpolated nonlinear systems
spatially localized models
radial basis function neural networks
online approximators
unknown dynamics
tracking error
jet engine control

input-output feedback linearizable systems


Duality revisited : construction of fractional frequency distributions based on two dual Lotka laws Fractional frequency distributions of , for example , authors with a certain -LRB- fractional -RRB- number of papers are very irregular , and therefore not easy to model or to explain . The article gives a first attempt to this by as suming two simple Lotka laws -LRB- with exponent 2 -RRB- : one for the number of authors with n papers -LRB- total count here -RRB- and one for the number of papers with n authors , n in N. Based on an earlier made convolution model of Egghe , interpreted and reworked now for discrete scores , we are able to produce theoretical fractional frequency distributions with only one parameter , which are in very close agreement with the practical ones as found in a large dataset produced earlier by Rao -LRB- 1995 -RRB- . The article also shows that -LRB- irregular -RRB- fractional frequency distributions are a consequence of Lotka 's law , and are not examples of breakdowns of this famous historical law

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

dual lotka laws
convolution model
discrete scores

irregular fractional frequency distributions


WEXTOR

a

Web-based

tool

for

generating

and

visualizing

experimental

designs

and

procedures

WEXTOR

is

a

Javascript-based

experiment

generator

and

teaching

tool

on

the

World

Wide

Web

that

can

be

used

to

design

laboratory

and

Web

experiments

in

a

guided

step-by-step

process

It

dynamically

creates

the

customized

Web

pages

and

Javascripts

needed

for

the

experimental

procedure

and

provides

experimenters

with

a

print-ready

visual

display

of

their

experimental

design

WEXTOR

flexibly

supports

complete

and

incomplete

factorial

designs

with

between-subjects

within-subjects

and

quasi-experimental

factors

as

well

as

mixed

designs

The

software

implements

client-side

response

time

measurement

and

contains

a

content

wizard

for

creating

interactive

materials

as

well

as

dependent

measures

-LRB-

graphical

scales

multiple-choice

items

etc.

-RRB-

on

the

experiment

pages

However

it

does

not

aim

to

replace

a

full-fledged

HTML

editor

Several

methodological

features

specifically

needed

in

Web

experimental

design

have

been

implemented

in

the

Web-based

tool

and

are

described

in

this

paper

WEXTOR

is

platform

independent

The

created

Web

pages

can

be

uploaded

to

any

type

of

Web

server

in

which

data

may

be

recorded

in

logfiles

or

via

a

database

The

current

version

of

WEXTOR

is

freely

available

for

educational

and

noncommercial

purposes

Its

Web

address

is

B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

wextor
teaching tool
world wide web
customized web pages
factorial designs
content wizard
html
web server
logfiles
database

web-based tool
experimental design visualization
javascript-based experiment generator
print-ready visual display
client-side response time measurement
free software


The service side of systems librarianship Describes the role of a systems librarian at a small academic library . Although online catalogs and the Internet are making library accessibility more convenient , the need for library buildings and professionals has not diminished . Typical duties of a systems librarian and the effects of new technology on librarianship are discussed . Services provided to other constituencies on campus and the blurring relationship between the library and computer services are also presented

O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

systems librarianship
service side
small academic library
online catalogs
internet


Full-screen ultrafast video modes over-clocked by simple VESA routines and registers reprogramming under MS-DOS Fast full-screen presentation of stimuli is necessary in psychological research . Although Spitczok von Brisinski -LRB- 1994 -RRB- introduced a method that achieved ultrafast display by reprogramming the registers , he could not produce an acceptable full-screen display . In this report , the author introduces a new method combining VESA routine calling with register reprogramming that can yield a display at 640 * 480 resolution , with a refresh rate of about 150 Hz

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

psychological research
vesa routine calling
register reprogramming

full-screen ultrafast video modes
fast full-screen stimuli presentation
ms-dos


Defining electronic librarianship : a content analysis of job advertisements Advances in technology create dramatic changes within libraries . The complex issues surrounding this new electronic , end-user environment have major ramifications and require expert knowledge . Electronic services librarians and electronic resources librarians are two specialized titles that have recently emerged within the field of librarianship to fill this niche . Job advertisements listed in American Libraries from January 1989 to December 1998 were examined to identify responsibilities , qualifications , organizational and salary information relating to the newly emerging role of electronic librarian

O B I O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O

electronic librarianship
content analysis
job advertisements
electronic resources librarians
electronic services librarians
american libraries
responsibilities
qualifications
salary information

electronic end-user environment
organizational information


The plot thins : thin-client computer systems and academic libraries The few libraries that have tried thin client architectures have noted a number of compelling reasons to do so . For starters , thin client devices are far less expensive than most PCs . More importantly , thin client computing devices are believed to be far less expensive to manage and support than traditional PCs

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Designing a screening experiment for highly reliable products Within a reasonable life-testing time , how to improve the reliability of highly reliable products is one of the great challenges . By using a resolution III experiment together with degradation test , Tseng et al. -LRB- 1995 -RRB- presented a case study of improving the reliability of fluorescent lamps . However , in conducting such an experiment , they did not address the problem of how to choose the optimal settings of variables , such as sample size , inspection frequency , and termination time for each run , which are influential to the correct identification of significant factors and the experimental cost . Assuming that the product 's degradation paths satisfy Wiener processes , this paper proposes a systematic approach to the aforementioned problem . First , an identification rule is proposed . Next , under the constraints of a minimum probability of correct decision and a maximum probability of incorrect decision of the proposed identification rule , the optimum test plan can be obtained by minimizing the total experimental cost . An example is provided to illustrate the proposed method

O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O B I I I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

resolution iii design
degradation tests
wiener process
optimal test plan


Academic libraries and community : making the connection I explore the theme of academic libraries serving and reaching out to the broader community . I highlight interesting projects reported on in the literature -LRB- such as the Through Our Parents ' Eyes project -RRB- and report on others . I look at challenges to community partnerships and recommendations for making them succeed . Although I focus on links with the broader community , I also took at methods for increasing cooperation among various units on campus , so that the needs of campus community groups-such as distance education students or disabled students-are effectively addressed . Though academic libraries are my focus , we can learn a lot from the community building efforts of public libraries

B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

academic libraries
community partnerships
distance education students
public libraries

campus community groups
disabled students


Warranty reserves for nonstationary sales processes Estimation of warranty costs , in the event of product failure within the warranty period , is of importance to the manufacturer . Costs associated with replacement or repair of the product are usually drawn from a warranty reserve fund created by the manufacturer . Considering a stochastic sales process , first and second moments -LRB- and thereby the variance -RRB- are derived for the manufacturer 's total discounted warranty cost of a single sale for single-component items under four different warranty policies from a manufacturer 's point of view . These servicing strategies represent a renewable free-replacement , nonrenewable free-replacement , renewable pro-rata , and a nonrenewable minimal-repair warranty plans . The results are extended to determine the mean and variance of total discounted warranty costs for the total sales over the life cycle of the product . Furthermore , using a normal approximation , warranty reserves necessary for a certain protection level , so that reserves are not completely depleted , are found . Results and their managerial implications are studied through an extensive example

B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O

nonstationary sales processes
warranty reserves
product failure
stochastic sales process
second moments
variance
total discounted warranty cost
servicing strategies
total discounted warranty costs
normal approximation
managerial implications


Measuring keyboard response delays by comparing keyboard and joystick inputs The response characteristics of PC keyboards have to be identified when they are used as response devices in psychological experiments . In the past , the proposed method has been to check the characteristics independently by means of external measurement equipment . However , with the availability of different PC models and the rapid pace of model change , there is an urgent need for the development of convenient and accurate methods of checking . The method proposed consists of raising the precision of the PC 's clock to the microsecond level and using a joystick connected to the MIDI terminal of a sound board to give the PC an independent timing function . Statistical processing of the data provided by this method makes it possible to estimate accurately the keyboard scanning interval time and the average keyboard delay time . The results showed that measured keyboard delay times varied from 11 to 73 msec , depending on the keyboard model , with most values being less than 30 msec

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

joystick inputs
pc keyboards
psychological experiments
model change
checking
midi terminal
sound board
independent timing function
keyboard scanning interval time
average keyboard delay time

keyboard response delay measurement
keyboard inputs
pc clock precision
statistical data processing


Using Internet search engines to estimate word frequency The present research investigated Internet search engines as a rapid , cost-effective alternative for estimating word frequencies . Frequency estimates for 382 words were obtained and compared across four methods : -LRB- 1 -RRB- Internet search engines , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the Kucera and Francis -LRB- 1967 -RRB- analysis of a traditional linguistic corpus , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the CELEX English linguistic database -LRB- Baayen et al. , 1995 -RRB- , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- participant ratings of familiarity . The results showed that Internet search engines produced frequency estimates that were highly consistent with those reported by Kucera and Francis and those calculated from CELEX , highly consistent across search engines , and very reliable over a 6 month period of time . Additional results suggested that Internet search engines are an excellent option when traditional word frequency analyses do not contain the necessary data -LRB- e.g. , estimates for forenames and slang -RRB- . In contrast , participants ' familiarity judgments did not correspond well with the more objective estimates of word frequency . Researchers are advised to use search engines with large databases -LRB- e.g. , AltaVista -RRB- to ensure the greatest representativeness of the frequency estimates

O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

internet search engines
linguistic corpus
celex english linguistic database
large databases

word frequency estimation
participant familiarity ratings


Using the Web to answer legal reference questions In an effort to help non-law librarians with basic legal reference questions , the author highlights three basic legal Web sites and outlines useful subject-specific Web sites that focus on statutes and regulations , case law and attorney directories

O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I

legal reference questions
nonlaw librarians
case law
attorney directories


The impact of the Internet on public library use : an analysis of the current consumer market for library and Internet services The potential impact of the Internet on the public 's demand for the services and resources of public libraries is an issue of critical importance . The research reported in this article provides baseline data concerning the evolving relationship between the public 's use of the library and its use of the Internet . The authors developed a consumer model of the American adult market for information services and resources , segmented by use -LRB- or nonuse -RRB- of the public library and by access -LRB- or lack of access -RRB- to , and use -LRB- or nonuse -RRB- of , the Internet . A national Random Digit Dialing telephone survey collected data to estimate the size of each of six market segments , and to describe their usage choices between the public library and the Internet . The analyses presented in this article provide estimates of the size and demographics of each of the market segments ; describe why people are currently using the public library and the Internet ; identify the decision criteria people use in their choices of which provider to use ; identify areas in which libraries and the Internet appear to be competing and areas in which they appear to be complementary ; and identify reasons why people choose not to use the public library and/or the Internet . The data suggest that some differentiation between the library and the Internet is taking place , which may very well have an impact on consumer choices between the two . Longitudinal research is necessary to fully reveal trends in these usage choices , which have implications for all types of libraries in planning and policy development

O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

national random digit dialing telephone survey


Using NetCloak to develop server-side Web-based experiments without writing CGI programs Server-side experiments use the Web server , rather than the participant 's browser , to handle tasks such as random assignment , eliminating inconsistencies with Java and other client-side applications . Heretofore , experimenters wishing to create server-side experiments have had to write programs to create common gateway interface -LRB- CGI -RRB- scripts in programming languages such as Perl and C++ . NetCloak uses simple , HTML-like commands to create CGIs . We used NetCloak to implement an experiment on probability estimation . Measurements of time on task and participants ' IP addresses assisted quality control . Without prior training , in less than 1 month , we were able to use NetCloak to design and create a Web-based experiment and to help graduate students create three Web-based experiments of their own

O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O

netcloak
cgi programs
web server
random assignment
java
perl
probability estimation
ip addresses
quality control
graduate students

server-side web-based experiments
client-side applications
common gateway interface scripts
c++ language
html
internet
behavioral data
psychology


Information architecture : notes toward a new curriculum There are signs that information architecture is coalescing into a field of professional practice . However , if it is to become a profession , it must develop a means of educating new information architects . Lessons from other fields suggest that professional education typically evolves along a predictable path , from apprenticeships to trade schools to college - and university-level education . Information architecture education may develop more quickly to meet the growing demands of the information society . Several pedagogical approaches employed in other fields may be adopted for information architecture education , as long as the resulting curricula provide an interdisciplinary approach and balance instruction in technical and design skills with consideration of theoretical concepts . Key content areas are information organization , graphic . design , computer science , user and usability studies , and communication . Certain logistics must be worked out , including where information architecture studies should be housed and what kinds of degrees should be offered and at what levels . The successful information architecture curriculum will be flexible and adaptable in order to meet the changing needs of students and the marketplace

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

professional practice
information organization
computer science
usability studies
information architects
professional education
pedagogical approaches
information architecture education


Relevance of Web documents : ghosts consensus method The dominant method currently used to improve the quality of Internet search systems is often called `` digital democracy . '' Such an approach implies the utilization of the majority opinion of Internet users to determine the most relevant documents : for example , citation index usage for sorting of search results -LRB- google.com -RRB- or an enrichment of a query with terms that are asked frequently in relation with the query 's theme . `` Digital democracy '' is an effective instrument in many cases , but it has an unavoidable shortcoming , which is a matter of principle : the average intellectual and cultural level of Internet users is very low ; everyone knows what kind of information is dominant in Internet query statistics . Therefore , when one searches the Internet by means of `` digital democracy '' systems , one gets answers that reflect an underlying assumption that the user 's mind potential is very low , and that his cultural interests are not demanding . Thus , it is more correct to use the term `` digital ochlocracy '' to refer to Internet search systems with `` digital democracy . '' Based on the well-known mathematical mechanism of linear programming , we propose a method to solve the indicated problem

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

internet search systems
digital democracy
majority opinion
citation index usage
search results
internet query statistics
digital ochlocracy
linear programming
ghosts consensus method


Visual-word identification thresholds for the 260 fragmented words of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish Word difficulty varies from language to language ; therefore , normative data of verbal stimuli can not be imported directly from another language . We present mean identification thresholds for the 260 screen-fragmented words corresponding to the total set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart -LRB- 1980 -RRB- pictures . Individual words were fragmented in eight levels using Turbo Pascal , and the resulting program was implemented on a PC microcomputer . The words were presented individually to a group of 40 Spanish observers , using a controlled time procedure . An unspecific learning effect was found showing that performance improved due to practice with the task . Finally , of the 11 psycholinguistic variables that previous researchers have shown to affect word identification , only imagery accounted for a significant amount of variance in the threshold values

O O O O O O B I O O B I I I O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fragmented words
snodgrass and vanderwart pictures
spanish
word difficulty
verbal stimuli
mean identification thresholds
turbo pascal
pc microcomputer
controlled time procedure
unspecific learning effect
psycholinguistic variables
word identification

visual-word identification thresholds
screen-fragmented words


Using latent semantic analysis to assess reader strategies We tested a computer-based procedure for assessing reader strategies that was based on verbal protocols that utilized latent semantic analysis -LRB- LSA -RRB- . Students were given self-explanation-reading training -LRB- SERT -RRB- , which teaches strategies that facilitate self-explanation during reading , such as elaboration based on world knowledge and bridging between text sentences . During a computerized version of SERT practice , students read texts and typed self-explanations into a computer after each sentence . The use of SERT strategies during this practice was assessed by determining the extent to which students used the information in the current sentence versus the prior text or world knowledge in their self-explanations . This assessment was made on the basis of human judgments and LSA . Both human judgments and LSA were remarkably similar and indicated that students who were not complying with SERT tended to paraphrase the text sentences , whereas students who were compliant with SERT tended to explain the sentences in terms of what they knew about the world and of information provided in the prior text context . The similarity between human judgments and LSA indicates that LSA will be useful in accounting for reading strategies in a Web-based version of SERT

O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

latent semantic analysis
verbal protocols
elaboration
world knowledge
human judgments

reader strategy assessment
computer-based procedure
self-explanation-reading training
text sentence bridging


On-line Homework/Quiz/Exam applet : freely available Java software for evaluating performance on line The Homework/Quiz/Exam applet is a freely available Java program that can be used to evaluate student performance on line for any content authored by a teacher . It has database connectivity so that student scores are automatically recorded . It allows several different types of questions . Each question can be linked to images and detailed story problems . Three levels of feedback are provided to student responses . It allows teachers to randomize the sequence of questions and to randomize which of several options is the correct answer in multiple-choice questions . The creation and editing of questions involves menu selections , button presses , and the typing of content ; no programming knowledge is required . The code is open source in order to encourage modifications that will meet individual pedagogical needs

O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

freely available java software
database connectivity
images
detailed story problems
feedback
menu selections
button presses
individual pedagogical needs

online homework/quiz/exam applet
online student performance evaluation
teacher authored content
automatic student score recording
randomized question sequence
multiple-choice questions
question editing
question creation
typing content


Toward an Experimental Timing Standards Lab : benchmarking precision in the real world Much discussion has taken place over the relative merits of various platforms and operating systems for real-time data collection . Most would agree that , provided great care is taken , many are capable of millisecond timing precision . However , to date , much of this work has focused on the theoretical aspects of raw performance . It is our belief that researchers would be better informed if they could place confidence limits on their own specific paradigms in situ and without modification . To this end , we have developed a millisecond precision test rig that can control and time experiments on a second presentation machine . We report on the specialist hardware and software used . We elucidate the importance of the approach in relation to real-world experimentation

O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

benchmarking precision
experimental timing standards lab
operating systems
millisecond timing precision

performance evaluation
event generation software
real-time data collection


Implications of document-level literacy skills for Web site design The proliferation of World Wide Web -LRB- Web -RRB- sites and the low cost of publishing information on the Web have placed a tremendous amount of information at the fingertips of millions of people . Although most of this information is at least intended to be accurate , there is much that is rumor , innuendo , urban legend , and outright falsehood . This raises problems especially for students -LRB- of all ages -RRB- trying to do research or learn about some topic . Finding accurate , credible information requires document level literacy skills , such as integration , sourcing , corroboration , and search . This paper discusses these skills and offers a list of simple ways that designers of educational Web sites can help their visitors utilize these skills

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

rumor
innuendo
urban legend
falsehood
students
integration
sourcing
corroboration
search

document-level literacy skills
accurate credible information
educational web site design