Web-based experiments controlled by JavaScript : an example from probability learning JavaScript programs can be used to control Web experiments . This technique is illustrated by an experiment that tested the effects of advice on performance in the classic probability-learning paradigm . Previous research reported that people tested via the Web or in the lab tended to match the probabilities of their responses to the probabilities that those responses would be reinforced . The optimal strategy , however , is to consistently choose the more frequent event ; probability matching produces suboptimal performance . We investigated manipulations we reasoned should improve performance . A horse race scenario in which participants predicted the winner in each of a series of races between two horses was compared with an abstract scenario used previously . Ten groups of learners received different amounts of advice , including all combinations of -LRB- 1 -RRB- explicit instructions concerning the optimal strategy , -LRB- 2 -RRB- explicit instructions concerning a monetary sum to maximize , and -LRB- 3 -RRB- accurate information concerning the probabilities of events . The results showed minimal effects of horse race versus abstract scenario . Both advice concerning the optimal strategy and probability information contributed significantly to performance in the task . This paper includes a brief tutorial on JavaScript , explaining with simple examples how to assemble a browser-based experiment

O O O O B O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

javascript
probability learning
advice
explicit instructions
probability

web-based experiments
browser-based experiment
internet-based research


Information architecture without internal theory : an inductive design process This article suggests that Information Architecture -LRB- IA -RRB- design is primarily an inductive process . Although top-level goals , user attributes and available content are periodically considered , the process involves bottom-up design activities . IA is inductive partly because it lacks internal theory , and partly because it is an activity that supports emergent phenomena -LRB- user experiences -RRB- from basic design components . The nature of IA design is well described by Constructive Induction -LRB- CI -RRB- , a design process that involves locating the best representational framework for the design problem , identifying a solution within that framework and translating it back to the design problem at hand . The future of IA , if it remains inductive or develops a body of theory -LRB- or both -RRB- , is considered

O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

inductive design process
internal theory
emergent phenomena
user experiences
constructive induction

information architecture design
bottom-up design activities


Information architecture for the Web : The IA matrix approach to designing children 's portals The article presents a matrix that can serve as a tool for designing the information architecture of a Web portal in a logical and systematic manner . The information architect begins by inputting the portal 's objective , target user , and target content . The matrix then determines the most appropriate information architecture attributes for the portal by filling in the Applied Information Architecture portion of the matrix . The article discusses how the matrix works using the example of a children 's Web portal to provide access to museum information

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

information architecture
target user
target content
museum information


A multimodal data collection tool using REALbasic and Mac OS X This project uses REALbasic 3.5 in the Mac OS X environment for development of a configuration tool that builds a data collection procedure for investigating the effectiveness of sonified graphs . The advantage of using REALbasic with the Mac OS X system is that it provides rapid development of stimulus presentation , direct recording of data to files , and control over other procedural issues . The program can be made to run natively on the new Mac OS X system , older Mac OS systems , and Windows -LRB- 98SE , ME , 2000 PRO -RRB- . With modification , similar programs could be used to present any number of visual/auditory stimulus combinations , complete with questions for each stimulus

O B I I I O B O O O O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

multimodal data collection tool
realbasic
mac os x environment
configuration tool
data collection
sonified graphs
stimulus presentation
windows

visual data comprehension
psychology
visual stimulus
auditory stimulus
direct data recording


Note on `` Deterministic inventory lot-size models under inflation with shortages and deterioration for fluctuating demand '' by Yang et al For original paper see H.-L . Yang et al. , ibid. , vol .48 , p.144-58 -LRB- 2001 -RRB- . Yang et al. extended the lot-size models to allow for inflation and fluctuating demand . For this model they proved that the optimal replenishment schedule exists and is unique . They also proposed an algorithm to find the optimal policy . The present paper provides examples , which show that the optimal replenishment schedule and consequently the overall optimal policy may not exist

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O

inflation
fluctuating demand
optimal replenishment schedule

deterministic inventory lot-size models
optimal policy algorithm
optimal scheduling parameters


Open courseware and shared knowledge in higher education Most college and university campuses in the United States and much of the developed world today maintain one , two , or several learning management systems -LRB- LMSs -RRB- , which are courseware products that provide students and faculty with Web-based tools to manage course-related applications . Since the mid-1990s , two predominant models of Web courseware management systems have emerged : commercial and noncommercial . Some of the commercial products available today were created in academia as noncommercial but have since become commercially encumbered . Other products remain noncommercial but are struggling to survive in a world of fierce commercial competition . This article argues for an ethics of pedagogy in higher education that would be based on the guiding assumptions of the non-proprietary , peer-to-peer , open-source software movement

B I O B I O B I O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

open courseware
shared knowledge
higher education
learning management systems
college
university
web courseware management systems
commercial products
ethics


Customer in-reach and library strategic systems : the case of ILLiad Libraries have walls . Recognizing this fact , the Interlibrary Loan Department at Virginia Tech is creating systems and services that enable our customers to reach past our walls at anytime from anywhere . Customer in-reach enables Virginia Tech faculty , students , and staff anywhere in the world to obtain information and services heretofore available only to our on-campus customers . ILLiad , Virginia Tech 's interlibrary borrowing system , is the library strategic system that attains this goal . The principles that guided development of ILLiad are widely applicable

O O O B I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O

library strategic systems
interlibrary loan department
virginia tech
illiad
interlibrary borrowing system


Computer program to generate operant schedules A computer program for programming schedules of reinforcement is described . Students can use the program to experience schedules of reinforcement that are typically used with nonhuman subjects . Accumulative recording of a student 's response can be shown on the screen and/or printed with the computer 's printer . The program can also be used to program operant schedules for animal subjects . The program was tested with human subjects experiencing fixed ratio , variable ratio , fixed interval , and variable interval schedules . Performance for human subjects on a given schedule was similar to performance for nonhuman subjects on the same schedule

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O

computer program
nonhuman subjects
animal subjects
variable interval schedules
human subjects

operant schedule generation
reinforcement schedule programming
cumulative student response recording
fixed ratio schedules
variable ratio schedules
fixed interval schedules


Analysis and efficient implementation of a linguistic fuzzy c-means The paper is concerned with a linguistic fuzzy c-means -LRB- FCM -RRB- algorithm with vectors of fuzzy numbers as inputs . This algorithm is based on the extension principle and the decomposition theorem . It turns out that using the extension principle to extend the capability of the standard membership update equation to deal with a linguistic vector has a huge computational complexity . In order to cope with this problem , an efficient method based on fuzzy arithmetic and optimization has been developed and analyzed . We also carefully examine and prove that the algorithm behaves in a way similar to the FCM in the degenerate linguistic case . Synthetic data sets and the iris data set have been used to illustrate the behavior of this linguistic version of the FCM

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fuzzy numbers
extension principle
decomposition theorem
computational complexity
fuzzy arithmetic
optimization

linguistic fuzzy c-means algorithm
linguistic vectors


A server-side program for delivering experiments with animations A server-side program for animation experiments is presented . The program is capable of delivering an experiment composed of discrete animation sequences in various file formats , collecting a discrete or continuous response from the observer , evaluating the appropriateness of the response , and ensuring that the user is not proceeding at an unreasonable rate . Most parameters of the program are controllable by experimenter-edited text files or simple switches in the program code , thereby minimizing the need for programming to create new experiments . A simple demonstration experiment is discussed and is freely available

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

discrete animation sequences
file formats

server-side program
animation experiment delivery
web based psychological experiments
internet
experimenter-edited text files


Personality research on the Internet : a comparison of Web-based and traditional instruments in take-home and in-class settings Students , faculty , and researchers have become increasingly comfortable with the Internet , and many of them are interested in using the Web to collect data . Few published studies have investigated the differences between Web-based data and data collected with more traditional methods . In order to investigate these potential differences , two important factors were crossed in this study : whether the data were collected on line or not and whether the data were collected in a group setting at a fixed time or individually at a time of the respondent 's choosing . The Visions of Morality scale -LRB- Shelton and McAdams , 1990 -RRB- was used , and the participants were assigned to one of four conditions : in-class Web survey , in-class paper-and-pencil survey ; take-home Web survey , and take-home paper-and-pencil survey . No significant differences in scores were found for any condition ; however , response rates were affected by the type of survey administered , with the take-home Web-based instrument having the lowest response rate . Therefore , researchers need to be aware that different modes of administration may affect subject attrition and may , therefore , confound investigations of other independent variables

B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O

personality research
internet
visions of morality scale
response rates
administration
subject attrition

web-based instruments
data collection
in-class web survey
in-class paper-and-pencil survey
take-home web survey
take-home paper-and-pencil survey


ePsych : interactive demonstrations and experiments in psychology ePsych -LRB- http://epsych.msstate.edu -RRB- , a new Web site currently under active development , is intended to teach students about the discipline of psychology . The site presumes little prior knowledge about the field and so may be used in introductory classes , but it incorporates sufficient depth of coverage to be useful in more advanced classes as well . Numerous interactive and dynamic elements are incorporated into various modules , orientations , and guidebooks . These elements include Java-based experiments and demonstrations , video clips , and animated diagrams . Rapid access to all material is provided through a layer-based navigation system that allows users to visit various `` Worlds of the Mind . '' Active learning is encouraged , by challenging students with puzzles and problems and by providing the opportunity to `` dig deeper '' to learn more about the phenomena at hand

B O B I O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

epsych
interactive demonstrations
web site
video clips
animated diagrams
worlds of the mind
active learning

psychology experiments
teaching
java-based experiments
layer-based navigation system


NuVox shows staying power with new cash , new market Who says you ca n't raise cash in today 's telecom market ? NuVox Communications positions itself for the long run with $ 78.5 million in funding and a new credit facility

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Information architecture in JASIST : just where did we come from ? The emergence of Information Architecture within the information systems world has been simultaneously drawn out yet rapid . Those with an eye on history are quick to point to Wurman 's 1976 use of the term `` architecture of information , '' but it has only been in the last 2 years that IA has become the source of sufficient interest for people to label themselves professionally as Information Architects . The impetus for this recent emergence of IA can be traced to a historical summit , supported by ASIS&T in May 2000 at Boston . It was here that several hundred of us gathered to thrash out the questions of just what IA was and what this new field might become . At the time of the summit , invited to present a short talk on my return journey from the annual ACM SIGCHI conference , I entered the summit expecting little and convinced that IA was nothing new . I left 2 days later refreshed , not just by the enthusiasm of the attendees for this term but by IA 's potential to unify the disparate perspectives and orientations of professionals from a range of disciplines . It was at this summit that the idea for the special issue took root . I proposed the idea to Don Kraft , hoping he would find someone else to run with it . AS luck would have it , I ended up taking charge of it myself , with initial support from David Blair . From the suggestion to the finished product-has been the best part of 2 years , and in that time more than 50 volunteers reviewed over 20 submissions

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

information architecture
information systems

metadata fields
controlled vocabularies
web sites
cd-rom
qualified information architect


An automated parallel image registration technique based on the correlation of wavelet features With the increasing importance of multiple multiplatform remote sensing missions , fast and automatic integration of digital data from disparate sources has become critical to the success of these endeavors . Our work utilizes maxima of wavelet coefficients to form the basic features of a correlation-based automatic registration algorithm . Our wavelet-based registration algorithm is tested successfully with data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -LRB- NOAA -RRB- Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer -LRB- AVHRR -RRB- and the Landsat Thematic Mapper -LRB- TM -RRB- , which differ by translation and/or rotation . By the choice of high-frequency wavelet features , this method is similar to an edge-based correlation method , but by exploiting the multiresolution nature of a wavelet decomposition , our method achieves higher computational speeds for comparable accuracies . This algorithm has been implemented on a single-instruction multiple-data -LRB- SIMD -RRB- massively parallel computer , the MasPar MP-2 , as well as on the CrayT3D , the Cray T3E , and a Beowulf cluster of Pentium workstations

O B I I I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

automated parallel image registration
correlation
remote sensing
automatic registration algorithm
avhrr
landsat thematic mapper
wavelet decomposition

geophysical measurement technique
land surface
terrain mapping
optical imaging
microwave radiometry
image processing
wavelet feature
simd massively parallel computing


Lower bounds on the information rate of secret sharing schemes with homogeneous access structure We present some new lower bounds on the optimal information rate and on the optimal average information rate of secret sharing schemes with homogeneous access structure . These bounds are found by using some covering constructions and a new parameter , the k-degree of a participant , that is introduced in this paper . Our bounds improve the previous ones in almost all cases

B I O O B I O B I I O B I I O O O O B I O O B I I O O O B I I I O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

lower bounds
optimal information rate
optimal average information rate
information rate
secret sharing schemes
homogeneous access structure


Improving computer security for authentication of users : influence of proactive password restrictions Entering a user name-password combination is a widely used procedure for identification and authentication in computer systems . However , it is a notoriously weak method , in that the passwords adopted by many users are easy to crack . In an attempt to , improve security , proactive password checking may be used , in which passwords must meet several criteria to be more resistant to cracking . In two experiments , we examined the influence of proactive password restrictions on the time that it took to generate an acceptable password and to use it subsequently to log in . The required length was a minimum of five characters in experiment I and eight characters in experiment 2 . In both experiments , one condition had only the length restriction , and the other had additional restrictions . The additional restrictions greatly increased the time it took to generate the password but had only a small effect on the time it took to use it subsequently to log in . For the five-character passwords , 75 % were cracked when no other restrictions were imposed , and this was reduced to 33 % with the additional restrictions . For the eight-character passwords , 17 % were cracked with no other restrictions , and 12.5 % with restrictions . The results indicate that increasing the minimum character length reduces crackability and increases security , regardless of whether additional restrictions are imposed

O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

computer security
proactive password checking
proactive password restrictions
length restriction

user authentication
five-character passwords
eight-character passwords


A self-adjusting quality of service control scheme We propose and analyze a self-adjusting Quality of Service -LRB- QoS -RRB- control scheme with the goal of optimizing the system reward as a result of servicing different priority clients with varying workload , QoS and reward/penalty requirements . Our scheme is based on resource partitioning and designated `` degrade QoS areas '' such that system resources are partitioned into priority areas each of which is reserved specifically to serve only clients in a corresponding class with no QoS degradation , plus one `` degraded QoS area '' into which all clients can be admitted with QoS adjustment being applied only to the lowest priority clients . We show that the best partition is dictated by the workload and the reward/penalty characteristics of clients in difference priority classes . The analysis results can be used by a QoS manager to optimize the system total reward dynamically in response to changing workloads at run time . We demonstrate the validity of our scheme by means of simulation and comparing the proposed QoS self-adjusting scheme with those that do not use resource partitioning or designated degraded QoS areas

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

priority clients
resource partitioning
simulation


Fault-tolerant Hamiltonian laceability of hypercubes It is known that every hypercube Q/sub n / is a bipartite graph . Assume that n > or = 2 and F is a subset of edges with | F | < or = n-2 . We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n / - F between any two vertices of different partite sets . Moreover , there exists a path of length 2/sup n / -2 between any two vertices of the same partite set . Assume that n > or = 3 and F is a subset of edges with | F | < or = n-3 . We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n / - -LCB- v -RCB- - F between any two vertices in the partite set without v. Furthermore , all bounds are tight

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O

hypercubes
bipartite graph
hamiltonian path
vertices
partite sets

fault-tolerant hamiltonian laceability
edge subset
tight bounds


Teaching psychology as a laboratory science in the age of the Internet For over 30 years , psychologists have relied on computers to teach experimental psychology . With the advent of experiment generators , students can create well-designed experiments and can test sophisticated hypotheses from the start of their undergraduate training . Characteristics of new Net-based experiment generators are discussed and compared with traditional stand-alone generators . A call is made to formally evaluate the instructional effectiveness of the wide range of experiment generators now available . Specifically , software should be evaluated in terms of known learning outcomes , using appropriate control groups . The many inherent differences between any two software programs should be made clear . The teacher 's instructional method should be fully described and held constant between comparisons . Finally , the often complex interaction between the teacher 's instructional method and the pedagogical details of the software must be considered

O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O

laboratory science
internet
computers
undergraduate training
instructional effectiveness
software
known learning outcomes
control groups
pedagogical details

experimental psychology teaching
well-designed experiments
hypothesis testing
net-based experiment generators
stand-alone generators
teacher instructional method


From revenue management concepts to software systems In 1999 , after developing and installing over 170 revenue management -LRB- RM -RRB- systems for more than 70 airlines , PROS Revenue Management , Inc. had the opportunity to develop RM systems for three companies in nonairline industries . PROS research and design department designed the opportunity analysis study -LRB- OAS -RRB- , a mix of OR/MS , consulting , and software development practices to determine the applicability of RM in new business situations . PROS executed OASs with the three companies . In all three cases , the OAS supported the value of RM and led to contracts for implementation of RM systems

O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

revenue management concepts
software systems
rm systems
pros revenue management
inc
opportunity analysis study
oas
software development practices


Neighborhood operator systems and approximations This paper presents a framework for the study of generalizing the standard notion of equivalence relation in rough set approximation space with various categories of k-step neighborhood systems . Based on a binary relation on a finite universe , six families of binary relations are obtained , and the corresponding six classes of k-step neighborhood systems are derived . Extensions of Pawlak 's -LRB- 1982 -RRB- rough set approximation operators based on such neighborhood systems are proposed . Properties of neighborhood operator systems and rough set approximation operators are investigated , and their connections are examined

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

neighborhood operator systems
equivalence relation
rough set approximation space
binary relation
finite universe


Using the Small Business Innovation Research Program to turn your ideas into products The US Government 's Small Business Innovation Research Program helps small businesses transform new ideas into commercial products . The program provides an ideal means for businesses and universities to obtaining funding for cooperative projects . Rules and information for the program are readily available , and I will give a few helpful hints to provide guidance

O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I O B I I I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

small business innovation research program


An efficient retrieval selection algorithm for video servers with random duplicated assignment storage technique Random duplicated assignment -LRB- RDA -RRB- is an approach in which video data is stored by assigning a number of copies of each data block to different , randomly chosen disks . It has been shown that this approach results in smaller response times and lower disk and RAM costs compared to the well-known disk stripping techniques . Based on this storage approach , one has to determine , for each given batch of data blocks , from which disk each of the data blocks is to be retrieved . This is to be done in such a way that the maximum load of the disks is minimized . The problem is called the retrieval selection problem -LRB- RSP -RRB- . In this paper , we propose a new efficient algorithm for RSP . This algorithm is based on the breadth-first search approach and is able to guarantee optimal solutions for RSP in O -LRB- n/sup 2 / + mn -RRB- , where m and n correspond to the number of data blocks and the number of disks , respectively . We show that our proposed algorithm has a lower time complexity than an existing algorithm , called the MFS algorithm

O B I I I O B I O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O


Capturing niche markets with copper For `` last-mile access '' in niche applications , twisted copper pair may be the cable of best option to gain access and deliver desired services . The article discusses how operators can use network edge devices to serve new customers . Niche market segments represent a significant opportunity for cable TV delivery of television and high-speed Internet signals . But the existing telecommunications infrastructure in those developments frequently presents unique challenges for the service provider to overcome

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

twisted copper pair
network edge devices
niche markets


Mount Sinai Hospital uses integer programming to allocate operating room time An integer-programming model and a post-solution heuristic allocates operating room time to the five surgical divisions at Toronto 's Mount Sinai Hospital . The hospital has used this approach for several years and credits it with both administrative savings and the ability to produce quickly an equitable master surgical schedule

B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

mount sinai hospital
integer programming
toronto

operating room time allocation
ontario
canada
post-solution heuristic


Temelin casts its shadow -LSB- nuclear power plant -RSB- Reservations about Temelin nuclear plant in the Czech Republic are political rather than technical . This paper discusses the problems of turbogenerator vibrations and how they were diagnosed . The paper also discusses some of the other problems of commissioning the power plant . The simulator used for training new staff is also mentioned

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

temelin nuclear plant
czech republic
turbogenerator vibrations

power plant commissioning
training simulator


Down up -LSB- IT projects -RSB- Despite the second quarter 's gloomy GDP report , savvy CIOs are forging ahead with big IT projects that will position their companies to succeed when the economy soars again

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

strategic technology projects
walgreen
ford
caterpillar
victoria's secret
morgan stanley
staples


Multidimensional data visualization Historically , data visualization has been limited primarily to two dimensions -LRB- e.g. , histograms or scatter plots -RRB- . Available software packages -LRB- e.g. , Data Desk 6.1 , MatLab 6.1 , SAS-JMP 4.04 , SPSS 10.0 -RRB- are capable of producing three-dimensional scatter plots with -LRB- varying degrees of -RRB- user interactivity . We constructed our own data visualization application with the Visualization Toolkit -LRB- Schroeder et al. , 1998 -RRB- and Tcl/Tk to display multivariate data through the application of glyphs -LRB- Ware , 2000 -RRB- . A glyph is a visual object onto which many data parameters may be mapped , each with a different visual attribute -LRB- e.g. , size or color -RRB- . We used our multi-dimensional data viewer to explore data from several psycholinguistic experiments . The graphical interface provides flexibility when users dynamically explore the multidimensional image rendered from raw experimental data . We highlight advantages of multidimensional data visualization and consider some potential limitations

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O

multidimensional data visualization
user interactivity
visualization toolkit
glyphs
visual object
data parameters
visual attribute
psycholinguistic experiments
graphical interface

3d scatter plots
tcl/tk
multivariate data display
multi-dimensional data viewer
multidimensional image rendering


Fitting mixed-effects models for repeated ordinal outcomes with the NLMIXED procedure This paper presents an analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes arising from two psychological studies . The first case is a repeated measures analysis of variance ; the second is a mixed-effects regression . in a longitudinal design . In both , the subject-specific variation is modeled by including random effects in the linear predictor -LRB- inside a link function -RRB- of a generalized linear model . The NLMIXED procedure in SAS is used to fit the mixed-effects models for the categorical response data . The presentation emphasizes the parallel between the model . specifications and the SAS statements . The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the use of mixed-effects models in the analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes

O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

repeated ordinal outcomes
psychological studies
repeated measures analysis of variance
longitudinal design
random effects
linear predictor
generalized linear model
nlmixed procedure
categorical response data

mixed-effects regression
subject-specific variation modeling
mixed-effects model fitting
model specifications


An identity-based society oriented signature scheme with anonymous signers In this paper , we propose a new society oriented scheme , based on the Guillou-Quisquater -LRB- 1989 -RRB- signature scheme . The scheme is identity-based and the signatures are verified with respect to only one identity . That is , the verifier does not have to know the identity of the co-signers , but just that of the organization they represent

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Optimal online algorithm for scheduling on two identical machines with machine availability constraints This paper considers the online scheduling on two identical machines with machine availability constraints for minimizing makespan . We assume that machine M/sub j / is unavailable during period from s/sub j / to t/sub j / -LRB- 0 < or = s/sub j / < t/sub j / -RRB- , j = 1 , 2 , and the unavailable periods of two machines do not overlap . We show that the competitive ratio of list scheduling is 3 . We further give an optimal algorithm with a competitive ratio 5/2

B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

optimal online algorithm
list scheduling
machine availability constraints

makespan minimisation
identical machines scheduling


Correlation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets by centroid method In this paper , we propose a method to calculate the correlation coefficient of intuitionistic fuzzy sets by means of `` centroid '' . This value obtained from our formula tell us not only the strength of relationship between the intuitionistic fuzzy sets , but also whether the intuitionistic fuzzy sets are positively or negatively related . This approach looks better than previous methods which only evaluate the strength of the relation . Furthermore , we extend the `` centroid '' method to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets . The value of the correlation coefficient between interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets lies in the interval -LSB- -1 , 1 -RSB- , as computed from our formula

O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

correlation coefficient
intuitionistic fuzzy sets
centroid method


Selecting rail grade crossing investments with a decision support system The Federal Railroad Administration -LRB- FRA -RRB- has developed a series of rail and rail-related analysis tools that assist FRA officials , Metropolitan Planning Organizations -LRB- MPOs -RRB- , state Department of Transportation -LRB- DOT -RRB- , and other constituents in evaluating the cost and benefits of potential infrastructure projects . To meet agency objectives , the FRA wants to add a high-speed rail grade crossing analysis tool to its package of rail and rail-related intermodal software products . This paper presents a conceptual decision support system -LRB- DSS -RRB- that can assist officials in achieving this goal . The paper first introduces the FRA 's objectives and the role of cost benefit analysis in achieving these objectives . Next , there is a discussion of the models needed to assess the feasibility of proposed high-speed rail grade crossing investments and the presentation of a decision support system -LRB- DSS -RRB- that can deliver these models transparently to users . Then , the paper illustrates a system session and examines the potential benefits from system use

O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

decision support system
federal railroad administration
metropolitan planning organizations
department of transportation
infrastructure projects
cost benefit analysis

rail grade crossing investment selection


Synthetic simultaneity - natural and artificial In control loops , each element introduces time delays . If those time delays are larger than the critical times for control of the system , a problem exists . I show a simple approach to mitigating this problem by basing the controller 's decisions not on the observations themselves but on our projections as to what the observations will be at the time our controls reach the controlled system . Finally , I argue that synthetic simultaneity explains Libet 's -LRB- 1993 -RRB- results better than Libet 's explanation

B I O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O

control loops
time delays
critical times
observations
synthetic simultaneity


Baseball , optimization , and the World Wide Web The competition for baseball play-off spots-the fabled pennant race-is one of the most closely watched American sports traditions . While play-off race statistics , such as games back and magic number , are informative , they are overly conservative and do not account for the remaining schedule of games . Using optimization techniques , one can model schedule effects explicitly and determine precisely when a team has secured a play-off spot or has been eliminated from contention . The RIOT Baseball Play-off Races Web site developed at the University of California , Berkeley , provides automatic updates of new , optimization-based play-off race statistics each day of the major league baseball season . In developing the site , we found that we could determine the first-place elimination status of all teams in a division using a single linear-programming formulation , since a minimum win threshold for teams finishing in first place applies to all teams in a division . We identified a similar -LRB- but weaker -RRB- result for the problem of play-off elimination with wildcard teams

O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

optimization
world wide web
games back
magic number
minimum win threshold

baseball play-off spot competition
pennant race
play-off race statistics
game schedule
riot baseball play-off races web site
linear programming
lp


Self-organizing feature maps predicting sea levels In this paper , a new method for predicting sea levels employing self-organizing feature maps is introduced . For that purpose the maps are transformed from an unsupervised learning procedure to a supervised one . Two concepts , originally developed to solve the problems of convergence of other network types , are proposed to be applied to Kohonen networks : a functional relationship between the number of neurons and the number of learning examples and a criterion to break off learning . The latter one can be shown to be conform with the process of self-organization by using U-matrices for visualization of the learning procedure . The predictions made using these neural models are compared for accuracy with observations and with the prognoses prepared using six models : two hydrodynamic models , a statistical model , a nearest neighbor model , the persistence model , and the verbal forecasts that are broadcast and kept on record by the Sea Level Forecast Service of the Federal Maritime and Hydrography Agency -LRB- BSH -RRB- in Hamburg . Before training the maps , the meteorological and oceanographic situation has to be condensed as well as possible , and the weight and learning vectors have to be made as small as possible . The self-organizing feature maps predict sea levels better than all six models of comparison

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

kohonen networks
neurons
visualization
hydrodynamic models
statistical model
nearest neighbor model
persistence model
verbal forecasts
sea level forecast service
federal maritime and hydrography agency
oceanographic situation
learning vectors

self-organizing feature maps
sea level prediction
supervised learning
u-matrices
meteorological situation


Fresh voices , big ideas -LSB- IBM internship program -RSB- IBM is matching up computer-science and MBA students with its business managers in an 11-week summer internship program and challenging them to develop innovative technology ideas

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O

ibm business managers
mba college students
computer-science students
patents


There is no optimal routing policy for the torus A routing policy is the method used to select a specific output channel for a message from among a number of acceptable output channels . An optimal routing policy is a policy that maximizes the probability of a message reaching its destination without delays . Optimal routing policies have been proposed for several regular networks , including the mesh and the hypercube . An open problem in interconnection network research has been the identification of an optimal routing policy for the torus . In this paper , we show that there is no optimal routing policy for the torus . Our result is demonstrated by presenting a detailed example in which the best choice of output channel is dependent on the probability of each channel being available . This result settles , in the negative , a conjecture by J. Wu -LRB- 1996 -RRB- concerning an optimal routing policy for the torus

O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B


Numerical representation of binary relations with a multiplicative error function This paper studies the case of the representation of a binary relation via a numerical function with threshold -LRB- error -RRB- depending on both compared alternatives . The error is considered to be multiplicative , its value being either directly or inversely proportional to the values of the numerical function . For the first case , it is proved that a binary relation is a semiorder . Moreover , any semiorder can be represented in this form . In the second case , the corresponding binary relation is an interval order

B I O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

numerical representation
binary relations
multiplicative error function
numerical function
threshold
error
semiorder
interval order


A pretopological approach for structural analysis The aim of this paper is to present a methodological approach for problems encountered in structural analysis . This approach is based upon the pretopological concepts of pseudoclosure and minimal closed subsets . The advantage of this approach is that it provides a framework which is general enough to model and formulate different types of connections that exist between the elements of a population . In addition , it has enabled us to develop a new structural analysis algorithm . An explanation of the definitions and properties of the pretopological concepts applied in this work is first shown and illustrated in sample settings . The structural analysis algorithm is then described and the results obtained in an economic study of the impact of geographic proximity on scientific collaborations are presented

O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O

pretopological approach
structural analysis
minimal closed subsets
pseudoclosure
connections
economic study
geographic proximity
scientific collaborations


Student consulting projects benefit faculty and industry Student consulting projects require students to apply OR/MS tools to obtain insight into the activities of firms in the community . These projects benefit faculty by providing clear feedback on the real capabilities of students , a broad connection to local industry , and material for case studies and research . They benefit companies by stimulating new thinking regarding their activities and delivering results they can use . Projects provide insights into the end-user modeling mode of OR/MS practice . Projects support continuous improvement as the lessons gained from a crop of projects enable better teaching during the next course offering , which in turn leads to better projects and further insights into teaching

B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

or/ms tools
student placements
student capability feedback
case study material


How should team captains order golfers on the final day of the Ryder Cup matches ? I used game theory to examine how team captains should select their slates for the final day of the Ryder Cup matches . Under the assumption that golfers have different abilities and are not influenced by pressure or momentum , I found that drawing names from a hat will do no worse than any other strategy

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

golf
golfer ordering
ryder cup final day
slate


Edit distance of run-length encoded strings Let X and Y be two run-length encoded strings , of encoded lengths k and l , respectively . We present a simple O -LRB- | X | l + | Y | k -RRB- time algorithm that computes their edit distance

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I

run-length encoded strings
computation time


A study on meaning processing of dialogue with an example of development of travel consultation system This paper describes an approach to processing meaning instead of processing information in computing . Human intellectual activity is supported by linguistic activities in the brain . Therefore , processing the meaning of language instead of processing information should allow us to realize human intelligence on a computer . As an example of the proposed framework for processing meaning , we build a travel consultation dialogue system which can understand utterance by a user and retrieve information through dialogue . Through a simulation example of the system , we show that both information processing and language processing are integrated

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O

meaning processing
human intellectual activity
linguistic activities
travel consultation dialogue system
information processing
language processing

user utterance understanding
information retrieval


Embedding of level-continuous fuzzy sets on Banach spaces In this paper we present an extension of the Minkowski embedding theorem , showing the existence of an isometric embedding between the classF/sub c / -LRB- X -RRB- of compact-convex and level-continuous fuzzy sets on a real separable Banach space X and C -LRB- -LSB- 0 , 1 -RSB- * B -LRB- X * -RRB- -RRB- , the Banach space of real continuous functions defined on the cartesian product between -LSB- 0 , 1 -RSB- and the unit ball B -LRB- X * -RRB- in the dual space X * . Also , by using this embedding , we give some applications to the characterization of relatively compact subsets of F/sub c / -LRB- X -RRB- . In particular , an Ascoli-Arzela type theorem is proved and applied to solving the Cauchy problem x -LRB- t -RRB- = f -LRB- t , x -LRB- t -RRB- -RRB- , x -LRB- t/sub 0 / -RRB- = x/sub 0 / on F/sub c / -LRB- X -RRB-

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

isometric embedding
real separable banach space
real continuous functions
cartesian product
unit ball
dual space
cauchy problem

level-continuous fuzzy sets
compact-convex fuzzy sets
ascoli-arzela type theorem


Fuzzy control of multivariable process by modified error decoupling In this paper , a control concept for the squared -LRB- equal number of inputs and outputs -RRB- multivariable process systems is given . The proposed control system consists of two parts , single loop fuzzy controllers in each loop and a centralized decoupling unit . The fuzzy control system uses feedback control to minimize the error in the loop and the decoupler uses an adaptive technique to mitigate loop interactions . The decoupler predicts the interacting loop changes and modifies the input -LRB- error -RRB- of the loop controller . The controller was tested on the simulation model of `` single component vaporizer '' process

O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

multivariable process
modified error decoupling
centralized decoupling unit
feedback control

squared multivariable process systems
square multivariable process systems
single-loop fuzzy controllers
error minimization
loop interaction mitigation
single component vaporizer process
set point changes
load changes


MACLP : multi agent constraint logic programming Multi agent systems -LRB- MAS -RRB- have become the key technology for decomposing complex problems in order to solve them more efficiently , or for problems distributed in nature . However , many industrial applications , besides their distributed nature , also involve a large number of parameters and constraints , i.e. they are combinatorial . Solving such particularly hard problems efficiently requires programming tools that combine MAS technology with a programming schema that facilitates the modeling and solution of constraints . This paper presents MACLP -LRB- multi agent constraint logic programming -RRB- , a logic programming platform for building , in a declarative way , multi agent systems with constraint-solving capabilities . MACLP extends CSPCONS , a logic programming system that permits distributed program execution through communicating sequential Prolog processes with constraints , by providing all the necessary facilities for communication between agents . These facilities abstract from the programmer all the low-level details of the communication and allow him to focus on the development of the agent itself

O O B I I I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

communicating sequential prolog processes

combinatorial problems
constraint solving


Design of PID-type controllers using multiobjective genetic algorithms The design of a PID controller is a multiobjective problem . A plant and a set of specifications to be satisfied are given . The designer has to adjust the parameters of the PID controller such that the feedback interconnection of the plant and the controller satisfies the specifications . These specifications are usually competitive and any acceptable solution requires a tradeoff among them . An approach for adjusting the parameters of a PID controller based on multiobjective optimization and genetic algorithms is presented in this paper . The MRCD -LRB- multiobjective robust control design -RRB- genetic algorithm has been employed . The approach can be easily generalized to design multivariable coupled and decentralized PID loops and has been successfully validated for a large number of experimental cases

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O

multiobjective genetic algorithms
feedback interconnection
multiobjective robust control design
decentralized pid loops

pid-type controllers
multivariable coupled pid loops
tuning methods


Fusion of qualitative bond graph and genetic algorithms : A fault diagnosis application In this paper , the problem of fault diagnosis via integration of genetic algorithms -LRB- GA 's -RRB- and qualitative bond graphs -LRB- QBG 's -RRB- is addressed . We suggest that GA 's can be used to search for possible fault components among a system of qualitative equations . The QBG is adopted as the modeling scheme to generate a set of qualitative equations . The qualitative bond graph provides a unified approach for modeling engineering systems , in particular , mechatronic systems . In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm , we have tested the proposed algorithm on an in-house designed and built floating disc experimental setup . Results from fault diagnosis in the floating disc system are presented and discussed . Additional measurements will be required to localize the fault when more than one fault candidate is inferred . Fault diagnosis is activated by a fault detection mechanism when a discrepancy between measured abnormal behavior and predicted system behavior is observed . The fault detection mechanism is not presented here

O O B I I O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O

qualitative bond graph
genetic algorithms
fault diagnosis
fault components
qualitative equations
engineering systems
mechatronic systems
floating disc
measured abnormal behavior
predicted system behavior


Model predictive control helps to regulate slow processes-robust barrel temperature control Slow temperature control is a challenging control problem . The problem becomes even more challenging when multiple zones are involved , such as in barrel temperature control for extruders . Often , strict closed-loop performance requirements -LRB- such as fast startup with no overshoot and maintaining tight temperature control during production -RRB- are given for such applications . When characteristics of the system are examined , it becomes clear that a commonly used proportional plus integral plus derivative -LRB- PID -RRB- controller can not meet such performance specifications for this kind of system . The system either will overshoot or not maintain the temperature within the specified range during the production run . In order to achieve the required performance , a control strategy that utilizes techniques such as model predictive control , autotuning , and multiple parameter PID is formulated . This control strategy proves to be very effective in achieving the desired specifications , and is very robust

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

model predictive control
extruders
autotuning
multiple parameter pid

slow processes regulation
robust barrel temperature control


Operational phase-space probability distribution in quantum communication theory Operational phase-space probability distributions are useful tools for describing quantum mechanical systems , including quantum communication and quantum information processing systems . It is shown that quantum communication channels with Gaussian noise and quantum teleportation of continuous variables are described by operational phase-space probability distributions . The relation of operational phase-space probability distribution to the extended phase-space formalism proposed by Chountasis and Vourdas -LRB- 1998 -RRB- is discussed

O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

quantum communication theory
quantum mechanical systems
quantum information processing systems
gaussian noise
quantum teleportation
continuous variables


In search of strategic operations research/management science We define strategic OR/MS as `` OR/MS work that leads to a sustainable competitive advantage . '' We found evidence of strategic OR/MS in the literature of strategic information systems -LRB- SIS -RRB- and OR/MS . We examined 30 early examples of SIS , many of which contained OR/MS work . Many of the most successful had high OR/MS content , while the least successful contained none . The inclusion of OR/MS work may be a key to sustaining an advantage from information technology . We also examined the Edelman Prize finalist articles published between 1990 and 1999 . We found that 13 of the 42 private sector applications meet our definition of strategic OR/MS

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

operations research
management science
strategic or/ms


On batch-constructing B/sup + / - trees : algorithm and its performance evaluation Efficient construction of indexes is very important in bulk-loading a database or adding a new index to an existing database since both of them should handle an enormous volume of data . In this paper , we propose an algorithm for batch-constructing the B/sup + / - tree , the most widely used index structure in database systems . The main characteristic of our algorithm is to simultaneously process all the key values to be placed on each B + - tree page when accessing the page . This avoids the overhead due to accessing the same page multiple times , which results from applying the B + - tree insertion algorithm repeatedly . For performance evaluation , we have analyzed our algorithm in terms of the number of disk accesses . The results show that the number of disk accesses excluding those in the relocation process is identical to the number of pages belonging to the B/sup + / - tree . Considering that the relocation process is an unavoidable preprocessing step for batch-constructing of B/sup + / - trees , our algorithm requires just one disk access per B + - tree page , and therefore turns out to be optimal . We also present the performance tendency in relation with different parameter values via simulation . Finally , we show the performance enhancement effect of our algorithm , compared with the one using repeated insertions through experiments

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

index structure
disk accesses
relocation process
simulation

b+-tree batch construction
algorithm performance evaluation
database bulk loading
b+-tree page
page access
b+-tree insertion algorithm


Separation and tracking of multiple broadband sources with one electromagnetic vector sensor A structure for adaptively separating , enhancing and tracking uncorrelated sources with an electromagnetic vector sensor -LRB- EMVS -RRB- is presented . The structure consists of a set of parallel spatial processors , one for each individual source . Two stages of processing are involved in each spatial processor . The first preprocessing stage rejects all other sources except the one of interest , while the second stage is an adaptive one for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio -LRB- SNR -RRB- and tracking the desired source . The preprocessings are designed using the latest source parameter estimates obtained from the source trackers , and a redesign is activated periodically or whenever any source has been detected by the source trackers to have made significant movement . Compared with conventional adaptive beamforming , the algorithm has the advantage that no a priori information on any desired signal location is needed , the sources are separated at maximum SNR , and their locations are available . The structure is also well suited for parallel implementation . Numerical examples are included to illustrate the capability and performance of the algorithm

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

uncorrelated sources
electromagnetic vector sensor
parallel spatial processors
preprocessing stage
maximum snr
parallel implementation

multiple broadband sources separation
multiple broadband sources tracking
single em vector sensor
adaptive second stage
signal-to-noise ratio
snr maximization
signal source location
adaptive source enhancement


Nissan v. Nissan -LSB- trademark dispute -RSB- Is a trademark dispute a case of David v. Goliath or a corporation fending off a greedy opportunist ? This paper discusses the case of Uzi Nissan , who is locked in a multimillion-dollar legal battle over whether or not his use of the nissan.com Internet domain name infringes upon Japan 's Nissan Motor Co. 's trademark . At the heart of the matter is the impact of the global Internet on trademark law , which traditionally has been strongly influenced by geographic considerations . The paper discusses the background to the case from both sides and the issues involved

O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

trademark dispute
uzi nissan
global internet
trademark law

nissan.com internet domain name
nissan motor company trademark


The efficacy of electronic telecommunications in fostering interpersonal relationships The effectiveness of electronic telecommunications as a supplementary aid to instruction and as a communication link between students , and between students and instructors in fostering interpersonal relationships was explored in this study . More specifically , the impacts of e-mail , one of the most accessible , convenient , and easy to use computer-mediated communications , on student attitudes toward the instructor , group-mates , and other classmates were investigated . A posttest-only experimental design was adopted . In total , 68 prospective teachers enrolling in a `` Computers in Education '' course participated in the study for a whole semester . Results from the study provided substantial evidence supporting e-mail 's beneficial effects on student attitudes toward the instructor and other classmates

O O O O B O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O

interpersonal relationships
telecommunications
student attitudes

student communication link
e-mail
computer-mediated communications
computers in education course
educational technology


Conformal-mapping design tools for coaxial couplers with complex cross section Numerical conformal mapping is exploited as a simple , accurate , and efficient tool for the analysis and design of coaxial waveguides and couplers of complex cross section . An implementation based on the Schwarz-Christoffel Toolbox , a public-domain MATLAB package , is applied to slotted coaxial cables and to symmetrical coaxial couplers , with circular or polygonal inner conductors and external shields . The effect of metallic diaphragms of arbitrary thickness , partially separating the inner conductors , is also easily taken into account . The proposed technique is validated against the results of the finite-element method , showing excellent agreement at a fraction of the computational cost , and is also extended to the case of nonsymmetrical couplers , providing the designer with important additional degrees of freedom

O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O B I I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

coaxial couplers
complex cross section
coaxial waveguides
slotted coaxial cables
polygonal inner conductors
external shields
metallic diaphragms
nonsymmetrical couplers

conformal mapping design tools
schwarz-christoffel toolbox
public-domain matlab package
symmetrical couplers
circular inner conductors
numerical conformal transformations


Noninvasive myocardial activation time imaging : a novel inverse algorithm applied to clinical ECG mapping data Linear approaches like the minimum-norm least-square algorithm show insufficient performance when it comes to estimating the activation time map on the surface of the heart from electrocardiographic -LRB- ECG -RRB- mapping data . Additional regularization has to be considered leading to a nonlinear problem formulation . The Gauss-Newton approach is one of the standard mathematical tools capable of solving this kind of problem . To our experience , this algorithm has specific drawbacks which are caused by the applied regularization procedure . In particular , under clinical conditions the amount of regularization can not be determined clearly . For this reason , we have developed an iterative algorithm solving this nonlinear problem by a sequence of regularized linear problems . At each step of iteration , an individual L-curve is computed . Subsequent iteration steps are performed with the individual optimal regularization parameter . This novel approach is compared with the standard Gauss-Newton approach . Both methods are applied to simulated ECG mapping data as well as to single beat sinus rhythm data from two patients recorded in the catheter laboratory . The proposed approach shows excellent numerical and computational performance , even under clinical conditions at which the Gauss-Newton approach begins to break down

B I I I I O O O B I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O

noninvasive myocardial activation time imaging

electrodiagnostics
activation time imaging
l-curve method
noninvasive electrocardiography
tikhonov regularization
gauss-newton approach
heart surface


A digital-to-analog converter based on differential-quad switching A high-conversion-rate high-resolution oversampling digital-to-analog converter -LRB- DAC -RRB- for direct digital modulation is addressed in this paper . A new type of switching scheme , called differential-quad switching , is presented . To verify the feasibility of this scheme , essential parts with some auxiliary circuitry for interfacing were fabricated in a 0.8 - mu m CMOS technology . Measured results show that the switching scheme provides 11-b resolution at 100 MSamples/s and 6-b at 1 GSamples/s . The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio is not observed for the variation of the supply voltage down to 1.5 V , which means the proposed scheme is suitable for low-voltage applications

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

cmos technology
direct digital modulation

high-conversion-rate dac
high-resolution dac
oversampling dac
digital-to-analog converter
differential-quad switching
signal-to-noise ratio
snr
1.5 v
0.8 micron


Automated breath detection on long-duration signals using feedforward backpropagation artificial neural networks A new breath-detection algorithm is presented , intended to automate the analysis of respiratory data acquired during sleep . The algorithm is based on two independent artificial neural networks -LRB- ANN/sub insp / and ANN/sub expi / -RRB- that recognize , in the original signal , windows of interest where the onset of inspiration and expiration occurs . Postprocessing consists in finding inside each of these windows of interest minimum and maximum corresponding to each inspiration and expiration . The ANN/sub insp / and ANN/sub expi / correctly determine respectively 98.0 % and 98.7 % of the desired windows , when compared with 29 820 inspirations and 29 819 expirations detected by a human expert , obtained from three entire-night recordings . Postprocessing allowed determination of inspiration and expiration onsets with a mean difference with respect to the same human expert of -LRB- mean + or - SD -RRB- 34 + or - 71 ms for inspiration and 5 + or - 46 ms for expiration . The method proved to be effective in detecting the onset of inspiration and expiration in full night continuous recordings . A comparison of five human experts performing the same classification task yielded that the automated algorithm was undifferentiable from these human experts , failing within the distribution of human expert results . Besides being applicable to adult respiratory volume data , the presented algorithm was also successfully applied to infant sleep data , consisting of uncalibrated rib cage and abdominal movement recordings . A comparison with two previously published algorithms for breath detection in respiratory volume signal shows that the presented algorithm has a higher specificity , while presenting similar or higher positive predictive values

B I I O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

respiratory movements
entire-night recordings
long-duration signals
34 ms
5 ms


Convolution-based global simulation technique for millimeter-wave photodetector and photomixer circuits A fast convolution-based time-domain approach to global photonic-circuit simulation is presented that incorporates a physical device model in the complete detector or mixer circuit . The device used in the demonstration of this technique is a GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal -LRB- MSM -RRB- photodetector that offers a high response speed for the detection and generation of millimeter waves . Global simulation greatly increases the accuracy in evaluating the complete circuit performance because it accounts for the effects of the millimeter-wave embedding circuit . Device and circuit performance are assessed by calculating optical responsivity and bandwidth . Device-only simulations using GaAs MSMs are compared with global simulations that illustrate the strong interdependence between device and external circuit

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

physical device model
photomixer
optical responsivity
bandwidth
gaas

convolution-based time-domain approach
global photonic-circuit simulation
gaas msm photodetector
millimeter-wave photodetector
mm-wave embedding circuit
convolution-based global simulation


Outlier resistant adaptive matched filtering Robust adaptive matched filtering -LRB- AMF -RRB- whereby outlier data vectors are censored from the covariance matrix estimate is considered in a maximum likelihood estimation -LRB- MLE -RRB- setting . It is known that outlier data vectors whose steering vector is highly correlated with the desired steering vector , can significantly degrade the performance of AMF algorithms such as sample matrix inversion -LRB- SMI -RRB- or fast maximum likelihood -LRB- FML -RRB- . Four new algorithms that censor outliers are presented which are derived via approximation to the MLE solution . Two algorithms each are related to using the SMI or the FML to estimate the unknown underlying covariance matrix . Results are presented using computer simulations which demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the four algorithms versus each other and also versus the SMI and FML algorithms in the presence of outliers and no outliers . It is shown that one of the censoring algorithms , called the reiterative censored fast maximum likelihood -LRB- CFML -RRB- technique is significantly superior to the other three censoring methods in stressful outlier scenarios

B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

outlier resistant adaptive matched filtering


Accurate modeling of lossy nonuniform transmission lines by using differential quadrature methods This paper discusses an efficient numerical approximation technique , called the differential quadrature method -LRB- DQM -RRB- , which has been adapted to model lossy uniform and nonuniform transmission lines . The DQM can quickly compute the derivative of a function at any point within its bounded domain by estimating a weighted linear sum of values of the function at a small set of points belonging to the domain . Using the DQM , the frequency-domain Telegrapher 's partial differential equations for transmission lines can be discretized into a set of easily solvable algebraic equations . DQM reduces interconnects into multiport models whose port voltages and currents are related by rational formulas in the frequency domain . Although the rationalization process in DQM is comparable with the Pade approximation of asymptotic waveform evaluation -LRB- AWE -RRB- applied to transmission lines , the derivation mechanisms in these two disparate methods are significantly different . Unlike AWE , which employs a complex moment-matching process to obtain rational approximation , the DQM requires no approximation of transcendental functions , thereby avoiding the process of moment generation and moment matching . Due to global sampling of points in the DQM approximation , it requires far fewer grid points in order to build accurate discrete models than other numerical methods do . The DQM-based time-domain model can be readily integrated in a circuit simulator like SPICE

O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

lossy nonuniform transmission lines
differential quadrature method
numerical approximation technique
partial differential equations
algebraic equations
interconnects
multiport models
rationalization process

frequency-domain telegrapher pde
multiconductor transmission lines
time-domain model


Controller performance analysis with LQG benchmark obtained under closed loop conditions This paper proposes a new method for obtaining a linear quadratic Gaussian -LRB- LQG -RRB- benchmark in terms of the variances of process input and output from closed-loop data , for assessing the controller performance . LQG benchmark has been proposed in the literature to assess controller performance since the LQG tradeoff curve represents the limit of performance in terms of input and output variances . However , an explicit parametric model is required to calculate the LQG benchmark . In this work , we propose a data driven subspace approach to calculate the LQG benchmark under closed-loop conditions with certain external excitations . The optimal LQG-benchmark variances are obtained directly from the subspace matrices corresponding to the deterministic inputs and the stochastic inputs , which are identified using closed-loop data with setpoint excitation . These variances are used for assessing the controller performance . The method proposed in this paper is applicable to both univariate and multivariate systems . Profit analysis for the implementation of feedforward control to the existing feedback-only control system is also analyzed under the optimal LQG performance framework

B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

controller performance analysis
lqg benchmark
subspace matrices
deterministic inputs
stochastic inputs
multivariate systems
profit analysis
feedforward control

linear quadratic gaussian benchmark
closed-loop data
univariate systems
state space model


Quantitative speed control for SRM drive using fuzzy adapted inverse model Quantitative and robust speed control for a switched reluctance motor -LRB- SRM -RRB- drive is considered to be rather difficult and challenging owing to its highly nonlinear dynamic behavior . A speed control scheme having two-degree-of-freedom -LRB- 2DOF -RRB- structure is developed here to improve the speed dynamic response of an SRM drive . In the proposed control scheme , the feedback controller is quantitatively designed to meet the desired regulation control requirements first . Then a reference model and a command feedforward controller based on an inverse plant model are employed to yield the desired tracking response at nominal case . As the variations of system parameters and operating conditions occur , the prescribed control specifications may not be satisfied any more . To improve this , the inverse model is adaptively tuned by a fuzzy control scheme so that the model-following tracking error is significantly reduced . In addition , a simple disturbance cancellation robust controller is added to improve the tracking and regulation control performances further

B I I O B I O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

quantitative speed control
srm drive
fuzzy adapted inverse model
switched reluctance motor
nonlinear dynamic behavior
speed dynamic response
regulation control requirements
reference model
command feedforward controller
inverse plant model
tracking response
system parameters
operating conditions
control specifications
fuzzy control scheme

two-degree-of-freedom structure
model-following tracking error
disturbance cancellation controller


Low-voltage DRAM sensing scheme with offset-cancellation sense amplifier A novel bitline sensing scheme is proposed for low-voltage DRAM to achieve low power dissipation and compatibility with low-voltage CMOS . One of the major obstacles in low-voltage DRAM is the degradation of data-retention time due to low signal level at the memory cell , which requires power-consuming refresh operations more frequently . This paper proposes an offset-cancellation sense-amplifier scheme -LRB- OCSA -RRB- that improves data-retention time significantly even at low supply voltage . It also improves die efficiency , because the proposed scheme reduces the number of sense amplifiers by supporting more cells in each sense amplifier . Measurements show that the data-retention time of the proposed scheme at 1.5-V supply voltage is 2.4 times of the conventional scheme at 2.0 V

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

bitline sensing scheme
low power dissipation
memory cell

offset-cancellation sense amplifier scheme


Generating code at run time with Reflection.Emit The . NET framework SDK includes several tools that convert source code into executable code-the C# and VB.NET compilers get most of the attention , but there are others . The Regex class -LRB- in the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace -RRB- has the ability to compile favorite regular expressions into a . NET assembly . In fact , the NET Common Language Runtime -LRB- CLR -RRB- contains a whole namespace full of classes to help us build assemblies , define types , and emit their implementations , all at run time . These classes , which comprise the System.Reflection.Emit namespace , are known collectively as Reflection . Emit

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

.net framework sdk
runtime code generation
.net common language runtime
system.reflection.emit namespace
reflection.emit


Effects of white space in learning via the Web This study measured the effect of specific white space features on learning from instructional Web materials . The study also measured learners ' beliefs regarding Web-based instruction . Prior research indicated that small changes in the handling of presentation elements can affect learning . Achievement results from this study indicated that in on-line materials , when content and overall structure are sound , minor differences regarding table borders and vertical spacing in text do not hinder learning . Beliefs regarding Web-based instruction and instructors who use it did not differ significantly between treatment groups . Implications of the study and cautions regarding generalizing from the results are discussed

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

white space features
presentation
table borders

web-based instruction
online educational materials
text vertical spacing
internet


Industry insiders loading up on cheap company stock A surge of telecom executives and directors purchasing their own companies , stock in the last two months points toward a renewed optimism in the beleaguered sector , say some observers , who view the rash of insider buying as a vote of confidence from management . Airgate PCS , Charter Communications , Cox Communications , Crown Castle International , Nextel Communications and Nortel Networks all have seen infusions of insider investment this summer , echoing trends in both the telecom industry and the national economy

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O


. NET obfuscation and intellectual property The author considers obfuscation options for protecting . NET code . Many programs wo n't need obfuscation because the loss caused by reverse engineering will be nonexistent . Numerous obfuscators are already available for the . NET platform , ranging from a basic renaming obfuscator to a fully functional obfuscator that handles mixed IL/native code assemblies created in any managed language , including Microsoft 's C++ with Managed Extensions . An obfuscator simply makes your application harder to reverse engineer . It does not prevent reverse engineering . However , the cost of obfuscation is insignificant when compared to the cost of a typical software development project . If you feel like an obfuscator provides you any benefit at all , it 's probably worth the price

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

intellectual property
reverse engineering


A PID standard : What , why , how ? The paper is written for all who develop and use P&ID s . It will aid in solving the long existing and continuing problem of confusing information on P&ID s . The acronym P&ID is widely understood to mean the principal document used to define the details of how a process works and how it is controlled . The ISA Dictionary definition for P&ID tells what they do , `` show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process . In the process industry a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes . The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on ISA-S5 .1 . '' In the paper the ISA standard is referred to as ISA-5 .1 . The article develops the concept of the `` standard '' and poses some of the questions that the `` standard '' can answer

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

p&id standard
process controlled
isa-5.1


Windows XP fast user switching The Windows NT family of operating systems has always supported the concept of multiple user accounts , but they 've taken the concept a step further with Windows XP 's Fast User Switching feature . Fast User Switching is a new feature of Windows XP that allows multiple users to log on to the same machine and quickly switch between the logged on accounts . Fast User Switching is implemented using some of the built-in capabilities of Terminal Services . Terminal Server has been around for a while but is much more feature rich and integrated in Windows XP . A machine with the terminal services -LRB- Remote Desktop -RRB- client can log on to and run applications on a remote machine running the terminal server

B I I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

windows xp fast user switching
operating systems
multiple user accounts
terminal services
terminal server
remote desktop


The use of the SPSA method in ECG analysis The classification , monitoring , and compression of electrocardiogram -LRB- ECG -RRB- signals recorded of a single patient over a relatively long period of time is considered . The particular application we have in mind is high-resolution ECG analysis , such as late potential analysis , morphology changes in QRS during arrythmias , T-wave alternants , or the study of drug effects on ventricular activation . We propose to apply a modification of a classical method of cluster analysis or vector quantization . The novelty of our approach is that we use a new distortion measure to quantify the distance of two ECG cycles , and the class-distortion measure is defined using a min-max criterion . The new class-distortion-measure is much more sensitive to outliers than the usual distortion measures using average-distance . The price of this practical advantage is that computational complexity is significantly increased . The resulting nonsmooth optimization problem is solved by an adapted version of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation -LRB- SPSA -RRB- method of J. Spall -LRB- IEEE Trans . Automat . Contr. , vol . 37 , p. 332-41 , Mar. 1992 -RRB- . The main idea is to generate a smooth approximation by a randomization procedure . The viability of the method is demonstrated on both simulated and real data . An experimental comparison with the widely used correlation method is given on real data

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O

nonsmooth optimization problem
cluster analysis
randomization procedure
correlation method
distortion measure
ecg cycles

simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method