Multiple model adaptive estimation with filter spawning Multiple model adaptive estimation -LRB- MMAE -RRB- with filter spawning is used to detect and estimate partial actuator failures on the VISTA F-16 . The truth model is a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation provided by Calspan and General Dynamics . The design models are chosen as 13-state linearized models , including first order actuator models . Actuator failures are incorporated into the truth model and design model assuming a `` failure to free stream . '' Filter spawning is used to include additional filters with partial actuator failure hypotheses into the MMAE bank . The spawned filters are based on varying degrees of partial failures -LRB- in terms of effectiveness -RRB- associated with the complete-actuaton-failure hypothesis with the highest conditional probability of correctness at the current time . Thus , a blended estimate of the failure effectiveness is found using the filters ' estimates based upon a no-failure hypothesis , a complete actuator failure hypothesis , and the spawned filters ' partial-failure hypotheses . This yields substantial precision in effectiveness estimation , compared with what is possible without spawning additional filters , making partial failure adaptation a viable methodology

B I I I O B I B I I I O B O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

multiple model adaptive estimation
filter spawning
partial actuator failures
truth model
calspan
general dynamics
linearized models
mmae
partial failures
conditional probability

vista f-16
six-degree-of-freedom simulation
in-flight simulator
test aircraft
flight control systems
no-failure hypothesis


Supervisory control design based on hybrid systems and fuzzy events detection . Application to an oxichlorination reactor This paper presents a supervisory control scheme based on hybrid systems theory and fuzzy events detection . The fuzzy event detector is a linguistic model , which synthesizes complex relations between process variables and process events incorporating experts ' knowledge about the process operation . This kind of detection allows the anticipation of appropriate control actions , which depend upon the selected membership functions used to characterize the process under scrutiny . The proposed supervisory control scheme was successfully implemented for an oxichlorination reactor in a vinyl monomer plant

B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I

supervisory control design
hybrid systems
oxichlorination reactor
linguistic model
complex relations
process variables
process events
process operation
control actions
membership functions
vinyl monomer plant

events detection. fuzzy
expert knowledge
reactor stability
raw material consumption
discrete events systems
reactive systems
finite state machines


Virtual borders , real laws -LSB- Internet activity and treaties -RSB- National governments are working to tame activity on the Internet . They have worked steadily to extend control over online activities that they believe affect their interests , even when the activities occur outside their borders . These usually involve what governments regard as their domain : protecting public order , enforcing commercial laws , and , occasionally , protecting consumer interests . Methods have included assertions or legal jurisdiction based on where material is accessible instead of where it originates , and the blocking of sites , service providers , or entire high level domains from access by citizens . Such instances are mentioned in this article . Whilst larger companies are able to defend themselves against overseas lawsuits , individuals and smaller organizations lack the resources to defend what are often normal business activities at home , but could violate the laws of local jurisdictions in countries around the world . The problems of libel are discussed as are the blocking of certain sites by certain countries . Efforts to draw up Internet treaties are also mentioned

O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O

national governments
internet activity
online activities
legal jurisdiction
lawsuits
internet treaties

public order protection
commercial laws enforcement
consumer interests protection
internet sites blocking


Model intestinal microflora in computer simulation : a simulation and modeling package for host-microflora interactions The ecology of the human intestinal microflora and its interaction with the host are poorly understood . Though more and more data are being acquired , in part using modern molecular methods , development of a quantitative theory has not kept pace with this increase in observing power . This is in part due to the complexity of the system and to the lack of simulation environments in which to test what the ecological effect of a hypothetical mechanism of interaction would be , before resorting to laboratory experiments . The MIMICS project attempts to address this through the development of a cellular automaton for simulation of the intestinal microflora . In this paper , the design and evaluation of this simulator is discussed

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

intestinal microflora
molecular methods
observing power
quantitative theory
mimics project

human intestines
system complexity
microbial ecology
parallel computing
host-microflora interactions
complex microbial ecosystem


Model selection in electromagnetic source analysis with an application to VEFs In electromagnetic source analysis , it is necessary to determine how many sources are required to describe the electroencephalogram or magnetoencephalogram adequately . Model selection procedures -LRB- MSPs -RRB- or goodness of fit procedures give an estimate of the required number of sources . Existing and new MSPs are evaluated in different source and noise settings : two sources which are close or distant and noise which is uncorrelated or correlated . The commonly used MSP residual variance is seen to be ineffective , that is it often selects too many sources . Alternatives like the adjusted Hotelling 's test , Bayes information criterion and the Wald test on source amplitudes are seen to be effective . The adjusted Hotelling 's test is recommended if a conservative approach is taken and MSPs such as Bayes information criterion or the Wald test on source amplitudes are recommended if a more liberal approach is desirable . The MSPs are applied to empirical data -LRB- visual evoked fields -RRB-

B I O B I I O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O

model selection
electromagnetic source analysis
noise settings
residual variance
wald test
empirical data
vefs
visual evoked fields

adjusted hotelling's test
meg source analysis
eeg source analysis
goodness-of-fit
source localization


Lossy SPICE models produce realistic averaged simulations In previous averaged models , the state-space averaging technique or switch waveforms analysis were usually applied over perfect elements , non-inclusive of the ohmic losses . However , if these elements play an active role in the DC transfer function , they affect the small-signal AC analysis by introducing various damping effects . A model is introduced in a boost voltage-mode application

B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O

lossy spice models
realistic averaged simulations
switch waveforms analysis
damping effects
ohmic losses
dc transfer function

state-space averaging technique
boost voltage-mode application


From a biological to a computational model for the autonomous behavior of an animat Endowing an autonomous system like a robot with intelligent behavior is difficult for several reasons . First , behavior is such a wide topic that a general framework paradigm of inspiration must be chosen in order to obtain a consistent model . Such a framework can be , for example , biological modeling or an artificial intelligence approach . Second , a general framework is not sufficient to determine a fully specified program to be implemented in a robot . Many choices , tuning and tests must be carried out before obtaining a robust system . A biological model is presented , based on the definition of cortex-like automata , representing elementary functions in the perceptive , motor or associative domain . These automata are connected in a network whose architecture , functioning and learning rules are described in a cortical framework . Second , the computational model derived from that biological model is specified . The way units exchange and compute variables through links is explained , with reference to corresponding biological elements . It is then easier to report experiments allowing an autonomous system to learn regularities of a simple environment and to exploit them to satisfy some internal drives . Even if additional biological hints can be added , this model allow us to better understand how a biological model can be implemented and how biological properties can emerge from a distributed set of units

O O O O O B I O O B I O O B O O B I O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

autonomous system
robot
autonomous behavior
intelligent behavior
animat
tuning
tests
robust system
biological model
elementary functions
associative domain
learning rules
architecture
computational model
links
simple environment
internal drives

cortex-like automata
perceptive domain
motor domain
variable computation
variable exchange
regularity learning


New tuning method for PID controller In this paper , a tuning method for proportional-integral-derivative -LRB- PID -RRB- controller and the performance assessment formulas for this method are proposed . This tuning method is based on a genetic algorithm based PID controller design method . For deriving the tuning formula , the genetic algorithm based design method is applied to design PID controllers for a variety of processes . The relationship between the controller parameters and the parameters that characterize the process dynamics are determined and the tuning formula is then derived . Using simulation studies , the rules for assessing the performance of a PID controller tuned by the proposed method are also given . This makes it possible to incorporate the capability to determine if the PID controller is well tuned or not into an autotuner . An autotuner based on this new tuning method and the corresponding performance assessment rules is also established . Simulations and real-time experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of these formulas

O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

tuning method
pid controller
genetic algorithm
process dynamics
autotuner


Horizontal waypoint guidance design using optimal control A horizontal waypoint guidance algorithm is proposed by applying line-following guidance to waypoint line segments in sequence . The line-following guidance is designed using an LQR -LRB- linear quadratic regulator -RRB- . Then , the optimal waypoint changing points are derived by minimizing the accelerations required for changing the waypoint line segments . Also derived is a sufficient condition for the stability bound of ground speed changes based on the Lyapunov stability theorem . Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively guide a vehicle along the sequence of waypoint line segments

O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

horizontal waypoint guidance algorithm
waypoint line segments
lqr
linear quadratic regulator
optimal waypoint changing points
stability bound
ground speed changes
lyapunov stability theorem

line-following guidance
unmanned flying vehicle
threat avoidance
terrain masking
attack directions
target location arrival time


Matched-filter template generation via spatial filtering : application to fetal biomagnetic recordings We have developed a two-step procedure for signal processing of fetal biomagnetic recordings that removes cardiac interference and noise . First , a modified matched filter -LRB- MF -RRB- is applied to remove maternal cardiac interference ; then , a simple signal space projection -LRB- SSP -RRB- is applied to remove noise . The key difference between our MF and a conventional one is that the interference template and the template scaling are derived from a signal that has been spatially filtered to isolate the interference , rather than from the raw signal . Unlike conventional MFs , ours is able to separate maternal and fetal cardiac complexes , even when they have similar morphology and overlap strongly . When followed by a SSP that preserves only the signal subspace , the noise is reduced to a low level

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

simple signal space projection
spatial filtering
interference template
raw signal
template scaling
modified matched filter
maternal cardiac interference

maternal cardiac interference removal
noise removal
signal subspace preservation
fetal magnetocardiography


An unconditionally stable extended -LRB- USE -RRB- finite-element time-domain solution of active nonlinear microwave circuits using perfectly matched layers This paper proposes an extension of the unconditionally stable finite-element time-domain -LRB- FETD -RRB- method for the global electromagnetic analysis of active microwave circuits . This formulation has two advantages . First , the time-step size is no longer governed by the spatial discretization of the mesh , but rather by the Nyquist sampling criterion . Second , the implementation of the truncation by the perfectly matched layers -LRB- PML -RRB- is straightforward . An anisotropic PML absorbing material is presented for the truncation of FETD lattices . Reflection less than -50 dB is obtained numerically over the entire propagation bandwidth in waveguide and microstrip line . A benchmark test on a microwave amplifier indicates that this extended FETD algorithm is not only superior to finite-difference time-domain-based algorithm in mesh flexibility and simulation accuracy , but also reduces computation time dramatically

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O

global electromagnetic analysis
active nonlinear microwave circuits
nyquist sampling criterion
perfectly matched layers
anisotropic pml absorbing material
waveguide
microstrip line
microwave amplifier
mesh flexibility
simulation accuracy

unconditionally stable fetd method
finite-element time-domain method
global em analysis
time-step size
pml truncation
fetd lattices truncation
computation time reduction


Feedforward maximum power point tracking of PV systems using fuzzy controller A feedforward maximum power -LRB- MP -RRB- point tracking scheme is developed for the interleaved dual boost -LRB- IDB -RRB- converter fed photovoltaic -LRB- PV -RRB- system using fuzzy controller . The tracking algorithm changes the duty ratio of the converter such that the solar cell array -LRB- SCA -RRB- voltage equals the voltage corresponding to the MP point at that solar insolation . This is done by the feedforward loop , which generates an error signal by comparing the instantaneous array voltage and reference voltage . The reference voltage for the feedforward loop , corresponding to the MP point , is obtained by an off-line trained neural network . Experimental data is used for off-line training of the neural network , which employs back-propagation algorithm . The proposed fuzzy feedforward peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through the simulation and experimental results , and compared with the conventional proportional plus integral -LRB- PI -RRB- controller based system . Finally , a comparative study of interleaved boost and conventional boost converter for the PV applications is given and their suitability is discussed

B I I I I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B I I O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

feedforward maximum power point tracking

interleaved dual boost converter feed
photovoltaic system
solar cell array voltage
off-line trained neural network
back-propagation algorithm


Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates This paper presents a brain-computer interface -LRB- BCI -RRB- that can help users to input phone numbers . The system is based on the steady-state visual evoked potential -LRB- SSVEP -RRB- . Twelve buttons illuminated at different rates were displayed on a computer monitor . The buttons constituted a virtual telephone keypad , representing the ten digits 0-9 , BACKSPACE , and ENTER . Users could input phone number by gazing at these buttons . The frequency-coded SSVEP was used to judge which button the user desired . Eight of the thirteen subjects succeeded in ringing the mobile phone using the system . The average transfer rate over all subjects was 27.15 bits/min . The attractive features of the system are noninvasive signal recording , little training required for use , and high information transfer rate . Approaches to improve the performance of the system are discussed

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

virtual telephone keypad
computer monitor


A 0.8-V 128-kb four-way set-associative two-level CMOS cache memory using two-stage wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare -LRB- WLOTC/BLOTC -RRB- scheme This paper reports a 0.8-V 128-kb four-way set-associative two-level CMOS cache memory using a novel two-stage wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare -LRB- WLOTC/BLOTC -RRB- and sense wordline/bitline -LRB- SWL/SBL -RRB- tag-sense amplifiers with an eight-transistor -LRB- 8-T -RRB- tag cell in Level 2 -LRB- L2 -RRB- and a 10-T shrunk logic swing -LRB- SLS -RRB- memory cell . with the ground/floating -LRB- G/F -RRB- data sense amplifier in Level 1 -LRB- L1 -RRB- for high-speed operation for low-voltage low-power VLSI system applications . Owing to the reduced loading at the SWL in the new 11-T tag cell using the WLOTC scheme , the 10-T SLS memory cell with G/F sense amplifier in L1 , and the split comparison of the index signal in the 8-T tag cells with SWL/SBL tag sense amplifiers in L2 , this 0.8-V cache memory implemented in a 1.8-V 0.18 - mu m CMOS technology has a measured L1/L2 hit time of 11.6 / 20.5 ns at the average dissipation of 0.77 mW at 50 MHz

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

four-way set-associative memory
two-level cmos cache memory
cache memory architecture
wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare
sense wordline/bitline amplifiers
tag-sense amplifiers
eight-transistor tag cell
ten-transistor memory cell
shrunk logic swing memory cell
ground/floating data sense amplifier
high-speed operation
low-voltage vlsi system applications
low-power vlsi system applications
0.8 v
128 kbit
0.77 mw
1.8 v
0.18 micron
11.6 ns
20.5 ns


Robust fuzzy controlled photovoltaic power inverter with Taguchi method This paper presents design and implementation of a robust fuzzy controlled photovoltaic -LRB- PV -RRB- power inverter with Taguchi tuned scaling factors . To achieve fast transient response , small steady-state error and system robustness , a robust fuzzy controller is adopted , in which its input and output scaling factors are determined efficiently by using the Taguchi-tuning algorithm . The proposed system can operate in different modes , grid-connection mode and stand-alone mode , and can accommodate wide load variations . Simulation results and hardware measurements obtained from a prototype with a microcontroller -LRB- Intel 80196KC -RRB- are presented to verify the theoretical discussions , and its adaptivity , robustness and feasibility

B I I I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B

robust fuzzy controlled photovoltaic power inverter

steady-state error
grid-connection mode
stand-alone mode


A 120-mW 3-D rendering engine with 6-Mb embedded DRAM and 3.2-GB / s runtime reconfigurable bus for PDA chip A low-power three-dimensional -LRB- 3-D -RRB- rendering engine is implemented as part of a mobile personal digital assistant -LRB- PDA -RRB- chip . Six-megabit embedded DRAM macros attached to 8-pixel-parallel rendering logic are logically localized with a 3.2-GB / s runtime reconfigurable bus , reducing the area by 25 % compared with conventional local frame-buffer architectures . The low power consumption is achieved by polygon-dependent access to the embedded DRAM macros with line-block mapping providing read-modify-write data transaction . The 3-D rendering engine with 2.22-Mpolygons / s drawing speed was fabricated using 0.18 - mu m CMOS embedded memory logic technology . Its area is 24 mm/sup 2 / and its power consumption is 120 mW

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

embedded dram macros
reconfigurable bus
low power consumption
cmos embedded memory logic technology
120 mw

low-power 3d rendering engine
three-dimensional rendering engine
mobile pda chip
mobile personal digital assistant chip
8-pixel-parallel rendering logic
polygon-dependent access
line-block mapping
read-modify-write data transaction
3d graphics rendering
6 mbit
3.2 gb/s
0.18 micron


Robust wavelet neuro control for linear brushless motors Design , simulation and experimental implementation of a wavelet basis function network learning controller for linear brushless dc motors -LRB- LBDCM -RRB- are considered . Stability robustness with position tracking is the primary concern . The proposed controller deals mainly with external disturbances , e.g. nonlinear friction force and payload variation in motion control of linear motors . It consists of two parts , one is a state feedback component , and the other one is a learning feedback component . The state feedback controller is designed on the basis of a simple linear model , and the learning feedback component is a wavelet neural controller . The attenuation effect of wavelet neural networks on friction force is first verified by the numerical method . The learning effect of wavelet neural networks on friction force is also shown in the numerical results . Then , a wavelet neural network is applied on a real LBDCM to on-line suppress the friction force , which may be variable due to the different lubrication . The effectiveness of the proposed control schemes is demonstrated by simulated and experimental results

B I I I O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

robust wavelet neuro control
linear brushless motors
wavelet basis function network
lbdcm
stability robustness
position tracking
external disturbances
nonlinear friction force
payload variation
motion control
state feedback component
learning feedback component
attenuation effect
friction force
lubrication


A better ballot box ? Election officials are examining technologies to address a wide range of voting issues . The problems observed in the November 2000 US election accelerated existing trends to get rid of lever machines , punch-cards , and hand-counted paper ballots and replace them with mark-sense balloting , Internet , and automatic teller machine -LRB- ATM -RRB- kiosk style computer-based systems . An estimated US $ 2 - $ 4 billion will be spent in the United States and Canada to update voting systems during the next decade . Voting online might enable citizens to vote even if they are unable to get to the polls . Yet making these methods work right turns out to be considerably more difficult than originally thought . New electronic voting systems pose risks as well as solutions . As it turns out , many of the voting products currently for sale provide less accountability , poorer reliability , and greater opportunity for widespread fraud than those already in use . This paper discusses the technology available and how to ensure accurate ballots

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

automatic teller machine computer-based voting system

atm kiosk style computer-based voting systems


Recursive state estimation for multiple switching models with unknown transition probabilities This work considers hybrid systems with continuous-valued target states and discrete-valued regime variable . The changes -LRB- switches -RRB- of the regime variable are modeled by a finite state Markov chain with unknown and random transition probabilities following Dirichlet distributions . Our work analytically derives the marginal posterior distribution of the states and regime variables , the transition probabilities being integrated out . This leads to a variety of recursive hybrid state estimation schemes which are an appealing intuitive and straightforward extension of standard algorithms . Their performance is illustrated by a maneuvering target tracking example

B I I O B I I O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O

recursive state estimation
multiple switching models
unknown transition probabilities
hybrid systems
finite state markov chain
random transition probabilities
dirichlet distributions
marginal posterior distribution
maneuvering target tracking

continuous-valued target states
discrete-valued regime variable


MATLAB code for plotting ambiguity functions A MATLAB code capable of plotting ambiguity functions of many different radar signals is presented . The program makes use of MATLAB 's sparse matrix operations , and avoids loops . The program could be useful as a pedagogical tool in radar courses teaching pulse compression

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B I

matlab code
radar signals
sparse matrix operations
pedagogical tool
radar courses
pulse compression

ambiguity functions plotting
matched-filter response
doppler-shifted signal version


Learning spatial relations using an inductive logic programming system The ability to learn spatial relations is a prerequisite for performing many relevant tasks such as those associated with motion , orientation , navigation , etc. . This paper reports on using an Inductive Logic Programming -LRB- ILP -RRB- system for learning function-free Horn-clause descriptions of spatial knowledge . Its main contribution , however , is to show that an existing relation between two reference systems-the speaker-relative and the absolute-can be automatically learned by an ILP system , given the proper background knowledge and positive examples

O B I O O B I I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

inductive logic programming system
spatial relations

spatial relations learning
function-free horn-clause descriptions


Bayesian nonstationary autoregressive models for biomedical signal analysis We describe a variational Bayesian algorithm for the estimation of a multivariate autoregressive model with time-varying coefficients that adapt according to a linear dynamical system . The algorithm allows for time and frequency domain characterization of nonstationary multivariate signals and is especially suited to the analysis of event-related data . Results are presented on synthetic data and real electroencephalogram data recorded in event-related desynchronization and photic synchronization scenarios

B I I I O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

bayesian nonstationary autoregressive models

event-related desynchronization
time domain characterization
kalman smoother
eeg analysis
time-varying coefficients


Using virtual reality to teach disability awareness A desktop virtual reality -LRB- VR -RRB- program was designed and evaluated to teach children about the accessibility and attitudinal barriers encountered by their peers with mobility impairments . Within this software , children sitting in a virtual wheelchair experience obstacles such as stairs , narrow doors , objects too high to reach , and attitudinal barriers such as inappropriate comments . Using a collaborative research methodology , 15 youth with mobility impairments assisted in developing and beta-testing the software . The effectiveness of the program was then evaluated with 60 children in Grades 4-6 using a controlled pretest/posttest design . The results indicated that the program was effective for increasing children 's knowledge of accessibility barriers . Attitudes , grade level , familiarity with individuals with a disability , and gender were also investigated

O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O

virtual reality
children
accessibility
virtual wheelchair
collaborative research methodology
mobility impairments
gender

disability awareness teaching
software beta-testing
collaborative software development
computer aided instruction
software effectiveness


Incremental motion control of linear synchronous motor In this study a particular incremental motion control problem , which is specified by the trapezoidal velocity profile using multisegment sliding mode control -LRB- MSSMC -RRB- , is proposed to control a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor -LRB- PMLSM -RRB- servo drive system . First , the structure and operating principle of the PMLSM are described in detail . Second , a field-oriented control PMLSM servo drive is introduced . Then , each segment of the multisegment switching surfaces is designed to match the corresponding part of the trapezoidal velocity profile , thus the motor dynamics on the specified-segment switching surface have the desired velocity or acceleration corresponding part of the trapezoidal velocity profile . In addition , the proposed control system is implemented in a PC-based computer control system . Finally , the effectiveness of the proposed PMLSM servo drive system is demonstrated by some simulated and experimental results

B I I O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O

incremental motion control
linear synchronous motor
trapezoidal velocity profile
multisegment sliding mode control
servo drive system
multisegment switching surfaces
motor dynamics

permanent magnet motor
field-oriented control


High-voltage transistor scaling circuit techniques for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories In order to scale high-voltage transistors for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories , two circuit techniques were developed . A proposed level shifter with low operating voltage is composed of three parts , a latch holding the negative erasing voltage , two coupling capacitors connected with the latched nodes in the latch , and high-voltage drivers inverting the latch , resulting in reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V . A proposed high-voltage generator adds a path-gate logic to a conventional high-voltage generator to realize both low noise and low ripple voltage , resulting in a reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V . As a result , these circuit techniques along with high coupling-ratio cell technology can scale down the high-voltage transistors by 15 % and can realize higher density negative-gate channel-erase NOR flash memories in comparison with the source-erase NOR flash memories

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

level shifter
low noise
low ripple voltage

hv transistor scaling circuit techniques

negative-gate channel-erasing flash memories


Putting pen to screen on Tablet PCs With the release of the first Tablet PCs produced to Microsoft Corp. 's general specifications , handheld computers may be about to leap into the ring with today 's laptops . They will be about the size of the smaller laptops , will be at least as powerful , and maybe their biggest selling point-will be able to handle handwritten text . The Tablet PCs will be amply configured , general-purpose machines with more than enough power to run the full-blown Windows XP operating system . In particular , they will allow handwritten text to be entered onto a digitizing tablet and recognized , a functionality that 's called pen-based computing . The Tablet PC will far outpace the computing power of existing small devices such as PDAs -LRB- personal digital assistants -RRB- , including those variants based on Microsoft 's own Pocket PC operating system

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O

tablet pc
microsoft
handheld computers
handwritten text
windows xp operating system
digitizing tablet


Fast frequency acquisition phase-frequency detectors for Gsamples/s phase-locked loops This paper describes two techniques for designing phase-frequency detectors -LRB- PFDs -RRB- with higher operating frequencies -LSB- periods of less than 8 * the delay of a fan-out-4 inverter -LRB- FO-4 -RRB- -RSB- and faster frequency acquisition . Prototypes designed in 0.25 - mu m CMOS process exhibit operating frequencies of 1.25 GHz -LSB- = 1 / -LRB- 8.FO-4 -RRB- -RSB- and 1.5 GHz -LSB- = 1 / -LRB- 6.7.FO-4 -RRB- -RSB- for two techniques , respectively , whereas a conventional PFD operates at < 1 GHz -LSB- = 1 / -LRB- 10.FO-4 -RRB- -RSB- . The two proposed PFDs achieve a capture range of 1.7 * and 1.4 * the conventional design , respectively

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

phase-frequency detectors
clock generator
latch-based pfd architecture
phase-locked loop
gsamples/s pll
pass-transistor dff pfd architecture
1.25 ghz
1.5 ghz
0.25 micron


Time-varying properties of renal autoregulatory mechanisms In order to assess the possible time-varying properties of renal autoregulation , time-frequency and time-scaling methods were applied to renal blood flow under broad-band forced arterial blood pressure fluctuations and single-nephron renal blood flow with spontaneous oscillations obtained from normotensive -LRB- Sprague-Dawley , Wistar , and Long-Evans -RRB- rats , and spontaneously hypertensive rats . Time-frequency analyses of normotensive and hypertensive blood flow data obtained from either the whole kidney or the single-nephron show that indeed both the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback -LRB- TGF -RRB- mechanisms have time-varying characteristics . Furthermore , we utilized the Renyi entropy to measure the complexity of blood-flow dynamics in the time-frequency plane in an effort to discern differences between normotensive and hypertensive recordings . We found a clear difference in Renyi entropy between normotensive and hypertensive blood flow recordings at the whole kidney level for both forced -LRB- p < 0.037 -RRB- and spontaneous arterial pressure fluctuations -LRB- p < 0.033 -RRB- , and at the single-nephron level -LRB- p < 0.008 -RRB- . Especially at the single-nephron level , the mean Renyi entropy is significantly larger for hypertensive than normotensive rats , suggesting more complex dynamics in the hypertensive condition . To further evaluate whether or not the separation of dynamics between normotensive and hypertensive rats is found in the prescribed frequency ranges of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms , we employed multiresolution wavelet transform . Our analysis revealed that exclusively over scale ranges corresponding to the frequency intervals of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms , the widths of the blood flow wavelet coefficients fall into disjoint sets for normotensive and hypertensive rats . The separation of the scales at the myogenic and TGF frequency ranges is distinct and obtained with 100 % accuracy . However , this observation remains valid only for the whole kidney blood pressure/flow data . The results suggest that understanding of the time-varying properties of the two mechanisms is required for a complete description of renal autoregulation

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Brightness-independent start-up routine for star trackers Initial attitude acquisition by a modern star tracker is investigated here . Criteria for efficient organization of the on-board database are discussed with reference to a brightness-independent initial acquisition algorithm . Star catalog generation preprocessing is described , with emphasis on the identification of minimum star brightness for detection by a sensor based on a charge coupled device -LRB- CCD -RRB- photodetector . This is a crucial step for proper evaluation of the attainable sky coverage when selecting the stars to be included in the on-board catalog . Test results are also reported , both for reliability and accuracy , even if the former is considered to be the primary target . Probability of erroneous solution is 0.2 % in the case of single runs of the procedure , while attitude determination accuracy is in the order of 0.02 degrees in the average for the computation of the inertial pointing of the boresight axis

O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

star trackers
initial attitude acquisition
star catalog generation preprocessing
minimum star brightness
reliability
boresight axis

brightness-independent start-up routine
on-board database
gyroless spacecraft
charge coupled device photodetector


Design PID controllers for desired time-domain or frequency-domain response Practical requirements on the design of control systems , especially process control systems , are usually specified in terms of time-domain response , such as overshoot and rise time , or frequency-domain response , such as resonance peak and stability margin . Although numerous methods have been developed for the design of the proportional-integral-derivative -LRB- PID -RRB- controller , little work has been done in relation to the quantitative time-domain and frequency-domain responses . In this paper , we study the following problem : Given a nominal stable process with time delay , we design a suboptimal PID controller to achieve the required time-domain response or frequency-domain response for the nominal system or the uncertain system . An H/sub infinity / PID controller is developed based on optimal control theory and the parameters are derived analytically . Its properties are investigated and compared with that of two developed suboptimal controllers : an H/sub 2 / PID controller and a Maclaurin PID controller

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

process control systems
overshoot
rise time
resonance peak
stability margin
nominal stable process
optimal control
maclaurin pid controller


CAD/CAE software aids converter design -LSB- DC/DC power conversion -RSB- Typically , power supply design involves electronic and magnetic components . In this paper , the authors describe , using a flyback converter example , how CAD/CAE tools can aid the power supply engineer in both areas , reducing prototyping costs and providing insights into system performance

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O

power supply design
magnetic components
prototyping costs

dc/dc power convertor design
electronic components
cad/cae software
flyback power convertor topology