STARR STREET
Time for a trip into the underground and our interview with Director John Waters. He just wrapped up a retrospective at the Film Society of Lincoln Center.
It’s a far cry from the underground where he got his start shocking and horrifying movie goers with his patented home movie style films.
Actually, most of them were homemade with a low budget and a cast of friends including his old friend Divine perhaps the most famous drag queen to ever grace the silver screen.
Surely, you’d recognize her in Pink Flamingos where she ate a dog turd, a moment that many consider the most repulsive moment in cinematic history and a moment that is tied to every John Waters interview, feature, and documentary ever made – and he’s okay with that.
If a turd buffet isn’t your style, he’s also the guy behind Hairspray, a slightly more family friendly film. If by family friendly film you mean 1960’s era Baltimore race relations.
Yep, John Waters’ movies certainly get your attention. I got 15 minutes with the Pope of Trash where he discussed his films, where he wants to be buried, and he answers the most important question that no one ever asks - is John Waters single?
Jesse Regis: It’s kind of crazy out there. You had some people that couldn’t even get in and you were nice enough to go say hello to them.
John Waters: Oh, they were so great. The first person got here at 1 o’clock in the afternoon to wait to get in and they couldn’t, well maybe the first person did get in, because a few people got in, but it’s great, especially for these movies. I was just watching it projected in 16mm on the screen for the first time in maybe 25 years, easy and I have flashbacks of when I used to be in all the theaters with my projector that I’d bring and sit up in the balcony and show three reels and have to stop the reel, in between, change the reel, rewind. Oh, it gave me all the paranoia. Is it going to break down? But, if it breaks down tonight I don’t have to fix it. That’s the glamor of Lincoln Center! No, it’s thrilling to see and it’s very weird to watch those movies because a lot of people are no longer with us, but some are. And I was just thinking , “Oh My God, I thought this up?” and it was right in the middle of the hippie years, and this is Multiple Maniacs, it’s hardly a peace and love movie it’s, I guess, a punk movie before there was punk rock. I didn’t know there was punk either. It was just our bad attitude.
JR: We’re at Lincoln Center right now, which is “The Establishment.” It’s a really far cry from the underground and from the midnight movies - you so badly wanted to be a part of the New York underground – was it supposed to happen like this?
JW: Maybe it was. It was the best thing that could have happened, certainly, because if it had just started and ended in the underground I wouldn’t have had the forty years later from that. For me, it is the ultimate irony in a way because Hag in a Black Leather Jacket only played one other time once in a beatnik coffee house , and the second time it played was fifty years later here at Lincoln Center – that’s kind of funny. Maybe it means if you stick around long enough…[Laughs] No, it was a great honor for me without any irony or anything because, yes, it’s Lincoln Center but the audiences are great. They’re all young, too. They tell me there’s all these young people at Lincoln Center – a younger audience than often is here.
JR: A lot of what drove your movies back when you were just starting was the status quo – all the crap and conformity of the 50’s and the 60’s, and that’s really why you wanted to start shocking people, right?
JW: Well, I wanted to surprise people and make them laugh. I understand why you say shock because in Multiple Maniacs Divine eats a raw cow’s heart, which was training wheels for eating a turd. I was trying to make you laugh at the same time. These were movies made to shock hippies, the early ones. The audience was totally hippies and they loved being shocked and it was an odd thing to see because they were “hippily-incorrect.” Certainly, there was no such thing as “politically correct.” I actually believe I am politically correct today. Multiple Maniacs is most definitely not politically correct. But, looking at it was making fun of liberal rules and I’m a bleeding heart liberal. I’m a Democrat, I’m a total liberal. But, I make fun of the rules. I make fun of gay rules because it seems now that gay people have more rules than my parents did. It’s getting like, “Wait a minute here…”
JR: What gay rule do you hate the most?
JW: That we have to be good all the time. That gay people have to be good and perfect. I have trouble with that. It’s the same thing I’m still doing in a way – testing rules and trying to surprise myself. And by shock, I try to make people laugh and I think today if I just tried to shock I wouldn’t still be doing it. After Pink Flamingos and after the scene where Divine ate the dog turd at the end – Johnny Knoxville today would do that I think he’s the closest. I love Johnny. But, if I kept trying to top that I don’t think I would have kept going. I think it would have been over.
JR: You just mentioned Pink Flamingos. What does it mean to you, what does it say about that movie that people are still talking about it in nearly every interview that you do?
JW: And still seeing it! Young people, you know, I do my spoken word show at colleges all the time - these kids weren’t born , their parents weren’t born when I made it. It’s great, it means that something worked right. It didn’t get mellower, it doesn’t look like old hat today. It has weird stuff. They sell babies that lesbian couples have which is not shocking anymore now. Lesbians, as I’ve said have more babies than Catholics. But still, they didn’t kidnap them and impregnate them in a pit.
JR: The concept of your book Carsick fascinates me. I love meeting strangers – a lot of my show is meeting people on Craigslist and hanging out. You have a perverse sense of wanting to make strangers laugh. It’s very odd.
JW: Well, you should hitchhike then. Hitchhiking is a thing that people don’t do anymore. When I hitchhiked across the country for Carsick I only saw one other hitchhiker the whole way. There weren’t any, I never even saw one. I think it’s something that people have nostalgia for. Young people they know about it, and they’d like to do it, but they don’t do it. My age we did it, certainly when they were young. When I was in High School it wasn’t even bad to hitchhike from your parent’s viewpoint. I mean, in private school or Catholic school everybody hitchhiked home from school. It was a normal thing. Today, if you see a hitchhiker you immediately think they’re a serial killer or a hooker. If they thought I was a hooker I didn’t get any offers. Well, one trucker did say that if I did have to sleep in the woods he could make up a bunk for me.
JR: Okay! And…
JW: Well, no, I got a ride.
JR: Okay!
JW: So I didn’t have to take him up. I would’ve! I got a hitchhiker. Someone picked me up. I was in a rest area and it was getting to be dark, I was in the middle of Kansas, and there were no cars there was nobody so I was saying to this trucker – he had to wait because he was getting his new orders on where to go – and I said, “I guess I’ll just have to sleep in the woods,” and he said, “I’ll make up a bunk for you if you don’t get a ride.” I thought, “Well, I would have slept there. I don’t know what would’ve happened. It would have been good for the book, and maybe bad for real life [laughs].
JR: Or, it’s time for a sequel. Why not? Get back out there.
JW: Well, no, I don’t have to hitchhike again. I did it. I think that it would be very anti-climactic to hitchhike again, unless if I’m stuck somewhere I know I can do it. I know I can get somewhere if I have to.
JR: You told Rolling Stone recently that the independent movie world that you know is over, it’s done with.
JW: It is for now. Yeah, it is completely over. And the things that killed it, I think, you can read a book called Sleepless in Hollywood by Lynda Obst or Ted Hope’s book [Hope for Film]. Basically, when DVD ended that was the safety net that everybody made money on, then everybody stopped buying them. And foreign deals that you got for free and you make them. That’s over with now. They’re not interested in witty comedies. And even if mine aren’t – even bad witty comedies they’re not after. They’re after hundred million dollar tent pole movies, or an independent movie like when I started that somebody who is twenty years old makes. It’s a great time for young filmmakers because they are looking for the film that you make on your cell phone camera. They’re just not looking for five million dollar independent movies, which my last movies were.
JR: You worked with a lot of the same folks throughout all of your films. What does it bring to your films that you are so familiar with the cast? You mentioned Johnny Knoxville, he works with the same folks all the time. It must bring something special [to the table].
JW: I think it’s like a theater group or a repertoire group. My audience that is my age have grown old with all of the people. I was just looking at Mink and Mary Vivian Pierce in Multiple Maniacs and that was forth-something years ago and they’re still in my movies. I think my audience likes that when they see the movies. They’ve grown old with Mink Stole. Even if you’re young if you watch the movies.
JR: Your eyes light up when you talk about the people you’ve worked with in the past. You must be very fond of them.
JW: Well, I’m fond because I’m glad I’ve had friends for fifty years, a lot of people don’t. It’s really better. They last longer than family, than boyfriends and girlfriends, anything. There’s ups and downs. You have fights, you have everything if you’ve known someone for that long, but I think that’s why we all bought burial plots in the same graveyard where we’re all going to be buried and we call it Disgraceland – that’s where Divine is. All of our parent’s we thought they’d be uptight about it, but they understood. They said, “We think that’s great.” Most people never get buried with their friends.
JR: I never even considered something like that.
JW: [Laughs] It’s a great idea!
JR: Because most people get buried with their spouses…
JW: Or their families. But, my brothers and sisters were married and in different places – they’re all not in the same place – I mean my parents are. But, I went to my parent’s graveyard where they were and they tried to rip me off. They showed me these vaults. They thought I was going to spend all this money. I just felt like they saw a sucker coming, that I was going to build Valentino’s vault, or something to myself. So, then, I had been in the graveyard in Towson, where I grew up, where Divine was buried and I just liked it. It was small and they handled the funeral very well there and everything so I bought a plot, then Pat did, then Mink, we’re all going to be buried there.
JR: I never thought about being buried with your friends.
JW: Well try it! It’s a good idea. Then all your friends can come one stop grieving.
JR: You’d save on toll fare and gas.
JW: Yeah!
JR: Read that you are not necessarily for marriage.
JW: I’m for everyone’s right to be married, my God. I mean my parent’s had a beautiful marriage.
JR: For gay marriage….
JW: For any marriage. It’s all the same to me. I personally don’t want to get married, but I fought, I campaigned with Governor O’Malley in Maryland to make gay marriage legal and then we won. Why anyone would be scared of two people falling in love is amazing to me. It’s hard to find anybody to fall in love with. I think if I fell in love with this table I should be able to marry it. I would choose not to, but the table would be faithful.
JR: Is John Waters single?
JW: Yes, but I have someone I see all the time. Yeah, but I’m not getting married. I have three ex’s, I’m friends with all of them.
JR: Nobody has asked you that in all of this.
JW: Oh, no, they never ask it. Still, no one knows my personal life because every boyfriend I’ve ever had has not been a public figure, and they don’t want to be. I like someone that has a completely different life. All my boyfriends are completely different from me. They have a different life, different careers. They’re not impressed by this, which I like. One of them said, “Oh, I’m not that interested in seeing those movies,” but that’s like saying, “I love you.” [Laughs] Because the last thing I want is a groupie.
JR: So, being John Waters doesn’t make it difficult?
JW: They know about it and they think it’s funny, and they like it, yeah. But, it’s not the main thing.
JR: That’s fascinating for me. What’s left to accomplish? You’ve done so many things.
JW: I’ve never wrote a novel. I’d like to do that. Even though all my films are fiction, so I’ve thought up fiction, I’ve just never did it in that sense. That’s about the only thing. I can’t sing or I would have had an album. I had two records out – The John Waters Christmas and A Date with John Waters, but that was a compilation. If I could sing, I would.
JR: Was it with the Muppets? That wasn’t with The Muppets was it?
JW: No, I didn’t do the Muppets. I was a puppeteer when I was very young though. That was my first career when I was 12 years-old with children’s birthday parties. Maybe I’ll do that again. After I retire I can do children’s birthday parties at ninety. Show up and do fucked-up kid’s birthday parties.
JR: What would be your shtick? Dress up as a clown?
JW: You don’t see the puppeteer, you’re hidden. I had hand puppets not marionettes. So, I guess I’d do maybe the Salò in puppets. Or, some hideous movie reenactment done with puppets for mature children.
JR: For people who don’t know, for people who have never seen a John Waters film, what are they missing?
JW: I don’t know, they’re missing anything, that’s up to them. I think that I did create a genre of my own which was exploitation films for art theaters. Each one of my movies is a parody of a genre of movies. I would say see Female Trouble, and Serial Mom, and then Hairspray, then you would probably understand everything that I’ve been about from the beginning.
JR: And here you are after all these years at Lincoln Center.
JW: At Lincoln Center. With my Pope of Trash crown firmly in place and my cloak checked in the coat department.
Originally aired September 2014 on BBOX Radio from Brooklyn, NY.
Interview edited for length and clarity. All rights reserved.


3Solar
Europe’s new highest 3S gondola lift incorporates a green design
The new 3S gondola lift up to the Klein Matterhorn above Zermatt, Switzerland, has some nice green credentials. Operating daily since November 1st this year, it has taken three years to build, during 100-day summer construction weather windows at around 3,800m above sea level
The new lift, which will run alongside the existing cable car, has won attention for multiple new features including some cabins with glass floors and others encrusted with Swarovski crystals. However it’s the lift’s eco-friendly design that’s generating a buzz in the environmental industry. This is because the south and west walls of the lift’s valley station are covered not in crystals, but in a total of 485 modules solar panels covering a surface area of 877m².
The solar station from the outside, as pictured below:
This solar power system at the new 3S cableway’s valley station can produce up to 135.8 kWp and will generate 157,000 kWh of energy a year – equivalent to the annual power usage of around 35 households. As opposed to conventional energy, this will reduce CO² emissions by up to 23.4 tonnes each year.
“The PV modules had to be carefully selected to account for the alpine weather conditions at almost 3,000m above sea level, which also required the installation of a number of steel supports to combat the high winds. The energy-generating modules are slightly thicker than the conventional types in order to withstand the effects of the weather, such as ice formation and hail,”
Stefan Aufdenblatten, CEO of Elektrizitätswerk Zermatt AG (EWZ) explained, adding,
“The Valley Station for the new lift is perfectly suited to a photovoltaics system with both location and available surfaces ideal for the installation.”
Interspersed between the modules are 57 glass windows which serve as natural lighting for the building’s interior. These have been positioned in such a way that they allow light to fall not only on the boarding area, but also in vital areas for inspection and maintenance of the cableway. The result is a station flooded with sunlight and little need for artificial light sources.
Though compared to international efforts the move seems revolutionary, the new solar generation area on the lift station is actually the third at the resort: Since April 2000, the south facade of the Matterhorn Glacier Paradise restaurant has supported 108 solar modules with a power rating of 23,650 kWp, generating 35,000 kWh a year. The high-yield photovoltaic system won Zermatt’s lift company the Swiss and European Solar Prizes in 2010.
Zermatt has also been operating another photovoltaics system at the MEX station on Trockener Steg since 2010. Here, 99 solar panels yield 21,780 kWp of power and generate 20,000 kWh annually.
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It is rare for schools to have such a long history of founding as Kuressaare Sea School. It has been known for about half a century. Already in 1840, the Maritime School opened in Kuressaare in the St Petersburg authorities.
Following the issuance of the Russian Maritime Schools Act of 1867, the Governor General of the Baltics Albedinski has submitted to the Ministry of Finance a plan for the establishment of a Kuressaare Maritime School, which was not approved.
In 1880, the Russian Shipping Shipping Promotion Society was informed that the Saaremaa people would like to establish a very maritime school. 1887 Pilguse municipality has made a respective application.
However, in the 1880s, many Seamen did not go to Saaremaa to study in the maritime schools in the continent in Heinast and Paldiski.
So, in the 1880s, only 4 young people went to study at the Paldiski Sea School in Kuressaare. In the same decade, the parish has gone to Hainas and 6 Paldiski Maritime Schools; Jämaja Parish has gone to Paldiski; Kaarma 2 to Paldiski; I am from Black Island from Käsmu Sea School and from Pöidl to Paldiski. A total of 16 seamen in 10 years.
It is possible that some students also studied in Riga or elsewhere. In the 1880s, in Hiiumaa, more than 26 seamen went to study in Estonian maritime schools. And yet, when the Kuressaare Maritime School was opened, Saaremaa was sufficiently educated. This shows that the need for such an institution actually existed.
In 1888, the curator of the Tartu Study Area Curator Kapustin submitted to the Ministry of Public Education a proposal to close the Maritime School of Užava in Kurama and to provide its national maintenance amounts (900 rubles per year) to the planned Kuressaare Maritime School. So it was known. But we do not know whether this was Kapustin's own idea or suggested to him such an opportunity. In this regard, at one time, sometimes it was talked about the transfer of the Užava school to Kuressaare. This point has been pointed out in 1985. also Ants Pärna, without being disappointed. Because of St. Petersburg, it might have seemed that it was merely the transfer of a maritime school from one point in Livonia to another.
However, from our point of view, it was open in the 1870s and 1890s. Užava Sea School was closed in the history of maritime history of the Latvian nation, Kuressaare Sea School opened 100 years ago in the history of Estonian maritime history. These are two different educational institutions.
The establishment of the Kuressaare Maritime School was facilitated by the fact that there were affluent urban residents who sacrificed their treasures for school, such as Emilie and Ludvig Grosswald and others. And also, Mayor Julius Rehsche was an agar supporter of the establishment of a maritime school.
1860-1880. The network of maritime schools established in the coastal provinces of the Baltic Sea in the years was uneven. On the Latvian coast from Heinäs to Liepaja there were 10 sea schools, only Paldiski, Käsmu and Narva schools were located on Estonian beaches. The establishment of a maritime school in Kuressaare significantly contributed to the network of marine schools that was at that time.
The Kuressaare Maritime School was opened on Sunday, November 17 (29), November 1891. school blessing. Teaching began on November 17, 18 (30) on Pikk Street with 17 students. Over the course of the winter, students came to the fore. Finally, they received 32 of them. In the spring of 1892, 9 sailors tested them. The invitation was made by Ivan Käsk and Karl Kider from Saaremaa, Nikolai Koževnikov from Kuressaare, Aleksander Kurikjaan and Juhan Rüis from Saaremaa, Toomas Mesbach from Harjumaa and Juhan Pärtel from Hiiumaa, Eduard Melkert from Kuressaare and Priidu Kõmmus from Hiiumaa. The youngest of these men was 20, the oldest 36-year-old.
There are two distinct periods in the history of czarist maritime education: 1867-1902, when the maritime schools worked under the relatively noble Maritime Schools Act of 1867; since 1902, when maritime education was more strictly subjected to bureaucratic control, centralization and russeting pressure on the central power. The Kuressaare Maritime School was founded at the time when the Maritime Schools Act of 1867 was still in force, but an intensive regional russification policy was already in place. Therefore, Kuressaare Maritime School was appointed on Nov. 5. In 1890, the Russian language of instruction approved in the statutes.
According to the statutes, the goal of the school was to provide knowledge to the extent of the rider trainer's exam program. So he had to become a junior high school in I grade. However, as we have seen, at the first year of school, the school graduated two men with a call of a rider. In the spring of 1893, the four cephalopods, 8 outboard riders and 12 coast runners stopped at the school. This shows that the school went far beyond the level of education to formally awarded it to grade I and began to work as a third grade school. This was made possible by the fact that among the students there were mariners with a large seagoing experience. The tsarist government did not raise the level of the school and the state support, however, repeatedly.
Leadership and teachers also played a part in their successful work. The first teacher (chairman) was Johan Prinz (1846-1923), a well-known outsider, who graduated from the Ventspils Maritime School after the school was opened. She taught primarily maritime subjects. For many years, Vassili Konstantinov from Kuressaare, who was later in the same office in Courland, was a teacher (auxiliary teacher) of Russian and general subjects. The mayor also belonged to the school board Rehsche.
The examination committee came together in Kuressaare every spring. For many years, its chairman was Colonel Glinsky, whose attitude was also part of the successful work of the school.
As stated, the Russian language was set as the language of instruction in the statutes. The fulfillment of this requirement by letter would have been very difficult in the 1890s and would have seriously damaged the purpose for which the school was founded. How did you actually act? There are conflicting data in the documents on this. Sometimes it is said that the language of instruction is Russian, sometimes it is added that the Estonian language is used as a language of instruction.
According to Mihkel Komlem, "learning was mainly born in Estonian, and German, Russian and English were used to get things done" ("Our Earth", 24 August 1929). We can say that until the year 1902 Kuressaare Maritime School also escaped those sailors who knew little Russian or did not know at all.
In November 1894, the 2nd Congress of Russian Technical and Vocational Characters sent a questionnaire to 38 chairmen of the Maritime School. The responses were published in the "Exporters" of the Russian Shipping Shipbuilding Promotion Company. The answers to this questionnaire are also available at Kuressaare Maritime School 1894/95. a. in winter, as well as the opportunity to compare Kuressaare School with other maritime schools.
First of all, it is announced that the municipality applied for the establishment of the Kuressaare Maritime School; the establishment of the school was also supported by the Russian Shipping Shipbuilding Promotion Society. The city government gives the school 171 rubles a year and chooses the school's board of directors (committee) dealing with economic and administrative issues. The school has 2 teachers: a specialist and general teacher.
The most important teaching materials are maps, compasses, chronometers, sextants, mechanical logs, compass deviation instruments, and ship drawings. (Of course, the teaching equipment came to years, so the school's small steam engine is spoken in 1898.) Compared to the answers of the Heinaste, Paldiski and Narva Schools, it seems that Kuressaare (1894) had less teaching aids. However, it was more or less equal to the Käsmu Maritime School.
At the entrance to the students' preliminary knowledge, it is said that all 32 students of the Kuressaare Maritime School were able to read and write, many of them had even more background knowledge. The Kuressaare Maritime School definitely dropped off from the Paldiski Maritime School, which had a large number of townspeople with elementary or even partial secondary education. Perhaps the pre-knowledge of the students of the Heinaste Marine School was somewhat better (because they all could have read more than write). However, many Russian nautical schools were literally illiterate. According to the questionnaire, one of the analfabees has also been released this year.
There were 8 days a day, 48 lessons per week. Teaching lasted from October 20 to March 20. There was no need for an ad school, because there were still more people to enter, than received. The main obstacle was the lack of space; The school had only 3 rented rooms: a classroom, a teacher's room and a dressing room. Uniforms were not available at that time, but the Kuressaare Maritime School has considered it desirable to introduce it.
The question of the teaching method (whether it is strictly mathematical or exemplary) corresponds to the Kuressaare Sea School: a mathematical method. For comparison: the Paldiski Sea School has an exemplary method, Käsmu - is mostly exemplary and in Heinaste both mathematical and exemplary.
Most of all, the fact that it was still not turned into a school of grade III, although it was applied for since 1892, most of all was hampered by the normal development of the school. It was the result of a lack of money that did not allow for the renting of larger premises. In 1901, the situation went even worse: in the autumn it was moved to a cheaper, and therefore a smaller one. Again many readers of the study had to be denied.
The number of students in 1900/01. a. In winter it was 72, decreased by 1901/01. a. in the winter of 42 In the publications published so far, we can not find the annual number of pupils and graduates of Kuressaare Maritime School. However, summary data have been published.
In 1986, Saaremaa's "Kommunismiehitaja" directed the attention of J. Prinz to the preserved Estonian State Archives in Tallinn, which dates back to 1918 and 1919. Here, among other things, the number of pupils from the Kuressaare Maritime School in the form of a table is based on the winter breakdown of the school until 1915. Here is also information about the professional examinations each year. Number of students from the Maritime School from 1891 to 1904. There were a total of 530 years old. 491 of them were from Saaremaa (including Hiiumaa and the other western Estonian islands), and 39 from other countries.
Students were the least of 1894/95. and 1896/97. a. in winter - 25, at most 1900/01. a. in winter - 72. In total, during this period, in the 13 academic year, when it was worked out according to the order established in 1867, a professional examination was issued in 312 cases. The maritime school students completed 41 roadside bikes, 100 riders and 171 rider riders.
From the number of students as a result of the work, the Kuressaare Maritime School dropped off the Heinaste Maritime School. The number of students exceeded the Narva and Paldiski Maritime Schools. In Kuressaare, graduates from the open carrier queue were much more than Käsmu.
The Maritime Schools Act of 1867 was, at the end of the 19th century, buried with characters from the Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of the Interior for the vestment and civilization. Of course, the need to improve the material aspect of the maritime schools and to improve the teaching was evident. Also, the general level of education of the people has increased over the course of 30 years, which allowed for higher demands on applicants.
The changes were necessary. But by the 20th century. Initially, the reform of the sea schools was reflected in the attempts by the tsarist government to subordinate the sea schools to the central authority more vigorously, to make maritime education gradual, thereby preventing lower-level students from accessing upper-secondary schools, limiting the rights of unjustifiably lower categories of ship managers. Even though more money was being given to the schools of the sea, the results of such an injustice and the offensive of a nationalist reputation could not be fruitful.
In 1902 and 1903, the Maritime Schools, which worked well in Estonia, were reorganized into lower-level 2nd and 3rd class marine schools, which provided limited rights in comparison with the past. In 1918, J. Prinz wrote: "On 1 July 1902 the Kuressaare Maritime School was transformed into a 2-class Maritime School (with three preparatory classes)." According to other sources, the school was reorganized on July 2nd. And the preparation class was called a 3-class preparation school, headed by, as well as the Principal 2-class Maritime School.
Prinz continued: "The director of the school and 4 teachers were appointed to the program. Students were given tuition fees as follows: in special classes - from other rituals - 18 rubles per year, from local level 12 rubles per year, in preparatory classes - 10 from other rituals, 6 rbl per year.
In the fifth grade, there were an average of 50-70 students per year. The graduation of special classes was given by the rights of the Rifleman. During the school, 73 students completed such a call.
The graduation of the preparatory school gave the right to take a long-distance maritime school. A total of 75 students graduated from the preparatory school.
As evident from the above, the old seagoing classes achieved better results than the last converted school. This can be explained by the fact that the last school gave only the rights of a short-distance rider, which is why the more ambitious young men preferred to leave the country. "
So Kuressaare started 2-kl. The Maritime School prepares engineers of IV grade, who in 1902 respectively. The law was entitled to be a transit freight trader to assist the captain and long-distance freight trains to help the captain's younger aid. No higher-level maritime schools in Estonia are open. It was unacceptable for some of the national educational needs of those who were then. Therefore, he called for 1902. the reform in the maritime circles of the European Union is an expression of resentment.
In the 2-class marine school, the number of students dropped. In the years 1904-1915 it fluctuated from only 11 to 22. The number of graduates also dropped in school. Students now came more distant (i.e. from the mainland) relatively slightly more than in the 1890's. Yet, the Kuressaare Maritime School was now largely an educational institution for islanders.
The cessation of organization of professional exams in Kuressaare speaks of deepening bureaucracy and distrust of local figures. To take exams, I had to go to Riga, where it was, of course, in Russian. Reform meant a new assault on mother tongue instruction in schools where it still existed.
How was teaching now in the Kuressaare Maritime School?
1910/11/11. Juhan Piigert, a seafarer who studied at the Sea School Preparation School in winter, was reminded: "The Estonian language was used in elementary classes, it was not forgotten. The teachers provided explanations in Estonian, but they included Russians, Latvians and others who did not know Estonian. They gave lessons in Russian The students of the Maritime School were those who did not know the Russian language. "
"It is said in the" Sea Calendar 1912 ":" Kuressaare 2-year Maritime School will be accepted: who will complete a parish or folk dance school, or take an exam on this, and not less than 12 months old, and not less than 17 years old and sailing ships. those who are 13-17 years old and Russian to read and write and understand the 4 original characters of the planet. "
As J. Piiger reminds us, the concessions of the students of the Russian language were made.
School maintenance is said on 1906/07. a. According to the report, from the Ministry of Trade - 6890 rubles, from the city of 200 rubles, the tuition fee was 832 rubles. and the knight of Saaremaa 200 rbl., thus totaling 8122 rubles. One student spent teaching 174 rubles. At the school there was now a manager and 7 teachers (of which 4 were on the spot). Ants Piip (1906-1912) also worked as a teacher. The increase in the number of teachers meant a certain increase in the level of education and more scholasticism.
The new law, which was approved in 1909, no longer made any distinction between sailboats, steamboats and freight and passenger ship managers, but only between drivers of short and long voyages. This meant expanding the rights of lower-level marine schools. It was supposed to be followed by a new reform of the maritime schools, which, however, was not achieved in the tsarist era.
In the years of World War I, western Estonian naval schools (Heinaste, Kuressaare and Paldiski) were evacuated. 1915 Sept. 14 In the Daily newspaper, J. Prinz announced that "Kuressaare Maritime School will not open this activity in the new academic year. Maritime school 2nd grade students will begin teaching Oct. 2 at the premises of the Golopristan Maritime School and the 3rd grade students of the preparatory school in the Herson Distant Maritime School. to take part in other schools. 1. Special class students and those who want to join the Maritime School may choose to go to other schools, but they will be passed too. "
According to the Tallinna Teataja (Aug. 4, 1916), the Kuressaare Maritime School moved to Golaja Pristan in 1915, while the preparatory class was Herson.
I do not know if and how many students went to southern Ukraine. However, it increased in 1915/1916. a. In winter, the number of students in the Käsmu Maritime School is leaps and bounds. This is related to the evacuation of the western marine schools in Estonia.
What was taken away from the treasury of the school?
I quote from Mr Prinz from April 4, 1919, to the Education Department of Saaremaa County Government: "All the assets of the maritime school have been evacuated to the city of Herson. There are empty cabinets, school desks and pillars here. The archive is completely here." According to A. Pärn, 19 items were also preserved in the hands of Prinz and were given to students in 1919. reopened to school.
Thus, the first activity period of nearly a quarter of a year ended in Kuressaare Maritime School. During that time about 350 professional sailors came from this school. Many of them are alive. I would mention only two men, whom Mihkel Kommel saw most notably 62 years ago.
These were Johan Pitka, the organizer of the Estonian naval force, who studied at Käsmu, Kuressaare and Paldiski Sea School (Examination of the Expeditionary Pantry in Tallinn in 1895) and Capt. Karl Jõgi, known in the history of polar exploration, under his leadership in 1928. icebreaker "Krassin" made a trip to rescue Umberto Nobile expedition.
Väino Sirk


5 Classic Movies That Were Made Possible By Insane Schemes
Jim Ciscell ·
Like it or not, film as an art form is all about money. Even a tiny independent film about a couple of dudes hanging around their apartment can cost more to make than an average waiter makes in a year.
So for the aspiring filmmakers who don't happen to have wealthy friends or connections at a studio, securing funding is by far the biggest obstacle between them and the fulfillment of their vision. Sometimes that means getting creative. Horribly, horribly creative.
Robert Rodriguez Paid for Movies With Medical Experiments
You know director Robert Rodriguez from movies like Machete and Sin City, though he also finds time for family fare like the Spy Kids movies. But once upon a time (in the '90s), Rodriguez was an indie film hero for making El Mariachi. It was a microscopic budget film (made for as little as $7,000, reportedly) starring some dudes he knew and using every money-saving trick in the book. Rodriguez became an inspiration to every film student and video store clerk who dreamed of making a movie on their own terms, without having to sell out to The Man.
But how far did he have to go to scrape the cash together to make his little action movie? Let's put it this way: It involved letting people perform medical experiments on his body.
"Take everything except my artistic integrity. And my penis."
In his book Rebel Without a Crew, Rodriguez describes his life as a "human lab rat," signing up for several rounds of drug testing and medical studies to generate enough cash to fund his short films and eventually his first full-length feature. It started with a desperate Rodriguez looking through classified ads and seeing he could get a few thousand dollars for participating in a medical experiment and staying in a hospital for about a week. It's one of those things that seems too good to be true if you've never seen a horror movie.
Rest assured, he's already recreated the whole agonizing experience in 4D.
And, yes, there was a reason they didn't mention what the experiment actually entailed until he got there. The company running the experiment, with the delightfully evil-sounding name Pharmaco, was testing a drug to help with the healing of skin and muscle tissue. What they didn't mention in the ad is that to test "healing" his skin, they would have to "wound" his skin. A few football-shaped chunks out of the backs of his arms and a seven-day hospital stay later, and he found himself $2,000 richer.
He would have held the money in his arms but, you know, mangled.
This is when Rodriguez figured out that the medical studies that paid the most were high-paying for a reason -- they tended to hurt. Still, money was money, so he came back for more, signing up for studies that promised even longer stays (and presumably more awful side effects).
To fund El Mariachi directly, he signed up for a one-month drug trial that paid $3,000 but put him through Draconian scheduling (his days were planned out to the minute, and showing up late to things like meals or his daily blood draws would cost him $25 an occurrence). Even more fun, he was required to poop into clear Tupperware, place it in a fridge alongside the other patients' samples and discuss his poop's consistency with a drug counselor.
It only cost $7,000 and a lifetime of human dignity.
It would be worth it, in the end. Though the film didn't make much money, the right people noticed it. This enabled Rodriguez to more or less remake it as Desperado, launching the English-speaking careers of Salma Hayek and Antonio Banderas in the process. Fifteen years later, Rodriguez is still making movies ... and he still has his medical testing scars to remind him where he came from.
The Original Willy Wonka Was Just One Big Product Placement
Maybe you thought the 2005 Johnny Depp remake of 1971's Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was a cynical ploy to cash in on a classic. Really, Hollywood, does even this eccentric childhood fantasy have to get sucked into your reboot machine?
Oompa Loompa, do-ba-dee-get out.
Well, good news, kids. The 1971 original was just one big scheme to sell candy bars.
The odd back story began with a Hollywood producer named David Wolper who met with the Quaker Oats Company. They wanted a vehicle to launch a new chocolate bar. A short time later, who would walk in but director Mel Stuart, holding a copy of the Roald Dahl children's book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Having not read the book, but realizing that the word "chocolate" was in the title, Wolper convinced Quaker Oats that they totally needed to get into the movie business, preferably today.
citymama
"Can't it be Jedidiah Platte's Quiet, Traditional Oat Press?"
Faster than you can say "golden ticket," Quaker Oats was on board to fully finance the project, paying for all pre-production, securing the movie rights to the novel and eventually putting up all the money for the multimillion dollar film budget. And best of all, from their perspective, they had a ready-made tie-in just waiting to be sold: the Quaker Oats-branded Wonka Bar. What could possibly go wrong?
The movie stayed within budget, was well received and posted a healthy 25 percent profit margin. Everybody wins, right? Well, everyone except for Quaker Oats. According to Wolper, the completed Wonka Bars shipped to some stores, but they faced a "production problem" that resulted in a speedy recall; namely, that the bars "tasted horrible." OK, guys, how do you fuck up a chocolate bar?
If you can't get whipple-scrumptious into a recipe, then we can't help you.
It's true that Wonka-branded candy still exists on store shelves, but the Wonka logo that you see now is by Nestle and not the company that had specifically financed the entire endeavor as a means to sell their ill-begotten candy bar. "Thanks for making the brand famous, Quaker Oats! We'll take it from here!"
The Animal Farm Movie Was Funded by the CIA
Most of the American readers in our audience didn't make it through middle school without reading George Orwell's Animal Farm, or at least seeing the animated movie. It's a cautionary tale about totalitarianism, as played out by adorable talking farm animals. The animals overthrow the owners of the farm where they're being raised (in an obvious allegory to the communist revolution), but over time, the animals find out they've traded one set of oppressors for another.
The lesson learned, of course, is that beer is awesome. Also, glue.
During the Cold War, this was clearly the kind of story the American government wanted told. So when it came time to adapt it to a feature-length cartoon, the filmmakers found themselves with a surprising backer: the freaking CIA.
In the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency decided that the book by the then-recently deceased George Orwell would be ideal propaganda against what they saw as growing pro-Communist sentiment. So clearly that shit needed to get into theaters.
"This is the only way to stop the next generation of beatniks."
Working through intermediaries, the CIA labored behind the scenes to secure the rights to the novel and to get the project made. First, sending a representative to England, they convinced Orwell's widow to sign over the film rights. What did it take for her to do something so, well, Orwellian? They told her they could arrange for her to meet her movie star hero, Clark Gable.
This is the handsome cost of capitalism, America.
The CIA also made arrangements for the film to be made entirely in Britain, which is vaguely ironic since American taxpayers were funding it. Everything was done in the shadows -- so complete was the hidden nature of their involvement that the people actually making the film never knew that they were working with the CIA. In fact, news of the CIA's involvement was kept under wraps for almost 50 years. Considering that the modern CIA can keep a secret for about three months, this is fairly astonishing.
We're still waiting on the news that The Human Centipede Full Sequence is a slam on trickle-down economics.
These days you can view the entire thing online for free. Or, you can just repeat the seventh grade.
Ed Wood Got a Church to Fund Plan 9 From Outer Space
Most readers have probably heard of Ed Wood, either as "the guy who made Plan 9 From Outer Space" or as the subject of the 1994 Tim Burton film with Johnny Depp as the title character. A World War II hero who also happened to be a transvestite who loved angora sweaters, Wood created some of the world's worst films, and as a result would be remembered longer than a whole lot of people who made good ones.
Citizen Kane never had any zombie-on-boob action.
The following story was also told in the Tim Burton film, though some of you who saw it probably thought it was too stupid to be anything but an addition by an imaginative screenwriter. The story goes that Wood, having a habit of making everything he touched terrible, found that securing funding for his magnum opus, Grave Robbers From Outer Space, was nearly impossible.
"You have got to stop approaching us like this, Ed."
Enter the Baptist Church of Beverly Hills, whose members were interested in producing a series of films about the apostles. Wood convinced them that if they financed a hit science fiction movie first, they could use the proceeds to produce the rest of their films. Which may have been a great idea, if the science fiction movie was not going to turn out to be Plan 9 From Outer Space (renamed from Grave Robbers From Outer Space at the Baptist Church's insistence).
No one knows God's plans 1-8, but 9 somehow involves Frisbees and terrible cinematography.
There was only one catch: The Baptists mandated that, to secure the funding, Wood and the entire cast had to be baptized into their church. They agreed, and the whole cast and crew -- from Vampira to pro wrestler Tor Johnson to Wood himself -- entered the waters of baptism and came out Baptists. Baptists who now had enough scratch to fund their monster movie.
All these satanic creatures have God's blessing.
In a twist that surprised absolutely nobody but the church and maybe Wood himself, the film completely tanked and of course did not produce the necessary funds to get the apostle movies made. And, whoever approved the use of church funds for the project was probably fired and ... his baptism revoked? Whatever the rule is there.
That'll teach you to Bapts!
Melvin Van Peebles Suffered for His Art, or At Least His Penis Did
When filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles completed a hit film called Watermelon Man, a comedy about a white man who wakes up black one day, Columbia Pictures offered him a three-movie contract. In response, Van Peebles said, "Great, how about a porn film about a militant black man standing up to the white establishment?"
"At the end it'll just cut to black with the words 'FUCK HOLLYWOOD' flashing in neon for the next 30 minutes."
Needless to say, he now had no studio financing. So, Van Peebles took out a personal loan from Bill Cosby for $50,000, who was apparently as big a fan of militant porn as he was Jell-O Pudding Pops. With some starter money, Van Peebles got to work on what would become Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song.
Wow look, it stars a dog.
To defray costs, Van Peebles approached the project Orson Welles-style -- he produced it, directed it, acted in it, wrote the film's screenplay, scored the entire soundtrack and performed all the stunts. And by performed all the stunts, we don't only mean being thrown off of a truck; we mean personally doing the boning. And by boning, we mean having thoroughly unprotected sex with a woman he never bothered to have medically tested. He also had his 13-year-old son, Mario Van Peebles, film a flashback sex scene with a prostitute, and the scene is so graphic it's difficult to know if the sex is simulated or not.
It sure is difficult with all those boxes in the way.
Probably because the universe has a way of righting these kinds of things, Van Peebles Sr. contracted gonorrhea from the said boning. But because he was a lunatic, he filed a claim with the Director's Guild of America that claimed he was hurt while making his film and required workman's compensation. For the STD he got from having unprotected sex on camera.
Somehow (probably because it was the '70s), the guild took pity on his plight and actually mailed him a check. Which he used to not do anything silly like treat the gonorrhea, but to buy more film to complete the movie.
"Unless the Man pays for my STD, in which case, he's cool."
Knowing that the movie resulted in an STD and the emotional scarring of his son, Van Peebles today is completely ashamed of his actions. And by that we mean he brags about it every chance he gets.
"STDs? I've almost got the whole set."
For more terrifying behind-the-scenes looks, check out 6 Beloved TV Shows (That Traumatized Cast Members For Life) and 12 Classic Movie Moments Made Possible by Abuse and Murder.


Building awareness and credibility by becoming a thought leader
By Katie Kuehner-Hebert
April 06, 2017, 12:24 p.m. EDT
Advisers can expand their practices by becoming “thought leaders” in media outlets.
Writing these articles in a tone that makes decision-making and financial issues approachable can help advisers differentiate themselves in an increasingly competitive marketplace, says Joe Anthony, president of financial services at Gregory FCA in Ardmore, Pennsylvania.
“Think of published articles and media interviews as a way to let your prospective customer sample that advice and see how you might approach an issue of concern in their financial advice,” he says. “Write or speak in a manner that addresses the issue from the potential client’s point of view.”
Using a variety of media outlets as a resource can help build awareness and credibility and help answer questions on planning topics, says Claudia Mott, a CFP and the principal of Epona Financial Solutions in Basking Ridge, New Jersey.
“Most folks have questions about their finances and don’t always know where to turn to get the answers,” she says.
“A sense of trust can start to be developed when a topic of interest appears in a local newspaper, website or blog that is familiar to them that is written by someone who is geographically close by. Becoming a regular contributor helps develop that sense of reliability and knowledge that many look for when they seek out financial planning services,” Mott says.
Even if very few people read a thought leader piece in one media outlet, an advisory firm can repost the article on its own Facebook page, as well as on LinkedIn and Twitter, says Andrew Bellak, founder and chief executive of Stakeholders Capital, based in both Amherst, Massachusetts and Santa Monica, California.
The advisers at Monument Wealth Management in Alexandria, Virginia have had thought leader pieces published in Financial Planning magazine, The New York Times and The Washington Post, says Dean Catino, a CFP and the firm’s co-founder and president.
“It’s nice to get that recognition, and we would post to our website and push out the articles to our clients in various mediums, including Facebook Twitter and email,” he says.
Monument Wealth Management also has a weekly blog that goes out to clients, advocates and prospects, capturing weekly financial events, planning and investment advice from the firm’s independent perspective, Catino says.
“It is relatively short and to the point and written plainly but with flair,” he says.
This story is part of a 30-30 series on strategies to boost your practice.
Katie Kuehner-Hebert
Practice managementClient relationsClient communicationsMarketing30 Days: Strategies to Boost Your Practice30 Days 30 Ways


WorldFish and Skretting sign MoU to develop aquaculture in Africa
WorldFish and Skretting have solidified their growing partnership to address food and nutrition security in Africa through collaborative aquaculture support and innovation.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the world population will reach 9.8 billion by 2050. It is predicted that half of this growth will come from nine countries, five of those in Africa. To contribute to feeding this growing population, aquaculture productivity in Africa must increase at a faster rate than the global average.
The partnership will initially focus on two key areas. The first is understanding and analyzing the structure of the aquaculture industry in Africa. Knowing the different stakeholders involved and their impact on the value chain allows for better decision-making and public policy. The second is analyzing and improving farming practices. The partners will work with a panel of fish farmers to develop best management practices, and test new technologies using mobile applications to gather and feed back data to the farmers to enhance performance.
“We believe that strategic collaborations with the private sector are essential for accelerating the sustainable development of aquaculture in Africa’s developing economies,” says Dr. Gareth Johnstone, Director General, WorldFish. “Our partnership with Skretting will enable the scaling of tried and tested technologies and best practices—one of our core goals—paving the way for fish to boost more nutritious diets, and secure steady incomes and improved livelihoods across the continent. WorldFish and Skretting share a common vision for how science and innovation must underpin this process, and we will work together to roll out affordable solutions that effectively target and reach the millions of people who depend on fish.”
“Skretting wants to help achieve food security in Africa, a goal that is in line with our mission of ‘Feeding the Future’,” says Rob Kiers, Managing Director Skretting Asia and Africa. “Fish is an important part of the diet in African countries, where 18.4% of animal protein intake comes from fish. We will work with WorldFish to develop the local aquaculture industry in a shared-value approach and collect data to deliver fish farmers the right feed according to their needs.”
Skretting and WorldFish have been working together for over two years at the WorldFish Aquaculture Research and Training Center in Abbassa, Egypt on tilapia nutrition and raw feed material evaluation, and have also collaborated on Skretting’s Community Development Project in Zambia.
The solidification of the partnership will enable both parties to further develop aquaculture, have a greater positive impact on the livelihoods and well-being of small-scale fish farmers and contribute to achieving food and nutrition security in Africa. Initial projects in Egypt and Zambia are due to start in 2019.
Empowering small-scale tilapia farmers in Zambia
Skretting continues its support for aquaculture growth in Africa with the latest community development project underway in Zambia set to improve the livelihoods of tilapia farmers. Forty five farmers are participating in the project of which 44% are women.
Community development in Nigeria
Since 2015, Skretting has been involved in improving the performance of Nigerian catfish farming.
It's not just what we aspire to do, it's what we do.
Skretting's focus on sustainable aquaculture is committed through our Nuterra programme, which is designed to live up to our responsibilities and ambitions over a period of several years as we work to fulfil our mission of “Feeding the Future”. The objectives are aligned with the long-term goals of our strategy as well as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.


The Coxcomb (Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher)
This text was copied from Wikipedia on 14 January 2020 at 6:03AM.
The Coxcomb is an early Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. It was initially published in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647.
1 Date and performance
2 Authorship
3 After 1642
Date and performance
Scholars date the play to c. 1608–10, based on contemporary allusions and availability of sources. (It has been argued that one of the play's sources was the "Curious Impertinent" episode in Don Quixote, which was published in French translation in 1608, that translation being the playwrights' source. Ben Jonson refers to the play in The Alchemist in 1610.) The Coxcomb was performed at Court early in November 1612 by the Children of the Queen's Revels.
The play's text in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679 provides a cast list for one production, a list that cites Nathan Field, Joseph Taylor, Giles Gary, Emanuel Read, Richard Allen, Hugh Atawell, Robert Benfield, and William Barkstead. This combination of personnel matches not the Queen's Revels Children but the Lady Elizabeth's Men. The former company combined with the latter for a time in 1613. The children's troupe later passed out of existence, leaving some of its plays, including The Coxcomb, behind with the Lady Elizabeth's company.
The play then passed into the possession of the King's Men, who acted it at Court on 5 March 1622, and on 17 November 1636.[1]
Cyrus Hoy, in his survey of authorship problems in the canon of Fletcher and his collaborators, provided this breakdown between the respective shares of Beaumont and Fletcher:[2]
Beaumont — Act I, scene 4; Act II, 4; Act IV, 1, 3, and 7; Act V;
Fletcher — Act I, scenes 1-3 and 5; Act II, 1 and 3; Act III, 1 and 2; Act IV, 2, 4-6, and 8;
Beaumont and Fletcher — Act I, scene 6; Act II, 2; Act III, 3.
Critics have long recognized that the existing text is a revised version of the Beaumont and Fletcher original, likely done for one of the King's Men's revivals. The favorite candidate for the reviser is Philip Massinger, a major participant in Fletcher's canon; but William Rowley has also been considered.[3][4] If the revision was done for the 1636 revival, as some believe, Rowley would be eliminated, since he died a decade earlier.
Along with many other plays in Fletcher's canon, The Coxcomb was revived during the Restoration era; it proved popular, and was reprinted in a single-play edition in 1718. The play is one of the relatively few Beaumont/Fletcher works given a performance in later centuries; it was acted by the Elizabethan Stage Society in the Hall of the Inner Temple on 10 February 1898 — a production reviewed by George Bernard Shaw.[5]
^ E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, p. 223.
^ Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1978; p. 58.
^ E. H. C. Oliphant, The Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher: An Attempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others. , New Haven, Yale University Press, 1927; p. 269.
^ Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 224.
^ George Bernard Shaw, Dramatic Opinions and Essays, with an Apology, New York, Brentano, 1907; pp. 418-28.
2 Annotations
✹
Terry Foreman on 18 Mar 2012 • Link
The Coxcomb a Comedy
Witten by Mr. Francis Beaumont and Mr. John Fletcher
Text via Google eBook
http://books.google.com/books?id=FbUNAAAAQAAJ&pri…
Terry Foreman on 25 Jun 2016 • Link
THE COXCOMB. A Comedy.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35303/35303-h/3530…
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Chart showing the number of references in each month of the diary’s entries.


CRIMINAL CODE (TERRORIST ORGANISATION--LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA) REGULATIONS 2018 (F2018L01085)
Issued by the authority of the Minister for Home Affairs
Criminal Code Act 1995
Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulations 2018
The purpose of the Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulations 2018 (the Regulations) is to specify Lashkar-e-Tayyiba for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code.[1] Lashkar-e-Tayyiba is currently specified for this purpose by the Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulation 2015, which is repealed by the Regulations. Details of the Regulations are set out in Attachment A.
Section 5 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (the Act) provides that the Governor-General may make regulations prescribing matters required or permitted by the Act to be prescribed, or necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to the Act. The Schedule to the Act sets out the Criminal Code.
Paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code provides that regulations can specify organisations for the purposes of the definition of 'terrorist organisation'.
Subsection 102.1(2) of the Criminal Code provides that before the Governor-General makes regulations specifying an organisation for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1), the Minister must be satisfied on reasonable grounds that the organisation is directly or indirectly engaged in, preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act or advocates the doing of a terrorist act.
The Minister for Home Affairs is satisfied on reasonable grounds that Lashkar-e-Tayyiba is engaged in, preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act, or advocates the doing of a terrorist act. In coming to this position, the Minister for Home Affairs has taken into consideration an unclassified Statement of Reasons provided by the Director-General of Security, as well as advice from the Australian Government Solicitor (AGS). The Statement of Reasons is at Attachment B.
Effect of the instrument
Division 102 of the Criminal Code sets out the following offences relating to terrorist organisations
* directing the activities of a terrorist organisation
* being a member of a terrorist organisation
* recruiting persons to a terrorist organisation
* receiving training from, providing training to or participating in training with a terrorist organisation
* getting funds to, from or for a terrorist organisation
* providing support to a terrorist organisation, and
* associating with a terrorist organisation.
The Regulations ensure that the offences in Division 102 of the Criminal Code continue to apply to conduct relating to Lashkar-e-Tayyiba. Regulations specifying Lashkar-e-Tayyiba as a terrorist organisation have been in effect since 2003.
The Regulations are a legislative instrument for the purposes of the Legislation Act 2003.
The Regulations commence on the day after it is registered. Subsection 102.1(3) of the Criminal Code provides that regulations for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' cease to have effect on the third anniversary of the day on which they take effect.
The unclassified Statement of Reasons was prepared by the National Threat Assessment Centre in the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, in consultation with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Home Affairs (Home Affairs). Home Affairs also sought the advice of the AGS to inform the decision of the Minister for Home Affairs.
Subsection 102.1(2A) of the Criminal Code provides that before the Governor-General makes a regulation specifying an organisation for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code, the Minister must arrange for the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives to be briefed in relation to the proposed regulation. The Minister for Home Affairs wrote to the Leader of the Opposition enclosing the information upon which he was satisfied that Lashkar-e-Tayyiba met the legislative criteria for listing.
The Intergovernmental Agreement on Counter-Terrorism Laws (June 2004) (the IGA) requires that the Commonwealth Government consult with the governments of the states and territories prior to making regulations specifying an organisation for the purposes of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code. The IGA provides that if a majority of the states and territories object to the making of such a regulation within a time frame nominated by the Commonwealth, and provide reasons for their objections, the Commonwealth will not make the regulation at that time.
The Minister for Home Affairs wrote, on behalf of the Prime Minister, to the Premiers and Chief Ministers of the states and territories. A majority of the states and territories did not object to the making of the Regulations within the time frame nominated by the Minister.
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
The Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulations 2018 (the Regulations) specifies Lashkar-e-Tayyiba for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code.
The object of the Regulations is to identify Lashkar-e-Tayyiba as a terrorist organisation under Australian law, and put the organisation and members of the public on notice of that fact. Notification is important to help people avoid engaging in activities which might constitute an offence under Division 102 of the Criminal Code in relation to Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.
The Regulations, which are part of Australia's terrorist organisation listing regime, support the application of the offences in Division 102 of the Criminal Code, the object of which is to protect national security, public safety and the rights and freedoms of persons within and outside of Australia. In particular, the Regulations provide that the offence of associating with a terrorist organisation in section 102.8 of the Criminal Code applies in relation to associating with Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.
Terrorist organisations, including Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, present a threat to the security of Australia and often seek to harm Australians and our democratic institutions. The statutory definition of a 'terrorist organisation' requires that these bodies directly or indirectly engage in, prepare, plan, assist in or foster the doing of a terrorist act which includes the causing of serious harm to persons or death and serious damage to property (refer to Attachment B for details).
Human rights implications
The Regulations promote the following human rights contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR):
* the inherent right to life in Article 6.
The Regulations limit the following human rights contained in the ICCPR:
* the right to freedom of expression in Article 19, and
* the right to freedom of association in Article 22.
The inherent right to life in Article 6
Article 6 of the ICCPR provides that countries have a duty to take appropriate steps to protect the right to life and to investigate arbitrary or unlawful killings and punish offenders. The Regulations, and the terrorist organisation listing regime more broadly, ensure that the offence provisions in Division 102 of the Criminal Code apply to certain conduct in relation to listed terrorist organisations. These offence provisions operate to penalise conduct that presents a significant risk to life, both in Australia and overseas, and, in conjunction with the terrorist organisation listing regime, also act as a deterrent to that conduct. Deterring the conduct, and thereby preventing the risk to life, promotes the inherent right to life expressed in Article 6 of the ICCPR.
The right to freedom of expression in Article 19
Article 19(2) of the ICCPR provides that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression. However, Article 19(3) provides that freedom of expression may be limited if it is necessary to achieve a legitimate purpose, including for the protection of national security. The Regulations, and the terrorist organisation listing regime more broadly, limit the right to freedom of expression to the extent that persons are prohibited from directing the activities of, recruiting for, providing support to or associating with terrorist organisations, including Lashkar-e-Tayyiba. The restrictions on freedom of expression are justified on the basis that such conduct could jeopardise the security of Australia, the personal safety of its population and its national interests and the restrictions are reasonable, necessary and proportionate to the objective of protecting Australia's national security.
The right to freedom of association in Article 22
Article 22 of the ICCPR protects the right of all persons to group together voluntarily for a common goal and to form and join an organisation. Article 22(2) provides that this right may be limited for the purpose of national security. The Regulations, and the terrorist organisation listing regime more broadly, limit the right of freedom of association to prevent people engaging with and participating in terrorist organisations, in this instance Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.
The offence of associating with a terrorist organisation in section 102.8 of the Criminal Code is limited in its application to an organisation that is a listed terrorist organisation under the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in paragraph 102.1(1)(b) of the Criminal Code. The offence does not apply if the association is with a close family member and relates to a matter of family or domestic concern, or takes place in the course of practicing a religion in a place used for public religious worship, or the association is only for the purpose of providing humanitarian aid or only for the purpose of providing legal advice or legal representation.
Due to the severity of the danger posed by terrorist organisations, it is reasonable, necessary and proportionate to limit the right of individuals who, by their association with a terrorist organisation, pose a threat to Australians.
General safeguards and accountability mechanisms
Whilst the Regulations may limit the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of association with Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, the Regulations are subject to the safeguards outlined below. The limits on these rights are reasonable, necessary and proportionate, and are in the interests of public safety and national security, after taking into consideration the direct and indirect terrorist activities of the organisation, which threaten human life.
The Criminal Code provides safeguards and accountability mechanisms requiring prior consultation and enabling review of the Regulations, including the following:
* the Commonwealth must consult with the states and territories in accordance with the Intergovernmental Agreement on Counter-Terrorism Laws of 25 June 2004, and the Regulations may only be made if a majority of the states and territories do not object to the Regulations within a reasonable time specified by the Commonwealth
* under subsection 102.1(2A) of the Criminal Code the Minister must arrange for the Leader of the Opposition to be briefed in relation to the proposed Regulations
* under subsection 102.1(3) the Criminal Code, the Regulations will cease to have effect on the third anniversary of the day on which it takes effect
* subsection 102.1(4) of the Criminal Code provides that if the Minister ceases to be satisfied of the criteria necessary for listing an organisation under subsection 102.1(2) of the Criminal Code, the Minister must make a declaration to that effect by written notice published in the Gazette, with the effect of the Minister's declaration that the Regulations listing the organisation cease to have effect and the organisation is de-listed as a terrorist organisation under Division 102 of the Criminal Code
* subsection 102.1(17) of the Criminal Code provides that an individual or an organisation may make a de-listing application to the Minister
* the Regulations may be reviewed by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security under section 102.1A of the Criminal Code, and
* both Houses of Parliament may disallow the Regulations within the applicable disallowance period, which is 15 sitting days after the Regulations are laid before that House, as provided for in subsection 102.1A(4) of the Criminal Code.
The Regulations are compatible with human rights because they promote the protection of human rights. To the extent that the terrorist organisation listing regime, of which the Regulations are part, may also limit human rights, those limitations achieve a legitimate purpose and are reasonable, necessary and proportionate.
Details of the Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulations 2018
Section 1 - Name
This section would provide that the title of the Regulation is the Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulations 2018.
Section 2 - Commencement
This section would provide for the commencement of each paragraph in the instrument, as set out in the table.
Subsection (1) would provide that each provision in the instrument specified in column 1 of the table commences in accordance with column 2 of the table, and that any other statement in column 2 has effect according to its terms. Columns 1 and 2 would provide that the Regulations commence the day after the instrument is registered.
The note to subsection (1) would clarify that the table only relates to the provisions of this instrument as originally made, and that it will not be amended to deal with any later amendments to the instrument.
Subsection (2) would provide that information in column 3 of the table is not part of the instrument. It is designed to assist readers, and may be updated or changed in any published version of these Regulations. Column 3 is empty at the time of making the instrument.
Section 3 - Authority
This section would provide that the Regulations are made under the Criminal Code Act 1995.
Section 4 - Schedules
This section would provide each instrument that is specified in a Schedule to the instrument is amended or repealed as set out in the applicable items in the Schedule concerned and that any other item in a Schedule has effect according to its terms. Schedule 1 to the instrument would repeal the whole of the Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulation 2015.
Section 5 - Terrorist organisation -- Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
Subsection (1) would provide that for paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code, the organisation known as Lashkar-e-Tayyiba is specified.
Subsection (2) would provide that Lashkar-e-Tayyiba is also known by the following names:
(a) � al Mansooreen;
(b) al Mansoorian;
(c) Army of Medina;
(d) Army of the Pure;
(e) Army of the Pure and Righteous;
(f) Army of the Righteous;
(g) Falah-e-Insaniyat Foundation;
(h) Idara Khidmat-e-Khalq;
(i) Jama'at al-Dawa;
(j) Jama'at-i-Dawat;
(k) Jamaati-ud-Dawa;
(l) Jamaat ud-Daawa;
(m) Jama'at-ud-Da'awa;
(n) Jama'at-ud-Da'awah;
(o) Jamaat-ud-Dawa;
(p) Jama'at ul-Da'awa;
(q) Jamaat-ul-Dawa;
� (r) Jamaat ul-Dawah;
(s) Jamaiat-ud-Dawa;
(t) JuD;
(u) JUD;
(v) Lashkar-e-Taiba;
(w) Lashkar-e-Tayyaba;
(x) Lashkar-e-Toiba;
(y) Lashkar-i-Tayyaba;
(z) Lashkar-i-Toiba;
(za) Lashkar-Tayyiba;
(zb) LeT;
(zc) LT;
(zd) Milli Muslim League;
(ze) Paasban-e‑Ahle-Hadis;
(zf) Paasban-e-Kashmir;
(zg) Paasban-i-Ahle-Hadith;
(zh) Party of Preachers;
(zi) Party of the Calling;
(zj) Pasban-e-Ahle-Hadith;
(zk) Pasban-e-Kashmir;
(zl) Soldiers of the Pure;
(zm) Tehreek;
(zn) Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awal.
Schedule 1--Repeals
Schedule 1 would provide that Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulation 2015 is repealed.
The Criminal Code (Terrorist Organisation--Lashkar-e-Tayyiba) Regulation 2015 specifies Lashkar-e-Tayyiba as a terrorist organisation for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of 'terrorist organisation' in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code. The proposed clause would ensure there is no duplication where the new Regulations are made before the current Regulation ceases to have effect.
STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA
Also known as: al Mansooreen; al Mansoorian; Army of Medina; Army of the Pure; Army of the Pure and Righteous; Army of the Righteous; Falah-e-Insaniyat Foundation; Idara Khidmat-e-Khalq; Jama'at al-Dawa; Jama'at-i-Dawat; Jamaati-ud-Dawa; Jamaat ud-Daawa; Jama'at-ud-Da'awa; Jama'at-ud-Da'awah; Jamaat-ud-Dawa; Jama'at ul-Da'awa; Jamaat-ul-Dawa; Jamaat ul-Dawah; Jamaiat-ud-Dawa; JuD; JUD; Lashkar-e-Taiba; Lashkar-e-Tayyaba; Lashkar-e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Tayyaba; Lashkar-i-Toiba; Lashkar-Tayyiba; LeT; LT; Paasban-e-Ahle-Hadis; Milli Muslim League; Paasban-e-Kashmir; Paasban-i-Ahle-Hadith; Party of the Calling; Party of Preachers; Pasban-e-Ahle-Hadith; Pasban-e-Kashmir; Soldiers of the Pure; and Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awal
This statement is based on publicly available information about Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT). To the Australian Government's knowledge, this information is accurate, reliable and has been corroborated by classified information.
Basis for listing a terrorist organisation
Division 102 of the Criminal Code provides that for an organisation to be listed as a terrorist organisation, the Minister for Home Affairs must be satisfied on reasonable grounds that the organisation:
a) is directly or indirectly engaged in, preparing, planning, or assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act; or
b) advocates the doing of a terrorist act.
For the purposes of listing a terrorist organisation under the Criminal Code, the doing of a terrorist act includes the doing of a specific terrorist act, the doing of more than one terrorist act and the doing of a terrorist act, even if a terrorist act does not occur.
Background to this listing
The Australian Government first proscribed LeT as a terrorist organisation under the Criminal Code on 9 November 2003. LeT was re-listed on 5 June 2005, 7 October 2005, 8 September 2007, 8 September 2009, 18 August 2012 and 11 August 2015.
Terrorist activity of the organisation
LeT is a Pakistan-based Sunni Islamic extremist organisation that uses violence in pursuit of its stated objective of uniting Indian administered Kashmir (IaK) with Pakistan under a radical interpretation of Islamic law. LeT's broader objectives include establishing an Islamic Caliphate across the Indian subcontinent. To this end, LeT intends to pursue the 'liberation', not only of Muslim-majority Kashmir, but of all India's Muslim population, even in areas where they do not form a majority. LeT has declared that democracy is antithetical to Islamic law and that LeT's jihad requires it to work toward turning Pakistan itself into an Islamic state.
LeT was formed circa 1989 as the military wing of the Pakistan-based Islamist fundamentalist movement Markaz al-Dawa wal Irshad (MDI--meaning, the Centre for Religious Learning and Propagation and also known as the Jamaat al-Dawa). Originally formed to wage militant jihad against the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, LeT shifted its focus to the insurgency in IaK in the 1990s, after Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan.
Despite the Pakistani Government banning LeT in 2002, the group continues to operate in Pakistan under the alias Jamaat ud-Dawa (JuD). Ostensibly created as a charitable organisation by LeT founder Hafiz Muhammad Saeed immediately prior to LeT being banned, JuD functions as a front organisation for LeT to mask its activities and to continue to solicit funds. The United Nations Security Council listed JuD as a LeT alias on 10 December 2008. In August 2017 JuD set up a new political party, the Milli Muslim League (MML), headed up by Saifullah Khalid, a long time JuD operative. In December 2017 Hafiz Saeed confirmed that JuD would contest the 2018 general elections under the banner of MML.
While IaK and broader Indian interests remain LeT's primary focus, there is potential for splinter groups to emerge who want to re-focus their activities and more closely align with al-Qa'ida's 'global jihad' against the United States and Israel and their allies. However, LeT's primary objective remains the 'liberation' of Muslims in IaK.
Directly or indirectly engaged in preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of terrorist acts
LeT has directly engaged in, prepared and planned numerous terrorist attacks against Indian security force personnel, government and transport infrastructure and civilians in IaK as well as in India more broadly. These attacks have resulted in the death and injury of hundreds of people. In November 2008, LeT militants carried out coordinated attacks in Mumbai killing more than 170 people, including two Australians. In July 2006, LeT militants in conjunction with Student Islamic Movement of India operatives, detonated a series of bombs on trains in Mumbai killing more than 200 people. LeT militants are also present in Afghanistan and are suspected of supporting the insurgency there.
Recent attacks which can be reliably attributed to LeT include the following:
On 4 December 2017, LeT militants attacked Indian military personnel in Kulgam District, South Kashmir. One Indian soldier was killed in the attack.
On 11 October 2017, LeT militants attacked Indian military and police in Bandipora District, North Kashmir. Two Indian Army soldiers were killed in the attack.
On 16 January 2017, LeT militants attacked Indian military personnel in Anantnag District in the Kashmir Valley. Only the LeT militants were killed in the attack.
On 13 February 2016, LeT militants attacked Indian military personnel in Kupwara District, North Kashmir. Two Indian soldiers were killed in the firefight.
On 5 August 2015, two militants attacked an Indian military convoy in Udhampur, Kashmir, killing two Indian soldiers. One of the militants was apprehended and Indian authorities confirmed they were LeT members.
On 5 December 2014, six militants wearing army uniforms attacked an Indian Army base in Uri, Kashmir. This was the first incident in a series of coordinated attacks undertaken that day which resulted in the death of eleven security force personnel, eight militants and two civilians--as well as multiple people injured. One of the militants killed during the attacks was identified as a LeT district commander. Media reporting indicated LeT claimed responsibility for the attack against the army base.
On 23 May 2014, heavily armed militants attacked the Indian consulate in Herat, Afghanistan. The attack occurred a few days before Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, took office. Afghan and United States officials attributed responsibility for the attack to LeT.
LeT has the ongoing intent to undertake terrorist attacks--in India and IaK in particular--and seek opportunities for surveillance, attack facilitation and recruitment in the furtherance of future attacks. Recent examples of this include:
On 11 April 2017, Indian authorities arrested an LeT militant as he prepared to carry out an attack against Indian military personnel on the National Highway in Kulgam District, South Kashmir.
On 7 January 2017, Indian authorities arrested an LeT militant from Handwara, North Kashmir who was planning to carry out attacks against security convoys in the area.
On 24 January 2016, Indian authorities disrupted a planned LeT attack timed for Indian Republic Day (26 January) by arresting a group of LeT militants in possession of a cache of arms and ammunition in Bugdam District, Central Kashmir.
On 23 November 2015, Indian authorities disrupted a major planned LeT attack by arresting an LeT commander near Bathindi, Jammu District, Kashmir. He had 47,000 Indian Rupees in his possession to create LeT 'sleeper cells' in Jammu and to undertake attack planning against targets including the Jammu Railway Station.
March 2015 Indian intelligence reporting indicated LeT had ten launching camps established in the border area of Jammu and Kashmir ready to infiltrate trained terrorist operatives into India.
As of mid-March 2015, LeT was reported to have numerous camps in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir where operatives were being trained for special operations under the direction of LeT chief of operations, Zaki-ur Rehman Lakhvi. Indian intelligence agencies further indicated they held evidence of Lakhvi planning for a major terrorist operation in India.
LeT is known to have trained foreigners to conduct terrorist operations. British citizens trained by LeT include Richard Reid, who tried to blow up a trans-Atlantic flight in 2001, and Dhiren Barot, who was convicted in 2006 of planning a bombing in London. Investigations indicate one of the British-born suicide bombers responsible for the 7 July 2005 attacks in London, Shehzad Tanweer, may have received training at a LeT camp in Pakistan. LeT is also suspected of providing some funding and logistical support to the disrupted British trans-Atlantic plane bombing plot in August 2006 using JuD as a cover. In 2009, LeT suspected chief of external operations Sajid Mir worked with now-detained United States extremist, David Headley, on an aborted plot to attack a newspaper office in Copenhagen, Denmark. Aside from facilitating training, it is unclear if LeT sanctioned the terrorist activities of any of these foreign-born individuals.
Advocating the doing of terrorist acts
In December 2017 at a rally in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Hafiz Saeed called for violent Jihad against the United States and Israel in response to President Trump's decision to move the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Saeed opined that 'Pakistan's atomic bomb is the asset of Islam which should be used to free Jerusalem'.
During a television interview in April 2015, LeT Emir, Hafiz Saeed publicly confirmed his backing of violent jihad in Kashmir--with assistance from the Pakistan Government and army--asserting that freedom for Muslims in Kashmir could only be attained through violent jihad.
During a JuD convention in Lahore, Pakistan over 4-5 December 2014, LeT Emir, Hafiz Saeed publicly asserted that Pakistani Mujahideen had a right to enter IaK for the purpose of liberating Kashmiris from Indian oppression. Further, Saeed has called for violent jihad in support of oppressed Muslims everywhere.
In August 2013, Indian intelligence agencies issued a warning of possible LeT attacks in Delhi. The alert was in response to calls from LeT Emir, Hafiz Saeed of his intent to spread jihad to all corners of India.
Details of the organisation
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, the current head of JuD, is the founder and Emir of LeT. On 10 December 2008, the United Nations Security Council 1267 Committee approved the addition of Hafiz Muhammad Saeed to its consolidated list of individuals and entities subject to assets freeze, travel bans and arms embargo measures. Also in December 2008, the then United States Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, identified Saeed as responsible for the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai which killed more than 170 people.
In April 2012, the United States State Department announced a US$10 million reward for the capture or information leading to the arrest and conviction of Saeed. Saeed has been detained and subsequently released by Pakistani authorities on several occasions and continues to operate freely in Pakistan.
As recently as January 2017 Pakistani authorities placed Saeed under house arrest in Lahore, and prevented him from fund raising for JuD. When he was released from detention in November 2017 he promptly announced he intended to contest the 2018 Pakistan general election under the banner of the MML.
Zaki-ur Rehman Lakhvi is LeT's chief of operations. Lakhvi was arrested, along with several other LeT members, on 7 December 2009 for his role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Lakhvi was able to communicate with LeT members and co-ordinate LeT activities while incarcerated in Central Jail Rawalpindi (commonly known as Adiala Jail). Lakhvi's orders from Adiala Jail included directing LeT fighters to increase violence in the Kashmir Valley. On 10 April 2015, Lakhvi was released from Adiala Jail on bail and is yet to stand trial for his role in the Mumbai attacks.
LeT's current strength is likely several thousand active members. The majority of LeT's membership comprises jihadists from Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Recruitment and funding
LeT receives funding from donors in the Middle East, mainly Saudi Arabia, and through charitable donations collected from sympathisers in Pakistan. Private donations from across South Asia, Gulf nations and Europe also contribute to LeT's finances. In February 2018 Indian authorities arrested seven individuals suspected of channelling LeT funds through Hawala dealerships, and enacted an ordinance amending the Ani-Terrorism Act of 1997 allowing Indian authorities to seal JuD offices and freeze JuD bank accounts. In March 2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (K-P) police and local officials sealed at least ten JuD offices across Peshawar at the behest of the federal government; which instructed the K-P to 'seal all the offices, seminaries as well as charities and dispensaries of ... JuD'.
Links to other terrorist organisations
LeT is known to maintain and foster links with a variety of Islamist extremist groups including the Afghan Taliban, al-Qa'ida, Harkat ul-Jihad al-Islami and Jaish-e-Mohammad. LeT receives and provides support to domestic based groups and networks in India most notably the Indian Mujahideen and the Students Islamic Movement of India--as well as militant groups in Kashmir.
Additionally, LeT reportedly has been involved in conflicts involving threats to Muslims outside of South Asia including Bosnia, Chechnya and Kosovo.
Links to Australia
In 2007, a French court convicted French national Willie Brigitte, for planning terrorist attacks in Australia in 2003 in conjunction with LeT suspected chief of external operations, Sajid Mir. Brigitte's Australian associate, Faheem Khalid Lodhi, was also convicted of planning acts of terrorism by a New South Wales Supreme Court jury in June 2006. In June 2008, Lodhi lost an appeal to the High Court of Australia to have his case overturned.
Threats to Australian interests
LeT terrorist attacks in India have impacted Western interests there--including Australian interests--two Australians were killed in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. While LeT may not specifically target Australian interests, Australian interests may be impacted in LeT attacks directed at others--particularly mass casualty attacks against soft targets such as hotels, transport infrastructure and tourist sites.
Listed by the United Nations or like-minded countries
The United States, Canada and the United Kingdom have listed LeT as a terrorist organisation. LeT is listed in the UN Security Council 1267 Committee's consolidated list. This listing has been adopted on the Consolidated List maintained in Australia by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, under the Charter of the United Nations Act 1945.
Engagement in peace or mediation processes
LeT is not involved in any peace or mediation processes.
On the basis of the above information, ASIO assesses that LeT continues to be directly or indirectly engaged in, preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of terrorist acts or advocates the doing of terrorist acts.
In the course of pursuing its objectives, LeT is known to have committed or threatened actions that:
a) cause, or could cause, death, serious harm to persons, serious damage to property, endanger life (other than the life of the person taking the action), or create a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public;
b) are intended to have those effects;
c) are done with the intention of advancing LeT's political, religious or ideological causes;
d) are done with the intention of intimidating the government of one or more foreign countries; and
e) are done with the intention of intimidating the public or sections of the public.
[1] A 'terrorist organisation' is defined in subsection 102.1(1) of the Criminal Code as:
(a) an organisation that is directly or indirectly engaged in, preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act; or
(b) an organisation that is specified by the regulations for the purposes of this paragraph.