US Supreme Court Decisions On-Line> Volume 132 > YOUNG V. CLARENDON TOWNSHIP, 132 U. S. 340 (1889)
YOUNG V. CLARENDON TOWNSHIP, 132 U. S. 340 (1889)
Young v. Clarendon Township, 132 U.S. 340 (1889)
Young v. Clarendon Township
Argued October 23, 1889
Decided December 9, 1889
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
It is settled law that a municipality has no power to issue its bonds in aid of a railroad, except by legislative permission.
The legislature, in granting permission to a municipality to issue its bonds in aid of a railroad, may impose such conditions as it may choose.
Where authority is granted to a municipality to aid a railroad and incur a debt in extending such aid, that power does not carry with it authority to execute negotiable bonds except subject to the restrictions and directions of the Enabling Act. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The act of the Legislature of Michigan of March 22, 1869, "to enable any township, city or village to pledge its aid by loan or donation to any railroad company, etc.," provided that the bonds when "issued" should be "delivered by the person . . . having charge of the same to the treasurer of this state;" that the treasurer should "hold the same as a trustee for the municipality issuing the same and for the railroad company for which they were issued;" that whenever the railroad company should
"present to said treasurer a certificate from the governor of this state that such railroad company has in all respects complied with the provisions of this act . . . , such of said bonds as said company shall be entitled to receive shall be delivered to said company;"
that the treasurer should endorse upon each bond delivered the date of its delivery and to whom it was delivered, and that in case the bonds were not demanded in compliance with the terms of the act within three years from the date of delivery to the treasurer, "the same shall be cancelled by said treasurer and returned to the proper officers of the township or city issuing the same." The township of Clarendon, in Michigan, having complied with the requirements of the act on its part, delivered to the state treasurer its bonds to the amount of $10,000, dated July, 1869, for the benefit of the Michigan Air Line Railroad Company. The company completed its railroad before February, 1871, and became entitled to the governor's certificate under the act, but on May 26, 1870, the supreme court of the state had declared the act to be unconstitutional, and the governor in consequence thereof refused to give the certificate. On the 28th May, 1872, before the expiration of three years from their delivery, the treasurer returned the bonds to the township. November 12, 1884, the appellant obtained judgment against the railroad company and an execution was issued, which was returned nulla bona. On the 24th February, 1880, he filed a bill in equity against the township and the company, claiming that the township was equitably indebted to the company to the amount of the bonds and coupons with interest, and that he was entitled to recover the amount of that indebtedness, and to apply it on his judgment debt.
(1) That the municipal authorities had no power to deliver the bonds, after their execution except to the state treasurer, and that the word "deliver," as used in the statute with reference to this act, was used in its ordinary and popular sense, and not in its technical sense.
(2) That to the governor alone was given the power to determine whether the bonds should ever in fact issue, and if issued, when they should issue.
(3) That the endorsement by the treasurer upon each bond of the date of its delivery and of the person to whom it was delivered was necessary to make it a completed bond, and that this could not be done until the governor's authorization was made.
(4) That as the bonds were never endorsed and delivered by the treasurer, they never became operative.
(6) That the rule in regard to escrows could be applied to these chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
instruments, because they were never executed in compliance with the peremptory requirements of the statute.
(6) That if the railroad company had any cause of action against the township by reason of these facts, it was barred at law by the statute of limitations of the Michigan.
(7) That by reason of laches in pursuing the remedy, the bar at law could be set up and maintained in equity.
The constitutionality of the Act of the Legislature of Michigan of March 22, 1869, which is considered in this case, was fully settled in the case of Taylor v. Ypsilanti, 105 U. S. 60, to which the Court adheres.
On the 21st of February, 1885, the appellant exhibited, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Michigan, his bill, in the nature of a creditor's bill, against the appellees.
The bill averred that on the 12th of November, 1884, the appellant obtained a judgment against the railroad company for the sum of $355,865.21; that an execution upon the judgment was issued, and was returned "nulla bona;" that the judgment was still unpaid, and that the railroad company was a corporation, organized on the 28th of August, 1868, by a consolidation of two companies -- one organized under the laws of Michigan and the other under those of Indiana, which consolidated company was itself, on October 8, 1880, again consolidated with the St. Joseph Valley Railroad Company, retaining, however, its name of the Michigan Air Line Railroad Company.
The bill also alleged that after the first consolidation as aforesaid, and on the 22d of March, 1869, the Legislature of Michigan passed
"An act to enable any township, city, or village to pledge its aid, by loan or donation, to any railroad company now chartered or organized or that may hereafter be organized under and by virtue of the laws of the Michigan in the construction of its road."
Said act authorized the issue of aid bonds. In its fifth and sixth sections it provided as follows:
"SEC. 5. Whenever any such bonds as provided by provisions of this act shall have been issued as therein specified, the same shall be delivered by the person, persons or officers having charge of the same to the treasurer of this state, who
shall give a receipt therefor and hold the same as trustee for the municipality issuing the same and for the railroad company for which they were issued, and to be disposed of by said treasurer in discharge of his trust, as hereinafter provided."
"SEC. 6. . . . Such bonds shall be safely kept by such treasurer for the benefit of the parties interested, and be disposed of by him in the following manner -- that is to say, whenever any railroad company in aid of which any of such bonds may have issued shall present to said treasurer a certificate from the governor of this state that such railroad company has in all respects complied with the provisions of this act and is thereby entitled to any of such bonds, the same or such of said bonds as said company shall be entitled to receive shall be delivered to said company, the treasurer first cutting therefrom, cancelling and returning to the municipality the past-due coupons. The treasurer shall endorse upon each of said bonds the date of such delivery and to whom the same were delivered, and the same shall draw interest only from the time when so delivered, and the treasurer shall notify the clerk of the township or recorder or clerk of the city issuing the same of the date of the delivery of its bonds to such railroad company. . . . And in case any bonds so delivered to said treasurer by any such township or city shall not, within three years from the time when the same were received by him, be demanded in compliance with the terms of this act, the same shall be cancelled by said treasurer and returned to the proper officers of the township or city issuing the same."
The bill further averred that in conformity with the provisions of this act, the electors of the township, on the 21st day of June, 1869, voted to pledge the aid of the township by the loan of $10,000, to be paid by its 10 percent bonds at par, upon certain terms and conditions in said vote stated, among which were that the road should be located and constructed through said township; that the time of payment of each of those bonds was to be postponed a year in the event of the noncompletion of the roadbed and the ironing before the 1st of November, 1869, and that the company would pay yearly chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
to the township a sum equal pro rata to the dividends paid stockholders, and said sums were to be in extinguishment of the interest on the bonds, and the excess over 10 percent, if any, to be applied on the principal. The bonds thus voted were issued in pursuance of said act, and were delivered to the state treasurer, to be by him held as trustee for both the township and the company on the terms and conditions of the act as aforesaid.
The bill then averred that the railroad company, in consideration of the township's action and relying thereon, entered upon the construction of said railroad, and, previous to the 1st of February, 1871, had fully constructed and ironed said road through the township, and at the time of the delivery of the bonds to the state treasurer as aforesaid, had duly executed and delivered to the township the agreement specified in the terms on which the aid was voted and had performed every condition precedent to the earning of said bonds, and had become fully entitled to have the same delivered by the treasurer, except that it had not secured the certificate of the governor as required by said act. While the road, however, was in the process of construction, the Supreme Court of the Michigan, on the 26th of May, 1870, declared the act in question to be unconstitutional, but as the railroad company had already expended the sum of a million of dollars and upwards in construction, it could not stop, but went on and completed the road in full compliance with all the conditions of the vote. The company then applied to the governor for his certificate under the statute, exhibiting to him proofs of its title to receive the bonds; but he refused to give the same, giving as his sole reason for such refusal the judgment of the Supreme Court aforesaid.
The bill then averred that on May 28th, 1872, the township, knowing the premises, and without the knowledge or consent of the company and in violation of the law and of the trust aforesaid and in fraud of the company's rights, induced the state treasurer, who had full knowledge of the foregoing facts, to surrender to the township the said bonds and the coupons thereunto attached; that the township had since retained the chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
same, and withheld them from the company; that said bonds and coupons, by reason of all the premises, became in justice and equity the property of said railroad company, and the township became bound thereon according to their tenor and effect; that the said township was therefore equitably indebted to said company, to the whole amount of said bonds and coupons, with the interest thereon to the present time, and that the appellant was entitled to the said amount toward the satisfaction of his judgment against the company.
To this end, an account was prayed to be stated between the company and the township, the appellee, and a final decree against the township for the sum shown to be due in favor of the appellant was asked.
The bill was dismissed by the Circuit Court on demurrer (26 F.8d 5), and the cause came here on appeal by the complainant.
MR. JUSTICE LAMAR, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the Court.
We consider the decisive question in this case to be that of the laches in pursuit of the railroad company's right against the township. In this view, the controversy must be narrowed to a single issue. The township, which is the defendant below and which defends separately, claims that the cause of action accrued either 13 or 14 years before this bill was filed -- 13 years if the conversion of the bonds by the township and the treasurer be considered the gravamen, and 14 years if it be the governor's refusal to issue his official certificate; that since the statutes of limitation in Michigan touching these questions vary from 6 to 10 years, the cause of action is long since barred at law as to the railroad company; that it is therefore barred also in equity, and lost by laches in its chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
assertion, and that since the appellant by this bill is prosecuting a demand in the nature of a garnishment, and the railroad company's right is barred both at law and in equity, therefore that of the appellant is also barred. The appellant seeks to avoid the force of this position by claiming that the bonds had been so far perfected by the dealings between the parties that the railroad company was entitled to have them from the state treasurer; that, such being the case, the tort of the township and of the treasurer in converting them could not impair the rights of the company; that therefore the company was and is entitled to waive the tort and sue directly on the bonds, as in the case of lost or stolen bonds; that only a few of such bonds, if delivered, would have been barred at the time of the filing of the bill, since most of them were so drawn as to mature within 10 years of that time; and finally that as the company was thus still in possession of an enforceable demand, the appellant could avail himself of it by this bill.
The controlling question presented therefore is this: were the bonds in question so dealt with by the parties as at any time to vest in the railroad company a right to sue directly on the bonds themselves, as distinguished from a right to sue for their nondelivery or because of their cancellation? That question cannot be satisfactorily or properly answered without constant reference to the exceptional character of the circumstances by which these bonds were deprived of their value. It is not the case of a common negotiable instrument put forth by a natural person as obligor, but it is that of a railroad aid bond sought to be put forth by the municipality. In such case, the nature of the bonds, their force and effect, their value and character while in the hands of the state treasurer, the rightfulness and sufficiency of their issue, and all kindred questions must be referred to the statute authorizing them. In this case, the statute is the act of 1869. It is the touchstone. Whatever might be the rule in ordinary cases, so far as the act goes, it controls here, being the enabling act; outside of it there was no power whatever to issue these bonds. By an unbroken current of decisions by this Court and by all other courts too numerous to mention, it is settled law that a municipality has chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
no power to make a contract of this character, except by legislative permission. It is manifest that, such being the case, the legislature, in granting such permission, can impose such conditions as it may choose, and even where there is authority to aid a railroad, and incur a debt in extending such aid, it is also settled that such power does not carry with it any authority to execute negotiable bonds except subject to the restrictions and directions of the enabling act. Wells v. Supervisors, 102 U. S. 625; Claiborne County v. Brooks, 111 U. S. 400; Kelley v. Milan, 127 U. S. 139.
The analogy offered between the case at bar and a lost bond is misleading. There is in fact no analogy. There is no doubt about the right of the owner of a bond lost or stolen to sue on it, and in the absence of it to give secondary evidence of its contents, but the very statement of the principle assumes the existence of the instrument. A bond lost or a bond stolen is out of the personal possession and control of the owner, it is true; but it is also an instrument that has become executed -- to which those things have been done that were needed to give it legal existence as an actionable obligation.
But here the very question to be determined is whether there ever were any bonds. It is a question, in substance, of the very existence of the instruments themselves. As before remarked, the act of 1869 fixes the rights of parties in this case. All the questions concerning the execution of the bonds in controversy must be referred to that statute, tested by it, and decided in strict conformity with its terms. It is an enabling act, conferring a power not before existent, and any departure from its requirements cannot be allowed. Harshman v. Bates County, 92 U. S. 569.
In the case of @ 70 U. S. 96, this Court said:
"The commissioners or board of supervisors of a county, in the exercise of their general powers as such, have no authority to subscribe stock to railroads, and bind the people of the county to pay bonds issued for that purpose without special authority conferred upon them by the legislature. But when special authority is given to the people of a county to do these
acts, and bind themselves by the issue of such bonds, the legislature may properly direct the mode in which it shall be effected. The persons specially appointed to act as agents for the people have a ministerial duty to perform in issuing the bonds, after the people at an election held for the purpose, have assented that they shall be bound."
In the case of Anthony v. County of Jasper, 101 U. S. 693, the Township of Marion had, by authority, subscribed in aid of the railroad. Afterwards the legislature passed an act requiring such bonds to be registered and certified by the auditor of the state. The Court said (pp 696-698):
"There can be no doubt that it is within the power of a state to prescribe the form in which municipal bonds shall be executed in order to bind the public for their payment. If not so executed, they create no legal liability. Other circumstances may exist which will give the holder of them an equitable right to recover from the municipality the money which they represent, but he cannot enforce the payment or put them on the market as commercial paper. The act now in question is, we think, of this character. It in effect provides that no bond issued by counties, cities, or incorporated towns shall be valid -- that is to say, completely executed -- until it has been countersigned or certified in a particular way by the state auditor. For this purpose, after being executed by the corporate authorities, it must be presented to that officer and he must inquire and determine whether all the requirements of the law authorizing its issue have been observed and whether all the conditions of the contract in consideration of which it was to be put out have been complied with. To enable him to do this, evidence must be submitted, which he is required to file and preserve. If he is satisfied, the registry is made and the requisite certificate endorsed on the bonds. This being done, the execution of the bond is complete, and, under the law, it may then be negotiated -- that is to say, put on the market as valid commercial paper. . . . When the bonds now in question were put out, the law required that to be valid, they must be certified to by the auditor of state. In other words, that officer was to certify them before their execution was complete, so as to bind
the public for their payment. We had occasion to consider in McGarrahan v. Mining Co., 96 U. S. 316, the effect of statutory requirements as to the form of the execution of patents to pass the title of lands out of the United States, and there say:"
"Each and every one of the integral parts of the execution is essential to the validity of a patent. They are of equal importance under the law, and one cannot be dispensed with more than another. Neither is directory, but all are mandatory. The question is not what, in the absence of statutory regulations, would constitute a valid grant, but what the statute requires."
"The same rule applies here. The object to be accomplished is the complete execution of a valid instrument, such as the law authorizes public officers to put out and bind for the payment of money the public organization they represent. For this purpose, the law has provided that the instrument must not only be signed and sealed on behalf of the county court of the county, but it must be certified to or countersigned by the auditor of state. . . . In order to recover in this case, it became necessary for the plaintiff to prove that the bonds from which the coupons sued on were cut had been executed according to law. He did prove that they were signed by the presiding justice and clerk of the court, and were sealed with the seal of the court. This, before the Act of March 30, 1872, would have been enough, but after that, more was necessary. The public can act only through its authorized agents, and it is not bound until all who are to participate in what is to be done have performed their respective duties."
The bonds in that case were declared void. See also, to the same effect, Coler v. Cleburne, 131 U. S. 162.
Turning now to the statute involved in the case at bar, we find its directions, among others, to be as follows:
"Such bonds shall bear interest at the rate of not exceeding ten percent per annum, and shall have attached thereto the necessary and usual interest coupons, corresponding in dates and numbers with the bonds to which they are attached, which shall be signed by written signatures by the same person or persons executing such bonds. Such bonds shall, if issued by a city, be executed by the mayor and clerk or recorder
thereof, as the case may be, under the seal of said city, and if issued by a township they shall be executed by the supervisor and clerk thereof, and if any city or township issuing such bonds shall have a seal, the same shall be impressed upon each of such bonds. The bonds and coupons attached thereto shall be payable at the office of the treasurer of the county in which such township or city may be situate. Whenever any such bonds as provided by the provisions of this act shall have been issued as therein specified, the same shall be delivered by the person, persons, or officers having charge of the same to the treasurer of this state, who shall give a receipt therefor, and hold the same as trustee for the municipality issuing the same, and for the railroad company for which they were issued, and to be disposed of by said treasurer in discharge of his trust, as hereinafter provided. Upon receipt of any such bonds from any township or city in aid of any such railroad company, the treasurer of this states shall immediately register or record the same in a book or books to be kept by him for that purpose in his office, which record shall show the amount, date, and number of each bond, the rate of interest which it bears, by what township or city issued, to the benefit of what railroad company the same are issued, and the time when payable, which record shall be always open for the inspection of any citizen of this state or other interested person. Such bonds shall be safely kept by said treasurer for the benefit of the parties interested, and be disposed of by him in the following manner -- that is to say, whenever any railroad company, in aid of which any of such bonds may have issued, shall present to said treasurer a certificate from the governor of this state that such railroad company has in all respects complied with the provisions of this act, and is thereby entitled to any of such bonds, the same, or such of said bonds as said company shall be entitled to receive, shall be delivered to said company, the treasurer first cutting therefrom, cancelling, and returning to the municipality the past-due coupons. The treasurer shall endorse upon each of said bonds the date of such delivery, and to whom the same were delivered, and the same shall draw interest only from the time
when so delivered, and the treasurer shall notify the clerk of the township or recorder or clerk of the city issuing the same of the date of the delivery of its bonds to such railroad company. . . . And in case any bond so delivered to said treasurer by any such township or city shall not, within three years from the time when the same were received by him, be demanded in compliance with the terms of this act, the same shall be cancelled by said treasurer, and returned to the proper officers of the township or city issuing the same."
Laws Mich. 1869, p. 91.
A critical analysis of this statute indicates this to have been the plan: in the preparation and perfecting of the plan persons described by certain official titles, and probably selected because of their titles, were to participate.
(1) The bonds were to be "executed" -- that is to say, written or printed, signed and sealed by the supervisor and clerk of the township. Here, the powers of those persons ceased. They could not perfect the instruments by delivery. The word "executed," used in the statute in connection with the acts mentioned, manifestly does not import the final delivery, for that is expressly directed to be done by the treasurer. Such delivery as they could make was clearly not the technical delivery needed to complete the bonds as negotiable instruments, because the power to hand over to the payee was not conceded to them in any event. The delivery which they were directed to make to the treasurer in his capacity of statutory trustee was only such as amounted to a "giving up" or the "committing" of them to the treasurer for his safekeeping. The word was used in its ordinary and popular sense, not in the technical one.
(2) To the governor, and the governor alone, was given the power to determine whether the bonds should ever in fact issue, and, if issued, when they should issue. For to him was committed the decision of the important question whether the railroad had performed its part of the common undertaking. His certificate was to be the evidence of that fact, and the only admissible authentication of it to the trustee, the depositary. So far as the investigation and determination of that question were concerned, and the certifying of it, the governor was to chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
discharge that function in the process of issuing the bonds which was imposed on the auditor in the case of Anthony v. County of Jasper, supra, the difference being that in that case, the certificate was to be endorsed on the bonds themselves, but not so in this case.
The state treasurer was appointed to be a trustee for both the township and company, to receive the bonds, to register them, and to finish their clerical execution, using the word in its popular sense, by his endorsements on them of the date of delivery, and of the person to whom delivered. Such endorsements are clearly a part of the very form of the completed bond, as laid down in the Jasper County case, supra. He was also to cancel them and to return them so cancelled to the township authorities if not demanded in three years, and, finally, if demanded in compliance with the terms of the act within the three years, to complete their execution (using the word in its technical sense) by delivering them. Such, as we understand it, was the intention of the legislature. If it be said that such details are useless and technical, a sufficient answer is so the statute is written, and the courts cannot unmake or modify it. As already shown, the legislature in this class of cases has the right to provide the processes by which the contract is to be perfected. Moreover, we do not think these details are either useless or technical. When it is remembered that the whole policy of allowing contracts of this class has been deprecated by some of the oldest publicists and jurists, and that the negotiable form of such bonds has often led to the imposing of great burdens on municipalities for which there has been no return, we are not disposed to criticize the care of a legislature to establish a system of even rather severe checks as a condition to its concession of such extraordinary powers.
The appellant claims that the bonds were perfected instruments when delivered to the state treasurer; that the ministerial duties had been performed in full. The argument proceeds largely upon the idea that, as to this transaction, the township and its agents, the supervisor and clerk, were a complete and rounded organism, distinct from the state treasurer, chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
and capable of dealing with the treasurer as if he were a third party -- in making delivery to him, for instance. We do not so regard it. All the steps directed by the statute to be taken leading up to the final act of delivery to the railroad company constitute one progressive process. To adopt the language of the court in the McGarrahan case, supra, "each and every one of the integral parts of the execution is essential to the validity of the bond."
We hold, therefore, that since the bonds were never endorsed and delivered by the treasurer, as required by the statute, they never became operative. The act of delivery is essential to the existence of any deed, bond, or note. Although drawn and signed, so long as it is undelivered, it is a nullity; not only does it take effect only by deliver, but also only on delivery. Bayley v. Taber, 5 Mass. 285; Marvin v. McCullum, 20 Johns. 288; Ward v. Churn, 18 Grattan 801; Lovejoy v. Whipple, 18 Vt. 379.
The appellant, however, contends that these bonds were, in effect, delivered; that
"by the delivery to the treasurer and by the performance of the conditions the title to the bonds vested in the company, the state treasurer holding them as trustee for the township and for the railroad company."
We cannot concur in this view. The law in reference to escrows seems to be involved in some uncertainty. What the effect is of a performance of the conditions by the grantee, the instrument remaining in the hands of the depositary -- whether, in such case, the second delivery by the depositary is or is not necessary to gave effect to the deed -- are questions about which the courts yet differ. But concede the appellant's position to be correct as a general rule, yet that general rule does not necessarily control this case. These are extraordinary instruments, and certain fundamental questions of power to contract and of details of execution underlie any action brought upon them, which render the usual rules in regard to escrows very unsafe guides. Too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity for consulting the statute. Even in the case of an ordinary escrow, nothing passes by the deed until the condition is performed. Calhoun County v. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
American Emigrant Co., 93 U. S. 124. Here, the condition prescribed by the statute as that upon which the delivery was to be made to the railroad company, and on which the bonds were to be perfected instruments in its hands, was never performed. On this point, the statute seems to be very simple and clear. Indeed, it would be difficult to make it more clear. By its very terms, the bonds received by him in their uncompleted condition were to be by the state treasurer "safely kept," and for three years after their reception could only be parted with by him in one way -- that is, to the railroad company interested, on its production of the governor's certificate. On that condition could they be delivered, not on any other. The certificate was not a mere formal act on the part of the governor, but was a condition precedent to the power of the treasurer to deliver. The statute is not only emphatic on this point, but also repetitious in its emphasis. Section 5 says the bonds are "to be disposed of by said treasurer in discharge of his trust, as hereinafter provided," and § 6 provides that
"such bonds shall be safely kept by said treasurer for the benefit of the parties interested, and be disposed of by him in the following manner -- that is to say, whenever any railroad company . . . shall present to said treasurer a certificate from the governor,"
etc.; also that
"in case any bond so delivered to said treasurer . . . shall not within three years . . . be demanded in compliance with the terms of this act, the same shall be cancelled by said treasurer,"
etc. The certificate was designed to be the treasurer's sole authority to deliver. The question whether the railroad company had "in all respects complied with the provisions of this act" was one that he could not inquire into except by consulting the governor's certificate. This was his only and conclusive evidence, by the very terms of the statute. The company's compliance with the provisions of the act gave it the right to receive the governor's certificate, but it did not confer the right to receive the bonds. That was given by the governor's certificate alone. Had the treasurer made delivery without the certificate, he would have acted without authority of law, and the bonds would have been voidable in the hands of the company. Anthony chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
v. County of Jasper, supra. These requirements are not novel. They are matters of administrative detail fixed by the statute. We cannot declare them to be merely directory or annul them by construction. It does not matter, so far as the question of the statutory power of the treasurer is concerned, that the failure of the company to produce the certificate might not be because of any fault in the company. The failure might be due to the governor's mistaken view of the law, or to his misconception of the facts, or even to his willful refusal to discharge his official duty -- all is immaterial to this aspect of the statutory scheme. A miscarriage in this particular was one of the risks taken by the company. The company knew the statute, was held by the law to know and understand it. It contracted with the township through the statute, and could so contract with it in no other way. Availing itself of the statute, it must take it cum onere. If the governor failed to give the certificate when he should, and could not be reached by a mandamus, those were but features of the company's risk.
There is another provision of the statute in question which supports the foregoing views. It is the direction that when the treasurer should make the delivery to the company, he should cut the overdue coupons from the bonds and cancel them, and that he should at the same time endorse the bonds with the date of that delivery, from which date the bonds should bear interest. Had the legislature inserted in the statute a declaration, in set and formal phrase, that it should be the issue of the bonds on the governor's certificate, and not the completion by the railroad company of the portion of its contract, that should perfect the bonds and give them effect, such declaration would not in any degree be clearer than this provision. Lovejoy v. Whipple, supra. It is to be observed that no question arises in this case of a bona fide purchaser of bonds improperly issued. The appellant stands exactly in the shoes of the railroad company, and his rights are no greater. Smith v. Bourbon County, 127 U. S. 105.
Holding these views, it is unnecessary to pursue this discussion further. Whether the railroad acquired a cause of action against the township by the failure to deliver the bonds, or by chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
their cancellation prior to the lapse of the three years fixed by the statute, on the one hand, or the whole project was a mere fiasco, on the other, and if such cause of action arose, what was its precise nature and form, are matters rather of curious speculation than of practical consequence. If no real cause of action arose, that is the end of the matter. If it did arise, then its form and nature are immaterial, since all forms are barred alike, being actionable as of the then date. It is not even suggested that any other method exists by which to escape the bar save the one considered and herein before rejected. We consider the question of the constitutionality of the act of 1869, herein mooted again, to be fully settled by the case of Taylor v. Ypsilanti, 105 U. S. 60, but this case is decided on other grounds, and it is unnecessary to dwell on that question.
It is further claimed by the appellant that the bonds in question were invested by the statute with the character of trust property, and that therefore they can be followed into any hands to which they may be traceable, and that that right is not subject to the limitation prescribed for a conversion. To this view there are two answers: first, the fact that the bonds were never perfected instruments, as already decided, and, while the treasurer returned them cancelled a few weeks prior to the lapse of the three years fixed by the statute, that error became immaterial from this point of view so soon as the three years did expire; secondly, the laches of the railroad company in pressing what claim it may have had. New Albany v. Burke, 11 Wall. 96.
We apply the doctrine of laches to this case with the less reluctance because, after all, we see but little of substantial merit in the bill. The scheme contemplated was a loan, not a donation. A loan on rather indifferent security, perhaps, but a loan nevertheless. While, therefore, it is possible that a loan may be so proposed and accepted as to give to the intended borrower a cause of action for any failure to perform the agreement, and a right to recover damages at law, yet on a bill in the nature either of a bill for specific performance or for an equitable garnishment, the court may well inquire where is the substantial equity in the case.
The decree of the circuit court is


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Jose Mourinho would like to manage at international level as hopes of finding a new club before the start of next season fade.
The Portuguese has been assessing his options, having previously outlined his intent to find a club by the end of June.
But he is now intrigued by the possibility of his next job taking him to a World Cup or European Championship.
"I want to compete in new competitions," the 56-year-old told Eleven Sports. "I think about the World Cup and the European Championships.
"For a long time I have had the desire to try out such an adventure. Right now, I see myself more at a national team than with a new club. Is Portugal the right team for me? Not necessarily.
Mourinho has been working as a pundit for beIN SPORTS, and featured alongside Arsene Wenger for the Champions League final.
The 56-year-old appears to have shifted his philosophy somewhat to, outlining his ambition to be happy, rather than striving to just win, with a long-term project "to create conditions to win" also appealing to him.
Jose Mourinho has featured as a pundit since being sacked by United (beIN SPORTS )
"Winning a fifth championship in a different country or the Champions League with a third club are things I'd like to do," he added.
"I wouldn't do it just for that. I only go where a project convinces me."


Little, Brown and Company to Publish Katie Couric’s Long-Awaited Memoir, UNEXPECTED
New York, NY—February 12, 2019
Reagan Arthur, publisher of Little, Brown and Company, announced today the acquisition of Unexpected, a memoir from Katie Couric, one of the most celebrated and beloved journalists of our time. Judy Clain, Editor-in-Chief at Little, Brown and Company, acquired North America rights from Suzanne Gluck of William Morris Endeavor; publication is slated for spring 2021.
Katie Couric said, “I’ve been privileged to lead an extraordinary life, one that I never anticipated. I’ve experienced so much, both professionally and personally, but have never really had an opportunity to reveal what was going on behind the scenes. I’m excited to share what it was like being at the center of so many historic events and game-changing stories. I’m also ready to talk about the fascinating and sometimes challenging people with whom I’ve worked, the radical transformation of my industry, and the heartbreaking losses I’ve endured. It feels like now is the right time to look back, reflect, and consider what I’ve learned and how those lessons might help others.”
Judy Clain said, “I am thrilled to have the opportunity to work with Katie Couric. What a perfect moment for a transparent memoir about a career in journalism from one of the most respected and recognized women in media today. Staying in the game is not a given, but Katie has evolved along with a changing media landscape and continued to contribute to the national conversation by consistently producing high-quality work that reflects her humanity and heart. She will write with her trademark humor and candor about her journey, which continues.”
For much of her 40-year career, Katie Couric has been the subject of endless fascination—her face on the cover of countless magazines, her career dissected in unauthorized biographies, her love life picked apart in supermarket tabloids. Now, with Unexpected, she’s ready to tell her own story, in her own words, her way.
Couric will look back on her extraordinary career—a journey that led her to the very top of an intensely competitive, male-dominated industry. She will share the often hilarious, sometimes humiliating details of breaking into the business at ABC, where her principal duties included making coffee and fetching ham sandwiches for newsroom honchos like Frank Reynolds and Sam Donaldson, before moving on to CNN, where the then network president declared he “never wanted to see that girl on the air again.” She will reveal her proto-#MeToo brushes with workplace sexism, like the time a high-ranking executive commented on her breast size in front of the top brass during an editorial meeting; her scathing memo in response demonstrates the grit that would make Couric a singular force. She’ll recount the story of her dizzying rise to co-anchor of The Today Show at the age of 34—achieved while navigating a long-distance marriage and an unexpected pregnancy—as well as her early powerhouse partnership with 26-year-old boy wonder producer Jeff Zucker, today the president of CNN Worldwide. During her fifteen-year run, Couric helped catapult Today to number one and was a steady, trusted presence through some of the most turbulent moments in recent times, from the Gulf War to Columbine to 9/11 and beyond. Although her quick wit and girl-next-door charm would earn her the moniker “America’s Sweetheart,” at her core she was fiercely competitive—determined to transform morning television and set the agenda for the day.
In Unexpected, Couric won’t shy away from the enormous challenges she has faced: her battle with bulimia; the harrowing death of her husband, Jay Monahan, from colon cancer when he was just 42; losing her beloved and accomplished older sister, Emily, who many believed was on track to become the first female governor of Virginia, to pancreatic cancer four years later. She will also talk candidly about her occasionally crippling, lifelong feelings of insecurity, and the challenge so many women in power face: balancing being strong with the nagging need to be liked. In these pages she will spill the intriguing, little-known details of being wooed by Les Moonves to leave The Today Show and anchor CBS Evening News, and the less than warm welcome she received upon her arrival from some of her colleagues at the “Tiffany Network.” Couric will reveal the unapologetic Mad Men culture, ubiquitous in many news organizations, that led to revelations about some of the biggest names in the business, including her longtime co-anchor and friend Matt Lauer. And she’ll describe her failed efforts to follow in Oprah’s footsteps when she jumped into the treacherous waters of daytime syndication (Katie), and her misadventures as Yahoo global news anchor during CEO Marissa Mayer’s rocky tenure.
Through it all, Couric’s unparalleled skills as an interviewer never faltered, resulting in some of the most memorable moments in American journalism: grilling President George H. W. Bush about Iran-Contra when he unexpectedly showed up during Couric’s White House visit with his wife, Barbara; facilitating an unforgettable display of shared grief between two stricken relatives the morning after Columbine; infuriating President George W. Bush by asking his wife, Laura, her views on Roe v. Wade; ruffling the feathers of an unflappable Colin Powell by pressing him on WMDs; comforting Robert De Niro when he broke down in tears during a conversation about Silver Linings Playbook; and quite possibly changing the course of history when she interviewed vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, exposing the Alaska governor’s ignorance of public policy. Booking such big interviews is a story unto itself, and Couric will recount the often ridiculous behind-the-scenes machinations that went into scoring the many big “gets” throughout her career.
Behind the ambition and the countless successes, Couric is first and foremost a woman who did her best to weather personal hardship, and as a single mom raise two happy, grounded, independent young women against the disorienting backdrop of fame and privilege. She’ll also share how she finally—despite many false starts—found love after loss with her current husband, John Molner, as well as the health scare that made them wonder if their wedding would even happen. Now, notwithstanding the countless achievements, accolades and awards, Couric’s proudest accomplishments are her family and her tireless work on behalf of cancer patients everywhere. Sixty-two years in the making, Unexpected will be the inspiring, instructive, entertaining account of someone we all feel we know. And in some ways we do—but, as Unexpected will reveal, we don’t even know the half of it.
About Little, Brown and Company:
Little, Brown and Company is a division of Hachette Book Group, Inc. Founded in 1837, Little, Brown has long been recognized as a publisher committed to publishing fiction of the highest quality and nonfiction of lasting significance. Hachette Book Group is a leading trade publisher based in New York and a division of Hachette Livre, the third largest trade and educational publisher in the world. For more information, visit hachettebookgroup.com.
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Disney Vacation Club Member
Specials: Discounted DVC Points & Confirmed Reservations will save you hundreds or thousand of dollars over booking through Disney.
As part of your Disney Vacation Club Member benefits, be among the first to register for Star Wars Rival Run Weekend presented by OtterBox and the Star Wars.
Discover Disney Vacation Club, a vacation ownership program or timeshare that can be a more cost-effective way of taking Disney vacations. Members can enjoy access to Disney Vacation Club Resorts like Copper Creek Villas & Cabins at Disney’s Wilderness Lodge and Bay Lake Tower at Disney’s Contemporary Resort.
If you're interested in purchasing Disney Vacation Club membership, Fidelity offers a variety of useful services and programs including vacation club financing,
Disney Vacation Club. Disney Vacation Club (DVC) is a timeshare program operated by Disney. The program currently operates 14 resorts: ten DVC resorts at Walt Disney World and one DVC resort at Disneyland in California, as well as one resort each in Oahu, Hawaii, Vero Beach, Florida and Hilton Head, South Carolina. This page is primarily focused on evaluating the Disney Vacation Club for.
Deciding to join the Disney Vacation Club is a big decision. We all went through it, and we had a thousand questions in the process. One of our goals is to try and answer as many questions as possible. The DVC forum on DISboards is also a great source of information. What are the benefits of.
At our domestic operations, operating income was 6% below prior year due to lower results at Walt Disney World, which were adversely impacted by Hurricane Irma, partially offset by growth at Disney Cr.
See what employees say it's like to work at Disney Vacation Club. Salaries, reviews, and more. Type Company – Private. Industry Membership Organizations.
Jan 8, 2013. Get the scoop on Disney Vacation Club from a real member family – and enter for a chance to win your own membership!
He is currently a member of the agency’s board of directors. whose portfolio also includes Disney Cruise Line, Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney. The consulting business had previously.
he worked at The Walt Disney Company where he served in roles that included vice president, business planning and development for The Disneyland Resort and chief financial officer for the Disney Vacat.
Beyond the potential money saving benefit Disney Vacation Club offers, there are other member perks at Walt Disney World. DVC calls these its "Membership.
Oct 8, 2018. Disney Vacation Club® Golf Membership Program*. *Available only to those that are already Disney Vacation Club® Members! Join our.
Now, Disney Vacation Club has more than 220,000 member families from all 50 states and approximately 100 countries who have discovered the joys of.
Also, unlike traditional timeshares, your Disney Vacation Club membership, for most properties, ends on January 31, 2042. Membership at Saratoga Springs.
Based in Orlando, Florida, Inside the Magic was created in 2005 by Ricky Brigante. What started as a tiny web site and short.
Sales Operations Coordinator (Part-time), Disney Vacation Club. Nov. 01, 2018, Disney Vacation Club, Lake Buena Vista, United States.
The employees worked for two Disney divisions — Disney Vacation Club Management Corp. and the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts U.S. A spokeswoman for Walt Disney World Resort said, “The Department of Lab.
The wages will be paid to 16,339 employees at the two units — Disney Vacation Club Management Corp and Walt Disney Parks. "The Department of Labor has identified a group of cast members who may ha.
Renting Disney Vacation Club points saves money and gets you Deluxe-quality hotel rooms at Walt Disney World for much cheaper prices. Since purchasing DVC is a significant financial investment, renting DVC points is also a great way to “test the waters” of Disney Vacation Club, so to speak, and determine whether buying into the club is right for you.
Already a DVC Member? Please share your experiences with others. Interested in learning more about DVC? Please ask any questions about what it is and how.
The Disney Vacation Club (DVC) is a vacation timeshare program owned and operated by Disney Vacation Development, Inc., a subsidiary of Disney Signature Experiences, a division of Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, a segment of The Walt Disney Company.It allows buying real estate interest in a DVC resort.
Camino Travel El Camino Travel curates small group tours for the individual. Authentic and immersive local tours of Cuba, Colombia, and Nicaragua complete with travel photographer. Santiago
Jul 30, 2018. Last week we had the wonderful opportunity to experience the Disney Vacation Club (DVC) Member Cruise on board the beautiful Disney.
Disney Vacation Club Member Zip Hoodie for Women. $49.99. Special Offer! Disney Vacation Club Raglan Shirt for Adults · Disney Vacation Club Raglan Shirt.
About Member Dining Discounts: Discount is off the regular price of food and non-alcoholic beverages, excluding tax and gratuity, and is valid for the Member and up to 3 Guests, unless otherwise noted.
EXCHANGING FOR ANOTHER DISNEY VACATION CLUB PROPERTY. Outside Florida Club, reservations allowed 60 days to 12 months in advance; exchange fee of $89 through Interval International, plus $84 annual.
With that in mind, "Good Morning America" turned to the Disney Parks Moms Panel — which recently announced 11 new members — to get the inside scoop on Disney Cruise Line, Walt Disney World, Disneyland.
Hotel Green Plaza Joetsu Hotel Green Plaza Joetsu offers transfers from the train station. Please contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation with your arrival details
My top Disney Vacation Club resorts at Walt Disney World are based upon a variety of factors, including theming, dining, pools, seasonal decorations, and the inarticulable “x-factors.”
The idea for the book came to Amy when a friend suggested she turn her trip reports published on a popular Disney Vacation Club owners’ website into something much more. "A Year of Disney started with.
Jul 15, 2017. Today, Disney Vacation Club has more than 220,000 member families, from all 50 states and approximately 100 countries, who have.
DVCinfo.com is your independent source for unbiased information about the Disney Vacation Club. Our Community discussion forum lets members discuss.
The Disney Parks Moms Panel is an online resource for individuals thinking about planning a Disney vacation at Walt Disney World Resort, Disneyland Resort, Disney Cruise Line or with Disney Vacation C.
The official website for all things Disney: theme parks, resorts, movies, tv programs, characters, games, videos, music, shopping, and more!
Obviously, there are other timeshare operations within public companies such as Disney Vacation Club. as well as enrollment, annual membership and transaction fees associated with its internal exch.
Disney Vacation Club will open its Member Lounge at Epcot on June 6. This is part of the 25 th anniversary celebration and will remain open throughout the anniversary year. The Lounge will be located on the second floor of the Imagination pavilion, with an entrance in the merchandise shop.
During the first of two "sea days" on board the Magic, my wife Janet and I decided to attend a Disney Vacation Club presentation. things like "How long have you been DVC members?" and "Where are yo.
Rent a Disney Vacation Club Villa and Save Thousands of Dollars Over Booking Direct! Now you can experience the 14 magical properties that makeup Disney Vacation Club (DVC) resorts while saving up to 65% over booking directly with Disney. You’ll save hundreds, even thousands of dollars and you don’t have to be a DVC member to do it.
View Gallery View an image gallery of Disney’s Beach Club Villas – Opens a dialog Most weeknights from August 23, 2019 to September 19, 2019 at Disney’s Polynesian Villas & Bungalows Most weeknights from January 2, 2019 to February 13, 2019 at Disney’s Animal Kingdom Villas –.
Kathy was looking at her log of our trips since becoming members of the Disney Vacation Club. This is our 33rd trip to Disney World as club members. Our suite number is 3525. This is actually our 35th.
Disney Vacation Club – The #1 DVC resales company in the World, the largest selection of Disney Vacation Club resales, selling your Disney time share or.
Members of D23: The Official Disney Fan Club can purchase. In addition, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts includes the world-class Disney Cruise Line; Disney Vacation Club; Aulani, A Disney Resort and.
DVC is a points-based membership program tied to a deeded real estate interest in a specific Disney Vacation Club resort property (the owner's Home Resort).
This post was contributed by a community member. The Town of Oyster Bay held their sixth. The event, which Beckerle said was sponsored by Sloman’s Shield, Steel Equities, and the Disney Vacation Cl.
David’s Vacation Club Rentals. Years ago we learned about a great way to save on deluxe accommodations at Walt Disney World (and other Disney destinations): renting Disney Vacation Club (DVC) points.DVC members own timeshare “points” that they can use for stays at Disney Vacation Club.
Inside every Disney theme park, you’ll find at least one booth—often more than one—stocked with information about Disney Vacation Club Resorts. there are more than 100,000 member families in the Va.
The resort is scheduled to open in 2011 with more than 800 units, including hotel rooms and villas for Disney’s timeshare business, Disney Vacation Club. destinations for the Vacation Club’s 350,00.
According to Cicero, another excellent resource is David’s Vacation Club Rentals. Unused time share points are sold through the site, allowing visitors to maximize savings if their heart is set on boo.
Stay at a Disney Vacation Club Villa as a guest of a Disney Vacation Club member. You can rent DVC points for stays on property at Disney World in a Disney Vacation Club Resort.
Mar 7, 2008. Answer 1 of 16: I am toying with the idea of bankrupting myself with a DVC purchase. I know the prices must vary according to time of year and.
The Victoria Hotel Annandale
Hotel Green Plaza Joetsu


David Becker
@DavidBe38674958
International Sports Lawyer
David Becker is an international sports lawyer and former General Counsel for the International Cricket Council. David has advised a range of leading businesses, governing bodies and athletes in his career, such as NIKE, Vodafone, the International Rugby Board, England & Wales Cricket Board, Paralympic World Cup, Clipper Round the World Yacht Race and Royal Thames Yacht Club. David has written chapters in the first edition of "Sport: Law and Practice" by Taylor and Lewis and recently published the first book dedicated to the legal aspects of event management, entitled "The Essential Legal Guide to Events".
He has advised on a number of high profile sponsorship deals, including Vodafone’s sponsorship of Ferrari and Michael Schumacher, Vodafone’s sponsorship of David Beckham, NIKE's multi-million pound sponsorship agreement with the RFU, (including the Rugby World Cup-winning England Rugby team) and Reliance’s US$102 million sponsorship of the International Cricket Council. Born and educated in Cape Town, David has also advised several leading South African sportsmen, including Ernie Els, Lucas Radebe, Charl Schwartzel, Louis Oosthuizen, Mark Fish, Shaun Bartlett, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena and Steven Pienaar. He has appeared on BBC News 24, BBC World, Radio Five Live and BBC Prime Time News on regular occasions advising on various high profile matters ranging from the Sven-Goran Erikkson affair to drug scandals involving Rio Ferdinand, Dwain Chambers, the Russian Football team, and Greg Rusedski.
A keen sportsman, David represented Western Province at squash and has completed 27 marathons, including the 7-day Sahara Ultramarathon. He is a co-founder of the South African-based charity Starfish and is a trustee of the international charity Beyond Sport


Callers Claiming to be Prize Patrol on The Prowl in Plano
By Wayne Carter
Published May 19, 2017 at 9:56 PM | Updated at 10:48 PM CDT on May 19, 2017
//www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Callers-Claiming-to-be-Prize-Patrol-on-The-Prowl-in-Plano_Dallas-Fort-Worth-423268494.html
The Prize Patrol is apparently making it's way through Plano but it's not who you think. These guys are apparently pretending to be the Publishers Clearing House and their goal is to take money, not give it. (Published Friday, May 19, 2017)
Donna Matthews knows the real prize patrol. She's a sweepstakes regular. She picks the magazines, and places the stamps.
But when someone called claiming she won, she wasn't buying it.
"First of all that's now how they're supposed to contact me," says Matthews.
She listened anyway, after all, she's been attaching those little stamps for years.
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They claimed there were processing fees that had to be applied before they could process the winning check.
They told her to go into WalMart and send them $155.
She didn't do that. But as luck would have it, the phone rang again, only this time it was her mother Billie Bost. They told her that she won $600,000 and sent her a check that needed to be deposited before her winnings would be released.
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"He said well as soon as you deposit, you call me," said Bost.
NBC 5 Responds was there as she called them back, but we took over the phone.
The man on the other end of the line hung up. So we called Donna's prize winner. We identified ourselves as NBC 5 Responds and that didn't go so well.
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The more we questioned, the more he upped the money she had to pay, all the way to $950. They said she even needed to take out an insurance policy with Geico on the prize winnings for even more money. Eventually, he hung up.
Two different men, two different numbers preying on this North Texas mother and daughter who are fans of the real Publishers Clearing House.
We should mention the real Publishers Clearing House posts right on it's website to watch out for these guys.
Memorial Service Planned for H. Ross Perot Later This Week
Even our prize winning experts admits these men were hard to ignore.
"This is what the public needs to be aware of... they know how to hit that core desire of what you dream about, of what you wish you did have..." said Matthews.
Police couldn't help because no money was exchanged. Even after it is, it's next to impossible to get any back. Don't let them get into your head. Never pay, and never cash a check sent to you out of the blue.
UPDATED: DPD Investigating Officer Involved Shooting


Toyota – World’s Greenest Brand
By Arman Barari on Jul 29, 2011 with Comments 0
Although there are now diesels out there more economical than the Prius, but Toyota gets the credit as the company that started this whole green movement by mass producing hybrid. And according to a a new global survey from the international brand consultancy Interbrand, they’ve been named the world’s greenest brand.
The first Best Global Green Brands, published this week, takes into account environmental performance coupled with public perception of a brand’s environmental sustainability – its “green profile” – to produce a Green Performance Score.
Of course it’s not just the Prius, as Toyota now makes a range of hybrid vehicles in each segment and is working on many EVs as well.
Toyota press release:
Based on data collected from the world’s leading markets, including the UK, France, Germany, Italy, USA, Japan, Brazil and India, the report gives Toyota a top score of 64.19 points, ahead of 3M in second place.
The Interbrand report says that Toyota is “a leading example of making the environment a core management priority, while also engaging in a meaningful way with audiences around the world”.
Toyota’s market-leading development of full hybrid technology is a key contributor to Toyota’s strong green performance, according to the report, notably with Prius – now in its third generation. Since 1997, Toyota and Lexus have amassed more than 3.2 million hybrid vehicle sales worldwide*.
Toyota’s long-term, well-to-wheel approach towards sustainable operations is reflected in recent initiatives in the UK. The publishing of the report coincides with the official switch-on of a large-scale solar power system at the company’s car plant in Burnaston, Derbyshire, a facility that already enjoys special status as one of Toyota’s global “eco-plants”, leading the way in cleaner and more efficient manufacturing and operations.
Burnaston is also a standard-bearer in Europe for hybrid vehicle production, as the manufacturing centre for the full hybrid Auris hatchback.
Elsewhere in Europe, Toyota has recently installed a solar wall at its factory in Valenciennes, France, and it plans to install wind turbines at its vehicle logistics centre in Zeebrugge, Belgium.
The “Best Global Green Brands” report’s measurement methodology was developed by Interbrand together with Deloitte, with the Green Performance Score designed to be applicable across differing industries. While compiling the report, Interbrand also interviewed some 10,000 consumers across 10 of the world’s largest markets to gauge consumer perceptions of a brand’s green performance. Performance data were sourced from publicly available information as well as data from Thomson Reuter’s ASSET4.
Toyota Hybrid Sales Top 4 Million
Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Fuel Economy
Toyota Big Solar On Stream In UK
Prius Plug-In For Prince Albert
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid


The actor who played the September 11 terrorist 'Saeed Alghamdi' presumably died in Pennsylvania when Flight 93 crashed there. He was one of the first group of terrorists to be linked to bin Laden. He had an interesting life:
The original, and to my mind still the best, Saeed Alghamdi grew up in Saudi Arabia with his boyhood friends, brothers Wael and Waleed Alshehri, two boys who would also grow up to be terrorists. He went on to train as a pilot. He is still very much alive, and works for Tunis Air. Obviously, at some point his identity was stolen. It is very interesting to note, to quote the Telegraph article, that:
"The FBI had published his personal details but with a photograph of somebody else, presumably a hijacker who had 'stolen' his identity. CNN, however, showed a picture of the real Mr Al-Ghamdi."
It makes you really wonder how this type of confusion could have occurred, but the fact there are two photos clearly proves that identity theft had occurred. Alghamdi thinks that "CNN had probably got the picture from the Flight Safety flying school he attended in Florida." He had studied in Florida from 1998 to 1999 and then returned home and worked for Saudi Arabian Airlines. In August 2000, he returned to the U.S. for further training. The striking thing, and something that is of the utmost importance in our understanding what is going on here, is that he grew up with two boys whose identities were also stolen, and at least one of them, Waleed Alshehri, also became a pilot and is also still alive. In other words, the intelligence agency who stole the identities knew enough to steal identities from people who grew up together in Saudi Arabia, and later went on to train as pilots, taking some training in the United States. This would be excellent evidence that the hijackers were the original Saeed and Waleed, except we know both of these people are still alive. I have to tip my hat to whoever created these identities, as they knew enough to pick exactly the right identities to steal, and had to have unbelievable Saudi intelligence sources to do this. These people are good at what they do.
The most intriguing Saeed Alghamdi may have been a student at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California. This is a U. S. government school used to train the military in languages. It used to be called the Monterey Language School, and it is possible but a matter of some debate that no less than Lee Harvey Oswald attended there (we can't be sure as Oswald's military records were 'lost'). My guess is that the actor who played Saeed Alghamdi went to this school as part of his usual military training. As foreign students of countries who were allies of the United States could be invited to go there, it may have even been intended to leave the option open to depict Alghamdi as working for some Middle Eastern country if they needed an excuse to blame some government there. The most telling thing about the school is that the fellow who recently made the headlines for daring to criticize Bush for 9-11 was vice chancellor for student affairs there. In other words, this isn't just some guy in the military with an opinion, this is a guy with special knowledge about people like Saeed Alghamdi. If he wondered publicly about Bush's role in 9-11, we have to take his words very seriously.
Someone called Saeed Alghamdi was living in Patterson, New Jersey in the apartment of Hani Hanjour.
In 1992 (probably too early for the real Alghamdi), someone named Saeed Alghamdi used the Social Security number of a Vermont woman who had been dead for almost 30 years.
A Saeed Alghamdi lived in the Delray Beach, Florida area with Ahmed Alnami and Hamza Alghamdi (on one account from late 1992 on, although it is impossible or very unlikely that the real Saeed Alghamdi could have lived there that far back as he is too young). In an amazing coincidence, the wife of the editor of the Sun tabloid, where one employee died from anthrax, found the apartment for Saeed Alghamdi and Marwan Al-Shehhi ( but note that another report says the apartment was found for Marwan Al-Shehhi and Hamza Alghamdi).
Saeed Alghamdi lived in December 1996 in Chino Hills in Orange County, California.
Saeed Alghamdi may have trained at a school operated by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (this may very well be the real Saeed Alghamdi as we know he took training in the United States).
Saeed Alghamdi lived in San Antonio, Texas, and, ever the linguist, may have graduated from the Defense Language Institute at Lackland Air Force Base.
Saeed Alghamdi lived from 1988 to 1991 in Florham Park, New Jersey. At that time, he had a wife and children, and was working for a pharmaceutical company. When he left the apartment, he told his landlord he'd been transferred to the midwest. This could not be the real Saeed Alghamdi, who is just 26 or 27 years old and is an airline pilot.
Saeed Alghamdi lived in Pensacola, Florida and listed his address as 10 Radford Blvd. on Pensacola NAS, a base road on which residences for foreign- military flight trainees are located. (The Pensacola News Journal article states that the Naval Education and Training Security Assistance Field Activity, which administers training of foreign aviation students for the Navy, is headquartered in Pensacola and that fifteen percent of aviation students on any given day are foreign nationals.) Saeed Alghamdi and fellow terrorist Ahmed Alghamdi are listed as living in housing for foreign military trainees at Pensacola Naval Air Station. Saeed Alghamdi, Ahmad Alnami and Ahmed Alghamdi all may have trained in Pensacola. While any one terrorist's name associated with an institution may be a coincidence and refer to another man, can three terrorist's names training at the same U. S. military training center be a coincidence?
Saeed Alghamdi in fact may have lived at two addresses near Pensacola Regional Airport, one a few miles north of the airport and another a few hundred feet away.
Saeed Alghamdi was associated with suspected terrorist Raed Hijazi, a former Boston cab driver convicted in Jordan for a plot to kill Americans and other tourists in Jordan on Jan. 1, 2000 (Hijazi may also have been in charge of training the terrorists responsible for the attack on the USS Cole). Saeed Alghamdi may have lived in the Boston area.
Saeed Alghamdi lived in Vero Beach, Florida.
Saeed Alghamdi worked at Tyndall Air Force Base near Tallahassee, Fla.
Saeed Alghamdi may have travelled to the Philippines, presumably to meet with other terrorists there.
Although it is somewhat amazing, it appears that the identities of Saeed Alghamdi and Waleed Alshehri were stolen because they grew up together in Saudi Arabia and both became pilots. The real Saeed Alghamdi claims that his photo must have been stolen when he was in the United States on flight training. However, someone was possibly using his identity well before he ever entered the United States. In any event, a whole troop of actors may be playing the role of 'Saeed Alghamdi', in various places and at various times. Some of these were probably just people with the same name, but we can be sure that many of them can be tied to the terrorist, especially where more than one terrorist name is associated with the same place. A composite identity seems to have been built on the original stolen identity, with the identity filled out by attending military language school, taking flight training in the United States, and hanging out with members of the known September 11 terrorist group. The actor also made contact with other suspected terrorists (Nabil al-Marabh and Raed Hijazi). The actor who played Saeed Alghamdi is particularly suspicious for three reasons:
the fact that his identity was stolen to work in tandem with the stolen identity of Waleed Alshehri;
the fact that he may have attended U. S. military language school, and the fact that the head of the school in Monterey got in trouble for criticizing Bush; and
the sheer number of places he lived in and people he made contact with.


Improved results for the fifth year in a row
Some of the top performing Lismore Comprehensive School GCSE pupils following the release of results last Thursday. Also included are staff from left, Rosemary Lavery, vice principal, Fiona Kane, principal, and Shauna Lennon, vice principal. INLM34-202.
Lismore Comprehensive is celebrating fantastic GCSE results as 83% of students have achieved five or more GCSE passes at Grades A*-C this year - the highest achieved in Lismore in recent memory.
Indeed the all-ability, non-selective school has maintained an upward trend for the fifth year in a row.
The results have shown an increase of over 16% on last year in this important category of pupils achieving at least five GCSE grades A*-C.
Hard work pays off!
Mrs Fiona Kane, Principal, said: “At Lismore, we very much view ourselves as a community and an extension of our pupils own families and parish.
“We are truly blessed with the high quality of our local primary school partners and the excellent education our pupils received before joining Lismore.
“Those excellent foundations set down in primary school have enabled us to build on solid ground. So we feel these fantastic results at GCSE are as much to be celebrated by our partner primary schools and we thank them for their on-going support and contribution.
“We also wish to thank our Year 12 parents who have supported us particularly well over the last year in challenging our pupils to aim high and commit to giving their best to their studies.
“On behalf of the Board of Governors, I wish to acknowledge the hard work, dedication, commitment and drive of our teaching staff and our support staff.
“As Principal, I could not ask for a better staff, who work tirelessly often above and beyond the commitments of the school day to support and assist our pupils to help them reach their potential.
“The buzz in our school on results day where staff return early from their holidays to be present to celebrate with and support our students in their next important decisions is testament to their commitment and service to the pupils of Lismore. I wish to thank each and every one of them.
“Exciting times now lie ahead for our students as they choose their Level 3 subjects and I look forward to welcoming them back into Sixth Form to begin the next important step in their educational journey.”
Top performances include: Clare McCorry, 5A*, 4A, 2B; Tiago Realinho, 1A*, 5A, 4B, 1C; Leo Mulholland, 4A*, 4A, 2B; Ellen O’Hara, 2A*, 6A, 1B, 1C; Nevin Donnelly, 1A*, 6A, 3B; Miollan Lavery, 8A, 2B
Jakub Czerny, 2A, 7B, 2C; Ruairi Heaney, 1A*, 5A, 4B; Gavin McCann, 1A*, 4A, 5B; Ruairi McParland, 1A*, 5A, 3B, 1C; Odhran O’Neill, 7A, 2B, 1C; Oisin O’Dowd, 5A, 5B; Abbie McKey, 5A, 4B, 1C; Amy Carson, 3A, 7B; Adam Henderson, 3A, 7B; Nathan Massey, 3A, 7B.


It's a happy morning on a happy campus!
Playing in the national championship game, as the Butler Bulldogs will be doing tonight, tends to make people happy. I put myself in that category. As a former college basketball player, I certainly never made it to the "big game" so "getting there" as a faculty member of a participating school ... well, let's just say it puts an extra spring in my step.
So, it's with much institutional pride that I say "Go Butler."
Let's stick with the theme, but return "on topic."
From time to time, the DOJ comments that some voluntary disclosure cases never lead to an actual enforcement action. Analyzing the extent to which this may or may not be true is difficult, particularly as to non-public companies.
Nevertheless, a recent "no action" disclosure caught my eye.
It involves Global Industries Ltd., a publicly-traded provider of "offshore construction, engineering, project management and support services..." (see here).
"In June 2007, the Company announced that it was conducting an internal investigation of its West Africa operations, focusing on the legality, under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and local laws, of one of its subsidiary’s reimbursement of certain expenses incurred by a customs agent in connection with shipments of materials and the temporary importation of vessels into West African waters." (see here). As noted in this linked filing, the Global Industries investigation was not a pure voluntary disclosure in that the investigation was motivated, at least in part, on "the settlement of the FCPA proceedings involving certain Vetco Gray entities" and the fact that "Company’s management and the Audit Committee were aware of press releases by three other companies disclosing that they are conducting internal investigations into the FCPA implications of certain actions by a customs agent in connection with the temporary importation of their vessels into Nigeria." As noted in the filing, against this backdrop, the "Company’s management considered it prudent to review the Company’s operations since it uses customs agents and the Company’s vessels that have operated in Nigeria do so under temporary importation permits."
Fast forward to February 2010 when the company disclosed in this press release as follows:
"We are pleased to also announce that our and the Government’s investigation of our activities in West Africa have concluded without any fines or penalties being imposed upon the Company. Both the DOJ and SEC have concluded their investigations and are not recommending any enforcement actions against the Company."
In other words, a happy ending to an FCPA investigation and disclosure.
Mike Osajda April 5, 2010 at 10:09 AM
Could this be a case that because the company had a compliance program in place that fit the Sentencing Guidelines, DOJ decided not to proceed? If so, it would be another reason for all entities doing business overseas to review their programs to detemine if they follow the Guidelines.
Mike Koehler April 5, 2010 at 7:53 PM
Thanks for your comment. While possible, my guess is that is not the case. As noted in the post, this was not a pure (or traditional) voluntary disclosure.


Sponsor a child in India
Our children's charity in India since 1963
SOS Children's Villages has been present in India since 1964 and has continued to grow ever since. In times of emergency, our organisation has responded with emergency relief programmes. In many cases, these developed into permanent programmes which offered support to the local people. At present SOS Children's Villages supports children, young people and families throughout India.
A country with much diversity
SOS Children's Villages supports children so that they can look forward to a better future. (photo: C. Ashleigh)
The Republic of India is the seventh largest country in the world and the second most populous country; the population is over 1.2 billion (July 2011 est.), with the capital city of New Delhi being home to 21.7 million people. India is a vast and diverse country with many different languages, cultures and religions.
A growing economy that still faces many challenges
In recent decades, India has emerged as an increasingly important economic power. Since economic liberalisation started in the 1990s, India's achievements have been astonishing - since 1997, the average growth in gross domestic product (GDP) has been over seven per cent. In 2010, GDP grew further - by over ten per cent. India has a mixed economy - more than half of the population works in agriculture, around 14 per cent in industry and 34 per cent in the service sector.
During the past decade, India has managed to double its hourly wage rate and the number of people who now live above the nationally-defined poverty line has increased. However the benefits from this economic growth have not been shared by all: one in four people continue to live in poverty.
Poverty is located in many areas of India, but it is mostly manifest in rural areas or in urban slums. Rural areas also suffer from poor infrastructure - for example, only 84 per cent of the population has access to clean drinking water and a mere 21 per cent to adequate sanitation facilities. Although around 70 per cent of the population lives in rural areas, the number of people forced to seek work in urban areas is increasing rapidly.
In addition to poverty, India continues to face many challenges, which include overpopulation, environmental problems and widespread corruption. The literacy rate continues to be low - around 73 per cent for men and about 48 per cent for women. The access to quality health care is also a concern. At present the life expectancy rate is relatively low at 65.7 years for men and 67.9 years for women. It is estimated that 2.4 million people live with HIV/AIDS (2009 est.).
Children are in need of better education and healthcare
Children can enjoy a safe and healthy life in the care of SOS Children's Villages (photo: Picture Alliance F.May)
There are over 447 million children under the age of 18 in India. In spite of improvements in recent decades, around half of the children of India continue to face many hardships.
Although the health of children has improved of late, UNICEF reports that the lack of adequate health care results in high infant, child and maternal mortality rates. For example, around two million children die every year from preventable diseases, an estimated 400,000 of those under five die every year of diarrhoea. Around half of the deaths of Indian children are due to malnutrition, which is more common in India than in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The school attendance rate is low in India - only 72 per cent of children between the ages of six and ten attend primary school. Child labour is a conspicuous problem, with around 12 per cent of children between the ages of 5 and 14 involved in child labour. Many children are trafficked and forced to work as domestic workers, in factories or prostitution.
As the incidence of HIV/AIDS has risen, the number of children without parental care, or at risk of losing such care, is also increasing. The figure for children with HIV/AIDS is also growing. These children face social discrimination which hampers their efforts to improve their lives.
Girls are in a particularly vulnerable situation as they are more likely to be poor, be homeless or end up as victims of violence. Particularly in rural areas girls do not have adequate access to basic health care, or education. In some states like Bihar, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, 60 per cent or more of girls drop out of primary education. Child marriages are also common: 47 per cent of children are married under the age of 18, with the number in rural areas nearly double that of urban ones.
SOS Children's Villages in India
The economic plight, tense political situation and natural disasters that India has endured have led to a particularly intense involvement of SOS Children's Villages in the country. The programmes developed by SOS Children's Villages vary according to the needs of the local population and include: education at SOS Hermann Gmeiner Schools; guidance and accommodation for young people; vocational training and medical advice and assistance. Family-strengthening programmes are an important component of the work carried out: in cooperation with local agencies, SOS Children's Villages works directly with families and communities to empower them to effectively care for their children. When children can no longer stay with their families, they are cared for by their SOS mothers in one of the SOS families.
Website of SOS Children's Villages India
(available in English)
Latest News WWH


Windows 10 Technical Preview
On September 30th Microsoft announced that the forthcoming version of Windows, code named “Threshold,” would not be called “Windows 9,” but would skip a version and be called “Windows 10.” One speculation says that this is due to the significant changes from Windows 8. The Technical Preview edition became available for download to members of Microsoft’s “Insider Access” for testing and development on October 1. I downloaded the installation for testing purposes and installed it that same evening.
The first thing I noticed was the return of the Start Menu. You not only get access to your regular programs, as in previous versions of Windows, but you also see the new Windows Store apps. This means no more switching between the Desktop and Start Screen modes.
Windows Store apps can now be resized like traditional programs. In addition, the “Snapping” feature has been upgraded with more useful options when running multiple programs. In Windows 8, Store apps could only be in full screen unless snapped with another app. This was often frustrating when using them on a desktop. In Windows 10, Store Apps will also scale automatically to fit the area you’ve snapped them to.
Windows Search has been upgraded. Now when you search for an item, not only is your hard drive checked, but a web search is also initiated.
Windows 10 will also customize itself to your platform. If you have a desktop you’ll get the Start Menu by default. With a tablet, the Start Screen will be enabled until you dock the tablet on a keyboard when the Start Menu will take over.
The other big new feature is the addition of virtual desktops. With virtual desktops you can group different programs together, then switch to another desktop and open more apps for a different set of tasks. For instance, you could run one desktop with your works apps and another with a game or recreational apps.
So far, I find Windows 10 to be a great improvement over Windows 8, in terms of ease of use. The new and updated multi-tasking features are a boon for productivity, while the return of the Start Menu and adaptability to different hardware forms will make it easier than ever to use. Only time will tell which of these features remain in the final version, but Microsoft seems to be heading in the right direction!
So when will Windows 10 be available? Probably mid to late 2015. Microsoft also hasn’t hinted at pricing yet, so no word on whether there will be a special upgrade incentive as with Windows 8, or if it will be strictly retail.
If you’re feeling adventurous and you’d like to try Windows 10 for yourself, head over to the Microsoft Website and click the “Get Started” Button. I recommend doing this only on a secondary computer, as Windows 10 is still being developed. However, it’s a good way to see what might be coming and take part in shaping it.
Do you have a question or topic you’d like us to address? Email and let us know!


Resources for Download
BiographyDr. Marilyn Ray2018-03-31T14:21:30+00:00
Marilyn Anne Ray, RN, BSN, MSN, MA, PhD, CTN-A, FSfAA, FAAN, FESPCH (hon) is Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. She holds a diploma in Nursing from St. Joseph Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in Nursing from the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Master of Arts, in Cultural Anthropology from McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; a Doctor of Philosophy in Transcultural Nursing from the University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah; and an honorary degree from Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada. Ray has held faculty positions at the University of San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, McMaster University, the University of Colorado, and the Eminent Scholar positions at Florida Atlantic University and Virginia Commonwealth University, and Professorial and Professor Emeritus positions at Florida Atlantic University. In addition, Ray attended Ethics Courses at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, and studied with the theoretical physicist, Dr. F. David Peat on Complexity Science at the Pari Center for New Learning in Pari, Italy. Ray is a Fellow of the Society for Applied Anthropology (FSfAA), and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing (FAAN). She is certified as an Advanced Transcultural Nurse (CTN-A), and was awarded the position of a Transcultural Nursing Scholar from the Transcultural Nursing Society. For 32 years, Ray served in the United States Air Force Nurse Corps (USAF) in the field of aerospace nursing– flight nursing (during the Vietnam war), administration, practice, education, and research at the School of Aerospace Medicine. She retired in 1999 as a Colonel and is a Veteran of military conflicts. She attended a program in space education at the Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama in preparation for the potential role of “nurses in space.” Ray is featured in Who’s Who in America and Who’s Who in the World. Ray has researched, presented and published nationally and internationally on the subjects of the philosophy of caring, caring science, holistic nursing, transcultural caring in nursing and health care, technological caring, economic caring, and caring ethics in complex organizations, primarily hospitals. In 1981, Ray discovered the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring (1981, 1984, 1989, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017) via research in organizational cultures, and with Turkel, the Theory of Relational Caring Complexity (2000, 2001, 2012, 2014). She also advanced the model and Theory of Transcultural Caring Dynamics in Nursing and Health Care (2010, 2016) within her book of the same name. Her Theory of Bureaucratic Caring is being used widely nationally and internationally, and especially now as a framework in the USAF Medical Service under the leadership of Major General Dorothy Hogg and Colonel Marcia Potter for the development of an interdisciplinary, inter-professional practice model, and the Veterans’ Administration in Colorado and Wisconsin in nursing education under the leadership of Dr. Dana Lusk. Ray is a charter member and currently serves on the By-Laws Committee of the International Association for Human Caring (IAHC). Ray’s books include, The ethics of care and the ethics of cure: Synthesis in chronicity (with Jean Watson), A study of caring within an institutional culture: The discovery of the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring; Transcultural caring dynamics in nursing and health care [1st and 2nd editions]; and with her colleagues, Alice Davidson and Marian Turkel, Nursing, caring, and complexity science: For human-environment well-being (2011, American Journal of Nursing, Book of the Year Award for Professional Development and Trends). Ray also serves on the boards of the Global Qualitative Nursing Research (on line journal), Qualitative Health Research, and the Journal of Art and Aesthetics in Nursing and Health Sciences., She is a reviewer for the International Nursing Review, journal the International Council of Nurses, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Nursing Outlook and Nursing Inquiry. She is a Board Member and Chair of the Faculty Development and Learning Partnerships Committee of the Anne Boykin Institute (ABI) for the Study of Caring Science in Nursing. As a FAAN, Ray serves on the Theory-Guided Practice Expert Panel of the American Academy of Nursing. She was elected to and awarded the prestigious, Honorary Distinguished Fellowship of the European Society for Person-Centered Healthcare (ESPCH) in London, United Kingdom, in 2016. Her Archives of Caring collection are housed at the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University.
Curriculum-Vitae-Dr.-Marilyn-Ray-September-2015, Download PDF Format
Curriculum-Vitae-Dr.-Marilyn-Ray-September-2015, Download DOC Format
ACADEMIC:
Fellow, Inducted as a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing (FAAN). Hyatt Grand Regency Hotel, Washington, DC, October 19, 2013.
Chair, Learning Partnerships: Faculty and Student Development and Mentorship of Caring Scholars, The Anne Boykin Institute on the Advancement of Caring in Nursing, 2012 and on-going.
Board Member, Anne Boykin Institute on the Advancement of Caring in Nursing, 2012 and on-going.
2012-2015 Board Member, International Association for Human Caring, www.humancaring.org
2011 Board Member, Qualitative Health Research Journal, University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah (Dr. Janice Morse, Editor).
2010 Finalist for the International Award for Excellence: Creating Caring Organizations and Cultures through Communitarian Ethics. Journal of the World Universities Forum, 3(5), 41-52.
2008 Lifetime Achievement Award, Life Time Member, International Association for Human Caring, University of North Carolina, Raleigh/Durham, North Carolina, May 2008.
2007 Distinguished Alumna Award, University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah, May 3, 2007.
2005, Honorary Degree, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, May 2005 (First Honorary Degree awarded at Nevada State College).
Who’s Who in the World. 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015. Marquis Who’s Who, New Providence, New Jersey.
Cambridge Who’s Who of Executive Women and Nursing and Health Care, Selected 2007. New York, New York.
Who’s Who in American Nursing, 1990, 1991, 1996, 2007, 2008. Marquis Who’s Who, New Providence, New Jersey.
Who’s Who in America, Selected for 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015. Marquis Who’s Who, New Providence, New Jersey.
Who’s Who in American Education, 2006, 2007-2008. Marquis Who’s Who, New Providence, New Jersey.
Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare, 2008-2009, 2009-2010. Marquis Who’s Who, New Providence, New Jersey.
2005 Research Award for Excellence in Research at Florida Atlantic University from Dr. Lemanski, VP of Research, Department of Sponsored Research, Florida Atlantic University, 2005
2005 Transcultural Nursing Scholar. The International Transcultural Nursing Society. Awarded at Baruch College, New York City, October 2005.
Fellow 2005 1989, Applied Anthropological Association of the American Anthropology Association, June 1989. Sustaining Fellow, 2005.
Research Consultant Recognition for Service Award: Holy Cross Hospital, Nursing Research Council, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 2002-2004, Awarded December 2004.
Distinguished Teacher of the Year, Academic Year 1999-2000, College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, awarded March 2000.
Selected participant in the annual Martha E. Rogers Center for the Study of Nursing Science, DIALOGUE ’99. New York University, New York, participated June 1999.
Selected participant in the annual Martha E. Rogers Center for the Study of Nursing Science, DIALOGUE ’97. New York University, New York, participated May 1997.
Granted Sabbatical Leave, Florida Atlantic University, granted for the Academic Year 1997-98.
Selected participant in the Professional Development Seminar in Israel sponsored by the College Consortium For International Studies, Israel/Jordan/Palestine, participated May 9 -18, 1996.
Selected participant in the first Martha E. Rogers Center for the Study of Nursing Science, DIALOGUE ’95. New York University, New York, participated June 1995.
Named in the Registry of Phenomenologists, The Encyclopedia of Phenomenology. (p. 500) Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, selected May 1995. (Published, 1997)
Research Award, Iota Xi Chapter, Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, awarded April 1995.
Poster Session Finalist, 33rd Biennial Convention, Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing, Detroit, Michigan, November 1995.
Who’s Who Among Human Services Professionals, 1992-93. The National Reference Institute, Wilmette, Illinois.
Certificate of Recognition in Recognition of Outstanding Service and Dedication to the Profession of Nursing, Florida Nurses’ Association, National and Florida Nurses Week, presented May 1993.
Nominated and Inducted as Member, The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, Florida Atlantic University, Chapter 128, Boca Raton, Florida, April 1992.
Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award for Excellence in Transcultural Nursing, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands, awarded August 1989.
Chancellor’s Teaching Recognition Award (Graduate School), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, awarded May 1987.
Best Research Paper (Phenomenological Research), Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, selected 1987.
1986 Nightingale Award Nominee, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Denver, Colorado, May 1986.
Faculty Teaching Award, Nominated by Faculty of University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, January 1986.
MILITARY/VETERANS AFFAIRS:
DNP Student of Regis University, Denver, Colorado, Dana Lusk, used Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring as a guide to study Nursing Education for new employees of the Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Denver, Colorado, June 2015.
DNP Graduate of Chamberlain University, Colonel Marcia Potter used Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring as a guide to study Nurse-Directed (BCT Nursing Theory) Primary Care in terms quality improvement in outcomes of health-healing, time, and economic resources for the United States Air Force, Joint-Base Andrews, Washington, DC, June 2015.
Women in Aviation: Celebrating 50 Years of Women in Space. International Women’s Air and Space Museum. Titusville, Florida (Space Coast, Florida). March 8 & 9, 2013.
Speaker: Contemplation of Peace-making and Peace-building. Memories of Hanoi, Vietnam, Hiroshima, Japan, Corregidor, The Philippines, Military Officers Association of the United States (MOAA), Holiday Inn, Highland Beach, Florida, March 2013.
Federal Nursing Service Essay Award, Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS), Las Vegas, Nevada, November 8, 2000.
Certificate of Retirement as Colonel from the United States Air Force Reserve, Nurse Corps, Washington, D.C., issued February 6, 1999.
General’s Letter of Recognition for Outstanding Service and Contributions to the United States Air Force Nurse Corps, 1967-1999 awarded February 1999.
USAF Meritorious Service Medal (1st Oak Leaf Cluster) for Outstanding Research Activities at USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Aerospace Nursing, Brooks AFB, Texas, awarded 1997.
Recognition for Outstanding Contribution to the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Aerospace Nursing, Qualitative Research Workshop, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, presented July 1994.
USAF Meritorious Service Medal for Nursing Leadership at USAF Systems Command, Washington, D.C., Operation Desert Storm, Eglin AFB, Florida, awarded 1992.
USAF National Defense Service Medal (1st Bronze Star), Operation Desert Storm, Eglin AFB, Florida, authorized and awarded May 1991.
USAF Commendation Medal (1st Oak Leaf Cluster) for Nursing Education and Policy Development, HQARPC/SGPN, Denver, Colorado, HQAFSC/SG, Andrews AFB, D.C., awarded September 1989.
USAF Commendation Medal for the Development and Management of the USAF Reserve Continuing Education Program, and Personnel Administration, awarded 1984.
Military Consultant to USAF Surgeon General, Headquarters, Bolling AFB, D.C. for Nursing Research and Administration, 1984.
National Defense Service Medal, United States Air Force, Sheppard AFB, Texas, awarded March 1968.
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