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Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census
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information collected by self-identification in the U.S. census
Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the United States Census Bureau, are self-identification data items in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether or not they are of Hispanic or Latino origin (the only categories for ethnicity). [1] [2]
The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." [3] OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the US Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." [4] The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. [5]
Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights. [6] [7]
In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. [8] OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race. [3]
1 How data on race and ethnicity are used
2 Brief overview of race and ethnicity in the US Census's history
2.1 18th and 19th centuries
2.1.1 1790 Census
2.1.1.1 Loss of data
2.1.1.2 Data
2.1.1.3 Contemporary perception
2.1.1.4 Data availability
2.2 1800 & 1810 census
2.3 20th century
2.3.10 2000 Census
2.4 21st century
3 Relation between ethnicity and race in census results
4 Other agencies
How data on race and ethnicity are used
The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data are also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions".
"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act)." [5]
Brief overview of race and ethnicity in the US Census's history
Further information: Race and ethnicity in the United States
External image
"Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data", Center for American Progress, February 6, 2015. An illustrated history of the racial and ethnic categories used in the US Census from 1790 through 2010. [9]
Title page of 1790 United States Census
The 1790 United States Census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. [10]
"The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in 'two of the most public places within [each jurisdiction], there to remain for the inspection of all concerned...' and that 'the aggregate amount of each description of persons' for every district be transmitted to the president." [11] This law along with U.S. marshals were responsible for governing the census.
Loss of data
Approximately one third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830 time period and included data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia; however, the census was proven factual and the existence of most of these data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. [12] [13]
Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as follows: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. [14] Thomas Jefferson, then the Secretary of State, directed marshals to collect data from all thirteen states ( Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory. [11] The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year.
Free white males at least 16 years of age, including heads of families.
Free white males under 16 years.
Free white females, including heads of families.
All other free persons.
Slaves.
Vermont 22,435 22,328 40,505 255 16 [a] [15] 85,539 [b]
New Hampshire 36,086 34,851 70,160 630 158 141,885
Maine 24,384 24,748 46,870 538 0 96,540
Massachusetts 95,453 87,289 190,582 5,463 0 378,787 [c] [16]
Rhode Island 16,019 15,799 32,652 3,407 948 68,825
Connecticut 60,523 54,403 117,448 2,808 2,764 237,946
New York 83,700 78,122 152,320 4,654 21,324 340,120
New Jersey 45,251 41,416 83,287 2,762 11,423 184,139
Pennsylvania 110,788 106,948 206,363 6,537 3,737 434,373
Delaware 11,783 12,143 22,384 3,899 8,887 59,094 [d]
Maryland 55,915 51,339 101,395 8,043 103,036 319,728
Virginia 110,936 116,135 215,046 12,866 292,627 747,610 [e] [16]
Kentucky 15,154 17,057 28,922 114 12,430 73,677
North Carolina 69,988 77,506 140,710 4,975 100,572 393,751
South Carolina 35,576 37,722 66,880 1,801 107,094 249,073
Georgia 13,103 14,044 25,739 398 29,264 82,548
Total 807,094 791,850 1,541,263 59,150 694,280 3,893,635
^ The census of 1790, published in 1791, reports 16 slaves in Vermont. Subsequently, and up to 1860, the number is given as 17. An examination of the original manuscript allegedly shows that there never were any slaves in Vermont. The original error occurred in preparing the results for publication, when 16 persons, returned as "Free colored", were classified as "Slave". But this claim is disputed by at least one historian.
^ Corrected figures are 85,425, or 114 less than the figures published in 1790, due to an error of addition in the returns for each of the towns of Fairfield, Milton, Shelburne, and Williston, in the county of Chittenden; Brookfield, Newbury, Randolph, and Strafford, in the county of Orange; Castleton, Clarendon, Hubbardton, Poultney, Rutland, Shrewsburg, and Wallingford, in the county of Rutland; Dummerston, Guilford, Halifax, and Westminster, in the county of Windham; and Woodstock, in the county of Windsor.
^ The figures for Massachusetts do not include the population of Maine. Though Maine was then a part of Massachusetts, the Maine figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Maine.
^ Corrected figures are 59,096, or 2 more than figures published in 1790, due to error in addition.
^ The figures for Virginia do not include the population of Kentucky. Though Kentucky was then a part of Virginia, the Kentucky figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Kentucky. The Virginia figures do include the portion of Virginia that later became the state of West Virginia.
Contemporary perception
Commemorative pitcher with census results
There was some doubt surrounding the numbers, President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. [17] The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread out population, and restraints of current technology.
No microdata from the 1790 population census is available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.
1800 & 1810 census
In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed. [18]
The 1820 Census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized" was included. [18]
In the 1830 Census, a new question which stated "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. [18]
The 1850 Census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked "B" if a person was black, and marked "M" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was black and an "M" if mulatto. [18]
For the 1870 Census, the color/racial question was expanded to include "C" for Chinese, which was a category that included all east Asians, as well as "I" for American Indians. [18]
For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", " Mulatto", " Quadroon", " Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian". [18]
During 1900, the "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." [18]
The 1910 Census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. [18]
The 1920 Census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindustani (South Asia Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. [18]
The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.
For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were instructed that all persons born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. But, in prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American.[ citation needed]
The Supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. [18] [19]
President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a "good neighbor" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. [20]
The 1940 Census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. [18] The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the White population. [21]
1940 Census data was used for Japanese American internment. The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. [22] [23]
The 1950 Census questionnaire removed the word "color" from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. [18]
The 1960 Census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as added Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The Other (print out race) option was removed. [18]
This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry is from the Indian subcontinent) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows:
a. Where was this person born?
b. Is this person's origin or descent...
Central or South American
Other Spanish
What country was the person's father born in?
What country was the person's mother born in?
a. For persons born in a foreign country- Is the person naturalized?
b. When did the person come to the United States to stay?
What language, other than English, was spoken in the person's home as a child?
None, only English [18]
This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents:
In what state or foreign country was the person born?
If this person was born in a foreign country...
a. Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?
b. When did this person come to the United States to stay?
a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?
b. If yes, what is this language?
c. If yes, how well does this person speak English?
What is this person's ancestry? [18]
The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 Census:
In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?
Is this person a citizen of the United States?
If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay? [18]
The 1990 Census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the Other race option and provided a multiple write in, the response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write in of "Black-White" was assigned a code of Black, a write in of "White-Black" was assigned a code of White." [3]
In the United States, census data indicate that the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. In 1990, for interracial families with one white American partner, the other parent...was Asian American for 45 percent... [24]
Race was asked differently in the 2000 Census in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the 2000 Census data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 Census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.
The following definitions apply to the 2000 Census only. [25]
White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as Irish, German, English, Scandinavian, Scottish, Near Easterners, Iranian, Lebanese, or Polish. [25]
Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am." or provide written entries such as Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. [25]
American Indian and Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. [25]
Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes "Asian Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", and "Other Asian". [25]
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as "Native Hawaiian", "Guamanian or Chamorro", "Samoan", and "Other Pacific Islander". [25]
Some other race. Includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian and Alaska Native", "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, We-Sort, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here. [25]
Two or more races. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses. [25]
Snapshot: Race in the US Census
The 23rd federal census, 2010 [26] asks one ethnic and one race question (questions 1-4 not reproduced here, questions 5 and 6 paraphrased):
Is the person of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin?
No, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin
Yes, Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano
Yes, Puerto Rican
Yes, Cuban
Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin — Print origin, for example, Argentinian, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on.
What is the person's race?
American Indian or Alaska Native — Print name of enrolled or principal tribe.
Other Asian — Print race, for example, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, Cambodian, and so on.
Other Pacific Islander — Print race, for example, Fijian, Tongan, and so on.
Some other race — Print race.
This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups."
The federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". [27] The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." [27] For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.
Use of the word "ethnicity" for Hispanics only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also declaring various racial identities (see also White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans, and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans).
In the 2000 Census, 12.5% of the US population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity. [27]
The 2010 US Census included changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That included adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races." [28] [29] Additionally, the Hispanic terms were modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin". [28] [29]
Although used in the census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, [27] and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. [30] As the 2010 Census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, [31] Turkish Americans, [32] Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category. [33] [34] [35]
The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could choose both "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". [36]
Relation between ethnicity and race in census results
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2018)
The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 Census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses. [25] Many residents of the United States consider race and ethnicity to be the same. [4]
Population distribution by race (2000 Census) [37]
Hispanic or
% of
H/L
Not Hispanic
or Latino
% of Not
All races 35,305,818 100 12.5 246,116,088 100 87.5
One race 33,081,736 93.7 11.8 241,513,942 98.1 85.8
White 16,907,852 47.9 6.0 194,552,774 79.1 69.1
Black or African A. 710,353 2.0 0.3 33,947,837 13.8 12.1
A. Indian/Alaska Nat. 407,073 1.2 0.1 2,068,883 0.8 0.7
Asian 119,829 0.3 <0.1 10,123,169 4.1 3.6
Hawaiian N. & Pacific Is. 45,326 0.1 <0.1 353,509 0.1 0.1
Some other 14,891,303 42.2 5.3 467,770 0.2 0.2
2+ races 2,224,082 6.3 0.8 4,602,146 1.9 1.6
Some other + W/B/N/A 1,859,538 5.3 0.7 1,302,875 0.5 0.5
2+ W/B/N/A 364,544 1.0 0.1 3,299,271 1.3 1.2
In the 2000 Census, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race. [3]
According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 Census the largest part white biracial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197, and finally white/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander at 125,628. [38]
The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from about 50,000 households to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 Census with the purpose of creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 Census with previous census racial data. [3]
In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 Census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same [ sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people." [4]
The AAA also stated,
The American Anthropological Association recommends the elimination of the term "race" from OMB Directive 15 during the planning for the 2010 Census. During the past 50 years, "race" has been scientifically proven to not be a real, natural phenomenon. More specific, social categories such as "ethnicity" or "ethnic group" are more salient for scientific purposes and have fewer of the negative, racist connotations for which the concept of race was developed.
Yet the concept of race has become thoroughly—and perniciously—woven into the cultural and political fabric of the United States. It has become an essential element of both individual identity and government policy. Because so much harm has been based on "racial" distinctions over the years, correctives for such harm must also acknowledge the impact of "racial" consciousness among the U.S. populace, regardless of the fact that "race" has no scientific justification in human biology. Eventually, however, these classifications must be transcended and replaced by more non-racist and accurate ways of representing the diversity of the U.S. population. [4]
The recommendations of the AAA were not adopted by the Census Bureau for the 2000 or the 2010 censuses.
In 2001, the National Institutes of Health adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15, [39] as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the United States Department of Labor in 2007. [40] See Race and ethnicity (EEO).
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
Race (human classification)
Race and ethnicity in censuses
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Racial segregation in the United States
Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
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^ "American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ a b c d e "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". United States Census Bureau. March 14, 2001. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ a b c d "A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15". American Anthropological Association. 1997. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ a b "American FactFinder Help: Ethnic Groups". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Gerald A. Reynolds, Chairman Abigail Thernstrom, Vice Chair Todd Gaziano Gail Heriot Peter N. Kirsanow Arlan D. Melendez Ashley L. Taylor, Jr. Michael Yaki (April 7, 2006). "Racial Categorization in the 2010 Census" (PDF). University of Maryland: Thurgood Marshall Law Library. US Commission of Civil Rights. Retrieved December 7, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link)
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^ Ahmad, Farah Z.; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). "Infographic: Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data". Center for American Progress. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
^ "History: 1790 Fast Facts". U.S. Census Bureau.
^ a b "History: 1790 Overview". U.S. Census Bureau.
^ Dollarhide, William (2001). The Census Book: A Genealogists Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes. North Salt Lake, Utah: HeritageQuest. p. 7.
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^ http://slavenorth.com/vermont.htm
^ a b "A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790–1900". 1909. p. 47.
^ "1790 Overview". U.S. Census Bureau.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Through the Decades". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
^ copy of the full 1930 census instructions https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930instructions.pdf
^ Patrick D. Lukens, A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights: FDR and the Controversy over Whiteness (University of Arizona Press, 2012)
^ The 1930 Census in Perspective, 1930census.com
^ JR Minkel (March 30, 2007). "Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II". Scientific American. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013.
^ Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007). "Papers show Census role in WWII camps". USA Today.
^ "US Census Bureau, 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2003.
^ a b c d e f g h i "2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
^ "2010 US Census Form" (PDF). US Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ a b c d Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (March 2001). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). US Census Bureau.
^ a b Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. " 2010 Decennial Census Program." 2006. accessed July 7, 2008.
^ a b "2010 US Census form" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
^ "Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology" (Press release). US Census Bureau. January 16, 2003.
^ Kay, Jennifer (February 24, 2010). "Caribbeans urged to write in ancestry on US Census". Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
^ The Washington Diplomat. "Census Takes Aim to Tally 'Hard to Count' Populations". Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ "The Arab American Institute | Get Involved!". Archived from the original on May 26, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
^ Ashmawey, Roqaya (March 1, 2010). "Arab-Americans Aim to Increase Their Census Count". Retrieved March 14, 2010.
^ SMITH, DOUG (April 5, 1990). ""They ask, 'Where are we going to write Armenian? ' "" – via LA Times.
^ "OMB Standards". White House. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. US Census Bureau. (see Table 1. Population by Hispanic or Latino Origin and by Race for the United States: 2000 and 2010)
^ Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, James P. Allen and Eugene Turner, Department of Geography, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8249
^ "Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research". National Institutes of Health. October 9, 2001.
^ Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1) Archived 2009-08-13 at the Wayback Machine by the EEOC. The page contains links to FAQs, forms and instructions
Ahmad, Farah Z.; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). "The Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Classifications in the Decennial Census". Center for American Progress.
Prewitt, Kenneth. What Is Your Race? The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans (Princeton University Press; 2013) argues for dropping the race question from the census.
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census&oldid=905142960"
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Brigitte DeMeyer and Will Kimbrough: Mockingbird Soul
DeMeyer and Kimbrough are resolute artists who observe the world through their five senses. They see, hear, touch and even smell the people and places around them.
Brigitte DeMeyer and Will Kimbrough
Mockingbird Soul
Label: MRI
UK Release Date: 2017-01-27
Brigitte DeMeyer and Will Kimbrough have been singing and playing together for several years. They have collaborated on each other’s records and performed in concert as a tandem. But Mockingbird Hill marks the first time the Nashville-based musicians are co-billed on an official release.
There’s a bit more Kimbrough on this album than there has been on previous discs, but the duo remains essentially the same. DeMeyer’s rich vocals sound steeped in a Southern swampy vibe. One can feel the humidity and Spanish moss dripping from the notes. Her voice dominates when she and Kimbrough harmonize, but he provides the solid ground from which she can fly. The title track works as a fine example of this as DeMeyer praises a bird singing outside her bedroom window with an intonation that resembles the eponymous creature. Kimbrough joins in quietly as a whisper before offering a low-toned counterpoint to the higher pitched DeMeyer. He lets his guitar do most of the talking.
Kimbrough’s acoustic stringed accompaniment is heavily rooted in the country blues so that even when he plays the melodies, he can’t help but also provide a thumping back up to pound the cadences forward. He’s ably aided by Chris Wood on upright bass (on the muggy number “Rainy Day”), and there are a few other artists who lend a hand on a few tracks including Oliver Wood (Chris’s brother and a co-member of the Wood Brothers), who co-wrote and sings on the graceful “Carpet Bagger’s Lullaby.” DeMeyer even strums an eight-string ukulele on one cut, but basically, Kimbrough supplies the instrumentals. He utilizes a vintage Gibson J-45 to give the music a lush yet airy resonance. The guitar’s acoustics reverberate in his hands without a clatter or a tinkle.
When Kimbrough does take the lead on vocals, such as on the disc’s one cover, the Incredible String Band’s ode to the ravages of time, “October Song”, he sings without affection. He delivers the plain but poetic lyrics (i.e., “The fallen leaves that jewel the ground / They know the art of dying”) as statements of fact. It is DeMeyer’s voice that reveals the sadness of time passing. The ache in her throat conveys the change of seasons as something to be mourned instead of celebrated. It may all be part of life’s rich pageant, but that’s no reason to fete the passage of time. Acceptance is the best one can do. Meanwhile, Kimbrough’s complex stringed accompaniment suggests the dour truth. Life is temporary, and like our dreams, all things must pass.
The original material exposes DeMeyer and Kimbrough as resolute artists who observe the world through their five senses. They see, hear, touch and even smell the people and places around them. Rather than think too much about things, they revel in the experience of being and doing. The ideas here are expressed in terms of things, as William Carlos Williams would say. They don’t intentionally use metaphors as much as say what they mean. That’s true in the way they sing and play. DeMeyer’s honeyed vocals and Kimbrough’s intricate fingering are not ornamentation, but representation. The world itself contains its dulcet complexities. Like the Mockingbird’s song, the soul of the world can be revelatory if one only pays attention.


If You Think Classical Music is Dead, You're Dead Wrong!
Classical 101
Arts Presenters
Chamber Ensembles
Opera Companies
Esprit Orchestra
Venue: Koerner Hall, TELUS Centre for Performance and Learning 273 Bloor Street West
Venue Phone: 416.408.0208
Website: espritorchestra.com
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Esprit Orchestra is Canada’s only full-sized, professional orchestra devoted to performing and promoting new orchestral music. Founded in 1983 by Music Director and Conductor, Alex Pauk, Esprit’s commitment to commissioning and advancing contemporary music has set it apart as one of the few organizations of its kind on a global scale. Esprit consistently collaborates with outstanding composers, and performs with first-class soloists and ensembles from Canada and abroad.
Each concert season, Esprit Orchestra commissions, promotes and performs the work of Canadian composers, and features Canadian premieres of music by leading International composers.
With a dynamic annual subscription concert series, this skilled 65-member orchestra presents music that is otherwise unavailable in Canada, always performed to the highest standards in the acoustically acclaimed Koerner Hall at the TELUS Centre for Performance and Learning.
In addition to its commitment to new music, one of Esprit’s core initiatives is to cultivate the next generation of new music professionals and audiences through mentorship and outreach programs. Each year, Esprit engages with schools and organizations to provide free educational experiences including lectures, open rehearsals, and mentorship opportunities in both composition and orchestral performance. Esprit’s annual New Wave Composers Festival celebrates young Canadian artists, providing a rendezvous where young composers and performers can connect with one another and the wider musical community.
Esprit has been the recipient of multiple prestigious awards, including three Lieutenant Governor’s Arts Awards, the Jean A. Chalmers National Music Award, the Vida Peene Award and the SOCAN Award for Imaginative Orchestral Programming. Esprit aims to continue this trajectory of excellence as the organization proudly undertakes its third decade of operation.
One of Esprit’s most important recent endeavours was a debut tour to China for performances at the 2015 Beijing Modern Music Festival and the China-ASEAN Music Week in Nanning where Esprit was also orchestra-in-residence. The tour coincided with the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Canada and China and set the stage for developing long-lasting musical exchanges between Esprit and Chinese musical artists.
Esprit is a non-profit charitable organization governed by a volunteer Board of Directors.
The Folks Behind It All
Alex Pauk, Music Director and Conductor
Alex Pauk was inducted into the Order of Canada on September 23rd, 2015. Through founding Esprit Orchestra in 1983 and devoting the organization to new music, Pauk revitalized orchestral life for composers across Canada. With a core of 65 top instrumentalists, Canada’s best soloists, and an annual subscription series in Toronto, Esprit encourages composers to take bold new directions. Through building and sustaining Esprit’s high calibre performances, commissioning programme, innovative programming (70% Canadian), recordings, performing arts videos and DVDs, outreach projects, national and international tours, and interdisciplinary arts and multimedia ventures, Pauk has been a leader in developing and promoting Canadian music at home and abroad.
As a conductor, he attains excellent performances on stage and in recordings. Pauk’s commissioning of Canadian composers of all ages and stylistic trends is central to his work. He has been a leader in taking new music out of the concert hall and into communities with performances in unusual and alternative locations. He has provided opportunities for choreographers and dancers, stage and lighting designers, actors, directors, and multimedia and visual artists to combine their talents with Esprit in adventurous cross-disciplinary projects.
In 2007, Pauk was a recipient of the Canada Council for the Arts Molson Prize, awarded to those who contribute to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Canada:
“A passionate and visionary conductor, artistic director, composer and educator, Alex Pauk has demonstrated remarkable skills in the arts of initiative, risk-taking and the building and promotion of a leading Canadian arts organization, Esprit Orchestra, which is recognized around the world. A fervent believer in the richness and vitality of Canadian new music, he is a cutting-edge leader in the cultivation and presentation of contemporary music, in Canada and abroad. His true brilliance has emerged in the way that he has introduced new audiences – including young people and more traditional audiences for orchestral music – to the joys of exploring uncharted terrain, both musically and in the new and unusual venues where he has set his performances. Alex Pauk is a true champion of new music who continues to introduce Canadian and international composers to the world.”
~ Molson Prize Jury Citation
Pauk’s commitment to the community through Esprit has also garnered SOCAN and Chalmers Awards, as well as three Lieutenant Governor’s Arts Awards. He was named Musician of the Year (1999) by peers at the Toronto Musicians’ Association, and has helped many composers advance their careers through commissions, high profile performances, recordings and broadcasts. Under Pauk’s direction, Esprit was awarded the 2005 Vida Peene Award for excellent standards of performance and programming.
In addition to his work as a conductor, Alex Pauk has a prolific career as a composer, having written music for every kind of performing ensemble as well as dance and theatre companies.
He has also composed over thirty film scores, many in collaboration with his wife, the composer Alexina Louie. His works for the concert hall have included pieces incorporating digital soundtracks, film, video and dance. Notable recent additions to his catalogue include Musiques immergées for orchestra and digital playback (with a film by photographer Edward Burtynski and film maker John Price having been created for integration with some performances of the work), Devotions, an oratorio for choir and orchestra and Impulse for twenty-four piece flute orchestra. Pauk has composed for and conducted more than sixty works for organizations such as the Société de musique contemporaine du Québec, CBC Vancouver Orchestra, New Music Concerts, Quebec Symphony Orchestra, Hannaford Street Silver Band, Vancouver New Music Society, the Toronto Symphony and Esprit Orchestra. Alex Pauk graduated from the University of Toronto Faculty of Music in 1971. He currently resides in Toronto with his wife, Alexina Louie, who is his vital partner in the development of Esprit Orchestra.
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7:30 pm Concert
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Commodus to Alexander Severus – the Roman Empire
Home » Commodus to Alexander Severus – the Roman Empire
The Roman emperor Commodus, Marcus Aurelius’ son
Commodus becomes emperor
Marcus Aurelius, unlike the other Good Emperors, had a son. His son’s name was Commodus, and when Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD Commodus took over the Roman Empire. But Commodus, like the later Julio-Claudians or like Domitian, had grown up at court, and liked partying more than he liked fighting or working at running the Empire. Still he did well enough at first, and made peace with the Germans.
Conspiracies everywhere
But when Commodus came back to Rome, his sister Lucilla tried to kill him, with the help of some Senators. Even though the plot failed, Commodus became very suspicious (like Domitian again!) and had a lot of Senators and other people killed. One plan he had to kill some of his closest friends backfired when they killed him instead in 192 AD.
But these friends didn’t have anybody in mind to be the next emperor. A few of the more powerful men in Rome called themselves emperor, but all of them were quickly killed in their turn. Civil war seemed unavoidable.
The Roman emperor Septimius Severus and his family
Septimius Severus starts a new dynasty
In 193 AD an African named Septimius Severus, who was the general of the army in Upper Pannonia, made himself emperor with the support of the army. Nobody knows for sure whether Septimius Severus was dark-skinned, but he certainly seems to be in this painting.
He beat the other candidates, though it took him several years to finally defeat the most serious threat, Clodius Albinus, also an African and the governor of Britain.
The Parthians attack
Then in 197 AD the Parthians, seeing civil war in the Roman Empire, attacked again. Septimius Severus went there and pushed the Parthians back again.
Caracalla and Geta
After travelling around the Empire, he spent four years in Rome before going to England to fight an invasion there. Septimius Severus died in England, at York, in February 211 AD. He left the Empire jointly to his two sons, Caracalla and Geta. He is said to have told them to take care of each other and the army, and never mind anything else.
More about the Severan Dynasty
More about the Parthians
Bibliography and further reading about the Severans:
The Ancient Roman World, by Ronald Mellor (2004). Straight political history, For teens.
Classical Rome, by John Clare (1993). For kids, the whole political history from beginning to end.
The Romans: From Village to Empire, by Mary Boatwright, Daniel Gargola, and Richard Talbert (2004). Okay, it’s a little dry, but it is up to date and has all the facts you could want.
The Roman Empire, by Colin Wells (1984). More readable. Alternates chapters on political and social history. Unfortunately, he stops at the third century crisis.
The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire, by Michael Grant (1996).
Septimius Severus, by Anthony Birley (1971). Emphasizes the emperor’s African origins.
More about the Severans
The Third Century Crisis
By Karen Carr|2018-04-25T10:08:45-07:00September 3rd, 2017|History|0 Comments
Cite this page: Carr, K.E. Commodus to Alexander Severus – the Roman Empire. Quatr.us Study Guides, September 3, 2017. Web. July 15, 2019.
Ancient Rome Caracalla Clodius Albinus Geta history Parthian Septimius Severus Severan


Business Plan Contest 2012
Chelsea Ho & Connie Hong
Each year, the FCU Entrepreneurship Education and Development Center sponsors the Feng Chia Business District Entrepreneurship Competition. The winner of the competition wins NT$30,000, a trophy, and three months of rent-free shop space in the Feng Chia Shopping District where they can sell their product. Last year’s winner sold handmade sock dolls. She won the competition because her products were creative and because they were popular in the female market. This year’s winner has will not be chosen until the end of March.
People who would like to participate in this competition should organize a group. In each group, more than half of the members must be college students. The competition is separated into two types – real shops and online shops. Feng Chia university teachers and members of the Feng Chia Shopping District Association are the competition judges.
Photos courtesy of FCU College of Business
How do the participants prepare for the Feng Chia District Entrepreneurship Competition? The leader of each group registers to participate and submits the group’s business plan to the FCU Entrepreneurship Education and Development Center for the preliminary competition. Participants who are successful in the preliminary competition then attend training camp for competitors. This year, the camp was held on February 18. The main activity in this year’s competition camp was a class on writing business plans. Participants learned how to write a more perfect business plan. During the camp, many successful entrepreneurs also shared their experiences with the participants. Before the final competition, each group had to send a more detailed business plan to the FCU Entrepreneurship Education and Development Center and prepare a poster and a presentation.
This year’s final competition will be held on March 24 (Saturday). Many teams will exhibit their products. Participants will grade each other, and the competition judges will also grade each team. If you are interested, come visit the exhibition and see which group’s product you think will win. The exhibit will be held in FCU’s Jung Chin Building, Room B-1 from 10:00 to 16:00; the winners will be announced at the conclusion of the exhibition.


EU: Schengen stalls, Prüm ploughs on: fingerprint, DNA and vehicle registration data exchange networks continue to expand
Statewatch News Online, April 2013
11.04.2013 - Discussions on allowing Bulgaria and Romania to join the Schengen area of border-free travel may have been postponed until December, but the EU's law enforcement authorities will soon start benefitting from easier access to fingerprint and vehicle registration data from the two countries as they move towards fully implementing the Prüm Decisions.
The Prüm Decisions (Council Decisions 2008/615/JHA and 2008/616/JHA, named after the town in which the original treaties were signed) mandate the exchange of DNA, fingerprint and vehicle registration data (VRD) amongst EU member states. They also permit the exchange of personal data for the prevention of terrorist offences and for joint police operations.
Last year a Statewatch analysis noted the ongoing difficulties states have had with implementing the "complex, technologically fraught and expensive" Decisions, which are ultimately intended to "overcome lengthy mutual legal assistance bureaucratic procedures by establishing a single national contact point as an electronic interface for automated information exchange." [1]
The adoption of positive reports on Romania's readiness to exchange fingerprints and Bulgaria's readiness to exchange VRD shows that it may be easier for the personal data of Romanians and Bulgarians to cross the EU's internal borders than it is for citizens of the two Black Sea countries.
On 25 March, the Working Party on Data Protection and Information Exchange (DAPIX) recommended to the Council that it permit the exchange of fingerprint data between Romanian and other EU authorities.
An "overall evaluation report on dactyloscopic [fingerprint] data exchange for Romania," undertaken by a team from Austria, announced that "the implementation of the Prüm/dactyloscopic data-information flow, both on a legal and on a technical level, has been done up to a satisfactory level in Romania." [2]
"All conditions are met for Romania to start the exchange of dactyloscopic data pursuant to Council Decision 2008/615/JHA," says the report.
No date has yet been set for the next JHA Council meeting when it will have to approve the draft Decision. When it does so, Romania will become a part of the networked national systems that ease the exchange of fingerprint data amongst European law enforcement authorities.
It seems likely that at the same Council meeting, Bulgaria's vehicle registration databases will official become part of the Prüm network.
A recent document summarises the outcome of a visit by a joint Dutch and Belgian evaluation team which concluded that "for the purposes of automated searching of vehicle registration data (VRD), Bulgaria has fully implemented the general provisions on data protection of Chapter 6 of Decision 2008/615/JHA." [3]
Romania has been exchanging vehicle registration data with other EU member states since 2011 and both countries also exchange DNA data with a number of EU countries. Bulgaria is able to exchange DNA profiles with Slovenia, Austria, the Netherlands and France, while Romania is connected to the systems of Austria, the Netherlands, Slovenia, France, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany and Spain, and is conducting tests with Cyprus and Estonia.
Bulgaria is also part of the Prüm network for exchanging fingerprint data and is connected to Austria, Germany, Spain, Slovakia, Lithuania, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands, Lithuania and Cyprus.
However, it may be possible for one member state to obtain fingerprint data from another even if the two do not have a direct connection by using a state with which they both have connections as an intermediary. The extent to which this practice may or may not take place is, however, unknown.
It seems likely that the next JHA Council meeting will also authorise the exchange of Prüm data from countries other than Bulgaria and Romania. Council Decisions have been drawn up that, when agreed, will permit Sweden to exchange DNA data and Malta to exchange DNA and fingerprint data.
- "Complex, technologically fraught and expensive" - the problematic implementation of the Prüm Decisions by Chris Jones, March 2012
- “Network with errors”: Europe’s emerging web of DNA databases by Eric Topfer, March 2011
- Searching for Needles in an ever expanding haystack: Cross-border DNA exchange in the wake of the Prüm Treaty by Eric Topfer, September 2008
[1] "Complex, technologically fraught and expensive" - the problematic implementation of the Prüm Decisions by Chris Jones, March 2012
[2] Presidency, "Prüm Decisions" - overall evaluation report on dactyloscopic data exchange for Romania, 25 March 2013, 7824/13; Presidency, Draft Council Decision on the launch of automated data exchange with regard to dactyloscopic data in Romania, 25 March 2013 7826/13
[3] Presidency, Draft Council Decision on the launch of automated data exchange with regard to Vehicle Registration Data (VRD) in Bulgaria, 26 March 2013, 7942/13


'He needs prayers': Richard Overton, nation's oldest man and WWII vet, is in the hospital
Filed under People at Dec 17
Brendan Meyer, How We Live writer
Connect with Brendan Meyer
The oldest man in America is in the hospital.
Richard Overton, the 112-year-old lifelong Austin resident and most-senior veteran, is fighting his latest bout of pneumonia.
"He needs prayers," said Volma Overton, Richard's third cousin. "He needs everybody's prayers."
Overton has been in the hospital since Wednesday. This year, he's been in and out of the hospital multiple times for pneumonia.
Richard Overton, 112, smoked a cigar on his front porch on Richard Overton Avenue in Austin on May 25, 2017, among signs displayed to celebrate his birthday. Overton is known for smoking cigars and drinking whiskey on his front porch. He is the oldest living U.S. war veteran.
(Ashley Landis/Staff Photographer)
In the past year, the supercentenarian and World War II veteran has had some highs and lows. In April, he went on his first private jet ride to Washington, D.C., for a tour of the National Museum of African American History and Culture. But in late June, Overton's family members learned that his identity had been stolen and that his personal bank account had been drained. Days later, Bank of America restored the stolen funds in full.
Overton's favorite pastime is smoking his 12 daily cigars on the front porch of the home he built 70 years ago. His friends call it his "stage." It's on Richard Overton Avenue, as the town renamed the street for his 111th birthday.
That's where he celebrated his 112th birthday in May, with DJs, food, drinks and T-shirts with one of his famous quotes — advice on the secret to a long life: "Keep living, don't die."
All about Richard Overton, the Texan who's the oldest man in America
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Richard Overton, nation's oldest man, laid to rest in Austin
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Richard Overton, nation's oldest man, dead at 112
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Yoga is not a religious practice, though religious leaders would do well to practice it


Unlike a piano or the voices of a choir, the guitar (in standard tuning) has difficulty playing the chords as stacks of thirds, which would require the left hand to span too many frets,[40] particularly for dominant seventh chords, as explained below. If in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in closed position, then they often can be played in open position; similarly, if in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in root position, they can often be played in inverted positions. A chord is inverted when the bass note is not the root note. Additional chords can be generated with drop-2 (or drop-3) voicing, which are discussed for standard tuning's implementation of dominant seventh chords (below).
A guitar's frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck. The bending stress on the neck is considerable, particularly when heavier gauge strings are used (see Tuning), and the ability of the neck to resist bending (see Truss rod) is important to the guitar's ability to hold a constant pitch during tuning or when strings are fretted. The rigidity of the neck with respect to the body of the guitar is one determinant of a good instrument versus a poor-quality one.
I think for all parties, if we had the ability to send a "two day backstage pass" (you can use that), where we can send a friend a link and they could try the sight for free but couldn't submit videos. I have a few friends that I keep trying to sell them on but they just are not totally sold and I think it's because the beauty of this site is the personalized VE's are. The interaction between student and teacher is what really makes this magical and it's really hard to describe. The search feature could be a little better, more precise and sometimes it finds no VE hits on simple searches like street. Otherwise I am one of your biggest fans.
The California Conservatory of Music offers guitar lessons with the most qualified teachers in the Bay Area at both our Santa Clara and Redwood City schools. Whether you're looking to start your young child with Suzuki guitar lessons, preparing for a college audition, or getting reading for an upcoming concert, we can assist you. We offer the Bay Area’s most comprehensive guitar lessons which include technique, sight reading, music theory, and in addition to the private lessons, we offer ensemble, repertoire, and theory classes on the weekends. For students under the age of 8, we ask the parents to be involved in their guitar lessons and practice at home. To better help parents develop in to this role, the first three lessons are dedicated to the parent education class. The child can then begin their guitar lessons. This helps ensures the student’s success and motivation.
Jump up ^ "We know from literary sources that the five course guitar was immensely popular in Spain in the early seventeenth century and was also widely played in France and Italy...Yet almost all the surviving guitars were built in Italy...This apparent disparity between the documentary and instrumental evidence can be explained by the fact that, in general, only the more expensively made guitars have been kept as collectors' pieces. During the early seventeenth century the guitar was an instrument of the people of Spain, but was widely played by the Italian aristocracy." Tom and Mary Anne Evans. Guitars: From the Renaissance to Rock. Paddington Press Ltd, 1977, p. 24.
The musical theory of chords is reviewed, to provide terminology for a discussion of guitar chords. Three kinds of chords, which are emphasized in introductions to guitar-playing,[10][11] are discussed. These basic chords arise in chord-triples that are conventional in Western music, triples that are called three-chord progressions. After each type of chord is introduced, its role in three-chord progressions is noted.
The fingerboard, also called the fretboard, is a piece of wood embedded with metal frets that comprises the top of the neck. It is flat on classical guitars and slightly curved crosswise on acoustic and electric guitars. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which the fretboard's surface constitutes a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Most modern guitars feature a 12" neck radius, while older guitars from the 1960s and 1970s usually feature a 6-8" neck radius. Pinching a string against a fret on fretboard effectively shortens the vibrating length of the string, producing a higher pitch.
There's an abundance of guitar information out there on the web, some good, some not. I stumbled across Justin Sandercoe's site a year ago and now tell everyone about it. The lessons are conveyed so clearly, concisely and in the most congenial way. The site is laid out logically as well so you can to go straight to your area of interest... beginner, blues, rock, folk, jazz, rhythm, fingerpicking... it's all there and more. Spend ten minutes with Justin and you'll not only play better but feel better too. From novice to know-it-all, everyone will learn something from Sandercoe.
Learning to play other people's guitar solos is a great way to begin learning to write your own! Guitar teacher Nils B. shares his tips to learning four classic rock solos so you can develop your technique... An essential part of every musician's development is to imitate those who have already mastered their instrument. After settling on a song, give it a couple of close listens (preferably on headphones or a decent stereo), pick up a good transcription, then learn the rhythm parts, while an
I would especially like to stress the gentle approach Justin takes with two key aspects that contributed to my development as a musician - music theory and ear training. Justin has succeeded in conveying the importance and profoundness of understanding music both theoretically and through your ears while maintaining a simple and accessible approach to them, all while sticking to what is ultimately the most important motto: 'If it sounds good, it is good'.
While the free guitar lessons here will help you get started, we always recommend committed students to invest in their guitar skills by starting a Guitareo membership. That’s where you’ll get a more comprehensive library of step-by-step video lessons so you always know exactly what to learn next, play-along songs so you can apply your skills to real music, and community support so you’ll get all of your questions answered. Click here to learn more about Guitareo.
Archtop guitars are steel-string instruments in which the top (and often the back) of the instrument are carved, from a solid billet, into a curved, rather than a flat, shape. This violin-like construction is usually credited to the American Orville Gibson. Lloyd Loar of the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co introduced the violin-inspired "F"-shaped hole design now usually associated with archtop guitars, after designing a style of mandolin of the same type. The typical archtop guitar has a large, deep, hollow body whose form is much like that of a mandolin or a violin-family instrument. Nowadays, most archtops are equipped with magnetic pickups, and they are therefore both acoustic and electric. F-hole archtop guitars were immediately adopted, upon their release, by both jazz and country musicians, and have remained particularly popular in jazz music, usually with flatwound strings.
As a beginner guitar player, one of the most difficult hurdles to overcome is that of transition between chords. We learn the chords to our favourite songs or a new complex chord shape, but when it comes to making music with them, our lack of muscle memory and dexterity inhibits us from stringing these chords together in a meaningful and comprehensive manner.
Jump up ^ "The first incontrovertible evidence of five-course instruments can be found in Miguel Fuenllana's Orphenica Lyre of 1554, which contains music for a vihuela de cinco ordenes. In the following year, Juan Bermudo wrote in his Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales: 'We have seen a guitar in Spain with five courses of strings.' Bermudo later mentions in the same book that 'Guitars usually have four strings,' which implies that the five-course guitar was of comparatively recent origin, and still something of an oddity." Tom and Mary Anne Evans, Guitars: From the Renaissance to Rock. Paddington Press Ltd, 1977, p. 24.
Students can earn a Certificate in MI’s Performance Studies program for Guitar. With an innovative 360-degree approach to music education, MI Certificates are centered on Harmony, Theory and Ear Training, with core subjects in Reading, Technique and Performance. This Certificate program provides students with a broad foundation of knowledge and practical experience, encouraging the rapid development of skills in preparation for a range of professional music performance situations.


UK's first automated enclosure-making machine gets going
The British electrical engineering and controls group LCA has combined the operations from its sites in Runcorn and Ewloe in a new multi-million pound manufacturing plant in Hawarden, North Wales. The facilities include a £500,000 laser machining centre for the automated production of enclosures – the first of its kind in the UK, and one of only seven in use around the world.
The new site was opened recently by the Welsh Cabinet Secretary for the Economy, Ken Skates.
The new machine will automate LCA’s previously manual production of stainless-steel control panels. The company expects to boost its production rate “dramatically”, as well as well as turning around orders faster – allowing next-day deliveries in some cases.
LCA Controls’ managing director, Alan Sheppard, describes the investment in the Rittal automated machining centre as being “incredibly important for the growth of our control panel manufacturing and design business… It means we can deliver more, faster, better, more efficiently for customers across the world, without compromising on the quality we’re famous for.”
He adds that the machine “will give us capabilities that are way ahead of the curve on our competitors in the UK”.
LCA's new site was opened recently by the Welsh Cabinet Secretary for the Economy, Ken Skates (centre), seen here with LCA's chairman David Williams (left) and managing director, Alan Sheppard (right).
Built-in 3D modelling and CAD capabilities mean that the machine can process panels in a fraction of the time needed previously. “We can immerse our customers in the design and build process like never before,” says Sheppard. “They can literally fly in and fly out of the designed products we build, and we can deliver them to their door within days. Not only that, but we can now do one-off jobs, or high-volume mass manufacturing of control panel boxes, at the touch of a few buttons.”
According to Paul Metcalfe, Rittal’s product manager for industrial and outdoor enclosures in the UK, the automated enclosure-production machines are “light years ahead of the alternative, manual approach” and can speed up processing by up to 66%, compared to traditional hand-tooling.
Despite its move to automated enclosure manufacturing, LCA is currently recruiting control panel experts to expand its workforce.
EU project could result in machinery that repairs itself
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BREAKING: Senate Passes Seven Bills Rejected By Buhari
The Senate has passed seven of the at least 16 bills rejected so far this year by President Muhammadu Buhari.
The bills are the Petroleum Industry Governance Bill (PIGB), National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism Bill, National Research and Innovation Council Bill, Stamp Duties Act (Amendment) Bill, National Agricultural Seed Council Bill, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (Amendment) Bill and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Act 2010 (Amendment) Bill.
Buhari had expressed reservations about the constitutionality of passing the bills into law, and therefore wrote the Senate to reconsider them.
The upper chamber also initiated moves to the override the President’s veto on the Fourth Alteration Bill No.28 — a constitutional amendment that seeks to mandate the President and state governors to present annual budget estimates before legislature at most three months to the end of a financial year. It also seeks to encourage early presentation and passage of Appropriation Bills.
The President had rejected the bill, arguing that it didn’t capture the provisions of Section 58(4) of the 1999 Constitution, as amended.
With the Industrial Development Amendment Bill, which, if passed, will enable companies expand their operations in pioneer industry or product to apply for a new pioneer status, the President had declined, saying assenting to it would interfere with ongoing inter-ministerial consultations.
However, even though the Senate had listed both bills — the Fourth Alteration Bill No.28 and the Industrial Development Amendment Bill — in its Order Paper for the day as meant to be overruled. However, the two bills were not considered at the end of plenary.
SaharaReporters had reported exactly a week ago that a clash was brewing between the executive and the legislature in the about-to-expire life of the current political dispensation, as the Senate had resolved to overrule the President’s veto on two bills.
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Take advantage of my olive branch, Wike begs politicians in Rivers


11 Jul 19 | New Delhi
MG Motor India to focus further on community building; commences contribution to girl child education with sales of MG Hector
Leveraging its partnership with IIMPACT NGO, the carmaker will contribute towards facilitating one month’s education for every girl child from every Hector sold
New Delhi, July 11, 2019: Underlining its commitment towards gender diversity and community development, marquee carmaker MG (Morris Garages) Motor India has commenced contribution towards girl child education with the commencement of sales of the MG HECTOR. Leveraging its partnership with IIMPACT NGO, the carmaker will contribute towards facilitating one month’s education for every girl child from every Hector sold.
In partnership with IIMPACT, an NGO engaged in providing quality education to young girls through its learning centres in remote villages across the country, MG has adopted and will be supporting 30 learning centres to begin with. MG India plans to increase this number substantially every year as the scale of its operations grows as part of its focus on ‘community building’.
Speaking on the partnership, Rajeev Chaba, President & Managing Director, MG Motor India, said, “As responsible corporate citizens, MG India and IIMPACT share a common vision of supporting, providing access to women to support themselves and transform their lives and the community around them. Educating and empowering the girl child is amongst the most impactful ways of doing so. With IIMPACT, the focus is on girls hailing from underprivileged backgrounds, as they work towards creating a better future for themselves. The initiative also enables owners of MG vehicles to contribute to and support a critical cause and become MGChangemakers.”
Commenting on the initiative, Rema Harish, Executive Director, IIMPACT, said, “We share a common vision with MG India, an organization which is focused on gender diversity as a core principle. Our aim is to provide access to quality education to the girl child, particularly in areas lagging in basic social services and economic development. Regional inequalities are compounded by historical social inequalities, particularly for the girl child. Our program seeks to bring about social change through education. We are grateful for this partnership which will help address issues in these specific areas.”
In 2018, as part of its efforts to highlight gender diversity, the carmaker collaborated with ‘The Better India’ for the “MG Changemakers” initiative, honouring 6 women trailblazers that inspired change in different communities across the country. The aim was to highlight how women, with their extraordinary spirit, peerless grit and determination, can create a positive impact within society. The carmaker also joined hands with TRAX NGO to launch its road safety initiative, ‘Road Safety and Juniors Programme’. Since its launch in November 2018, the programme has already been implemented across 257 schools in Gurugram and Faridabad, impacting over 300,000 school students.
MG Motor India is a future-ready organization that is trying to set industry benchmarks not only in terms of a young & smart work culture but also in terms of diversity; female employees already account for 32% of the company’s total workforce, with plans to further increase the number of women hires in the future. With a focus on four key organisational pillars of innovation, diversity, experiences, and community, the carmaker is building a strong base for its future operations.
Founded in the UK in 1924, Morris Garages vehicles were world famous for their sports cars, roadsters, and cabriolet series. MG vehicles were much sought after by many celebrities, including the British Prime Ministers and even the British Royal Family, for their styling, elegance, and spirited performance. The MG Car Club, set up in 1930 at Abingdon in the UK, has more than a million loyal fans, making it by far one of the world’s largest clubs for a car brand. MG has evolved into a modern, futuristic and innovative brand over the last 95 years. MG Motor India has commenced its manufacturing operations at its car manufacturing plant at Halol in Gujarat.