Patent ID: 12224502

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

In the development of radar systems (e.g., for automotive applications), it is important to find a balance between performance, size, and cost. With recent MMIC technology, passive and active microwave elements are integrated into a single chip that is a few square millimeters in size. The antenna (e.g., antenna arrays), however, which largely impact the range and resolution of the radar system, are generally much larger. Therefore, a careful design and arrangement of the transition between the PCB and the antenna are crucial to ensure optimal radar performance while preserving a small profile and minimizing manufacturing costs.

There are several major concerns for evaluating a transition design: reflection loss, transmission loss, operational bandwidth, manufacturing robustness, and cost. Reflection loss is due to impedance mismatch. Transmission loss includes dissipative and radiation losses, which can occur from long routing and cause poor isolation between channels. Wider bandwidth is preferred to accommodate frequency shifts caused by manufacturing errors and tolerances. For mass production of radar systems, the transition design must be economical and robust enough against normal manufacturing tolerances. Lastly, miniaturization of transition designs and overall radar packaging have become increasingly important because they allow for easier layouts, shorter routing, and compact module profiles.

To achieve a compact design, PCBs can utilize through-board vertical transitions to transfer electrical signals (e.g., electromagnetic (EM) energy) from feeding lines from an MMIC on one side of the PCB to inputs of an antenna or a radio-frequency (RF) structure on another side of the PCB. A through-board vertical transition allows a separate antenna board to be placed back-to-back with the MMIC board, reducing the overall size of the PCB compared to a planar approach (discussed below). This design transforms an on-board planar feeding line to a through-board equivalent dielectric-filled waveguide which consists of a series of rectangular metal openings etched on each conductive or metal layer and through-board via fences surrounding the metal openings. There are, however, several challenges associated with vertical transitions and the accuracy of their fabrication, including etching and layer alignment. In addition, these transitions can have relatively high transmission loss. As a result, vertical transitions may reduce the power delivered to the antenna or RF structure, limiting operations of the PCB module (e.g., limiting radar detections of a nearby object). In addition, vertical transitions often cannot be fabricated with low-cost PCB materials and instead may require high-cost, low-loss material and expensive fabrication techniques.

Designing a vertical transition to enable low transmission loss can be a further challenge. An electronic device may require the vertical transition to transport power associated with the EM energy to the antenna or RF structure to perform operations (e.g., radar detection of a nearby object). These operations, however, may be inhibited by transmission loss if the power supplied to the antenna or RF structure is insufficient. For example, when the EM energy encounters a vertical transition, there may be an impedance mismatch that results in reduced or insufficient power transfer (e.g., transmission loss) to the antenna. Further, operations of PCB components (e.g., transport, storage, or processing of electrical signals by an integrated circuit (IC), transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors, and so forth) may become inhibited or permanently damaged by transmission loss due in part to heating of the PCB via dissipation of the EM energy.

The performance of vertical transitions is also sensitive to manufacturing tolerances. The multi-layer design of vertical transitions often includes several critical geometries that are susceptible to manufacturing errors, such as over/under-etching, layer misalignment, and board thickness variations. These manufacturing variables can result in significant decreases in energy passing through the vertical transition due to shifted operational bandwidth and impedance mismatch.

To mitigate these challenges, some PCBs do not include vertical transitions. Instead, the PCB components may be located on the same board and same side as the antenna or RF structure. Planar transitions can be fabricated on the same PCB where both the MMIC and antenna are located. Depending on the type of feeding structures of the MMIC and antenna, the design variants include a microstrip-to-differential, microstrip-to-substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), and a differential-to-SIW design. For example, the IC may be located next to the antenna, eliminating a need for vertical transitions. There are, however, several drawbacks to planar transitions. For example, the IC needs to be shielded to reduce interaction with the antenna. The PCB may also need to be larger to allow for mounting of the PCB components on the same side. There can be additional costs associated with this type of PCB if a dual-sided surface-mount technology (SMT) process is required.

To address these challenges, this document describes an upward transition that utilizes a surface-mount transition channel for vertical transitions from one PCB to a waveguide. The antenna-to-PCB transition described herein utilizes a dielectric-filled portion of the PCB on which the MMIC is mounted, a conductive loop, and a transition channel mounted on a surface of the PCB and positioned over the dielectric-filled portion. The shape and size of the components of the described antenna-to-PCB transition are designed to reduce transmission losses, lower manufacturing costs, and improve performance. The transmission loss is reduced by utilizing a low-loss air waveguide as the transition channel and a shortened routing length. The slimmer topology also makes the layout arrangement more flexible and smaller. In addition, the antenna board acts as a shield for the MMIC, eliminating the costs for a separate shielding component.

The antenna-to-PCB transition described herein can also reduce costs associated with the PCB fabrication. The transition channel and dielectric-filled portion reduce the need for precise alignment of the vertical transitions in a multi-layer PCB. As a result, low-cost PCB materials may be integrated into layers of the PCB. For example, a hybrid PCB stack-up includes a top layer that comprises a material that is distinct from materials used in remaining layers.

This example antenna-to-PCB transition is just one example of the described techniques, apparatuses, and systems of an antenna-to-PCB transition. This document describes other examples and implementations.

Operating Environment

FIG.1illustrates an example environment100in which a radar system102with an antenna-to-PCB transition110is used on a vehicle104. The vehicle104may use the antenna-to-PCB transition110to enable operations of the radar system102that is configured to determine a proximity, an angle, or a velocity of one or more objects108in the proximity of the vehicle104.

Although illustrated as a car, the vehicle104can represent other types of motorized vehicles (e.g., a motorcycle, a bus, a tractor, a semi-trailer truck, or construction equipment), non-motorized vehicles (e.g., a bicycle), railed vehicles (e.g., a train or a trolley car), watercraft (e.g., a boat or a ship), aircraft (e.g., an airplane or a helicopter), or spacecraft (e.g., satellite). In general, manufacturers can mount the radar system102to any moving platform, including moving machinery or robotic equipment. In other implementations, other devices (e.g., desktop computers, tablets, laptops, televisions, computing watches, smartphones, gaming systems, and so forth) may incorporate the radar system102with the antenna-to-PCB transition110and support techniques described herein.

In the depicted environment100, the radar system102is mounted near or integrated within a front portion of vehicle104to detect object108and avoid collisions. The radar system102provides a field-of-view106towards one or more objects108. The radar system102can project the field-of-view106from any exterior surface of the vehicle104. For example, vehicle manufacturers can integrate the radar system102into a bumper, side mirror, headlights, rear lights, or any other interior or exterior location where the object108requires detection. In some cases, the vehicle104includes multiple radar systems102, such as a first radar system102and a second radar system102that provide a larger field-of-view106.

In general, vehicle manufacturers can design the locations of one or more radar systems102to provide a particular field-of-view106that encompasses a region of interest, including, for instance, in or around a travel lane aligned with a vehicle path. Example fields-of-view106include a 360-degree field-of-view, one or more 180-degree fields-of-view, one or more 90-degree fields-of-view, and so forth, which can overlap or be combined into a field-of-view106of a particular size.

The object108is composed of one or more materials that reflect radar signals. Depending on the application, the object108can represent a target of interest. In some cases, the object108can be a moving object or a stationary object. The stationary objects can be continuous (e.g., a concrete barrier, a guard rail) or discontinuous (e.g., a traffic cone) along a road portion.

The radar system102emits electromagnetic radiation by transmitting one or more electromagnetic signals or waveforms via an antenna (not illustrated). In the environment100, the radar system102can detect and track the object108by transmitting and receiving one or more radar signals. For example, the radar system102can transmit electromagnetic signals between 100 and 400 gigahertz (GHz), between 4 and 100 GHz, or between approximately 70 and 80 GHz.

The radar system102can determine a distance to the object108based on the time it takes for the signals to travel from the radar system102to the object108and from the object108back to the radar system102. The radar system102can also determine the location of object108in terms of an angle based on the direction of a maximum amplitude echo signal received by the radar system102.

The radar system102can be part of the vehicle104. Vehicle104can also include at least one automotive system that relies on data from the radar system102, including a driver-assistance system, an autonomous-driving system, or a semi-autonomous-driving system. The radar system102can include an interface to the automotive systems. The radar system102can output, via the interface, a signal based on electromagnetic energy received by the radar system102.

Generally, the automotive systems use radar data provided by the radar system102to perform a function. For example, the driver-assistance system can provide blind-spot monitoring and generate an alert indicating a potential collision with the object108detected by the radar system102. In this case, the radar data from the radar system102indicates when it is safe or unsafe to change lanes. The autonomous-driving system may move the vehicle104to a particular location on the road while avoiding collisions with the object108detected by the radar system102. The radar data provided by the radar system102can provide information about the distance to and the location of the object108to enable the autonomous-driving system to perform emergency braking, perform a lane change, or adjust the speed of the vehicle104.

The radar system102generally includes an MMIC (not illustrated) and at least one antenna, including the antenna-to-PCB transition110, to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic signals. The MMIC includes components for emitting electromagnetic signals and detecting reflected electromagnetic signals.

The radar system102also includes one or more processors (not illustrated) and computer-readable storage media (CRM) (not illustrated). The processor can be a microprocessor or a system-on-chip. The processor executes instructions stored within the CRM. As an example, the processor can control the operation of the transmitter. The processor can also process electromagnetic energy received by the antenna and determine the location of object108relative to the radar system102. The processor can also generate radar data for automotive systems. For example, the processor can control, based on processed electromagnetic energy from the antenna, an autonomous or semi-autonomous driving system of the vehicle104.

The antenna-to-PCB transition110includes a PCB112, a dielectric-filled portion114of the PCB112, a conductive loop116, and a transition channel118. The dielectric-filled portion114conducts EM energy radiated through the PCB112to reflect off a bottom layer and combine with the EM energy radiated vertically through the transition channel118. As described in greater detail with respect toFIGS.2-1through2-4, the dielectric-filled portion114is formed using interfaces, via fences, and a plate. The electrical current flowing along the conductive loop116induces magnetic fields that act as a magnetic source to excite EM waves inside the antenna-to-PCB transition110. The transition channel118guides the EM energy upward to an output port120, where the EM energy can be delivered to an antenna input on a separate PCB. The transition channel118can be any solid material, including wood, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metal, plastic, or a combination thereof with inner surfaces of the transition channel118coated with a (thin) layer of metal.

This document describes example embodiments of the antenna-to-PCB transition110to reduce energy loss and support a wide bandwidth in greater detail with respect toFIGS.2through5. The design of the described antenna-to-PCB transition110is also highly customizable to accommodate tight space constraints on the PCB112or different antenna designs. In this way, the described antenna-to-PCB transition110enables a compact circuitry layout for the radar system102to reduce manufacturing costs and transmission losses.

FIGS.2-1through2-4illustrate perspective views, a top view, and a side view of an example antenna-to-PCB transition200. The antenna-to-PCB transition200is an example of the antenna-to-PCB transition110ofFIG.1.FIG.2-1illustrates a top perspective view of the antenna-to-PCB transition200.FIG.2-2illustrates a bottom perspective view of the antenna-to-PCB transition.FIGS.2-3and2-4illustrate a top and side view, respectively, of the antenna-to-PCB transition200. The antenna-to-PCB transition200includes the PCB112, the dielectric-filled portion114, the conductive loop116, and the transition channel118.

The PCB112can include three or more dielectric layers, e.g., a first dielectric layer202-1, a second dielectric layer202-2, and a third dielectric layer202-3. In other implementations, the PCB can include a single dielectric layer with two metal layers. The dielectric-filled portion114is part of the PCB112. In particular, the dielectric-filled portion114can be formed by a first interface204-1located on or in the first dielectric layer202-1, a second interface204-2located on or in the second dielectric layer202-2, and a plate206located on or in the third dielectric layer202-3or on or in the PCB112as an internal layer or feature. The first interface204-1and the second interface204-2have an interior opening that forms a cross-section of the dielectric-filled portion114in the first dielectric layer202-1or on a surface of the PCB112. The plate206encloses the dielectric-filled portion114in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the PCB112. The first interface204-1, the second interface204-2, and the plate206can be metal or a metal-plated material. The dielectric-filled portion114, the first interface204-1, the second interface204-2, the interior portion of the first interface204-1and the second interface204-2, and the plate206can have an approximately rectangular shape or circular shape to match a profile of the transition channel118.

As illustrated inFIG.2-1, the dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114—the interior portion of the first interface204-1and the second interface204-2—can approximately match those of the interior portion of the transition channel118. For example, the dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114can be 1.27 millimeters (mm) by 2.54 mm. Other dimensions for the dielectric-filled portion114are also possible. In other implementations, the dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114can differ from the dimensions of the interior portion of the first interface204-1and the second interface204-2. The dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114, the first interface204-1, and the second interface204-2can be designed and selected to accommodate specific board layout requirements, MMIC-port topologies, and transition channel sizes, while maintaining impedance matching and low energy loss. In general, the dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114are smaller than conventional waveguides or transition channels to reduce the overall board size and cost of the radar system.

The first interface204-1, the second interface204-2, and the plate206include multiple via holes208. The via holes208form a via fence that together with the first interface204-1, the second interface204-2, and the plate206enclose the dielectric-filled portion114. The via holes208are generally closely spaced to form an equivalent wall to the electromagnetic wave excited by the conductive loop116. In effect, the electromagnetic wave effectively sees the collection of via holes208as a metal plate wall that is generally not feasible or is cost prohibitive to create during PCB fabrication. The diameter and spacing of the via holes208are designed to minimize or prevent energy leaking through the via fence, which would deteriorate the performance of the antenna-to-PCB transition200. The ratio between the center-to-center spacing of the via holes208and the diameter of the via holes208is generally greater than 1.5. Practically, this ratio is bounded by the manufacturing tolerances and cost sensitivities; for example, the via holes208cannot be too closely spaced to not be practically possible or cost prohibitive.

The plate206encloses the bottom of the dielectric-filled portion114. An important design consideration is the PCB layer on which to place the plate206because it dictates the depth of the dielectric-filled portion114, which represents the thickness of the PCB112from a first surface (e.g., the top surface) of the PCB112to the plate206. The depth of the dielectric-filled portion114is generally designed so that the energy210reflected off of the plate206merges with the upward-transmitting electromagnetic energy212from the conductive loop116as illustrated inFIG.2-4. For example, the depth can be designed to be a quarter wavelength of the center operating frequency of the electromagnetic energy or an antenna coupled to the antenna-to-PCB transition200.

The conductive loop116is connected to a pair of differential input lines on the first dielectric layer202-1. The perimeter length of the conductive loop116is generally designed to be close to a full wavelength or half wavelength of the center operating frequency (e.g., 76.5 GHz) of the electromagnetic energy or an antenna coupled to the antenna-to-PCB transition200so that the flowing current can resonate. The conductive loop116can have various shapes, including approximately rectangular, square, circular, or oval. For example, the shape of the conductive loop116can be based on a designer's preference or manufacturing requirements to reduce fabrication errors. The trace width and shape of the conductive loop116can also be adjusted to optimize impedance matching to the differential input lines. If sufficient impedance matching is not possible, additional impedance matching stubs can be placed in between the conductive loop116and the differential input lines.

The conductive loop116is generally placed near the short wall of the transition channel118or the dielectric-filled portion114to efficiently excite the traveling electromagnetic wave inside the transition channel118. The intensity of the magnetic flux is generally strongest at the short wall of the transition channel118and decays as the conductive loop116is placed further away from the short wall.

The transition channel118is placed on the first interface204-1. The transition channel118can be filled with various dielectrics, including air. As a result, the transition channel118can function as an air waveguide. The transition channel118can be made of metal or metal-plated plastic. As discussed above, the opening of the transition channel118can be designed based on size, cost, and performance characteristics. The transition channel118includes a hole214(e.g., a mouse hole) at one side of the short wall to allow the differential input lines to connect to the conductive loop116. The hole214can be sized to be sufficiently large to allow access for the differential input lines while not being too large to leak too much energy. The hole214can also be designed and optimized as an impedance matching section between the differential input lines and the conductive loop116. The dimension and shape flexibility of the transition channel118avoids expensive and exacting milling manufacturing processes, while also permitting three-dimensional printing to further reduce manufacturing costs.

In operation, energy from an MMIC (not illustrated inFIG.2) or another processor is delivered to an impedance port216. The impedance port216can have a supplier-defined or other arbitrary impedance (e.g., 100 ohms). The differential input lines218transmit the energy to the conductive loop116inside the transition channel118. The current flowing along the conductive loop116induces magnetic fields within the transition channel118and the dielectric-filled portion114(as illustrated inFIGS.2-3and2-4). The magnetic fields act as the magnetic source to excite the energy-carry traveling waves210and212. In contrast, transitions generally use a direct electric field to excite the electromagnetic energy.

The dielectric-filled portion114allows the downward-traveling energy wave to bounce off the plate206and merge with the upward-traveling energy wave212. The transition channel118guides the electromagnetic waves210and212toward the output port120that is operably connected to an antenna input on a separate board. In this way, the described antenna-to-PCB transition200can achieve a wide bandwidth and a low insertion loss. The antenna-to-PCB transition200also achieves significantly reduce transmission losses because of the highly efficient magnetic-coupling excitation by the conductive loop116. Due to the design flexibility in terms of the shape and size of the conductive loop116, the dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion114, and the dimensions of the transition channel118, the antenna-to-PCB transition200provide design freedoms to minimize the size and cost of the PCB112, reduce the associated transmission losses from routing the differential input lines218, and alleviate design constraints introduced by traditional waveguides and transition channels.

FIG.3illustrates simulated results300of the described antenna-to-PCB transition (e.g., the antenna-to-PCB transition200ofFIGS.2-1through2-4). Lines302and304illustrate the simulated return loss for the described antenna-to-PCB transition200. Line306illustrates the simulated insertion loss for the antenna-to-PCB transition200. As illustrated inFIG.3, the described design experience approximately 11 GHz of −10 dB bandwidth and 8 GHz of −15 dB bandwidth. The insertion loss for the antenna-to-PCB transition200can be as low as 0.55 dB at an operating frequency of 76.5 GHz.

FIG.4illustrates a top view of an antenna-to-PCB transition400with a differential-to-single ended configuration. The antenna-to-PCB transition400is an example of the antenna-to-PCB transition110ofFIG.1. Similar to the antenna-to-PCB transition200, the antenna-to-PCB transition400includes the PCB112, the dielectric-filled portion114(not illustrated inFIG.4), the conductive loop116, and the transition channel118(not illustrated inFIG.4).

The antenna-to-PCB transition200was described in the context of a differential input/out MMIC configuration. In contrast, the antenna-to-PCB transition400is applicable to single-ended MMIC configurations. The antenna-to-PCB transition400includes a single-ended input line402from an MMIC (not illustrated) and a balun404.

The single-ended input line402is connected to a taper line406that transitions the wider trace of the single-ended input line402to a narrower trace of a differential line410. The other branch of the differential line410terminates at the balun404. The balun404is illustrated as a square via pad that includes a via connect408, which connects the via pad to the second dielectric layer202-2. The differential lines410are connected to the conductive loop116. The transition at the taper line406is generally less than a half wavelength to minimize the footprint and transmission loss.

The design parameters of the transition are the width and length of the differential lines410, the gap in between the differential lines410, and the taper line406. The gap and width of the differential lines410are lower bounded by fabrication and manufacturing limits. Designers can fix one or several of the parameters while adjusting the other parameters to obtain the desired impedance matching. From the perspective of electromagnetics, the quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode supported by the single-ended input line402is converted to the quasi-TEM differential or odd mode supported by the differential lines410, whereas another common or even mode propagating along the differential lines410is suppressed. Specifically, the balun404and the taper line406gradually tilt the vertical electric potential between the microstrip and the ground plane toward the horizontal electric potential between the pair of differential lines410; on the other hand, given the designed length of the differential lines410, the forward-propagated common mode waves are canceled out by the reflected common mode waves because they are out of phase, which results in only the differential mode is allowed to propagate along the lines. In this way, the antenna-to-PCB transition400for single-ended configurations provides a compact differential-to-single ended transition that can maintain the bandwidth performance discussed above with minimal added insertion loss.

Example Method

FIG.5illustrates an example method500for manufacturing an antenna-to-PCB transition following techniques, apparatuses, and systems of this disclosure. Method500is shown as sets of operations (or acts) performed, but not necessarily limited to the order or combinations in which the operations are shown herein. Further, any of one or more of the operations may be repeated, combined, or reorganized to provide other methods. In portions of the following discussion, reference may be made to the environment100ofFIG.1and entities detailed inFIGS.1through4, reference to which is made for example only. The techniques are not limited to performance by one entity or multiple entities.

At502, a transition channel is formed. For example, the transition channel118can be stamped, etched, cut, machined, cast, molded, or formed in some other way. As one example, the transition channel118may be formed using a sheet-metal drawing process, which includes using tensile forces to stretch the metal material to a desired shape and thickness. The transition channel118may also be formed using a sheet-metal-stamping process, which includes applying pressure to the metal material by using a stamping press to form the desired shape and thickness. For complex shapes, the sheet-metal-stamping process may cost less than the sheet-metal-drawing process. The transition channel118may additionally be formed using a cast heatsink.

At504, the transition channel is mounted directly on a first surface of a PCB and positioned over a dielectric-filled portion of the PCB. For example, the transition channel118is mounted directly on a first surface of the PCB112, which can be a multi-layer PCB or a hybrid PCB stack-up. The transition channel118is connected to the first surface using a conductive material. The transition channel118is positioned over the dielectric-filled portion114of the PCB112and the conductive loop116.

At506, electromagnetic signals are received or transmitted via the transition channel at or by an antenna of the system, respectively. For example, the antenna receives or transmits signals and is routed via the transition channel118through the radar system102to or from the MIMIC.

EXAMPLES

In the following section, examples are provided.

Example 1: An apparatus comprising: a printed circuit board (PCB) comprising: at least one layer; a first surface and a second surface, the second surface positioned opposite and in parallel with the first surface; and a dielectric-filled portion of the PCB formed between the first surface and the second surface, the dielectric-filled portion being filled with a first dielectric; a conductive loop located on the first surface of the PCB and connected to a pair of lines; and a transition channel mounted on the first surface of the PCB and positioned over the dielectric-filled portion, the transition channel being filled with a second dielectric that is the same as or different from the first dielectric.

Example 2: The apparatus of example 1, wherein: the dielectric-filled portion is formed by at least one interface and a plate; the at least one interface has an interior opening that forms a cross-section of the dielectric-filled portion on the first surface; the plate encloses the dielectric-filled portion in a direction perpendicular to the first surface; and the at least one interface and the plate include multiple dielectric-filled via holes.

Example 3: The apparatus of example 2, wherein the dielectric-filled portion, the at least one interface, the interior opening, and the plate have an approximately rectangular shape.

Example 4: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein dimensions of the dielectric-filled portion approximately match dimensions of an interior opening of the transition channel.

Example 5: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein a depth of the dielectric-filled portion being approximately equal to a quarter wavelength of an operating frequency of an antenna coupled to the apparatus.

Example 6: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the conductive loop has an approximately circular, square, rectangular, or oval shape.

Example 7: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the pair of lines are differential input lines.

Example 8: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein current flowing along the conductive loop induces magnetic fields to generate electromagnetic fields within the transition channel.

Example 9: The apparatus of example 8, wherein: a first portion of the electromagnetic fields travel through the dielectric-filled portion and reflect off a plate enclosing the dielectric-filled portion in a direction perpendicular to the first surface; and a second portion of the electromagnetic fields and the first portion of the electromagnetic fields after reflecting off the plate travel through the transition channel to an output port opposite the first surface of the PCB.

Example 10: The apparatus of example 9, wherein the output port is operably connected to an antenna input on another PCB.

Example 11: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the conductive loop has a perimeter length approximately equal to a wavelength of an operating frequency of an antenna coupled to the apparatus.

Example 12: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the conductive loop is located near a short wall of the transition channel.

Example 13: The apparatus of example 12, wherein the transition channel includes a hole in the short wall through which the pair of lines enter the transition channel.

Example 14: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein a shape and trace width of the conductive loop is sized to impedance match to the pair of lines.

Example 15: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the second dielectric is air and the transition channel is an air waveguide.

Example 16: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the apparatus further includes an impedance port configured to impedance match to the conductive loop.

Example 17: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the pair of lines include a first line electrically coupled to a processor located on the PCB and a second line electrically coupled to a balun.

Example 18: The apparatus of example 17, wherein the first line includes a taper section that transitions the first line from a wider trace to a narrow trace before connecting to the conductive loop.

Example 19: The apparatus of example 18, wherein the taper section is less than a half wavelength of an operating frequency of an antenna coupled to the apparatus.

Example 20: The apparatus of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the transition channel comprises metal or metal-plated plastic.

CONCLUSION

While various embodiments of the disclosure are described in the foregoing description and shown in the drawings, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited thereto but may be variously embodied to practice within the scope of the following claims. From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the following claims.