Patent ID: 12241458

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Accordingly, arrangements described herein are directed to, among other things, an actuator. The actuator can include one or more contracting members. The actuator can include an outer body member. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can have various configurations.

When an activation input (e.g., energy, heat, electrical energy, current, etc.) is provided to the one or more contracting member, the one or more contracting member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be caused to morph into an activated configuration in which a dimension (e.g., height) of the actuator increases.

Detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are intended only as examples. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the aspects herein in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting but rather to provide an understandable description of possible implementations. Various embodiments are shown inFIGS.1-30, but the embodiments are not limited to the illustrated structure or application.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the different figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein can be practiced without these specific details.

Arrangements described herein are directed to an actuator. Generally, the actuator can include one or more shape memory material members. The actuator can have any suitable form. One example of an actuator will be described herein. However, it will be understood this example is not intended to be limiting. Indeed, there are numerous actuator designs that include one or more shape memory material members that can be operated according to arrangements described herein.

Referring toFIGS.1-3, an example of an actuator100is shown. The actuator100can have any suitable configuration. The actuator100can include a first outer body member110, a second outer body member130, a first endcap160, a second endcap170, and a shape memory material member180. These and other components will be described in turn below.

The first outer body member110can include a first portion112and a second portion114. The first portion112and the second portion114can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion112and the second portion114can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first portion112and the second portion114can be different from each other in one or more respects. One example of the first portion112and the second portion114is shown inFIG.6. The first portion112and the second portion114can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

The first portion112and the second portion114can be operatively connected to each other such that the first portion112and the second portion114can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion112and the second portion114can be pivotably connected to each other. For example, the first portion112and the second portion114can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion112and the second portion114can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more barrel hinges122. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be a separate structure operatively connected to the first portion112and the second portion114. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion112and the second portion114.

The first portion112can include a first interfacing end116and a second interfacing end117. The second portion114can include a first interfacing end118and a second interfacing end119. The first interfacing end116of the first portion112and the first interfacing end118of the second portion114can be configured to interface with each other. For instance, the first interfacing end116of the first portion112can include a knuckle120, and the first interfacing end118of the second portion114can include a knuckle121. The knuckles120,121can include openings that can be substantially aligned with each other to form in part the hinge. A pin123can pass through the aligned openings. In such arrangements, the first portion112and the second portion114can define the leaves of the hinge.

The second interfacing end117of the first portion112can be configured to interface with the first endcap160. For instance, the second interfacing end117of the first portion112can include a lip115, protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first endcap160. The first endcap160can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end117of the first portion112while allowing the first portion112to pivot therein. The second interfacing end119of the second portion114can be configured to interface with the second endcap170. For instance, the second interfacing end119of the second portion114can include a lip115, protrusion, or other feature for mechanical engagement with a portion of the second endcap170. The second endcap170can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end119of the second portion114while allowing the second portion114to pivot therein.

The first portion112and the second portion114can be angled relative to each other. As a result, the first outer body member110can have a generally V-shape. The first outer body member110can have an outer side124and an inner side126.

The actuator100can include a biasing member128. The biasing member128can be associated with the first outer body member110. The biasing member128can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member110into a non-activated configuration of the actuator100. More particularly, the biasing member128can exert a force on the first portion112and the second portion114to bias them into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing member128can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force of the first outer body member110. In one or more arrangements, the biasing member128can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member128can be a torsion spring.

In some arrangements, the first outer body member110can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member128. For instance, the first portion112can include a retaining member127, and the second portion114can include a retaining member129. The retaining members127,129can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members127,129can be substantially L-shaped, as shown inFIGS.2,3, and6, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. The retaining members127,129can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first portion112and the second portion114. In some arrangements, the retaining members127,129can be formed separately from the first portion112and the second portion114and subsequently connected thereto.

The actuator100can include a push plate171. One example of the push plate171is shown inFIGS.2-3and8. The push plate171can be configured to engage other structures or objects. The push plate171can focus the force of the actuator100on an intended target object. The push plate171can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the push plate171can be substantially T-shaped. In some arrangements, the push plate171can include a platform172and a stem174. In some arrangements, the platform172can be substantially rectangular in conformation, as is shown. In other arrangements, the platform172can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

The platform172can have an engaging surface173. The engaging surface173can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on an intended target. In some arrangements, the engaging surface173can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface173can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engaging surface173can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator100.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface173can be substantially parallel to the shape memory material member(s)180located within the cavity158and/or to a first dimension200of the actuator100. In some arrangements, the engaging surface173can be angled relative to the shape memory material member(s)180located within the cavity158and/or to the first dimension200of the actuator100. The engaging surface173can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

The push plate171can be operatively connected to the first outer body member110. For instance, a portion of the stem174can be configured to include one or more openings175that can substantially align with the openings125in the knuckles120,121of the first portion112and the second portion114to form in part the hinge. The pin123can pass through the aligned openings125,175. While the first portion112and the second portion114can pivot relative to each other, the push plate171can substantially maintain its orientation. In some arrangements, the push plate171can be substantially centrally located on the first outer body member110.

The second outer body member130can include a first portion132, a second portion134, and a base136. The first portion132, the second portion134, and the base136can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion132and the second portion134can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. However, in other embodiments, the first portion132and the second portion134can be different from each other in one or more respects.

One example of the first portion132and the second portion134is shown inFIG.9. The first portion132and the second portion134can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In some arrangements, the first portion132and the second portion134of the second outer body member130can be substantially mirror images of the first portion112and the second portion114of the first outer body member110. The first portion132can include a first interfacing end140and a second interfacing end141. The second portion134can include a first interfacing end142and a second interfacing end143.

The first portion132and the second portion134can be operatively connected to another element such that the first portion132and the second portion134can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion132and the second portion134can be operatively connected to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion132and the second portion134can both be operatively connected to another structure. For instance, each of the first portion132and the second portion134can be pivotably connected another structure. In one or more arrangements, each of the first portion132and the second portion134can be pivotably connected to the base136. For example, the first portion132can be pivotably connected to the base136by one or more hinges, and the second portion134can be pivotably connected to the base136by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion132can be pivotably connected to the base136by one or more barrel hinges138, and the second portion134can be pivotably connected to the base136by one or more barrel hinges139. The first portion132and the second portion134can be located on opposite sides of the base136.

In some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion132and the base136and to the second portion134and the base136. Alternatively, in some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be formed at least in part by the first portion132, the second portion134, and/or the base136.

The base136can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. One example of the base136is shown inFIG.7. The base136can have a first interfacing end148and a second interfacing end149. The base136can be configured to interface with the first portion132and the second portion134. The first interfacing end140of the first portion132and the first interfacing end142of the second portion134can be configured to interface with the base136. For instance, the first interfacing end140of the first portion132can include one or more knuckles145, and the first interfacing end142of the second portion134can include one or more knuckles146. The knuckles145,146can define an opening144. Further, the first interfacing end148of the base136can include one or more knuckles150, and the second interfacing end149of the base136can include one or more knuckles151. The knuckles150,151can define an opening159. The opening(s)144of the knuckle(s)145of the first portion132and the opening(s)159of the knuckle(s)150of the base136can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin152can be received in the aligned openings144,159. In such arrangements, the first portion132and the base136can be like the leaves of the hinge. The opening(s)144of the knuckle(s)146of the second portion134and the opening(s)159of the knuckle(s)151of the base136can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin153can be received in the aligned openings144,159. In such arrangements, the second portion134and the base136can be like the leaves of the hinge.

The second interfacing end141of the first portion132can be configured to interface with the first endcap160. For instance, the second interfacing end141of the first portion132can include a lip168, protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first endcap160. The first endcap160can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end141of the first portion132while allowing the first portion132to pivot therein. The second interfacing end143of the second portion134can be configured to interface with the second endcap170. For instance, the second interfacing end143of the second portion134can include a lip168, protrusion, or other feature for mechanical engagement with a portion of the second endcap170. The second endcap170can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end143of the second portion134while allowing the second portion134to pivot therein.

The first portion132and the second portion134can be angled relative to each other. The second outer body member130can have an outer side131and an inner side133.

One or more biasing members can be associated with the second outer body member130. For instance, a biasing member154can be associated with the first portion132and the base136, and a biasing member155can be associated with the second portion134and the base136. The biasing members154,155can be operatively positioned to bias the second outer body member130into a non-activated configuration of the actuator100. More particularly, the biasing member154can exert a force on the first portion132and the base136to bias at least the first portion132into the non-activated configuration. Further, the biasing member155can exert a force on the second portion134and the base136to bias at least the second portion134into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing members154,155can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force on the second outer body member130. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members154,155can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members154,155can be torsion springs.

In some arrangements, the biasing members128,154,155can be substantially identical to each other. In some arrangements, one or more of the biasing members128,154,155can be different from the other biasing members in one or more respects, such as in terms of size, shape, configuration, and/or biasing force, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the second outer body member130can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member154,155. For instance, the first portion132can include a retaining member156, and the second portion134can include a retaining member157. The retaining members156,157can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members156,157can be substantially L-shaped, as shown inFIGS.2,3, and9, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. The retaining members156,157can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first portion132and the second portion134. In some arrangements, the retaining members156,157can be formed separately from the first portion132and the second portion134and subsequently connected thereto.

The first outer body member110and the second outer body member130can be oriented such that their inner sides126,133face each other. The first outer body member110and the second outer body member130can define a cavity158.

The base136can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the base136can be substantially rectangular. The base136can be made of any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. The base136can be made of the same material as the first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member130, or the base136can be made of a different material.

The base136can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base136can include an engaging surface137. The engaging surface137can be configured to substantially matingly engage a surface on which the base136is supported. In some arrangements, the engaging surface137can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface137can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some arrangements, the base136can be configured for connection to another surface. For instance, the base136can include one or more apertures135to accommodate a fastener for attachment to another surface or structure.

The actuator100can include a first endcap160and a second endcap170. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can be spaced apart. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can face toward each other. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can be substantially aligned with each other.

The first endcap160and the second endcap170can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap160and the second endcap170can be substantially identical to each other. However, the first endcap160and the second endcap170can be oriented differently. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap160and the second endcap170can be different from each other in one or more respects.

One example of an endcap is shown inFIGS.5A-5F. For convenience, the endcap will be referred to as the first endcap160, but it will be understood that the description is also equally applicable to the second endcap170.

The first endcap160can be configured to engage the first outer body member110and the second outer body member130. For instance, the first endcap160can include a first engaging cavity161and a second engaging cavity162. The first engaging cavity161and the second engaging cavity162can be angled relative to a plane163of the first endcap160, as shown inFIG.5B. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the first engaging cavity161and the second engaging cavity162can be at an angle α of about 20 to about 25 degrees relative to the plane163. The first endcap160can be substantially symmetrical about the plane163.

The first engaging cavity161of the first endcap160can be configured for operative connection to the first outer body member110. More particularly, the first engaging cavity161of the first endcap160can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end117of the first portion112. Further, the first engaging cavity161of the second endcap170can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end119of the second portion114.

There can be any suitable form of operative connection between the first outer body member110and the first engaging cavity161. For instance, the first outer body member110can be operatively connected to the first engaging cavity161by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and/or one or more brazes or weld, just to name a few possibilities. As an example, the first outer body member110can include a lip115, protrusion, or other features that can engage with the respective endcap within the first engaging cavity161, such as by interlocking engagement. The first outer body member110can be retainably engaged by the first engaging cavity161. The first engaging cavity161can provide end containment for the first portion112or the second portion114to pivot in when the actuator100is activated or deactivated.

The second engaging cavity162of the first endcap160can be configured for operative connection to the second outer body member130. More particularly, the second engaging cavity162of the first endcap160can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end119of the first portion132. Further, the second engaging cavity162of the second endcap170can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end119of the second portion134. The above discussion of the operative connection between the first outer body member110and the first engaging cavity161applies equally to the connection between the second outer body member130and the second engaging cavity162. The first portion132and/or the second portion134of the second outer body member130can include a lip115, protrusion, or other features can engage with the respective endcap within the second engaging cavity162, such as by interlocking engagement. The second outer body member130can be retainably engaged by the second engaging cavity162. The second engaging cavity162can provide end containment for the first portion132or the second portion134to pivot in when the actuator100is activated or deactivated.

The first endcap160can include a plurality of features to allow for engagement with the shape memory material member(s)180. For instance, the first endcap160can include one or more features to enable the shape memory material member(s)180to turn around and extend toward the opposite endcap. For instance, each of the first endcap160and the second endcap170can include a first groove164, a second groove165, and a post166. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member180can wrap around the post166. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member180can extend along the first groove164and/or the second groove165.

The first groove164and the second groove165can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first groove164and the second groove165can be substantially identical to each other. In other arrangements, the first groove164and the second groove165can be different from each other in one or more respects. In one or more arrangements, the first groove164and the second groove165can be substantially U-shaped. The post166can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. For instance, the post166can be substantially semi-cylindrical.

The first endcap160can include one or more inlet/outlet passages177that extend between the first groove164and the exterior of the first endcap160. The first endcap160can include one or more inlet/outlet passages178that extend between the second groove165and the exterior of the first endcap160. The inlet/outlet passages177,178can provide an entry or exit point for the shape memory material member(s)180from the first endcap160or the second endcap170.

In some arrangements, at least a portion of the shape memory material member(s)180can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For instance, the portions of the shape memory material member(s)180that interact with the first groove164, the second groove165, and the post166can be coated or covered with an insulating material167. In some arrangements, the insulating material167can be a sleeve or a wrap.

The shape memory material member(s)180can extend between the first endcap160and the second endcap170in any suitable manner. One non-limiting example of the routing of the shape memory material member(s)180will now be described. From the exterior of the first endcap160, the shape memory material member180can enter the inlet/outlet passages177and extend substantially straight into a portion of the first groove164. The shape memory material member180can extend substantially straight out of the first groove164and into the cavity158. The shape memory material member180can extend across the cavity158and into the first groove164of the second endcap170. The shape memory material member180can turn around in the first groove164of the second endcap170. From there, the shape memory material member180can extend back across the cavity158and wrap around the post166of the first endcap160. The shape memory material member180can then extend back across the cavity158and wrap around the post166of the second endcap170. The shape memory material member180can extend across the cavity158and enter the second groove165of the first endcap160. The shape memory material member180can extend within the second groove165and extend back across the cavity158and into the second groove165of the second endcap170. The shape memory material member180can exit the second groove165via one of the inlet/outlet passages178of the second endcap170.

It will be understood that other arrangements of the shape memory material member180are possible. For instance, the shape memory material member180can extend between post166of the first endcap160and the second endcap170. As another example, the shape memory material member180can extend between the first groove164of the first endcap160and the first groove164of the second endcap170. As still another example, the shape memory material member180can extend between the second groove165of the first endcap160and the second groove165of the second endcap170. Still further, the shape memory material member180can extend between the first groove164of the first endcap160and the second groove165of the second endcap170. As another possibility, the shape memory material member180can extend between the second groove165of the first endcap160and the first groove164of the second endcap170. Of course, it will be appreciated that the shape memory material member(s)180can be routed in any combination of the above and other examples.

It should be noted that, when extending across the cavity158, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend substantially straight across from one endcap to the other endcap. Alternatively, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend from one side of one of the endcaps to the opposite side of the other endcap. Thus, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend substantially diagonally across the cavity158. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can be wrapped around the post166a plurality of times. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can be wrapped twice around the post166.

The first endcap160can include a flange169. The flange169can provide a connection point for an end of the shape memory material member(s)180. In this location, the shape memory material member(s)180can operatively connected to another conductor or other element to a power source. In some instance, the shape memory material member(s)180can be operatively connected to the flange169, such as by one or more fasteners179(FIG.1), one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and/or any combination thereof.

The actuator100can include one or more shape memory material members180. The shape memory material members180can be operatively connected to the first endcap160and the second endcap170. Any suitable manner of operative connection can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, or any combination thereof. In going from one endcap to the other endcap, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend across the cavity158.

In some arrangements, there can be a single shape memory material member180. In such case, the shape memory material member180can, for example, extend straight across the cavity from the first endcap160and the second endcap170. In another example, the shape memory material member180can extend in a serpentine pattern between the first endcap160and the second endcap170. In some arrangements, the first endcap160and the second endcap170can be configured to allow the shape memory material member180to turn around and extend in the opposite direction, as described above.

In some arrangements, there can be a plurality of shape memory material members180. In such case, the plurality of shape memory material members180can be distributed, arranged, and/or oriented in any suitable manner. For instance, the shape memory material members180can extend substantially parallel to each other. In other arrangements, one or more of the shape memory material members180can extend non-parallel to the other shape memory material members180. In some instances, some of the plurality of shape memory material members180may cross over each other. When activated, the shape memory material member(s)180can be configured to overcome the biasing forces exerted by the biasing members128,154,155.

The phrase “shape memory material” includes materials that changes shape when an activation input is provided to the shape memory material and, when the activation input is discontinued, the material substantially returns to its original shape. Examples of shape memory materials include shape memory alloys (SMA) and shape memory polymers (SMP).

In one or more arrangements, the shape memory material members180can be shape memory material wires. As an example, the shape memory material members180can be shape memory alloy wires. Thus, when an activation input (i.e., heat) is provided to the shape memory alloy wire(s), the wire(s) can contract. Shape memory alloy wire(s) can be heated in any suitable manner, now known or later developed. For instance, shape memory alloy wire(s) can be heated by the Joule effect by passing electrical current through the wires. In some instances, arrangements can provide for cooling of the shape memory alloy wire(s), if desired, to facilitate the return of the wire(s) to a non-activated configuration.

The wire(s) can have any suitable characteristics. For instance, the wire(s) can be high temperature wires with austenite finish temperatures from about 80 degrees Celsius to about 110 degrees Celsius. The wire(s) can have any suitable diameter. For instance, the wire(s) can be from about 0.2 millimeters (mm) to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm, or from about 0.375 millimeters to about 0.5 millimeters in diameter. In some arrangements, the wire(s) can have a stiffness of up to about 70 gigapascals. The pulling force of SMA wire(s) can be from about 150 MPA to about 400 MPa. The wire(s) can be configured to provide an initial moment of from about 300 to about 600 N·mm, or greater than about 500 N·mm, where the unit of newton millimeter (N·mm) is a unit of torque (also called moment) in the SI system. One newton meter is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one meter long. In various aspects, the wire(s) can be configured to transform in phase, causing the shape memory material members180to be moved from non-activated position to an activated position in about 3 seconds or less, about 2 seconds or less, about 1 second or less, or about 0.5 second or less.

The wire(s) can be made of any suitable shape memory material, now known or later developed. Different materials can be used to achieve various balances, characteristics, properties, and/or qualities. As an example, an SMA wire can include nickel-titanium (Ni—Ti, or nitinol). One example of a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy is FLEXINOL, which is available from Dynaolloy, Inc., Irvine, California. As a further example, the SMA wires can be made of Cu—Al—Ni, Fe—Mn—Si, or Cu—Zn—Al.

The SMA wire can be configured to increase or decrease in length upon changing phase, for example, by being heated to a phase transition temperature TSMA. Utilization of the intrinsic property of SMA wires can be accomplished by using heat, for example, via the passing of an electric current through the SMA wire in order provide heat generated by electrical resistance, in order to change a phase or crystal structure transformation (i.e., twinned martensite, detwinned martensite, and austenite) resulting in a lengthening or shortening the SMA wire. In some implementations, during the phase change, the SMA wire can experience a decrease in length of from about 2 to about 8 percent, or from about 3 percent to about 6 percent, and in certain aspects, about 3.5 percent, when heated from a temperature less than the TSMAto a temperature greater than the TSMA.

Other active materials may be used in connection with the arrangements described herein. For example, other shape memory materials may be employed. Shape memory materials, a class of active materials, also sometimes referred to as smart materials, include materials or compositions that have the ability to remember their original shape, which can subsequently be recalled by applying an external stimulus, such as an activation signal.

While the shape memory material member(s)180are described, in some implementations, as being wires, it will be understood that the shape memory material member(s)180are not limited to being wires. Indeed, it is envisioned that suitable shape memory materials may be employed in a variety of other forms, such as sheets, plates, panels, strips, cables, tubes, or combinations thereof. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180may include an insulating coating or an insulating sleeve over at least a portion of their length.

It should be noted that the shape memory material member(s)180can be located substantially entirely within the overall envelope of the actuator100. A substantial majority of the shape memory material member(s)180can be located within the cavity158. “Substantial majority” means about 60% or greater, about 65% or greater, about 70% or greater, about 75% or greater, about 80% or greater, about 85% or greater, about 90% or greater, or about 95% or greater. A portion of the shape memory material member(s)180can be routed within the first endcap160and the second endcap170. A portion of the shape memory material member(s)180can extend outside of a respective one of the endcaps160,170for connection to the flange169and/or to another conductor and/or power source. Thus, the actuator100can be a self-contained unit.

The actuator100can include a first dimension200and the second dimension210. The first dimension200can describe a width of the actuator100, and the second dimension210can describe a height of the actuator100. The first dimension200and the second dimension210can be substantially perpendicular to each other.

FIG.2shows an example of the actuator100in a non-activated configuration. Here, the shape memory material member(s)180are not activated.FIG.3shows an example of the actuator100in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy) is provided to the shape memory material member(s)180, the shape memory material member(s)180can contract. This contraction causes the shape memory material member(s)180to pull the first endcap160and the second endcap170toward each other in a direction that corresponds to the first dimension200. As a result, the first outer body member110and the second outer body member130can extend outward and away from each other in a direction that corresponds to the second dimension210. It will be appreciated that, in going from the non-activated condition to the activated condition, the first dimension200(i.e., the width) of the actuator100can decrease and/or the second dimension210(i.e., the height) of the actuator100can increase. Further, it will be appreciated that the actuator100can deliver a force in a direction that is out of plane or otherwise different from the direction of contraction of the shape memory material member(s)180.

When the actuator100goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the push plate171can be located at a higher elevation. Also, when the actuator100goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion112and the second portion114of the first outer body member110can decrease. Similarly, when the actuator100goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion132and the second portion134of the second outer body member130can decrease. It will be appreciated that the first endcap160and the second endcap170can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member110and the second outer body member130while maintaining the operative connection to them.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the push plate171can deliver an actuation force symmetrically, that is, substantially in line with a force direction of the actuator100(e.g., in direction of the second dimension210). However, in other arrangements, the actuator100can be configured to deliver an actuation force that is asymmetric, that is, not in line with the force direction of the actuator100. Delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved in various ways. As an example, the first portion112and the second portion114of the first outer body member110can have different lengths. Thus, one of the portions is longer than the other. As a result, the push plate171may no longer be substantially centrally located. Alternatively or additionally, the first portion132and the second portion134of the second outer body member130can have different lengths. As a still further example, the push plate171can be configured such that the engaging surface173or other portion of the push plate171is angled relative to the first dimension200. As yet another example, the push plate171can be operatively connected to the first outer body member110such that the push plate171extends from the first outer body member110at an acute angle. As one more example, the biasing force of the biasing members154,155can be different from each other. Of course, it will be appreciated that the delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved by any combination of the above and other arrangements.

Referring toFIG.10, another example of an actuator100′ is shown. For convenience, the reference numbers used in connection with the actuator100inFIGS.1-3will be repeated here in connection with the actuator100′ ofFIG.14. The actuator100′ can include the first outer body member110, the second outer body member130, and the shape memory material member(s)180. The above description of the first outer body member110, the second outer body member130, and the shape memory material member(s)180made in connection with the actuator100shown inFIGS.1-3applies equally to the same components here in connection with the actuator100′ ofFIG.14.

The actuator100′ includes a first endcap160′ and a second endcap170′. The first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ shown inFIG.14are different than the first endcap160and the second endcap170shown inFIGS.5A-5F. The actuator100′ can include a first endcap160and a second endcap170. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can be spaced apart. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can face toward each other. The first endcap160and the second endcap170can be substantially aligned with each other.

The first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ can be substantially identical to each other. However, the first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ can be oriented differently. The first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ can be different from each other in one or more respects.

In some arrangements, the first endcap160′ and/or the second endcap170′ can be a unitary structure. In other arrangements, the first endcap160′ and/or the second endcap170′ can be made of a plurality of portions. Referring toFIGS.11A-11E, one example of an endcap portion1100of the first endcap160′ and/or the second endcap170′ is shown.

The endcap portion1100can be configured to engage the first outer body member110and the second outer body member130. For instance, the endcap portion1100can include an interfacing surface1104. The interfacing surface1104can be substantially planar. The endcap portion1100can include an engaging cavity1102. The engaging cavity1102can be angled relative to the interfacing surface1104. Alternatively or additionally, the engaging cavity1102can be angled relative to a plane1106of the first endcap160′ or the second endcap170′, as shown inFIG.10. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the engaging cavity1102can be at an angle of about 20 to about 25 degrees relative to the plane1106and/or to the interfacing surface1104.

The engaging cavity1102of the endcap portion1100can be configured for operative connection to the first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member130. More particularly, the engaging cavity1102of the endcap portion1100can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end117of the first portion112, the second interfacing end119of the second portion114, the second interfacing end119of the first portion132, and/or the second interfacing end119of the second portion134.

There can be any suitable form of operative connection between the engaging cavity1102and the first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member130. For instance, the first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member130can be operatively connected to the engaging cavity1102by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and/or one or more brazes or weld, just to name a few possibilities. As an example, the first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member can include a lip115, protrusion, or other feature that can engage with the respective endcap within the engaging cavity1102, such as by interlocking engagement. The first outer body member110and/or the second outer body member130can be retainably engaged by the engaging cavity1102. The engaging cavity1102can provide end containment for the first portion112, the second portion114, the first portion132, and/or the second portion134to pivot in when the actuator100is activated or deactivated.

The endcap portion1100can include a plurality of features to allow for engagement with the shape memory material member(s)180. For instance, the endcap portion1100can include one or more features to enable the shape memory material member(s)180to turn around and extend toward the opposite endcap, to enter the endcap portion1100, and/or to exit the endcap portion1100. For instance, endcap portion1100can include a plurality of posts (e.g., a first post1110, a second post1112, and a third post1114) and a plurality of grooves (e.g., a first groove1120, a second groove1122). The endcap portion1100can include one or more inlet/outlet notches1130. Further, the endcap portion1100can include various structures that can define a plurality of channels (e.g., a first channel1141, a second channel1142, a third channel1143, a fourth channel1144, a fifth channel1145, a sixth channel1146, a seventh channel1147, an eighth channel1148, and a ninth channel1149).

In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend along the groove(s). The first groove1120and the second groove1122can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first groove1120and the second groove1122can be substantially identical to each other. In other arrangements, the first groove1120and the second groove1122can be different from each other in one or more respects. In one or more arrangements, the first groove1120and the second groove1122can be substantially U-shaped.

In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can wrap around the post(s). The post(s) can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the post(s) can be substantially identical to each other. In other arrangements, the post(s) can be different from each other in one or more respects. In one or more arrangements, the post(s) can include a shaft1115and a cap1117. The cap1117can be larger than the shaft1115. In some arrangements, the shaft1115can be substantially cylindrical. The cap1117can be configured to help retain the shape memory material member(s)180on the shaft1115. The cap1117can physically prevent the shape memory material member(s)180from slipping off of the end of the shaft1115. An aperture1118can be defined in each of the post(s). The apertures1118can extend through the endcap portion1100such that openings are defined in the cap1117and the interfacing surface1104.

There can be any suitable arrangement of the groove(s) and the post(s). For example, the post(s) and the groove(s) can alternate with each other. In some arrangements, the groove(s) and the post(s) can be substantially equally spaced from each other. In other arrangements, the groove(s) and the post(s) can be non-equally spaced in at least one or more areas. In some arrangements, the post(s) can be located closer to an outboard end1111of the endcap portion1100than the groove(s).

The endcap portion1100can include one or more inlet/outlet notches1130. The inlet/outlet notch(es)1130can be provided in any suitable locations on the endcap portion1100. For instance, the inlet/outlet notch(es)1130can be located outboard of the groove(s) and the post(s). The inlet/outlet notch(es)1130can provide an entry or exit point for the shape memory material member(s)180from the endcap portion1100. When exiting the endcap portion1100, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend to another endcap portion1100, to a portion of an exterior of the endcap160′,170′, or to some other structure.

A plurality of endcap portions1100can be joined to form an endcap (e.g., endcap160′ or endcap170′). For instance, a first endcap portion1100′ and a second endcap portion1100″ can be joined together to form the endcap160′,170′. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap portion1100′ and the second endcap portion1100″ can be substantially identical to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap portion1100′ and the second endcap portion1100″ can be substantially mirror images of each other. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap portion1100′ and the second endcap portion1100″ can be different from each other in one or more respects. While this example shows two endcap portions, it will be appreciated that there can be more than two endcap portions.

When the first and second endcap portions1100′,1100″ are joined, the interfacing surface1104of the first endcap portion1100′ and the interfacing surface1104of the second endcap portion1100″ can directly contact each other. The first and second endcap portions1100′,1100″ can be joined in any suitable manner, now known or later developed. For instance, the first and second endcap portions1100′,1100″ can be joined by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and/or any combination thereof. In the example shown inFIG.12, the first and second endcap portions1100′,1100″ can be joined by a plurality of bolts1119, which can extend through the endcap portion1100. In one or more arrangements, the head of the bolt1119can engage the cap1117of the respective post. The bolt1119can extend through the aperture1118in the first endcap portion1100′. The bolt1119can extend through the aperture1118in the second endcap portion1100″. A distal end of the bolt can pass outside of the cap1117of the second endcap portion1100″. The distal end of the bolt1119can be engaged a retaining member, such as a nut or other retaining structure. It will be appreciated that, in some arrangements, the endcap160′ and/or170′ can be unitary structures made of a single piece, such as by three-dimensional printing or injection molding.

The shape memory material member(s)180can extend between the first endcap160′ and the second endcap170′ in any suitable manner. One non-limiting example of the routing of the shape memory material member(s)180will now be described in connection with one of the endcap portions1100inFIG.13.

Beginning near the top of the page inFIG.13, the shape memory material member180can enter the first channel1141. For example, the shape memory material member180can be coming from the opposite endcap (either substantially horizontally across the cavity158or diagonally across the cavity158). The shape memory material member180can extend along the first channel1141to the first post1110. The shape memory material member180can wrap around the first post1110so as to turn around and enter the second channel1142. The shape memory material member180can be retained on the first post1110by the cap1117.

The shape memory material member180can extend along the second channel1142. The shape memory material member180can extend back across the cavity158and into engagement with the opposite endcap. The shape memory material member180can turn around in the opposite endcap, extend back across the cavity158, and enter the third channel1143. The shape memory material member180can extend along the third channel1143to the first groove1120. The shape memory material member180can wrap around the first groove1120so as to turn around and enter the fourth channel1144. The shape memory material member180can extend back across the cavity158and into engagement with the opposite endcap. The shape memory material member180can turn around in the opposite endcap and extend back across the cavity158. The routing of the shape memory material member180can continue in the same manner with respect to the fifth channel1145, the second post1112, and the sixth channel1146. The shape memory material member180can extend back across the cavity158and into engagement with the opposite endcap. The shape memory material member180can turn around in the opposite endcap and extend back across the cavity158. The routing of the shape memory material member180can continue in the same manner with respect to the seventh channel1147, the second groove1122, and the eighth channel1148.

The shape memory material member180can extend back across the cavity158and into engagement with the opposite endcap. The shape memory material member180can turn around in the opposite endcap and extend back across the cavity158. The shape memory material member180can enter the ninth channel1149. The shape memory material member180can extend along the ninth channel. The shape memory material member180can exit the endcap portion1100through the inlet/outlet notch1130. From there, the shape memory material member180can extend to a point external to the endcap, to an attachment point on the endcap, to the other endcap portion to which the endcap portion shown inFIG.13is attached (e.g., by entering the inlet/outlet notch1130on the other endcap portion). In some arrangements, the shape memory material member180can wrap around the third post1114prior to exiting the endcap portion1100through the inlet/outlet notch1130.

It will be understood that other arrangements of the shape memory material member180are possible and that the routing shown inFIG.13is merely one example. It should be noted that, when extending across the cavity158, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend substantially straight across from one endcap to the other endcap. In such case, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend substantially parallel to the plane1106. Alternatively, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend from the upper or lower side of one of the endcaps to the opposite one of the upper or lower side of the other endcap. Thus, the shape memory material member(s)180can extend substantially diagonally across the cavity158. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can be wrapped around one or more of the post(s) a plurality of times. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can be wrapped twice around the post(s). In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180can be wrapped around one or more of the groove(s) a plurality of times. Such wrapping of the shape memory material member(s)180can increase the actuation force imparted by the shape memory material member(s)180when activated.

In some arrangements, the endcaps160′,170′ or the endcap portions1100can be configured to provide a connection point for an end of the shape memory material member(s)180. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the endcaps160′,170′ or the endcap portions1100can include a flange. The flange can provide a connection point for an end of the shape memory material member(s)180. In this location, the shape memory material member(s)180can operatively connected to another conductor or other element to a power source. In some instance, the shape memory material member(s)180can be operatively connected to the flange, such as by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and/or any combination thereof.

In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)180are bare, that is, they are not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, at least a portion of the shape memory material member(s)180can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For instance, the portions of the shape memory material member(s)180that interact with the groove(s) and/or the post(s) can be coated or covered with an insulating material167. In some arrangements, the insulating material can be a sleeve or a wrap.

It should be noted that, in at least some arrangements, the above-described actuators can use a wire guide to facilitate routing of the shape memory material member(s)180.FIG.14is an example of a wire guide1400. The wire guide1400can include a plurality of panels1410. In each of the panels1410, a plurality of apertures1420can be defined. The apertures1420can be sized, shaped, and/or configured to allow passage of the shape memory material member(s)180as they are routed between the endcaps160,170,160′,170′. The plurality of panels1410can be spaced apart from each other. In some arrangements, the panels1410can be substantially equally spaced from each other. In other arrangements, the panels1410can be non-equally spaced from the each other. The panels1410can be connected to one or more frame members1430. The wire guide1400can be made of any suitable material, such as one that does not interact with the shape memory material member(s)180.

Referring toFIGS.15-17, another example of an actuator1500is shown. The actuator1500can include a first outer body member1510, a second outer body member1530, a first endcap1560, a second endcap1570, and one or more contracting members1580.

The first outer body member1510can include a first portion1512and a second portion1514. The second outer body member1530can include a first portion1532, a second portion1534, and a base1536.

The first outer body member1510the second outer body member1530can be arranged in a scissored configuration. In one or more arrangements, a portion of the first outer body member1510can cross a portion of the second outer body member1530. More particularly, the first portion1512of the first outer body member1510and the first portion1532of the second outer body member1530can cross each other. Alternatively or additionally, the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510and the second portion1534of the second outer body member1530can cross each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1512of the first outer body member1510can pass through the first portion1532of the second outer body member1530and/or the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510can pass through the second portion1534of the second outer body member1530. An example of such an arrangement will be described herein. Of course, it will be appreciated that, in other arrangements, the first portion1532of the second outer body member1530can pass through the first portion1512of the first outer body member1510and/or the second portion1534of the second outer body member1530can pass through the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510.

The first portion1512and the second portion1514can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can be different from each other in one or more respects. One example of the first portion1512and the second portion1514is shown inFIGS.19A and19B. The first portion1512and the second portion1514can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

The first portion1512and the second portion1514can be operatively connected to each other such that the first portion1512and the second portion1514can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can be pivotably connected to each other. For example, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more barrel hinges1522. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be a separate structure operatively connected to the first portion1512and the second portion1514. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion1512and the second portion1514.

The first portion1512can include a first interfacing end1516and a second interfacing end1517. The second portion1514can include a first interfacing end1518and a second interfacing end1519. The first interfacing end1516of the first portion1512and the first interfacing end1518of the second portion1514can be configured to interface with each other. For instance, the first interfacing end1516of the first portion1512can include a knuckle1520, and the first interfacing end1518of the second portion1514can include a knuckle1521. The knuckles1520,1521can include openings1625that can be substantially aligned with each other to form in part the hinge. A pin1523can pass through the aligned openings. In such arrangements, the first portion1512and the second portion1514can define the leaves of the hinge.

The second interfacing end1517of the first portion1512can be configured to interface with the first endcap1560. For instance, the second interfacing end1517of the first portion1512can include a lip1515, hook, protrusion, tooth/teeth, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first endcap1560. The first endcap1560can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end1517of the first portion1512while allowing the first portion1512to pivot therein. The second interfacing end1519of the second portion1514can be configured to interface with the second endcap1570. For instance, the second interfacing end1519of the second portion1514can include a lip1515, protrusion, or other feature for mechanical engagement with a portion of the second endcap1570. The second endcap1570can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end1519of the second portion1514while allowing the second portion1514to pivot therein.

The first portion1512and the second portion1514can be angled relative to each other. As a result, the first outer body member1510can have a generally V-shape.

The actuator1500can include a biasing member1528. The biasing member1528can be associated with the first outer body member1510. The biasing member1528can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member1510into a non-activated configuration of the actuator1500. More particularly, the biasing member1528can exert a force on the first portion1512and the second portion1514to bias them into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing member1528can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force of the first outer body member1510. In one or more arrangements, the biasing member1528can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member1528can be a torsion spring.

In some arrangements, the first outer body member1510can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member1528. For instance, the first portion1512can include a retaining member1527, and the second portion1514can include a retaining member1529. The retaining members1527,1529can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members1527,1529can define a channel into which a portion of the biasing member1528can be received. Alternatively, the retaining members1527,1529can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. For instance, in some arrangements, the retaining members1527,1529can be similar to the retaining members127,129inFIGS.1-3. The retaining members1527,1529can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first portion1512and the second portion1514. In some arrangements, the retaining members1527,1529can be formed separately from the first portion1512and the second portion1514and subsequently connected thereto.

In some arrangements, the actuator1500can include a push structure1571. One example of the push structure1571is shown inFIGS.15-17. The push structure1571can be configured to engage other structures or objects. The push structure1571can focus the force of the actuator1500on an intended target object. The push structure1571can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the push structure1571can be substantially T-shaped. In some arrangements, the push structure1571can include a platform1572and a stem1574.

The platform1572can have an engaging surface1573. The engaging surface1573can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on an intended target. In some arrangements, the engaging surface1573can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface1573can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engaging surface1573can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator1500.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface1573can be substantially rectangular in conformation, as is shown. In other arrangements, the engaging surface1573can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface1573can be substantially parallel to the contracting member(s)1580and/or to a first dimension1501of the actuator1500. In some arrangements, the engaging surface1573can be angled relative to the first dimension1501of the actuator1500. The engaging surface1573can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

The push structure1571can be operatively connected to the first outer body member1510and/or the second outer body member1530. For instance, a portion of the stem1574can be configured to include one or more openings (like the openings175inFIG.8) that can substantially align with the openings in the knuckles1520,1521of the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530to form in part the hinge. The pin1523can pass through the aligned openings. While the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530can pivot relative to each other, the push structure1571can substantially maintain its orientation. In some arrangements, the push structure1571can be substantially centrally located with respect to the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530.

The second outer body member1530can include a first portion1532, a second portion1534, and a base1536. The first portion1532, the second portion1534, and the base1536can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion1532and the second portion134can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. However, in other embodiments, the first portion1532and the second portion1534can be different from each other in one or more respects.

One example of the first portion1532and the second portion1534is shown inFIG.18A-18C. The first portion1532and the second portion1534can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

In some arrangements, the second outer body member1530can be configured to allow passage of the first outer body member1510through it. For instance, the second outer body member1530can have a forked configuration including a first leg1511and a second leg1513. An aperture1508can be defined between the first leg1511and the second leg1513. The aperture1508can be sized, shaped, and/or configured to allow the first outer body member1510to pass therethrough. The aperture1508can be sized, shaped, and/or configured to allow for movement of the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530when the actuator1500is activated or deactivated.

The first portion1532can include a first interfacing end1540and a second interfacing end1541. In the forked configuration of the second outer body member1530, the second interfacing end1541can have a first portion1541′ and a second portion1541″. The second portion1534can include a first interfacing end1542and a second interfacing end1543. In the forked configuration of the second outer body member1530, the second interfacing end1543can have a first portion1543′ and a second portion1543″.

The first portion1532and the second portion1534can be operatively connected to another element such that the first portion1532and the second portion1534can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1532and the second portion1534can be operatively connected to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1532and the second portion1534can both be operatively connected to another structure. For instance, each of the first portion1532and the second portion1534can be pivotably connected another structure. In one or more arrangements, each of the first portion1532and the second portion1534can be pivotably connected to the base1536. For example, the first portion1532can be pivotably connected to the base1536by one or more hinges, and the second portion1534can be pivotably connected to the base1536by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion1532can be pivotably connected to the base1536by one or more barrel hinges1538, and the second portion1534can be pivotably connected to the base1536by one or more barrel hinges1533. The first portion1532and the second portion1534can be located on opposite sides of the base1536.

In some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion1532and the base1536and to the second portion1534and the base1536. Alternatively, in some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be formed at least in part by the first portion1532, the second portion1534, and/or the base1536.

The base1536can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. One example of the base1536is shown inFIG.23. The base1536can have a first interfacing end1548and a second interfacing end1549. The base1536can be configured to interface with the first portion1532and the second portion1534. The first interfacing end1540of the first portion1532and the first interfacing end1542of the second portion1534can be configured to interface with the base1536. For instance, the first interfacing end1540of the first portion1532can include one or more knuckles1545, and the first interfacing end1542of the second portion1534can include one or more knuckles1546. The knuckles1545,1546can define an opening1544. Further, the first interfacing end1548of the base1536can include one or more knuckles1550, and the second interfacing end1549of the base1536can include one or more knuckles1551. The knuckles1550,1551can define an opening1559. The opening(s)1544of the knuckle(s)1545of the first portion1532and the opening(s)1559of the knuckle(s)1550of the base1536can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin1552can be received in the aligned openings1544,1559. In such arrangements, the first portion1532and the base1536can be like the leaves of the hinge. The opening(s)1544of the knuckle(s)1546of the second portion1534and the opening(s)1559of the knuckle(s)1551of the base1536can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin1553can be received in the aligned openings1544,1559. In such arrangements, the second portion1534and the base1536can be like the leaves of the hinge.

The second interfacing end1541of the first portion1532can be configured to interface with the first endcap1560. For instance, the second interfacing end1541of the first portion1532can include a lip1515, hook, protrusion, tooth/teeth, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first endcap1560. The first endcap1560can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end1541of the first portion1532while allowing the first portion1532to pivot therein. The second interfacing end1543of the second portion1534can be configured to interface with the second endcap1570. For instance, the second interfacing end1543of the second portion1534can include a lip1525, hook, tooth/teeth, protrusion, or other feature for mechanical engagement with a portion of the second endcap1570. The second endcap1570can be configured to retainably engage the second interfacing end1543of the second portion1534while allowing the second portion1534to pivot therein.

One or more biasing members can be associated with the second outer body member1530. For instance, a biasing member1554can be associated with the first portion1532and the base1536, and a biasing member1555can be associated with the second portion1534and the base1536. The biasing members1554,1555can be operatively positioned to bias the second outer body member1530into a non-activated configuration of the actuator1500. More particularly, the biasing member1554can exert a force on the first portion1532and the base1536to bias at least the first portion1532into the non-activated configuration. Further, the biasing member1555can exert a force on the second portion1534and the base1536to bias at least the second portion1534into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing members1554,1555can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force on the second outer body member1530. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members1554,1555can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members1554,1555can be torsion springs.

In some arrangements, the biasing members1528,1554,1555can be substantially identical to each other. In some arrangements, one or more of the biasing members1528,1554,1555can be different from the other biasing members in one or more respects, such as in terms of size, shape, configuration, and/or biasing force, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the second outer body member1530can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member1554,1555. For instance, the first portion1532can include a retaining member1556, and the second portion1534can include a retaining member1557. The retaining members1556,1557can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members1556,1557can be substantially L-shaped (as shown inFIGS.18A-18C), substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. The retaining members1556,1557can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first portion1532and the second portion1534. In some arrangements, the retaining members1556,1557can be formed separately from the first portion1532and the second portion1534and subsequently connected thereto.

The base1536can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the base1536can be substantially rectangular. The base1536can be made of any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. The base1536can be made of the same material as the first outer body member1510and/or the second outer body member1530, or the base1536can be made of a different material.

The base1536can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base1536can include an engaging surface1547. The engaging surface1547can be configured to substantially matingly engage a surface on which the base1536is supported. In some arrangements, the engaging surface1547can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface1547can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some arrangements, the base1536can be configured for connection to another surface. For instance, the base1536can include one or more apertures1535to accommodate a fastener for attachment to another surface or structure.

The actuator1500can include a first endcap1560and a second endcap1570. The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be spaced apart, such as in a direction corresponding to the first dimension1501of the actuator1500. The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can face toward each other. The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be substantially aligned with each other.

The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be substantially identical to each other. However, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be oriented differently. The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more arrangements, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be different from each other in one or more respects.

In some arrangements, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be configured to engage the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530. Further, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be configured to engage the contracting member(s)1580.

One example of an endcap is shown inFIGS.15-17and20-22. For convenience, the endcap will be referred to as the first endcap1560, but it will be understood that the description is also equally applicable to the second endcap1570.

The first endcap1560can have any suitable construction. In some arrangements, the first endcap1560can include a first portion1565(FIG.20) and a second portion1566(FIG.21). The first portion1565and the second portion1566can be operatively connected to collectively form the first endcap1560, such as by one or more fasteners (e.g., bolts1505), one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, or any combination thereof.

The first endcap1560can be configured to engage the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530. For instance, the first endcap1560can include one or more first engaging cavities1561and one or more second engaging cavities1562. The first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562can be angled relative to a central plane1563of the first endcap1560. For instance, in one or more arrangements, the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562can be at an angle of about 20 to about 25 degrees relative to the central plane1563. The first endcap1560can be substantially symmetrical about the central plane1563.

The first engaging cavity1561of the first endcap1560can be configured for operative connection to the second outer body member1530. More particularly, the first engaging cavity1561of the first endcap1560can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end1541of the first portion1532. In the forked configuration example of the second outer body member1530, the first engaging cavity1561can be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the first and second portions1541′,1541″ of the second interfacing end1541.

Further, the first engaging cavity1561of the second endcap1570can be configured for operative connection to the second outer body member1530. More particularly, the first engaging cavity1561of the second endcap1570can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end1543of the second portion1534. In the forked configuration example of the second outer body member1530, the first engaging cavity1561can be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the first and second portions1543′,1543″ of the second interfacing end1543.

There can be any suitable form of operative connection between the second outer body member1530and the first engaging cavity1561. For instance, the second outer body member1530can be operatively connected to the first engaging cavity1561by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and/or one or more brazes or weld, just to name a few possibilities. As an example, the second outer body member1530can include a lip1525, hook, tooth/teeth, protrusion, or other feature(s) that can engage with the respective endcap within the first engaging cavity1561, such as by interlocking engagement. The second outer body member1530can be retainably engaged by the first engaging cavity1561. The first engaging cavity1561can provide end containment for the first portion1532or the second portion1534to pivot in when the actuator1500is activated or deactivated.

The second engaging cavity1562of the first endcap1560can be configured for operative connection to the first outer body member1510. More particularly, the second engaging cavity1562of the first endcap1560can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end1517of the first portion1512. Further, the second engaging cavity1562of the second endcap1570can be configured for operative connection to the second interfacing end1519of the second portion1514. The above discussion of the operative connection between the second outer body member1530and the first engaging cavity1561applies equally to the connection between the first outer body member1510and the second engaging cavity1562. The first portion1512and/or the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510can include a lip1515, hook, tooth/teeth, protrusion, or other features can engage with the respective endcap within the second engaging cavity1562, such as by interlocking engagement. The first outer body member1510can be retainably engaged by the second engaging cavity1562. The second engaging cavity1562can provide end containment for the first portion1512or the second portion1514to pivot in when the actuator1500is activated or deactivated.

The first endcap1560, the first engaging cavity1561, the second engaging cavity1562, and the second interfacing ends1517,1519,1541,1543can be configured to allow the second interfacing ends1517,1519,1541,1543to be inserted substantially horizontally into their respective engaging cavity. As a result, assembly of the actuator1500can be facilitated.

Further, it should be noted that as a result of the scissoring arrangement of the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530that, at least in the orientation of the actuator1500shown inFIGS.17A-17B, the second interfacing ends1517,1519of the first outer body member1510can be located lower than the second interfacing ends1541,1543of the second outer body member1530.

The first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can include one or more features for engaging the contracting member(s)1580. For instance, the first endcap1560can include one or more features to enable the contracting member(s)1580to turn around and extend toward the second endcap1570. For instance, the first endcap1560and/or the second endcap1570can include one or more post(s)1576. In some arrangements, the contracting member(s)1580can wrap around the post(s)1576. The first endcap1560and/or the second endcap1570can include one or more guide(s)1564. The guide(s)1564can be any structure that can direct, constrain, influence, or guide the position of the contracting member(s)1580. In some arrangements, the contracting member(s)1580can be routed in part by the guide(s)1564.

There can be any quantity of the posts(s)1576, the guide(s)1564, and/or other features for engaging the contracting member(s)1580. Further, the one or more features for engaging the contracting member(s)1580can be provided on one or more sides of the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570. For instance, the one or more feature for engaging the contracting member(s)1580can be provided on opposite sides of the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570.

Some examples of the first endcap1560will now be described with respect toFIGS.20-22. It will be understood that this discussion applies equally to the second endcap1570. Further, it will be understood that the features and structures shown are merely an example, and arrangements described herein are not limited to the examples shown.

The first endcap1560can be a single piece. Alternatively, the first endcap1560can be made of a plurality of pieces. Referring toFIGS.20and21, the first endcap1560can be made of a first portion1565and a second portion1566. The first portion1565can include a body1569. The body1569can define one or more engaging cavities. For instance, the body1569can define the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562. In some arrangements, the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562can extend across the entire width of the first portion1565. In such case, the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562can open to the lateral sides1567,1568of the first portion1565. Alternatively, the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562can extend partially across the width of the first portion1565. In such case, the first engaging cavity1561and the second engaging cavity1562may open to only one of the lateral sides1567,1568or neither of the lateral sides1567,1568. In the forked configuration example of the second outer body member1530described above, the first engaging cavity1561can be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the first and second portions1541′,1541″ of the second interfacing end1541.

The first portion1565can include one or more guides1564on the lateral sides1567and/or1568. In some instances, two or more of the guides1564can cooperate to define a routing for the contracting member(s)1580. The first portion1565can include one or more apertures1578to facilitate the assembly of the first endcap1560.

Referring toFIG.21, an example of the second portion1566is shown. The second portion1566can include one or more features for engaging the contracting member(s)1580. For instance, the second portion1566can include the posts1576and the guides1564. Apertures1579can be defined in the posts1576. When the first portion1565and the second portion1566are assembled, the apertures1578,1579can be substantially aligned. A fastener (e.g., bolt1505) can be received in the aligned apertures1578,1579to operatively connect the first portion1565and the second portion1566.

When assembled, the second portion1566can cover at least a portion of the first engaging cavity1561and/or the second engaging cavity1562As a result, the second portion1566can prevent the second interfacing ends1517,1519,1541,1543from coming out of the lateral sides1567,1568of the first portion1565.

The second portion1566inFIG.21is merely one example.FIG.22shows an alternative example of the second portion1566. In this example, there can be a plurality of the posts1576on one or both of the lateral sides1567,1568of the second portion1566. In such case, there can be an aperture1579associated with at least one of the posts1576. Alternatively or additionally, the guides1564can be different from those shown inFIG.21.

Again, it will be appreciated that the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570shown are merely one example. Indeed, the actuator1500can include any of the endcaps shown in various endcaps shown inFIGS.1-3,5, and1013or any other suitable type of endcap.

The contracting member(s)1580can extend between the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570in any suitable manner. One non-limiting example of the routing of the contracting member(s)1580will now be described in connection withFIG.17A.

Beginning at a lower left region if the actuator1500, the contracting member1580can be operatively connected to the first endcap1560, such as by a fastener1710and/or in any other suitable manner. In this location, the contracting member1580can operatively connected to another conductor or other element to a power source.

The contracting member1580can extend from the first endcap1560to the second endcap1570, passing through the wire guides1600along the way. The contracting member1580can be routed by the guide structure1564aon the second endcap1570. The contracting member1580can wrap around the post1576aand extend back toward the first endcap1560, guided by the guide structure1564b, the wire guides1600, and the guide structure1564c. The contracting member1580can wrap around the post1576band turn back toward the second endcap1570. The contracting member1580can be routed by the guide structure1564d, the wire guides1600, and the guide structure1564b. The contracting member1580can wrap around the post1576cand turn back toward the first endcap1560. The contracting member1580can be routed by the guide structure1564eand the wire guides1600.

In some arrangements, the contracting member1580can end here, or it can be operatively connected to another structure (e.g., the first endcap1560) or to a power source. In such instances, there can be another contracting member1580extending between the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570on the other side of the actuator1500. In such an arrangements, the routing of the contracting member1580on one side of the actuator1500can be substantially the same as the routing on the other side of the actuator1500. Alternatively, the routing of the contracting member1580on one side of the actuator1500can be different from the routing on the other side of the actuator1500in one or more respects.

Alternatively, the contracting member1580can extend around a back side1650of the first endcap1560and then continue to be routed on the opposite side of the actuator1500between the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570. Thus, a single contracting member1580can be used on both sides of the actuator1500. In such an arrangements, the routing of the contracting member1580on one side of the actuator1500can be substantially the same as the routing on the other side of the actuator1500. Alternatively, the routing of the contracting member1580one side of the actuator1500can be different from the routing on the other side of the actuator1500in one or more respects.

It will be understood that other arrangements of the contracting member1580are possible and that the routing shown inFIG.17Ais merely one example. The example routing of the contracting member(s)1580shown inFIG.17Ashows the contracting member(s)1580routed on the outboard sides of the actuator1500. However, it will be appreciated that arrangements are not limited in this regard. Indeed, the contracting member(s)1580can be routed within the overall envelope of the actuator1500. For instance, the contracting member(s)1580can be routed in the space between the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530. In such case, the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570of the actuator1500can be any suitable endcap, including of those shown and described in connection withFIGS.1-3,5, and1013.

Further,FIGS.17A and17Bshow the contracting member1580extending substantially straight across from one endcap to the other endcap. In such case, the contracting member(s)1580can extend substantially parallel to the direction corresponding to the first dimension1501. In other arrangements, the contracting member(s)1580can extend non-parallel to the direction corresponding to the first dimension1501. For instance, the contracting member(s)1580can extend from the upper or lower side of one of the endcaps to the opposite one of the upper or lower side of the other endcap. Thus, the contracting member(s)1580can extend substantially diagonally. In some arrangements, the contracting member(s)1580can be wrapped around one or more of the post(s)1576a plurality of times. Such wrapping of the contracting member(s)1580can increase the actuation force imparted by the contracting member(s)1580when activated.

In some arrangements, the contracting member(s)1580can be bare, that is, they are not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, at least a portion of the contracting member(s)1580can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For instance, the portions of the contracting member(s)1580that interact with the post(s)1576and/or the guide(s)1564can be coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, the insulating material can be a sleeve or a wrap.

It should be noted that, in at least some arrangements, the above-described actuators can use one or more wire guides1600to facilitate routing of the contracting member(s)1580. One example of the wire guide(s)1600is shown inFIGS.15-17. The wire guide(s)1600can include one or more panels1610. A plurality of apertures1620can be defined in the panel(s)1610. The apertures1620can be sized, shaped, and/or configured to allow passage of the contracting member(s)1580(e.g., the shape memory material member(s)1581) as they are routed between the endcaps1560,1570. The wire guide1600can be made of any suitable material, such as one that does not interact with or otherwise affect the performance of the contracting member(s)1580.

FIG.17Ashows an example of the actuator1500in a non-activated configuration. Here, the contracting member(s)1580are not activated.FIG.17Bshows an example of the actuator100in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to the contracting member(s)1580, the contracting member(s)1580can contract. This contraction causes the contracting member(s)1580to pull the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570toward each other in a direction1503that corresponds to the first dimension1501. As a result, the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530can extend outward and away from each other in a direction1504that corresponds to the second dimension1502. It will be appreciated that, in going from the non-activated condition to the activated condition, the first dimension1501(i.e., the width) of the actuator1500can decrease and/or the second dimension1502(i.e., the height) of the actuator1500can increase. Further, it will be appreciated that the actuator1500can deliver a force in a direction that is out of plane or otherwise different from the direction of contraction of the contracting member(s)1580.

When the actuator1500goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the push structure1571can be located at a higher elevation. Also, when the actuator1500goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion1512and the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510can decrease. Similarly, when the actuator1500goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion1532and the second portion1534of the second outer body member1530can decrease. It will be appreciated that the first endcap1560and the second endcap1570can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530while maintaining the operative connection to them.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the push structure1571can deliver an actuation force symmetrically, that is, substantially in line with a force direction of the actuator1500(e.g., in direction of the second dimension1502). However, in other arrangements, the actuator1500can be configured to deliver an actuation force that is asymmetric, that is, not in line with the force direction of the actuator1500. Delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved in various ways. As an example, the first portion1512and the second portion1514of the first outer body member1510can have different lengths. Thus, one of the portions is longer than the other. As a result, the push structure1571may no longer be substantially centrally located. Alternatively or additionally, the first portion1532and the second portion1534of the second outer body member1530can have different lengths. As a still further example, the push structure1571can be configured such that the engaging surface1573or other portion of the push structure1571is angled relative to the first dimension1501. As yet another example, the push structure1571can be operatively connected to the first outer body member110such that the push structure1571extends from the first outer body member1510at an acute angle. As one more example, the biasing force of the biasing members1554,1555can be different from each other. Of course, it will be appreciated that the delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved by any combination of the above and other arrangements.

FIG.30is an alternative arrangement of the actuator1500. In this arrangement, the actuator1500can have a central biasing member3000. In some arrangements, the central biasing member3000can be a spring and, more particularly, a compression spring. However, it will be appreciated that the central biasing member3000can be any suitable biasing member, now known or later developed.

In one or more arrangements, the central biasing member3000can be operatively connected to one or more portions of the actuator1500. For example, the central biasing member3000can be operatively connected to the first outer body member1510and the second outer body member1530. More particularly, the central biasing member3000can be operatively connected a portion of the first outer body member1510where the first portion1512and the second portion1514come together. Further, the central biasing member3000can be operatively connected to the base1536of the second outer body member1530. There can be any suitable form of operative connection between the central biasing member3000and the one or more portions of the actuator1500, including, for example, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, or any combination thereof.

The central biasing member3000can provide improved comfort. The central biasing member3000can extend the force curve drop-off over a longer stroke. The central biasing member can be configured to bias the actuator1500to the non-activated configuration. It will be appreciated that the central biasing member3000can be used in connection with any of the actuators described herein.

It will be appreciated that the actuator1500can provide numerous advantages. For instance, the actuator1500can provide a more compact design with respect to the other actuators100,100′. The actuator1500can provide a lower height profile compared to the other actuators100,100′. In arrangements in which the actuator1500is used in connection with a vehicle seat, it will be appreciated that the slimmer profile of the actuator1500can facilitate integration of the actuator1500into the vehicle seat. The actuator1500can minimize or avoid enlargement of the vehicle seat, which, in turn, can minimize or avoid encroachment of the space behind the vehicle seat (e.g., second row leg room). Thus, the length on the vehicle does not have to be increased to accommodate the actuator1500and, as a result, the weight of the vehicle does not have to increase significantly.

Referring toFIGS.24-25, another example of an actuator2400is shown. The actuator2400can have any suitable configuration. The actuator2400can include a first outer body member2410, a second outer body member2420, and one or more contracting members2480. These and other components will be described in turn below.

The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be different from each other in one or more respects. In some arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be similar to the examples of the first portion112and the second portion114is shown inFIG.6. While the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420are shown as being generally rectangular in shape, it will be appreciated that arrangements herein are not limited to any particular shape. The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be operatively connected to each other such that the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be pivotably connected to each other. For example, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be pivotably connected to each other by one or more barrel hinges2430. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be a separate structure operatively connected to the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420.

The first outer body member2410can include a first interfacing end portion2416and a second interfacing end portion2418. The second outer body member2420can include a first interfacing end portion2426and a second interfacing end portion2428. The first interfacing end portion2416of the first outer body member2410and the first interfacing end portion2426of the second outer body member2420can be configured to interface with each other. For instance, the first interfacing end portion2416of the first outer body member2410can include a knuckle2417, and the first interfacing end portion2426of the second outer body member2420can include a knuckle2427. The knuckle2417can define an opening2415, and the knuckle2427can define an opening (not visible inFIG.24). The opening of the knuckle2417and the opening of the knuckle2427can be substantially aligned with each other to form in part the hinge. A pin2432can pass through the aligned openings. In such arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can define the leaves of the hinge.

The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be angled relative to each other. As a result, the actuator2400can generally form an inverted V-shape or an A-shape.

The actuator2400can include a track2450. The track2450can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. The track2450can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. The track2450can include an upper side2451, a lower side2452, a first lateral side2453, and a second lateral side2454. It will be appreciated that the terms “upper,” “lower,” and “lateral” are used for convenience to facilitate the discussion with respect to the orientation of the actuator2400shown inFIGS.24and25. Accordingly, it will be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be configured to interface with the track2450. The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be configured to be slidable within the track2450. The track2450can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track2450can include a channel2455into which a portion of the first outer body member2410and a portion of the second outer body member2420can be received. More particularly, the second interfacing end portion2418of the first outer body member2410and the second interfacing end portion2428of the second outer body member2420can be received in the channel2455.

The channel2455can be open to the upper side2451of the track2450. Thus, the channel2455can define an opening2460in the track2450. The first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can extend through the opening2460.

The channel2455can include a first lateral end2456and a second lateral end2457. In some arrangements, the first lateral end2456and the second lateral end2457of the channel2455can be closed to prevent the portions of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420from leaving coming out of the channel2455at an open end. To that end, the first lateral end2456and/or the second lateral end2457of the channel2455can include a closure element or blocking structure to physically block the lateral outward movement of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. In some arrangements, the first lateral end2456and/or the second lateral end2457of the channel2455can be closed as a result of the construction of the track2450. For instance, the track2450can be made of a machined block of material in which at least one of the first lateral end2456and the second lateral end2457is closed.

The track2450, the channel2455, the second interfacing end portion2418of the first outer body member2410, and/or the second interfacing end portion2428of the second outer body member2420can be configured so that the second interfacing end portions2418,2428are retainable received within the channel2455. For instance, the second interfacing end portions2418,2428can include a lip, protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the channel2455. In some arrangements, the second interfacing end portions2418,2428and the channel2455can be configured for interlocking engagement. Thus, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420cannot separate from the channel2455through the opening2460in the upper side2451of the track2450.

The track2450, the channel2455, the first outer body member2410, and/or the second outer body member2420can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420within the channel2455. For instance, in some arrangements, the channel2455, the first outer body member2410, and/or the second outer body member2420can include one or more friction reducing coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and/or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel2455, the first outer body member2410, and/or the second outer body member2420can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low shear materials.

In some arrangements, the track2450, the channel2455, the first outer body member2410, and/or the second outer body member2420can be configured to define the range of movement of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420within the channel2455. As an example, the track2450can include a first slot2461and a second slot2462. The first slot2461and the second slot2462can be substantially identical to each other. Alternatively, the first slot2461and the second slot2462can be different from each other in one or more respects, including size, shape, length, width, and/or configuration. The first outer body member2410can include a protrusion2411, and the second outer body member2420can include a protrusion2421. The protrusion2411can be received within the first slot2461, and the protrusion2421can be received within the second slot2462. Thus, it will be appreciated that the range of movement of the first outer body member2410, and/or the second outer body member2420can be defined by the range of movement of the protrusions2411,2421within the slots2461,2462. However, in other arrangements, the range of movement of the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420can be defined by the channel2455.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the slots2461,2462and protrusions2411,2421can be provided on only one side of track2450and the outer body members2410,2420. However, in other arrangements, the slots2461,2462and protrusions2411,2421can be provided on opposite sides of track2450and the outer body members2410,2420.

The actuator2400can include one or more biasing members2470. The biasing member(s)2470can be associated with the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420. The biasing member(s)2470can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420into a non-activated configuration of the actuator2400. More particularly, the biasing member(s)2470can exert a force on the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420to bias them into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing member(s)2470can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force on the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420. In one or more arrangements, the biasing member(s)2470can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member(s)2470can be a torsion spring.

In some arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member2470. For instance, the first outer body member2410can include a retaining member2419, and the second outer body member2420can include a retaining member2429. The retaining members2419,2429can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members2419,2429can be substantially L-shaped (as shown inFIGS.24-25), substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. The retaining members2419,2429can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. In some arrangements, the retaining members2419,2429can be formed separately from the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420and subsequently connected thereto. The retaining members2419,2429can be substantially identical to each other, or they can be different from each other in one or more respects.

The actuator2400can include a push structure2471. One example of the push structure2471is shown inFIGS.24-25. The push structure2471can be configured to engage other structures or objects. The push structure2471can focus the force of the actuator2400on an intended target object. The push structure2471can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the push structure2471can be substantially T-shaped. In some arrangements, the push structure2471can include a platform2472and a stem2474.

The platform2472can have an engaging surface2473. The engaging surface2473can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on an intended target. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2473can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2473can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engaging surface2473can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator2400.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface2473can be substantially rectangular in conformation, as is shown. In other arrangements, the engaging surface2473can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface2473can be substantially parallel to the contracting member(s)2480and/or to a first dimension2401of the actuator2400. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2473can be angled relative to the contracting member(s)2480and/or to the first dimension2401of the actuator2400. The engaging surface2473can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

The push structure2471can be operatively connected to the first outer body member2410and/or the second outer body member2420. For instance, a portion of the stem2474can be configured to include one or more openings (see e.g., openings175inFIG.8) that can substantially align with the openings in the knuckles2417,2427of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420to form in part the hinge. The pin2432can pass through the aligned openings. While the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can pivot relative to each other, the push structure2471can substantially maintain its orientation. In some arrangements, the push structure2471can be substantially centrally located with respect to the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420.

As noted above, the actuator2400can have one or more contracting members2480. The contracting member(s)2480can be any member or material that, when an activation input is provided to the contracting member, the contracting member can contract.

The actuator2400can include one or more shape memory material members2481. The shape memory material member(s)2481can be operatively connected to the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. More particularly, the shape memory material member(s)2481can be operatively connected to the second interfacing end portion2418of the first outer body member2410and the second interfacing end portion2428of the second outer body member2420. Any suitable manner of operative connection can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, or any combination thereof.

In going from outer body member to the other outer body member, the shape memory material member(s)2481can extend within the channel2455. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)2481can extend within the opening2460. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)2481can extend outside of the track2450. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member(s)2481can extend substantially parallel to the channel2455.

In some arrangements, there can be a single shape memory material member2481. In such case, the shape memory material member2481can, for example, extend straight between the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. In another example, the shape memory material member2481can extend in a serpentine or zigzag pattern between the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420. In some arrangements, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can be configured to allow the shape memory material member2481to turn around and extend in the opposite direction, such as by providing one or more posts, channels, eyelets, or other features that can enable such turning around. When activated, the shape memory material member(s)2481can be configured to overcome the biasing forces exerted by the biasing member(s)2470.

In some arrangements, there can be a plurality of shape memory material members2481. In such case, the plurality of shape memory material members2481can be distributed, arranged, and/or oriented in any suitable manner. For instance, the shape memory material members2481can extend substantially parallel to each other. In other arrangements, one or more of the shape memory material members2481can extend non-parallel to the other shape memory material members2481. In some instances, some of the plurality of shape memory material members2481may cross over each other. When activated, the shape memory material member(s)2481can be configured to overcome the biasing forces exerted by the biasing members2470.

The general discussion of the contracting members and the shape memory material member(s)180made in connection withFIGS.1-3applies equally to the actuator2400shown inFIGS.24-25as well.

It should be noted that the shape memory material member(s)2481can be located substantially entirely within the overall envelope of the actuator2400. “Substantial majority” means about 60% or greater, about 65% or greater, about 70% or greater, about 75% or greater, about 80% or greater, about 85% or greater, about 90% or greater, or about 95% or greater. In some arrangements, a portion of the shape memory material member(s)2481can extend outside of the overall envelope of the actuator2400for operative connection to conductor and/or power source.

The actuator2400can include a first dimension2401and the second dimension2402. The first dimension2401can describe a width of the actuator2400, and the second dimension2402can describe a height of the actuator2400. The first dimension2401and the second dimension2402can be substantially perpendicular to each other.

FIG.24shows an example of the actuator2400in a non-activated configuration. Here, the contracting member2480is not activated.FIG.25shows an example of the actuator2400in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to the contracting member(s)2480, the contracting member(s)2480can contract. This contraction causes the contracting member(s)2480to pull the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420toward each other in a first direction2403that corresponds to the first dimension2401. More particularly, the second interfacing end portion2418of the first outer body member2410and the second interfacing end portion2428of the second outer body member2420can be pulled toward each other in the direction2403that corresponds to the first dimension2401.

As a result, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can extend outward in a second direction2404that corresponds to the second dimension2402. More particularly, the first interfacing end portion2416of the first outer body member2410and the first interfacing end portion2426of the second outer body member2420can extend outward and away from the track2450in the direction2404that corresponds to the second dimension2402.

It will be appreciated that, in going from the non-activated condition to the activated condition, the first dimension2401(i.e., the width) of the actuator2400can decrease and/or the second dimension2402(i.e., the height) of the actuator2400can increase. Further, it will be appreciated that the actuator2400can deliver a force in a direction that is out of plane or otherwise different from the direction of contraction of the contracting member(s)2480.

When the actuator2400goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the location of the push structure2471can be change. In the orientation ofFIGS.24and25, the push structure2471can be located at a higher elevation when the actuator2400is activated. Also, when the actuator2400goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can decrease. It will be appreciated that the track2450can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420while maintaining the operative connection to them.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the push structure2471can deliver an actuation force symmetrically, that is, substantially in line with a force direction of the actuator2400(e.g., in direction of the second dimension2402). However, in other arrangements, the actuator2400can be configured to deliver an actuation force that is asymmetric, that is, not in line with the force direction of the actuator2400. Delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved in various ways. As an example, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can have different lengths. As a result, the push structure2471may no longer be substantially centrally located. As a still further example, the push structure2471can be configured such that the engaging surface2473or other portion of the push structure2471is angled relative to the first dimension2401. As yet another example, the push structure2471can be operatively connected so as to extend from the first outer body member2410or the second outer body member2420at an acute angle. Of course, it will be appreciated that the delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved by any combination of the above and other arrangements.

FIGS.26-27show an arrangement in which there are a plurality of the actuators2400. The above discussion of the actuator2400in connection withFIGS.24-25applies equally to each individual actuator2400of the arrangement shown inFIGS.26-27.

In some arrangements, the plurality of actuators2400can be activated and/or deactivated individually. In such case, each of the plurality of actuators2400can include one or more contracting members2480. Thus, when an activation input is provided to the contracting member(s)2480for an individual one of the plurality of actuators2400, only that particular actuator will be activated.

In other arrangements, the plurality of actuators2400can be activated and/or deactivated collectively. One example of such collective activation will now be described.

Referring toFIG.26, the plurality of actuators2400can include three actuators: a first actuator2400′, a second actuator2400″, and a third actuator2400′″. WhileFIG.26shows an example in which there are three actuators, it will be appreciated that there can be any number of actuators. The plurality of actuators2400can be substantially identical to each other. Alternatively, one or more of the plurality of actuators2400can be different from the other actuators in one or more respects, including, for example, size, shape, configuration, activation force, activation time, height, width, structure, or in any other manner.

In some arrangements, there can be one or more contracting members2480associated with the plurality of actuators2400. In this particular example, there can be a single contracting member2480operatively connected to the plurality of actuators2400. The single contracting member2480can be routed in any suitable manner between the plurality of actuators2400. In some arrangements, the single contracting member2480can be operatively connected to the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420of each of the plurality of actuators2400. In some arrangements, the single contracting member2480can extend through apertures in one or more of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420of the plurality of actuators2400.

It should be noted thatFIGS.26and27show each individual actuator2400as having its own first slot2461and second slot2462, it will be appreciated that arrangements are not limited in this regard. Indeed, in some arrangements, two or more of the actuators2400or portions thereof can share a slot. In other arrangements, there can be a single slot for all of the actuators2400. In further arrangements, the track2450may not include slots, and the first and second interfacing end portions2418,2428of the actuators2400′2400″,2400′″ can all be located within the channel2455.

FIG.26shows an example of the plurality of actuators2400in a non-activated configuration. Here, the contracting member2480is not activated.FIG.27shows an example of the actuator2400in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to the contracting member(s)2480, the contracting member(s)2480can contract. This contraction causes the contracting member(s)2480to pull the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420of each individual actuator2400toward each other in a direction that corresponds to the first dimension2401. More particularly, the second interfacing end portion2418of the first outer body member2410and the second interfacing end portion2428of the second outer body member2420of each actuator2400can be pulled toward each other in a direction that corresponds to the first dimension2401.

As a result, the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420of each actuator2400can extend outward in a direction that corresponds to the second dimension2402. More particularly, the first interfacing end portion2416of the first outer body member2410and the first interfacing end portion2426of the second outer body member2420of each actuator2400can extend outward and away from the track2450in a direction that corresponds to the second dimension2402.

It will be appreciated that, in going from the non-activated condition to the activated condition, the first dimension2401(i.e., the width) of the plurality of actuators2400can decrease and/or the second dimension2402(i.e., the height) of the plurality of actuators2400can increase. Further, it will be appreciated that the plurality of actuators2400can deliver a force in a direction that is out of plane or otherwise different from the direction of contraction of the contracting member(s)2480.

When the plurality of actuators2400go from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the location of the push structures2471can be change. In the orientation ofFIGS.26and27, the push structures2471can be located at a higher elevation when the actuator2400is activated. Also, when the plurality of actuators2400go from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420can decrease. It will be appreciated that the track2450can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member2410and the second outer body member2420of each actuator2400while maintaining the operative connection to them.

In some arrangements, the plurality of actuators2400can be selectively activated individually and/or collectively.

Referring toFIGS.28-29, another example of an actuator2800is shown. The actuator2800can have any suitable configuration. The actuator2800can include a first outer body member2810, a second outer body member2820, a cross body member2890, and one or more contracting members2880. The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be angled relative to the cross body member2890. As a result, the actuator2800can generally form a trapezoidal shape.

The actuator2800can include a first dimension2801and the second dimension2802. The first dimension2801can describe a width of the actuator2800, and the second dimension2802can describe a height of the actuator2800. The first dimension2801and the second dimension2802can be substantially perpendicular to each other.

The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In some arrangements, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be different from each other in one or more respects. In some arrangements, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be similar to the examples of the first portion112and the second portion114as shown inFIG.6or they can be similar to the examples of the first portion132and the second portion134as shown in connection withFIG.9.

While the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820are shown as being generally rectangular in shape, it will be appreciated that arrangements herein are not limited to any particular shape. The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be operatively connected to a cross body member2890. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be movably connected to the cross body member2890. More particularly, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890. In one or more arrangements, each of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890. For example, the first outer body member2810can be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890by one or more hinges, and the second outer body member2820can be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890by one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member2810can be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890by one or more barrel hinges2838, and the second outer body member2820can be pivotably connected to the cross body member2890by one or more barrel hinges2839. The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be located on opposite sides of the cross body member2890.

In some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first outer body member2810and the cross body member2890and to the second outer body member2820and the cross body member2890. Alternatively, in some arrangements, the one or more hinges can be formed at least in part by the first outer body member2810, the second outer body member2820, and/or the cross body member2890.

The first outer body member2810can include a first interfacing end portion2816and a second interfacing end portion2818. In some arrangements, the first interfacing end portion2816of the first outer body member2810can include one or more knuckles2814defining an opening2815. The second outer body member2820can include a first interfacing end portion2826and a second interfacing end portion2828. In some arrangements, the first interfacing end portion2826of the second outer body member2820can include one or more knuckles2824defining an opening (not visible inFIG.28).

The cross body member2890can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. The cross body member2890can include a main body portion2898. In some arrangements, the main body portion2898can be substantially rectangular. The main body portion2898can define a surface2899. In some arrangements, the surface2899can extend substantially parallel to the first dimension2801of the actuator2800.

The cross body member2890can be made of any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. The cross body member2890can be made of the same material as the first outer body member2810and/or the second outer body member2820, or the cross body member2890can be made of a different material.

In one or more arrangements, the cross body member2890can have a first interfacing end portion2891and a second interfacing end portion2892. The first interfacing end portion2891of the cross body member2890can include one or more knuckles2894defining an opening (not visible inFIG.28), and the second interfacing end portion2892of the cross body member2890can include one or more knuckles2896defining an opening2897.

The cross body member2890can be configured to interface with the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820. More particularly, the first interfacing end portion2816of the first outer body member2810and the first interfacing end portion2826of the second outer body member2820can be configured to interface with the cross body member2890. The opening(s)2815of the knuckle(s)2814of the first interfacing end portion2816and the opening(s) of the knuckle(s)2894of the first interfacing end portion2891of the cross body member2890can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin2900can be received in the aligned opening(s)2815of the knuckle(s)2814and opening(s) of the knuckle(s)2894. The opening(s) of the knuckle(s)2824of the second outer body member2820and the opening(s)2897of the knuckle(s)2896of the second interfacing end portion2892of the cross body member2890can be substantially aligned with each other. A pin2902can be received in the aligned opening(s) of the knuckle(s)2824and the opening(s)2897of the knuckle(s)2896.

One or more biasing members2910can be associated with the first outer body member2810and the cross body member2890. One or more biasing members2915can be associated with the second outer body member2820and the cross body member2890. The biasing members2910,2915can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820into a non-activated configuration of the actuator2800. More particularly, the biasing member(s)2910can exert a force on the first outer body member2810and the cross body member2890to bias at least the first outer body member2810into the non-activated configuration. Further, the biasing member(s)2915can exert a force on the second outer body member2820and the cross body member2890to bias at least the second outer body member2820into the non-activated configuration.

The biasing members2910,2915can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force on the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members2910,2915can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members2910,2915can be torsion springs.

In some arrangements, the biasing members2910,2915can be substantially identical to each other. In some arrangements, one or more of the biasing members2910,2915can be different from the other biasing members in one or more respects, such as in terms of size, shape, configuration, and/or biasing force, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member(s)2910,2915, respectively. For instance, the first outer body member2810can include a retaining member2812, and the second outer body member2820can include a retaining member2822. The retaining members2812,2822can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members2812,2822can be substantially L-shaped, as shown inFIGS.28-29, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, just to name a few possibilities. The retaining members2812,2822can be formed as a unitary structure with the respective one of the first outer body member2810and/or the second outer body member2820. In some arrangements, the retaining members2812,2822can be formed separately from first outer body member2810and/or the second outer body member2820and subsequently connected thereto.

In some arrangements, the actuator2800can include a push structure2920. One example of the push structure2920is shown inFIGS.28-29. The push structure2920can be configured to engage other structures or objects. The push structure2920can focus the force of the actuator2800on an intended target object. The push structure2920can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the push structure2920can be substantially T-shaped. In some arrangements, the push structure2920can include a platform2922and a stem2924.

The platform2922can have an engaging surface2923. The engaging surface2923can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on an intended target. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2923can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2923can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engaging surface2923can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator2800.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface2923can be substantially rectangular in conformation, as is shown. In other arrangements, the engaging surface2923can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

In some arrangements, the engaging surface2923can be substantially parallel to the contracting member(s)2880, the surface2899, and/or to a first dimension2801of the actuator2800. In some arrangements, the engaging surface2923can be angled relative to the contracting member(s)2880, the surface2899, and/or to a first dimension2801of the actuator2800. The engaging surface2923can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

The push structure2920can be operatively connected to the cross body member2890. For instance, the stem2924can be configured to be operatively connected to the surface2899of the cross body member2890. Any suitable form(s) of operative connection can be provided, such one or more fasteners, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more adhesives, one or more other forms of operative connection, or any combination thereof. In some arrangements, the push structure2920can be substantially centrally located with respect to the cross body member2890.

However, it will be appreciated that, in at least some arrangements, the actuator2800may not have a push structure2920. Instead, the push force of the actuator2800can be delivered by the cross body member2890.

The actuator2800can include a track2850. The track2850can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. The track2850can have any suitable size, shape, and/or configuration. The track2850can include an upper side2851, a lower side2852, a first lateral side2853, and a second lateral side2854. It will be appreciated that the terms “upper,” “lower,” and “lateral” are used for convenience to facilitate the discussion with respect to the orientation of the actuator2800shown inFIGS.28and29. Accordingly, it will be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be configured to interface with the track2850. The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can be configured to be slidable within the track2850. The track2850can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track2850can include a channel2855into which a portion of the first outer body member2810and a portion of the second outer body member2820can be received. More particularly, the second interfacing end portion2818of the first outer body member2810and the second interfacing end portion2828of the second outer body member2820can be received in the channel2855.

The channel2855can be open to the upper side2851of the track2850. Thus, the channel2855can define an opening2860in the track2850. The first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can extend through the opening2860.

The channel2855can include a first lateral end2856and a second lateral end2857. In some arrangements, the first lateral end2856and the second lateral end2857of the channel2855can be closed to prevent the portions of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820from leaving coming out of the channel2855at an open end. To that end, the first lateral end2856and/or the second lateral end2857of the channel2855can include a closure element or blocking structure to physically block the lateral outward movement of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820. In some arrangements, the first lateral end2856and/or the second lateral end2857of the channel2855can be closed as a result of the construction of the track2850. For instance, the track can be made of a machined block of material in which at least one of the first lateral end2856and the second lateral end2857is closed.

The track2850, the channel2855, the second interfacing end portion2818of the first outer body member2810, and/or the second interfacing end portion2828of the second outer body member2820can be configured so that the second interfacing end portions2818,2828are retainably received within the channel2855. For instance, the second interfacing end portions2818,2828can include a lip, protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the channel2855. In some arrangements, the second interfacing end portions2818,2828and the channel2855can be configured for interlocking engagement. Thus, the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820cannot separate from the channel2855through the opening2860in the upper side2851of the track2850.

The track2850, the channel2855, the first outer body member2810, and/or the second outer body member2820can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820within the channel2855. For instance, in some arrangements, the channel2855, the first outer body member2810, and/or the second outer body member2820can include one or more friction reducing coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and/or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel2855, the first outer body member2810, and/or the second outer body member2820can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low shear materials.

In some arrangements, the track2850, the channel2855, the first outer body member2810, and/or the second outer body member2820can be configured to define the range of movement of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820within the channel2855. As an example, the track2850can include a first slot2861and a second slot2862. The first slot2861and the second slot2862can be substantially identical to each other. Alternatively, the first slot2861and the second slot2862can be different from each other in one or more respects, including size, shape, length, width, and/or configuration. The first outer body member2810can include a protrusion2811, and the second outer body member2820can include a protrusion2821. The protrusion2811can be received within the first slot2861, and the protrusion2821can be received within the second slot2862. Thus, it will be appreciated that the range of movement of the first outer body member2810, and/or the second outer body member2820can be defined by the range of movement of the protrusions2811,2821within the slots2861,2862. However, in other arrangements, the range of movement of the first outer body member2810and/or the second outer body member2820can be defined by the channel2855.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the slots2861,2862and protrusions2811,2821can be provided on only one side of track2850and the outer body members2810,2820. However, in other arrangements, the slots2861,2862and protrusions2811,2821can be provided on opposite sides of track2850and the outer body members2810,2820.

As noted above, the actuator2800can have one or more contracting members2880. The contracting member(s)2880can be any member or material that, when an activation input is provided to the contracting member, the contracting member can contract.

The actuator2800can include one or more shape memory material members2881. The shape memory material member(s)2881can be operatively connected to the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820.

The above discussion of the contracting member(s)2480and the shape memory material member(s)2481(including their interaction with the first outer body member2410, the second outer body member2420, and the track2450) in connection withFIGS.24-25applies equally here with respect to the contracting member(s)2880and the shape memory material member(s)2881(including their interaction with the first outer body member2810, the second outer body member2820, and the track2850) here in connection withFIGS.28-29. Further, the general discussion of the contracting members and the shape memory material member(s)180made in connection withFIGS.1-3applies equally here as well.

FIG.28shows an example of the actuator2800in a non-activated configuration. Here, the contracting member2880is not activated.FIG.29shows an example of the actuator2800in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to the contracting member(s)2880, the contracting member(s)2880can contract. This contraction causes the contracting member(s)2880to pull the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820toward each other in a direction2803that corresponds to the first dimension2801. More particularly, the second interfacing end portion2818of the first outer body member2820and the second interfacing end portion2828of the second outer body member2820can be pulled toward each other in the direction2803that corresponds to the first dimension2801.

As a result, the first outer body member2810, the second outer body member2820, and the cross body member2890can extend outward in a direction2804that corresponds to the second dimension2802. More particularly, the first interfacing end portion2816of the first outer body member2820, the first interfacing end portion2826of the second outer body member2820, and the cross body member2890can extend outward and away from the track2850in the direction2804that corresponds to the second dimension2802.

It will be appreciated that, in going from the non-activated condition to the activated condition, the first dimension2801(i.e., the width) of the actuator2800can decrease and/or the second dimension2802(i.e., the height) of the actuator2800can increase. Further, it will be appreciated that the actuator2800can deliver a force in a direction that is out of plane or otherwise different from the direction of contraction of the contracting member(s)2880.

When the actuator2800goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the location of the cross body member2890and the push structure2920can be change. In the orientation ofFIGS.28and29, the cross body member2890and the push structure2920can be located at a higher elevation when the actuator2800is activated. Also, when the actuator2800goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820can decrease. Further, when the actuator2800goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member2810and the cross body member2890can decrease. Still further, when the actuator2800goes from a non-activated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the second outer body member2820and the cross body member2890can decrease.

It will be appreciated that the track2850can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member2810and the second outer body member2820while maintaining the operative connection to them.

It should be noted that, in some arrangements, the cross body member2890and/or the push structure2920can deliver an actuation force symmetrically, that is, substantially in line with a force direction of the actuator2800(e.g., in the direction2804that corresponds to the second dimension2802). However, in other arrangements, the actuator2800can be configured to deliver an actuation force that is asymmetric, that is, not in line with the force direction of the actuator2800.

It should be noted that, whileFIGS.28-29show a single actuators2800, there can be a plurality of the actuators2800. The above discussion of the plurality of actuators2400in connection withFIGS.26-27can apply equally to a plurality of the actuators2800.

FIG.4shows an example of a system400. The system400can include various elements. Some of the possible elements of the system400are shown inFIG.4and will now be described. It will be understood that it is not necessary for the system400to have all of the elements shown inFIG.4or described herein. The system400can have any combination of the various elements shown inFIG.4. Further, the system400can have additional elements to those shown inFIG.4. In some arrangements, the system400may not include one or more of the elements shown inFIG.4. Further, while the various elements may be located on or within a chair, it will be understood that one or more of these elements can be located external to the chair. Further, the elements shown may be physically separated by large distances.

The system400can include one or more of the actuators100as described above. The actuators100can be operatively connected to one or more of the elements of the system400.

The system400can include one or more processors410, one or more data stores420, one or more sensors430, one or more power sources440, one or more input interfaces450, one or more output interfaces460, one or more of the actuators100, and one or more control modules470. Each of these elements will be described in turn below.

As noted above, the system400can include one or more processors410. “Processor” means any component or group of components that are configured to execute any of the processes described herein or any form of instructions to carry out such processes or cause such processes to be performed. The processor(s)410may be implemented with one or more general-purpose and/or one or more special-purpose processors. Examples of suitable processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuitry that can execute software. Further examples of suitable processors include, but are not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), an array processor, a vector processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), programmable logic circuitry, and a controller. The processor(s)410can include at least one hardware circuit (e.g., an integrated circuit) configured to carry out instructions contained in program code. In arrangements in which there is a plurality of processors410, such processors can work independently from each other, or one or more processors can work in combination with each other.

The system400can include one or more data stores420for storing one or more types of data. The data store(s)420can include volatile and/or non-volatile memory. Examples of suitable data stores420include RAM (Random Access Memory), flash memory, ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The data store(s)420can be a component of the processor(s)410, or the data store(s)420can be operatively connected to the processor(s)410for use thereby. The term “operatively connected,” as used throughout this description, can include direct or indirect connections, including connections without direct physical contact.

The system400can include one or more sensors430. “Sensor” means any device, component and/or system that can detect, determine, assess, monitor, measure, quantify, acquire, and/or sense something. The one or more sensors can detect, determine, assess, monitor, measure, quantify, acquire, and/or sense in real-time. As used herein, the term “real-time” means a level of processing responsiveness that a user or system senses as sufficiently immediate for a particular process or determination to be made, or that enables the processor to keep up with some external process.

In arrangements in which the system400includes a plurality of sensors430, the sensors can work independently from each other. Alternatively, two or more of the sensors can work in combination with each other. In such case, the two or more sensors can form a sensor network. The sensor(s)430can be operatively connected to the processor(s)410, the data store(s)420, and/or other elements of the system400(including any of the elements shown inFIG.1).

As noted above, the system400can include one or more power sources440. The power source(s)440can be any power source capable of and/or configured to energize the shape memory material member(s)180of the actuator100. For example, the power source(s)440can include one or more batteries, one or more fuel cells, one or more generators, one or more alternators, one or more solar cells, and combinations thereof.

The system400can include one or more input interfaces450. An “input interface” includes any device, component, system, element or arrangement or groups thereof that enable information/data to be entered into a machine. The input interface(s)450can receive an input from a chair occupant. Any suitable input interface450can be used, including, for example, a keypad, display, touch screen, multi-touch screen, button, joystick, mouse, trackball, microphone and/or combinations thereof.

The system400can include one or more output interfaces460. An “output interface” includes any device, component, system, element or arrangement or groups thereof that enable information/data to be presented to a chair occupant. The output interface(s)460can present information/data to a chair occupant. The output interface(s)460can include a display, an earphone, and/or speaker. Some components of the system400may serve as both a component of the input interface(s)450and a component of the output interface(s)460.

The system400can include one or more modules, at least some of which will be described herein. The modules can be implemented as computer readable program code that, when executed by a processor, implement one or more of the various processes described herein. One or more of the modules can be a component of the processor(s)410, or one or more of the modules can be executed on and/or distributed among other processing systems to which the processor(s)410is operatively connected. The modules can include instructions (e.g., program logic) executable by one or more processor(s)410. Alternatively or in addition, one or more data stores420may contain such instructions.

In one or more arrangements, the modules described herein can include artificial or computational intelligence elements, e.g., neural network, fuzzy logic, or other machine learning algorithms. Further, in one or more arrangements, the modules can be distributed among a plurality of modules. In one or more arrangements, two or more of the modules described herein can be combined into a single module.

The system400can include one or more control modules470. The control module(s)470can be configured to receive signals, data, information, and/or other inputs from one or more elements of the system400. The control module(s)470can be configured to analyze these signals, data, information, and/or other inputs. The control module(s)470can be configured to select one or more of the actuator(s)100to be activated or deactivated to achieve a desired effect. In some arrangements, the control module(s)470can be configured to select a predefined actuation profile from the data store(s)420to effectuate a desired actuation. Alternatively or additionally, the control module(s)470can be configured to detect user inputs (e.g., commands) provided on the input interface(s)450. The control module(s)470can be configured to send control signals or commands over a communication network490to one or more elements of the system400, including the actuator(s)100, the shape memory material member(s)180, and/or any portion thereof.

The control module(s)470can be configured to cause the selected one or more of the actuator(s)100to be activated or deactivated by activating or deactivating the respective shape memory material member(s)180associated with the selected actuator(s)100. As used herein, “cause” or “causing” means to make, force, compel, direct, command, instruct, and/or enable an event or action to occur or at least be in a state where such event or action may occur, either in a direct or indirect manner. The control module(s)470can selectively provide an activation input to the actuator(s)100or, more particularly, to the shape memory material member(s)180associated with the selected actuator(s)100. The control module(s)470can selectively permit or prevent the flow of electrical energy from the power source(s)440.

The various elements of the system400can be communicatively linked to one another or one or more other elements through one or more communication networks490. As used herein, the term “communicatively linked” can include direct or indirect connections through a communication channel, bus, pathway or another component or system. A “communication network” means one or more components designed to transmit and/or receive information from one source to another. The data store(s)420and/or one or more other elements of the system400can include and/or execute suitable communication software, which enables the various elements to communicate with each other through the communication network and perform the functions disclosed herein.

The one or more communication networks490can be implemented as, or include, without limitation, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a wireless network, a mobile network, a Virtual Private Network (VPN), the Internet, a hardwired communication bus, and/or one or more intranets. The communication network further can be implemented as or include one or more wireless networks, whether short range (e.g., a local wireless network built using a Bluetooth or one of the IEEE 802 wireless communication protocols, e.g., 802.11a/b/g/i, 802.15, 802.16, 802.20, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), or WPA2) or long range (e.g., a mobile, cellular, and/or satellite-based wireless network; GSM, TDMA, CDMA, WCDMA networks or the like). The communication network can include wired communication links and/or wireless communication links. The communication network can include any combination of the above networks and/or other types of networks.

While the system400is described above in connection with the actuator100, it will be appreciated that the actuators100′,1500,2400,2800can be used in connection with the system400shown inFIG.4. Thus, the above description of the system400applies equally to each of these actuators, a plurality of these actuators, or any combination of these actuators (including actuator100).

The various actuators100,100′,1500,2400,2800described herein can have one or more shape memory material members or contracting members. The contracting member(s) can be any member or material that, when an activation input is provided to the contracting member, the contracting member can contract. The activation input can be energy, heat, or electrical energy, just to name a few examples.

It should be noted that the various actuators100,100′,1500,2400,2800described herein can remain in an activated configuration while an activation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to the contracting member(s). However, in some arrangements, the actuators can be configured to maintain the activated configuration without an activation input being provided to the contracting member(s). For instance, any of the actuators can include one or more locking elements that can engage when the actuators morph into the activated condition. These locking element(s) can engage and/or disengage automatically or in response to a user input. These locking element(s) can be mechanical, electrostatic (e.g., electrostatic clutch), magnetic, or electromagnetic in nature. It will be appreciated that, by providing the locking element(s), the activation input does not have to continue to be provided to the actuator to maintain the activated condition. As a result, energy consumption can be reduced.

It will be appreciated that arrangements described herein can provide numerous benefits, including one or more of the benefits mentioned herein. For example, arrangements described herein can provide an actuator that can provide sufficient actuation force for numerous applications. Arrangements described herein can use less shape memory material members than in other actuator designs. Arrangements described herein can a reduced actuator footprint compared to at least some other shape memory alloy-based actuator designs. Arrangements described herein can use less power to activate because the shape memory material members do not have to fight against thick and heavy actuator body members as in prior actuator designs. Arrangements described herein can result in a lower cost actuator. Arrangements described herein can decouple the strength of the first and second body members from the tension in these body members. Arrangements described herein can allow for focusing of the actuation force by providing push plates of different sizes, shapes, and/or configurations. Arrangements described herein avoid large amounts of shape memory material member(s) located external to the actuator, which could create an unsightly appearance and make integration into different components challenging.

Arrangements described herein can be used in various applications in which a force is imparted on another structure or person. In some arrangements, arrangements described herein can be used in connection with a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, a watercraft, an aircraft, a hovercraft, a spacecraft, any other form of transport (including motorized or powered transport). For instance, the actuators can be located within or operatively positioned relative to a vehicle seat. For instance, arrangements described herein can be used in connection with a vehicle seat to provide a haptic, massaging, and/or other effect to an occupant of the vehicle seat. As another example, arrangements described herein can be used to adjust the position of a vehicle component. Further, it will be appreciated that arrangements described herein can be used in connection with various non-vehicular applications, such as chairs, office chairs, massage chairs, beds, etc. Still further, arrangements described herein can be used in connection with massaging devices.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.

The systems, components and/or processes described above can be realized in hardware or a combination of hardware and software and can be realized in a centralized fashion in one processing system or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected processing systems. Any kind of processing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software can be a processing system with computer-usable program code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the processing system such that it carries out the methods described herein. The systems, components and/or processes also can be embedded in a computer-readable storage, such as a computer program product or other data programs storage device, readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform methods and processes described herein. These elements also can be embedded in an application product which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein and which when loaded in a processing system, is able to carry out these methods.

Furthermore, arrangements described herein may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer-readable media having computer-readable program code embodied, e.g., stored, thereon. Any combination of one or more computer-readable media may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. The phrase “computer-readable storage medium” means a non-transitory storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid state drive (SSD), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The terms “a” and “an,” as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality,” as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another,” as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and/or “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e. open language). The term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” The phrase “at least one of . . . and . . . ” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As an example, the phrase “at least one of A, B and C” includes A only, B only, C only, or any combination thereof (e.g. AB, AC, BC or ABC). As used herein, the term “substantially” or “about” includes exactly the term it modifies and slight variations therefrom. Thus, the term “substantially parallel” means exactly parallel and slight variations therefrom. “Slight variations therefrom” can include within 15 degrees/percent/units or less, within 14 degrees/percent/units or less, within 13 degrees/percent/units or less, within 12 degrees/percent/units or less, within 11 degrees/percent/units or less, within 10 degrees/percent/units or less, within 9 degrees/percent/units or less, within 8 degrees/percent/units or less, within 7 degrees/percent/units or less, within 6 degrees/percent/units or less, within 5 degrees/percent/units or less, within 4 degrees/percent/units or less, within 3 degrees/percent/units or less, within 2 degrees/percent/units or less, or within 1 degree/percent/unit or less. In some instances, “substantially” can include being within normal manufacturing tolerances.

Aspects herein can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope hereof.