Patent ID: 12237907

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Certain embodiments of the disclosure may be found in a repeater system and a method for indoor distribution of cellular mmWave signals for high-performance wireless communication overcoming path loss and expanding indoor coverage of cellular mmWave signals, i.e., outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) distribution of fifth generation (5G) signals. The repeater system overcomes scanning loss, signal attenuating or blocking obstacles, bring street side cellular 5G signal indoors, and significantly enhances QoE of the one or more indoor user equipment (UEs) in an indoor area connected to the repeater system.

Beneficially, the repeater system of the present disclosure is capable of autonomously synchronizing with an outdoor 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) node by decoding publicly broadcast synchronization signals. This autonomous synchronization ensures that the frame structure of the donor radio antenna aligns precisely with that of the outdoor 5G RAN node. This advantage eliminates the need for additional signaling or explicit coordination from the outdoor network, simplifying deployment and reducing potential points of failure in the synchronization process. Secondly, the disclosed repeater system operates independently of any additional signaling or explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node. This independence is one of the technical advantages as it reduces complexity in the overall network architecture. It means that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals can be achieved without relying on external control, making the system more robust and adaptable to different outdoor network configurations and changes. Thirdly, the relay radio antenna of the repeater system efficiently communicates synchronized 5G signals to one or more indoor relay devices for distribution to indoor user equipment (UEs). By capturing, decoding, and synchronizing with publicly broadcast synchronization signals, the system ensures that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals is precise and reliable without adding any extra layer of additional signaling and associated complexity. This technical advantage results in improved indoor network coverage and performance, enhancing the quality of service for indoor users without introducing unnecessary complexity and delays.

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG.1is a diagram illustrating a network environment of an exemplary repeater system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. With reference toFIG.1, there is shown a network environment100of a repeater system102. The repeater system102may include a one-box repeater (e.g., a first repeater device102A) or a multi-box repeater, such as a two-box, a three-box, or a four-box repeater (e.g., the first repeater device102A in addition to a plurality of indoor relay devices104, such as the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N).

The first repeater device102A may include one or more donor radio antennas, such as a donor radio antenna106, a controller108, and one or more relay radio antennas, such as a relay radio antenna110. There is further shown one or more indoor user equipment (UEs)114, a plurality of outdoor Radio Access Network (RAN) nodes116(e.g., a first outdoor 5G RAN node116A and a second outdoor 5G RAN node116B), a plurality of different wireless carrier networks (WCNs)118(e.g., a first WCN118A and a second WCN118B), and a central cloud server120. In an implementation, the repeater system102may be communicatively coupled to the central cloud server120.

In an implementation, the repeater system102may be designed and developed to overcome link budget challenges due to window and building penetration losses. The repeater system102may include a plurality of repeater devices, such as the first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay devices104. In an implementation, the first repeater device102A as well as the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be distributed in an indoor area112. In another implementation, the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be distributed at different locations in the indoor area112whereas the first repeater device102A may be placed either outdoors or strategically located indoors, such as near a window or an area from where the donor radio antenna106is oriented to face an outdoor 5G RAN node, such as the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A or the second outdoor 5G RAN node116B, to capture 5G signals.

The first repeater device102A may include suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that may be configured to communicate with a radio access network (RAN) node, such as the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A or a second outdoor 5G RAN node116B. The repeater system102enables data communication at a multi-gigabit data rate. In an implementation, the repeater system102may be a C-band indoor repeater system that may operate in C-band frequencies (e.g., 4-8 GHz or 3.7-4.2 GHz) for 5G NR communication. One or more C-Band indoor repeaters (e.g., the first repeater device102A and/or the one or more indoor relay devices104) of the repeater system102may operate in conjunction with indoor C-Band fixed wireless access (FWA) modems to ensure sufficient link margins to achieve pre-defined customer data rates (i.e., data throughput rates). In an implementation, the one or more C-Band indoor repeaters (e.g., the first repeater device102A and/or the one or more indoor relay devices104) of the repeater system102may be 5G NR indoor repeaters that may support all channel bandwidths up to, for example, 100 MHz or multigigabit. Further, the first repeater device102A may support a plurality of components carriers, for example, four component carriers and a total aggregated bandwidth, for example, approximately of 200 MHz in an example. Furthermore, the one or more C-Band indoor repeaters (e.g., the first repeater device102A and/or the one or more indoor relay devices104) of the repeater system102may support both downlink and uplink 4×4 MIMO on bands n77, which is a 5G NR frequency band commonly known as C-band 5G.

In another implementation, the repeater system102may support multiple and a wide range of frequency spectrum, for example, 4G, 5G, and upcoming 6G (including out-of-band frequencies). Each of the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be a service side relays that may be communicatively coupled to the donor, such as the first repeater device102A at one end and service the one or more indoor UEs114from another end. Examples of implementation of each of the first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay devices104, may include but may not be limited to a 5G-enabled repeater device, an RF relay device, a FR1 and FR2 band of 5G NR supporting repeater device, a customer premise equipment, a Fixed wireless access (FWA) equipment, and the like.

Each of the donor radio antenna106and the relay radio antenna110may be an antenna that may operate in one or more of: a C-band, FR1 band of 5G NR, FR2 band of 5G NR, LTE band, and the like. In an implementation, each of the donor radio antenna106and the relay radio antenna110may be a patch antenna. In an implementation, each of the donor radio antenna106and the relay radio antenna110may be a phase-array antenna, an individual antenna, an XG phased-array antenna panel, an XG-enabled antenna chipset, an XG-enabled patch antenna array, or an XG-enabled servo-driven antenna array, where the “XG” refers to 5G or 6G. Examples of implementations of the XG phased-array antenna panel include, but is not limited to, a linear phased array antenna, a planar phased array antenna, a frequency scanning phased array antenna, a dynamic phased array antenna, and a passive phased array antenna. Examples of the controller108may include but are not limited to a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a combination of CPU and FPGA, or other control circuitry.

Each of the one or more indoor UEs114may correspond to a telecommunication hardware used by an end-user to communicate. Alternatively stated, the one or more indoor UEs114may refer to a combination of a mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM). Each of the one or more indoor UEs114may be subscriber of at least one or more of the plurality of different WCNs118. Examples of the one or more indoor UEs114may include, but are not limited to a smartphone, a virtual reality headset, an augment reality device, a wireless modem, a customer-premises equipment (CPE), a home router, a cable or satellite television set-top box, a VoIP station, a user device, or any other customized hardware for telecommunication.

Each of the plurality of outdoor RAN nodes116may be a fixed point of communication that may communicate information, in form of a plurality of beams of RF signals, to and from communication devices, such as the repeater system102and one or more indoor UEs114. Multiple base stations corresponding to one service provider, may be geographically positioned to cover specific geographical areas. Typically, bandwidth requirements serve as a guideline for a location of a base station, such as a gNB, based on relative distance between the UEs and the base station. The count of base stations depends on population density and geographic irregularities, such as buildings and mountain ranges, which may interfere with the plurality of beams of RF signals. In an implementation, each of the plurality of outdoor RAN nodes116may be a gNB or a 5G small cell. In another implementation, the plurality of outdoor RAN nodes116may include eNBs, Master eNBs (MeNBs) (for non-standalone mode), and gNBs.

Each of the plurality of different WCNs118may be owned, managed, or associated with a mobile network operator (MNO), also referred to as a mobile carrier, a cellular company, or a wireless service provider that provides services, such as voice, SMS, MMS, Web access, data services, and the like, to its subscribers, over a licensed radio spectrum. Each of the plurality of different WCNs118may own or control elements of a network infrastructure to provide services to its subscribers over the licensed spectrum, for example, 4G LTE, or 5G spectrum (FR1 or FR2). For example, the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A may be controlled, managed, or associated with the first WCN118A, and the second outdoor 5G RAN node116B may be controlled, managed, or associated with the second WCN118B different from the first WCN118A. The plurality of different WCNs118may also include mobile virtual network operators (MVNO).

The central cloud server120includes suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that may be configured to communicate with the repeater system102and/or the plurality of outdoor RAN nodes116. In an example, the central cloud server120may be a remote management server that is managed by a third party different from the service providers associated with the plurality of different WCNs118. In another example, the central cloud server120may be a remote management server or a data center that is managed by a third party, or jointly managed, or managed in coordination and association with one or more of the plurality of different WCNs118. In an implementation, the central cloud server120may be a master cloud server or a master machine that is a part of a data center that controls an array of other cloud servers communicatively coupled to it, for load balancing, running customized applications, and efficient data management.

Typically, users near the edge of the cell in cellular networks often suffer from low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) levels due to being far away from a base station. Further, when a radio signal passes through a window or a building, it can experience attenuation due to absorption, reflection, and scattering. Moreover, when the conventional repeater system is placed inside a building, it can experience additional losses due to absorption, reflection, and scattering. This can reduce the signal strength, leading to a reduction in the overall link budget.

Beneficially, the repeater system102significantly improves the data throughput rate and SNR of the one or more indoor UEs114connected to the repeater system102. The repeater system102enables outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) distribution of fifth generation (5G) signals overcoming path loss and expanding indoor coverage of cellular mmWave signals without increasing any delays and complexity.

In an example, conventional systems require extensive coordination with gNodeB (gNBs) and user equipment (UEs) to achieve synchronization. This coordination can introduce delays and complexity into the network setup. Further, similar to synchronization, beam management in a standard 5G IAB relies on coordination with gNBs and UEs. This coordination is necessary to determine the optimal beam for each UE, but it can also lead to increased signaling overhead and potential delays. Furthermore, standard 5G IAB systems may not operate as standalone repeaters. They are often part of a larger network infrastructure, which can limit their deployment flexibility. This requires careful attention to the design and deployment of the repeater systems.

In contrast to the conventional systems, the repeater system102of the present disclosure captures and decodes publicly broadcast synchronization signals and uses the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals for various purposes, such as synchronizes with an outdoor 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) node, such as the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A. By capturing, decoding, and synchronizing with publicly broadcast synchronization signals, the system ensures that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals is precise and reliable without adding any extra layer of additional signaling and associated complexity. This technical advantage results in improved indoor network coverage of 5G signals and performance, enhancing the quality of service for indoor users without introducing unnecessary complexity and delays. Thus, the repeater system102not only achieves cell center like performance even in the cell edge areas but also ensures a seamless connectivity as well as QoE without increasing the telecommunications infrastructure cost.

FIG.2is a block diagram of an exemplary repeater device, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.FIG.2is explained in conjunction with elements fromFIG.1. With reference toFIG.2, there is shown a block diagram200of the first repeater device102A ofFIG.1. The first repeater device102A may have a donor side202A and a relay side202B. The first repeater device102A may include a control section204, which may include the controller108, a memory206, and a local oscillator208. The control section204may be communicatively coupled to a front-end RF section, which may include one or more antenna arrays, such as the donor radio antenna106and the relay radio antenna110. Each indoor relay device may be similar to that of the first repeater device102A. Each of the first repeater device102A and each indoor relay device may include more than one donor and relay radio antennas. In an implementation, each indoor relay device may include two relay radio antennas or an array of antennas that may perform the function of both transmit and receive using time-division duplexing (TDD) or frequency-division duplexing (FDD).

The controller108may be communicatively coupled to the memory206, the local oscillator208, the donor radio antenna106and the relay radio antenna110. The controller108may be configured to execute various operations of the first repeater device102A.

The memory206may be configured to store instructions and information obtained from the central cloud server120. Examples of the implementation of the memory206may include, but not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a processor cache, a thyristor random access memory (T-RAM), a zero-capacitor random access memory (Z-RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a hard disk drive (HDD), a secure digital (SD) card, a flash drive, cache memory, and/or other non-volatile memory. It is to be understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art that the control section204may further include one or more other components, such as an analog to digital converter (ADC), a digital to analog (DAC) converter, a cellular modem, and the like, known in the art, which are omitted for brevity.

The local oscillator208is configured to generate a reference frequency for the first repeater device102A. The synchronization process involves estimating a Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) by analyzing the phase rotation of synchronization signal blocks in the frequency domain. Once this CFO is determined, the local oscillator208may be adjusted or compensated to align the first repeater device102A precisely with the carrier frequency of an outdoor 5G RAN node, such as a gNB.

In operation, the donor radio antenna106of the first repeater device102A may be configured to capture publicly broadcast synchronization signals from an outdoor 5G RAN node, such as the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A. In an implementation, the publicly broadcast synchronization signals intended for the one or more indoor UEs114may comprise a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). The publicly broadcast synchronization signals intended for the one or more indoor UEs114may further comprise broadcast channel information comprising system parameters and configuration for operation of the one or more indoor UEs114, reference signals for channel estimation, synchronization and cell information, beamforming information, and cell identity.

In accordance with an embodiment, the capturing of the publicly broadcast synchronization signals in a 5G New Radio (NR) frequency band may comprise scanning a 5G NR frequency spectrum using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation with variable FFT size to adapt to different Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal power levels to detect any SSB transmissions from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). In other words, the donor radio antenna106may be configured to perform frequency scanning technique in which the entire 5G NR frequency band is scanned using the FFT operation to detect peaks corresponding to SSB signals. This FFT operation, spanning the full bandwidth, transforms the RF signals from the time to the frequency domain. Peaks observed in the FFT output may indicate the presence of specific signals, in this case, the synchronization signal blocks (SSBs). The size of the FFT may be associated with determining the frequency resolution of the scan. For example, the use of larger FFT sizes (greater than a defined threshold) enhances the system's capability to detect SSBs with lower power levels. To enhance accuracy, the FFT may be executed over multiple symbol periods that helps average out the noise floor and ensures more reliable detection of SSBs amid varying signal strengths and environmental conditions. The noise floor refers to the level of background noise or unwanted signals present in a system or environment. The noise floor is the level below which signals become challenging to distinguish or detect because they are obscured by this inherent noise. The FFT allows examining the entire bandwidth at once to find the SSB peak locations in the frequency domain.

The controller108may be further configured to decode the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) captured by the donor radio antenna106. In other words, once the SSB peaks are detected in the frequency domain, the controller108may be further configured to isolate the SSB resource blocks and a confirmation is made whether SSB is from a target gNB, such as the from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

In accordance with an embodiment, the decoding of the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may comprise decoding Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) in Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) to acquire cell identity and confirm that the SSB is from a target gNodeB to which the repeater system is to be synchronized. The target gNodeB may be the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). Alternatively stated, upon detecting synchronization signal block (SSB) peaks in the frequency domain, the controller108of the first repeater device102A may take a sequence of actions. Firstly, the controller108may be configured to isolate the specific resource blocks associated with the detected SSB. Following this, the controller108may be configured to demodulate and decode the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) signal contained within the SSB. The decoding allows the extraction of information such as the cell ID and other transmission parameters. Subsequently, the controller108may be configured to check the extracted cell ID against the ID of the target gNB (gNodeB) with which synchronization is sought. This thorough process ensures accurate identification of the gNB facilitating the synchronization process by verifying alignment with the intended target gNB.

The controller108may be further configured to synchronize with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals to align a frame structure of donor radio antenna106to the frame structure of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). This synchronization process ensures that the repeater device102A may operate seamlessly with the outdoor 5G RAN node. By aligning the frame structure, the repeater device102A ensures that it operates on the same time reference and follows the same frame structure as the outdoor 5G RAN node. This synchronization enables the first repeater device102A to avoid interference, optimizing signal reception and transmission, and maintaining the overall integrity of the communication link.

In accordance with an embodiment, the synchronization with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may comprise executing time and frequency synchronization to the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) based on decoding of synchronization signal blocks without the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The time synchronization comprises using a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) correlator to align with the symbol timing of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the target gNB) and continually tracking this timing for ongoing synchronization. Firstly, the controller108may be configured to process the decoded SSB sequence through a matched filter correlator in the memory206. This operation detects the peak correlation location, pinpointing the symbol timing alignment with the 5G RAN node's SSB transmissions. The matched filter correlator may interpolate between samples, allowing for sub-sample timing precision, enhancing the accuracy of synchronization. The continuous tracking of the SSB peak location overtime ensures that as the signal propagates and conditions change, the repeater system102maintains a consistent and precise time alignment. The SSB may include a predefined synchronization sequence, where the controller108may pass the predefined synchronization sequence through the matched filter correlator to identify the peak correlation point, which provides a symbol-level time alignment with SSB transmissions from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the target gNB). Thus, a robust and continuous time synchronization may be ensured in the first repeater device102A.

In accordance with an embodiment, the frequency synchronization may comprise estimating the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) from the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) frequency signal and compensating the local oscillator208based on the estimated CFO. In other words, the synchronization with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may further comprise estimating the CFO by analyzing synchronization signal blocks signal's phase rotation in a frequency domain in the frequency synchronization, and compensating for the CFO in the local oscillator208to align the first repeater device102A to a carrier frequency of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). From the frequency domain SSB signal, the controller108may be configured to estimate the phase rotation across the SSB tones to estimate carrier frequency offset. The estimate may be updated continuously or periodically. In the frequency domain, signals are often represented as a combination of different tones or frequencies. The phase rotation across the SSB tones refers to how the phase (or the timing of the signal) changes from one frequency component (i.e., tone) to another within the SSB signal. The phase rotation may be proportional to the offset between the local oscillator208and the carrier frequency (5G carrier frequency) of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A like the gNB). The compensating for the CFO in the local oscillator208aligns it to the gNB's carrier frequency (i.e., aligns to the 5G carrier frequency of the outdoor 5G RAN node), thereby achieving the frequency synchronization.

The relay radio antenna110of the first repeater device102A may be configured to communicate synchronized 5G signals from the donor radio antenna106to one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N) for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals to serve one or more indoor UEs114, based on the captured and decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals. In this entire process, i.e., the capture, the decoding, the synchronization, and the communication of the synchronized 5G signals for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals, may be independent of any additional signaling and explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The first repeater device102A autonomously captures and processes publicly broadcast synchronization signals, ensuring that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals operates seamlessly without requiring coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node. This autonomy enhances the efficiency and reliability of the indoor 5G signal distribution, making it robust and adaptable to changing conditions without relying on external network coordination. The repeater system102does not require any coordination with the gNB, such as the outdoor 5G RAN node, or the one or more indoor UEs114, which makes it more flexible and easier to deploy as compared to conventional systems including IAB systems. The repeater system102leverages only public broadcast signals to achieve synchronization and beam management, which makes it more secure and less susceptible to interference. Further, the repeater system102achieves synchronization and beam management transparently, which means that the UEs, such as the one or more indoor UEs114, do not need to be aware of the presence of the repeater system102. The use of public signals, i.e., the publicly broadcast synchronization signals, allows the repeater system102to relay data to UEs, such as the one or more indoor UEs114, without knowledge of encryption keys or direct feedback from the UEs. Beneficially, the first repeater device102A significantly improves the data throughput rate and SNR of the one or more indoor UEs114connected to the first repeater device102A. Thus, the first repeater device102A of the repeater system102not only achieves cell center like performance even in the cell edge areas but also ensures a seamless connectivity as well as the QoE without increasing the telecommunications infrastructure cost.

In accordance with an embodiment, the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be disposed at a plurality of different locations in an indoor area112. The plurality of indoor relay devices104may be wirelessly connected to each other in a 5G wireless mesh network configuration such that the synchronized 5G signals may be distributed from the donor radio antenna106to the one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A and104B) and further from the one or more indoor relay devices to other indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104C, . . . ,104BN) to extend coverage in the indoor area112. Each indoor relay device of the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be configured to execute time and frequency synchronization with the first repeater device102A to serve its own set of target UEs. Each indoor relay device in this mesh network is specifically designed to establish time and frequency synchronization with the first repeater device102A. This synchronization enables each relay device to effectively serve its own set of target UEs, ensuring that the 5G signals are accurately distributed and coverage is seamlessly extended throughout the indoor area112.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to self-configure its beam configurations communicated from the relay radio antenna110to the one or more indoor UEs114directly or via the one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N), based on information related to the one or more indoor UEs114captured from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The mmWave communication between the one or more indoor UEs114and the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may be through the repeater system102. The controller108may be configured to perform beam management by using the Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) signal from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the gNB). The DMRS signal may be a short signal that is transmitted by the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the gNB) to each UE, such as the one or more indoor UEs114. The controller108may use the DMRS signal to estimate the channel conditions between the first repeater device102A and each UE without the need for having a direct feedback from each UE. This information is then used to select the optimal beam for each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114.

In accordance with an embodiment, the communication of the synchronized 5G signals to the one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N) may be a transparent relaying comprising decoding of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) during a communication session. The transparent relaying further comprises extracting beam configuration commands intended for each target UE of the one or more indoor UEs114based on the decoding of the PDCCH signals and re-configuring its own access beams from the relay radio antenna110to match UE directions of the one or more indoor UEs114commanded by the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) independent of the additional signaling and the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

In accordance with an embodiment, in the process of decoding the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), the controller108may be further configured to perform a set of operations. The set of operations include initiating the decoding by considering multiple possible Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTI) values. For each RNTI hypothesis, the controller108may be configured to first descramble the PDCCH bits using the corresponding RNTI scrambling sequence. Scrambling refers to a process where the bits are mixed with a predefined sequence to prevent unauthorized decoding. Following descrambling, the controller108may performs channel decoding on the descrambled bits. This channel decoding involves using known techniques such as convolutional coding, turbo coding, or Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coding. These coding schemes help correct errors introduced during the transmission of the PDCCH. After channel decoding, the controller108may be configured to check the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) against the hypothesized RNTI. The CRC is a type of error-checking code. If the CRC verification passes, it indicates that the correct RNTI has been found, and the PDCCH has been successfully decoded for that specific RNTI hypothesis.

In accordance with an embodiment, on successful decoding of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), the controller108may be configured to retrieve scheduling information for each scheduled UE of the one or more UEs114. The decoded PDCCH comprises details including the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) and resource grants specific to each scheduled UE. The controller108then extracts and stores key parameters associated with the scheduling information. This includes, but is not limited to, the UE ID (identification), the assignment of resource blocks, the chosen modulation and coding scheme, and other relevant grant parameters. This process ensures that, after successful decoding, the controller108may have access to comprehensive information about the scheduled UEs and their respective resource allocations. The extracted data is stored for subsequent actions, such as configuring the communication parameters for each UE, optimizing resource usage, and facilitating efficient data transmission in the network.

In accordance with an embodiment, with the aid of the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) and grant information obtained from the scheduling process, the controller108may be configured to correlate various Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) resources to the currently active UEs of the one or more indoor UEs114. This correlation may associate the specific CSI-RS resources with the UEs that have been scheduled for communication. Subsequently, the controller108may conduct measurements on the reference signals associated with each UE. This involves averaging out noise by accumulating signals over multiple CSI-RS periods. By doing so, the repeater system102aims to enhance the reliability and accuracy of the measurements, providing a more robust representation of the channel conditions for each UE.

In accordance with an embodiment, based on the Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) measurements, the controller108may be configured to estimate the channel matrix corresponding to each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114. Subsequently, the controller108may be configured to compute a beamforming precoding matrix or beamforming vector, optimizing the directional transmission of signal power toward the identified UE. This beamforming vector may be dynamically updated in each CSI-RS period to adapt to the changing characteristics of the channel. Through this process, the controller108optimizes the beamforming based on real-time channel information, ensuring efficient and adaptive communication with each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to determine a path loss to each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114based on Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) channel independent of the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The controller108may be further configured to adjust transmit power from the relay radio antenna110and each of a plurality of indoor relay devices104based on the determined path loss. Based on the Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS), the controller108may be configured to estimate the propagation path loss by analyzing the received power levels of reference signals. This path loss estimate serves in determining the optimal transmit power needed to reach the specific UE of the one or more indoor UEs114. The calculated transmit power accounts for the effects of signal attenuation and helps ensure that the signal reaches the UE with the required quality. Such path loss estimate may be updated in each CSI-RS period, aligning with the dynamic adjustments made during beamforming calculations. This iterative process ensures that the transmit power is continually optimized based on real-time channel conditions, contributing to efficient and adaptive wireless communication by the repeater system102.

In accordance with an embodiment, based on the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals, for example, after successfully decoding the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) grants, the controller108may be configured to determine which UEs of the one or more indoor UEs114have Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) allocations in the upcoming time slots. As the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., gNB) transmits PDSCH as public information to a UE, it precedes the transmission with a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) preamble on the same beam. The controller108may isolate the DMRS signal based on the UE's PDSCH allocation information obtained from the PDCCH. Subsequently, the controller108may be configured to correlates this DMRS measurement with the Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) to precisely estimate the optimal beam. This refined beam selection, performed right before the reception of PDSCH, allows for precise electronic steering of the beam to effectively receive the PDSCH signal. Notably, the same transmission beam may be then employed by the controller108to relay the PDSCH data to the designated UE. This process, utilizing DMRS signals, enhances beamforming accuracy and ensures efficient and reliable data transfer in the repeater system102for wireless communication.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be configured to monitor channel quality over time by tracking reference signals like CSI-RS and DMRS for each UE of the one or more UEs114. The channel measurements may be used to generate a channel estimate H for each UE referred to as “u”. In this case, Hu=Y/X, in which Y is the received signal, X is the reference signal. The beamforming vector may be computed based on Huusing singular value decomposition, known in the art. The beamforming vector may be updated every CSI-RS period based on the latest channel estimate, ensuring that the beamforming adapts to changing channel conditions over time.

In accordance with an embodiment, the path loss may be estimated from channel measurements. Subsequently, the transmit power may be dynamically adjusted by the controller108based on the estimated path loss. This adaptive approach ensures that the transmit power is continually optimized in response to changing channel conditions and signal attenuation of 5G signals, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the outdoor to indoor 5G signals distribution.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to perform frequency or spatial isolation to reduce interference between UEs of the one or more indoor UEs114independent of the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). In a multi-user scenario, the controller108may be further configured to employs a series of steps to support multiple users, such as the one or more UE14. The decoding of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may identify the scheduled UEs and their respective allocations. Further, the Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) and Demodulation Reference Signals (DMRS) may be correlated to each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114based on the identified allocations from PDCCH decoding. These two operations may be repeated for each UE in the repeater system102, resulting in the computation of individual beamforming vectors and power control parameters. To manage inter-UE interference, the controller108may be configured to utilize the frequency and spatial isolation, along with scheduling coordination. These measures help mitigate potential conflicts and optimize the use of resources in a multi-user environment, ensuring efficient and reliable communication for each scheduled UE of the one or more indoor UEs114.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to select a first operational mode when only publicly broadcasted information from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) to the one or more indoor UEs114is to be decoded, and wherein the publicly broadcasted information does not include user data. In the first operational mode, the information being decoded is limited to what is publicly broadcasted and does not include user-specific data. By excluding user data from the decoding process, it reduces the computational load on the controller108and helps streamline the processing of non-private information for efficient operation in scenarios where user-specific details are not immediately required. This adaptability in operational modes allows the system to efficiently manage its resources based on the nature of the information being processed.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to select a second operational mode when publicly broadcasted information from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) to the one or more indoor UEs114as well as information from the one or more indoor UEs114to the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) are to be decoded. The controller108has the capability to switch to the second operational mode under different conditions. Specifically, this mode is selected when the task involves decoding not only publicly broadcasted information from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) to the one or more indoor UEs114but also information from the one or more indoor UEs114back to the outdoor 5G RAN node. This mode may be utilized when there is a need for more comprehensive communication, involving user-specific data or responses from the indoor UEs to the outdoor network. The flexibility in operational modes allows the system to adapt its decoding capabilities based on the nature of the communication requirements at any given time. For example, an indoor UE may provide feedback on the quality of their connection, indicating if they are experiencing issues like low signal strength or high latency. Decoding this feedback allows the first repeater device to identify and address potential service quality issues. In another example, the indoor UE may need to send requests for specific resources or services, such as increased bandwidth for a particular application. Decoding this information may be useful to allocate resources efficiently and meet user demands.

In accordance with an embodiment, the central cloud server120may be configured to communicate over an out-of-band frequency with the first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay devices104to form and monitor the 5G wireless mesh network. The first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay nodes104may form the 5G wireless mesh network. Each of the first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay nodes104may be connected with each other and may form a backhaul, such as mmWave backhaul. In an implementation, utilizing mmWave for backhaul has advantages such as higher data transfer rates and increased bandwidth, making it well-suited for the demands of 5G networks. This design enables efficient and high-capacity communication between the nodes, contributing to the overall performance and reliability of the 5G wireless mesh network.

In accordance with an embodiment, the central cloud server120may be further configured to acquire network traffic statistics and performance metrics of each indoor relay device in the 5G wireless mesh network configuration. To comprehensively assess and manage the 5G wireless mesh network, acquiring network traffic statistics and performance metrics from each indoor relay device may be useful. This involves monitoring parameters such as throughput to gauge data transmission efficiency, latency for network responsiveness, packet loss and error rates to ensure reliability, signal strength, and link quality for robust connectivity, bandwidth utilization to optimize resource allocation, connection stability to identify potential disruptions, device load for efficient resource management, and a current network path to reach to the one or more indoor UEs114, for example, a sequence of indoor relay nodes used, to detect bottlenecks. Security metrics may be monitored to ensure the effectiveness of protocols, and energy consumption may be evaluated for sustainable operation. This continuous monitoring allows the central cloud server120to make informed decisions, proactively optimizing the network's performance based on real-time insights into its health and efficiency.

In accordance with an embodiment, the central cloud server120may be further configured to dynamically anticipate a traffic load and a bandwidth demand per zone served by each indoor relay device based on the acquired network traffic statistics and performance metrics. This capability addresses the dynamic nature of network usage. By proactively anticipating traffic loads and bandwidth demands, the central cloud server120may optimize the network's configuration in advance, ensuring that it can effectively handle the varying needs of different zones. The central cloud server120achieves this by leveraging the acquired network traffic statistics and performance metrics. These metrics may provide insights into the current network conditions, allowing the central cloud server120to predict potential future demands. Using this information, the central cloud server120can dynamically assess the expected traffic load and bandwidth demand for each specific zone (a physical area having specific number of indoor UEs) served by each indoor relay device.

In accordance with an embodiment, the central cloud server120may be further configured to re-configure the 5G wireless mesh network to proactively mitigate the anticipated traffic load and the bandwidth demand per zone. The central cloud server120may perform proactive mitigation, which involves a continual cycle of data analysis and dynamic adjustments to the 5G wireless mesh network. By analyzing real-time network traffic statistics and performance metrics from each indoor relay device, the central cloud server120may anticipate traffic loads and bandwidth demands for specific zones. Leveraging this insight, it dynamically reconfigures the network, adjusting resource allocations, optimizing bandwidth utilization, and potentially reallocating relay devices to meet expected demand. Load balancing techniques are employed to evenly distribute traffic, and parameters such as transmit power and routing paths are optimized. For example, routing may be changed from: the first repeater device102A to the indoor relay device104A and further to the indoor relay device104B to the first repeater device102A to the indoor relay device104C and further to the indoor relay device104N. This real-time adaptation, coupled with a feedback loop that refines predictions, ensures that the network proactively mitigates anticipated traffic loads, providing efficient and reliable service tailored to the evolving needs of each zone with the indoor area112.

In accordance with an embodiment, the re-configuration of the 5G wireless mesh network configuration may comprise an antenna re-configuration of an indoor relay device to adjust beamforming settings and Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) configurations. This operation may optimize the beamforming settings and Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) configurations. By reconfiguring the antenna settings, a given indoor relay device of the plurality of indoor relay device104may dynamically adapt its beamforming, the technique that focuses signal transmission in specific directions, and MIMO configurations, which involve using multiple antennas for simultaneous communication. This adaptive approach enables the network to efficiently utilize spatial diversity, improving signal strength, reducing interference, and enhancing overall data transfer performance based on the dynamically changing demands and conditions within the indoor area112for consistent high throughput communication within the 5G wireless mesh network.

In accordance with an embodiment, the re-configuration of the 5G wireless mesh network configuration may further comprise performing carrier aggregation by concurrently using a plurality of frequency bands to increase data rates in one or more affected zones in which the traffic load and bandwidth demand are anticipated. This operation may comprise concurrent utilization of multiple frequency bands to enhance data rates, particularly in zones where anticipated traffic load and bandwidth demand are high. By aggregating carriers across different frequency bands, the network may increase its overall bandwidth capacity, enabling higher data rates and improving the network's ability to meet the demands of data-intensive applications and user activities. This dynamic adjustment may be particularly beneficial in zones where a surge in usage is anticipated, allowing the network to efficiently allocate resources and optimize data transfer performance.

In accordance with an embodiment, the re-configuration of the 5G wireless mesh network configuration may further comprise identifying one or more alternative connectivity paths among the plurality of indoor relay devices104to proactively mitigate the anticipated traffic load and bandwidth demand in the one or more affected zones. For example, one path may be the first repeater device102A to the indoor relay device104A and further to the indoor relay device104B. Another path may be the first repeater device102A to the indoor relay device104C and further to the indoor relay device104N. The central cloud server102may be further configured to dynamically switch from the primary communication path to the identified one or more alternative communication paths within a threshold time (e.g., less than 100 milliseconds) to maintain continuity in the service to the one or more indoor UEs114for the uplink and downlink communication in the indoor area112. The signal blockage or the presence of a signal obstruction in the primary communication path or anticipated traffic load may be known to the central cloud server102based on the periodic information received from at least each of the plurality of indoor relay devices104. Thus, the primary communication path may be made dormant, and the secondary or an alternative communication path may be made active. The path recovery may be autonomously triggered locally at the concerned indoor relay device (e.g., the indoor relay device104B) or may be directed from the central cloud server102. In an implementation, the switching event may be executed via a management plane, where the switching event may be controlled by the central cloud server102.

In accordance with an embodiment, the controller108may be further configured to concurrently capture: (a) a first set of RF signals from the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A associated with the first WCN118A via a first set of channels, and (b) a second set of RF signals from the second outdoor 5G RAN node116B associated with the second WCN118B. Thus, the one or more indoor UEs114may choose service of either the first WCN118A or the second WCN118B. In other words, in this embodiment, the repeater system102may handle multiple WCNs concurrently and share its resources with the first WCN118A and the second WCN118B.

FIG.3is a diagram illustrating an exemplary implementation of a repeater system with a first repeater device and indoor relay devices for indoor distribution of cellular mmWave signals, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.FIG.3is explained in conjunction with elements fromFIGS.1and2. With reference toFIG.3, there is shown the repeater system102ofFIG.1, in which the first repeater device102A is communicatively coupled to the outdoor 5G RAN node302(e.g., a gNB) and the donor radio antenna106of the first repeater device102A may be configured to capture publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node302. The indoor relay devices304A to304F may be disposed at a plurality of different locations in an indoor area112, where the indoor relay devices304A to304F may be wirelessly connected to each other in a 5G wireless mesh network configuration306such that the synchronized 5G signals are distributed from the donor radio antenna106to the indoor relay devices304A and304B and further from the indoor relay devices304A to other indoor relay devices304C,304D,304E, and304F to extend 5G coverage in the indoor area112. Each indoor relay device may be configured to execute time and frequency synchronization with the first repeater device102A to serve its own set of target UEs.

The first repeater device102A may be configured to decode the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node302captured by the donor radio antenna106and synchronize with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals to align a frame structure of donor radio antenna106to the frame structure of the outdoor 5G RAN node302. The first repeater device102A may include one or more relay radio antennas (e.g., two relay antennas or an array of antennas) configured to communicate synchronized 5G signals from the donor radio antenna106to the indoor relay devices304A to304F for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals to serve indoor UEs304A to304F, based on the captured and decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals.

When a conventional repeater system is placed inside a building, it can experience additional losses due to absorption, reflection, and scattering. This can reduce the signal strength, leading to a reduction in the overall link budget. Further, a conventional 5G Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) systems may be used, but conventional 5G IAB systems face technical challenges related to coordination, complexity, cost, and adaptability. For example, standard 5G IAB systems require extensive coordination with gNodeBs (gNBs) and user equipment (UEs) to achieve synchronization. This coordination can introduce delays and complexity into the network setup. Further, similar to synchronization, beam management in a standard 5G IAB relies on coordination with gNBs and UEs. This coordination is necessary to determine the optimal beam for each UE, but it can also lead to increased signaling overhead and potential delays. Furthermore, standard 5G IAB systems may not operate as standalone repeaters.

In contrast to the conventional systems, the repeater system102which includes the first repeater device102A and the indoor relay devices304A to304F, overcomes path loss and expands indoor coverage of cellular mmWave signals, i.e., outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) distribution of fifth generation (5G) signals without introduce delays and complexity into the network setup. It means that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals can be achieved without relying on external control, making the system more robust and adaptable to different outdoor network configurations and changes. Thirdly, by capturing, decoding, and synchronizing with publicly broadcast synchronization signals, the repeater system102ensures that the indoor distribution of synchronized 5G signals is precise and reliable without adding any extra layer of additional signaling and associated complexity. This technical advantage results in improved indoor network coverage of 5G signals and performance, enhancing the quality of service for indoor users without introducing unnecessary complexity and delays.

In accordance with an embodiment, the first repeater device102A transparently relays all PDCCH signalling from the outdoor 5G RAN node302(i.e., the gNB) during the beam management process i.e., during initial synchronization, during initial access, during beam refinement, and during beam tracking. From each PDCCH, the first repeater device102A may be configured to extract beam command meant for the indoor UEs304A to304F. The first repeater device102A may apply the same beam configuration for its own access beam to the UEs it may serve or direct the indoor relay devices304A to304F to apply the same beam configuration for their own access beam to their respective UEs. Thus, the first repeater device102A and each of the indoor relay devices304A to304F beams align with their respective UEs without any explicit gNB coordination. The repeater system102leverages standard 5G NR beam management signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node302(i.e., the gNB) to align its own access beams with the UEs, without requiring any UE awareness or additional signaling from the gNB. This allows simple plug-and-play deployment.

In accordance with an embodiment, this transparent beam management approach works in a fixed repeater system102scenario because of the following reasons:a. The first repeater device102A acts like a normal UE for initial access, so no special procedures needed during initial access.b. The SSB, CSI-RS, RACH channels used for initial access are typically designed to be detectable by any UE, including the first repeater device102A.c. The PDCCH sent from gNB to UE may schedule resources for a UE and configures the UE's beam direction. The first repeater device102A can receive and decode all PDCCHs from the gNB in promiscuous mode, since it relays them anyway.e. From each PDCCH, the first repeater device102A can extract the beam configuration commands intended for the target UE. Since the first repeater device102A access link is fixed, aligning its beam to match the UE's configured beam may be efficient.g. The first repeater device102A may have the advantage of also reading the UE's PUCCH feedback on best RF beams, allowing joint optimization.h. No coordination between gNB and the first repeater device102A may be needed because the first repeater device102A directly leverages the standard 5G New radio (NR) signals.i. The outdoor 5G RAN node302(i.e., the gNB) may treat the first repeater device102A and UEs as separate UEs for scheduling and beam configuration.
Thus, the first repeater device102A may act as a “silent partner” that relies on the existed NR beam management procedures between gNB and UEs without the need for additional signalling and explicit coordination with the outdoor 5G RAN node302(i.e., the gNB). By choosing beams aligned with the UEs, the first repeater device102A benefits without any explicit participation by the gNB.

In an example, in conventional systems, in the known 5G standard, typically the gNB would need to send additional signaling to the conventional IAB in order to tell it how to align its beams with the UEs. This would require additional complexity and could introduce latency. The conventional IAB would then need to send the gNB an acknowledgement that it has received the beam configuration and the like. This additional signaling would add complexity to the system and could introduce latency. It would also require the conventional IAB to be aware of the gNB's beam management signaling, which would make it more difficult to deploy the conventional IAB in a plug-and-play fashion. In contrast to the conventional systems, the first repeater device102A extracts such information from the PDCCH signaling that is already being sent to the indoor UEs by the gNB. This eliminates the need for the gNB to send additional signaling to the first repeater device102A, which simplifies the system and reduces latency.

FIGS.4A,4B,4C, and4Dcollectively is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for indoor distribution of cellular mmWave signals, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.FIGS.4A,4B,4C, and4Dare explained in conjunction with elements fromFIGS.1,2, and3. With reference toFIGS.4A,4B,4C, and4D, there is shown a flowchart400comprising exemplary operations402to428. The operations402to428may be implemented in the repeater system102.

At402, publicly broadcast synchronization signals from an outdoor 5G RAN node, such as the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A may be captured by the donor radio antenna106of the first repeater device102A. The operation402may include one or more sub-operations such as operation402A. At402A, a 5G NR frequency spectrum may be scanned using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation with variable FFT size to adapt to different Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal power levels to detect any SSB transmissions from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At404, the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node captured by the donor radio antenna106, may be decoded. The controller108may be further configured to decode the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) captured by the donor radio antenna106. The operation404may include one or more sub-operations such as operations404A,404B, and404C.

At404A, Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) may be decoded in Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) to acquire cell identity and confirm that the SSB is from a target gNodeB to which the repeater system is to be synchronized, wherein the target gNodeB is the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At404B, Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signals may be decoded from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) during a communication session.

At404C, beam configuration commands intended for each target UE of the one or more indoor UEs114may be extracted based on the decoding of the PDCCH signals.

At406, the first repeater device102A may be synchronized with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals to align a frame structure of donor radio antenna106to the frame structure of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The controller108may be further configured to synchronize with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals. The operation406may include one or more sub-operations such as operation406A,406B, and406C.

At406A, time and frequency synchronization to the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may be executed based on decoding of synchronization signal blocks without the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At406B, a carrier frequency offset (CFO) may be estimated by analyzing synchronization signal blocks signal's phase rotation in a frequency domain in the frequency synchronization.

At406C, it may be compensated for the CFO in the local oscillator208to align the first repeater device102A to a carrier frequency of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At408, synchronized 5G signals from the donor radio antenna106may be communicated by the relay radio antenna110to one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N) for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals to serve one or more indoor UEs114, based on the captured and decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals. Herein, the capture, the decoding, the synchronization, and the communication of the synchronized 5G signals for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals, may be independent of any additional signaling and explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At410, access beams from the relay radio antenna110may be re-configured to match UE directions of the one or more indoor UEs114commanded by the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) independent of the additional signaling and the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At412, beam configurations communicated from the relay radio antenna110to the one or more indoor UEs114directly or via the one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N) may be self-configured, based on information related to the one or more indoor UEs114captured from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A). The mmWave communication between the one or more indoor UEs114and the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) may be through the repeater system102.

In accordance with an embodiment, the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be disposed at a plurality of different locations in an indoor area112. The plurality of indoor relay devices104may be wirelessly connected to each other in a 5G wireless mesh network configuration such that the synchronized 5G signals may be distributed from the donor radio antenna106to the one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A and104B) and further from the one or more indoor relay devices to other indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104C, . . . ,104BN) to extend coverage in the indoor area112. Each indoor relay device of the plurality of indoor relay devices104may be configured to execute time and frequency synchronization with the first repeater device102A to serve its own set of target UEs.

At414, a path loss to each UE of the one or more indoor UEs114may be determined based on Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) channel independent of the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At416, transmit power from the relay radio antenna110and each of a plurality of indoor relay devices104may be adjusted based on the determined path loss.

At418, frequency or spatial isolation may be performed to reduce interference between UEs of the one or more indoor UEs114independent of the explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

At420A, a first operational mode may be selected when only publicly broadcasted information from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) to the one or more indoor UEs114is to be decoded, and where the publicly broadcasted information does not include user data.

At420B, a second operational mode may be selected when publicly broadcasted information from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) to the one or more indoor UEs114as well as information from the one or more indoor UEs114to the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) are to be decoded.

At422, the central cloud server120may communicate over an out-of-band frequency with the first repeater device102A and the plurality of indoor relay devices104to form and monitor the 5G wireless mesh network configuration.

At424, network traffic statistics and performance metrics of each indoor relay device in the 5G wireless mesh network configuration may be acquired by the central cloud server120.

At426, a traffic load and a bandwidth demand per zone served by each indoor relay device may be dynamically anticipated based on the acquired network traffic statistics and performance metrics.

At428, the 5G wireless mesh network may be re-configured by the central cloud server120to proactively mitigate the anticipated traffic load and the bandwidth demand per zone. The operation428may include one or more sub-operations, such as operations428A,428B, and428C. At428A, an antenna re-configuration of an indoor relay device may be performed to adjust beamforming settings and Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) configurations. At428B, carrier aggregation may be performed by concurrently using a plurality of frequency bands to increase data rates in one or more affected zones in which the traffic load and bandwidth demand are anticipated. At428C, one or more alternative connectivity paths may be identified among the plurality of indoor relay devices104to proactively mitigate the anticipated traffic load and bandwidth demand in the one or more affected zones.

Various embodiments of the disclosure may provide a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer implemented instructions that when executed by a computer causes a communication system (e.g., the repeater system102) to execute operations, the operations comprising capturing, by a donor radio antenna106of a first repeater device102A, publicly broadcast synchronization signals from an outdoor 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) node; decoding, by a controller108of the first repeater device102A, the publicly broadcast synchronization signals from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A) captured by the donor radio antenna106; synchronizing, by the controller108, with the decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals to align a frame structure of donor radio antenna106to the frame structure of the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A); and communicating, by a relay radio antenna110of the first repeater device102A, synchronized 5G signals from the donor radio antenna106to one or more indoor relay devices (e.g., the indoor relay devices104A,104B,104C, . . . ,104N) for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals to serve one or more indoor user equipment (UEs), based on the captured and decoded publicly broadcast synchronization signals, wherein the capturing, the decoding, the synchronizing, and the communicating of the synchronized 5G signals for the indoor distribution of the synchronized 5G signals, are independent of any additional signaling and explicit coordination from the outdoor 5G RAN node (e.g., the first outdoor 5G RAN node116A).

While various embodiments described in the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It is to be understood that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition to using hardware (e.g., within or coupled to a central processing unit (“CPU”), microprocessor, micro controller, digital signal processor, processor core, system on chip (“SOC”) or any other device), implementations may also be embodied in software (e.g., computer readable code, program code, and/or instructions disposed in any form, such as source, object, or machine language) disposed for example in a non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store the software. Such software can enable, for example, the function, fabrication, modeling, simulation, description and/or testing of the apparatus and methods describe herein. For example, this can be accomplished through the use of general program languages (e.g., C, C++), hardware description languages (HDL) including Verilog HDL, VHDL, and so on, or other available programs. Such software can be disposed in any known non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as semiconductor, magnetic disc, or optical disc (e.g., CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc.). The software can also be disposed as computer data embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable transmission medium (e.g., solid state memory any other non-transitory medium including digital, optical, analog-based medium, such as removable storage media). Embodiments of the present disclosure may include methods of providing the apparatus described herein by providing software describing the apparatus and subsequently transmitting the software as a computer data signal over a communication network including the internet and intranets.

It is to be further understood that the system described herein may be included in a semiconductor intellectual property core, such as a microprocessor core (e.g., embodied in HDL) and transformed to hardware in the production of integrated circuits. Additionally, the system described herein may be embodied as a combination of hardware and software. Thus, the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.