Patent ID: 12191899

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Wireless communications systems may support communications between wireless devices. A transmitting device, such as a base station (e.g., using a high power amplifier (HPA) with a limited linear dynamic range) may generate downlink signaling with nonlinear components. Nonlinear components may distort a transmitted signal. To avoid such distortions, a power back-off (BO) may be introduced. However, a power BO may result in poor efficiency due to insufficient transmit power, which may result in poor reception of a transmission. To avoid transmissions with distorted signals and excessive power BOs, a wireless communications system may support digital post-Distortion (DPoD) procedures.

DPoD procedures may be implemented by a receiving device (e.g., a UE) to reduce or mitigate distortion to some target level. DPoD procedures may be referred to as post-PA equalizers, and may clean a signal by removing non-linearities from the signal. A non-linear equalizer, such as a DPoD, may be used to reduce HPA non-linearity effects. A DPoD procedure may include multiple iterations. In each iteration, a UE attempts to map a received signal to a constellation, produces an estimation of the received signal, puts the estimation through a slicer, identifies a distortion component of the of the received signal, and subtracts the distortion component from the non-linearity distorted signal to restore the non-distorted data signal. The UE performs as many iterations as is necessary to generate a non-distorted data signal, and then receives and decodes the baseband signal. However, in some examples, by implementing a lower order function at the DPoD, the initially identified distortion component may be large, and the UE may perform a high number of iterations of the DPoD procedure to accurately identify and remove the distortion component from the data signal. Such a high number of iterations may result in increased power expenditures at the UE, increased delays and latency, and decreased user experience.

In some examples, a receiving device (e.g., a UE), may perform higher-order modeling (e.g., a Bussgang Reconstruction) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) DPoD procedures. Approximating a nonlinear output of a power amplifier (PA) model, and utilizing higher order functions for the DPoD procedure at the UE, may result in more accurately, and more quickly, identifying and subtracting the distortion component from the data signal (e.g., in less iterations than a lower order PA model and non-linear equalizer function). However, to effectively utilize such higher order PA models and non-linear equalizer functions, the UE may rely on information signaled from the base station regarding the model and the equalizer function.

The base station may indicate, to the UE, when it changes a PA non-linearity model. Such changes may occur based on temperature variation, beam changes, etc. If the model is changed, the UE may update the PA model used for nonlinear distortion estimation, and a non-linear equalizer function (ƒ), which may be used at the equalization stage of the DPoD procedure. The base station may transmit a set of parameters for the PA model, and a set of parameters for the non-linear equalizer function (ƒ). The base station may indicate, to the UE, a lookup table, a vector of lookup tales, a set of kernels (e.g., from which the UE may estimate the coefficients of the PA model), or a set of both the kernels and the coefficients for the PA model. Similarly, for the equalizer function, the base station may indicate an explicit indication of the function, or may indicate a lookup table, or a kernels series (e.g., with or without corresponding coefficients). Based on this information, the UE may update a PA model and a non-linear equalizer function, quickly and efficiently estimate a distortion component of a received data signal, removes the distortion component, and decode the baseband signal without the distortion. This may allow for the base station to transmit using the HPAs without violating any error vector magnitude (EVM) limitations, and without applying a BO resulting in low transmit power and inefficient wireless communications. As a result, techniques described herein may result in improved reliability of wireless communications, decreased system delays and latency, and improved user experience.

Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to wireless communications systems, power amplification scenarios, and process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to high order DPoD procedures.

FIG.1illustrates an example of a wireless communications system100that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system100may include one or more base stations105, one or more UEs115, and a core network130. In some examples, the wireless communications system100may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some examples, the wireless communications system100may support enhanced broadband communications, ultra-reliable communications, low latency communications, communications with low-cost and low-complexity devices, or any combination thereof.

The base stations105may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system100and may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. The base stations105and the UEs115may wirelessly communicate via one or more communication links125. Each base station105may provide a coverage area110over which the UEs115and the base station105may establish one or more communication links125. The coverage area110may be an example of a geographic area over which a base station105and a UE115may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies.

The UEs115may be dispersed throughout a coverage area110of the wireless communications system100, and each UE115may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs115may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs115are illustrated inFIG.1. The UEs115described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs115, the base stations105, or network equipment (e.g., core network nodes, relay devices, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or other network equipment), as shown inFIG.1.

The base stations105may communicate with the core network130, or with one another, or both. For example, the base stations105may interface with the core network130through one or more backhaul links120(e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or other interface). The base stations105may communicate with one another over the backhaul links120(e.g., via an X2, Xn, or other interface) either directly (e.g., directly between base stations105), or indirectly (e.g., via core network130), or both. In some examples, the backhaul links120may be or include one or more wireless links.

One or more of the base stations105described herein may include or may be referred to by a person having ordinary skill in the art as a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or a giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology.

A UE115may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE115may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE115may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, among other examples.

The UEs115described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs115that may sometimes act as relays as well as the base stations105and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown inFIG.1.

The UEs115and the base stations105may wirelessly communicate with one another via one or more communication links125over one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of radio frequency spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting the communication links125. For example, a carrier used for a communication link125may include a portion of a radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system100may support communication with a UE115using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE115may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers.

In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation configuration), a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute radio frequency channel number (EARFCN)) and may be positioned according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode where initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs115via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode where a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different radio access technology).

The communication links125shown in the wireless communications system100may include uplink transmissions from a UE115to a base station105, or downlink transmissions from a base station105to a UE115. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).

A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the radio frequency spectrum, and in some examples the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a number of determined bandwidths for carriers of a particular radio access technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system100(e.g., the base stations105, the UEs115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications over a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications over one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system100may include base stations105or UEs115that support simultaneous communications via carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE115may be configured for operating over portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.

Signal waveforms transmitted over a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may consist of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both). Thus, the more resource elements that a UE115receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate may be for the UE115. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of a radio frequency spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial layers may further increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE115.

One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, where a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δƒ) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE115may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE115may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.

The time intervals for the base stations105or the UEs115may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1/(Δƒmax·Nƒ) seconds, where Δƒmaxmay represent the maximum supported subcarrier spacing, and Nƒmay represent the maximum supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of slots, and the number of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots containing one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may contain one or more (e.g., Nƒ) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system100and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system100may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

Physical channels may be multiplexed on a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a number of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs115. For example, one or more of the UEs115may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to a number of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to multiple UEs115and UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a specific UE115.

Each base station105may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station105(e.g., over a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID), or others). In some examples, a cell may also refer to a geographic coverage area110or a portion of a geographic coverage area110(e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the base station105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with geographic coverage areas110, among other examples.

A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs115with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a lower-powered base station105, as compared with a macro cell, and a small cell may operate in the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs115with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs115having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs115in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs115associated with users in a home or office). A base station105may support one or multiple cells and may also support communications over the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.

In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that may provide access for different types of devices.

In some examples, a base station105may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving geographic coverage area110. In some examples, different geographic coverage areas110associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas110may be supported by the same base station105. In other examples, the overlapping geographic coverage areas110associated with different technologies may be supported by different base stations105. The wireless communications system100may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the base stations105provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas110using the same or different radio access technologies.

The wireless communications system100may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations105may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different base stations105may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base stations105may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different base stations105may, in some examples, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.

Some UEs115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a base station105without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that makes use of the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs115may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

Some UEs115may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception simultaneously). In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs115include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating over a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs115may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

The wireless communications system100may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system100may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs115may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

In some examples, a UE115may also be able to communicate directly with other UEs115over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link135(e.g., using a peer-to-peer (P2P) or D2D protocol). One or more UEs115utilizing D2D communications may be within the geographic coverage area110of a base station105. Other UEs115in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area110of a base station105or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station105. In some examples, groups of the UEs115communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each UE115transmits to every other UE115in the group. In some examples, a base station105facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In other cases, D2D communications are carried out between the UEs115without the involvement of a base station105.

In some systems, the D2D communication link135may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., base stations105) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, or with both.

The core network130may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network130may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs115served by the base stations105associated with the core network130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services150for one or more network operators. The IP services150may include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

Some of the network devices, such as a base station105, may include subcomponents such as an access network entity140, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). Each access network entity140may communicate with the UEs115through one or more other access network transmission entities145, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission/reception points (TRPs). Each access network transmission entity145may include one or more antenna panels. In some configurations, various functions of each access network entity140or base station105may be distributed across various network devices (e.g., radio heads and ANCs) or consolidated into a single network device (e.g., a base station105).

The wireless communications system100may operate using one or more frequency bands, typically in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. The UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs115located indoors. The transmission of UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared to transmission using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

The wireless communications system100may also operate in a super high frequency (SHF) region using frequency bands from 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or in an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system100may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs115and the base stations105, and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, this may facilitate use of antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.

The wireless communications system100may utilize both licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system100may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. When operating in unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands, devices such as the base stations105and the UEs115may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations in unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating in a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

A base station105or a UE115may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a base station105or a UE115may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a base station105may be located in diverse geographic locations. A base station105may have an antenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna ports that the base station105may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE115. Likewise, a UE115may have one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support radio frequency beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

The base stations105or the UEs115may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase the spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry bits associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a base station105, a UE115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating at particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

A base station105or a UE115may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beam forming operations. For example, a base station105may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a base station105multiple times in different directions. For example, the base station105may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a base station105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the base station105.

Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a base station105in a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as a UE115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example, a UE115may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the base station105in different directions and may report to the base station105an indication of the signal that the UE115received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.

In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a base station105or a UE115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or radio frequency beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a base station105to a UE115). The UE115may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured number of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The base station105may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)), which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE115may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted in one or more directions by a base station105, a UE115may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE115) or for transmitting a signal in a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

A receiving device (e.g., a UE115) may try multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from the base station105, such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may try multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The single receive configuration may be aligned in a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

The wireless communications system100may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer may be IP-based. A Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels. A Medium Access Control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer may also use error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions at the MAC layer to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE115and a base station105or a core network130supporting radio bearers for user plane data. At the physical layer, transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.

The UEs115and the base stations105may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly over a communication link125. HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions). In some examples, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, where the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received in a previous symbol in the slot. In other cases, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

In some examples, a receiving device (e.g., a UE115), may perform higher-order modeling (e.g., a Bussgang Reconstruction) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) DPoD procedures. Approximating a nonlinear output of a power amplifier (PA) model, and utilizing higher order functions for the DPoD procedure at the UE115, may result in more accurately, and more quickly, identifying and subtracting the distortion component from the data signal (e.g., in less iterations than a lower order PA model and non-linear equalizer function). However, to effectively utilize such higher order PA models and non-linear equalizer functions, the UE115may rely on information signaled from the base station105regarding the model and the equalizer function.

The base station105may indicate, to the UE115, when it changes a PA non-linearity model. Such changes may occur based on temperature variation, beam changes, etc. If the model is changed, the UE115may update the PA model used for nonlinear distortion estimation, and a non-linear equalizer function (ƒ), which may be used at the equalization stage of the DPoD procedure. The base station105may transmit a set of parameters for the PA model, and a set of parameters for the non-linear equalizer function (ƒ). The base station105may indicate, to the UE115, a lookup table, a vector of lookup tales, a set of kernels (e.g., from which the UE115may estimate the coefficients of the PA model), or a set of both the kernels and the coefficients for the PA model. Similarly, for the equalizer function, the base station105may indicate an explicit indication of the function, or may indicate a lookup table, or a kernels series (e.g., with or without corresponding coefficients). Based on this information, the UE115may update a PA model and a non-linear equalizer function, quickly and efficiently estimate a distortion component of a received data signal, removes the distortion component, and decode the baseband signal without the distortion. This may allow for the base station105to transmit using the HPAs without violating any EVM limitations, and without applying a BO resulting in low transmit power and inefficient wireless communications. As a result, techniques described herein may result in improved reliability of wireless communications, decreased system delays and latency, and improved user experience.

FIG.2illustrates an example of a wireless communications system200that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Wireless communications system200may support communications between a base station105-aand a UE115-a, which may be examples of corresponding devices described with reference toFIG.1. The base station105-amay transmit wireless communications to UE115-a. Techniques described with reference toFIG.2may refer to the base station105-aas a transmitting device, and the UE115-aas a receiving device. However, techniques described herein may be implemented by any transmitting and receiving devices (e.g., a transmitting UE115and a receiving base station105, two UEs115in communication with each other, two base stations105in communication with each other, or any other combination of difference wireless nodes, devices, or the like.

In some examples, a transmitting device (e.g., the base station105-a) may transmit downlink wireless signals225to receiving wireless devices (e.g., UEs115). The base station105-amay utilize an HPA to transmit such downlink signaling. HPAs with limited linear dynamic range may generate nonlinear components, and may distort a transmitted signal. Non-linear models may include odd-order kernels (e.g., x|x|2, x|x|4, or the like). To avoid such distortion, the base station105-amay introduce a power back-off (BO). Such procedures may function in regions where a PA is sufficiently linear (e.g., an Amplified power output at a transmitting device is linearly related to an amplified power input at a receiving device). However, for a high power BO, power efficiency may be poor. That is, less power may be transmitted to a particular wireless channel as a result of the power BO. This may in turn result in poor reception at the UE115-a.

As an alternative applying a power BO, the wireless communications system200may support DPoD procedures, which may be utilized to maintain an amount of distortion at or below a target level (e.g., a threshold distortion level). DPoD procedures may be post-PA equalizers. Such procedures may clean a receiver-side signal by removing non-linearities from a received signal. By utilizing DPoD procedures, wireless communications from the base station105-ato the UE115-amay support reduced power BO and higher power efficiency, without compromising EVM standard conformity. For example, if a power BO is not applied, and channel distortions are introduced by HPAs at the base station105-a, then the UE115-amay receive wireless signals that exceed an EVM threshold. However, by implementing DPoD procedures at the UE115-a, the UF,115-amay receive signaling form the base station105-aat a high power efficiency without exceeding EVM requirements. Thus, non-linear equalizers may be used by the UE115-ato reduce the HPA non-linearity effects, and may be used iteratively to improve the HPA output estimation in order to improve non-linear equalizer accuracy, as described herein.

The base station105-amay generate and transmit an amplified signal. The base station may generate a baseband signal X at the transmitter baseband205. The base station105-amay perform power amplification to generate amplified signal G (x) at the PA210. The base station105-amay perform a compression215. The compression215may include a high compression with one or more odd-order kernels (e.g., x|x|2, x|x|4, etc.), and one or more coefficients (e.g., a1, a3, a5, etc.). Thus, the base station105-amay generate a power amplified signal G(x), where G(x)=a1x+a3x|x|2+a5x|x|4+ . . . . The base station105-amay generate the power amplified signal G(x) according to a PA model (e.g., G(x)=a1x+a3x|x|2+a3x|x|2+a5x|x|4+ . . . ). The base station105-amay transmit a wireless signal225by transmitting the power amplified signal G (x) via one or more antennas220.

The UE115-amay receive the wireless signal225via one or more antennas230, and may perform a DPoD to cleanse the wireless signal225of any non-linearity components. Such procedures may be based on a decomposition procedure (e.g., a Bussgang decomposition), where the output of a non-linear function y(x) is decomposed into a linear term and an additive uncorrelated distortion component (e.g., y(x)=ax+d, where ax represents the linear term of the non-linear function and d represents the uncorrelated distortion component).

In each iteration of a DPoD procedure, the UE115-amay use slicing to estimate transmitted symbols (e.g., x′), feeding sliced symbols through a PA non-linear model in order to estimate the non-linear distortion component d, which is then subtracted from the non-linearly distorted signal Y to restore the non-distorted data signal (e.g., X as generated by the transmitter baseband205). For instance, the UE115-amay receive the wireless signal225(e.g., as transmitted by the base station105-a), as a distorted signal Y. The UE may slice the received signal Y via slicer240. For instance, the UE115-amay attempt to apply the received signal Y to a constellation point to estimate transmitted symbols x′ (e.g., the UE115-amay estimate symbols of the original signal X. The UE115-amay feed sliced symbols x′ through the PA non-linear model to estimate the non-linear distortion component d. Modifier235may remove (e.g., subtract) the estimated value of d from the received signal y. Then the UE115-amay repeat the process iteratively until the received signal y is as close as possible (e.g., within a threshold) of the original signal x. In some examples, slicing operations may accelerate convergence. However, such slicing procedures may not be mandatory. In some examples (e.g., OFDM scenarios), such procedures may rely on fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) by the base station105-aand inverse FFTs (IFFTs) by the receiving UE115-afor each OFDM symbol.

In some examples, as described in greater detail with reference toFIG.3, the UE115-amay utilize a lower order (e.g., or linear model, such as y(x)=ax+d) function to estimate and mitigate nonlinearities. However, such lower order equalizer functions at the UE115-amay result in initial estimates of d that are not particularly accurate. Because of the inaccuracy of an initial estimate of d, the UE115-amay perform multiple iterations of the DPoD procedure, resulting in decreased efficiency, increased battery expenditure, increased delays at the UE115-a, and increased system delays. However, by utilizing a higher order equalizer function at the UE115-a(e.g., using a larger number of odd-order kernels), the UE115-amay estimate a value for d that is much more accurate. Because of a more accurate estimate of d, the UE may identify and remove the distortion from the received signal in less iterations, resulting in decreased delays, improved and extended battery life, decreased latency, and improved user experience. However, to use higher order equalizer functions, the UE115-amay rely on signaling from the base station105-aregarding a PA model used by the base station (e.g., the compression215), a non-linear equalizer function for the UE115-ato use for the DPoD procedure (e.g., to estimate d), or both.

In some examples, as described in greater detail with reference toFIG.4, the base station105-amay indicate, to the UE115-a, each time the base station105-achanges a non-linearity model. The base station105-amay change the PA non-linearity model due to one or more changing parameters. For instance, the base station105-amay change the PA model due to temperature variations, beam change, or the like. Each time the PA model is changed (e.g., as indicated by the base station105-a), the UE115-amay update its PA model used for the non-linear distortion estimation stage, and the non-linear equalizer function (ƒ) used at the equalization stage. For instance, the UE115-amay utilize the updated PA model for estimation of the transmitted symbols x′ via the slicer240, and may update the non-linear equalizer function used by the estimator245to identify d.

In some examples, the UE may re-estimate by itself the new DPoD functionality based on the gNB indication, and receiving one or more dedicated pilot signals, as described in greater detail with reference toFIG.5. In some examples, the UE115-amay request additional information from the base station to aid DPoD computations. For example, the UE115-amay determine that estimation of d is inefficient, or does not satisfy a threshold amount of time (e.g., takes too long), or that estimations of d over time result in an excessive amount of iterations (e.g., a number of iterations that satisfies a threshold number of iterations), or the like. In such examples, based on such determinations, the UE115-amay request updated information regarding the PA model, the non-linear equalizer function, or both. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE115-amay request the information regarding the PA model, the non-linear equalizer function, or both, in response to an indication that the base station105-ahas updated its PA model.

The base station105-amay indicate, to the UE115-a, one or more parameters for the PA model, one or more parameters for the non-linear equalizer function, or both. For example, the base station105-amay transmit a representation of the PA model. For instance, the representation of the PA model may be described as a set of coefficients c and a set of kernels K (e.g., where c1and c1are coefficients for kernels K1and K2). In some examples, the base station105-amay transmit a representation of the PA model defined in terms of a lookup table (LUT), or a vector of LUTs for a memory PA model (e.g., if the UE115-ais not memory-less). The LUT or the vector of LUTs, may define a set of values that describe the non-linear model (e.g., per signal amplitude, for example. In some examples, the LUT may include a set of different PA models. Each of the set of PA models may be described as kernels and coefficients, or otherwise. Each PA model of the set of PA models may correspond to an index. In some examples, the base station may indicate one of the set of PA models via an index corresponding to the LUT.

The base station105-amay transmit, to the UE115-a, an indication of the complete PA model. The indication of the complete PA model may include the function used by the base station105-ato perform the power amplification, the compression215, or the like. The PA model may be any mathematical function used by the base station to apply the power amplification, or may be any model for estimation or approximating the PA model, or the like. In some examples, the indication of the PA model may be in the form of a LUT (e.g., if the UE115-ais memoryless or operating in a memoryless mode), or in the form of a vector of LUTs (e.g., if the UE115-ais not memoryless or is not operating in a memoryless mode), or the like. IN some examples, the base station105-amay indicate, to the UE115-a, the kernels of a series (e.g., a Volterra polynomial) for the PA model. The base station105-amay also indicate, to the UE115-a, the coefficients of the PA model. In some examples, the base station105-amay transmit, to the UE115-a, only the kernels of the PA model, and may also transmit one or more pilot signals. The pilot signals may be designed for estimation of the coefficients of the PA model. The dedicated pilot signals may span frequency resources, time resources, spatial resources, or the like, or may be transmitted at a transmit power, that is sufficient for estimation of coefficients for the PA model utilized by the base station105-a. The UE115-amay utilize the indicated kernels of the PA model, and the received pilot signals, to estimate the coefficients for the PA model. In some examples, the UE115-amay implicitly determine the non-linear equalizer function based on complete PA model information received from the base station105-a. For example, the base station105-amay transmit, to the UE115-a, an indication of a complete PA model (e.g., via a LUT, a vector of LUTs, a set of kernels and coefficients for the PA model, or the like). The UE115-amay implicitly determine a non-linear equalizer function based on the PA model (e.g., without receiving an indication of any parameters for the non-linear equalizer function).

In some examples, the base station105-amay indicate, to the UE115-a, one or more parameters for the non-linear equalizer function. The base station105-amay indicate, to the UE115-a, a LUT, or a kernels series, with or without the coefficients.

FIG.3illustrates an example of a power amplification scenario300that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Power amplification scenario300may be implemented by one or more wireless devices, such as a transmitting device (e.g., a base station105) and a receiving device (e.g., a UE115), which may be examples of corresponding devices described with reference toFIGS.1-2.

A transmitting device may transmit wireless signaling at a power amplification Aout, and a receiving device may receive the wireless signaling at a power amplification Ain. A non-linearity output (e.g., generated by a transmitting device using HPAs) may be approximated as

P⁢A⁡(x)=∑i=1,i=odd∞ai⁢x⁢❘"\[LeftBracketingBar]"x❘"\[RightBracketingBar]"(i-1).
in practice, first odd powers may be dominant. Thus, a PA model used by the transmitting device may be reduced as

f⁡(i)=∑i=1,i=oddKai⁢x⁢❘"\[LeftBracketingBar]"x❘"\[RightBracketingBar]"(i-1)+d,
where d represents a remaining non-linear distortion component. In some examples, for K=3: ƒ(x)=a1x+a3|x|2x+d. As described in greater detail with reference toFIG.2, using higher order non-linear equalizer functions (e.g., such as the function described with reference toFIG.3, where K=3, K=5, K=7, or the like) may result in a more accurate identification and mitigation of non-linear distortion of a transmitted signal.

For example, amplification relationship305may represent an ideal power amplification, where the relationship between koutand Ainis linear (e.g. y=x). However, amplification relationship305may represent a true PA model, where Ainand Aoutdo not have a linear relationship as power amplification increases. That is, Aoutof 1.2 may result in Ainof 1.8. Such distortion may be estimated as d, as described herein. However, using a lower order model (e.g., a first order Bussgang equalizer function) may result in amplification relationship310. Amplification relationship p310may be the closest linear estimation that can be generated by a lower order equalizer function (e.g., such as y(x)=ax+d). However, the estimated d resulting from such lower order equalizer functions may be relatively inaccurate (e.g., given the difference between estimated amplification relationship310and the true or accurate PA model represented by amplification relationship320). However, use of higher order non-linear equalizer functions (e.g. such as a send order Bussgang equalizer function) may result in an estimated amplification relationship315, which is much closer to the accurate PA model represented by amplification relationship320. Because higher order functions may result in an amplification relationship that is closer to the true PA model (e.g., the amplification relationship320), the estimated d may be smaller, which may result in an iterative process (e.g., a DPoD procedure, as described with reference toFIG.2), that converges faster than a larger initially estimated d value. High-order Busgang iterations may be formulated, by explicitly including high-order non-linear terms in a reconstruction process.

In some examples, an equalization function may be selected to be an invertible function. For example, for a high-order Bussgang iterations for estimation a transmitted signal x and a distortion component d. For instance, based on y(x)=ƒ(x)+d (e.g., where ƒ(x) is a higher order non-linear equalizer function), a correction function (e.g., for correcting a signal received with a distortion element) may be defined as ycorrected=y−{circumflex over (d)}. The equalization procedure may be defined as {tilde over (x)}=ƒ−1(ycorrected) (e.g., the inverse of ycorrected) A slicing procedure (e.g., which may be optional) may be defined as {circumflex over (x)}=Slice{{tilde over (x)}}. An estimation of the distortion element d may be defined as {circumflex over (d)}=PA_model({circumflex over (x)})−ƒ({circumflex over (x)}). In such examples, an output of a DPoD may be defined as Output: ƒ−1(y−{circumflex over (d)}).

To take advantage of the benefits of higher order equalizer functions, as described herein, a transmitting device may provide an indication of an updated PA model, a non-linear equalizer function, or both, as described in greater detail with reference toFIG.4.

FIG.4illustrates an example of a process flow400that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Process flow400may include a UE115-band a base station105-b, which may be examples of corresponding devices described with reference to theFIGS.1-3.

At425, the base station105-bmay transmit, and the UE115-bmay receive, one or more sets of parameters. For instance, the UE115-amay receive a first set of parameters corresponding to a PA model associated with downlink signaling, a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalize function, or both.

In some examples, the first set of parameters corresponding to the PA model may include an indication of the complete PA model (e.g., a function used for power amplification at the base station105-b). In some examples, the first set of parameters may include a set of kernels for the power amplifier model. In such examples, the UE115-bmay receive one or more pilot signals (e.g., at420), and may estimate coefficients for the PA model based on the set of kernels and the received pilot signals. For example, the UE115-bmay estimate one or more coefficients α for one or more kernels [x, x|x|2, . . . , x|x|K-1] for an order K according to equation 1:

y=[x,x⁢❘"\[LeftBracketingBar]"x❘"\[RightBracketingBar]"2,…,x⁢❘"\[LeftBracketingBar]"x❘"\[RightBracketingBar]"K-1][α1α2⋮αK]=H⁢θ→θˆL⁢S=(HH⁢H)-1⁢HH⁢yEquation⁢1
where H represents entropy for the estimated function.

In some examples, the first set of parameters may include an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model and a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model. In some examples, the first set of parameters may be indicated via a LUT or a vector of LUTs. For instance, the base station105-bmay provide, to the UE115-b(e.g., at405), higher layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) signaling, media access control (MAC) control element (CE) signaling, or the like) indicating LUT configuration information. The LUT configuration information may include a LUT, or a vector of LUTs, or the like. For instance, a LUT may include a set of indices, each index associated with a particular PA model, a particular equalizer function, or both. In such examples, at425, the base station105-bmay indicate (e.g., via higher layer signaling such as RRC signaling, or dynamic signaling such as downlink control information (DCI) signaling) an index value. The UE115-b, upon receiving the index, may identify (e.g., via the LUT or the vector of LUTs) a PA model, an equalizer function, or both).

In some examples, the second set of parameters may include an indication of a model for the non-linear equalizer function. In some examples, the second set of parameters may include a set of kernels for the non-equalizer function. In some examples, at435, the UE115-bmay estimate coefficients for the non-equalizer function based at least in part on pilot signals (e.g., received from the base station105-bfor estimating the non-equalizer function at420), and the set of kernels indicated at425. In some examples, the second set of parameters may include both a set of kernels and a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function. In some examples, as described herein, the set of parameters may be indicated by an index associated with a LUT or vector of LUTs indicated via LUT configuration information received at405.

In some examples, the base station105-bmay indicate, to the UE115-b, that it has changed its PA model. For instance, the base station105-bmay select a PA model at410(e.g., may change from a previously utilized PA model to a current PA model). In such examples, the base station105-bmay select the PA model based on a change in one or more conditions (e.g., a change in temperature, a change in beam, detected interference, changes in power settings, switches in frequency resources, time resources, spatial resources, or the like, or any combination thereof). The base station105-bmay transmit such an indication together with the set or sets of parameters at425, or in a separate message (e.g., prior to transmitting the parameters to the UE115-b).

In some examples, the base station105-bmay transmit the set or sets of parameters in response to a request message received from the UE115-b. For example, at415, the UE115-bmay transmit a request message, requesting additional information from the base station105-bregarding the PA model, the non-linear equalizer function, or both. The UE115-bmay autonomously transmit such a request message, or may transmit such a message in response to an indication that the base station105-bhas selected an updated PA model at410.

At430, the base station105-amay transmit, and the UE115-bmay receive, a downlink signal from the base station105-b.

At440, the UE115-bmay perform a DPoD procedure on the downlink signal received from the base station105-bat430. Based on performing the DPoD procedure, the UE115-bmay identify and remove a distortion element associated with the downlink signal, as described in greater detail with reference toFIGS.2-3.

At445, the UE115-bmay decode the downlink signal, based on having removed the distortion element from the downlink signal at440.

FIG.5shows a block diagram500of a device505that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device505may be an example of aspects of a UE115as described herein. The device505may include a receiver510, a transmitter515, and a communications manager520. The device505may also include one or more processors, memory coupled with the one or more processors, and instructions stored in the memory that are executable by the one or more processors to enable the one or more processors to perform the high order DPoD. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver510may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). Information may be passed on to other components of the device505. The receiver510may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The transmitter515may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device505. For example, the transmitter515may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). In some examples, the transmitter515may be co-located with a receiver510in a transceiver module. The transmitter515may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The communications manager520, the receiver510, the transmitter515, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager520, the receiver510, the transmitter515, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

In some examples, the communications manager520, the receiver510, the transmitter515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, a processor and memory coupled with the processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing, by the processor, instructions stored in the memory).

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communications manager520, the receiver510, the transmitter515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by a processor. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communications manager520, the receiver510, the transmitter515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

In some examples, the communications manager520may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver510, the transmitter515, or both. For example, the communications manager520may receive information from the receiver510, send information to the transmitter515, or be integrated in combination with the receiver510, the transmitter515, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

The communications manager520may support wireless communications at a UE in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager520may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The communications manager520may be configured as or otherwise support a means for performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The communications manager520may be configured as or otherwise support a means for removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The communications manager520may be configured as or otherwise support a means for decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal.

By including or configuring the communications manager520in accordance with examples as described herein, the device505(e.g., a processor controlling or otherwise coupled to the receiver510, the transmitter515, the communications manager520, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for high order DPoD procedures, resulting in more efficient decoding of received signaling, decreased latency, improved battery life at the UE, improved throughput, and improved user experience.

FIG.6shows a block diagram600of a device605that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device605may be an example of aspects of a device505or a UE115as described herein. The device605may include a receiver610, a transmitter615, and a communications manager620. The device605may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver610may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). Information may be passed on to other components of the device605. The receiver610may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The transmitter615may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device605. For example, the transmitter615may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). In some examples, the transmitter615may be co-located with a receiver610in a transceiver module. The transmitter615may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The device605, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager620may include a parameter manager625, a DPoD manager630, a distortion element manager635, a decoding manager640, or any combination thereof. The communications manager620may be an example of aspects of a communications manager520as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager620, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver610, the transmitter615, or both. For example, the communications manager620may receive information from the receiver610, send information to the transmitter615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver610, the transmitter615, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

The communications manager620may support wireless communications at a UE in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The parameter manager625may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The DPoD manager630may be configured as or otherwise support a means for performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The distortion element manager635may be configured as or otherwise support a means for removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The decoding manager640may be configured as or otherwise support a means for decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal.

In some cases, the parameter manager625, the DPoD manager630, the distortion element manager635, and the decoding manager640, may each be or be at least a part of a processor (e.g., a transceiver processor, or a radio processor, or a transmitter processor, or a receiver processor). The processor may be coupled with memory and execute instructions stored in the memory that enable the processor to perform or facilitate the features of the parameter manager625, the DPoD manager630, the distortion element manager635, and the decoding manager640discussed herein. A transceiver processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a transceiver of the device. A radio processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of 0 a radio (e.g., an NR radio, an LTE radio, a Wi-Fi radio) of the device. A transmitter processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a transmitter of the device. A receiver processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a receiver of the device.

FIG.7shows a block diagram700of a communications manager720that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager720may be an example of aspects of a communications manager520, a communications manager620, or both, as described herein. The communications manager720, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager720may include a parameter manager725, a DPoD manager730, a distortion element manager735, a decoding manager740, a power amplifier model manager745, a non-linear equalizer function manager750, a parameter request manager755, a LUT manager760, a pilot signal manager765, or any combination thereof. Each of these components may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The communications manager720may support wireless communications at a UE in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The parameter manager725may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The DPoD manager730may be configured as or otherwise support a means for performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The distortion element manager735may be configured as or otherwise support a means for removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The decoding manager740may be configured as or otherwise support a means for decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal.

In some examples, to support receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager745may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of the power amplifier model used by the base station to transmit the downlink signal.

In some examples, to support receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager745may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model.

In some examples, the pilot signal manager765may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from the base station, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both. In some examples, the pilot signal manager765may be configured as or otherwise support a means for estimating a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model based on receiving the set of pilot signals and the set of kernels.

In some examples, to support receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager745may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model and a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model.

In some examples, to support receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager745may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a vector of lookup tables including an indication of the power amplifier model.

In some examples, to support receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager750may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a model for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, to support receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager750may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, the pilot signal manager765may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from the base station, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both. In some examples, the pilot signal manager765may be configured as or otherwise support a means for estimating a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function based on receiving the set of pilot signals and the set of kernels.

In some examples, to support receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager750may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function and a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, the parameter request manager755may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the base station, a request for the first set of parameters, the second set of parameters, or both, where receiving the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based on transmitting the request.

In some examples, the LUT manager760may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from the base station, higher layer signaling including a lookup table associating a set of indices with respective parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, respective parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, or both.

In some examples, to support receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the LUT manager760may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving an index of the set of indices identifying the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, via the lookup table.

In some cases, the parameter manager725, the DPoD manager730, the distortion element manager735, the decoding manager740, the power amplifier model manager745, the non-linear equalizer function manager750, the parameter request manager755, the LUT manager760, and the pilot signal manager765may each be or be at least a part of a processor (e.g., a transceiver processor, or a radio processor, or a transmitter processor, or a receiver processor). The processor may be coupled with memory and execute instructions stored in the memory that enable the processor to perform or facilitate the features of the parameter manager725, the DPoD manager730, the distortion element manager735, the decoding manager740, the power amplifier model manager745, the non-linear equalizer function manager750, the parameter request manager755, the LUT manager760, and the pilot signal manager765discussed herein.

FIG.8shows a diagram of a system800including a device805that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device805may be an example of or include the components of a device505, a device605, or a UE115as described herein. The device805may communicate wirelessly with one or more base stations105, UEs115, or any combination thereof. The device805may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager820, an input/output (I/O) controller810, a transceiver815, an antenna825, a memory830, code835, and a processor840. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus845).

The I/O controller810may manage input and output signals for the device805. The I/O controller810may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device805. In some cases, the I/O controller810may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I/O controller810may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I/O controller810may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I/O controller810may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor840. In some cases, a user may interact with the device805via the I/O controller810or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller810.

In some cases, the device805may include a single antenna825. However, in some other cases, the device805may have more than one antenna825, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver815may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas825, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver815may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver815may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas825for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas825. The transceiver815, or the transceiver815and one or more antennas825, may be an example of a transmitter515, a transmitter615, a receiver510, a receiver610, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

The memory830may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory830may store computer-readable, computer-executable code835including instructions that, when executed by the processor840, cause the device805to perform various functions described herein. The code835may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code835may not be directly executable by the processor840but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the memory830may contain, among other things, a basic I/O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

The processor840may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor840may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor840. The processor840may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory830) to cause the device805to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting high order DPoD procedures). For example, the device805or a component of the device805may include a processor840and memory830coupled to the processor840, the processor840and memory830configured to perform various functions described herein.

The communications manager820may support wireless communications at a UE in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager820may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The communications manager820may be configured as or otherwise support a means for performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The communications manager820may be configured as or otherwise support a means for removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The communications manager820may be configured as or otherwise support a means for decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal.

By including or configuring the communications manager820in accordance with examples as described herein, the device805may support techniques for high order DPoD procedures, resulting in more efficient decoding of received signaling, decreased latency, improved battery life at the UE, improved throughput, and improved user experience.

In some examples, the communications manager820may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver815, the one or more antennas825, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager820is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager820may be supported by or performed by the processor840, the memory830, the code835, or any combination thereof. For example, the code835may include instructions executable by the processor840to cause the device805to perform various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein, or the processor840and the memory830may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

FIG.9shows a block diagram900of a device905that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device905may be an example of aspects of a base station105as described herein. The device905may include a receiver910, a transmitter915, and a communications manager920. The device905may also include one or more processors, memory coupled with the one or more processors, and instructions stored in the memory that are executable by the one or more processors to enable the one or more processors to perform the high order DPoD procedure functions discussed herein. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver910may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). Information may be passed on to other components of the device905. The receiver910may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The transmitter915may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device905. For example, the transmitter915may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). In some examples, the transmitter915may be co-located with a receiver910in a transceiver module. The transmitter915may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The communications manager920, the receiver910, the transmitter915, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager920, the receiver910, the transmitter915, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

In some examples, the communications manager920, the receiver910, the transmitter915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, a processor and memory coupled with the processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing, by the processor, instructions stored in the memory).

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communications manager920, the receiver910, the transmitter915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by a processor. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communications manager920, the receiver910, the transmitter915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

In some examples, the communications manager920may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver910, the transmitter915, or both. For example, the communications manager920may receive information from the receiver910, send information to the transmitter915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver910, the transmitter915, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

The communications manager920may support wireless communications at a base station in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager920may be configured as or otherwise support a means for selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The communications manager920may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model. The communications manager920may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model.

By including or configuring the communications manager920in accordance with examples as described herein, the device905(e.g., a processor controlling or otherwise coupled to the receiver910, the transmitter915, the communications manager920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for high order DPoD procedures, resulting in more efficient decoding of received signaling, decreased latency, improved battery life at the UE, improved throughput, and improved user experience.

FIG.10shows a block diagram1000of a device1005that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device1005may be an example of aspects of a device905or a base station105as described herein. The device1005may include a receiver1010, a transmitter1015, and a communications manager1020. The device1005may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver1010may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). Information may be passed on to other components of the device1005. The receiver1010may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The transmitter1015may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device1005. For example, the transmitter1015may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to high order DPoD procedures). In some examples, the transmitter1015may be co-located with a receiver1010in a transceiver module. The transmitter1015may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

The device1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager1020may include a power amplifier model selection manager1025, a parameter manager1030, a downlink signaling manager1035, or any combination thereof. The communications manager1020may be an example of aspects of a communications manager920as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver1010, the transmitter1015, or both. For example, the communications manager1020may receive information from the receiver1010, send information to the transmitter1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver1010, the transmitter1015, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

The communications manager1020may support wireless communications at a base station in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The power amplifier model selection manager1025may be configured as or otherwise support a means for selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The parameter manager1030may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model. The downlink signaling manager1035may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model.

In some cases, the power amplifier model selection manager1025, the parameter manager1030, and the downlink signaling manager1035may each be or be at least a part of a processor (e.g., a transceiver processor, or a radio processor, or a transmitter processor, or a receiver processor). The processor may be coupled with memory and execute instructions stored in the memory that enable the processor to perform or facilitate the features of the power amplifier model selection manager1025, the parameter manager1030, and the downlink signaling manager1035discussed herein. A transceiver processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a transceiver of the device. A radio processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a radio (e.g., an NR radio, an LTE radio, a Wi-Fi radio) of the device. A transmitter processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a transmitter of the device. A receiver processor may be collocated with and/or communicate with (e.g., direct the operations of) a receiver of the device.

FIG.11shows a block diagram1100of a communications manager1120that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager1120may be an example of aspects of a communications manager920, a communications manager1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein. For example, the communications manager1120may include a power amplifier model selection manager1125, a parameter manager1130, a downlink signaling manager1135, a power amplifier model manager1140, a pilot signal manager1145, a non-linear equalizer function manager1150, a parameter request manager1155, a lookup table manager1160, or any combination thereof. Each of these components may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The communications manager1120may support wireless communications at a base station in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The power amplifier model selection manager1125may be configured as or otherwise support a means for selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The parameter manager1130may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model. The downlink signaling manager1135may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model.

In some examples, to support transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager1140may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of the power amplifier model used by the base station to transmit the downlink signal.

In some examples, to support transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager1140may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model.

In some examples, to support transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager1140may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model and a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model.

In some examples, to support transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model manager1140may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a vector of lookup tables including an indication of the power amplifier model.

In some examples, the pilot signal manager1145may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both.

In some examples, to support transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager1150may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a model for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, to support transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager1150may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, to support transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the non-linear equalizer function manager1150may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function and a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function.

In some examples, the parameter request manager1155may be configured as or otherwise support a means for receiving, from the UE, a request for the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, where transmitting the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based on receiving the request.

In some examples, the lookup table manager1160may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, higher layer signaling including a lookup table associating a set of indices with respective parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both.

In some examples, to support transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, the lookup table manager1160may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting an index of the set of indices identifying the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, via the lookup table.

In some examples, to support selecting the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model selection manager1125may be configured as or otherwise support a means for detecting a change in temperature, a beam change, or both. In some examples, to support selecting the power amplifier model, the power amplifier model selection manager1125may be configured as or otherwise support a means for switching from a previous power amplifier model to the power amplifier model based on the detecting.

In some cases, the power amplifier model selection manager1125, the parameter manager1130, the downlink signaling manager1135, the power amplifier model manager1140, the pilot signal manager1145, the non-linear equalizer function manager1150, the parameter request manager1155, and the lookup table manager1160may each be or be at least a part of a processor (e.g., a transceiver processor, or a radio processor, or a transmitter processor, or a receiver processor). The processor may be coupled with memory and execute instructions stored in the memory that enable the processor to perform or facilitate the features of the power amplifier model selection manager1125, the parameter manager1130, the downlink signaling manager1135, the power amplifier model manager1140, the pilot signal manager1145, the non-linear equalizer function manager1150, the parameter request manager1155, and the lookup table manager1160discussed herein.

FIG.12shows a diagram of a system1200including a device1205that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device1205may be an example of or include the components of a device905, a device1005, or a base station105as described herein. The device1205may communicate wirelessly with one or more base stations105, UEs115, or any combination thereof. The device1205may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager1220, a network communications manager1210, a transceiver1215, an antenna1225, a memory1230, code1235, a processor1240, and an inter-station communications manager1245. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus1250).

The network communications manager1210may manage communications with a core network130(e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example, the network communications manager1210may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs115.

In some cases, the device1205may include a single antenna1225. However, in some other cases the device1205may have more than one antenna1225, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver1215may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas1225, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver1215may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver1215may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas1225for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas1225. The transceiver1215, or the transceiver1215and one or more antennas1225, may be an example of a transmitter915, a transmitter1015, a receiver910, a receiver1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

The memory1230may include RAM and ROM. The memory1230may store computer-readable, computer-executable code1235including instructions that, when executed by the processor1240, cause the device1205to perform various functions described herein. The code1235may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code1235may not be directly executable by the processor1240but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the memory1230may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

The processor1240may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor1240may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor1240. The processor1240may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory1230) to cause the device1205to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting high order DPoD procedures). For example, the device1205or a component of the device1205may include a processor1240and memory1230coupled to the processor1240, the processor1240and memory1230configured to perform various functions described herein.

The inter-station communications manager1245may manage communications with other base stations105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs115in cooperation with other base stations105. For example, the inter-station communications manager1245may coordinate scheduling for transmissions to UEs115for various interference mitigation techniques such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some examples, the inter-station communications manager1245may provide an X2 interface within an LTE/LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between base stations105.

The communications manager1220may support wireless communications at a base station in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager1220may be configured as or otherwise support a means for selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The communications manager1220may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model. The communications manager1220may be configured as or otherwise support a means for transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model.

By including or configuring the communications manager1220in accordance with examples as described herein, the device1205may support techniques for high order DPoD procedures, resulting in more efficient decoding of received signaling, decreased latency, improved battery life at the UE, improved throughput, and improved user experience.

In some examples, the communications manager1220may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver1215, the one or more antennas1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager1220is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager1220may be supported by or performed by the processor1240, the memory1230, the code1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code1235may include instructions executable by the processor1240to cause the device1205to perform various aspects of high order DPoD procedures as described herein, or the processor1240and the memory1230may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

FIG.13shows a flowchart illustrating a method1300that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method1300may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method1300may be performed by a UE115as described with reference toFIGS.1through8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

At1305, the method may include receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The operations of1305may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1305may be performed by a parameter manager725as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1310, the method may include performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The operations of1310may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1310may be performed by a DPoD manager730as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1315, the method may include removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The operations of1315may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1315may be performed by a distortion element manager735as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1320, the method may include decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal. The operations of1320may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1320may be performed by a decoding manager740as described with reference toFIG.7.

FIG.14shows a flowchart illustrating a method1400that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method1400may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method1400may be performed by a UE115as described with reference toFIGS.1through8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

At1405, the method may include transmitting, to the base station, a request for a first set of parameters, a second set of parameters, or both, where receiving the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based on transmitting the request. The operations of1405may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1405may be performed by a parameter request manager755as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1410, the method may include receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function. The operations of1410may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1410may be performed by a parameter manager725as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1415, the method may include performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function. The operations of1415may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1415may be performed by a DPoD manager730as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1420, the method may include removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based on the DPoD procedure. The operations of1420may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1420may be performed by a distortion element manager735as described with reference toFIG.7.

At1425, the method may include decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal. The operations of1425may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1425may be performed by a decoding manager740as described with reference toFIG.7.

FIG.15shows a flowchart illustrating a method1500that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method1500may be implemented by a base station or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method1500may be performed by a base station105as described with reference toFIGS.1through4and9through12. In some examples, a base station may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the base station to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the base station may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

At1505, the method may include selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The operations of1505may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1505may be performed by a power amplifier model selection manager1125as described with reference toFIG.11.

At1510, the method may include transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model. The operations of1510may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1510may be performed by a parameter manager1130as described with reference toFIG.11.

At1515, the method may include transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model. The operations of1515may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1515may be performed by a downlink signaling manager1135as described with reference toFIG.11.

FIG.16shows a flowchart illustrating a method1600that supports high order DPoD procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method1600may be implemented by a base station or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method1600may be performed by a base station105as described with reference toFIGS.1through4and9through12. In some examples, a base station may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the base station to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the base station may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

At1605, the method may include selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model. The operations of1605may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1605may be performed by a power amplifier model selection manager1125as described with reference toFIG.11.

At1610, the method may include receiving, from the UE, a request for the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both. The operations of1610may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1610may be performed by a parameter request manager1155as described with reference toFIG.11.

At1615, the method may include transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based at least in part on receiving the request. The operations of1615may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1615may be performed by a parameter manager1130as described with reference toFIG.11.

At1620, the method may include transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model. The operations of1620may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of1620may be performed by a downlink signaling manager1135as described with reference toFIG.11.

The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:

Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a UE, comprising: receiving, from a base station, a first set of parameters corresponding to a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function; performing a DPoD procedure on a downlink signal based at least in part on the power amplifier model and the non-linear equalizer function; removing a distortion element associated with the downlink signal based at least in part on the DPoD procedure; and decoding the downlink signal subsequent to removing the distortion element associated with the downlink signal.

Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: receiving an indication of the power amplifier model used by the base station to transmit the downlink signal.

Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, wherein receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model.

Aspect 4: The method of aspect 3, further comprising: receiving, from the base station, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both; and estimating a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model based at least in part on receiving the set of pilot signals and the set of kernels.

Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model and a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model.

Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: receiving an indication of a vector of lookup tables comprising an indication of the power amplifier model.

Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: receiving an indication of a model for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 9: The method of aspect 8, further comprising: receiving, from the base station, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both; and estimating a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function based at least in part on receiving the set of pilot signals and the set of kernels.

Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein receiving the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: receiving an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function and a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, further comprising: transmitting, to the base station, a request for the first set of parameters, the second set of parameters, or both, wherein receiving the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based at least in part on transmitting the request.

Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 1 through 11, further comprising: receiving, from the base station, higher layer signaling comprising a lookup table associating a set of indices with respective parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, respective parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function, or both.

Aspect 13: The method of aspect 12, wherein receiving the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: receiving an index of the set of indices identifying the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, via the lookup table.

Aspect 14: A method for wireless communications at a base station, comprising: selecting a power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling according to a first set of parameters associated with the power amplifier model; transmitting, to a UE, the first set of parameters and a second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function corresponding to the power amplifier model; and transmitting, to the UE, a downlink signal according to the power amplifier model.

Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: transmitting an indication of the power amplifier model used by the base station to transmit the downlink signal.

Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 14 through 15, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model.

Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 14 through 16, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the power amplifier model and a set of coefficients for the power amplifier model.

Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 14 through 17, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model comprises: transmitting an indication of a vector of lookup tables comprising an indication of the power amplifier model.

Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 14 through 18, further comprising: transmitting, to the UE, a set of pilot signals allocated for estimating power amplifier models, non-linear equalizer functions, or both.

Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 14 through 19, wherein transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: transmitting an indication of a model for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 14 through 20, wherein transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 14 through 21, wherein transmitting the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: transmitting an indication of a set of kernels for the non-linear equalizer function and a set of coefficients for the non-linear equalizer function.

Aspect 23: The method of any of aspects 14 through 22, further comprising: receiving, from the UE, a request for the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters and the second set of parameters is based at least in part on receiving the request.

Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 14 through 23, further comprising: transmitting, to the UE, higher layer signaling comprising a lookup table associating a set of indices with respective parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model, parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both.

Aspect 25: The method of aspect 24, wherein transmitting the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling and the second set of parameters corresponding to the non-linear equalizer function comprises: transmitting an index of the set of indices identifying the first set of parameters corresponding to the power amplifier model associated with downlink signaling, the second set of parameters corresponding to a non-linear equalizer function, or both, via the lookup table.

Aspect 26: The method of any of aspects 14 through 25, wherein selecting the power amplifier model comprises: detecting a change in temperature, a beam change, or both; and switching from a previous power amplifier model to the power amplifier model based at least in part on the detecting.

Aspect 27: An apparatus for wireless communications at a UE, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.

Aspect 28: An apparatus for wireless communications at a UE, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.

Aspect 29: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications at a UE, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.

Aspect 30: An apparatus for wireless communications at a base station, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.

Aspect 31: An apparatus for wireless communications at a base station, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.

Aspect 32: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications at a base station, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.

It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.”

The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information), accessing (such as accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and other such similar actions.

In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label, or other subsequent reference label.

The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.