Patent ID: 12247948

It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings ofFIGS.1-11may not be to scale and illustrate only typical apparatus and system embodiments of this disclosure. Furthermore,FIG.12illustrates only one of many possible methods of this disclosure. Therefore, the drawing figures are not to be considered limiting in scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments. Identical reference numerals are used throughout the several views for like or similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the apparatus, systems, and methods disclosed herein may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible. All patent applications and patents referenced herein are hereby explicitly incorporated herein by reference, irrespective of the page, paragraph, or section in which they are referenced.

Where a range of values describes a parameter, all sub-ranges, point values and endpoints within that range are explicitly disclosed herein. Terms of degree such as “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% or at least ±10% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

The present disclosure describes apparatus, systems, and methods for inspection of OCTG or other tubular or pipe. As mentioned herein, OCTG means any tubular used in the oil & gas industry, including solid tubulars such as rod pump rods, including but not limited to, drill pipe, line pipe, casing, coiled tubing, and the like, including those that have been through none, all or a combination of any one or more of the common mechanical, thermal, chemical OCTG treatment methods.

The apparatus may comprise a single or multiple detectors (sometimes referred to herein as “sensors”, “detector elements”, “instruments”, or simply “detectors”) using magnetic flux leakage principles, eddy current, electromagnetic acoustic (EMA), or any combinations of these, to inspect OCTG for the presence of flaws. The detector(s) may be mounted on the apparatus through a variety of ways depending on the detector being installed, positions available in the apparatus, and the accuracy of flaw detection required. Software either intrinsic to the detector, or installed elsewhere in the apparatus, or installed remotely on a computer type device, converts the measurements into usable calculated information. The usable calculated information may be displayed locally at the device and/or remotely on a computer type device. Digital signal processing software, known under the trade designation Digi-Pro™, available from Scan Systems Corp, Houston, Tex., allows 100 percent of the inspection signal to be digitized and processed within a computer. The computer and digital signal processing software known under the trade designation Digi-Pro™ may utilize a series of virtual printed circuit boards known under the trade designation SimKardz™ to perform the calculations required. Signals may be captured from the detectors and digitized almost immediately, then processed through one or more algorithms to produce large signal to noise ratios. Improvements in signal to noise ratios of at least 20 percent, sometimes at least 100 percent, and in certain embodiments even 200 percent have been seen, compared with existing industry standard equipment. Hall Element devices may be used to sense the electrical shift in voltage during the inspection methods of this disclosure; however, there could be any number of different sensing technologies that could be used, eddy current being one of the other preferred sensing technologies.

In certain embodiments, the magnetic field fluctuation detectors may be hall units. Other similar devices may be utilized with the method, selected from magneto resistors, magneto diodes, coiled electrically-conductive wires (sometimes referred to as induction coils, wound coil sensors, or simply wound coils), and combinations of hall units, magneto resistors, magneto diodes, and coiled electrically-conductive wires. The sensor elements could be multiple elements spread from one end of the trough to the other end, or only in a portion of the trough, or could just be one wound coil covering the entire trough or a portion thereof. The sensor technology used, number, and position are determined by what type and how small the flaws might be that the end user wants to find. As noted in U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,445, the number of flux lines flowing through the hall detector will be a function of the wall thickness of the material being monitored. Therefore, this monitoring device of the hall units spaced within the inside circumference of a magnetic coil provides the means of measuring the wall thickness of the pipe or OCTG. In certain embodiments, an “or” circuit may be interconnected with each group of magnetic fluctuation detectors so that the largest signal generated from a group of hall units may be determined. In certain embodiments, a defect monitor may be interconnected with each group of the magnetic fluctuation detectors to identify defective hall units.

The term “pipe,” as used herein, includes any pipe, hose, tube, pole, shaft, cylinder, duct, rod, oil field tubular, tubing for the flow of oil or gas, casing, drill pipe, oil field tubulars and equivalents thereof made in whole or part of a ferromagnetic material. The term “flaw” as used herein includes any defects, discontinuities or irregularities in the walls or on the surface of the pipe, for example, seams, cracks, chips, and unusual wear.

The terms “magnetic field fluctuation detector” and “magnetic flux detector” used herein, include hall units, magneto diodes, magneto resistors, wound coils, and the like. In certain embodiments the magnetic fluctuation detector utilized with apparatus, systems, and method embodiments described herein is a hall unit. The term “hall unit,” as used herein, includes any Hall detector, and any device or detector which produces a voltage in relation to a magnetic field applied to the detector. Although well known, a brief description of the hall detector is provided. A Hall detector is generally manufactured as a four terminal solid state device which produces an output voltage proportional to the product of an input current, a magnetic flux density and the sine of the angle between magnetic flux density and the plane of the hall detector. A Hall detector typically has an active element and two pairs of ohmic contacts. An electric current flows between two contacts aligned in one direction x. This current, the magnitude and direction of which are known from a calibration stage, in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, generates a respective Hall voltage in the other two contacts aligned in a transverse direction y. As known, a Hall detector is sensitive to that component of the magnetic field which is perpendicular to its surface. More specifically, the Hall voltage is responsive to the current flow and to the strength of a magnetic field provided within the vicinity of the Hall detector.

The term “magnetic field generator” as used herein includes any permanent magnet or set of permanent magnets, as well as any device capable of generating a horizontal, vertical, or other directional magnetic field of flux by passing an electrical current therethrough (and in the latter cases the terms “electromagnet” and “magnetic coil” may be used). In certain embodiments the magnetic field generator is an electrically conductive metal wire coil such as an encircling coil or circular coil with multiple turns located in the cavities of a coil annulus. The term “coil annulus” means a structure holding, supporting, and/or encompassing a magnetic field generator or magnetic coil.

Eddy current inspection, as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,230, is a non-destructive procedure used to detect flaws and stress corrosion in electrically conductive materials. This method involves placing an eddy current probe, comprising a coil, near the electrically conductive material. The coil sets up a magnetic field and induces eddy currents in the material. Defects in the material alter the eddy current flow and change the impedance of the coil. As a result, flaws and stress corrosion may be detected by moving the eddy current probe along the material and detecting changes of impedance of the coil.

In certain embodiments, the inspection shoe supports may be actuated by a dual linkage actuator disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,397,238 and 7,622,917, and selected from pneumatic, hydraulic, and electronic actuators. In certain embodiments, telescoping supports and iris rotatable elements such as disclosed in assignee's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/987,211, filed Aug. 6, 2020 may be actuated by an actuator selected from pneumatic, hydraulic, and electronic actuators. In certain embodiments the detector assemblies may each support a transverse magnetic detector and a wall thickness detector. The detectors may be selected from Hall elements, magneto diodes, magneto resistors, wound coils, and the like. In certain embodiments, the variations in the magnetic field detected by magnetic flux detectors and the variations in eddy current detected by eddy current detectors are provided by spacing the detectors so that their respective magnetic or electric fields abut and provide a minimum of 100 percent inspection of the tubular member.

The primary features of the EMI shoes, systems, and methods of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the drawing figures, after which some of the construction and operational details, some of which are optional, will be further explained. The same reference numerals are used throughout to denote the same items in the figures.

FIG.1is a schematic perspective view of a portion of an EMI shoe embodiment100of the present disclosure before magnetic flux sensors are potted therein.FIG.2is a schematic bottom plan view of a portion of the EMI shoe100ofFIG.1showing wound coils in phantom, andFIG.3is another schematic perspective view of the EMI shoe embodiment100illustrated schematically inFIGS.1and2, with the bottom (working) surface viewable. EMI shoe embodiment100features a rigid, arcuate plastic body2including a trough4for one or more sensor or detector coils5. “Arcuate” in these embodiments means body2has a curvature or arc substantially the same as the curvature or arc of the tubular to be inspected. Coils5are also illustrated in phantom in embodiment200,FIG.4, and in embodiments300,400, and500illustrated schematically inFIGS.4A, B, and4C. EMI shoe embodiment100includes a first, second, third, and fourth through holes (6,8,42, and46) in body2. Respective first, second, third, and fourth set screws (10,12,40,44) are secured, preferably by friction fitting, in through holes (6,8,42, and46) in body2, although other securing methods may be employed, such as adhesives. EMI shoe embodiment100includes a central through hole14for mechanical connection of the shoe to an EMI apparatus.

Still referring toFIGS.1-3, embodiment100includes a non-working surface16and a working surface17of plastic body2, where working surface17is closest to the tubular member being inspected. First and second ceramic balls20,18are friction-fitted in respective through holes6,8. Embodiment100further includes a long edge22of plastic body2, configured to be transverse to the tubular member when in use, and a short edge24of plastic body2, configured to be parallel to the tubular member when in use. Since the long edge22is transverse to the tubular member when in use, the EMI shoes of the present disclosure are referred to herein as transverse EMI shoes, transverse inspection shoes, or simply transverse shoes.

FIG.4is a schematic perspective view of an EMI shoe embodiment200, which is embodiment100illustrated schematically inFIGS.1-3further including the magnetic flux coils5and epoxy potting34, as well as wire connectors36,38, showing the top (non-working) surface16of the shoe. It will be understood that certain EMI shoe embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will have less or more than three inspection coils5, for example, certain embodiments may have only one coil5, while other embodiments may have as many as 20 coils5, depending on the inspection project. It will also be understood that trough4may include one or more coils5extending the entire length of trough4, or only a portion of trough4. Epoxy potting34is used to maintain the sensors in position, and to substantially waterproof them. It will be understood that potting materials other than epoxy may be used to maintain them in position and for waterproofing, such as silicone, acrylic, polyamide, polyimide, and polycarbonate materials, and the like, and mixtures and combinations thereof.

FIGS.2-4,8and10illustrate some typical dimensions of certain embodiments of transverse EMI shoes of the present disclosure. Table 1 summarizes nonlimiting narrow and broad ranges for these dimensions for these embodiments.

TABLE 1Typical Dimensions for Shoe Embodiments 100 and 200Broad rangeLess broad rangeFeature and FIG.(in.)(in.)D1, FIG. 20.125-1.00.25-0.5D2, FIG. 20.125-0.50.25-0.5D3, FIG. 20.125-0.50.25-0.5D4, FIG. 4(0.20 × D5)-(0.20 × D5)-(0.35 × D5)(0.25 × D5)D5, FIG. 42-83-5D6, FIG. 44-166-10d1, FIGS. 8 and 100.003-0.0200.010-0.030d2, FIGS. 8A and 10A<d1<d1d3, FIGS. 8B and 10Bd1 ≥ d3 > d2d1 ≥ d3 > d2d4, FIG. 10≤0.030≤0.010

FIGS.4A,4B, and4Care schematic backside plan view illustrations of three other transverse EMI shoe body embodiments300,400, and500, respectively, with wound coil(s)5and trough4in phantom and with set screws and wear members not illustrated. Embodiments300,400, and500are intended to illustrate the many different and nonlimiting possible arrangements, sizes, and positions of through holes/set screws/wear members that are considered within the present disclosure. Variations other than those specifically illustrated are numerous and those embodiments are also considered within the present disclosure. Embodiment300includes nine small wound coils5, and eight non-central through holes (6A,6B,8A,8B,42A,42B,46A, and46B) arranged with through holes6A,8A,42A, and46A positioned distal from central through hole14and close to short edges24, and with through holes6B,8B,42B, and46B positioned proximal to central through hole14. Embodiment400includes three larger wound coils5and seven non-central through holes9arranged about central through hole14. Embodiment500includes one large wound coil5and two larger through holes11,13positioned about central through hole14such that central through hole14and non-central through holes11,13form a line substantially parallel to long edges22of body2.

FIG.5is a schematic perspective illustration view of the EMI shoe embodiment200illustrated schematically inFIG.4, showing the bottom (working) side of the shoe, whileFIG.6is a close up view of the bottom (working) side of the EMI shoe embodiment200. Set screws10and12are hex driven in embodiment200.

FIGS.7and9are schematic cross-sectional views of the EMI shoe embodiment200ofFIGS.4-6, whileFIGS.8,8A, and8Bare close up cross-sectional views of the schematic cross-sectional view ofFIG.7, andFIGS.10,10A, and10Bare close up cross-sectional views of the schematic cross-sectional view ofFIG.9. These figures illustrate spherical balls20and18each having distal ends protruding an initial distance d1from working surface17of EMI shoe embodiment200.FIGS.8A and10Aillustrate schematically “worn” spherical balls20A,18A after a time period of use in contacting tubular members during inspection of same (worn balls30A and32A are not shown in these views but would be similarly worn). An arcuate surface is formed on the distal ends of each worn spherical balls18A,20A,30A, and32A, having approximately the same curvature as the tubular member external surface. These arcuate surfaces are at a distance d2from working surface17, where d2<d1. An operator then screws set screws10,12,40,44) further into body2of the EMI shoe, causing the worn spherical balls18A,20A,30A, and32A to move further out of their respective through holes6,8,42,46such that the distal ends of the balls are again at or near distance d1away from working surface17of the EMI shoe, as illustrated inFIGS.8B and10B. Eventually, the spherical balls or other shaped wear-resistant members must be replaced, but in this way the EMI shoe body2is preserved for longer time periods without having to replace the entire EMI shoe. Further, the detector coils5may be beneficially moved closer to the tubular member during inspection, affording greater detection efficiency for small or hard to locate flaws. By employing these EMI shoes, in one case an increase to 50,000 joints of pipe inspected from 10,000 joints was observed before the EMI shoes had to be replaced.

FIG.11is a schematic perspective illustration view, with some portions cut away, of an EMI system embodiment600in accordance with the present disclosure. Embodiment may comprise a frame102, a magnetic flux generator (coil)104in a coil annulus108, and a detector assembly106supported by frame102. Coil annulus108and detector assembly106each have an inlet opening110and an outlet opening112for accepting a tubular member2therein for EMI thereof. Detector assembly106includes one or more magnetic flux or eddy current detectors80encapsulated in EMI detector shoes30, the lower surface thereof adapted to be spaced a first distance (d1) from the outer surface of tubular member2, as explained herein.

Still referring toFIG.11, embodiment600further comprises detector shoe supports120,121, which in this particular embodiment are telescoping supports, each of which is attached to an inner surface128of coil annulus108such as by welding, brazing, bolting, or other attachment method or mechanism, or formed integrally with coil annulus108. Detector shoe support120has a rectangular cross-section, while detector shoe support121has a circular cross-section. The cross-sectional shape may be the same or different for each detector shoe support, and they may have other cross-sectional shapes, such as triangular, oval, and the like. Adjustable telescoping tubes typically include spring button locking pins or single end snap buttons, and may be easily found on the Internet, such as at the website of W.W. Grainger, Inc. Other versions of telescoping supports may lock and unlock by a simple twist action. As indicated by the double-headed arrows inFIG.11proximate to telescoping detector shoe supports120,121, telescoping detector shoe supports120,121allow detector shoes30to be moved inward and outward as desired, conveniently allowing EMI of different OD tubulars2. In certain embodiments, tubular wall thickness (t) may also be investigated. A further feature of embodiment600is provision of quick-acting (Q-A) couplings122, explained more fully in assignee's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/987,211, filed Aug. 6, 2020, that allow detector shoes30to be removably installed and removed quickly. For example, one or more detector shoes30for a 4-inch OD pipe may be used to inspect one or more of such tubulars, then the process stopped momentarily, for example by stopping a set of pinch rollers130. While the process is stopped, the first set of detector shoes are removed, and another set of detector shoes are installed to inspect larger or smaller tubulars.

In embodiment600, as in other embodiments described herein, magnetic flux generator104is typically a coil of wire, but this is not strictly necessary, as any magnetic flux generator may be used, such as one or more permanent magnets. A combination of one or more coils and one or more permanent magnets may also be employed, although that may add unneeded complexity. Coil104is positioned within coil annulus108. Coil annulus108is defined by a generally cylindrical outer wall having an outer wall diameter and a concentric generally cylindrical inner wall having an inner wall diameter, wherein the diameter of the outer wall is greater than the diameter of the inner wall. Generally cylindrical outer wall and generally cylindrical inner wall are each generally parallel to a tubular longitudinal axis (LA). Coil annulus108is further defined by front and back end plates connecting the generally cylindrical outer wall and the generally cylindrical inner wall at their peripheral edges.

Other system embodiments may include non-telescoping detector shoe supports, which may have a rectangular, circular, or other cross-sectional shape. Certain system embodiments may include provision of quick-acting (Q-A) couplings122that allow detector shoes30to be removably installed and removed, as well as a second set of Q-A couplings for removably installing and changing to different length non-telescoping detector shoe supports. Yet other system embodiments may have an iris mechanism, explained more fully in assignee's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/987,211, filed Aug. 6, 2020, where the iris comprises a number of leaves with brackets allowing addition of detector shoes30to the iris leaves. In certain embodiments, detector shoes30may attach directly to the iris leaves, such as by molding them integrally with the leaves, or by interference fittings. The leaves are so shaped that movement of the leaves results in the iris aperture closing, and the detector shoes moving toward the tubular being inspected. The aperture, and thus detector shoes, may be opened, or placed in any desired position, by the positioning of a handle. In alternative embodiment the handle may be connected to an operating actuator, for example an electric motor, which may be electronically controlled. The iris mechanism as described may also be used in a dual plane iris of the known type, which may allow addition detector shoes and/or sensors to be utilized.

Systems in accordance with the present disclosure may further comprises a tubular conveyor sub-system, as more fully described in assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 11,402,351, on which a plurality of tubular members P1, P2, P3. . . PN may traverse before and after being inspected at one of the inspection apparatus of the present disclosure. Such systems may comprise one or more actuators adapted to pick up a tubular member being inspected (employing manipulators arms and pipe grippers) and insert tubular member into an inspection apparatus, the one or more actuators selected from the group consisting of pneumatic, hydraulic, and electronic actuators, and combination thereof. In certain embodiments actuator or actuators may be robotic actuators, such as the IRB 7600 industrial robot, available from ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Simple cranes or other pipe lifting equipment known in the OCTG inspection industry may also be employed. Actuators may be floor mounted, cabinet-mounted, or roof-mounted. In certain embodiments the actuator(s) should have capacity to lift standard lengths of steel pipe.

As noted herein, certain system embodiments may include one or more quick-acting couplings selected from the group consisting of ball-lock couplings, roller-lock couplings, pin-lock couplings, flat-faced couplings, bayonet couplings, ring-lock couplings, cam-lock couplings, multi-tube connectors, and combinations thereof. These features are further described in assignee's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/987,211, filed Aug. 6, 2020. The choice of a particular material for the Q-A couplings is dictated among other parameters by the vibration and degree of expected twisting motion of the inspection shoes expected during use of EMI apparatus, temperature, an expected humidity and other environmental conditions.

In certain embodiments, the generally arcuate body (2) may comprise a plastic material, and that plastic material may be a rigid plastic material. Rigid plastic materials suitable for use in the EMI shoes of the present disclosure are many, but a few examples are provided here. The rigid plastic materials known under the trade designation NYLOIL, available from Cast Nylons Ltd., Willoughby, Ohio (U.S.A.) are one suitable rigid plastic material. These materials comprise an internally homogeneously lubricated, high-strength polyamide polymer and an internal lubricant. In certain embodiments these plastic materials comprise a filler promoting higher crystallinity in the internally homogeneously lubricated, high-strength polyamide polymer. In certain embodiments the filler is molybdenum disulfide present at a weight percentage ranging from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent. In certain embodiments the internally homogeneously lubricated, high-strength polyamide polymer comprises from about 2 to about 8 percent by weight of one or more internal lubricants. In certain embodiments the internal lubricant may be zinc, diheptoxy-sulfanylidene-sulfido-λ5-phosphane.

The rigid plastic materials known under the trade designation NYLOIL have a flexural strength ranging from about 14,000 to about 16,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D790; a flexural strength ranging from about 15,500 to about 16,000 psi in accordance with ASTM-D790; a flexural modulus ranging from about 375,000 to about 475,000 psi in accordance with ASTM-D790; and a flexural modulus ranging from about 425,000 to about 475,000 psi in accordance with ASTM-D790 when incorporating the molybdenum disulfide filler.

Other rigid, internally lubricated (oil filled) cast polyamide plastic materials that may be suitable for use as the body2of the EMI shoes of the present disclosure include those known under the trade designations SUSTAMID 6G OL (available from Röchling), NYLATRON LIG (available from Quadrant Engineering Plastic Products), TECAST 6PAL (available from Ensinger), ZL 1100 oil (available from ZL Engineering Plastics), UNIPA MLO (available from Nytef), NYLATECH OIL (available from Nylatech, Inc.), NYCAST (available from Cast Nylons, Ltd.).

Other plastic materials that may be suitable for use as the body2of the EMI shoe include acetal polymers, acrylic polymers, phenolic polymers, polyimide polymers, PEEK (polyetheretherketone) polymers, polycarbonate polymers, polystyrene polymers, and the like, and mixtures, combinations, and layered versions of one or more of these polymeric materials. Any of these may include fillers, such as glass fibers, aramid fibers, and the like, coupling agents, dyes, and the like.

The materials of construction of body may comprise any moldable or printable plastic (polymeric) material, or ceramic material, or metallic material, or combination thereof. The shoe body may comprise a single material, or combination of materials. The members may comprise more than one layer of material, and each layer may be the same or different. The polymeric materials may be filled with various fillers, extenders, pigments, and other additives. In embodiments consisting essentially of moldable polymeric material, these fillers, extenders, pigments, and other additives may be present in limited amounts to the extent necessary to substantially exceed minimum safety and effectiveness standards. Suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, elastomers, and thermoplastic elastomers. The polymeric materials may comprise co-polymers, ter-polymers, and blends of two or more chemical types of polymers, or blends of two or more polymers of the same chemical type, for example, a blend of two thermoplastics having different molecular weights.

Examples of specific polymers include light-curable polymer-based resins, polyacrylics, polyvinyls, polyvinyl alcohols, PTFE, e-PTFE, polypropylene, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof, and the like. Other possible material examples include non-magnetic metals such as aluminum, copper, lead, tin, titanium, tantalum, zinc, brass, and bronze, combinations and mixtures thereof, and the like.

In embodiments comprising a single solid body, the body may be molded as illustrated schematically in the various figures using special molds, or may be made using additive manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing. In certain embodiments, one or more molding or printing steps may be required to build up the devices to functional length and diameter. Also, the methods may include printing steps featuring specific polymers, colors, shapes, software, and the like. 3D printers that may be useful are the 3D printers known under the trade designation Formlabs Form 3B+ and 3BL, available from Formlabs, Millbury, Ohio (USA).

Various components, such as device bodies, as described herein may be made using a variety of additive and/or subtractive processes, including molding, machining, stamping and like additive processes, and/or subtractive processes such as net-shape casting (or near-net shape casting) using rapid prototype (RP) molds. Net-shape or near-net shape casting methods of making a variety of molds for producing a variety of complex products are summarized in patents assigned to 3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, South Carolina, U.S.A., for example U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,411. As summarized in the '411 patent, a number of technologies presently exist for the rapid creation of models, prototypes, and objects for limited run manufacturing. These technologies are generally called Solid Freeform Fabrication (“SFF”) techniques. Some SFF techniques include stereolithography, selective deposition modeling, laminated object manufacturing, selective phase area deposition, multi-phase jet solidification, ballistic particle manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, particle deposition, laser sintering, film transfer imaging, and the like. Generally, in SFF, complex parts are produced from a build material in an additive fashion as opposed to conventional fabrication techniques, which are generally subtractive in nature. For example, in most conventional subtractive fabrication techniques material is removed by machining operations or shaped in a die or mold to near net shape and then trimmed. In contrast, additive fabrication techniques incrementally add portions of a build material to targeted locations, layer by layer, in order to build a complex part. SFF technologies typically utilize a computer graphic representation of a part and a supply of a build material to fabricate the part in successive layers. According to the '411 patent, SFF technologies may dramatically shorten the time to develop prototype parts, can produce limited numbers of parts in rapid manufacturing methods, and may eliminate the need for complex tooling and machining associated with conventional subtractive manufacturing methods, including the need to create molds for custom applications. In addition, customized parts can be directly produced from computer graphic data (e.g., computer-aided design (CAD) files) in SFF techniques. Generally, in most techniques of SFF, structures are formed in a layer by layer manner by solidifying or curing successive layers of a build material. For example, in stereolithography a tightly focused beam of energy, typically in the ultraviolet radiation band, is scanned across sequential layers of a liquid photopolymer resin to selectively cure resin of each layer to form a multilayered part. In selective laser sintering, a tightly focused beam of energy, such as a laser beam, is scanned across sequential layers of powder material to selectively sinter or melt powder (such as a metal or ceramic powder) in each layer to form a multilayered part. In selective deposition modeling, a build material is jetted or dropped in discrete droplets, or extruded through a nozzle, such that the build material becomes relatively rigid upon a change in temperature and/or exposure to actinic radiation in order to build up a three-dimensional part in a layerwise fashion. In another technique, film transfer imaging (“FTI”), a film transfers a thin coat of resin to an image plane area where portions of the resin corresponding to the cross-sectional layer of the part are selectively cured with actinic radiation to form one layer of a multilayer part. Certain SFF techniques require the part be suspended from a supporting surface such as a build pad, a platform, or the like using supports that join the part to the supporting surface. Prior art methods for generating supports are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,595,703; 6,558,606; and 6,797,351. The Internet website of Quickparts.com, Inc., Atlanta, GA, a subsidiary of 3D Systems Inc., has more information on some of these techniques and materials that may be used.

Methods of making apparatus of the present disclosure using additive manufacturing may comprise scanning a user's rectal cavity employing a laser scanning appliance to produce a pointcloud image of a user's rectum, uploading the pointcloud image to a computer having one or more design software programs loaded thereon or available remotely through an Internet connection, and producing a software version of apparatus from the pointcloud image. The software version of the device may then be uploaded to a 3D printer, followed by 3D printing the device or portions thereof. Laser scanning images is a well-established practice in the medical industry. See for example the laser scanners available from Laser Design, Minneapolis, Minnesota (U.S.A.). See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,184,150; 7,153,135; and 9,522,054. In some cases, a 3D rendering may be made from a 2D image, such as a photograph or 2D drawing. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,165,711 and 8,605,136. Intraoral imaging equipment, CAD/CAM and imaging analysis software are available from various sources, including 3Shape, Renishaw, 3M, and others.

The skilled artisan, having knowledge of the particular application, environmental conditions, and available materials, will be able design the most cost effective, safe, and operable EMI shoes and systems for each particular application without undue experimentation.

FIG.12is a logic diagram of one method embodiment150of EMI inspecting pipe or other OCTG in accordance with the present disclosure. Method embodiment150comprises (Boxes152and154) providing at least one EMI shoe in an EMI apparatus, the EMI shoe comprising:(i) a generally arcuate body (2) having a non-working major face (16), a working major face (17), a trough (4) configured to hold one or more sensor coils embedded in a potting material (34), and a central through hole (14) for electronic connection to the rigid, generally arcuate body (2);(ii) the generally arcuate body (2) including at least one non-central through hole (6,8,42,46) in which are positioned respective externally threaded cylindrically-shaped set screws (10,12,40,44), each of the at least one non-central through holes (6,8,42,46) having a wear-resistant friction member (18,20,30,32) movably secured therein and positioned such that a distal portion of each wear-resistant friction member (18,20,30,32) protrudes away from the major working face (17) an initial distance (d1) (Box154).

Method embodiment150further comprises magnetizing the tubular member (Box156).

Method embodiment150further comprises detecting magnetic flux leakage from the tubular member using the at least one EMI shoe, wherein each wear-resistant friction member (18,20,30,32) contacts an external surface of the tubular member, for a time period wherein d1changes to d2and forming worn friction members (18A,20A,30A,32A) each having an arcuate surface (21) (Box158).

Method150further comprises adjusting the externally threaded cylindrically-shaped set screws (10,12,40,44) such that the arcuate surface (21) of each of the worn friction members (18A,20A,30A,32A) is moved and positioned such that the arcuate surface (21) of each worn friction member (18A,20A,30A,32A) protrudes away from the major working face (17) a distance (d3) such that d1≥d3>d2(Box160).

An on-board power unit may be included in certain system embodiments for powering the magnetic flux generator(s), which may be a permanent or rechargeable battery pack or transformer for electrical power, or both. An on-board electronics package may include one or more microprocessors, a communications link (wired or wireless), and/or an on-board controller. A CRT, LED or other human-machine interface may be included on or in a workstation cabinet in certain embodiments.

Magnetic flux generator(s)104, detector shoes30, and pinch rollers130may, in certain embodiments, be powered from within via an instrument display or other human/machine interface (HMI), for example using batteries, Li-ion or other type. In other embodiments display/HMI may be powered from an instrument cable providing power, perhaps by a local generator, or grid power. The display/HMI allows an operator to interface with the instrument. In certain embodiments the operator will be able to take measurements, view or read these measurements and reset the instrument for subsequent measurement taking. If the display/HMI is connected to a power cable, then measurements may be taken remotely, stored and reset as necessary.

What has not been recognized or realized are EMI shoes, systems, and methods to inspect OCTG, especially with a combination of magnetic flux detectors and eddy current detectors, or only with magnetic flux detectors, using EMI shoes described herein. EMI shoes, systems, and methods to increase pipe production without significant risk to workers is highly desirable.

It will be apparent that in other embodiments, the various components need not have the shapes illustrated in the various drawing figures, but rather could take any shape. For example, the wear-resistant members could have a box or cube shape, elliptical, triangular, pyramidal (for example, three or four sided), prism-shaped, hemispherical or semi-hemispherical-shaped (dome-shaped), or combination thereof and the like, as long as the apparatus is capable of setting off the working major face of the EMI shoes from the external tubular surface. EMI shoe bodies and wear-resistant members could be made of other materials than mentioned herein. It will be understood that such embodiments are part of this disclosure and deemed with in the claims.

From the foregoing detailed description of specific embodiments, it should be apparent that patentable apparatus, systems, and methods have been described. Although specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein in some detail, this has been done solely for the purposes of describing various features and aspects of the apparatus, systems, and methods, and is not intended to be limiting with respect to their scope. It is contemplated that various substitutions, alterations, and/or modifications, including but not limited to those implementation variations which may have been suggested herein, may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. For example, other arrangements of wear-resistant members on the EMI shoes than those illustrated and described herein are considered with the present disclosure.