Patent ID: 12213747

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention disclosed herein generally has utility as a method and device for using existing components of a tracking system to transmit data at high rates and more specifically to transmitting data between the tracking system, LED markers, and other external devices to be utilized in a medical setting, or patients within a medical setting.

It is to be understood that in instances where a range of values are provided that the range is intended to encompass not only the end point values of the range but also intermediate values of the range as explicitly being included with the range and varying by the last significant figure of the range. By way of example, a recited range from 1 to 4 is intended to include 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 3-4, and 1-4.

As used herein, “high rate” is defined with respect to data transmission as encompassing rates of greater than 1 Mb/second; however, it is known in the art that LED actuation can currently encompass rates in the range of 1-2,000 Mb/second.

A major benefit of using the invention disclosed herein is the ability of the tracking system to be used not only for tracking objects and sending tracking information quickly but also providing the user or other components in the operating room with additional data relevant to an external device such as a computer assisted device. Such computer assisted devices illustratively include a robot, surgical saw, surgical drill, haptically controlled devices, autonomous and semi-autonomous surgical devices, and combinations thereof.

By way of example, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires the distal femur and proximal tibia to be cut to prepare the knee for a prosthetic knee implant. The position, slope and orientation of the cuts are critical to ensure the prosthetic is fitted correctly to restore the alignment of the knee joint. A TKA procedure generally involves the following. A surgeon will review a patient's MRI or CT scan, and assess the extent of the disease and preoperatively plan the procedure. Intraoperatively, the surgeon exposes the knee joint and uses a surgical saw typically with the assistance of patient specific jigs to accurately make the femoral and tibial cuts. After the cuts are made, trial implants are used to assess the patient's range of motion and fit of the implant. If the range of motion and fit are acceptable by the surgeon, the prosthesis is implanted and the knee is closed.

The markers described herein generally refer to any passive or active transmitter capable of reflecting or emitting signals such as visible light, radiofrequency, infrared, sound, and electromagnetic signals. More specifically, the invention discloses the use of active LED markers for tracking and/or transmitting data, and in particular, the LED markers for transmitting data may emit any spectrum/frequency of light but preferably in the wavelength range of 320 nanometers to 760 nanometers. As used herein, a tracking array is considered a configuration of a plurality of markers.

As used herein, a light emitting diode (LED) is defined as any light source capable of electrically modulated electroluminescence.

An LED operative in the present invention is readily made of a plurality of semiconductor materials known in the art to produce light at any spectrum/frequency. Examples of such materials illustratively include gallium arsenide phosphide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, gallium(III) phosphide, zinc selenide, silicon, silicon carbide, indium gallium nitride, a nanocrystal- or dye-sensitized versions of any of the aforementioned, and any combinations thereof. It is also appreciated that an LED is readily procured commercially that is able to produce any wavelength is also defined herein. For example, it is known that the combination of red, green and blue LEDs emit white light or a single white light LED is also known to the art, as evidenced by H. S. Chen, C. K. Hsu, and H. Y. Hong, “InGaN—CdSe—ZnSe quantum dots white LEDs,” IEEE Photon.Technol. Lett. 18(1), 193-195 (2006).

The types of tracking systems or trackers used in the medical field are well known in the art such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,644. The accuracy and reliability of optical tracking systems has been a particular design challenge and is a function of many variables such as marker configuration, types of photosensors, signal processing methods, and the distance between the marker and the photosensors. A description of each variable is beyond the scope of the disclosed invention but it should be appreciated that the embodiments described herein may be adapted to any tracking system configuration.

Tracking Array and External Device Data Transmission

Now referring toFIG.1A, the inventive optical tracking system includes a tracking array101having at least one LED103for data transmission and having at least one processing unit102that actuates the LED(s)103using a time or frequency domain modulation techniques to transmit data at high rates. The data to be transmitted is created by the internal processing unit102of the tracking array101. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the data to be transmitted is received by the tracking array101from an external device104using an electrical connection between the tracking array101and the external device104where the internal processor102can actuate the LEDs to send the data in as-developed, pre-processed, or processed form that is received from the external device. The processing unit102is capable of performing various signal processing operations for example but not limited to error-correction code encoding, modulation, interleaving, FFT/IFFT etc. The processor also includes at least one light-emitting element drive circuit to actuate the LEDs with the desired signal. In addition, the processing unit102is capable of modulating signals using techniques for example but not limited to on-off keying modulation, amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation, M-level quadrature amplitude modulation etc. The processing unit102capable of multiplexing signals using techniques for example, but not limited to, frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and combinations thereof. In certain inventive embodiments, the processing unit102is further capable of multiplexing and modulating signals.

By way of example, an external device such as a 2-degree of freedom (2DOF) hand held drill as described in International App. No. PCT/US2015/051713 assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, is equipped with the tracking array of the present invention by being mounted and electrically connected to the drill. In one inventive embodiment, the internal processor of the tracking array can send internal processor generated data through the LED(s)103(e.g. the data is an identification code of the tracking array or the data is inherent of the tracking array itself, or IMU data on the tracking array). While in another inventive embodiment, data from the 2DOF drill is sent to the internal processor which actuates the LEDs to wirelessly transmit data inherent of the drill (e.g. data about the cutting velocity of the drill tip, user prompts, forces experienced by the drill, and other data as described below).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the tracking array includes at least one LED103for high rate data transmission, and two or more active and/or passive markers that may emit or reflect optical signals such as visible light, radiofrequency, infrared, sound, or electromagnetic signals. The two or more active and/or passive markers may be specifically used for traditional tracking, while the actuated LED103is used specifically for data transmission. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the tracking array includes two or more LEDs103capable of transmitting data at a high rate as shown inFIGS.1A-C. It should be appreciated that the LED(s)103capable of transmitting data may also be used as the source for an optical tracker to track the tracking array and any object attached thereto, such as an external device104.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the internal processing unit102is housed or located in/on an external device104and electrically connected to the individual LEDs103to control actuation as illustrated inFIG.1B. The external device104may also house at least one processor for signal processing and is connected to an internal processor102of the tracking array101by an electrical connection as illustrated inFIG.1C. The processor102housed in/on the external device104may also control the external device104.

Tracker Data Receiver

Now referring toFIG.2, the data112transmitted from the LEDs103is received by at least one photosensor106of a tracker109. The tracker109is also capable of determining the position and orientation of a tracking array101and any object attached thereto using these photosensors106and any standard tracking, calibration and registration methods known in the art. It should be appreciated that the at least one photosensor106can be any detecting sensor known in the art, such as, but not limited to, a photodiode, CCD and/or CMOS camera. In at least one embodiment of the device, two or more photosensors106are arranged in a known configuration within the tracker109. In a particular embodiment, there are two or more photosensors106dedicated to tracking and one or more additional photosensors dedicated to receiving the transmitted data112. In at least one embodiment the tracker109is attached to a rigid structure with a base that can be placed in the operating suite as shown inFIG.2.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the rigid structure with the tracker109attached includes components (not shown) to adjust the tracker109with the arranged photosensors106in at least one degree of freedom of a physical coordinate system. Coordinate systems for degree of freedom movement illustratively include Cartesian and spherical. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the components are manipulated to adjust the tracker109with the arranged photosensor106manually by a user. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the components for adjusting the tracker109with the arranged photosensor106may be controlled by a tracker processing unit and/or computer111, or other processing unit (not shown) capable of translating and/or rotating the tracker109based on data generated from the LEDs103on the tracking array101, a computer111, and/or other external devices. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of trackers109are located about the room.

In at least one embodiment of the invention, the tracker109with photosensor106is attached to other objects in the room. Objects for tracker109attachments can be but not limited to the room walls, the room ceiling, the room floor, medical equipment, the surgical lights, and combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, the tracker109may be configured to attach to specific objects in the room such as a surgical light116as shown inFIG.3Aor may be directly built into a surgical light116′ as shown inFIG.3B.

The photosensor106are electrically connected to a tracker processing unit to inversely process the data112transmitted from the LED/s103and may also be the processor that determines the POSE of any tracked objects in the OR. The tracker processing unit is capable of recovering the received data using different signal processing techniques for example but not limited to demodulation, FFT/IFFT, error correction, deinterleaving, and a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the photosensor106uses a digital or physical filter to single out specific LEDs and/or data frequencies. Illustratively, the types of physical filters may include but not limited to absorptive filters, dichroic filters, monochromatic, longpass, bandpass, shortpass, polarizers etc. Types of digital filtration may include but not limited to FFT/IFFT, bandpass, Kalman filters, Bessel filters, high-pass, low-pass, and combinations thereof.

The tracker processing unit may be located in/on the tracker109and/or is a part of the computer111and/or is located on the base of a rigid structure with the tracker109attached, and/or located on an external device.

Tracking Array and External Device Data Receiver

With reference toFIG.4, the tracking array101includes at least one photosensor113to act as a data receiver. The photosensor113is any light detecting sensor illustratively including a photodiode, CCD and/or CMOS camera. The data received by the photosensor113in some embodiments of the present invention, is inversely processed and recovered with the internal processor102,FIG.4A, or alternatively, the data is transferred to a processor located on the external device using an electrical connection between the marker and the external device,FIG.4B. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the tracking array101includes an additional processing unit114electrically connected to the photosensor113devoted only to the inverse processing of the incoming data as shown inFIG.4C.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the photosensor113is located on the external device104to receive data that can be inversely processed and recovered using a processing unit on the external device, as shown inFIG.4D. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, data received from the at least one photosensor113located on the external device104may be transferred by way of electrical connection to the internal processing unit102on the tracking array101to be inversely processed and recovered as shown inFIG.4E. In at least one embodiment, both the tracking array and external device each have one photosensor and at least one processing unit that can receive and process data that can be transmitted between the tracking array and external device by way of electrical connection as illustrated inFIG.4F.

In at least one embodiment, the processing unit102on the tracking array101and/or the external device104comprising components to inversely process the received signal by the photosensor113. The processing unit102and/or114capable of recovering the received data using signal processing techniques such as but not limited to demodulation, FFT/IFFT, error correction, deinterleaving, etc. In at least one embodiment of the invention, the data is received by photosensor113on tracking array101and inversely processed by processing unit102and/or114where the processed data is then sent via an electrical connection to external device104to be utilized by the external device104. In other embodiments, the data is received by photosensor113on the external device104and inversely processed by processing unit102and/or114where the processed data is then transferred at high rates with the LEDs103of the tracking array101.

The embodiments depicted inFIGS.4A-Fshow various configurations of photosensor/s and/or processing units113,114. The invention disclosed herein can include any combination of the examples show inFIGS.4A-Fand is intended for illustration and not meant to be limiting.

In at least one embodiment, the processing units102depicted inFIGS.4A-Fcan actuate the LEDs to transmit data as well as process incoming data received by photosensor113. The data to be transmitted can now be created by the processing unit102on the tracking array101, from the external device104, the processing unit of the external device102, and/or from the data received by the at least one photosensor113and any combination thereof. It should be appreciated that the various combinations of data retrieval/transmittal, processing/inverse processing between the tracking array101, external device104, tracker109, external device110, computer111, and any other device electrically connected and/or comprising a tracking array101may be utilized.

Tracker Data Transmission

With reference toFIG.5, the tracker109may include at least one LED115. The LED115is located on the tracker109and transmits data at high rates to a photosensor113located on the tracking array101and/or the external device104. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the LED115may be located near the photosensor/s106but not housed in a casing as described previously. For example, the LED115can be arranged on the same tracker109attached to a surgical light like the one depicted inFIG.3A-B.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the LED115can be actuated to transmit data at high rates using components and methods as described for the processing unit102of the tracking array101. In other embodiments of the present invention, the LEDs are actuated from the tracker processing unit, and/or from a computer111, and/or from an external device and/or an additional processing unit (not shown) located in or externally electrically connected to the tracker109.

The data to be transferred from the LED/s115on the tracker109can be created from a plurality of sources. By way of example and not meant to be limiting, the data can be created internally from the tracker processing unit, the processing unit can receive data from a user by way of a monitor109, computer111, keyboard107and mouse, the data can be created from a memory storage device (not shown) such as USB or from transferrable media such as CDs, the data could be created from an external device electrically connected to the tracker processing unit, and/or the data can be created from data sent by a tracking array101or external device104.

Types and Functions of Data

The types of data transmitted/received by a plurality of devices, tracking arrays, or tracking systems can contain a plurality of different information to be used for a plurality of different functions. The types of data to be transmitted/received may contain the following information as an example and is no way meant to be limiting or necessary. For example, the data can contain identification and location of a specific LED, the operating status of an external device, the position and orientation of a patient's anatomy, prompts for controlling the external device, the hardware or software version of an external device, data logged by the external device, operating parameters of an external device, velocity profiles, position and orientation, acceleration, current, temperature, battery life, forces exerted by or on the device, warnings, interruptions, faults, the status of a pre-surgical plan, a surgical plan, medical image data for a surgical plan, the surgical plan application such as an executable program, and binary streams of data. One of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate the multi-dimensional possibilities of data types and information that can be transmitted with the present invention especially as it relates to computer assisted medical devices.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the transmitted data is used to track movement of the marker LED's. It should be appreciated that through the use of Doppler algorithms, that several types of movement may be measured such as 3 dimensional movement of equipment within a space, body movements, body orientation, respiratory rates, and the like. Three dimensional data generated by the present invention includes imagery illustratively including patient body structure, equipment, and combinations thereof; dynamic interactions therebetween; position of at least one marker in a coordinate space; dynamic positional changes between markers; and combinations of the aforementioned.

In at least one embodiment, the LED markers may be used to monitor sleep apnea. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the motion of the marker LEDs is monitored in real-time. In other embodiments of the present invention, LED markers are used to synchronize a patient's movement in real-time to medical equipment. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the LED markers are used to synchronize movement of a patient to the movement of one or more medical linear accelerators to maximize targeting of a tumor to be treated by adjusting the radiotherapy beam to the patients movement, thus maximizing radiation dose to the tumor site, while minimizing collateral damage to surrounding tissue and organs.

Similarly, the data transmitted/received by a plurality of devices, tracking arrays, tracking systems, and/or combinations thereof can be used for a plurality of different functions. For example, but in no way meant to be limiting or necessary, in at least one embodiment the data is displayed directly to a monitor109or relayed to other external devices, the data could prompt a user to perform a task, the data is a set of instructions for an external device to execute such as a surgical plan, the data can instruct external devices in the surgical field to move based on the position and/or orientation of another device with a tracking array101and/or external device104, external devices may be instructed to move based on the position and orientation of a patient's anatomy that is being tracked.

Data Targeting

In at least one embodiment of the invention, the data transmitted/received can be targeted to/from specific photosensors and LEDs. Targeting of specific tracking arrays, LEDs, and/or photosensors can be achieved by many different methods. In at least one embodiment, the field of view of the LED/s and or photosensor/s is limited to a specific range. For example, a typical emission field of an LED is 120 degrees conically. An LED and/or photosensor, or a combination thereof can be arranged in various configurations on a tracking array that contains multiple faces such as that shown inFIG.6. The emission/receiving field of the LEDs/photosensors creates locations where the emitted/received signals are at a higher strength based on the orientation of the tracking array. Due to the ability to transfer data at high rates, a face that emits/receives signals at a higher strength can be targeted as an ‘active’ face. Data to be transmitted/received can therefore be directed to/from the ‘active’ face.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the targeting is achieved by limiting the data link to only the photosensor/s and LED/s that are in line of sight. A processing unit may compute the absence of a data link from an LED that has been obstructed from the line of sight of a photosensor. The data emitted/received from the obstructed LED/photosensor can cease and the data to be transmitted/received may be transferred/targeted to another LED and/or photosensor that is/are more ‘active’. Therefore, data can be transferred to computing devices in the surgical suite, alone or in combination with also being used with at least one of targeted to/from specific LEDs, photosensors, tracking arrays, tracking array faces, external devices, and trackers.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the LEDs are actuated at the same time to create a redundant transmission system in which even if one marker is not seen by the photosensors, the data is still transmitted correctly. For example, the LED/s can be co-located with each photosensor to create a redundant multi-photosensor system. Therefore, if one or more of the photosensors are blocked along with their associated LED, the other LEDs can still be used to track and transmit data. In another example, multiple photosensors can be co-located on the tracker to create another redundant multi-photosensor system. If one photosensor is blocked, another photosensor located on the tracker may still be visible to receive data by a transmitting LED.

Additionally, the LEDs can be actuated independently to increase the data transmission rate. In at least one embodiment, individual LEDs can transmit different types of data independent of the other LEDs. By way of example, one LED continually sends the operating status of the external device104, while an adjacent LED continually sends velocity data of the external device104. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the LEDs are actuated sequentially to transmit specific data to improve the chance the data is received in the event one or more LEDs become obstructed from the photosensors106. For example, a first LED transmits the operating status of the external device for a given period of time, then the operating status of the external device is transmitted by a second LED for another period of time, then the data is transmitted by a third LED, and continues to be transmitted by additional LED's as may be needed. Therefore, in circumstances where the first and second LED are obstructed from the line of sight of the photosensors106, eventually the third LED, or some other LED, will transmit the operating status of the external device.

In at least one embodiment, there are two or more modes or settings of data transfer rates. Illustratively, one mode can send data at a rate of around 1 Mb/s, while another mode can send data at a rate around 10 Mb/s. The mode at 1 Mb/s can illustratively send data such as the identity of the tracking array or LED and other ‘background’ information, and the other mode at 10 Mb/s can send tracking information. The mode at 10 Mb/s can also illustratively be used to send data such as the surgical plan, application executable transfer for software upgrades and other data that may be in the form of larger packets. In one embodiment, the change from one mode to another can be automatically made by the size of the data to be transferred. Illustratively, a computer knows the size of the data to be delivered and communicates to the processor107to switch to the 10 Mb/s data transfer mode if the data is large. The processor107can send an initial signal by actuating LEDs115to the photosensor113of the tracking array and processor102to switch to the receiving mode that can then collect and read the data at the appropriate data rate.

In another embodiment, the data is sent in two or more modes in parallel. By way of illustration, the tracking array sends identity information at one mode of 1 Mb/s while additionally sending tracking information at the other mode of 10 Mb/s. As 1 Mb/s and 10 Mb/s are given here as an example, it should be appreciated by one skilled in the art that higher or lower data rates can be accomplished with the present invention.

Multichannel transmission may also be accomplished by having a different wavelength or having a different type of modulation for each of the transmitting LEDs. One LED may transmit data at a first wavelength and another LED, either on the same tracking array or a separate tracking array, may transmit day at a second wavelength. This creates a multichannel transmission system that can be used to distinguish separate tracking arrays/external devices, or to send different types of data.

In a particular embodiment, the data may be targeted using a physical barrier placed around the photosensors. With reference toFIG.7, a tracker109is shown with a conical physical barrier117placed around the photosensors of the tracker109. The physical barrier117may have a conical angle less than emission field of the transmitting LED(s). If the tracker109is adjustable via mechanisms described above, than the photosensors of the tracker may be direct to specific tracking arrays or transmitting LEDs in the OR. Therefore, only the data from those LEDs are transmitted to the tracker109. The physical barriers may of any shape or size and located around any of the photosensors on the tracker, the tracking arrays, or external device(s).

It should be appreciated that the invention disclosed herein can create a high-speed data network between a plurality of devices, a patient's anatomy, tracking arrays and multiple tracking systems in the operating room. Additionally, the data can be targeted to/from specific transmitters/receivers that can be useful in many applications and distinguishes itself from the typical light fidelity (LiFi) concept

Additional Tracking Units

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, additional tracking components known in the art can be attached to the tracking array101to provide additional information as to position and orientation. By way of example, inertial measurement units (IMUs) which include gyroscopes and accelerometers to calculate rotational and translational movement given a starting reference location may be used. The data from the IMU could be processed by the internal processor102of the tracking array and transmitted with the LEDs103to the photosensor106of the tracking system and subsequently to other external devices. The data from the IMU and the detected position of the LEDs on the tracking array could be fused and processed by the processing unit107that could improve the latency periods seen with current optical tracking systems. Additionally, with current tracking systems, when only one LED103is in line of sight of the photosensor106, the position and orientation of the other LEDs are estimated based on their previous location and velocity vectors calculated by the processor107. By using the additional position and orientation information from the IMU and having the ability to still transfer the data at a high rate from that LED, the accuracy of the estimated position and orientation is increased. Thus, by employing the IMU, traditional tracking system and the ability to transfer data at high rates, both the latency period and accuracy for tracking, navigating and guiding a computer assisted medical device is greatly improved.

It should be appreciated that IMUs have an internal problem of accumulating errors as the initial reference location starts to drift. Drift can cause errors with the true location and orientation of the tracker array in space. In at least one embodiment, to overcome IMU drift, an additional GPS unit is connected to the IMU to provide a global reference location. In at least one embodiment, the tracking system can re-set the reference location of the IMU when the LEDs are visible by a photosensor and would not require a GPS unit.

EXAMPLE

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

An optical tracking system is used with the patient's anatomy and a haptically guided hand-held surgical saw to assist a user in performing total knee arthroplasty. One tracking array101is electrically connected to the surgical saw104, while additional tracking arrays101are fixed to the patient's femur and tibia near the surgical site. The user places the haptically guided surgical saw in a general area around the exposed femur and tibia. The surgeon by way of a monitor confirms a pre-operative or intra-operative surgical plan in the operating room. The surgical plan data is modulated and/or multiplexed by the processor107, which then actuates the LEDs115on the tracker109accordingly to send the data at a high rate. The data is received by the photosensors113or114and read by the tracking processor102of the tracking array101on the surgical saw. The surgical plan data is read and causes the activation of haptic feedback mechanisms in the surgical saw to adjust the user's orientation and position in the correct place to make a femoral or tibial cut according to the plan.

Data between the tracking arrays on the patient and the tracking array on the surgical saw can also aid in correctly placing the surgical saw. If the orientation of the tracking array is known relative to the patient anatomy, and the orientation of the tracking array is known on the surgical saw, then the signal strength between different faces of the tracking arrays may aid in locating the correct plane. If certain faces are aligned between the tracking arrays, then the signal strength of data between the two can be used for positioning (LED data targeting. Additionally, as the haptic feedback mechanisms are assisting in adjusting the position and orientation of the saw, data about the operation of the feedback mechanisms can be relayed by the tracking array101on the saw back to the tracker and displayed on a monitor via the appropriate actuation of LEDs103by the internal processor102. No electrical connections are required between the tracker unit and surgical saw.

As the surgical saw is cutting the defined plane, the tracking array101via the LEDs103sends operating data of the surgical saw including the operating velocity, the forces experienced at the saw tip, how much bone is being removed, the accuracy of the position and orientation of the planar cut, and warnings if the device is encountering soft tissue. The tracking array on the patient's anatomy receives data that the surgical saw is aligned, misaligned, or endangering specific structures and transmits data to the tracking system and the surgical saw to confirm the correct alignment, correct and or pause the surgical saw if it is misaligned, or send a warning to the user if there is a potential safety concern. After the surgical saw is completed with its task, the surgical saw transmits a prompt to the user asking for new instructions.

While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in this foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the described embodiments in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope as set forth in the appended claims and the legal equivalents thereof. Additionally, as medical applications were presented herein, it should be understood that this technology could be implemented in other industries as well.