Patent ID: 12231185

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

As described above, trapped atoms may be used to implement quantum information processing systems or quantum computers. Atomic-based qubits can be used as different type of devices, including but not limited to quantum memories, quantum gates in quantum computers and simulators, and nodes for quantum communication networks. As used in this disclosure, the terms “atomic ions,” “atoms,” “charged ions,” and “ions” may be used interchangeably to describe the particles that are to be confined, or are actually confined, in a trap to form a crystal or similar arrangement or configuration. Neutral atoms and/or Rydberg atoms may be used in a similar manner as ions and, therefore, quantum information processing systems or quantum computers that use neutral atoms and/or Rydberg atoms may use the techniques described herein.

Individual addressing of each ion that is trapped in an ion trap may be needed to control the phase, frequency, and/or amplitude, and also the polarization, as required by a particular quantum gate or quantum operation to be implemented using the ion trap. One or more optical beams may be used to individually address the trapped ions in the ion trap, and in some instances, a global optical beam may be applied to all of the trapped ions. These counter-propagating optical beams, referred to as Raman optical beams or simply as Raman beams, may be produced or controlled by using a multi-channel AOM, which is a crystal having various piezo-electric transducers patterned with radio-frequency antennas, traces, or electrodes on one side and a radio-frequency absorber on the other side that deflect optical beams and shift its frequencies. The interaction with each optical beam may be separately controlled by an RF waveform generator (e.g., an AWG) and a piezo-electric transducer in a respective channel of the multi-channel AOM.

A problem arises in a multi-channel AOM when the application of RF energy or an RF signal in one channel may inadvertently impact or affect another channel. For example, turning on one channel may result in an adjacent or nearby channel being unintentionally turned on, e.g., unintentionally deflecting the optical beam present in that channel. In some instances, a portion of the RF energy and/or acoustic energy associated with one channel in the multi-channel AOM may “leak” into one or more neighboring channels. The “leak” may contribute to crosstalk noise and/or errors and may negatively impact the operation and/or control of the atomic-based qubits controlled by the multi-channel AOM (e.g., causing unintentional changes to the states of the trapped ions). To reduce or eliminate crosstalk noise or errors that result in certain individual channels, additional compensation tones (e.g., correction/correcting RF signals) may be applied to the appropriate channels of the AOM. The compensation tones may cancel/reduce the crosstalk effects that have “leaked” from neighboring channels. It is to be understood that in some cases the compensation tones may themselves generate crosstalk and the process may need to be iterated until the overall effect of crosstalk is reduced in the various channels of a multi-channel AOM.

Solutions to the issues described above are explained in more detail in connection withFIGS.1-13.

FIG.1shows a diagram100that illustrates multiple atomic ions106(e.g., atomic ions106a,106b, . . . ,106c, and106d) trapped in a linear crystal or chain110using a linear RF Paul trap (the linear crystal shown in the diagram100can be inside a vacuum chamber not shown) also referred to as an ion trap. In the example shown inFIG.1, a vacuum chamber in a quantum system includes electrodes for trapping multiple (e.g., N=20) atomic Ytterbium ions (e.g.,171Yb+ions) which are confined in the chain110and are laser-cooled to be nearly at rest. The number of atomic ions trapped can be configurable and more or fewer atomic ions may be trapped. The atoms are illuminated with laser (optical) radiation tuned to a resonance in171Yb+and the fluorescence of the atomic ions is imaged onto a camera. In this example, atomic ions are separated by about 5 microns (μm) from each other. The separation of the atomic ions is determined by a balance between the external confinement force and Coulomb repulsion and does not need to be uniform. Moreover, in addition to atomic Ytterbium ions, neutral atoms, Rydberg atoms, other atomic ions or species of atomic ions may also be used. Instead of linear RF Paul traps, optical or other form of confinement may be used. Thus, a confinement device may be based on different techniques and may hold ions, neutral atoms, or Rydberg atoms, for example, with an ion trap being one example of such a confinement device.

FIG.2, which shows a diagram200illustrating an example of Raman optical beam geometry for use in trapped ion systems in which individual optical beams210and a global optical beam220are directed to the chain110having the atomic ion qubits to control the atomic ion qubits to perform quantum operations. The optical beams in the same direction may be referred to as co-propagating optical beams and the optical beams in different or opposite directions may be referred to as non-co-propagating or counter-propagating optical beams, respectively. The individual optical beams210(co-propagating) are focused optical beams that individually address the ions, while the global optical beam220(which, as shown, counter-propagates with respect to the individual beams210) may be an unfocused or focused optical beam that impinges on all of the ions. In some instances, instead of the global optical beam220additional individual optical beam210may also be used. As used herein, the terms laser beams, optical beams, beams, optical fields, and fields may be used interchangeably. Each of the individual optical beams210can be controlled by, for example, a different channel in a multi-channel AOM. The global optical beam220can also be controlled by a respective channel in an AOM.

Turning now toFIG.3, an example of a system300is shown that includes a multi-channel acousto-optic modulator (AOM)310configured to enable crosstalk compensation and having multiple channels330(e.g., channels330a-d). The optical source or sources and the transmitted beams applied to the multi-channel AOM310is not shown for simplicity. Each channel may have associated with it a waveform generator for modulating (e.g., changing the characteristics) the optical beam deflected by that channel. For example, each channel may include a waveform generator that applies an RF signal (or “tone”) to a transducer (e.g., antennas, traces or electrodes on an AOM crystal), which in turn applies an acoustic wave to the channel (e.g., forms a corresponding acoustic column for the channel in the AOM crystal). The waveform generator may be, for example, an AWG or a direct digital synthesizer that can be configured to generate complex RF signals, particularly those that may be needed to compensate for crosstalk effects. The applied acoustic wave may modulate the optical beam in the corresponding channel by vibrating a portion of the channel and changing the refraction index of the portion of the channel. In other words, the transducer may modulate the optical beam deflected by the channel by changing the amplitude and/or frequency of the acoustic wave. This modulation may also change characteristics of the optical beam in the respective channel.

In one instance, the AOM310may be a multi-channel Bragg cell having piezo-electric transducers312a-dthat locally apply acoustic waves to the AOM310. The piezo-electric transducers312a-dmay be controlled by a controller320(which may be part of an optical controller920described below in connection withFIG.9) having waveform generators322a-d, one for each channel. The waveform generators322a-dmay be arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) and/or direct digital synthesizers. The waveform generators322a-dmay apply RF signals (or “tones”) of specific frequencies to generate acoustic waves. An RF tone may include multiple frequencies, but for simplicity of discussion, the RF tone may be said to be associated with a specific frequency (or single-frequency tone). The individual beams210a-dmay be provided to separately illuminate some of the trapped ions110to control aspects of the trapped ions, as shown above in connection withFIG.2.

Still referring toFIG.3, in certain implementations, the frequency, amplitude, and/or phase of each of the individual beams210a-dmay be modulated by AOM310. For example, the waveform generator322amay cause the transducer312ato generate a first acoustic wave (e.g., a first acoustic column) having a first predetermined quality in the first channel330a. The first acoustic wave generated by the transducer312amay cause the deflected individual optical beam210ato have a first frequency, a first phase, and/or a first amplitude. In another example, the waveform generator322bmay cause the transducer312bto generate a second acoustic wave (e.g., a second acoustic column) having a second predetermined quality in the second channel330b. The second acoustic wave generated by the transducer312bmay cause the deflected individual optical beam210bto have a second frequency, a second phase, and/or a second amplitude. In another example, the waveform generator322cmay cause the transducer312cto generate a third acoustic wave (e.g., a third acoustic column) having a third predetermined quality in the third channel330c. The third acoustic wave generated by the transducer312cmay cause the deflected individual optical beam210cto have a third frequency, a third phase, and/or a third amplitude. In yet another example, the waveform generator322dmay cause the transducer312dto generate a fourth acoustic wave (e.g., a fourth acoustic column) having a fourth predetermined quality in the fourth channel330d. The fourth acoustic wave generated by the transducer312dmay cause the deflected individual optical beam210dto have a fourth frequency, a fourth phase, and/or a fourth amplitude. The multi-channel AOM310may include as few as two channels and as many as 32 channels or more, and each channel may have a corresponding waveform generator and transducer as described above. Moreover, also as described, each channel in the AOM310is configured to deflect light (e.g., deflect an optical or laser beam) and shift the frequency (or frequencies) in a time-dependent manner. Thus, when the transducer or antenna of a particular channel is driven by an RF tone of the right frequency, it launches an acoustic wave into the crystal of the AOM310forming an acoustic column, which modulates the index of refraction of the crystal such that light propagating through the resulting acoustic column is deflected into one or more beams.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, when a waveform generator, such as any of the waveform generators322, applies an RF tone to generate an acoustic wave in a particular channel, a portion of the RF tone and/or the acoustic wave generated in that channel may “leak” into one or more neighboring channels (e.g., adjacent channel or nearby channel). For example, if the waveform generator322bgenerates the second RF tone to generate the second acoustic wave in the second channel330b, a portion of the second RF tone and/or a portion of the second acoustic wave may undesirably interact with the first channel330a, the third channel330c, and/or the fourth channel330d. The portion of the second RF tone and/or the portion of the second acoustic wave that spills over into the other channels may interfere with one or more of the frequency, phase, and/or amplitude of at least one of the individual optical beams210a,210c,210d, for example.

As described above, the application of the second RF tone can cause crosstalk noise in an adjacent channel in two ways (for more detail seeFIG.4). One way is for the second RF tone to couple (e.g., RF coupling) into the transducer of an adjacent channel and therefore appear as if an RF tone is being applied into that transducer even though no such application is taking place. Another way is for the acoustic column that results from the application of the second RF tone to overlap with another channel and therefore appearing as if an acoustic column is being formed in that other channel even though no such acoustic column is intended to be formed.

In an illustrative example, a portion of the second RF tone and/or a portion of the second acoustic wave may undesirably interact with the third channel330ccausing what may be referred to as a crosstalk effect, crosstalk noise, or crosstalk error on the third channel330c. The portion of the second RF tone that couples or interacts with the third channel330cmay be referred to as RF crosstalk, and the portion of the second acoustic wave that couples or interacts with the third channel330cmay be referred to as acoustic crosstalk. As described above, the RF crosstalk may result from electronic coupling between traces or electrodes in the second channel330band traces or electrodes in the third channel330c. The acoustic crosstalk may result from spatial overlap of the wings or spreading of an acoustic column formed in the second channel330bwith an acoustic column formed in the third channel330c. A portion of the crosstalk may be coherent crosstalk. Although incoherent crosstalk may also occur, it tends to occur through different mechanisms than those described herein. In some instances, the crosstalk may appear as a coherent drive signal (e.g., a sinusoidal wave) in the neighboring channel (e.g., the third channel330c). The portion of the second RF tone and/or the portion of the second acoustic wave may cause unintentional vibration of the crystal in the third channel330c, which may, in turn, cause one or more of the frequency, phase, and/or amplitude of the individual beam210cto change undesirably. In one example, the second channel330bmay be turned on and the crosstalk may cause the third channel330cto be unintentionally turned on, e.g., to deflect the light. The waveform generator322cmay provide a compensation RF tone that reduces, cancels, or eliminates the crosstalk effect caused by the portion of the second RF tone and/or the portion of the second acoustic wave. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the waveform generator322cmay provide a compensation RF tone that destructively interferes with a crosstalk effect caused by the second RF tone, and/or a compensation RF tone that generates a compensation acoustic wave that destructively interferes with a crosstalk effect caused by the second acoustic wave (explained in detail below).

It is to be understood that crosstalk noise may result in one channel by the application of RF tones or signals in one or more other nearby channels. It is also to be understood that the application of RF tones or signals in one channel may result in crosstalk noise in one or more other nearby channels. As noted above, the crosstalk noise may result from RF crosstalk, acoustic crosstalk, or a combination of the two.

Turning toFIG.4, an example of an AOM400is shown that illustrates suppressing crosstalk using cancellation tones according to aspects of the present disclosure.FIG.4shows a cross-sectional view of the AOM400, which is a multi-channel AOM and an example of the AOM310in the system300inFIG.3. The AOM400may include a first channel430a, a second channel430b, and a third channel430c, although additional channels may be present, where all the channels are formed on an AOM crystal410. The AOM400may include a first waveform generator422aconfigured to transmit a first RF tone to a first transducer412a(e.g., to antennas, traces, or electrodes of the first transducer412a) to generate a first acoustic wave. The AOM400may include a second waveform generator422bconfigured to transmit a second RF tone to a second transducer412bto generate a second acoustic wave. The AOM400may include a third waveform generator422cconfigured to transmit a third RF tone to a third transducer412cto generate a third acoustic wave.

During operation, in some instances, the second waveform generator422bmay transmit or apply the second RF tone to excite an acoustic column associated with the second acoustic wave that is generated in the second channel430b. A typical acoustic column450a(dashed lines) is a narrow column isolated or decoupled from another acoustic column such as an adjacent acoustic column450bthat may be separately excited in connection with the third channel430c. The second RF tone may inadvertently cause a crosstalk effect in the third channel430c. For example, the application of the second RF tone to the second transducer412bmay cause an RF crosstalk460and/or an acoustic crosstalk462that interacts with the third channel430c. That is, the application of the second RF tone to the antennas, traces, or electrodes of the second transducer412bmay result in an RF coupling or RF crosstalk460with the traces or electrodes of the third transducer412c. In such a case, a signal that is smaller but proportional to the second RF tone may appear to be applied to the third transducer412ceven though no such signal is being generated by the third waveform generator422c. This coupled signal may be sufficiently strong to, for example, unintentionally turn on the third channel430cand excite the acoustic column450b, or change the characteristics of the acoustic column450bif the third channel430cis on.

In another example, the acoustic column associated with the second acoustic wave that is generated in the second channel430bmay not be confined to a narrow acoustic column450a(dashed lines) but instead has components throughout a broad acoustic column450c(dotted lines) that overlaps (shade) with a region where the acoustic column450bis to be formed (or is formed if the third channel430cis turned on). This overlap causes the second channel430bto introduce an acoustic crosstalk462to the third channel430cby either at least partially turning on the third channel430cwhen the third channel430cis off or by changing the characteristics of the acoustic column450bwhen the third channel430cis turned on. Note that the effect of the acoustic crosstalk462varies depending on where it happens in the third channel430c. In this example, the acoustic crosstalk462occurs mostly on the left side of the third channel430csuch that the right side of the third channel430csees little to no acoustic crosstalk effects. It is to be understood that the RF crosstalk and the acoustic crosstalk discussed above may occur individually or in combination. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the second channel430bon the third channel430ccan be illustrated by a signal470.

To reduce the overall crosstalk effect on the third channel430ccaused by the RF crosstalk460and/or the acoustic crosstalk462(e.g., to reduce the overall crosstalk illustrated by the signal470), the third waveform generator422cmay transmit or apply a compensation RF tone (also referred to as a correcting/correction RF signal). The compensation RF tone may generate a compensation acoustic tone. In one implementation, the compensation RF tone, and therefore the compensation acoustic tone generated from the compensation RF tone, may destructively interfere with the crosstalk effect and may cancel, reduce, or eliminate the crosstalk effect on the third channel430c. This destructive interference may be illustrated by a signal475that is used to cancel the signal470that illustrates the crosstalk effect. The signal475is of about the same amplitude and inverse phase (i.e., 180°/π radian out of phase) as the crosstalk effect signal470. This compensation RF tone may be applied by itself to turn the third channel “off”, or applied along with the desired drive signal for the third channel.

It is to be understood that the compensation technique described in connection withFIG.4reflects a simple scenario in which two channels interact with each other. It may be the case that the compensation RF tone that is applied to reduce the crosstalk effect on one channel may cause its own crosstalk effect on an adjacent or nearby channel. Such a situation may require that multiple channels calculate or compute compensation RF tones, apply those compensation RF tones by themselves or with the desired drive signal, evaluate the effect of the compensation RF tones on the multiple channels, and iterate if necessary, by calculating or computing new compensation RF tones until an acceptable overall crosstalk reduction is achieved (e.g., a certain threshold level is met).

In certain implementations, the frequency, amplitude, phase delay, or other properties of the compensation or correction signals may be dependent on the temperature of the AOM crystal410. For example, if the second waveform generator422bgenerates and applies an RF tone that results in crosstalk (illustrated by the signal470) in the third channel430c, then the third waveform generator422cmay generate and apply a compensation or correction tone to destructively interfere (the signal475) with the signal470and thereby reduce or eliminate the crosstalk effect. As the temperature of the AOM crystal410changes, the physical characteristics (e.g., amplitude) of the signal475may change (e.g., amplitude may increase or decrease) to adjust for the changes in the optical properties of the AOM crystal410with temperature such that the signal475can completely or near completely interfere with the signal470and thereby reduce or eliminate the crosstalk effect even as the temperature of the AOM crystal410changes. The physical characteristics of the signal475that may change can also include the frequency, phase delay, and/or other properties of the signal475.

Referring now toFIG.5, illustrated is an example of a system500for measuring channel crosstalk. The system500may include an AOM502, an optical source570, and a detector572. The AOM502may be a multi-channel AOM and may be an example of the multi-channel AOMs310and400described above. The system500may include a first channel530aand a second channel530b. The system500may include a first waveform generator522aconfigured to transmit a first RF tone to a first transducer512ato generate a first acoustic wave associated with a corresponding acoustic column. The AOM system500may include a second waveform generator522bconfigured to transmit a second RF tone to a second transducer512bto generate a second acoustic wave associated with a corresponding acoustic column.

During operation to measure channel crosstalk, the optical source570may emit an optical beam574. It is to be understood that the optical beam574may pass through various optical and/or optoelectronic devices before reaching the AOM502. The detector572may detect the optical beam574, including the optical properties of the optical beam574, such as the amplitude, phase, and/or frequency of the optical beam574. In some instances, during channel crosstalk measurement, the first waveform generator522amay apply a first RF tone (e.g., at maximum power of the first waveform generator522a) to the first channel530aat a frequency ƒ and zero phase (or some other reference phase). The first RF tone may be described by the equation A sin(2πƒt+Φ), where A is the amplitude of the first RF tone and Φ is the phase of the first RF tone (e.g., zero phase). The first RF tone may induce a crosstalk effect on the second channel530b, which is off at the time. As described above, this crosstalk effect may be caused by one or both of an RF crosstalk (e.g., electrical coupling) or an acoustic crosstalk (e.g., acoustic column overlap). The crosstalk effect on the second channel530bmay cause the optical properties of the optical beam574to change, such as the amplitude, phase, and/or frequency of the optical beam574. The detector572may detect the optical beam574and the change in the optical properties of the optical beam574. The second waveform generator522bmay apply a compensation RF tone to the second channel530bat the frequency ƒ, which produces a corresponding compensation acoustic wave in the second channel530b. The second waveform generator522bmay iteratively adjust (manually or automatically via a feedback) the amplitude and/or the phase of the compensation RF tone until the change in the optical properties of the optical beam574is minimized or substantially minimized for the frequency ƒ. The compensation RF tone may be describe by the equation A (α1→2) sin (2πft+Φ+θ1→2), where α1→2is the amplitude adjustment factor of the compensation RF tone and θ1→2is the phase adjustment factor of the compensation RF tone. In some examples, the process above may be repeated for one or more frequencies of the optical beam574. In other non-limiting examples, the process above may be repeated for one or more channels (e.g., the first channel530a) of the AOM502.

In certain implementations, the compensation RF tone may have a lower amplitude than the first RF tone (i.e., α1→2is less than 1).

In some instances of the present disclosure, the compensation RF tone may correct RF crosstalk and/or acoustic crosstalk from more than one channel. The compensation RF tones may superimpose multiple amplitude adjustment factors and/or phase adjustment factors from a plurality of channels. That is, a compensation or correction RF tone or signal may be configured to correct for a combined crosstalk effect resulting from the interactions of multiple channels.

In certain implementation, the compensation RF tone may be superimposed onto the second RF tone applied by the second waveform generator522b.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, the compensation RF tone may be adjusted depending on the location of the optical beam574within the second channel530b. For example, if the optical beam574is closer to the first channel530a(i.e., where there may be higher RF and/or acoustic crosstalk noise), the compensation RF tone may have higher energy. If the optical beam574is farther from the first channel530a(i.e., where there may be lower RF and/or acoustic crosstalk noise), the compensation RF tone may have lower energy.

In an implementation, the detector572may be a photodiode, a photodetection system, an atom, or a trapped ion in a chain like the chain110described above. For example, the detector572can be a photodiode that captures a large area or a photodiode that detects a portion of a field through an aperture, or a photodiode that responds to low light levels such as a PIN photodiode or avalanche photodiode or one with lower responsivity.

In other implementations, the system500may be integrated into a quantum computer to perform in-situ measurement/calibration to generate the compensation RF tones for each channel of the AOM502. The compensation RF tone may reduce the crosstalk between different channels and therefore reduce errors or increase the fidelity of the quantum gates implemented in a quantum computer.

In some examples of the present disclosure, the compensation RF tones may cancel other crosstalk signals, such as crosstalk signals from non-adjacent (e.g., non-spatially adjacent) channels in an AOM. For example, the effects of a channel that is two or more channels apart from the affected channel may be canceled using the appropriate compensation RF tone.

In an implementation, the signals measured by the detector572may be smoothed or averaged to reduce measurement noise. In such a case, multiple measurements may be made and smoothed or averaged over time.

In certain implementations, the compensation RF tones may cancel coherent crosstalk noises from physical mechanisms other than electronic coupling, acoustic overlap, or a combination of the two. Examples of the physical mechanisms may include ambient noise, temperature fluctuations, etc.

In certain implementations, the crosstalk measurements may be performed in one AOM and those measurements may be used with another similar AOM. For example, one AOM may be already part of or integrated with (e.g., installed) a quantum computer or QIP system and a different, separate AOM may be used for testing and the results from that testing may be deemed to be applicable when performing crosstalk cancelation operations in connection with the integrated AOM.

In some instances, some or all components of the system500may be integrated into the system300(FIG.3) to perform real-time or near real-time measurement, calibration, and/or noise cancellation/compensation that reduces or eliminates the types of crosstalk effects, noise, or errors described herein. For example, during operation (e.g., of a QIP system as described below) the system300may include the detector572to detect or measure various aspects of one or more of the optical beams210. If the RF tone of one channel causes crosstalk in another channel (which may cause changes in the optical characteristics of the optical beam in the other channel, such as phase, amplitude, frequency, etc.), the waveform generator of the other channel may apply a compensation tone in real time or near real-time to minimize the changes in the optical characteristics of the optical beam. It is to be understood that these crosstalk effects can be from one channel to another channel, from one channel to several other channels, from several channels to one channel, and from several channels to several other channels, and therefore there may be a need to determine multiple model parameters to be used when certain channels are used to compensate for their effects on other channels. Generally, a model of the multi-channel AOM crosstalk effects can be obtained or determined from first principles (e.g., physical and mathematical analysis) and by performing experiments, tests, and/or measurements to determine the appropriate parameters for the model. This, however, can be challenging, particularly when the number of channels in the multi-channel AOM is large. A different approach may be to use an inferred model generated by, for example, training a model based on one or more neural networks. In this approach, many different scenarios are presented to train the model and obtain the appropriate parameters of the model. The neural network-based model, just like the first principles model, is then used to generate and apply the appropriate compensation signals for a particular scenario. For example, when RF tones are applied to one or more channels, the model may be used to determine which channels would be affected and the compensation signal that is needed in each affected channel to reduce or eliminate crosstalk effects.

In some implementations, the measurements of the overall crosstalk and the characterizations of the corresponding compensation or correction tones may be automated using a neural network-based model that is implemented as part of a quantum computer or QIP system. The neural network-based model may be used to generate and apply RF tones having varying frequencies, amplitudes, and/or phases on the channels of the AOM502and measurements of the overall crosstalk effects (e.g., changes in the phase, amplitude, and/or frequency of the optical beams210) on other channels of the AOM502may be fed back to the neural network-based model to optimize its performance. The neural network-based model, just like the first principles model, may minimize the crosstalk effects by applying compensation RF tones of varying frequencies, amplitudes, and/or phases (a functional dependence on the frequencies, amplitudes, and/or phases of the applied RF tones).

Moreover, aspects of the system500may be applicable to the scenario described above in which the compensation RF tone that is applied to reduce the crosstalk effect on one channel may cause its own crosstalk effect on an adjacent or nearby channel, where such situation may also involve multiple channels and the need to iteratively compute or calculate compensation RF tones in the multiple channels until an acceptable overall crosstalk reduction is achieved (e.g., the crosstalk effect in each of the channels is below a certain level).

Turning now toFIG.6, and referencingFIG.4, in some implementations, the waveform generators422(e.g., AWGs and/or direct digital synthesizers) may generate signals that are frequency dependent or frequency varying. Specifically, the frequency, amplitude, phase delay, or other properties of the compensation signals may be dependent on the frequency (or frequencies) of the crosstalk signals. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a first RF tone to generate a first acoustic column in the first channel430a. The first RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal600. The signal600may have a first frequency605. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a first compensation RF tone. The first compensation RF tone may generate a first compensation acoustic tone. The first compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The first compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal610. The signal610may have the first frequency605. The signal610may destructively interfere with the signal600.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a second RF tone to generate a second acoustic column in the first channel430a. The second RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal620. The signal620may have a second frequency625. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a second compensation RF tone. The second compensation RF tone may generate a second compensation acoustic tone. The second compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The second compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal630. The signal630may have the second frequency625. The signal630may destructively interfere with the signal620.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a third RF tone to generate a third acoustic column in the first channel430a. The third RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal640. The signal640may have a third frequency645. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a third compensation RF tone. The third compensation RF tone may generate a third compensation acoustic tone. The third compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The third compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal650. The signal650may have the third frequency645. The signal650may destructively interfere with the signal640.

It is to be understood that the crosstalk effect on a particular channel may be caused by multiple signals of different frequencies (e.g., from different channels). In such a case, the waveform generator for the channel being affected may provide a combined compensation signal to cancel the crosstalk effect caused by signals with different frequencies. An AWG or a direct digital synthesizer may be configurable to generate such signals.

Turning toFIG.7, an example of an AOM700illustrates suppressing time-delayed crosstalk using cancellation tones according to aspects of the present disclosure.FIG.7shows a cross-sectional view of the AOM700, which is a multi-channel AOM and an example of the AOM310in the system300inFIG.3. The AOM700may include a first channel730a, a second channel730b, and a third channel730c, although additional channels may be present, where all the channels are formed on an AOM crystal710. The AOM700may include a first waveform generator722a(e.g., an AWG or a direct digital synthesizer) configured to generate and apply a first RF tone to a first transducer712a(e.g., to antennas, traces, or electrodes of the first transducer712a) to generate a first acoustic wave. The AOM700may include a second waveform generator722bconfigured to generate and apply a second RF tone to a second transducer712bto generate a second acoustic wave. The AOM700may include a third waveform generator722cconfigured to generate and apply a third RF tone to a third transducer712cto generate a third acoustic wave.

During operation, in some instances, the second waveform generator722bmay transmit or apply the second RF tone to excite an acoustic column associated with the second acoustic wave that is generated in the second channel730b. A typical acoustic column750a(dashed lines) is a narrow column isolated or decoupled from another acoustic column such as an adjacent acoustic column750bthat may be separately excited in connection with the third channel730c. The second RF tone may unintendedly cause a crosstalk effect in the third channel730c. For example, the application of the second RF tone to the second transducer712bmay cause an RF crosstalk760and/or an acoustic crosstalk762that interacts with the third channel730c. That is, the application of the second RF tone to the antennas, traces, or electrodes of the second transducer712bmay result in an RF coupling or RF crosstalk760with the antennas, traces, or electrodes of the third transducer712c. In such a case, a signal that is smaller but proportional to the second RF tone may appear to be applied to the third transducer712ceven though no such signal is being generated by the third waveform generator722c. This coupled signal may be sufficiently strong to, for example, unintentionally turn on the third channel730cand excite the acoustic column750b, or change the characteristics of the acoustic column750bif the third channel730cis on.

In another example, the acoustic column associated with the second acoustic wave that is generated in the second channel730bmay not be a narrow acoustic column750a(dashed lines) but instead it is a broad acoustic column750c(dotted lines) that overlaps (shade) with a region where the acoustic column750bis to be formed. This overlap causes the second channel730bto introduce an acoustic crosstalk762to the third channel730cby either at least partially turning on the third channel730cwhen the third channel730cis off or by changing the characteristics of the acoustic column750bwhen the third channel730cis turned on. Note that the effect of the acoustic crosstalk762varies depending on where it happens in the third channel730c. In this example, the acoustic crosstalk762occurs mostly on the left side of the third channel730csuch that the right side of the third channel730csees little to no acoustic crosstalk effects. It is to be understood that the RF crosstalk and the acoustic crosstalk discussed above may occur individually or in combination.

In some instances, the second waveform generator722bmay generate the second RF tone at an initial time t=t0. The second RF tone may be illustrated by a signal769. The application of the second RF tone to the second transducer712bmay cause the RF crosstalk760and/or the acoustic crosstalk762that interacts with the third channel730c. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the second channel730bon the third channel730ccan be illustrated by a signal770. However, the overall crosstalk effect may not begin at the initial time t=t0because the RF crosstalk760and/or the acoustic crosstalk762may take time to propagate from the second channel730bto the third channel730c. That is, there may be a physical delay between the application of the second RF tone to the second transducer712band when the crosstalk effect manifests itself in the third channel730c. Therefore, the signal770representing the overall crosstalk effect may begin at t=t1, after a time delay tdelay. In one example, the RF crosstalk760may arrive at the third channel730cbefore the acoustic crosstalk762. When both RF crosstalk and acoustic crosstalk are present and there is a difference in how fast each manifests itself, the timing of the application of a compensation tone to the third channel730cmay be based on when the combined crosstalk effect more strongly manifests itself. It is possible to apply two different compensations tones in this case, each with a different amplitude, one tone for the acoustic crosstalk and another tone for the RF crosstalk.

To reduce the overall crosstalk effect on the third channel730ccaused by the RF crosstalk760and/or the acoustic crosstalk762(e.g., to reduce the overall crosstalk illustrated by the signal770), the third waveform generator722cmay transmit or apply a compensation RF tone. The third waveform generator722cmay transmit or apply the compensation RF tone at t=t1to account for the time delay tdelayof the RF crosstalk760and/or the acoustic crosstalk762, or transmit or apply the compensation RF tone with a phase shift (equaling to the tdelay) to account for the time delay tdelay. The compensation RF tone may generate a compensation acoustic tone. In one implementation, the compensation RF tone, and therefore the compensation acoustic tone generated from the compensation RF tone, may destructively interfere with the crosstalk effect and may cancel, reduce, or eliminate the crosstalk effect on the third channel730c. This destructive interference may be illustrated by a signal775that is used to cancel the signal770that illustrates the crosstalk effect. The signal775is of about the same amplitude and inverse phase (i.e., 180°/π radian out of phase) as the crosstalk effect signal770.

It is to be understood that a channel may be affected by one or more channels and the effect of each of these channels may have a different delay. For example, adjacent channels (e.g., immediately next channels) to either side of the affected channel may produce a crosstalk effect with same or similar delays, however, more distant channels may produce a crosstalk effect with greater delays.

Turning now toFIG.8, and referencingFIG.4, in some implementations, the waveform generators422(e.g., AWGs and/or direct digital synthesizers) may generate signals that are amplitude dependent or amplitude varying. Specifically, the frequency, amplitude, phase delay, or other properties of the compensation signals may be dependent on the amplitude (or power) of the crosstalk signals or crosstalk effects. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a first RF tone to generate a first acoustic column in the first channel430a. The first RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal800. The signal800may have a first amplitude805. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a first compensation RF tone. The first compensation RF tone may generate a first compensation acoustic tone. The first compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The first compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal810. The signal810may have the first amplitude805. The signal810may destructively interfere with the signal800.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a second RF tone to generate a second acoustic column in the first channel430a. The second RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal820. The signal820may have a second amplitude825. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a second compensation RF tone. The second compensation RF tone may generate a second compensation acoustic tone. The second compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The second compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal830. The signal830may have the second amplitude825. The signal830may destructively interfere with the signal820.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, the first waveform generator422amay generate and apply a third RF tone to generate a third acoustic column in the first channel430a. The third RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by a signal840. The signal840may have a third amplitude845. The second waveform generator422bmay generate and apply a third compensation RF tone. The third compensation RF tone may generate a third compensation acoustic tone. The third compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The third compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal850. The signal850may have the third amplitude845. The signal850may destructively interfere with the signal840.

The examples shown inFIG.8illustrate cases where the amount of the crosstalk effect may be proportional to the amount of power or amplitude of the RF tone applied to the channel causing the effect. Consequently, the amount of power or amplitude of the compensation tone or correction signal applied to the affected channel is also proportional to the amount of power or amplitude of the RF tone.

In some implementations, there may exist a non-linear effect between the energy of the RF tone that produces the crosstalk (e.g., RF and/or acoustic) and the energy of the crosstalk that is produced. For example, an RF tone that produces crosstalk signal having an amplitude of a may be compensated by a compensation RF tone that produces a compensation signal having the same amplitude of α. The correlation between the RF tone and the compensation RF tone may be linear up to a certain threshold, i.e., crosstalk signals having an amplitude of 2α, 3α, 4α . . . , nα may be compensated by compensation signals having an amplitude of 2α, 3α, 4α . . . , nα, respectively). It is to be understood that integer multiples of a as described above are merely by way of illustration and a may be scaled by non-integer values as well. As the amplitude of the crosstalk signal reaches a certain value, a saturation state may occur where the amplitude of the crosstalk signal does not increase with an increase in the RF tone and therefore the compensation signal need not be increased further to perform compensation/cancellation. That is, a stronger (e.g., larger energy or amplitude) RF tone will not cause the crosstalk effect to increase and as the crosstalk effect saturates the compensation signal can remain the same.

Referring toFIG.9, a method or flow diagram900is described that illustrates the application of cancellation or compensation tones to the channels of an AOM to suppress crosstalk in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The method900may be performed in a computer system such as a computer system or device1300described below with respect toFIG.13, where, for example, a processor1310, a memory1320, a data store1340, and/or an operating system1360may be used to perform the functions of the method900. Similarly, the functions of the method900may be performed by one or more components of a QIP system such as a QIP system1200described below and its components (e.g., the optical controller1220, a crosstalk controller1240, and/or their subcomponents).

At block902, the method900may include calculating RF waves or tones for all channels of the multi-channel AOM (e.g., initial RF waves or tones A calculated in connection with channel and time). Using compensation corrections such as those determined by the techniques described above in relation toFIGS.4and5, compensation RF waves are calculated for these initial RF waves at block904(e.g., compensation RF waves or tones B calculated in connection with compensation channel, excitation channel and time). These compensation RF waves or tones are then added to the initial RF waves or tones for each channel. Since the compensation RF waves or tones themselves may generate crosstalk, this compensation RF wave or tone calculation may be performed one or more times908(e.g., in an iterative manner). Finally, at block906, the calculated RF waves or tones (e.g., combined initial RF wave or tone in addition to an optimized compensation RF wave or tone) that reduce the effect of the RF crosstalk and/or the acoustic crosstalk on all channels may be applied to the multi-channel AOM.

Referring toFIG.10, a method1000of operating a multi-channel AOM to compensate for coherent crosstalk noise may be performed in a computer system such as the computer system or device1300described above, where, for example, the processor1310, the memory1320, the data store1340, and/or the operating system1360may be used to perform the functions of the method1000. Similarly, the functions of the method1000may be performed by one or more components of a QIP system such as the QIP system1200and its components (e.g., the optical controller1220, the crosstalk controller1240, and/or their subcomponents).

At block1002, the method1000may include applying a first radio-frequency (RF) tone to generate a first acoustic wave in a first channel of the multi-channel AOM, wherein the first acoustic wave includes a first characteristic and the first acoustic wave interacts with a second channel of the multi-channel AOM to cause a crosstalk effect on the second channel. For example, the first waveform generator422amay transmit a first RF tone to generate a first acoustic column in the first channel430a. The first RF tone may cause an RF crosstalk that generates an acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The overall crosstalk effect produced by the first channel430aon the second channel430bcan be illustrated by the signal600. The signal600may have the first frequency605.

At block1004, the method1000may include applying a second RF tone to generate a second acoustic wave in the second channel of the multi-channel AOM, wherein a second characteristic of the second acoustic wave is dependent on the first characteristic of the first acoustic wave and the second acoustic wave reduces or eliminates the crosstalk effect caused by the first acoustic wave. For example, the second waveform generator422bmay transmit a first compensation RF tone. The first compensation RF tone may generate a first compensation acoustic tone. The first compensation acoustic tone may reduce and/or cancel the acoustic crosstalk in the second channel430b. The first compensation acoustic tone may be illustrated by a signal610. The signal610may have the first frequency605. The signal610may destructively interfere with the signal600. The frequency of the signal610may be dependent on the frequency of the signal600.

In an aspect of the method1000, wherein applying the first RF tone turns on the first channel, and applying the second RF tone reduces or eliminates the crosstalk effect such that turning on the first channel does not cause the second channel to unintentionally be turned on by the first RF tone.

In another aspect of the method1000, further comprising measuring the crosstalk effect of the first acoustic wave.

In certain aspect of the method1000, wherein measuring the crosstalk effect further comprises measuring the crosstalk effect using a photodiode or a trapped ion aligned to detect an optical beam deflected from the second channel.

In some aspects of the method1000, further comprising adjusting, while measuring the crosstalk effect, the second RF tone to minimize the crosstalk effect.

In a non-limiting aspect of the method1000, further comprising adjusting the second RF tone to adjust the second characteristic of the second acoustic wave based on the first characteristic.

In some aspects of the method1000, wherein the first characteristic or the second characteristic include at least one of a frequency, a phase, or an amplitude.

In one aspect of the method1000, wherein applying the second RF tone further comprises applying the second RF tone after a time delay equaling to a time difference between a first time of applying the first RF tone and a second time of the first acoustic wave causing the crosstalk effect.

In an aspect of the method1000, further comprising adjusting the second RF tone to be smaller than and proportional to an amplitude of the first RF tone and a phase of the second RF tone to be an inverse of a phase of the first RF tone.

Referring toFIG.11, a method1100of operating a multi-channel AOM to compensate for coherent crosstalk noise may be performed in a computer system such as the computer system or device1300described above, where, for example, the processor1310, the memory1320, the data store1340, and/or the operating system1360may be used to perform the functions of the method1100. Similarly, the functions of the method1100may be performed by one or more components of a QIP system such as the QIP system1200and its components (e.g., the optical controller1220, the crosstalk controller1240, and/or their subcomponents).

At block1102, the method1100may include generating and applying a separate RF signal to each of multiple channels in the multi-channel AOM using a respective AWG (or direct digital synthesizer) to turn on the multiple channels, each of the multiple channels that is turned on interacting with at least one of the remaining channels in the multi-channel AOM that is not turned on causing a combined crosstalk effect on the at least one of the remaining channels, and each channel in the multi-channel AOM having a single respective AWG.

At block1104, the method1100may include generating and applying a correcting RF signal to each of the at least one of the remaining channels using a respective AWG to produce an acoustic wave that at least partially corrects for the combined crosstalk effect caused by the multiple channels, the at least partial correction being such that turning on the multiple channels does not cause the at least one of the remaining channels to be unintentionally turned on.

In another aspect of the method1100, the method1100further includes generating and applying an RF signal in addition to the correcting RF signal to one or more of the at least one of the remaining channels to turn on the one or more of the at least one of the remaining channels.

In another aspect of the method1100, the multiple channels may be concurrently turned on.

In another aspect of the method1100, the correcting RF signal generated and applied to each of the at least one of the remaining channels is an estimated signal based on the combined crosstalk effect from the interactions of the multiple channels with the at least one of the remaining channels, the estimated signal including a signal component for each of the interactions.

In another aspect of the method1100, the combined crosstalk effect is a coherent crosstalk effect having a fixed phase relationship with respect to the separate RF signal applied to each of the multiple channels.

In another aspect of the method1100, a frequency or frequencies of the correcting RF signal applied to each of the at least one of the remaining channels depend on a frequency or frequencies of the separate RF signal applied to each of the multiple channels.

In another aspect of the method1100, generating and applying the correcting RF signal to each of the at least one of the remaining channels is delayed with respect to applying the separate RF signal to each of the multiple channels based on a time it takes for the combined crosstalk effect to manifest in the at least one of the remaining channels. The delay may be different for different ones of the remaining channels.

In another aspect of the method1100, the at least partial correction for the combined crosstalk effect by the acoustic wave is time dependent.

In another aspect of the method1100, the correcting RF signal generated and applied to the at least one of the remaining channels is based on an amplitude of one or more of the separate RF signal applied to each of the multiple channels.

In another aspect of the method1100, the correcting RF signal generated and applied to the at least one of the remaining channels is based on an external factor including a temperature of the multi-channel AOM, and input optical beam applied to the multi-channel AOM, or both.

In another aspect of the method1100, the method1100further includes measuring the combined crosstalk effect on the at least one of the remaining channels by observing one or more characteristics of an optical beam deflected from the at least one of the remaining channels. The measuring of the combined crosstalk effect may be performed multiple times and the correcting RF signal applied to the at least one of the remaining channels is an estimated signal based on the multiple measurements of the combined crosstalk effect. Measuring the combined crosstalk effect may further include measuring the combined crosstalk effect using a photodiode or a trapped ion aligned to detect the optical beam deflected from the at least one of the remaining channels. The method1200may further include adjusting, while measuring the combined crosstalk effect, the correcting RF signal applied to the at least one of the remaining channels to minimize the combined crosstalk effect.

In another aspect of the method1100, the method1100may further include receiving, at the respective AWG, information of the correcting RF signal to be generated and applied to each of the at least one of the remaining channels, wherein the information is generated by an inferential model of the multi-channel AOM; and generating, by the respective AWG, the correcting RF signal for it to be applied to each of the at least one of the remaining channels based on the received information.

FIG.12is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a QIP system1200in accordance with aspects of this disclosure in which the techniques described above, as well as the methods described below, to control coherent crosstalk errors in multi-channel AOM using cancelation tones can be implemented. The QIP system1200may also be referred to as a quantum computing system, a computer device, a trapped ion system, or the like.

The QIP system1200can include a source1260that provides atomic species (e.g., a plume or flux of neutral atoms) to a chamber1250having an ion trap1270that traps the atomic species once ionized (e.g., photoionized) by the source1260. The ion trap1270may be part of a processor or processing portion of the QIP system1200.

The imaging system1230can include a high-resolution imager (e.g., CCD camera) for monitoring the atomic ions while they are being provided to the ion trap or after they have been provided to the ion trap1270. In an aspect, the imaging system930can be implemented separate from the optical controller1220, however, the use of fluorescence to detect, identify, and label atomic ions using image processing algorithms may need to be coordinated with the optical controller1220. The AOMs described above, as well as the photodetectors and optical beam sources, may be part of the optical controller1220.

The QIP system1200may also include an algorithms component1210that may operate with other parts of the QIP system1200(not shown) to perform quantum algorithms or quantum operations, including a stack or sequence of combinations of single qubit operations and/or multi-qubit operations (e.g., two-qubit operations) as well as extended quantum computations. As such, the algorithms component1210may provide instructions to various components of the QIP system1200(e.g., to the optical controller1220) to enable the implementation of the quantum algorithms or quantum operations.

The QIP system1200may also include a crosstalk controller1240that is configured to perform the techniques described above to control coherent crosstalk errors in multi-channel AOM using cancelation tones. In one example, the crosstalk controller1240may apply the appropriate cancellation tones based on information collected by measurements performed by the crosstalk controller1240or by information collected separately and stored in the crosstalk controller1240. The crosstalk controller1240is therefore configured to control the waveform generators to generate and apply appropriate compensation or correction signals to reduce or eliminate crosstalk effects. The crosstalk controller1240may provide information to the waveform generators to generate the appropriate signals. In some instances, the crosstalk controller may implement a model that is used to provide appropriate parameters from which to generate signals for crosstalk correction.

Aspects described above in connection with the system300, the AOM400, the system500, and the AOM700may be implemented in whole or in part in the crosstalk controller1240and/or the optical controller1220. Moreover, the QIP system1200may be used to implement or perform the methods900,1000, and1100described above in connection withFIGS.9,10, and11.

Referring now toFIG.13, illustrated is an example computer system or device1300in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The computer device1300can represent a single computing device, multiple computing devices, or a distributed computing system, for example. The computer device1300may be configured as a quantum computer (e.g., a QIP system), a classical computer, or a combination of quantum and classical computing functions. For example, the computer device1300may be used to process information using quantum algorithms based on trapped ion technology and may therefore implement methods to control coherent crosstalk errors in multi-channel AOM using cancelation tones A generic example of the computer device1300as a QIP system that can implement the various compensation schemes described herein is illustrated in the QIP system1200shown inFIG.12.

In one example, the computer device1300may include a processor1310for carrying out processing functions associated with one or more of the features described herein. The processor1310may include a single or multiple set of processors or multi-core processors. Moreover, the processor1310may be implemented as an integrated processing system and/or a distributed processing system. The processor1310may include a central processing unit (CPU), a quantum processing unit (QPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or combination of those types of processors. In one aspect, the processor1310may refer to a general processor of the computer device1300, which may also include additional processors1310to perform more specific functions such as functions for individual beam control.

In an example, the computer device1300may include a memory1320for storing instructions executable by the processor1310for carrying out the functions described herein. In an implementation, for example, the memory1320may correspond to a computer-readable storage medium that stores code or instructions to perform one or more of the functions or operations described herein. In one example, the memory1320may include instructions to perform aspects of the methods900,1000, and1100described above in connection withFIGS.9,10, and11, respectively. Just like the processor1310, the memory1320may refer to a general memory of the computer device1300, which may also include additional memories1320to store instructions and/or data for more specific functions such as instructions and/or data for individual beam control.

Further, the computer device1300may include a communications component1330that provides for establishing and maintaining communications with one or more parties utilizing hardware, software, and services as described herein. The communications component1330may carry communications between components on the computer device1300, as well as between the computer device1300and external devices, such as devices located across a communications network and/or devices serially or locally connected to computer device1300. For example, the communications component1030may include one or more buses, and may further include transmit chain components and receive chain components associated with a transmitter and receiver, respectively, operable for interfacing with external devices.

Additionally, the computer device1300may include a data store1340, which can be any suitable combination of hardware and/or software, that provides for mass storage of information, databases, and programs employed in connection with implementations described herein. For example, the data store1340may be a data repository for operating system1360(e.g., classical OS, or quantum OS). In one implementation, the data store1340may include the memory1320.

The computer device1300may also include a user interface component1350operable to receive inputs from a user of the computer device1300and further operable to generate outputs for presentation to the user or to provide to a different system (directly or indirectly). The user interface component1350may include one or more input devices, including but not limited to a keyboard, a number pad, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a digitizer, a navigation key, a function key, a microphone, a voice recognition component, any other mechanism capable of receiving an input from a user, or any combination thereof. Further, the user interface component1350may include one or more output devices, including but not limited to a display, a speaker, a haptic feedback mechanism, a printer, any other mechanism capable of presenting an output to a user, or any combination thereof.

In an implementation, the user interface component1350may transmit and/or receive messages corresponding to the operation of the operating system1360. In addition, the processor1310may execute the operating system1360and/or applications or programs, and the memory1320or the data store1340may store them.

When the computer device1300is implemented as part of a cloud-based infrastructure solution, the user interface component1350may be used to allow a user of the cloud-based infrastructure solution to remotely interact with the computer device1300.

The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the common principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspect, unless stated otherwise. Thus, the disclosure is not to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.