Patent ID: 12247873

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings. Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Image sensors, and in particular, image sensors that include color routers are disclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the techniques described herein can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring certain aspects.

Reference throughout this specification to “one example” or “one embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one example of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one example” or “in one embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more examples.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “under”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. In addition, it will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “between” two layers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or more intervening layers may also be present.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the disclosure. Moreover, while various advantages and features associated with certain embodiments have been described above in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages and/or features, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages and/or features to fall within the scope of the technology. Where methods are described, the methods may include more, fewer, or other steps. Additionally, steps may be performed in any suitable order. Accordingly, the disclosure can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. In the context of this disclosure, the terms “about,” “approximately,” etc., mean+/−5% of the stated value.

Throughout this specification, several terms of art are used. These terms are to take on their ordinary meaning in the art from which they come, unless specifically defined herein or the context of their use would clearly suggest otherwise. It should be noted that element names and symbols may be used interchangeably through this document (e.g., Si vs. silicon); however, both have identical meaning.

Briefly, the embodiments of the present technology are directed to image sensors for use under a variety of lighting levels. In some embodiments, the image sensor, via a plurality of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) collects a plurality of SPAD events. In some embodiments, the SPAD events are counted, and a counter code is determined. Based on the counter code, one or more SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled. In some embodiments, when light is higher (i.e., the intensity of light is higher), fewer SPADs are needed and therefore enabled, and when light is lower (i.e., the intensity of light is lower), more SPADs are enabled. In this manner, peak current can be reduced or even suppressed.

FIG.1Aillustrates an example imaging system100in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The imaging system100includes a pixel array102, a control circuitry106, a readout circuitry108(also referred to as a pixel circuitry), one or more photon counters150in the readout circuitry108, and a function logic110. In one example, the pixel array102is a two-dimensional (2D) array of photodiodes or image sensor pixels104(e.g., pixels P1, P2. . . , Pn). As illustrated, the photodiodes are arranged into rows (e.g., rows R1to Ry) and columns (e.g., column C1to Cx). In operation, the photodiodes acquire image data of an outside scene, which can then be used to render a 2D image of the person, place, object, etc. However, in other embodiments the photodiodes may be arranged into configurations other than rows and columns.

In an embodiment, after each pixel104in the pixel array102acquires its image charge, the image data is read out by the readout circuitry108, and then transferred to the function logic110. In various embodiments, the readout circuitry108may include signal amplifiers, analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion circuitry, one or more photon counters150, and data transmission circuitry. The function logic110may store the image data or even manipulate the image data by applying post image effects (e.g., crop, rotate, remove red eye, adjust brightness, adjust contrast, or otherwise). In some embodiments, the control circuitry106and function logic110may be combined into a single functional block to control the capture of images by the pixels104and the readout of image data from the readout circuitry108. The function logic110may be a digital processor, for example. In one embodiment, the readout circuitry108may read one row of image data at a time along readout column lines or may read the image data using a variety of other techniques, such as a serial readout or a full parallel readout of all pixels simultaneously (not illustrated).

In one example, after photon counters150have counted photons that have been detected by each pixel cell104P1, P2, P3, . . . , Pn, the photon count image data that is read out by readout circuitry108through output signals112can then be transferred to function logic110. Function logic110may simply store the image data, or even manipulate the image data by applying post image effects (e.g., crop, rotate, remove red eye, adjust brightness, adjust contrast, or otherwise). In one example, control circuitry106is coupled to pixel array102to control operational characteristics of pixel array102. In one example, control circuitry106is coupled to generate a global shutter signal for controlling photon counting and image acquisition for each pixel cell. In the example, the global shutter signal simultaneously enables all pixels104P1, P2, P3, . . . Pn within pixel array102to simultaneously enable all of the pixels in pixel array102to start counting the number of incident photons detected during a single frame.

In one embodiment, the control circuitry106is coupled to the pixel array102to control operation of the plurality of photodiodes in the pixel array102. For example, the control circuitry106may generate a shutter signal for controlling image acquisition. In one embodiment, the shutter signal is a global shutter signal for simultaneously enabling all pixels within the pixel array102to simultaneously capture their respective image data during a single data acquisition window. In another embodiment, the shutter signal is a rolling shutter signal such that each row, column, or group of pixels is sequentially enabled during consecutive acquisition windows. In another embodiment, image acquisition is synchronized with lighting effects such as a flash.

In one embodiment, readout circuitry106includes analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), which convert analog image data received from the pixel array102into a digital representation. The digital representation of the image data may be provided to the function logic110.

As shown in the depicted example, control circuitry106also includes exposure time counters148, which as will be discussed in further detail below, are used to count the exposure times during which the photon counters150are enabled to count photons detected in each pixel104P1, P2, P3, . . . Pn in pixel array102during a frame or sub-frame of pixel array102in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. In one example, after the photons have been counted for each pixel104P1, P2, P3, . . . Pn of pixel array102, the respective exposure times and a photon counts for pixels104P1, P2, P3, . . . Pn are combined to form a pixel frame value, or in another example a pixel sub-frame value, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

In different embodiments, imaging system100may be included into a digital camera, cell phone, laptop computer, or the like. Additionally, imaging system100may be coupled to other pieces of hardware such as a processor (general purpose or otherwise), memory elements, output (USB port, wireless transmitter, HDMI port, etc.), lighting/flash, electrical input (keyboard, touch display, track pad, mouse, microphone, etc.), and/or display. Other pieces of hardware may deliver instructions to imaging system100, extract image data from imaging system100, or manipulate image data supplied by imaging system100.

FIG.1Bis a schematic showing example pixels coupled to photon counters, which may be utilized to provide a low power imaging system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, the example depicted inFIG.1Bshows a plurality of pixels P1204A to Pn204N, which are included in a pixel array. In some embodiments, P1204A and Pn204N are examples of pixels104of the pixel array102inFIG.1A. In one example, the pixels P1204A to Pn204N are substantially similar to one another. As shown in the depicted example, pixel P1204A includes a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)230A coupled to a quenching element M Q215A. In the example, an output signal VOUT210A indicates when a photon hv from incident light is detected. The output signals VOUT210A to VOUT210B are read out with readout circuitry208through output signals212A,212N. As shown inFIG.1B, the readout circuitry208includes photon counters150that can count the number of photons detected by each pixel P1204A to Pn204N.

In the example shown inFIG.1B, it is appreciated that the pixel array including the plurality of pixels P1204A to Pn204N are included in a first chip211, and that the readout circuitry208including the photon counters250is included in a second chip213. In the example, the first chip211and second chip213are stacked together. It is appreciated that by including the plurality of pixels P1204A to Pn204N on a separate chip211from the readout circuitry208in second chip213, mass production of an imaging system including the plurality of pixels P1204A to Pn204N and the photon counters250of readout circuitry208is more practical in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG.1Cis a timing diagram showing a lower photon counting working principle, in accordance with the present disclosure. Illustrated is a process performed by a pixel circuit, such as pixel circuit100inFIG.1A, including a pixel array (such as pixel array102) having pixels with SPADs coupled to exposure time counters (such as exposure time counters148) and photon counters (such as photon counters150,250) in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the readout circuitry (such as readout circuitry108,208) of the pixel circuit (such as pixel circuit100) includes photon counters (such as photon counters150,250). In operation, each photon counter counts a number of photons detected by each pixel in the pixel array. The photon counter is configured to stop counting photons in each pixel when a threshold photon count is reached for each pixel. Control circuitry includes an exposure time counter CLK_AEC configured to count a number of exposure times (exposure units) that elapse before each pixel detects the threshold photon count. Respective exposure time counts, and photon counts are combined for each pixel of the pixel array.

In some embodiments, for each frame FRAME i, there are a total of 1024 exposure units.FIG.1Cshows 32 exposure units of the 1024 exposure units. At the falling edge of each exposure time counter CLK_automatic exposure control (AEC) pulse, the photon counter is checked to determine if the number of photons reaches the photon threshold. In some embodiments, the photon threshold is 63 photons (the least significant bit (LSB) of a ripple counter). In some embodiments, the photon threshold is 512 photons. In some embodiments, gray automatic exposure control (GAEC) code changes at the rising edge of each exposure time counter CLK_AEC pulse. The scale factor for the exposure time in exponents is shown below the GAEC code. The actual time when the exposure time counter CLK_AEC is stopped is expressed as 1/(2{circumflex over ( )}exp) of the full 1024 exposure units, so the latched counter value is scaled up by 2{circumflex over ( )}exp for a linear output, where ‘exp’ represents an exponent. For example, 2{circumflex over ( )}exp is a number to the second power. The exposure time is shown inFIG.1Cis unit_time×2{circumflex over ( )}N, where N is the first row “@N CLK PLACE”. The unit_time is the shaded area under N=0.

In operation, the photon counters are initialized to zero and the exposure time counters are initialized to one. Exposure time counters N are initialized to 0. The pixels are exposed to incident light for duration of time that corresponds to “unit time×2{circumflex over ( )}N”. This duration of time is also called an exposure step (N). In one example, the unit time when determining pixel frame values may be 16 μs. It is then determined whether or not any of the respective photon counters for the pixels P1, P2, P3, . . . Pn have reached a threshold photon count.

If the number of photons exceeds the photon threshold, the photon counter is stopped, and the GAEC code is latched. The counting for that pixel is stopped or disabled, and the elapsed exposure time count for that pixel that reached the threshold photon count (e.g., 512 photons) is then saved. In this manner, data may be recovered as expressed in Equation 1 below.
LSB<5:0>*2{circumflex over ( )}exp  (Equation 1)

where LSB is the least significant bit.

If the number of photons does not exceed the photon threshold, at the next exposure counter CLK_AEC falling edge it is likely that the counter data won't saturate or exceed 255, as at the next exposure counter CLK_AEC edge, the exposure time is double the previous CLK_AEC exposure. The uniform light code will double. If it is less than a second photon threshold, the data latched at the next CLK_AEC edge will still be valid. In some embodiments, the second photon threshold is 127 photons. It is then determined whether the exposure time counter CLK_AEC has reached a threshold exposure time count. In one example, the threshold exposure time count is N=10, T=2{circumflex over ( )}10=1024 for the frame of the pixel array, which in the example corresponds to a total of up to 16.384 ms (i.e., 16 μs×1024) of exposure time. If the exposure time counters CLK_AEC have not reached the threshold exposure time (e.g., N=10), then the exposure time counters are incremented for the pixels that did not reach the threshold photon count (e.g., 512 photons). Once the exposure time counters CLK_AEC are incremented, then the pixels are further exposed to the incident light for additional exposure time. In the illustrated example, each additional exposure increases the total exposure time elapsed for that pixel by a factor of 2.

The counting of photons during each exposure time continues to loop as described above until the exposure time counters have reached the threshold exposure time count (e.g., N=10). Once the threshold exposure time count (e.g., N=10) has been reached, the threshold exposure time count T (e.g., N=10) is saved for each pixel that did not reach the threshold photon count (e.g., 512 photons). The respective exposure time counts T and photon counts are combined for each pixel. Respective exposure time counts N (1. . . n) are combined with respective photon counts (1. . . n) to form a pixel frame value (1. . . n) for each pixel for a frame in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

In this example, the maximum photon counting event number is less than 256, so the SPAD/counter power consumption is relatively low, especially in comparison with a linear counter which may need to count 2{circumflex over ( )}16 with a 16-bit ripple counter.

For example, for a video graphics array (VGA), the maximum number of SPAD events is 640×480×256. If each SPAD event is represented by the Equation 2 for 120 fps operation, the SPAD power is only 0.849 mW.

P=I*V=Q*Vt=Q*V*f=C*V*V*f(Equation⁢2)

Where Q is the charge stored in coulombs (C), C is the capacitance of a capacitor in farads (f), and V is a voltage across the capacitor in volts (V). In some embodiments, for 120 fps, the SPAD power is 0.849 mW. In such embodiments, the equation is as follows: 10 fF*3V*3V*120*640*480*256=0.849 mW.

FIG.2Ais a timing diagram showing a dynamic single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) gating technique, in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, an evaluation phase may be added before exposure phase “1”. In such embodiments, the evaluation phase (or detection phase) lasts for one exposure step, where n=0. During this evaluation phase, each SPAD of a plurality of SPADs is enabled to accumulate a SPAD event from each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs for a period of time in the detection phase. It should be understood that as described herein, a SPAD event corresponds to a detection of a single photon. At the end of the detection phase, a counter code is determined. This counter code corresponds to a plurality of SPAD events detected. Based on this counter code, one or more SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled within an exposure phase (exposure phase “1” inFIG.2A).

FIG.2Bis an enlarged view ofFIG.2A, in accordance with the present disclosure. The detection phase occurs for a period of time. In some embodiments, the detection phase is the same length as the first evaluation phase1. In some embodiments, the detection phase is 16 μs. In some embodiments, each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs (illustrated here as four SPADs) is enabled for a period of time during the detection phase.

In some embodiments, each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is enabled for an equal amount of time. In some embodiments, each SPAD is enabled for a quarter of the detection phase. It should be understood that in a pixel circuit having more than or less than four SPADs, the time could be divided by the number of SPADs in the pixel circuit (such as thirds, fifths, tenths, etc.). In some embodiments, the period of time that each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is enabled does not overlap with the time that any other SPAD is enabled. For example, as shown inFIG.2B, each SPAD is enabled for 3 μs of the 16 μs detection phase, with a 1 μs buffer between each. In some embodiments, each SPAD may be enabled directly after the other. In such embodiments, each SPAD would be enabled for 4 μs of the 16 μs detection phase.

In some embodiments, the same ripple counter (exposure time counter CLK_AEC) may accumulate SPAD events for every SPAD in the plurality of SPADs to determine a counter code. If simultaneous SPAD events occur, the peak current will only be ¼. Based on the counter code at the end of the detection phase (0), the SPADs that are enabled can be determined and/or optimized.

For example, if the total count of the counter code is greater than a first threshold, the light is strong. If all four SPADs were enabled at the first exposure step (1), they could saturate. In such a case, SPAD_EN timing may be gated in the next exposure step. In some embodiments, the first threshold is the max event count during the detection phase. In some embodiments, the first threshold is 256 SPAD events (or photons).

Further, in some embodiments, if the total count of the counter code is less than a second threshold, then all four SPADs may be enabled for the first exposure step. In some embodiments, the second threshold is 32 SPAD events (or photons).

Accordingly, under strong lighting conditions, not all SPADs need to be operating, which results in a reduction of peak current. Similarly, in low lighting conditions, all SPADs can be operated, to improve image quality.

FIG.3is an example circuit diagram, in accordance with the present technology. In some embodiments, each pixel of the pixel circuit is communicatively coupled with an individual SPAD. In some embodiments, the plurality of SPADs may be four SPADs. In some embodiments, the four SPADs are arranged in a 2×2 array, as shown inFIG.3. In some embodiments, each SPAD of the four SPADs are enabled with a same logic. The four SPADs may be reconfigurable based on a single time to digital convertor (TDC). Each SPAD may be enabled by the same logic. A separate photon counter PC may be used for each SPAD in the pixel circuit. InFIG.1B, the SPAD is quenched with an N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) at a diode cathode. InFIG.3, the SPAD is quenched with a P-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) at a diode anode. These metal oxide semiconductors are merely examples. One skilled in the art should recognize that the pixel circuit may include PMOS quenching, NMOS quenching, or a combination thereof.

When the plurality of SPADs is reconfigurable based on the TDC, there are multiple methods to reduce photon pileup impact which may lead to histogram distortion. In some embodiments, in the detection phase, the first SPAD is enabled and then disabled, the second SPAD is enabled and then disabled, the third SPAD is enabled and then disabled, and finally, the fourth SPAD is enabled and then disabled. It should be understood that each of the four SPADs may be enabled in any order.

In some embodiments, when the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the TDC sequentially enables one SPAD in the plurality of SPADs in the exposure phase. For example, the first time the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the first SPAD is enabled. The second time the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the second SPAD is enabled. In this manner, each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is enabled every fourth detection phases (or laser (light source) pulse cycles).

In some embodiments, when the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the TDC randomly enables one SPAD in the plurality of SPADs in the exposure phase. In such embodiments, for each detection phase where the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, each SPAD in the plurality of SPADs has an equal chance of being enabled.

FIGS.4A-4Care example enablement signals of one or more single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs), in accordance with the present technology. On the left side ofFIG.4A, the enablement signal of four SPADs are labeled (SPAD_ENB1, SPAD_ENB2, SPAD_ENB3, SPAD_ENB4). As shown, in some embodiments, during each exposure phase, illustrated as the dashed vertical lines, different SPADs may be enabled based on the counter code.

FIG.4Ashows example enablement signals of four SPADs when one out of four of the SPADs are working at a time. In some embodiments, this occurs when the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold. In some embodiments, the first threshold is a number of photons that corresponds to high light in an environment. In some embodiments, the second threshold is 256 photons. In some embodiments, the TDC (as shown inFIG.3) selects one of the SPADs sequentially, each time the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold. As shown inFIG.4A, the TDC first enables the first SPAD (SPAD_ENB1), then enables the second SPAD (SPAD_ENB2), then enables the third SPAD (SPAD_ENB3), and then enabled the fourth SPAD (SPAD_ENB4). In this manner, no individual SPAD is used each time the first threshold is met or exceeded, which prolongs the life of the SPAD and prevents over-use of a single SPAD. In some embodiments, the sequence may be different, such as the first SPAD, the third SPAD, the second SPAD, and then the fourth SPAD. In some embodiments, the TDC may select a single SPAD of the plurality of SPADs randomly to avoid the same issue. In such embodiments, each time the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, a SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is randomly enabled.

FIG.4Bshows example enablement signals of four SPADs when two of the four SPADs are working at a time. In some embodiments, when the counter code is less than the first threshold, but meets or exceeds a third threshold, as described inFIG.7, two of the four SPADs are enabled. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.4B, when two SPADs are enabled, their enablement may also be sequential. For example, when the counter code exceeds or meets a third threshold, but does not meet or exceed the first threshold, the first SPAD (SPAD_ENB1) and the second SPAD (SPAD_ENB2) are enabled, and when the counter code exceeds or meets the third threshold but does not meet or exceed the first threshold for a second time, the third SPAD (SPAD_ENB3) and the fourth SPAD (SPAD_ENB4) are enabled. In some embodiments, the SPADs are grouped into one or more groups, such as the first SPAD and the second SPAD in a first group, and the third SPAD and the fourth SPAD in a second group. In such embodiments, the TDC may select each group sequentially (such as the first group, and then the second group). As explained above, this may prolong the life of the SPADs and prevent over-use of a single SPAD or group of SPADs. Further, in some embodiments, each SPAD or group of SPADs may be enabled randomly.

FIG.4Cshows example enablement signals of four SPADs when all four SPADs are enabled. In some embodiments, all four SPADs are enabled when the counter code meets or is less than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the second threshold is a number of photons that corresponds with low light. In some embodiments, the second threshold is 32 photons. In some embodiments, when the counter code meets or is lower than the second threshold, all four SPADs are enabled.

FIG.5is an example method500of counting photodiodes, in accordance with the present technology. In some embodiments, the method500is carried out with the imaging systems shown and described inFIGS.1A-4C. In some embodiments, the imaging system (such as imaging systems100,200,300) includes one or more SPADs (such as SPADs210A-210N), one or more photon counters (such as photon counters150,250), and one or more exposure counters (such as exposure counters148). In different embodiments, the method500may be carried with additional steps or without all the illustrated steps.

In block505, the detection phase (as shown and explained with respect toFIG.2A-2B) is initiated. In some embodiments, the detection phase is initiated in a first exposure unit (such as “0” inFIGS.2A-2B).

In block510, each SPAD in a plurality of SPADs (such as SPADs210A-210N) is enabled within the detection phase. In some embodiments, the period of time is substantially equal for each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs. In some embodiments, enabling each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is separated by a delay, so that different SPAD events do not overlap. In some embodiments, such as when the plurality of SPADs is four SPADs, each SPAD is enabled for a quarter, or substantially a quarter of the detection phase.

In block515, SPAD events are accumulated for each SPAD of the plurality of SPADs. In some embodiments, a single ripple counter is used to accumulate SPAD events for every SPAD in the plurality of SPADs. In some embodiments, each SPAD event corresponds to a detection of a single photon.

In block520, a counter code is determined at the end of the detection phase based on accumulated SPAD events. In some embodiments, the counter code is compared to one or more thresholds to determine how many SPADs of the plurality of SPADs will be enabled in a later exposure phase, as shown inFIGS.6-7.

In block525, one or more SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled in the exposure phase based on the counter code.

FIG.6is another example method of counting photodiodes, in accordance with the present technology. In some embodiments, the method600is carried out with the imaging systems shown and described inFIGS.1A-4C. In some embodiments, the imaging system (such as imaging systems100,200,300) includes one or more SPADs (such as SPADs210A-210N), one or more photon counters (such as photon counters150,250), and one or more exposure counters (such as exposure counters148).

In block605, a counter code is determined at the end of the detection phase based on accumulated SPAD events. In some embodiments, the counter code is compared to one or more thresholds to determine how many SPADs of the plurality of SPADs will be enabled in a later exposure phase.

In decision block610, the counter code is compared to a first threshold. The first threshold may be 256. If the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the method proceeds to block615.

In block615, one SPAD of the plurality of SPADs is enabled. In some embodiments, the one or more SPADs are sequentially enabled for each exposure phase, as shown inFIG.4A. In some embodiments, the one or more SPADs are randomly enabled.

Returning to decision block610, if the counter code does not meet or exceed the first threshold, the method proceeds to decision block620.

In decision block620, it is determined whether the counter code meets or is lower than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the second threshold is 32. In some embodiments, the second threshold corresponds to a low light environment. If the counter code meets or is lower than the second threshold, the method proceeds to block625A.

In block625A, all SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled in the exposure phase.

Returning to decision block620, if the counter code exceeds the second threshold, the method proceeds to block625B.

In block625B, two or more SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled in the exposure phase.

FIG.7is yet another example method of counting photodiodes, in accordance with the present technology. In some embodiments, the method700is carried out with the imaging systems shown and described inFIGS.1A-4C. In some embodiments, the imaging system (such as imaging systems100,200,300) includes one or more SPADs (such as SPADs210A-210N), one or more photon counters (such as photon counters150,250), and one or more exposure counters (such as exposure counters148). In some embodiments, the plurality of SPADs is four SPADs, as shown inFIG.3.

In block705, a counter code is determined at the end of the detection phase based on accumulated SPAD events. In some embodiments, the counter code is compared to one or more thresholds to determine how many SPADs of the plurality of SPADs will be enabled in a later exposure phase.

In decision block710, the counter code is compared to a first threshold. The first threshold may be 256. If the counter code meets or exceeds the first threshold, the method proceeds to block715.

In block715, one SPAD of the four SPADs is enabled. In some embodiments, the one or more SPADs are sequentially enabled for each exposure phase, as shown inFIG.4A. In some embodiments, the one or more SPADs are randomly enabled.

Returning to decision block710, if the counter code does not meet or exceed the first threshold, the method proceeds to decision block720.

In decision block720, it is determined whether the counter code meets or is lower than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the second threshold is 32. In some embodiments, the second threshold corresponds to a low light environment. If the counter code meets or is lower than the second threshold, the method proceeds to block725.

In block725, all SPADs of the four SPADs are enabled in the exposure phase.

Returning to decision block720, if the counter code exceeds the second threshold, the method proceeds to decision block730.

In decision block730, it is determined whether a counter code meets or exceeds a third threshold. In some embodiments, the first threshold is higher than the second threshold, and wherein the second threshold is lower than the third threshold. If the counter code meets or exceeds the third threshold, the method proceeds to block740.

In block740, two of the four SPADs are enabled.

Returning to decision block735, if the counter coeds does not meet or exceed the third threshold, the method proceeds to block735.

In block735, three of the four SPADs are enabled. WhileFIG.7shows a method of counting photons for an imaging system having four SPADs, it should be understood that any number of SPADs may be incorporated into the imaging system. In some embodiments, there may be any number of thresholds to determine how many SPADs of the plurality of SPADs are enabled in the exposure phase.

It should be understood that all methods500,600, and700should be interpreted as merely representative. In some embodiments, process blocks of all methods500,600, and700may be performed simultaneously, sequentially, in a different order, or even omitted, without departing from the scope of this disclosure.