Patent ID: 12244427

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG.1illustrates an example of a network100comprising a plurality of network nodes including terminal nodes110, access nodes120and one or more core nodes129. The terminal nodes110and access nodes120communicate with each other. The one or more core nodes129communicate with the access nodes120.

The one or more core nodes129may, in some examples, communicate with each other. The one or more access nodes120may, in some examples, communicate with each other.

The network100may be a cellular network comprising a plurality of cells122each served by an access node120. In this example, the interface between the terminal nodes110and an access node120defining a cell122is a wireless interface124.

The access node120is a cellular radio transceiver. The terminal nodes110are cellular radio transceivers.

In the example illustrated, the cellular network100is a third generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network in which the terminal nodes110are user equipment (UE) and the access nodes120are base stations.

In the particular example illustrated, the network100is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access network (E-UTRAN). The E-UTRAN consists of E-UTRAN NodeBs (eNBs)120, providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE110. The eNBs120are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 interface126. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface128to the Mobility Management Entity (MME)129.

In other example, the network100is a Next Generation (or New Radio, NR) Radio Access network (NG-RAN). The NG-RAN consists of gNodeBs (gNBs)120, providing the user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE110. The gNBs120are interconnected with each other by means of an X2/Xn interface126. The gNBs are also connected by means of the N2 interface128to the Access and Mobility management Function (AMF).

Each terminal node110is typically an apparatus, for example mobile equipment. In another example, terminal node110is a functionality of the relay node facilitating backhaul (a.k.a. parent link), such as mobile termination part of the integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node. The mobile equipment can have a storage/warehoused configuration and a for-use configuration. The for-use configuration enables use, but is not necessarily in use. This for-use configuration can for example include inserting a smart card such as a suitable a subscriber identity module (SIM) into the apparatus. The mobile equipment, when in the for-use configuration can be described as user equipment.

Each access node120(base station) is typically a system comprising a number of interconnected components. In some examples, the base station architecture can be split between a remote centralized unit and a distributed unit. In another example, access node120is a functionality of the relay node facilitating access link (a.k.a. child link(s)), such as distributed unit part of the IAB node.

In the following there is described an apparatus110comprising means for:receiving, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andreceiving, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

There is also described a system comprising means for:transmitting, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andtransmitting, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

FIG.2illustrates a scheduling operation involving physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)30.

The physical downlink control channel30is used to transfer control information in the downlink direction from base station120to user equipment110. The channel exists at the physical layer within slots10.

First slots10_1with the PDCCH30are separated from each other by at least one first period40of multiple slots10.

First scheduling information20_1for a data channel (not illustrated inFIG.2) is in the first slots10_1. Different first slots10_1can comprise different first scheduling information20_1. For example, an initial first slot10_1comprises initial first scheduling information20_1and a following first slot10_1comprises next first scheduling information20_1.

The (initial) first slot10_1is separated by at least one first period40of multiple slots10from the next first scheduling information20_1.

Second scheduling information20_2for the data channel (not illustrated inFIG.2) is in one or more second slots10_2. The one or more second slots10_2are associated with a preceding first slot10_1.

The one or more second slots10_2is delayed with respect to the associated first slot10_1by one or more slots10and is received within the first period40of multiple slots10after the associated first slot10_1.

The first scheduling information20_1in the first slot10_1is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2in the associated second slot10_2. In some examples, the first scheduling information20_1points, in frequency and/or time, to at least the second scheduling information20_2.

The second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

The base station120transmits the first scheduling information20_1in the first slots10_1and transmits the second scheduling information20_2in one or more second slots10_2.

The user equipment110receives the first scheduling information20_1in the first slots10_1and receives the second scheduling information20_2in one or more second slots10_2.

HARQ is a stop and wait process that stops and waits for an acknowledgement. The effect of the round trip delay is mitigated to some extent by using multiple HARQ processes that are in parallel and sequential (staggered). However, larger round trip delays require an increased number of HARQ processes and this is not necessarily possible or desirable. As a consequence, HARQ process starvation can occur when there are insufficient HARQ processes for the round trip delay. The round trip delay (measured in slots) increases typically as slot size decreases. For example, UE/gNB processing times (measured in slots) increase typically as the slot size decreases.

InFIG.2, HARQ starvation is further mitigated by using the second scheduling information20_2to allocate one or more HARQ processes for the data channel. This allocation is delayed relative to a HARQ process allocation in response to the first scheduling information20_1(if any) and can mitigate HARQ starvation.

In some but not necessarily all examples, the number of available HARQ processes is limited to a maximum of 16.

The scheduling information provides control information from the base station120to the user equipment110that is used for data transfer via the data channel with HARQ.

The control information can, for example, comprise information for resource allocation for a data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), information for decode assistance, and HARQ parameters.

The information for decode assistance of a transport block (TB) can for example comprise modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and redundancy version (RV) which defines a puncturing pattern after channel coding.

The HARQ parameters comprise: HARQ process number and a new data indicator (NDI). For downlink data transfer, the HARQ parameters can additionally comprise parameters for HARQ reply/feedback e.g. reply timing and/or PUCCH resource indicator.

The second scheduling information20_2can, for example, comprise information that was not available at a time of transferring the first scheduling information20_1. This ‘unavailable’ information can, for example, comprise one or more of: information for resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), decode assistance information, and HARQ parameters. The second scheduling information20_2optionally comprises information that is common to (shared by) the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2.

At least some of the scheduling information required for data transfer may be delayed and provided in the second scheduling information20_2and not in the first scheduling information20_1. The second scheduling information20_2therefore comprises scheduling information (original scheduling information) that is not present in or is inapplicable to the first scheduling information20_1.

From the user equipment point of view, “data transfer” can cover reception (downlink) or transmission (uplink), for example it can cover at least one of PDSCH reception and PUSCH transmission

The original scheduling information can be related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

The original scheduling information can for example be any suitable control information that may be used for a HARQ process. For example, the original scheduling information can comprise one or more of: resource allocation for a data channel, decode assistance information, and one or more HARQ parameters.

This original scheduling information can for example be one or more HARQ parameters, for example, a HARQ process number and/or a new data indicator (NDI). For downlink data transfer, the original scheduling information can for example be a HARQ parameter for HARQ reply e.g. reply timing and/or PUCCH resource indicator. The original second scheduling information20_2can therefore cause allocation of an original HARQ process, that is, one that has not been allocated by associated preceding first scheduling information20_1(or associated preceding second scheduling information20_2).

The splitting of scheduling information between the first scheduling information20_1and the one or more second scheduling information20_2can be controlled via control plane signaling from the base station e.g. radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

The scheduling information can be related to at least two time-separated hybrid automatic request (HARQ) processes for time-separated data transfers in the data channel.

In some examples, the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2are configured to enable at least two HARQ processes for the data channel, where the two HARQ processes are non-overlapping in the time domain.

The first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2in combination enable:transfer of first data in a slot of the data channel during the at least one first period;transfer of second data in a different slot of the data channel during the at least one first period.

In some examples, the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2in combination enable:transfer of a HARQ reply for the first data separately to receiving a HARQ reply for the second data.

The data channel can, for example, be a physical shared channel. For example a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The HARQ reply channel, used for sending an acknowledgement of successful data transfer, the HARQ reply, can, for example, be a physical channel, physical control channel (PUCCH), or a PUSCH with HARQ reply multiplexed with UL data or other UL control information.

The second scheduling information for the data channel can enable a HARQ reply for second data.

In one example, the first scheduling information20_1can cause allocation of a HARQ process for an earlier data transfer (e.g. first data) and the second scheduling information20_2can cause allocation of a different HARQ process for a later data transfer (e.g. second data). In this example, allocation of the different HARQ process for the later data transfer may, or may not, also require at least some of the first scheduling information20_1. In this example, the first scheduling information20_1is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the earlier data transfer. In this example, the second scheduling information20_2is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer. In some examples, the second scheduling information20_2is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer. In other examples, the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2are, in combination, sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer. The first scheduling information20_1can, in this way, assist allocation of a HARQ process for data transfer.

In a further example, the first scheduling information20_1does not cause allocation of a HARQ process for an earlier data transfer. However, earlier second scheduling information20_2can cause allocation of a HARQ process for an earlier data transfer (e.g. first data) and later second scheduling information20_2can cause allocation of a different HARQ process for a later data transfer (e.g. second data). In this example, allocation of the HARQ processes for the earlier and later data transfer may also require at least some of the first scheduling information20_1. The first scheduling information20_1assists allocation of a HARQ processes for data transfer. In this example, the first scheduling information20_1is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the earlier data transfer. In this example, the second scheduling information20_2is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer. In some examples, the second scheduling information20_2is sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer, and in other examples, the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2are, in combination, sufficient for allocation of the HARQ process for the later data transfer.

It will therefore be appreciated that in some examples, the first scheduling information20_1causes allocation of one or more HARQ processes for one or more data transfers and/or assists allocation of one or more HARQ process for one or more data transfers.

It will therefore be appreciated that in some examples, the second scheduling information20_2causes allocation of one or more HARQ processes for one or more data transfers.

The HARQ feedback for data transfer in the data channel is split into multiple HARQ replies for smaller data transfers.

In some examples, the first scheduling information20_1enables data transfer with HARQ for earlier scheduled data transfers, and the second scheduling information20_2enables data transfer with HARQ for later scheduled data transfers.

In some examples, the first scheduling information20_1is configured to allocate one or more early HARQ processes before reception of second scheduling information20_2, and the second scheduling information20_2is configured to assist allocation of one or more HARQ processes enabled by the second scheduling information20_2. The one or more HARQ processes enabled by the second scheduling information20_2are after and/or simultaneously with the reception of the second scheduling information20_2.

Data scheduling in the data channel can be controlled by the scheduling information in both uplink and downlink.

The scheduling information can comprise information for resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource and/or time domain resource). This scheduling information can be wholly or partly in the first scheduling information20_1. This scheduling information can be wholly or partly in the second scheduling information20_2.

Thus the scheduling of transfer of data in a slot of the data channel can be controlled by the first scheduling information20_1either directly using the first scheduling information20_1or indirectly using the second scheduling information20_2.

For example, the first scheduling information20_1can schedule the slots used for an initial data transfer or the second scheduling information20_2can schedule the slots used for initial data transfer.

The second scheduling information20_2occurs between periodic slots10_1that can be used for transmission of first scheduling information20_1. The second scheduling information20_2provides delayed delivery for a part of control information relevant for HARQ for data channel. The delay can, for example, be 4, 8, 16 slots.

The second scheduling information20_2can have a specific PDCCH (sub-space) monitoring operation depending on blind detected first scheduling information20_1e.g. a candidate location

The first scheduling information20_1can indicate whether the second scheduling information20_2is present or not.

In some examples, an empty second slot (without second scheduling information20_2) can be used to convey information to the UE, for example cancelling a downlink data transfer.

The PDCCH30can have a variable subcarrier spacing controlled by the network. The subcarrier spacing can for example be 480 kHz, 960 kHz, 1920 kHz or greater. A larger subcarrier spacing provides a larger bandwidth for the same FFT size and increases bandwidth part (BWP) and physical resource block (PRB) size in the frequency domain, but decreases a duration of a slot and a duration of a symbol.

In some but not necessarily all examples, the frequency of operation of the modulated carrier wave used for the PDCCH30can have a frequency above 52.6 GHz for example between 52.6 GHz and 71 GHz. It is also possible to use these solutions in other frequency bands.

The period40can have a duration of 2{circumflex over ( )}n slots.

A first slot10_1comprising first information20_1can be separated from a following first slot10_1comprising first information by a scheduling unit of one or more periods40.

The period40can, for example, be static (set by a standard), or semi-static (set by a higher layer e.g. control plane signaling such as RRC signaling).

The first scheduling information20_1can have added functionalities compared to the second scheduling information20_2.

In at least some examples, the first scheduling information20_1facilitates/assists reception of the second scheduling information20_2.

In at least some examples, the first scheduling information20_1is, for example, blind detected/decoded once per scheduling unit corresponding to period40and the reception of the first scheduling information20_1assists blind detection/decoding of one or more second scheduling information20_2per scheduling unit or period40.

The assistance provided by the first scheduling information20_1can be that the resource for the second scheduling information20_2has a relationship relative to the resource used to detect/decode the first scheduling information20_1. The relationship can, for example, be an expected relationship that is implicitly defined e.g. statically (by a standard) or semi-statically (by higher layer control plane signaling such as RRC signaling). The relationship can, for example, be an explicitly defined relationship that is potentially variable and communicated by some variability of the first scheduling information20_1(e.g. variable content, and/or variability of its position in time-frequency space).

It will therefore be appreciated that there is an association between the first slots and the second slots and between the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2. This association can, in some examples, be used to facilitate/assist reception of the second scheduling information20_2. The association can be: (i) indicated by the first scheduling information20_1, (ii) preconfigured by higher layer signaling, and/or (iii) specified by a specification.

There is an association from the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot10_1to the second scheduling information20_2. The first scheduling information20_1can, for example, be associated to (e.g. points to) the second scheduling information20_2because, at the time of receiving the second scheduling information20_2, the user equipment110has knowledge that facilitates/assists reception of the second scheduling information20_2. The knowledge can, for example, be knowledge of a relationship in time and/or frequency between the first scheduling information20_1(and/or first slot comprising the first scheduling information20_1) and the second scheduling information20_2(and/or second slot comprising the second scheduling information20_2). The relationship can for example be an offset in the domain time and/or an offset in the frequency domain from time-frequency resources used to receive the first scheduling information20_1(and/or the first slot comprising the first scheduling information20_1) and the time-frequency resources to be used to receive second scheduling information20_2(and/or a second slot comprising the second scheduling information20_2). The UE may not try/be able to detect the second scheduling information20_2provided that it has not received the first scheduling information20_1.

The assistance provided by the first scheduling information20_1is dependent upon at least a recognition of the decoded/detected information as first scheduling information20_1. Thus, in at least some examples, the first scheduling information20_1provides a pointer, in frequency and/or time, to at least the second scheduling information20_2. That is, unless the first scheduling information20_1is received, the second scheduling information20_2cannot be or cannot easily be found. However, reception of the first scheduling information20_1assists reception of (points to, provides a pointer to, and/or provides some other indication to) the second scheduling information20_2.

In some variants, the pointer may be implicit e.g. hard-coded in a specification or RRC configured. In other variants, the pointer may be variable and indicated by the first scheduling information20_1. For example, a position of the first scheduling information20_1within a time slot can be used to define the pointer. For example, a position of the first scheduling information20_1within a frequency domain can be used to define the pointer. For example, content can be comprised within the first scheduling information20_1that defines, indicates, or codes the pointer.

The first scheduling information20_1can, for example, provide for selection of a predefined pattern (from a plurality of patterns, for example, configured by RRC signaling) or provide a bitmap (or code to identify a bitmap) covering the number/timing of second slots for second scheduling information20_2transfer. The bitmap, if included within the first scheduling information20_1can be of a fixed length, but variable content. The number of second slots10_2as well as timing between the first slot10_1and second slot(s)10_2and the timing between second slots10_2can be dynamically varied by indicating a different bitmap from the set of bitmaps configured by RRC signaling.

The pointer may be, for example, be a time offset relative to the first slot, or the first scheduling information20_1. In some examples, the second scheduling information20_2in the second slot can be detected based on a configuration of resources used for the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot. For example, the location of second scheduling information20_2in time can be determined based on which location (of many predefined locations) the first scheduling information20_1has within the first slot and/or the location of second scheduling information20_2in frequency is determined based on the location of first scheduling information20_1in frequency.

Pointing or providing a pointer, in frequency and/or time, to at least the second scheduling information20_2means providing sufficient information, via reception of the first scheduling information20_1, that may be required to obtain the second scheduling information20_2. The information can be conveyed in any suitable manner.

The pointer can, for example, provide a constraint for a constrained search in frequency and/or time e.g. assist blind detection. The pointer could directly provide the constraint (e.g. defining or indicating it using the scheduling information) or could indirectly provide the constraint (e.g. providing coded information for accessing or reproducing the constraint). The pointer can, for example, provide a single candidate location of the second scheduling information20_2in the search space (time and frequency), for example, it defines a searchable sub-space of the search space. In an example, the same PDCCH candidate (exact set of control channel elements (CCEs) or the candidate with the same index) carrying first scheduling information20_1in first slot can be used to convey second scheduling information20_2in the second slot.

The first scheduling information20_1can, in some examples, provide a pointer to all the occurrences of second scheduling information20_2within the scheduling unit. There can be one occurrence or more than one occurrence.

In at least some examples, the pointer is a functionality that the first scheduling information20_1has, which the second scheduling information20_2does not have. The second scheduling information20_2does not provide a pointer to one or more following second scheduling information20_2.

FIG.3illustrates an example of a scheduled data transfer via a downlink data channel44with HARQ.

The PDCCH30is used to transfer, from the base station120to the UE110, first scheduling information20_1in a first slot and second scheduling information20_2in a second slot.

The ordering of the messages varies depending on the scenario. For example, in a DL scenario.

The first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2can be as described previously. The scheduling information can be split between the first and second scheduling information20_1,20_2as previously described. The scheduling information can, for example, comprise one or more of: resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), information for decode assistance, and HARQ parameters.

The base station120transmits, and the UE110receives, first data in a slot42_A of the data channel44during the one or more periods of a scheduling unit40.

The base station120transmits, and the UE110receives, second data in a slot42_B of the data channel44during the one or more periods of a scheduling unit40.

The UE110transmits, and the base station120receives a HARQ reply50_A for the first data.

The UE110transmits, and the base station120receives a HARQ reply50_B for the second data. The HARQ reply50_B for the second data is transmitted separately to the HARQ reply50_A for the first data.

The data channel44is a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

The channel52used for the separate HARQ replies50_A,50_B is a physical uplink channel, for example, the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

In some examples, HARQ replies can be combined. For example, HARQ reply50_A may be combined to the transmission of HARQ reply50_B.

FIG.4illustrates an example of a scheduled data transfer via an uplink data channel48with HARQ.

The PDCCH30is used to transfer, from the base station120to the UE110, first scheduling information20_1in a first slot and second scheduling information20_2in a second slot.

The first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2can be as described previously. The scheduling information can be split between the first and second scheduling information20_1,20_2as previously described. The scheduling information can, for example, comprise one or more of: resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), information for decode assistance, and HARQ parameters.

The base station120transmits, and the UE110receives, first data in a slot46_A of the data channel48during the one or more periods of a scheduling unit40.

The UE110transmits, and the base station120receives a HARQ reply54_A for the first data.

The data channel48is a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)

The channel54used for the HARQ reply54_A is the physical downlink control channel30.

FIGS.2,3and4illustrate a method, at a user equipment110, comprising:receiving, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andreceiving, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

FIGS.2,3and4illustrate an equivalent method, at a base station120, comprising:transmitting, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andtransmitting, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

It will be appreciated from the foregoing the base station120is a system comprising means for:transmitting, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andtransmitting, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot is associated with (e.g. points to) at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

The base station120can be configured to control using control plane signaling (e.g. radio resource control signaling) sent from the base station120to the use110one or more ofthe at least one first period duration (the scheduling unit40duration);a content of the first scheduling information20_1;a pointer in frequency and/or time, to at least the second scheduling information20_2;a timing of the first slots20_1comprising first scheduling information20_1;a number of second slots20_2comprising second scheduling information20_2;a content of second scheduling information20_2;a timing of second slots20_2comprising second scheduling information20_2timing of HARQ replies50_A,50_B;54_A;enabling early HARQ processes before reception of second scheduling information20_2.

The user equipment110can be configured to respond to that control plane signaling e.g. RRC signaling, to enable remote control, at the user equipment110by the base station120, of one or more of:the at least one first period duration (the scheduling unit40duration);a content of the first scheduling information20_1;a pointer in frequency and/or time, to at least the second scheduling information20_2;a timing of the first slots comprising first scheduling information20_1;a number of second slots comprising second scheduling information20_2;a content of second scheduling information20_2;a timing of second slots comprising second scheduling information20_2timing of HARQ replies;enabling early HARQ processes before reception of second scheduling information20_2.

The control plane signaling can control a split of scheduling information between the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2. For example, how many slots/sub-slots/TTIs are fully scheduled by the first scheduling information20_1and how many are dependent on the second scheduling information20_2as well.

The control plane signaling can control the timing patterns for uplink data transfer via PUCCH.

The control plane signaling can control the search space for the second scheduling information20_2.

The control plane signaling can control a duration of the period.

In some but not necessarily all examples, the splitting of scheduling information to the first scheduling information20_1and second scheduling information20_2can be activated. The trigger for activation can, for example, be that the HARQ round trip delay (or some portion of it) has exceeded a threshold. The threshold can, for example be dependent upon the current subcarrier spacing used for the PDCCH30. The threshold may indicate when contiguous scheduling of the available HARQ processes in the available slots is no longer possible. The threshold can therefore also be dependent upon the number of HARQ processes, if it is variable.

If the round trip time is defined as UE processing time+control channel duration+gNB processing time (including scheduling time), then activation can occur when the round trip time is greater than N_HARQ-N_PDCCH_periodicity (of first PDCCH monitored blindly). N_HARQ is the number of DL (or UL) shared channel HARQ processes. N_PDCCH_periodicity is the periodicity of first slots20_1(the period). In the definition of the round trip time for scheduling, the control channel duration is PUCCH duration in the case of PDSCH and PDCCH duration in the case of PUSCH. However, in practice these can be zero valued in TDD case (which is primary use case), by multiplexing the control channel with shared channel or by shortening the shared channel length within a slot so that there is time for Tx/Rx switching gap and the control channel. N_HARQ is, for example, equal to m*N_PDCCH_periodicity, where m is an integer.

FIG.5illustrates another example of a scheduled data transfer via a downlink data channel44with HARQ. It is an example similar toFIG.3.

The PDCCH30is used to transfer, from the base station120to the UE110, first scheduling information20_1in a first slot (slot #0 & slot #8 inFIG.5) and second scheduling information20_2in second slots (slots #2, 4, 6 & slots #10, 12, 14).

The first scheduling information20_1(slot #0) points to the second scheduling information20_2(slots #2, 4, 6).

The first scheduling information20_1(slot #8) points to the second scheduling information20_2(slots #10, 12, 14).

The first scheduling information20_1can be as described previously. The scheduling information can be split between the first and second scheduling information20_2as previously described. The scheduling information can, for example, comprise one or more of: resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), information for decode assistance, and HARQ parameters.

In this example, the first scheduling information20_1(slot #0) is configured to allocate two HARQ processes, for downlink data received in two initial slots (#0, 1). The HARQ reply50_A is provided in PUCCH52at slot #7.

The second scheduling information20_2(slot #2) is configured to allocate two HARQ processes, for downlink data received or scheduled for receipt in the next two slots (#2, 3). The HARQ reply50_B is provided in PUCCH52at slot #9.

The second scheduling information20_2(slot #4) is configured to allocate two HARQ processes, for downlink data received or scheduled for receipt in the next two slots (#4, 5). The HARQ reply50_C is provided in PUCCH52at slot #11.

The second scheduling information20_2(slot #6) is configured to allocate two HARQ processes, for downlink data received or scheduled for receipt in the next two slots (#6, 7). The HARQ reply50_D is provided in PUCCH52at slot #13.

As the HARQ replies are split, the base station can have more time to schedule/re-schedule an earlier HARQ reply that indicates failure of data transfer.

In this example, the base station120transmits, and the UE110receives, different data in different slots of the data channel (PDSCH)44during the one or more periods40.

The UE110transmits, and the base station120receives separate HARQ replies for the different data. The channel52used for the separate HARQ replies is a physical uplink channel, in this example, the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH).

In this example, the first scheduling information20_1points to all the second scheduling information20_2(second slots) in the immediately following period (slots #0 to #8).

In this example, the first scheduling information20_1provides a sub-set of HARQ parameters only for a sub-set of HARQ processes.

In other examples, the first scheduling information20_1can provide all HARQ parameters only for a sub-set of HARQ processes.

In other examples, the first scheduling information20_1can provide a sub-set of HARQ parameters for all HARQ processes.

However, it does not provide all HARQ parameters for all HARQ processes because each second scheduling information20_2provides at least a sub-set of HARQ parameters for at least a sub-set of HARQ processes.

The second scheduling information20_2can provide a different sub-set of HARQ parameters for different HARQ processes.

For example, the first scheduling information20_1in in slot #0 can indicate presence of second scheduling information20_2in slots #2, 4, 6 and provide NDI only for the PDSCH44with process HARQ-ID #0 and #1.

The second scheduling information20_2in slot #2 provides: K1 (reply timing) and PUCCH resource with respect to end of slot2for the PDSCH44with HARQ-ID #0 and #1. The second scheduling information20_2in slot #2 provides NDI for PDSCH44with process HARQ-ID #2 and #3.

The second scheduling information20_2in slot #4 provides: K1 (reply timing) and PUCCH resource with respect to end of slot4for the PDSCH44with HARQ-ID #2 and #3. The second scheduling information20_2in slot #4 provides NDI for PDSCH44with process HARQ-ID #4 and #5.

The second scheduling information20_2in slot #6 provides: K1 (reply timing) and PUCCH resource with respect to end of slot6for the PDSCH44with HARQ-ID #4 and #5. The second scheduling information20_2in slot #6 provides NDI for PDSCH44with process HARQ-ID #5 and #6 and also provides: K1 (reply timing) and PUCCH resource with respect to end of slot6for the PDSCH44with HARQ-ID #6 and #7.

FIG.6illustrates another example of a scheduled data transfer via an uplink data channel48with HARQ (e.g. corresponding toFIG.4).

The PDCCH30is used to transfer, from the base station120to the UE110, first scheduling information20_1in a first slot20_1(slot #1, 9, 17, 25 inFIG.6) and second scheduling information20_2in second slots20_2(slots #5, 13, 21 inFIG.6).

The first scheduling information20_1(slot #1) points to the second scheduling information20_2(slots #5) in the immediately following period.

The first scheduling information20_1(slot #9) points to the second scheduling information20_2(slots #13) in the immediately following period.

The first scheduling information20_1(slot #17) points to the second scheduling information20_2(slots #21) in the immediately following period.

The first scheduling information20_1can be as described previously. The scheduling information can be split between the first and second scheduling information20_2as previously described. The scheduling information can, for example, comprise one or more of: resource allocation for the data channel (frequency domain resource allocation and/or time domain resource allocation), information for decode assistance, and HARQ parameters.

In this example, the first scheduling information20_1(slot #1) and the second scheduling information20_2(slot #5) are configured to allocate a HARQ process, for uplink data transmitted in slots #7-10 of channel48. The HARQ reply (not illustrated) will be provided in PDCCH30. At least some scheduling information e.g. NDI, MCS and HARQ-ID is provided by the second scheduling information20_2.

The base station120has slots #11 to 16 for PUSCH and uplink scheduling.

In the examples illustrated, for example as shown inFIG.5, for data downlink, the first scheduling information20_1can point to multiple occurrences of second scheduling information20_2. The first scheduling information20_1provides one or more pointers.

In the examples illustrated, for example as shown inFIG.6, for data uplink, the first scheduling information20_1points to one occurrence of second scheduling information20_2. The first scheduling information20_1provides a single pointer.

The above described processes are scalable. As subcarrier spacing increases (and slot size decreases) the period increases (as measured in slots). The above described processes allow using second scheduling information20_2(and adjusting the number of second slots using second scheduling information20_2per period), so that different sub carrier spacings and different periods can be supported.

The size of the first scheduling information20_1can be kept relatively small (e.g. compared to the case where all the scheduling information is contained in a single PDCCH slot). The size of the first scheduling information20_2can be kept relatively small since part of the scheduling information (common for both the first and the second scheduling information) can be conveyed only via the first scheduling information20_1.

Scheduling flexibility is maintained, by the association (e.g. pointing) from the first scheduling information20_1to the second scheduling information20_2.

There is a reasonable user equipment blind detection burden because of the association (e.g. pointer) from the first scheduling information20_1to the second scheduling information20_2. For example, UE may be able to perform N blind decodes per slot (N is a parameter e.g.12). In the current approach, the first scheduling information may follow the budget of N blind decodes/slot. The second scheduling information may consume only one blind decodes (thus the total blink decoding budget would be e.g. N+1 or N+2 per first period, instead of N*2 or N*3).

Reasonable user equipment and base station processing times are supported with a reasonable number of HARQ processes e.g. maximum of 16 HARQ processes.

Only minor changes may be required to the base station and user equipment physical layer design. No changes to the HARQ processes may be needed.

The following paragraphs provide some further details of examples.

In different examples, different aspects of the HARQ processes can be controlled by different ones of the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2.

According to one option, the first scheduling information20_1can trigger the HARQ reply. The first scheduling information20_1can indicate PUCCH timing via selecting of a predefined pattern (from plurality of patterns configured by RRC).

For example, the pattern can provide:K1 value for each scheduled PDSCH. PUCCH timing is determined relative to each PDSCH; andseparate PUCCH resource indicator (PRI) for each PUCCH transmission, or single PRI is used for all PUCCH transmissions

An example of a pattern corresponding toFIG.6is:

PDSCH number:#0#1#2#3#4#5#6#7K1 value:76767676PRI value:11222222

According to another option, the second scheduling information20_2can trigger the HARQ reply. HARQ feedback timing, codebook and PUCCH resource are determined by K1 and PUCCH resource indicator values contained on the second scheduling information20_2and K1 value is determined relative to last scheduled PDSCH by that second scheduling information20_2. K1 values are configured by RRC. The first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2can share a common configuration of K1 values, or K1 values may be configured separately for the first scheduling information20_1and the second scheduling information20_2.

In the example ofFIG.5, the first scheduling information20_1does not trigger HARQ feedback, except for PDSCH slots that it schedules directly (if any). InFIG.5, the first two PDSCH slots are reported in PUCCH triggered by first scheduling information20_1. The other PDSCH slots are reported in additional (intermediate) PUCCH slots triggered by respective second scheduling information20_2.

In an alternative example, the first scheduling information20_1triggers normal HARQ feedback covering HARQ feedback for all scheduled PDSCHs (i.e. repeating HARQ-ACK transmission for some of the PDSCHs). The HARQ feedback containing A/N for all scheduled PDSCHs triggered by the first scheduling information20_1is transmitted last. The additional triggered intermediate HARQ replies in PUCCH are transmitted earlier and provide early HARQ feedback.

HARQ feedback codebook (CB) determination for feedback triggered by second scheduling information20_2can use the legacy CB determination. To reduce Type 1 CB size, a reduced K1 set may be configured for second scheduling information20_2and used in the Type 1 CB determination.

Slots containing both first scheduling information20_1triggered HARQ feedback and second scheduling information20_2triggered HARQ feedback may need to include both downlink and uplink symbols. Sufficiently short PUCCH transmissions may need to be used.

The demodulation reference signal (DMRS) used for detecting second scheduling information20_2can be the same or different to the DMRS used for detecting the first scheduling information20_1.

PDCCH DMRS is always used when detecting first scheduling information20_1.

PDCCH (second scheduling information20_2) can be demodulated based on PDSCH DMRS or PDCCH DMRS.

When PDCCH (second scheduling information20_2) is demodulated based on PDSCH DMRS, then CCEs are grid aligned with PDSCH data.

A CCE is a control channel element. A CCE is a group of resources used to send PDCCH. PDCCH is transmitted using Resource Elements (RE) which belong to a Control Resource Set (CORESET). A single resource element group (REG) is 1 resource Block (RB) in the frequency domain and 1 symbol in the time domain i.e. 12 Resource elements. Aggregation level maps RE/REG to CCE

When PDCCH (second scheduling information20_2) is demodulated based on PDCCH DMRS (independent of PDSCH) then a predefined subset of CCEs of first scheduling information20_1's PDCCH CORESET is used or the CCE grid is in a predefined location configured via RRC.

One option is therefore to demodulate PDCCH (second scheduling information20_2) based on PDCCH DMRS using a defined subset of CCEs of first scheduling information20_1's PDCCH CORESET. The subset can be defined by the pointer. This option can also work with PUSCH multi-transmission time interval (TTI) scheduling.

The legacy PDCCH processing chain can be used for second scheduling information20_2detection significantly lowering the blind detection burden and reducing power consumption.

Some properties of the second scheduling information20_2can be derived from the first scheduling information20_1and/or its associated CORESET. For example, such properties can include:i) timing, i.e. location of CORESET and its starting symbol within a slot,ii) CCEs carrying the second scheduling information20_2may be derived as a subset of CCEs (of CORESET) where first scheduling information20_1have been detected,iii) RNTI, and/oriv) Payload.

In some examples, the association/pointer of the first scheduling information20_1is explicitly indicated by content comprised in the first scheduling information20_1.

A location of the second scheduling information20_2can be indicated via inclusion in the first scheduling information20_1of a predefined pattern (from a plurality of patterns configured by RRC) or a bitmap covering the number/group of slots that can be scheduled by the second scheduling information20_2.

The presence of second scheduling information20_2in some slots can be indicated by a special value of the field (or fields) in first scheduling information20_1e.g. NDI (or NDI+RV combination) indicating that NDI signaling is postponed to second scheduling information20_2of corresponding period.

One occurrence of second scheduling information20_2can be associated with one or more other occurrences of second scheduling information20_2via the first scheduling information20_1. For example, the first scheduling information20_1can schedule fully the first 4 PDSCH slots, and in 5th PDSCH slot there is second scheduling information20_2for PDSCH slots 5-8. Therefore, the second scheduling information20_2is associated with 4 PDSCH slots scheduled by first scheduling information20_1.

CORESET is set of control resources and consist of N CCEs. Contiguous CCEs (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16) form a PDCCH candidate that can hold a PDCCH.

The user equipment can determine the start CCE of PDCCH.

For example, if the second scheduling information20_2is to be found in a predefined subset of CCEs of first scheduling information20_1's CORESET, the base station can indicate a starting logical CCE in the CORESET where the second scheduling information20_2is located, separately for each UE. However, this may require further increase of master PDCCH payload. Another solution is to determine the starting CCE of the second scheduling information20_2implicitly.

In some but not necessarily all examples, the starting CCE is determined based on starting resource block (RB) and/or starting symbol of the PDSCH/PUSCH.

For example, the starting CCE for each UE's second scheduling information20_2is determined based on starting physical resource block (PRB) of PDSCH.

This is given by equation

C⁢C⁢Es⁢t⁢a⁢r⁢t=floor⁢(P⁢D⁢S⁢C⁢Hs⁢t⁢a⁢r⁢tP⁢R⁢BB⁢W⁢Ps⁢i⁢z⁢eP⁢R⁢B⁢CORESE⁢Ts⁢i⁢z⁢e),
wherePDSCHstartPRBis start RB of associated PDSCHBWPsizwPRBis size in RBs of active BWP for associated PDSCHCORESETsizeis number of CCE in master CORESET

An alternative is to use the subset of CCEs of the first scheduling information20_1's CORESET where the first scheduling information20_1has been decoded. Using a sub-set would guarantee that the second scheduling information20_2of scheduled user equipments will not collide if first scheduling information20_1did not collide. Also, the second scheduling information20_2would typically be of a smaller payload than the first scheduling information20_1, and thus may require less CCEs than the first scheduling information20_1to provide the same amount of coverage reliability.

FIG.7illustrates an example of a controller400. Implementation of a controller400may be as controller circuitry. The controller400may be implemented in hardware alone, have certain aspects in software including firmware alone or can be a combination of hardware and software (including firmware).

As illustrated inFIG.7, the controller400may be implemented using instructions that enable hardware functionality, for example, by using executable instructions of a computer program406in a general-purpose or special-purpose processor402that may be stored on a computer readable storage medium (disk, memory, and/or the like) to be executed by such a processor402.

The processor402is configured to read from and write to the memory404. The processor402may also comprise an output interface via which data and/or commands are output by the processor402and an input interface via which data and/or commands are input to the processor402.

The memory404stores a computer program406comprising computer program instructions (computer program code) that controls the operation of the user equipment110or base station120, when loaded into the processor402. The computer program instructions, of the computer program406, provide the logic and routines that enables the apparatus to perform the methods illustrated inFIGS.2to6. The processor402by reading the memory404is able to load and execute the computer program406.

The apparatus (e.g. user equipment110) can comprise:at least one processor402; andat least one memory404including computer program codethe at least one memory404and the computer program code configured to, with theat least one processor402, cause the apparatus at least to perform:receiving, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1;receiving, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot points to at least the second scheduling information20_2; andwherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel

The system (e.g. base station120) can comprise:at least one processor402; andat least one memory404including computer program codethe at least one memory404and the computer program code configured to, with theat least one processor402, cause the system (base station120) at least to perform:transmitting, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andtransmitting, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot points to at least the second scheduling information20_2; and wherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

As illustrated inFIG.8, the computer program406may arrive at the user equipment110or base station120via any suitable delivery mechanism408. The delivery mechanism408may be, for example, a machine readable medium, a computer-readable medium, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, a computer program product, a memory device, a record medium such as a Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) or a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or a solid state memory, an article of manufacture that comprises or tangibly embodies the computer program406. The delivery mechanism may be a signal configured to reliably transfer the computer program406. The user equipment110or base station120may propagate or transmit the computer program406as a computer data signal.

The computer program406can, when run on a computer comprised in user equipment, enables the user equipment to perform:receiving, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1;receiving, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot points to at least the second scheduling information20_2; andwherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

A different computer program406can, when run on a computer comprised in a base station120, enable the base station120to perform:transmitting, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a first slot, first scheduling information20_1for a data channel, wherein the first slot is separated by at least one first period of multiple slots from next first scheduling information20_1; andtransmitting, in the PDCCH in at least one second slot, second scheduling information20_2for the data channel, wherein the at least one second slot is delayed with respect to the first slot by one or more slots and is received within the first period of multiple slots after the first slot,wherein the first scheduling information20_1in the first slot points to at least the second scheduling information20_2; andwherein the second scheduling information20_2is related to at least one hybrid automatic request (HARQ) process for the data channel.

The computer program instructions may be comprised in a computer program, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a computer program product, a machine readable medium. In some but not necessarily all examples, the computer program instructions may be distributed over more than one computer program.

Although the memory404is illustrated as a single component/circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components/circuitry some or all of which may be integrated/removable and/or may provide permanent/semi-permanent/dynamic/cached storage.

Although the processor402is illustrated as a single component/circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components/circuitry some or all of which may be integrated/removable. The processor402may be a single core or multi-core processor.

References to ‘computer-readable storage medium’, ‘computer program product’, ‘tangibly embodied computer program’ etc. or a ‘controller’, ‘computer’, ‘processor’ etc. should be understood to encompass not only computers having different architectures such as single/multi-processor architectures and sequential (Von Neumann)/parallel architectures but also specialized circuits such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), application specific circuits (ASIC), signal processing devices and other processing circuitry. References to computer program, instructions, code etc. should be understood to encompass software for a programmable processor or firmware such as, for example, the programmable content of a hardware device whether instructions for a processor, or configuration settings for a fixed-function device, gate array or programmable logic device etc.

As used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ may refer to one or more or all of the following:(a) hardware-only circuitry implementations (such as implementations in only analog and/or digital circuitry) and(b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable):(i) a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) with software/firmware and(ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions and(c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g. firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and/or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

The blocks illustrated in theFIGS.2to6may represent steps in a method and/or sections of code in the computer program406. The illustration of a particular order to the blocks does not necessarily imply that there is a required or preferred order for the blocks and the order and arrangement of the block may be varied. Furthermore, it may be possible for some blocks to be omitted.

Where a structural feature has been described, it may be replaced by means for performing one or more of the functions of the structural feature whether that function or those functions are explicitly or implicitly described.

The above described examples find application as enabling components of:automotive systems; telecommunication systems; electronic systems including consumer electronic products; distributed computing systems; media systems for generating or rendering media content including audio, visual and audio visual content and mixed, mediated, virtual and/or augmented reality; personal systems including personal health systems or personal fitness systems; navigation systems; user interfaces also known as human machine interfaces; networks including cellular, non-cellular, and optical networks; ad-hoc networks; the internet; the internet of things; virtualized networks; and related software and services.

The term ‘comprise’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y. If it is intended to use ‘comprise’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context by referring to “comprising only one.” or by using “consisting”.

In this description, reference has been made to various examples. The description of features or functions in relation to an example indicates that those features or functions are present in that example. The use of the term ‘example’ or ‘for example’ or ‘can’ or ‘may’ in the text denotes, whether explicitly stated or not, that such features or functions are present in at least the described example, whether described as an example or not, and that they can be, but are not necessarily, present in some of or all other examples. Thus ‘example’, ‘for example’, ‘can’ or ‘may’ refers to a particular instance in a class of examples. A property of the instance can be a property of only that instance or a property of the class or a property of a sub-class of the class that includes some but not all of the instances in the class. It is therefore implicitly disclosed that a feature described with reference to one example but not with reference to another example, can where possible be used in that other example as part of a working combination but does not necessarily have to be used in that other example.

Although examples have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the claims.

Features described in the preceding description may be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described above.

Although functions have been described with reference to certain features, those functions may be performable by other features whether described or not.

Although features have been described with reference to certain examples, those features may also be present in other examples whether described or not.

The term ‘a’ or ‘the’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising a/the Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y unless the context clearly indicates the contrary. If it is intended to use ‘a’ or ‘the’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context. In some circumstances the use of ‘at least one’ or ‘one or more’ may be used to emphasis an inclusive meaning but the absence of these terms should not be taken to infer any exclusive meaning.

The presence of a feature (or combination of features) in a claim is a reference to that feature or (combination of features) itself and also to features that achieve substantially the same technical effect (equivalent features). The equivalent features include, for example, features that are variants and achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way. The equivalent features include, for example, features that perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result.

In this description, reference has been made to various examples using adjectives or adjectival phrases to describe characteristics of the examples. Such a description of a characteristic in relation to an example indicates that the characteristic is present in some examples exactly as described and is present in other examples substantially as described.

Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features believed to be of importance it should be understood that the Applicant may seek protection via the claims in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not emphasis has been placed thereon.