Patent ID: 12225922

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a structural strengthening agent for a food product comprising a water-insoluble long-chain cellulose having a diameter of 3.5 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more; and a water-insoluble short-chain cellulose having a diameter of 5.0 μm or more and having an aspect ratio of 32.5 or less, the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose being contained in a mass ratio of 40:60 to 4:96. One or more embodiments of the present invention also relate to a food material containing the structural strengthening agent, a food product made of the hardened food material, and a method of improving the taste and physical properties of the food product.

In the present disclosure, the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose indicates those which are insoluble to water (solubility to 1 L of water at 20° C. and 0.10 MPa is 0.1 g or less) and have a diameter of 3.5 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more. Specific examples thereof include celluloses which satisfy such properties and compositions containing such celluloses. Plant-derived pulp celluloses and fermentation-derived celluloses produced by microorganisms are preferred from the viewpoint of edibility and ease of handling. In particular, preferred fermentation-derived celluloses are ones produced by microorganisms such as Acetobacteraceaes, specifically ones derived from nata de coco from the viewpoint of production efficiency. Alternatively, a composition comprising the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose is also available. Specific examples thereof include a composition containing a fermentation-derived cellulose produced by a microorganism as an ingredient, where the fermentation-derived cellulose may be contained as it is or may be in a fine or disintegrated form prepared in a solution with a homogenizer to have the properties within the ranges specified above. It is preferred that celluloses prepared through chemical partial depolymerization of celluloses, such as crystal celluloses, be not contained to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The term “long-chain” cellulose is conveniently used to refer to the celluloses having a diameter of 3.5 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more, and the cellulose is not always a single chain or a branch-free chain.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose cannot be dissolved in water and have a diameter of 5.0 μm or more and an aspect ratio of 32.5 or less. Specific examples thereof include celluloses which satisfy such properties and compositions containing such celluloses. Plant-derived pulp celluloses are preferred from the viewpoint of edibility and ease of handling. The water-insoluble short-chain cellulose may be in the form of a composition comprising the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose above. Specific examples thereof include a dried plant powder as it is or a fine form thereof crushed in a solution with a mill to have the above properties within the ranges specified above. It is preferred that celluloses (such as crystal celluloses) prepared through chemical partial depolymerization of celluloses be not contained to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The term “short-chain” cellulose is conventionally used to refer to the celluloses having a diameter of 5.0 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 32.5 or less, and the cellulose is not always a single chain or a branch-free chain.

In the present disclosure, the diameter of the cellulose indicates the average diameter of cellulose chains, which can be determined by observation of cellulose fibers with a standard tabletop scanning electron microscope (tabletop SEM, such as “Miniscope TM3000” available from Hitachi, Ltd.”). At least 30 cellulose fibers are selected at random, and the diameter in μm of each fiber is measured. The average, maximum, and minimum of the 30 measured diameters are determined.

In the present disclosure, the aspect ratio of the cellulose indicates the ratio of the long side to the short side in a rectangular image, and can be determined by measuring the long side and the short side of the cellulose fiber in observation with a standard tabletop scanning electron microscope (tabletop SEM, such as “Miniscope TM3000” available from Hitachi, Ltd.). At least 30 cellulose fibers are selected at random, and each of them is measured for the aspect ratio (ratio of the length in μm of the long side to the diameter in μm of the short side of a rectangular image. The average, maximum, and minimum of the 30 measured values are determined. The average or the maximum (preferably the maximum) is defined as the diameter of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose, and the average or the minimum (preferably the minimum) is defined as the diameter of the insoluble short-chain cellulose. The minimum is defined as the aspect ratio of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose, and the maximum is defined as the aspect ratio of the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose.

Specifically, the upper limit of the diameter of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose may be 3.5 μm. The upper limit may be 3.0 μm, 2.5 μm, or 2.0 μm to ensure the advantageous effects. The diameter of the water-insoluble cellulose may have any lower limit. It is preferred that the lower limit of the diameter be usually 0.1 μm.

The lower limit of the diameter of the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose may be 5.0 μm. The lower limit may be 7.5 μm, 10 μm, or 12.5 μm to ensure the advantageous effects. The diameter may have any upper limit. A preferred upper limit is usually 50 μm.

Furthermore, the minimum of the aspect ratio of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose may be 2.0 or more. The minimum may be 2.2 or more, 2.4 or more, or 2.6 or more to ensure the advantageous effects. The maximum of the aspect ratio of the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose may be 32.5 or less. The maximum may be 25 or less, 20 or less, or 15 or less to ensure the advantageous effects.

Although the food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention can be any food product, it indicates a food product hardened and shaped from a melted or softened state (e.g., a liquid or pasty state, which is referred to as food material, with respect to the advantageous effects of the prevent invention). The food material is hardened by a method involving a change in temperature, physical changes such as evaporation of water, or a chemical change through light irradiation, polymerization, cross-linking, or hydration. The degree of hardening varies depending on the food product, and includes a variety of states from a very hard state to a pasty state. Specific examples thereof include solid fats, konjac gel, jellies, bavarois, dessert puddings, yokan, uiro, whipped cream, mousses, frozen food products, hard ice creams, soft-serve ice creams, and frozen desserts. Furthermore, preferred are frozen food products, hard ice creams, soft-serve ice creams, and frozen desserts containing water and refrigerated at 0° C. or less to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. In particular, hard ice creams and frozen desserts are preferred from the viewpoint of an eating mode at low temperatures and hardness suitable for eating.

The food material may contain water in any amount. A preferred lower limit is usually 2 mass %. Especially, the water content may be 5 mass %, 10 mass %, or 15 mass % to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The upper limit thereof may be 98 mass %. Especially, the water content may be 95 mass %, 92.5 mass %, or 90 mass % to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention.

The structural strengthening agent for a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention may contain the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose having a diameter of 3.5 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose having a diameter of 5.0 μm or more and an aspect ratio of 32.5 or less in a mass ratio (in dryness) of usually 40:60 to 4:96. Specifically, the lower limit of the mass percentage of the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose to the total of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose is usually 60%, preferably 67%, more preferably 79%. The upper limit of the mass percentage is usually 96%, preferably 93%, more preferably 87%.

The water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose in the structural strengthening agent for a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention or the composition containing these celluloses may be added to the food material through any process. In one or more embodiments, these celluloses may be preliminarily mixed in a mixing ratio within a specific range before addition to the food material. In alternative embodiments, these celluloses may be separately added to the food material such that the mixing ratio falls within a specific range. These can be added to the food material at any timing. The timing for addition may be appropriately adjusted to prepare a food material having desired properties and quality.

The water-insoluble long-chain cellulose, the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose, and the composition containing these cellulose can be in any form. These may be in the form of a powder (excluding the case where the celluloses or the composition does not ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention due to aggregation and integration), a dispersion (in this case, any dispersant can be used as long as the celluloses or the composition is satisfactorily dispersed for use), or a solid (that is, the celluloses or the composition can be appropriately dispersed in the food material to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention).

The structural strengthening agent for a food product may be in the form of a dispersion, a powder, or a solid as described above both in the case that these celluloses are preliminarily mixed in a mixing ratio within a specific range before addition to the food material and that these celluloses are separately added such that the mixing ratio falls within a specific range. Any structural strengthening agent may be appropriately selected depending on the properties of the celluloses and the composition containing these celluloses, provided that the celluloses retain the original states to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention (i.e., are not aggregated, integrated, or precipitated).

The water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose, which are effective structural strengthening agents for a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, can be added in any amount to the food material, and the amount may be appropriately adjusted to ensure the effect. Usually, the lower limit of the total content thereof in the entire food material may be 4.5 mass %. Especially, the lower limit may be 7.5 mass %, or 11.5 mass % to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The upper limit thereof may be 53 mass %, or 33 mass % to ensure the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The water-insoluble long-chain cellulose is commercially available at present in a wet form such as a low-content aqueous suspension. Use of a higher-content aqueous suspension or a dried product thereof would reduce the proportion of celluloses contained in the food product and thus reduce influences on the versatility and quality of the food products. Accordingly, the proportion can be controlled within a wider range, and may be out of the numeric range specified above.

The structural strengthening in the present disclosure indicates an increase in structural strength of the entire hardened food product when the food material containing the structural strengthening agent is hardened under its hardening conditions (which vary depending on the food product. For example, water is frozen under a low-temperature condition in the case of ice cream). The structural strength can be measured and evaluated with a standard rheometer (“Rheoner” available from Yamaden Co., Ltd. (attachment: wedge-shaped (upper width of 30 mm×distal end width of 1 mm)). It, however, is usually known that the value measured by an analyzer does not always match with the sensory perception. Thus, it is desirable to use combination of the structural strength and sensory evaluation.

One or more embodiments of the present invention also cover a method of producing a food product, comprising mixing the structural strengthening agent according to one or more embodiments of the present invention with the food material, and hardening the mixture. The details of the structural strengthening agent, the food material, the mixing method, and the hardening method are as described above.

Furthermore, one or more embodiments of the present invention also cover a method of increasing the structural strength of the food product, the method comprising mixing the structural strengthening agent according to the present invention with the food material, and hardening the mixture. The details of the structural strengthening agent, the food material, the mixing method, and the hardening method are as described above.

One or more embodiments of the present invention also cover a method of improving the taste and physical properties of the food product, the method comprising mixing the structural strengthening agent according to the present invention with the food material, and hardening the mixture. The details of the structural strengthening agent, the food material, the mixing method, and the hardening method are as described above.

Although the reason is not completely clarified why the structural strength is improved by the structural strengthening agent for a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the present inventors infer the following reason from the results of observations shown inFIGS.1to4: The water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose contained in the food material in a specific ratio are substantially homogeneously dispersed in the food material. As a result, the insoluble short-chain cellulose present between structure forming ingredients derived from the food material forms a latticed and/or braced structure inside gaps in the resulting structured product, and the gaps in the structured product are filled with the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose. The dimension of the latticed and/or braced structure is thereby reduced and the gaps are filled with microwalls or microplates. The structural strength is thus improved by such a synergistic effect.

Although the relation between the increase in the structural strength and the effect of improving the taste and physical properties of the food product is not completely clarified, the results in Examples below suggest that the food products having a relatively hard structure, such as ice creams, frozen desserts, and solid fats, have a strengthened structure. Such a food product is difficult to disintegrate or melt in the mouth, thus reducing elution of ingredients causing sweetness and/or oiliness derived from the food product, and thus reducing the persistence in the mouth. The structural strengthening also reduces a significant increase in surface area of the grains of the food product caused by disintegration or melting, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived from food products containing water cooled by freezing or refrigeration.

In contrast, in the food products having a relatively soft structure, such as soft-serve ice creams and whipped cream, their dense structures are retained by strengthening the structure, increasing the retention (overrun) of fine air bubbles to provide a very smooth, fluffy, highly whipped soft texture. Thus, the contact of ingredients causing sweetness and/or oiliness derived from the food product with the mouth is reduced, thus reducing the persistence therein. For the same reason, a significant increase in surface area of grains of the food product is reduced, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived from food products containing water cooled by freezing or refrigeration.

In jellies and konjac gel having a mild hardness compared to those of ice creams and soft-serve ice creams, the structural strengthening obstructs disintegration or syneresis of the food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention having a strengthened structure in the mouth, thereby reducing the elution of ingredients causing sweetness and/or oiliness derived from the food product and thus persistence in the mouth. A significant increase in surface area of grains of the food product by disintegration or elution of ingredients by syneresis is prevented, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived from food products containing water cooled by freezing or refrigeration.

EXAMPLES

[Example 1] Verification of Synergetic Effect of Combined Use of Celluloses Having Different Properties

The synergetic effect of combined use of celluloses having different properties was examined using ice cream. Nata de coco (available from Style One, in syrup, cellulose solid content: 1.5 mass %, used as a cellulose dispersion prepared by disintegrating the whole product with the syrup in a homogenizer “Physcotron” (available from MICROTEC CO., LTD.) for 5 minutes) was selected as a water-insoluble long-chain cellulose, and an NP fiber (available from Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., dried powder) was selected as a water-insoluble short-chain cellulose, and were subjected to a test. The food material was prepared as follows: Materials having a composition shown in Table 1 were sufficiently mixed with stirring to prepare an ice cream material (food material), and the celluloses were added thereto in a mixing ratio shown in Table 2, followed by mixing and dispersing. The ice cream material was then cooled for 50 minutes with stirring using an ice cream maker (“Ice Deli” available from Haier) in an ice cream making mode. The product was left to stand at −20° C. for 12 hours or more for storage. The hardness of the ice cream was determined by measuring the rupture stress at 1.000 mm/sec with a rheometer (“Rheoner” available from Yamaden Co., Ltd. (attachment: wedge-shaped (upper width of 30 mm×distal end width of 1 mm)). The melting resistance was evaluated by transferring 10 mL of the ice cream material into a 50-mL Falcon tube (available from Falcon), leaving the ice cream material at −20° C. for 3 hours or more for storage, horizontally cutting the Falcon tube at a position 5 mm from the bottom, leaving the cut portion at normal temperature, and measuring the amount of melted liquid. For the structural change in the ice cream, the surface of a section of freeze-dried ice cream was observed with a tabletop scanning electron microscope (tabletop SEM, available from Hitachi, Ltd., “Miniscope TM3000”) at an appropriate magnification. The texture (hardness and melting properties) and the taste (cold stimuli in the mouth, persistence, and richness (milkiness, thickness of taste)) were subjected to sensory evaluation according to the criteria for evaluation below. The results are shown in Table 2.

The sensory evaluation was performed by ten trained sensory inspectors. The sensory inspectors were selected from those who underwent the discrimination trainings A) to C) below, had particularly good results, had experiences of product development, had rich knowledge of quality such as the tastes of food products and the texture thereof, and were able to perform absolute evaluations on the items of sensory inspections.

A) Taste discrimination test about seven samples in total including aqueous five-taste samples (i.e., sweet:taste: sugar, sour taste: tartaric acid, umami taste: sodium glutamate, salty taste: sodium chloride, and bitter taste: caffeine) of the respective ingredients each having a concentration close to the threshold, and two samples of distilled water. The inspectors must correctly discriminate the samples of the five tastes from the seven samples in total.

B) Concentration discrimination test to correctly discriminate the difference in concentration among five salt solutions having different concentrations and the difference in concentration among five aqueous acetic acid solutions having different concentrations.

C) Three-point discrimination test to correctly discriminate one low-viscosity soy sauce sample from three soy source samples having slightly different viscosities (two samples having the same viscosity, one sample having a low viscosity).

For all the items for evaluation, all of the ten inspectors preliminarily evaluated standard samples to standardize the scores according to the criteria for evaluation, and then performed objective sensory inspections. For each of the evaluation items, the inspectors selected the numeric values closest to their evaluations from the scores of 1 to 5 in the evaluation ranking. The result of each evaluation item was determined from calculation of the arithmetic average of the ten scores given by the inspectors. The inspectors added free comments (not shown) in addition to the criteria for evaluation below.

<Criteria 1 for Evaluation> Texture (Degree of Hardness)

5: hard4: slightly hard3: intermediate2: slightly soft1: soft
<Criteria 2 for Evaluation> Texture (Melting Properties)5: hard to melt4: slightly hard to melt3: intermediate2: slightly easy to melt1: easy to melt
<Criteria 3 for Evaluation> Taste (Degree of Cold Stimuli)5: weak cold stimuli in the mouth (preferred)4: relatively weak cold stimuli in the mouth (somewhat preferred)3: intermediate2: relatively strong cold stimuli in the mouth (somewhat unpreferred)1: strong cold stimuli in the mouth (unpreferred)
<Criteria 4 for Evaluation> Taste (Degree of Persistence)5: weak persistence in the mouth, and dry and light feeling (preferred)4: relatively weak persistence in the mouth, and dry and somewhat light feeling (somewhat preferred)3: intermediate2: relatively strong persistence in the mouth, and wet and somewhat heavy feeling (somewhat unpreferred)1: strong persistence in the mouth, and wet and heavy feeling (unpreferred)
<Criteria 5 for Evaluation> Taste (Degree of Richness (Milkiness, Thickness of Taste))5: strong richness (milkiness, thickness of taste) felt in the mouth (preferred)4: relatively strong richness (milkiness, thickness of taste) felt in the mouth (somewhat preferred)3: intermediate2: relatively weak richness (milkiness, thickness of taste) felt in the mouth, slightly watery (somewhat unpreferred)1: weak richness (milkiness, thickness of taste) felt in the mouth, watery (unpreferred)
<Criteria 6 for Evaluation> Comprehensive Evaluation of Texture and Taste5: good texture and taste4: relatively good texture and taste3: intermediate2: relatively bad texture and taste1: bad texture and taste

TABLE 1Ice cream materialsPreparation conditionSugar25 gMixed with stirring,Egg yolk20 ghardened with iceFresh cream100 mLcream makerMilk40 mL

TABLE 2ComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Food materials (g)Ice cream material (Table 1)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de150150——cocoHardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegratednata do cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amoung (g)335350335350productObservationGeometry of tissueFIG. 1FIG. 2FIG. 3FIG. 4(observation with tabletopSEM × 100)PhysicalRupture stress (Pa)43330110000150000183300propertiesMelting resistance (liquid6.57.010.00.3amount (mL) after 45 min atnormal temperature)SensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1235evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1225Taste (degree of richness1135(milkiness, thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of1225texture and taste

The syrup for immersing nata de coco (composition: sugar, sorbitol, an acidulant, an antioxidant (V.C), and a fragrance) as a food product material was added in Comparative Samples 1 and 2 as shown Table 2 because the syrup was also added when the nata de coco disintegrated in the syrup, i.e., the long-chain cellulose was added (Comparative Sample 3, Inventive Sample 1). Thus, all Comparative Samples and Inventive Sample have the same taste and concentration. Although an attempt to recover and add a dried product of the disintegrated nata de coco as a long-chain cellulose was made, the dried product aggregated to lose the geometry and the properties, and was not returned to the original state even after wetted. For this reason, this method was not used.

The results in Table 2 show that compared to the case where the celluloses were not added (Comparative Sample 1), the degree of hardness in the texture was not felt significantly different while the rupture stress increased in the case where only the long-chain cellulose was added (0.67 mass % in the hardened product) (Comparative Sample 3) and the case where only the short-chain cellulose was added (4.29 mass % in the hardened product) (Comparative Sample 2). Furthermore, an improvement in melting resistance was not observed, and the differences in texture and taste in the sensory evaluation were small. In short, no significant change was observed in the cases where each single cellulose was added. In contrast, in the case where the long-chain cellulose and the short-chain cellulose were used in combination (Inventive Sample 1), the highest rupture stress was observed, and a significant hardness was recognized in the sensory evaluation. This sample also exhibited the highest melting resistance from the observed value and the results of sensory evaluation. The results also demonstrate that the cold stimuli and the persistence of sweetness and oiliness in the taste were significantly reduced, and the richness (milkiness and thickness of taste) were enhanced.

The sections of the freeze-dried products of these hardened products were observed with a tabletop SEM (100×). Compared to the case where the celluloses were not added (Comparative Sample 1,FIG.1), filled gaps between ice crystals were observed in the case where only the long-chain cellulose was added (0.67 mass % in the hardened product) (Comparative Sample 3,FIG.3). In contrast, lattices and braces extended in the gaps between ice crystals were observed in the case where only the short-chain cellulose was added (4.29 mass % in the hardened product) (Comparative Sample 2.FIG.2). In contrast, filled gaps between ice crystals were observed in the case where the long-chain cellulose and the short-chain cellulose were used in combination (Inventive Sample 1,FIG.4). These observations suggest that the structural strength was synergistically improved in the case where the long-chain cellulose and the short-chain cellulose were used in combination for the following reason: The water-insoluble short-chain cellulose present between the structure forming ingredients derived from the food material formed a latticed and/or braced structure inside gaps in the structured product and the gaps in the structured product were filled with the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose. The dimension of the latticed and/or braced structure was thereby reduced and the gaps were filled with microwalls or microplates.

Although the relation between this synergistical increase in structural strength and the effect of improving the taste and physical properties is not completely clarified, from the improved melting resistance, the present inventors infer that the structural strengthening resulted in a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention having a strengthened structure. Such a food product was barely disintegrated or melted in the mouth, thus reducing elution of water and ingredients causing sweetness or oiliness derived from the food product, and reducing the persistence in the mouth. Furthermore, the present inventors infer that a significant increase in surface area of grains of the food product caused by disintegration or melting was prevented, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived. The present inventors also infer that due to the reduction in elution of water, the sweet or oily ingredients keeping their richness were brought into contact with the tongue, resulting in perception of the richness (milkiness, thickness of taste) without persistence.

[Example 2] Geometric Analysis of Water-Insoluble Cellulose

In Example 1, the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose used was nata de coco (available from Style One, in syrup, cellulose solid content: 1.5 mass %) in the form of a cellulose dispersion prepared by disintegrating the whole product with syrup in a homogenizer “Physcotron” (available from MICROTEC CO., LTD.) for 5 minutes, whereas the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose used was NP fiber (Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., dried powder). These celluloses and other celluloses were subjected to geometric analysis.

In the celluloses and the cellulose-containing compositions shown in Table 3, the powdery cellulose was applied onto a carbon tape, and the wet cellulose was dried at 70° C. The images of sections of the resulting sheet-shaped celluloses were photographed with a tabletop SEM (150× to 2000×). In each of the photographed images, 30 cellulose fibers were visually selected at random. The aspect ratio of each fiber was determined where the aspect ratio was defined by the ratio of the length (μm) of the long side to the diameter (μm) corresponding to the length (μm) of the short side in the rectangular image of the fiber. The average, maximum, and minimum of the 30 measured values were determined for each type of cellulose. The cellulose content known from the product specification was cited as it was. For the nata de coco in syrup having a cellulose content unknown from the product specification, the cellulose content was determined as follows: The nata de coco was sufficiently immersed in running water before disintegration to replace the syrup with water, and then was dried to measure the solid content. For the dried powder of cores of corn (Zea mays) having a cellulose content unknown from the product specification, the cellulose content was measured by a modified Prosky method, which is a standard method of measuring a food fiber content.

The observed images are shown inFIGS.5,6,7,8, and9, and the observed results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3AnalyticalAnalyticalAnalyticalAnalyticalAnalyticalSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Sample 5CelluloseNameNata de cocoBINFi-s Wfo-10002Chemical pulpNP fiberPlant powder (corescellulose nanofiberof com)ManufacturerStyle OneSugino MachineDeio PaperNippon PaperCommerciallyavailableStateWet, disintegratedWetWetDryDrywith syrup inhomogenizer″Physcotron″(MICROTEC CO.,LTD.) for 5 minDerived fromProduced byPulpPulpPulpComAcetobacteraceaeMeasuredCellulose content1.52.02.0100(60 mass % asvalues(mass %)insoluble food fibers)DiameterAverage0.88 ± 0.371.11 ± 0.591.36 ± 0.6414.17 ± 5.4521.73 ± 8.93(μm)Maximum1.73.03.53045Minimum0.30.20.555AspectAverageNANANA8.79 ± 6.732.00 ± 1.25ratioMaximumNANANA32.56.0Minimum11.82.03.51.51.0ClassificationLong-chainLong-chainLong-chainShort-chainShort-chain

The results demonstrate that the wet celluloses in Analytical Samples 1 to 3 have a relatively small diameter and a relatively large minimum aspect ratio, indicating water-insoluble long-chain celluloses. The results also demonstrate that the dried cellulose and the dried cellulose-containing composition in Analytical Samples 4 and 5, respectively, have a relatively large diameter and a small aspect ratio, indicating water-insoluble short-chain celluloses. The dried powder of cores of corn (Zea mays) selected as the cellulose-containing composition was prepared as follows: Dried powder (1 g) was suspended in water (100 mL), and was thoroughly stirred to sufficiently dissolve the water-soluble ingredient. The residue was then recovered by vacuum filtration through a 0.45-μm aqueous filter, and was sufficiently dried with a hot-air dryer. The massive dried powder was crushed with a mixer (Wonder Crusher WC-3L, available from OSAKA CHEMICAL Co., Ltd.) until particle size became uniform again. The crushed product was subjected to SEM observation. This fibrous product (it was inferred that the fibrous product was composed mainly of a cellulose because 60 mass % of an insoluble food fiber was contained and the water-soluble ingredient was dissolved out) was measured as described above.

[Example 3] Verification of Advantageous Effects of Invention in Combined Use of Various Celluloses

To verify the effect in combined use of the water-insoluble long-chain celluloses and water-insoluble short-chain celluloses where the geometries thereof were measured in Example 2, ice cream was prepared as in Example 1, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4CelluloseCompar-Compar-Inven-Inven-Inven-Inven-Inven-MaximumMinimumativeativetivetivetivetivetivediameteraspectSampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSample(μm)ratio1413456Food materials (g)Ice cream material (Table 1)——185185185185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de——150——————cocoWater———150—————HardeningLong-chainSyrup containing1.711.8——150150———agents (g)cellulosedisintegratednata de coco(Sample 1)BINFi-s Wfo-100023.02.0————150—150(aqueous suspension)(Sample 2)Chemical pulp3.53.5—————150—cellulose nanofiber(aqueous suspension)(Sample 3)Short-chainNP fiber (Sample 4)301.5——15—1515—cellulosePlant powder451.0———15——15(core of com)(Sample 5)HardenedTotal amoung (g)——335335350350350350350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)——1155555eval-Texture (melting properties)——1155555uationTaste (degree of cold stimuli)——1155555Taste (degree of persistence)——1155555Taste (degree of richness——1155555(milkiness, thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of——1155555texture and taste

The results obtained in combinations other than that of celluloses verified in Example 1 were very similar to those in Inventive Sample 1, and thus the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention are universally provided by any celluloses having very similar geometries to those in Example 1.

Specifically, the results reveal that the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose may have a diameter of 3.5 μm or less and an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more and that the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose may have a diameter of 5.0 μm or more and an aspect ratio of 32.5 or less.

[Example 4] Verification of Range of Mixing Ratio of Water-Insoluble Long-Chain Cellulose to Water-Insoluble Short-Chain Cellulose

In Examples 1 and 3, the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose were used in combination in a mass ratio of 13:87 to 17:83. The range of the ratio of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose to the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose used in combination was verified. Ice cream was prepared as in Example 1 except that the mixing ratio of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose to the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose was varied, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5Compar-Compar-Inven-Inven-Inven-Inven-Inven-Inven-ativeativetivetivetivetivetivetiveSampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSampleSample1578911011Food materials (g)Ice cream material (Table 1)185185185185185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de150———————cocoHardeningLong-chainSyrup containing—150150150150150150150agents (g)cellulosedisintegrated(2.25)(2.25)(2.25)(2.25)(2.25)(2.25)(2.25)nata de coco(solid cellulose)(Sample 1)Short-chainNP fiber—0.0151.54.58.5153050cellulose(Sample 4)Long-chain cellulose:—99:140:5033:8721:7913:877:934:95Short-chain cellulose(mixing ratio)HardenedTotal amoung (g)335335336.5338.5343.5350365385productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)12445554eval-Texture (melting properties)11445554uationTaste (degree of cold stimuli)12455554Taste (degree of persistence)12455554Taste (degree of richness12455554(milkiness, thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of12455554texture and taste

The results demonstrate that the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention are provided by the insoluble long-chain cellulose and the insoluble short-chain cellulose blended in a mass ratio of usually 40:60 to 4:96.

[Example 5] Verification of Range of Total Content of Water-Insoluble Long-Chain Cellulose and Water-Insoluble Short-Chain Cellulose in Food Material

In Examples 1 and 3, the total content of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose in the food material was within the range of 17.25 to 17.75 mass %. The range of the total content of the hardening agent for a food product according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. i.e., the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose in the food material was verified. Ice cream was prepared as in Example 1 except that the type of water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the total content of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and the water-insoluble short-chain cellulose were varied, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6ComparativeInventiveInventiveInventiveInventiveInventiveInventiveSample 4Sample 12Sample 13Sample 14Sample 4Sample 15Sample 16Food materials (g)Ice cream material (Table 1)185185185185185185185Water150——————Hardening agents (g)Long-chainBINFi-s Wfo-10002—150 (3.0)150 (3.0)150 (3.0)150 (3.0)150 (3.0)150 (3.0)cellulose(aqueoussuspension)(Sample 2)Short-chainNP fiber—1.54.55.5153050cellulose(Sample 4)Long-chain cellulose + Short-—4.57.511.5183353chain cellulose (Total content inFood material, mass %)HardenedTotal amoung (g)335336.5339.5343.5350365385productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1455554evaluationTexture (melting properties)1455554Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1455554Taste (degree of persistence)1455554Taste (degree of richness1455554(milkiness, thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of1455554texture and taste

The results demonstrate that the lower limit of the total amount of the insoluble long-chain cellulose and the insoluble short-chain cellulose in the food material may be 4.5 mass %.

[Example 6] Verification 1 of Advantageous Effects of Invention in Other Food Products

In Examples 1 and 3, ice cream (milk-based) was selected as target hardened products to verify the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. It was verified whether the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention was also provided by the ice cream materials shown in Table 7 other than the ice cream (milk-based). Several ice cream materials were prepared in the mixing ratios shown in Table 7. Ice cream was prepared as in Example 1, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 7ice cream materialsPreparation conditionsSoy milk-basedSugar25 gMixed with stirring,Egg yolk20 ghardened with iceFresh cream100 mLcream makerSoy milk40 mLPowdered skimSugar25 gMixed with stirring,milk-basedEgg yolk20 ghardened with iceFresh cream100 mLcream makerPowdered40 mLskim milkNon-cream basedSugar25 gMixed with stirring,Egg yolk20 ghardened with iceMilk140 mLcream maker

TABLE 8ComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 5Sample 6Sample 7Sample 17Food materials (g)Ice creamSoy milk-based185185185185material(Table 7)Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1235evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1135thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of1225texture and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 8Sample 9Sample 10Sample 18Food materials (g)Ice creamPowdered skim185185185185materialmilk-based(Table 7)Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1235evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1125thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of1225texture and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 11Sample 12Sample 13Sample 19Food materials (g)Ice creamNon-cream based185185185185material(Table 7)Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1225evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1115thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of1225texture and taste

The results demonstrate that the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention were ensured by combined use of the insoluble long-chain cellulose and the insoluble short-chain cellulose irrespective of the composition of the ice cream.

[Example 7] Verification of Advantageous Effects of Invention of Other Food Products Having Relatively Hard Form

In Examples 1 and 3 to 6, the ice cream was selected as target hardened products to verify the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. The effects on the food materials shown in Table 9 other than those for the ice cream were verified, where the food products prepared from the food materials and then hardened had relatively hard forms. A variety of food materials were prepared at the mixing ratios shown in Table 9. Several food products were prepared under the preparation conditions shown in Table 9, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1 (note that non-frozen products were eliminated from evaluation according to <Criteria 3 for evaluation> taste (degree of cold stimuli)). The results are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 9Food materialsPreparation conditionsFrozenGangarikunAvailable from200 gMelted by heating, hardened bydessert(soda flavor)Akagi Nyugyofreezing at −20° C.Solid fatHigh-meltingAvailable from200 gMelted in bowl containing hotpoint palm oilKanedawater, hardened by coiling atAburatenroom temperatureChocolateCacao butterCornmercially70 gMelted Matted in bowl containing hotavailablewater, mixed with stirring (usingCacao massCommerically80 g“Melting & Tempering MachineavailableMini Revolution FV-68 (availableSugarCommercially60 gfrom FITEEC”)), hardened byavailablecooling at room temperature

TABLE 10ComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 14Sample 15Sample 16Sample 20Food materials (g)Frozen dessert (Table 9)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productPhysicalRupture stress (Pa)2000016670033330956700propertiesMelting resistance (liquid amount1.10.61.00.3(mL) after 30 min at normaltemperature)SensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1235evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1114Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1124thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture1225and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 17Sample 18Sample 19Sample 21Food materials (g)Solid fat (Table 9)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g): when mixed335350335350productTotal amount (g): when separated water is removed185200202.25217.25before hardeningSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)2235evaluationTexture (melting properties)2225Taste (degree of cold stimuli)————Taste (degree of persistence)2225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,3225thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture2225and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 20Sample 21Sample 22Sample 22Food materials (g)Chocolate (Table 9)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g): when mixed335350335350productTotal amount (g): when separated water is removed185200202.25217.25before hardeningSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)2235evaluationTexture (melting properties)2225Taste (degree of cold stimuli)————Taste (degree of persistence)2225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,3225thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture2225and taste

The results demonstrate that the same advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention as those in the ice cream are ensured in the frozen desserts not containing fats. The results also demonstrate that the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention other than the reduction in cold stimuli were ensured in the solid fat and chocolate which did not substantially contain water (although water was added simultaneously with addition of the water-insoluble long-chain cellulose, the separated water was removed after the cellulose was migrated to the fat by mixing with stirring).

[Example 8] Verification of Advantageous Effects of Invention Exerted on Other Food Products Having Relatively Soft Forms

Example 7 verified the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention on food materials for corresponding hardened products having relatively soft forms. In contrast, the advantageous effect on the food materials shown in Table 11 and hardened into relatively soft forms were verified in Example 8. Several food materials were prepared in mixing ratios shown in Table 11. Several food products were prepared under the conditions shown in Table 11, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 11PreparationFood materialsconditionsSoft-SugarCommerically25 gMixed with stirringserveavailablein electriciceEgg yolkCommerically20 gsoft-servecreamavailablemaker (availableFresh creamCommerically100 mLfrom DOSHISHA),availablefrozen atMilkCommerically40 mL−6° C.availableFresh CreamCommerically200 mLMixed with stirringavailablein electricsoft-servemaker (availablefrom DOSHISHA),refrigerated at 5° C.

TABLE 12ComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 23Sample 24Sample 25Sample 23Food materials (g)Soft-serve ice cream (Table 11)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productMechanicalRupture stress (Pa)Too soft to measurepropertySensoryTexture (degree of hardness)3333evaluationTexture (melting properties)1115Taste (degree of cold stimuli)1225Taste (degree of persistence)1115Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1125thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture1225and tasteNotes———High overrun(retention ofair bubbles),remarkablyhighlywhippedComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 26Sample 27Sample 28Sample 24Food materials (g)Whipped cream (Table 11)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)3333evaluationTexture (melting properties)3333Taste (degree of cold stimuli)2235Taste (degree of persistence)2225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,3335thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture3335and tasteNotes———High overrun(retention ofair bubbles),remarkablyhighlywhipped

The results demonstrate that an increase in hardness was not observed in the soft-serve ice cream and the whipped cream having relatively soft forms because the hardening temperature was relatively high, e.g., about 5° C. to −6° C. and no active hardening operation was employed. In both of the soft-serve ice cream and the whipped cream, a highly whipped state containing a large amount of air bubbles was observed together with other advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention. This is probably because the dense structure was retained due to the hardening action of the hardening agent to increase the retention (overrun) of fine air bubbles, resulting in a very smooth, fluffy, highly whipped soft texture. Furthermore, the resulting texture probably reduced the contact of ingredients causing sweetness or oiliness derived from the food product with tongue, reducing the persistence in the mouth. For the same reason, a significant increase in surface area of grains of the food product was probably prevented, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived from the food products containing water cooled by freezing or refrigeration.

[Example 9] Verification of Advantageous Effects of Invention on Food Product Having Intermediate Hardness

The advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention on the food products having relatively hard forms were verified in Example 7, and those on the food products having relatively soft forms were verified in Example 8. The advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention on the food products having intermediate hardness shown in Table 13 were verified. A variety of food materials were prepared at the mixing ratios in Table 13. Several food products were prepared under conditions shown in Table 13, and was subjected to sensory evaluation as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 14.

TABLE 13Food materialsPreparation conditionsAgar jellyKanten Cook1 gAdded to boiled nata(available from Inade coca syrup (150 mL),Food Industry)mixed with stirring,hardened by refrigerationGelatin jellyJelli Ace (available71 gAdded to nate de cocofrom House Foods)syrup (150 ml) heatedto 70° C., mixed withstirring, hardened byrefrigerationPectin jellyFruiche (available from92.5 gAdded to cold nata deHouse Foods)coco syrup (150 mL) andMilk92.5 mLcold milk (92.5 mL),hardened by mixing withstirringKonjac gelKonjac powder4.5 gAdded to nata de cocosyrup (150 mL), mixedwith stirringLime water15 mLCalcium hydroxide(0.150)dissolved in water(15 mL)Lime water is added to solution of konjac powder,followed by stirring and shaping.Shaped konjac is hardened in boiling water.

TABLE 14ComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 29Sample 30Sample 31Sample 25Food materials (g)Agat jelly (Table 13)1111Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)151166151166productMechanicalRupture stress (Pa)Too soft to measurepropertiesMaximum load (N)1.61.10.72.4Maximum stress (Pa)53330366702333080000SensoryTexture (degree of hardness)2335evaluationTexture (melting properties)————Taste (degree of cold stimuli)2225Taste (degree of persistence)2225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,2225thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture2225and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 32Sample 33Sample 34Sample 26Food materials (g)Gelatin jelly (Table 13)71717171Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)221236221236productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)2335evaluationTexture (melting properties)————Taste (degree of cold stimuli)2225Taste (degree of persistence)2225Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,2225thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture2225and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 35Sample 36Sample 37Sample 27Food materials (g)Pectin jelly (Table 13)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)1235evaluationTexture (melting properties)————Taste (degree of cold stimuli)3335Taste (degree of persistence)1115Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,1125thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture1225and tasteComparativeComparativeComparativeInventiveSample 38Sample 39Sample 40Sample 28Food materials (g)Konjac gel (Table 13)185185185185Syrup for immersing nata de coco150150——Hardening agents (g)Long-chainSyrup containing——150150cellulosedisintegrated natade cocoShort-chainNP fiber—15—15celluloseHardenedTotal amount (g)335350335350productSensoryTexture (degree of hardness)3345evaluationTexture (melting properties)————Taste (degree of cold stimuli)————Taste (degree of persistence)3335Taste (degree of richness (milkiness,3335thickness of taste))Comprehensive evaluation of texture3335and taste

The results demonstrate that the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention were also ensured in the gelatinous food products (agar, gelatin, pectin, and konjac gels) having intermediate hardness between those of the food product having relatively hard forms, such as ice creams, frozen desserts, solid fats, and chocolates and those of the food products having relatively soft forms, such as soft-serve ice creams and whipped cream. Probably, the structure was strengthened due to the advantageous effects of one or more embodiments of the present invention, obstructing disintegration or syneresis of the food products in the mouth; as a result, elution of ingredients causing sweetness or oiliness derived from the food product was reduced, thus reducing the persistence in the mouth. Probably, the elution of ingredients caused by a significant increase in surface area of the food product caused by disintegration or syneresis was prevented, leading to a light taste in the mouth or a reduction in cold stimuli perceived from the food products containing water cooled by freezing or refrigeration.

As described above, one or more embodiments of the present invention provide a structural strengthening agent for a food product that can be achieved by combination in a predetermined ratio of a water-insoluble long-chain cellulose and a water-insoluble short-chain cellulose having predetermined geometries. Adding this structural strengthening agent to food materials and hardening the mixtures can improve a variety of tastes and physical properties of food products.

One or more embodiments of the present invention can avoid dislike of food products such as traditional cold desserts for eating and change the form of eating to contribute to development in the food product industry.

Although the disclosure has been described with respect to only a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that various other embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.