Patent ID: 12232428

FEATURES OF THE INVENTION

The invention can also be described alternatively by one of the following feature groups, wherein the feature groups can be combined with each other as desired and also individual features of a feature group can be combined with one or more features of one or more other feature groups and/or one or more of the previously described embodiments. It is true that by “layer region” is meant “layer” and “interface” is to be understood as a special case of the border region within the boundary region between two layers with different graphite crystal structure.

Feature 1.0

Method of making an electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device using the steps Providing (1) a first substrate (Gsub) having at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with Bernal crystal structure (graphite-2H) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer, andwhere the interface (GF) exhibits an orientation of its surface normal parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the interface (GF) exhibits an orientation of their surface normal parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2) andwherein the interface (GF) exhibits at least partially, in border regions (GG), superconducting properties and wherein the interface (GF) at least partially exhibits a critical temperature (Tc) which is higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T;Structuring (8) of the substrate (Gsub), in particular by wet-chemical etching, ion or particle beam etching, focussed ion beam, plasma etching, electrochemical etching, shape cutting chipping technology, pressing, sintering, spark erosion, amorphization;Providing (13) contacts of the interface (GF).
Feature 1.1

Method according to feature 1.0 comprising the additional stepStructuring of the superconducting portion of the interface (GF), the border region (GG), which has superconducting properties and wherein the border region (GG) has a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T, by restricting the superconductivity, in particular by amorphization.
Feature 1.2

Method according to feature 1.0 comprising the additional stepDetermine (2) the orientation of the surface normal (nF) of the interface (GF) within the substrate (Gsub).
Feature 1.3

Method according to feature 1.0 comprising the additional step ofdetermining (2) the position of the superconducting region, the border region (GG), the interface (GF) within the substrate (Gsub) by means of a magnetic force microscope (MFM) or by means of another suitable measuring device for the distribution of a magnetic flux density or a magnetic field strength.
Feature 1.4

Method according to feature 1.0 or 1.2 comprising the additional stepThinning (3) of a layer region (GB1, GB2), hereinafter referred to as the “respective layer region” and creation of a lower boundary surface (UGF) parallel to the interface (GF), whereby the minimum thickness of the relevant layer region according to characteristic 1.0 is complied with.
Feature 1.5

Method according to features 1.3 or 1.4 comprising the additional stepThinning (3) and/or orientation of the surface normal (nF) of the interface (GF) within the substrate (Gsub) by splitting off one or more graphene layers.
Feature 1.6

Method according to feature 1.2 comprising the additional stepApplying (4) the thinned substrate (Gsub) to the surface (OF) of a carrier (Sub1);Attaching (5) the thinned substrate (Gsub) to the surface (OF) of the substrate (Sub1) by means of adhesion, formation of a carbide, formation of a eutectic or gluing (GL) or welding, in particular laser welding.
Feature 1.7

Method according to feature 1.2 or 1.6 comprising the additional stepThinning (6) of the layer region (GB1, GB2), hereafter the “other layer region”, which is not the relevant layer region, and creation of an upper boundary surface (OGF) parallel to the interface (GF), the minimum thickness of the other layer region according to characteristic 1.0 being complied.
Feature 1.8

Method according to one or more of the features 1.2 to 1.8 characterized inthat the thinning is made by using at least one of the following methodsshape cutting chipping technology and/orpolishing and/orgrinding and/orelectrochemical polishing and/orchemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) and/orwet-chemical etching and/orion etching and/orparticle beam etching and/orchemical etching and/orplasma etching.
Feature 1.9

Method for producing a component according to one or more of the preceding features 1.0 to 1.8 comprising the stepsProviding (7) a second substrate (SUB), which may be identical to the carrier (Sub1),wherein the second substrate (SUB) can be electrically insulating or electrically normal conducting or electrically semiconducting p-type or electrically semiconducting n-type or metallically electrically conductive;Carrying out a procedure according to feature 1.0.
Feature 1.10

Method for producing a component according to the preceding feature 1.9, characterized inthat the second substrate (SUB) comprises a semiconducting electronic component, in particular, but not limited to, a diode, a PN diode, a Schottky diode, an ohmic resistance, a transistor, a PN P or PNP bipolar transistor, a diac, a triode, an n- or p-channel MOS transistor, a pip, or nin or pin diode, a solar cell, and/orthat the second substrate (SUB) comprises a fluidic and/or microfluidic (MHD generator) and/or optical and/or micro-optical sub-component, and/orcomprises an electronic or electrical component, in particular but not limited to a flat coil or a capacitor, which is manufactured in microstructure technology on the second substrate or in this second substrate (SUB).
Feature 1.11

Method for producing a component according to one or more of the preceding features 1.0 to 1.10 comprising the stepsApplying (9) at least one electrically conductive layer (M) onto the first substrate (Gsub) or second substrate (SUB),wherein the electrically conductive layer (M) may be electrically normally conducting or electrically semiconducting of the p-type conductivity or electrically semiconducting of the n-type conductivity or electrically metallically conducting.
Feature 1.12

Method for producing a component according to the preceding feature 1.11 comprising the stepsStructuring (10) of the at least one normally conducting layer (M).
Feature 1.13

A method of manufacturing a device according to one or more of the preceding features 1.0 to 1.12 comprising the stepsApplying (11) at least one electrically insulating layer (IS) to the first substrate (Gsub) or the second substrate (SUB) or the carrier (Sub1) or on an electrically, in particular normal, conductive layer (M).
Feature 1.14

A method of manufacturing a device according to the preceding features 1.0 to 1.13 comprising the stepsStructuring (12) the at least one insulating layer (IS).
Feature 1.15

Method for producing a component according to feature 1.11, characterized inthat the electrically conductive layer (M) is in direct mechanical contact with the first substrate (Gsub) at at least one point.
Feature 1.16

Method for producing a component according to feature 1.11, characterized inthat the electrically insulating layer (IS) is in direct mechanical contact to the first substrate (Gsub) at at least one point.
Feature 1.17

Method for producing a component according to one or more of the preceding features 1.0 to 1.16Wherein the structuring (9,11) comprises photolithographically and/or wet-chemically and/or by plasma etching and/or ion and particle beam bombardment and/or armophysation and/or e-beam irradiation and/or laser irradiation and/or mechanical cutting processes and/or forming processes, which are combined with a disruption of the interface (GF) in case of a structuring, which includes the structuring of the interface (GF).
Feature 1.18

Method for producing a component according to one or more of the preceding features 1.0 to 1.17wherein at least parts of the first substrate (GSUb) with a method according to the technical teaching of AU 2015 234 343 A1, EP 2 982 646 A1 and theJP 5 697 067 B1 or another method for the production of graphite with a proportion of rhombohedral graphite of more than 1%.
Feature 2.0

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic componentwith a sub-device which has a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2)wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom, andwherein the second layer region (GR) consists of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GR) andwherein the interface (GF) has a border region (GG) with superconducting properties and wherein the border region (GG) has a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T andwherein the first substrate (Gsub) is structured so that the outer edge of the interface (GF) in at least a portion of the first substrate (Gsub) is changed by processing andwherein the interface (GF) has at least one electrical contact provided or adapted to electrically connect the interface (GF) to an electrical conductor.
Feature 3.0

Method for operating an electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic componentProviding an electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component,wherein the device having a superconducting sub-device with a critical temperature (Tc) which is higher than −196° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T;energizing the electrical component at a temperature (T), which is above −196° C. and wherein within the superconducting sub-device, a current flow occurs.
Feature 4.0

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component characterized inthat it has at least one sub-device, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50.
Feature 4.1

Component according to feature 4.0, characterized inthat the electrical superconductor comprises carbon.
Feature 4.2

Component according to feature 4.1, characterized in that the electrical superconductor comprises carbon in rhombohedral crystal structure (graphite 3R).

Feature 4.3

Component according to feature 4.1 characterized in that the electric superconductor comprises carbon in Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H).

Feature 4.4

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it is intended, to be operated in a first state of operation at a working temperature (Ta) above the critical temperature (Tc) andthat it is intended, to be operated in a second state of operation at a working temperature (Ta) below the critical temperature (Tc).
Feature 4.5

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it has the shape of a longer rod,wherein the vector of the rod direction is parallel to a plane vector of the interface (GF),which is parallel to this, andwherein the rod is split in half, the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2)
Feature 4.6

Component according to feature 4.5 characterized inthat the electrical contacts (K) are made by means of metal caps at the ends of the rod, which are in particular placed on the rod.
Feature 4.7

Temperature sensor characterized inthat it is an electrical component according to feature 4.4.
Feature 4.8

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat its conductivity depends on an external magnetic field.
Feature 4.9

Component according to feature 4.8 characterized inthat the superconducting substructure has a topological genus higher than 0.
Feature 4.10

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it is an electrical line.
Feature 4.11

conductor line (L1) according to feature 4.10, characterized inthat it is guided with a distance to a second line (L3) according to feature 4.12, so that electrical properties of this line (L1) depend on the current flow in the second line (L3).
Feature 4.12

Conductor line according to feature 4.10, characterized inthat at least one superconducting substructure is cylindrical.
Feature 4.13

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it is an electric coil and/orthat it is a flat coil and/orthat it is a transformer and/orthat it is a cylindrical coil.
Feature 4.14

Component according to feature 4.0, characterized inthat it is a resonator or a microwave resonator or an antenna or an oscillator.
Feature 4.15

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it is part of an electrical capacitor.
Feature 4.16

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized inthat it has a bistable behavior.
Feature 4.17

Component according to feature 4.0, characterized inthat it is or comprises a Josephson diode (TU1, TU2).
Feature 4.18

Component according to feature 4.17, characterized inthat it is a Josephson memory (see DE2434997).
Feature 4.19

Component according to feature 4.0 characterized in that it is part of an antenna.

Feature 4.20

Component according to feature 4.11 characterized in that it is a quantum register bit.

Feature 5.0

Optical component characterized inthat it has at least one sub-device, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 5.1

Optical component according to feature 5.0, characterized inthat the sub-device is intended to be used for coding data which is read out by means of the Faraday effect,wherein it is particularly intended to use monocrystalline ferrimagnetic garnet layers based on bismuth-substituted rare earth iron garnet of stoichiometry (Bi, SE)3(Fe, Ga)5O12as a magnetic field sensitive optical element.
Feature 6.0

Magnetic component characterized inthat it comprises at least one subdevice having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 6.1

Magnetic component according to feature 6.1 characterized inthat it is intended to be operated at a temperature below the critical temperature (Tc) and/or at an external magnetic field below the critical magnetic flux density (Bc).
Feature 6.2

Magnetic component according to feature 6.1 characterized inthat, when used as intended, it exhibits a permanent magnetic field with a magnetic flux density (B) of more than 5 μT.
Feature 6.3

Magnetic element according to feature 6.2 characterized inthat it is a flux quantum generator (see DE 28 43 647).
Feature 7.0

Electric machine, which may be a rotating machine (FIG.35) or a linear motor, characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 7.1

Electrical machine according to feature 7.0, characterized inthat the superconducting sub-device (Gsub) is part of a rotor and/or a rotor (LF) or a stator of the machine (FIG.35).
Feature 8.0

Mobile device characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T andthat this subdevice is an energy storage device.
Feature 9.0

Energy storage characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 10.0

Medical device characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77 K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 11.0

Measuring device characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 12.0

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic componentwith a sub-device, having a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) comprises graphite having a Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atomic layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) comprises graphite having a rhombohedral crystal structure (english rhombohedral, graphite-3R) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2) andwherein the interface (GF) has a border region (GG) with superconducting properties and where the border region (GG) has a critical temperature (Tc) that is higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T andwherein the first substrate (Gsub) is structured so that the outer edge of the interface (GF) in at least a portion of the first substrate (Gsub) is modified by processing andwherein the interface (GF) has at least one electrical contact provided or adapted to electrically connect the interface (GF) to an electrical conductor.
Feature 13.0

Electronic component (FIG.14)with a Hall measurement structure (HL) or other electrical device, in which at least one electrical parameter depends on the magnetic flux density or the magnetic field strength that permeates this other electrical device
characterized inthat it has at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 13.1

Electronic component according to feature 13.0wherein the first sub-device of a first substrate (Gsub) having at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2), andwherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB1) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein at least the first layer region (GB1) or the second layer region (GB1) is arranged above the Hall measurement structure (HL),wherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer, andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2)wherein the interface (GF) has a border region (GG) with at least partially superconducting properties, andwherein the border region (GG) has at least partially a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 14.0

Electronic componentwith at least one sub-device (Gsub), which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T,wherein said first sub-device is a first substrate (Gsub) having at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) is a crystal of carbon with a first crystal structure, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) is a second carbon crystal having a first or second crystal structure, andwherein between the first crystal and the second crystal, an interface (GF) is formed, andwherein the interface (GF) has a border region (GG) with at least partially superconducting properties and wherein the border region (GG) has at least partially a critical temperature (Tc), which is higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 14.1

Device according to feature 14.0wherein at least the first layer region (GB1) or the second layer region (GB2) is arranged above or in the vicinity of a Hall measurement structure (HL) or another magnetic sensitive sensor or sensor element,wherein in the vicinity means that a magnetic field in that is generated by a current in the interface (GF) or the first layer region (GB1) or the second layer region (GB2), can change a parameter, in particular a measurement signal, of the Hall measurement structure (HL) or of the other magnetic sensitive sensor or sensor element.
Feature 15.0

Electronic componentwith an electronic sub-device (HL,FIG.13), in particular a Hall measurement structure (HL), which changes an electrical parameter as a function of a magnetic field magnitude or of another parameter of the electromagnetic field,characterized inthat there is at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 15.1

Electronic component according to feature 15.0wherein the first sub-device of a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common interface (GF) andwherein at least the first layer region (GB1) or the second layer region (GB2) is aranged on the Hall measurement structure (HL).wherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of one atom per atomic layer andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the interface (GF) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2)wherein the interface (GF) has a border region (GG) with at least partially superconducting properties, andwherein the border region (GG) has at least partially a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or wherein the interface (GF) exhibits at least partially a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 16.0

Microelectronic circuit, in particular an integrated circuit, characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 18.0

Micromechanical device, characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 19.0

Microoptical device, characterized inthat they have at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 19.1

Microoptical device according to feature 19.0, characterized inthat it comprises at least one optical waveguide section which is suitable or provided such that its optical properties depend at least at times on a magnetic field generated by said sub-device.
Feature 20.0

Optical waveguide characterized inthat it is combined with a sub-device (Gsub) to obtain an overall device comprising an electrical superconductor having a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77 K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T andthat at least one interaction between the sub-device (Gsub) and the optical waveguide is measurable.
Feature 21.0

Microfluidic device, characterizedthat it comprises at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or an electrical superconductor having a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 22.0

A method of making an electrical or electronic or optical or magnetic device comprising the stepsProviding a carrier (Sub1);Applying a first substrate (Gsub) on the carrier (Sub1),wherein the substrate (Gsub) has at least one subregion, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 23.0

A method of making an electrical or electronic or optical or magnetic device comprising the stepsProviding a first substrate (Gsub)wherein the first substrate (Gsub) has at least a partial region, which is an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T;Electrically contacting the first substrate (Gsub).
Feature 24.0

Method for selecting natural room temperature superconductors for industrial use comprising the stepsProviding a substrate for room temperature superconductivity testing, in particular for convenience at a temperature higher than −40° C.;Exposing the substrate to a magnetic field, with more than 0.5, better more than 1 T, better more than 2 T, better more than 4 T, better more than 8 T.Measurement of a region of the substrate with an MFM for localization of a line current.
Feature 24.1

Method according to feature 24.0 characterized byStorage of the substrate at more than 200 K andRe-measuring a region with a line current after a rest time of more than 5 minutes and/or more than one hour and/or more than one day and/or more than a week better one month to reconfirm superconductivity.
Feature 25.0

Electrical or electronic device characterized inthat it comprises at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77 K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 27.0

Magnetic device characterized inthat they have at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 28.0

Optical device characterized inthat they have at least one sub-device (Gsub) having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 29.0

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component (FIG.13)having at least one conductor (W, W1a, W1b, W2a, W2b),wherein in the at least one conductor (W) at least a first phase difference introducing weak point (TU1) is inserted andwherein the at least one conductor (W) is made at least partially and at least in the region of the first phase difference-introducing weak point (TU1) from a material which has an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density

(Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.

Feature 30.0

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component (FIG.13) with a conductor (W, W1a, W1b, W2a, W2b),wherein the conductor (W) is divided in a first conductor branch (W1a, W1b) and a second conductor branch (W2a, W2b) andwherein the first conductor branch (W1a, W1b) and the second conductor branch (W2a, W2b) are arranged so that they at least partially enclose an area such that an opening (O1) is formed between the conductor branches andwherein the conductor (W) is at least partially made of a material having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 30.1

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to feature 30.0wherein at least in the first conductor branch (W1a, W1b) a first phase difference-introducing weak point (TU1) is inserted.
Feature 30.2

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to feature 30.1wherein also in the second conductor branch (W2a, W2b) a second phase difference inducing weak point (TU2) is inserted.
Feature 30.3

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one or more of the features 30.0 to 30.2,where a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by an insulator orwherein a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by a local modification of the graphene layer stack sequence orwherein a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by a region normally conducting at room temperature orwherein a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by metal orwherein a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by non-superconducting graphite regions within the conductor (W) at temperatures higher than −195° C.
Feature 30.4

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one or more of the features 30.0 to 30.3,wherein a phase difference-introducing weak point is formed by a reduction of at least one cross-sectional dimension, in particular the width and/or thickness, of the conductor (W).
Feature 30.5

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one or more of the features 30.0 to 30.4,wherein a phase difference-introducing weak point (TU1, TU2) is covered with a control electrode (G1, G2) which is electrically insulated from the conductor (W).
Feature 30.6

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one or more of the preceding features 30.0 to 30.5,wherein a portion of a conductor branch (W1a, W1b) of the conductor (W) is covered with a control electrode (G1), which is electrically insulated vs. the conductor (W).
Feature 30.7

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one or more of the preceding features 30.0 to 30.6,wherein the conductor (W) is manufactured on an at temperatures higher than −195° C. non-superconducting electrically conductive carrier (Sub1) or an electrically semiconducting carrier (Sub1) or an electrically insulating carrier (Sub1),wherein the surface of the carrier (Sub1) might comprise in particulargraphite ordoped or undoped silicon or doped or non-doped III/V semiconductors or doped or non-doped II/VI semiconductors or doped or non-doped diamond orSiN or SiO2or Al2O3or a ceramic or polymers or carbon compounds orAluminum or chromium or tungsten or copper or iron or gold or platinum or other metals or compounds thereof.
Feature 30.8

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to feature 30.7,wherein the conductor (W) is electrically insulated from the electrically normally conducting or semiconducting carrier (Sub1)
Feature 31

Electrical circuitwherein the electrical circuit comprises at least one electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to one of the preceding features.
Feature 32

Electrical circuit (FIG.34) according to feature 31,wherein it comprises an electrical component and/or quantum interference component according to feature 30.6, andwherein the voltage (v1) between a conductor branch (W1b, W2b) of the conductor (W) and at least one control electrode (G1) is controlled by a control voltage source (V1).

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component (FIG.34) with a conductor (W, W1a, W1b) according to feature 30.0,wherein the electrical component and/or quantum interference component has a sub-device, which has the function of a Cooper pair box (English: Cooper Pair Box) andwherein the conductor (W) is subdivided into a first conductor section (W1a) and a second conductor section (W1b) by the at least one first phase difference-introducing weak point (TU1) andwherein the first conductor section (W1a) can be ohmically or capacitively or inductively electrically contacted by means of a first node (N1), andwherein the second conductor section (W1b) can be contacted capacitively by means of a coupling capacitor (Cg) via a second node (N2),so that the second conductor section (W1b) represents the Cooper pair box.
Feature 33

Electrical component and/or quantum interference component (FIG.35) with a conductor (W, W1a, W1b, Wie) according to feature 30.0,wherein the electrical component and/or quantum interference component has a sub-device, which has the function of a Cooper pair box (English: Cooper Pair Box), andwherein the conductor (W) is divided into a first conductor section (W1a) and a second conductor section (W1b) and a third conductor section (W1c) by the first phase-difference-introducing weak point (TU1) and a second phase-difference-introducing weak point (TU2) andwherein the first conductor section (W1a) can be ohmically or capacitively or inductively contacted electrically by means of a first node (N1), andwherein the second conductor section (W1b) can be contacted capacitively by means of a coupling capacitor (Cg) via a second node (N2), andwherein the third conductor section (W1c) can be ohmically or capacitively or inductively electrically contacted by means of a third node (N3),so that the second conductor section (W1b) represents the Cooper pair box.
Feature 34
Metamaterialwith a one or two-dimensional periodic arrangement of (n−1)*(m−1) quantum interference devices with (n−1) and (m−1) as positive integer numbers.
Feature 35.0
Metamaterialwith a two-dimensionally periodic arrangement of n″m metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j) with n and m as positive integer numbers and 1<i≤n and 1<j≤m,wherein each of the metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j), which is not at the edge of the metamaterial, together with the metamaterial substructures (MTS(i+1),j, MTS(i−1),j, MTSi,(j+1), MTSi,(j−1)) represents at least one sub-device of a quantum interference component.
Feature 36.0
Metamaterialwith a two-dimensionally periodic arrangement of n*m metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j) with n and m as positive integer numbers and 1<i≤n and 1<j≤m,wherein each of the metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j) has at least one associated conductor (Wi,j), andwherein said conductor (Wi,j) is at least partially made of a material having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 36.1

Metamaterial according to characteristic 36.0wherein conductors (Wi,j) of metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j) are connected ohmically, in particular by conductive or superconducting connections between the conductors (Wi,j, W(i+1),j, W(i−1),j, Wi,(j+1), W(i,(j−1)), and/or inductively, through openings in the conductors (Wi,j, W(i+1),j, W(i−1),j, Wi,(j+1), Wi,(j−1)), and/or capacitively, by coupling surfaces of the conductors (Wi,j, W(i+1),j, W(i−1),j, Wi,(j+1), Wi,(j−1)), with conductors (W(i+1),j, W(i−1),j, Wi,(j+1), Wi,(j−1)) of adjacent metamaterial substructures (MTS(i+1),j, MTS(i−1),j, MTSi,(j+1), MTSi,(j−1))
Feature 36.2

Metamaterial according to features 35.0 and/or 36.0 and/or 36.1wherein conductors (Wi,j) of metamaterial substructures (MTSi,j) are connected with conductors (W(i+1),j, W(i−1),j, Wi,(j+1), Wi,(j−1)) of adjacent metamaterial substructures (MTS(i+1),j, MTS(i−1),j, MTSi,(j+1), MTSi,(j−1)) via phase-shifting weak points (TUl,j,j, TUo,i,j, TUo,i,(j−1), TUo,(i+1),j), in particular Josephson junctions.
Feature 37.0

Digital optical element for electromagnetic radiationhaving at least one partial structure which is at least partially made of a material which is an electrical superconductor having a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 38.0

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic devicewith a sub-device comprising a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least a first layer region (GB1) and a second layer region (GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common first interface (GF1) between the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with a first stacking sequence of at least 3 graphene layers, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with a second stacking sequence of graphene layers, andwherein the over all stacking sequence with the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) and with the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) and the common interface (GF) together does not correspond to the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1)wherein a portion of the over all stacking sequence, the border region (GG), exhibits superconducting properties with a critical temperature (Tc) or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K.
Feature 38.1

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component according to characteristic 38.0where the critical temperature (Tc) or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K depends on the over all stacking sequence.
Feature 38.2

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component according to feature 38.0 and/or 38.1wherein the critical temperature (Tc) is higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/orwherein the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 38.3

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.2wherein the first interface (GF1) has an orientation of its first surface normal (nF1) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (c) of the crystal lattice of the graphene layers of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the first interface (GF1) has an orientation of its first surface normal (nF1) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the graphene layers of the second layer region (GB2).
Feature 38.4

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.3wherein the first substrate (Gsub) is structured so that the outer edge of the first interface (GF1) in at least a portion of the first substrate (Gsub) has changed as a result of processing.
Feature 38.5

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.5wherein the first interface (GF1) or a boundary region (GFB) of which part is the first interface (GF1) comprises at least one electrical contact (K), which is provided or suitable to electrically connect the first interface (GF1) or the boundary region (GFB), part of which is the first interface (GF1), to an electrical conductor.
Feature 38.6

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of the features 38.0 to 38.5wherein the first interface (GF1) or a boundary region (GFB), of which the first interface (GF1) is part, comprises at least one electrical contact (K), which is provided or adapted to electrically connect the first interface (GF1) or the boundary region (GFB), of which the first interface (GF1) is part, to an electrical conductor.
Feature 38.7

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.6wherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) and/or the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) is the stacking sequence of bernal graphite or the stacking sequence of rhombohedral graphite.
Feature 38.8

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.7wherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) is equal to the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2), but the second stacking sequence is offset from the first stacking sequence by a translational displacement vector along the first interface (GF1) and/or is rotated with respect to the first stack sequence by a non-zero angle around a surface normal of the first interface (GF1).
Feature 38.9

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.8wherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) is not equal to the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2)
Feature 38.10

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.9having a sub-device, comprising a first substrate (Gsub) having at least a first layer region (GB1) and a second layer region (GB2) and additionally a third layer region (GB3),wherein the second layer region (GB2) and the third layer region (GB3) are arranged one above the other and exhibit a common second interface (GF2) between the second layer region (GB2) and the third layer region (GB3), andwherein the third layer region (GB3) consists of graphite with a third stacking sequence of at least 3 graphene layers, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) can also comprise only one graphene layer or only two graphene layers or at least three graphene layers, andwherein the second overall stacking sequence with the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) and the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) and the second interface (GF2) together does not correspond to the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2)
Feature 38.11

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.10wherein the second interface (GF2) has an orientation of its second surface normal (nF2) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (c) of the crystal lattice of the graphene layers of the third layer region (GB3) andwherein the second interface (GF2) has an orientation of its surface normals (nF2) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the graphene layers of the second layer region (GB2).
Feature 38.12

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.11wherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is the stacking sequence of rhombohedral graphite orwherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is the stacking sequence of bernal graphite.
Feature 38.13

Electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic component according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.12wherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) is equal to the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3), but the stacking sequence is translationally offset from the first stacking sequence along the first interface (GF1) and/orwherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) is equal to the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3), but the third stacking sequence is rotated with respect to the first stacking sequence by a non-zero angle around the surface normal of the first interface (GF1).
Feature 38.14

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.13wherein the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) is equal to the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3), but the third stacking sequence is translationally offset from the second stacking sequence along the second interface (GF2) and/orwherein the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) is equal to the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3), but the third stacking sequence is rotated relative to the second stacking sequence by a non-zero angle about the surface normal of the second interface (GF2).
Feature 38.15

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.13,wherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is not equal to the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2).
Feature 38.16

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.15wherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is not equal to the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1).
Feature 38.17

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.16wherein the first layer region (GB1) arranged in the first stacking sequence (GB1) comprises at least three and/or at least six and/or at least 10 and/or at least 20 and/or at least 50 and/or at least 100 graphene layers and/orwherein the second layer region (GB2) arranged in the second stacking sequence (GB2) comprises at least one graphene layer and/or at least two and/or three and/or at least six and/or at least 10 and/or at least 20 and/or at least 50 and/or at least 100 graphene layers.wherein the third layer region (GB3), which is arranged in the third stacking sequence (GB3), contains at least three and/or at least six and/or at least 10 and/or at least 20 and/or at least 50 and/or at least 100 graphene Includes layers.
Feature 38.18

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.17wherein at least one graphene layer of the first substrate (Gsub) is doped with impurity atoms, in particular oxygen atoms and/or hydrogen atoms.
Feature 38.19

An electrical or optical or magnetic or electronic device according to one or more of features 38.0 to 38.18wherein at least one graphene layer of the first substrate (Gsub) is isotope-pure and/orwherein at least one graphene layer of the first substrate (Gsub) comprises an at least 10% better 50%, better 100% different concentration of C13isotopes compared to living organic biological material of the earth's surface.
Feature 38.20

A method of transporting electrical charge carriers through a device according to one or more of the preceding features 38.0 to 38.19Providing the device according to one or more of the preceding features 38.0 to 38.19;Injecting of first charge carriers into the superconducting subregion and/or the boundary region (GFB) at a first location and simultaneously extracting second charge carriers of the same polarity as the first charge carriers at a second location, which differs from the first location, except for the quantum mechanical uncertainty.
Feature 39.0

Electric machine, which may be a rotary machine, a linear motor, characterized inthat it has at least one sub-device, which is at least partially made of a material having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 39.1

Electric machine according to feature 39.0, characterized inthat the superconducting sub device (Gsub) is part of a rotor and/or a rotor (LF) and/or a stator of the machine.
Feature 39.2

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.1wherein the sub-device comprises a first substrate (Gsub) having at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common boundary region (GFB) andwherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atom layers with a respective thickness of exactly one atom, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) andwherein the boundary region (GFB) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal axis of symmetry (c) of the crystal lattice of the first layer region (GB1) andwherein the boundary region (GFB) has an orientation of its surface normal (nF) parallel to the hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2) andwherein at least a portion of the boundary region (GFB), the border region (GG), has superconducting properties and wherein this subregion, the border region (GG), has a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher as −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K, which is higher than 1 T and/or 50 T.
Feature 39.3

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.2, characterized inthat the electrical superconductor comprises carbon.
Feature 39.4

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.3, characterized inthat the electrical superconductor comprises carbon in a rhombohedral crystal structure (graphite 3R).
Feature 39.5

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.4, characterized inthat the electric superconductor has carbon in Bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H).
Feature 39.6

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.5wherein the dividing device comprises a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least a first layer region (GB1) and a second layer region (GB2),wherein the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2) are arranged one above the other and have a common first interface (GF1) between the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2), andwherein the first layer region (GB1) consists of graphite with a first stacking sequence of at least 3 graphene layers, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) consists of graphite with a second stacking sequence of graphene layers, andwherein the total stacking sequence with the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) and the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) and the common interface (GF) together does not correspond to the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1)wherein a portion of the overall stacking sequence, the border region (GG), exhibits superconducting properties with a critical temperature (Tc) or a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K.
Feature 39.7

Electric machine according to characteristic 39.6wherein the critical temperature (Tc) or the critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K depends on the overall stacking sequence.
Feature 39.8

Electric machine according to one or more of the features 39.6 to 39.7wherein the first stacking sequence of the first layer region (GB1) and/or the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) is the stacking sequence of bernal graphite or the stacking sequence of rhombohedral graphite.
Feature 39.9

Electric machine according to one or more of the features 39.0 to 39.5wherein the subdevice comprises a first substrate (Gsub) comprising at least a first layer region (GB1) and a second layer region (GB2) and additionally a third layer region (GB3),wherein the second layer region (GB2) and the third layer region (GB3) are arranged one above the other and have a common second interface (GF2) between the second layer region (GB2) and the third layer region (GB3), andwherein the third layer region (GB3) consists of graphite with a third stacking sequence of at least 3 graphene layers, andwherein the second layer region (GB2) can also comprise only one graphene layer or only two graphene layers or at least three graphene layers, andwherein the second overall stacking sequence with the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2) and the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) and the second interface (GF2) together does not correspond to the second stacking sequence of the second layer region (GB2).
Feature 39.10

Electric machine according to characteristic 39.9wherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is the stacking sequence of rhombohedral graphite or wherein the third stacking sequence of the third layer region (GB3) is the stacking sequence of bernal graphite.
Feature 39.11

Electric machine according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.10wherein the machine has a rotor (LF) andwherein the machine has a stator (Sub1) andwherein the stator (Sub1) and/or the rotor (LF) comprise a sub-device which is at least partially made of a material having an electrical superconductor with a critical temperature (Tc) higher than −195° C. and/or higher than −100° C. and/or higher than −50° C. and/or higher than 360K and/or with a critical magnetic flux density (Bk) at e.g. 77K higher than 1 T and/or 50 T andwherein the stator (Sub1) and the rotor (LF) exert a force that is magnetic or electrostatic origin to each other by means of this sub-device.
Feature 39.12

Electrical machine, in particular according to one or more of the preceding features 39.0 to 39.11where the machine has a rotor (LF) andwhere the machine has a stator (Sub1) andthe rotor (LF) being provided tointeract mechanically with an electromagnetic wave outside of the electrical machine,which radiates into the electric machine or is emitted by it.

Glossary

Graphene

Graphite layer, benzene rings, etc. Graphene is the common name for a modification of carbon with a two-dimensional structure, in which each carbon atom is surrounded by three others at an angle of 120°, so that a honeycomb-shaped pattern is formed. Graphite is typically composed of graphene layers in rhombohedral or bernary stacking order.

Graphene Layer or Graphene Layer

For the purposes of this invention, a graphene layer has, at least at one point, at least one benzene ring, better the concatenation of at least two or more than two benzene rings. For a better understanding, here is an excerpt from Wikipedia: “Graphene is the term for a modification of the carbon with a two-dimensional structure in which each carbon atom is surrounded at an angle of 120° by three others, so that a honeycomb-shaped pattern is formed. Since carbon is tetravalent, two double bonds must exist for each “honeycomb”, but they are not localized. It is a concatenation of benzene rings, as is often the case in aromatic compounds. Although a single benzene ring has three double bonds in the representation of the valence bar formula, contiguous benzene rings have in this representation formally only two double bonds per ring. Therefore, the structure can be better described by representing the delocalized bonds as a large circle in the benzene ring. The bonding conditions in graphene are described in the graphene structure. Graphene can be described as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. At the “edge” of the honeycomb lattice, other groups of atoms must be docked, but—depending on their size—hardly alter the properties of the graphene. In theory single-layer carbon layers, graphenes, were used to describe the structure and electronic properties of complex carbon materials for the first time. However, due to a rigorous mathematical theorem, the Mermin-Wagner theorem and its variants, infinitely extended and generally flat strictly two-dimensional structures are not possible because they are demonstrably thermodynamically unstable. Therefore, there was general astonishment among chemists and physicists when Konstantin Novoselov, Andre Geim and their coworkers in 2004 announced the appearance of free, single-layer graphene crystals. Their unexpected stability could be explained by the existence of metastable states or by the formation of an irregular crimping of the graphene layer. In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research, after having made a decisive contribution not only to the presentation of these systems,

In essence, stacking such single-layer layers creates the three-dimensional structure of graphite, which is structurally closely related to graphene. On the other hand, if one imagines the single-layer layers rolled up, stretched carbon nanotubes are obtained. Likewise, some of the six-membered rings can be replaced by five-membered rings, whereby the flat surface bulges into a spherical surface and fullerenes result in certain numerical ratios. For example 12 out of 32 rings, the smallest fullerene (C60) is created.”

For the graphene structure from Wikipedia: “All carbon atoms of graphene are sp2-hybridized, that is, each carbon atom can form three equivalent a bonds to other carbon atoms, resulting in a honeycomb structure also known from the layers of graphite The carbon-carbon bond lengths are all the same and are 142 pm (142*10−12m). The third unhybridized 2p orbitals are perpendicular to the graphene plane as well as in the graphite and form a delocalized π-bonding system. Graphene thus consists of two equivalent sublattices A and B, to which the carbon atoms are assigned (Note: the sublattices A and B mentioned here do not correspond to the graphene layers A, B, C of the figures and the above description). The sublattices are shifted by the bond length abfrom each other. The diatomic unit cell is represented by the lattice vectors a1and a2clamped. These point to the next but one neighbors. The length of the vectors and thus the lattice constant a can be calculated as
α=|a1|=|a2|=sqrt(3)ab≈2.46 Å=246 pm

Graphene can be understood on the one hand as a single crystal, on the other hand as a giant molecule. Likewise, smaller molecules such as benzene, hexabenzocoronene or naphthalene can be seen as a hydrogen-substituted graphene fragments.” Thus, when in this application graphene layers are mentioned, it also includes graphene segments and graphene fragments.

Microstructure Technology/Microtechnology

The microtechnology (also microstructure technology) deals with processes that are used for the production of bodies and geometric structures with dimensions in the micrometer range (0.1-1000 μm). Structure sizes of less than 100 nanometers are indeed called nanotechnology. However, they are included in the terms of this disclosure by the terms microstructure technology and microtechnology.

Microelectronic Circuits

Microelectronic circuits in the sense of this disclosure are electrical circuits and devices that have been produced at least partially by microstructure/micro-technology/nanotechnology techniques.

Micromechanical Devices

Micromechanical devices in the sense of this disclosure are mechanical devices which have been produced at least partially by microstructure/microengineering/nanotechnology techniques.

Microoptical Devices

For the purposes of this disclosure, microoptical devices are optical devices which have been produced at least partially by microstructure/microengineering/nanotechnology techniques.

Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic devices in the sense of this disclosure are in the broadest sense micromechanical devices which serve the transport, modification or other treatment of at least partially gaseous and/or at least partially liquid fluids and which have been produced at least partially by microstructure/microengineering/nanotechnology techniques.

Metamaterial

A metamaterial has a structure whose propagation-describing parameters for electric, magnetic, electromagnetic fields and waves as well as acoustic waves and plasma waves deviate from those normally found in nature. This is achieved by mostly periodic one-, two- and/or three-dimensional structures (cells, individual elements) of electrically or magnetically or electromagnetically or acoustically effective materials in their interior. Metamaterials can have a negative real part of the complex refractive index. In the transition from vacuum to such a metamaterial, waves can be broken beyond the perpendicular in the negative direction. Metamaterials can also have impurities that can be used for waveguiding.

The material used is at least partially a superconducting material in the sense of this invention as electrically or magnetically or electromagnetically or acoustically effective material.

In this sense a granular superconductor is considered to be a metamaterial,

A room temperature superconductor is a electrical conductor superconducting at room temperature (20° C.), wherein superconductivity can be detected, in particular, by any means described in the application.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1step of providing a first substrate (Gsub) having at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2);2step of determining the orientation of the surface normals (nF) of the graphene layers of the boundary region (GFB) within the substrate (Gsub);3step of thinning out a “relevant” layer region (GB1, GB2) and creating a lower boundary surface (UGF) parallel to the graphene layers of the boundary region (GFB);4step of applying the preferably thinned substrate (Gsub) to the surface (OF) of a carrier (Sub1)5step of attaching the preferably thinned substrate (Gsub) to the surface (OF) of the carrier (Sub1);6step of thinning the other layer region (GB1, GB2) which is not the relevant layer region;7step of providing a second substrate (SUB), for example in the form of a microelectronic circuit;8step of patterning the first substrate (Gsub);9Depositing at least one electrically conductive layer on the first substrate (Gsub) or on the second substrate (SUB), for example to produce the contacts;10structuring of the at least one electrically conductive layer;11step of applying at least one electrically insulating layer to the first substrate (Gsub) or second substrate (SUB) or the carrier (Sub1) or to an electrically, in particular normal, conductive layer;12step of structuring the at least one insulating layer eg for opening the contacts or vias;13step of providing (13) the contacts to the graphene layers of the boundary region (GFB);A graphene layer with positioning A;B graphene layer with positioning B;B1first magnetic flux;B2second magnetic flux;Bfmagnetic flux density;BE micromechanical bar (inFIGS.35and36, a free-floating plate);Bkcritical magnetic flux density;c Sixfold symmetry axis of the hexagonal unit cell of the graphite 2H structureC graphene layer with positioning C;C1first capacitor;C2second capacitor;Cgcoupling capacitor;CMP chemical-mechanical polishing;CPB Cooper Couple Box;CAV cavity;d hexagonal symmetry axis (d) of the crystal lattice of the second layer region (GB2);dLdistance between a first conductor line and a second conductor line of the proposed material, which influence each other inductively and/or capacitively;DLC diamond like carbon (diamond-like layers);E1first incoupling or outcoupling point;E2second incoupling or output point;ELS electrically conductive layer;GAfirst graphene layer;GB1first subset of graphene layers or first layer region in a first stacking sequence of graphene layers, preferably of graphite with bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H), less preferably of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite 3R) having at least 3 atomic layers (graphene layers) each having a thickness of one atom per atomic layer. The first layer region is also referred to only briefly as the first layer;GB2second subset of graphene layers or second layer region in a second stacking sequence of graphene layers, preferably of graphite with rhombohedral crystal structure (English rhombohedral, graphite-3R) less preferably of graphite with bernal crystal structure (English bernal graphite 2H) having at least 3 atomic layers (graphene layers) each having a thickness of one atom per atomic layer. The second layer region is also referred to only briefly as the second layer;GB3third subset of graphene layers or third layer region in a third stacking sequence of graphene layers, preferably of graphite with bernal crystal structure (graphite 2H) with at least 3 atom layers (graphene layers) with a respective thickness of exactly one atom per atomic layer. The third layer area is also referred to only briefly as the third layer;GFBBoundary region of one or more graphene layers in a more general sense;GFB1first boundary region of one or more graphene layers in the more general sense;GFB2second boundary region of one or more graphene layers in a more general sense;GFboundary area and in particular interface between the first layer region (GB1) and the second layer region (GB2);GF1first border region and in particular first interface between the first layer region (GB1) and second layer region (GB2);GF2second border area and in particular second interface between the second layer region (GB2) and the third layer region (GB3);GGthe superconducting border region (GG) within the boundary region (GFB);GL adhesive for bonding the superconductive layer package to the carrier (Sub1);GND1first ground plane;GND2second ground plane;Gs graphite substrate;Gsubsubstrate (Gsub) comprising at least two layer regions (GB1, GB2) and at least one interface (GFor GF1);HL Hall structure. Here it is an exemplary Hall structure in cross section;Ie−electron current;Ip+hole current;IS electrically insulating layer;K contact;K1first contact;K2second contact;K3third contact;K4fourth contact;KD1first contact doping;KD2second contact doping;L1first conductor line. The first conductor line is preferably produced by means of photolithographic etching processes from a first metallization layer in the course of the production process. The first metallization layer is deposited on the first insulator layer (OX1). In the area of the contacts (K1, K2), the first metallization is applied directly to the semiconductor substrate of the carrier (Sub1);L2second conductor line. The second conductor line is preferably processed by means of photolithographic etching processes from a first metallization layer in the course of the production process. The first metallization layer is deposited on the first insulator layer (OX1). In the area of the contacts (K1, K2), the first metallization is applied directly to the semiconductor substrate of the carrier (Sub1);L3third conductor line. The third conductor line is preferably produced by means of photolithographic etching processes from a second metallization layer in the course of the production process. The second metallization layer is deposited on the second insulator layer (OX2). In the area of the contacts (K1, K2) it is preferred, but not necessarily, for the second metallization to be applied directly to the first metallization;LF micromechanical rotor (LF) of the proposed micromechanical machine;Li1first inductivity;Li2second inductivity;M metallization;MFM Magnetic Force Microscope;ML center conductor;MTSi,j,kmetamaterial substructure in the i-th column and j-th row and k-th layer of the exemplary three-dimensional metamaterial;MTSi,jmetamaterial substructure in the i-th column and j-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi+1 jmetamaterial substructure in the (i+1)-th column and j-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi−1,jmetamaterial substructure in the (i−1)-th column and j-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi+1,j+1metamaterial substructure in the (i+1)-th column and (j+1)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi−1,j+1Metamaterial substructure in the (i−1)-th column and (j+1l)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterials;MTSi+1,j−1Metamaterial substructure in the (i+1l)-th column and (j−1)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterials;MTSi−1,j−1metamaterial substructure in the (i−1)-th column and (j−1)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi,j+1metamaterial substructure in the i-th column and (j+1)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;MTSi,j−1metamaterial substructure in the i-th column and (j−1)-th row of the two-dimensional exemplary metamaterial;N1first node;N2second node;N3third node;nFsurface normal of the surface (OF);nF1first surface normal of the first interface (GF1);nF2second surface normal of the second interface (GF2);NMR nuclear magnetic resonance;OF surface of the carrier (Sub1);OA optically active layer (eg, layer exhibiting electro-optic effect, for example, Kerr effect);OF surface of the carrier (Sub1). If a Hall element is to be realized, it is preferred if the carrier is made of semiconducting material. The carrier may also include an integrated circuit;OGF upper interface (OGF) of the substrate (Gsub) parallel to the graphene layers of the boundary region (GFB) after preferential thinning;OX insulator, typically SiO2or silicon nitrite or silicon nitride. Other insulators, such as polyimide are conceivable;OX1first insulator layer, typically SiO2or silicon nitride or silicon nitride. Other insulators, such as polyimide are conceivable. Particularly preferred is the use of a gate oxide as the first insulator layer;OX2second insulator layer, typically SiO2or silicon nitride or silicon nitride. Other insulators, such as polyimide are conceivable.OX3third insulator layer, typically SiO2or silicon nitride or silicon nitride. Other insulators, such as polyimide are conceivable;PLY polycrystalline silicon layer. In the example ofFIG.17, the polycrystalline silicon layer must be selected from its material so as to be selectively etchable with respect to the second insulator layer (OX2) and the third insulator layer (OX3);S1first spring;S2second spring;SC space charge zone with increased electron density (dashed line);Sub1carrier;SUB second substrate, which may be a microelectronic circuit, for example. The second substrate (SUB) may be identical to the carrier (Sub1);T temperature;Taworking temperature;Tccritical temperature;TSV through silicon via;TU1first phase-shifting weak point, typically a Josephson junction;TU2second phase-shifting weak point, typically a Josephson junction;TUi,i,jleft phase shift introducing weak point for establishing connection between the conductor (Wi,j) of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j) in the i-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial and the conductor (Wi−1, j) of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi−1,j) in the (i−1)-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial, typically a Josephson junction;TUl,i,j−1left phase shift introducing weak point for establishing connection between the conductor (Wi,j−1) of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j−1) in the i th column and the (j−1)-th line of the metamaterial and the conductor (Wi,j) the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j) in the i-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial, typically a Josephson junction;TUo,i,jupper phase shift introducing weak point for establishing a connection between the conductor (Wi,j) of the meta-material substructure (MTSi,j) in the i-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial and the conductor (Wi,j−1) of the meta-material substructure (MTSi,j−1) in the i-th column and the (j−1)-th row of the metamaterial, typically a Josephson junction;TUo,i+1,jupper phase shift introducing weak point for establishing a connection between the conductor (Wi+1,j) of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi+1,j) in the (i+1)-th column and the j-th row of the Metamaterial and the conductor (Wi,j) of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j) in the i-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial, typically a Josephson junction;UGF lower surface of the substrate (Gsub) parallel to the graphene layers of the boundary region (GFB); created by thinning;vgcontrol voltage;Vgcontrol voltage source;W conductor consisting of the described graphene layer packet;W1first branch of the conductor (W);W1afirst conductor line section of the first branch of the conductor (W);W1bsecond conductor line section of the first branch of the conductor (W);W1cthird conductor line section of the first branch of the conductor (W);W2second branch of the conductor (W);W2afirst conductor line section of the second branch (W2) of the conductor (W);W2bsecond conductor line section of the second branch (W2) of the conductor (W);Wi,jconductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j) in the i-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial;Wi+1,jconductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi+1,j) in the (i+1)-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial;Wi−1,jconductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi−1,j) in the (i−1)-th column and the j-th row of the metamaterial;Wi+1,j+1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi+1,j+1) in the (i+1)-th column and the (j+1)-th row of the metamaterial;Wi−1,j+1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi−1,j+1) in the (i−1)-th column and the (j+1)-th row of the metamaterial;Wi+1,j−1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi+1,j−1) in the (i+1)-th column and the (j−1)-th row of the metamaterial;Wi−1,j−1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi−1,j−1) in the (i−1)-th column and the (j−1)-th row of the metamaterial;Wi,j+1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j+1) in the i-th column and the (j+1)-th row of the metamaterial;Wi,j−1conductor of the metamaterial substructure (MTSi,j−1) in the i-th column and the (j−1)-th row of the metamaterial.