Patent ID: 12220166

SUMMARY

Techniques are provided for determining a composition of a target while performing a procedure to the target. For ease of understanding, the techniques are described in terms of health-related procedures but are not so limited. Techniques are provided for determining a composition of tissue in vivo (internal to a patient) such as while conducting a medical procedure at or near the tissue. As an example, for ablation of obstructive tissue such as renal calculi, tissue composition information can assist in executing the procedure more efficiently and effectively. The present techniques can include or use a system comprising a viewing instrument including a lumen, a working instrument, a light source, a beam splitter, and a laser light source. The viewing instrument can include an endoscope or a laparoscope, such as can define a proximal end and a distal end. The working instrument can include a working probe, such as can extend through the lumen of the viewing instrument. The light source can illuminate an area beyond the distal end of the viewing instrument, such as by providing illumination via an optical path of the viewing instrument. The beam splitter can be located at or coupled to a proximal end of the optical path of the working instrument. The laser light source can be coupled to the beam splitter and can generate a laser beam. The laser beam can pass from a proximal end of the working instrument to a distal end of the working instrument, such as via the optical path of the working instrument. The optical path of the working instrument can optionally pass an optical response signal received from the area beyond the distal end, such as for communication from the distal end of the working instrument to the beam splitter located at the proximal end of the working instrument.

Example 1 is a target identification system comprising: a probe having a first end and a second end, the second end configured to locate adjacent an anatomical target, the probe configured to define an optical path, the optical path configured to simultaneously pass a first optical signal and a second optical signal representative of the anatomical target; and a beam splitter comprising: a first port coupled to the first end of the probe; a second port configured to align with the optical path and configured to pass the first optical signal; and wherein the beam splitter is configured to redirect the second optical signal representative of the anatomical target from the optical path and from the first optical signal.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 optionally includes a spectrometer optically coupled to the beam splitter, the spectrometer configured to receive from the beam splitter the second optical signal representative of the anatomical target and to provide spectral measurements representative of the anatomical target.

In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 optionally includes a feedback analyzer configured to receive the spectral measurements and to generate a composition profile of the target.

In Example 4, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 2-3 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a focusing lens; an optical sensor; and wherein the focusing lens includes a wavelength sensitive layer, the wavelength sensitive layer configured to pass the first optical signal along the optical path and to redirect the second optical signal toward the optical sensor.

In Example 5, the subject matter of Example 4 optionally includes, wherein the optical sensor is configured to couple to the spectrometer and to convert the second optical signal to one or more electrical signals.

In Example 6, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 2-5 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a focusing lens having a wavelength sensitive layer, the wavelength sensitive layer configured to pass the first optical signal along the optical path and to redirect the second optical signal; a third optical port coupled to spectroscopic system; and an integrating sphere configured to further redirect the second optical signal to the third optical port.

In Example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 2-6 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a third optical port; and a dichroic mirror configured to pass the first optical signal from the first port to the second port, and to redirect the second optical signal to a third optical port.

Example 8 is a surgical system comprising: a viewing instrument including a lumen, the viewing instrument and the lumen defining a proximal end and a distal end, the viewing instrument comprising a light source configured to illuminate an anatomical target via an optical path of the viewing instrument; and a target identification system comprising: a working probe configured to extend through the lumen; a beam splitter coupled to a proximal end of the working probe, the beam splitter configured to split an optical response signal indicative of the target from the optical path; and a spectrometer optically coupled to the beam splitter, the spectrometer configured to receive from the beam splitter at least a representation of the optical response signal and provide spectral measurements representative of the anatomical target.

In Example 9, the subject matter of Example 8 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a first port coupled to the proximal end of the probe; and a second port configured to align with the optical path and configured to pass a second optical signal.

In Example 10, the subject matter of Example 9 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a focusing lens; an optical sensor; and wherein the focusing lens includes a wavelength sensitive layer, the wavelength sensitive layer configured to pass the second optical signal along the optical path and to redirect the optical response signal toward the optical sensor.

In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10 optionally includes, wherein the optical sensor is configured to couple to the spectrometer and to convert the optical response signal to one or more electrical signals.

In Example 12, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 9-11 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a focusing lens in a path of the optical path, the focusing lens including a wavelength sensitive layer, the wavelength sensitive layer configured to pass the second optical signal along the optical path and to redirect the optical response signal to provide a redirected optical response signal; a third optical port coupled to spectrometer; and an integrating sphere configured to reflect the redirected optical response signal to the third optical port.

In Example 13, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 9-12 optionally includes, wherein the beam splitter includes: a third optical port coupled to the spectrometer; and a dichroic mirror configured to pass the second optical signal along the optical path, and to reflect the optical response signal to the third optical port.

In Example 14, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 8-13 optionally includes, wherein the target identification system includes a feedback analyzer configured to receive spectral information and to generate a composition profile of the target.

In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 optionally includes a procedure instrument configured to utilize the working probe contemporaneously with the optical response signal transiting the optical path; and wherein the feedback analyzer is configured to provide control signals to the procedure instrument based on the composition profile.

In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15 optionally includes, wherein the procedure instrument includes a laser configured to generate a laser beam, the laser beam configure to transit the optical path from the beam splitter to the distal end of the probe contemporaneously with the optical response signal transiting the optical path.

Example 17 is a laser surgery system comprising: a laser system configured to generate a laser beam operable to ablate a target within a patient's body; an optical probe comprising: an optical fiber configured to transmit the laser beam to the target and to transmit target light from the target; and a beam splitter configured to pass the laser beam from the laser system to the optical fiber and to receive the target light and split the target light from the laser beam; a spectrometer optically coupled to the beam splitter, the spectrometer configured to receive the target light split from the laser beam and to generate spectral information of the target light; and feedback circuitry configured to receive the spectral information and determine composition information of the target.

In Example 18, the subject matter of Example 17 optionally includes, wherein the laser system is configured to receive the composition information and to adjust the laser beam responsive to the composition information.

Example 19 is a method comprising: extending a working instrument via a first lumen of a viewing instrument; illuminating an anatomical target via an optical path of the viewing instrument; passing an optical response signal of the anatomical target via an optical path of the working instrument; and splitting the optical response signal from the optical path of the working instrument.

In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 19 optionally includes, wherein the viewing instrument is an endoscope.

In Example 21, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 19-20 optionally includes, wherein the viewing instrument is a laparoscope.

In Example 22, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 19-21 optionally include passing the optical response signal to a spectroscopy system.

In Example 23, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 19-22 optionally include passing a second optical signal via the optical path of the working instrument at while passing the optical response signal.

In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 23 optionally includes, wherein the second optical signal is a laser beam configured to ablate the anatomical target.

In Example 25, the subject matter of Example 24 optionally includes, wherein passing the optical response signal to a spectroscopy system includes splitting the optical response from the optical path of the working instrument to a third optical path.

In Example 26, the subject matter of Example 25 optionally includes, wherein passing the laser beam includes merging an optical path extending from the laser with the optical path of the working instrument.

In Example 27, the subject matter of Example 26 optionally includes, wherein merging an optical path extending from the laser includes passing the laser beam through a dichroic mirror; and wherein splitting the optical response from the optical path of the working instrument includes reflecting the optical response a surface of the dichroic mirror.

This section is intended to provide an overview of subject matter of the present patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detailed description is included to provide further information about the present patent application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Identifying the composition of tissue in vivo via an endoscope or laparoscope has numerous applications. For example, if the composition of a renal calculus could be determined a priori, the treatment method could be based at least in part on the composition of the stone. For example, when using a laser to break-up or “dust” a stone, if it were known a priori that the stone had a hard composition, then the laser settings could be adjusted to settings that perform better on a hard kidney stone.

Also, techniques that require the removal of a tissue sample to identify the composition cannot monitor the composition of the tissue on an ongoing basis through all or a portion of entire procedure. The present techniques can allow measurement and analysis of the composition of an anatomical target, or target tissue, at the tip of the endoscope or laparoscope. These techniques can provide more information during a health related procedure, such as a surgical or diagnostic procedure, to better adapt a treatment method during the procedure. For example, if a procedure involves breaking a renal calculus into tiny pieces, e.g., “dusting” the renal calculi, that has a hard surface, but a soft core, the continuous or other ongoing monitoring of the target tissue composition via the endoscope or laparoscope can allow adjustment of, for example, the settings of the instrument doing the “dusting” during the procedure, such as laser settings for a laser ablation instrument. The identification of the target tissue can allow for first providing settings that perform better on the hard surface of the stone to then providing settings that perform better on the soft core of the stone.

FIG.1illustrates generally an example target identification system100within a surgical system110such as an ablation system. The surgical system110can include visualization equipment such as an endoscope101, the target identification system100, and primary medical equipment such as a laser ablation system102. The endoscope101can include an endoscope probe103, a laser or other light source104and a display assembly105. The endoscope probe103can include a camera106, one or more optical signal communication pathway107,108, and at least one working lumen111. A distal portion of the endoscope probe103can be inserted within a patient's body. The light source104, one or more optical transmission media107,108, and display assembly105can allow an end-user, such as a physician or surgeon or robotic device, to illuminate and observe an internal area of the patient's body at or near the distal end109of the endoscope probe103. For example, the light source104can illuminate the area at or beyond the distal end109of the endoscope probe103via a first optical transmission media108, and a second optical transmission media107can communicate image signal information from the camera at the distal end109of the endoscope probe103to signal processing circuitry at the display105for displaying an image of the area at or beyond the distal end109of the endoscope probe103. In some examples, the second optical or electrical transmission media107can include one or more components such as one or more optical fibers and the display105can include an eyepiece for the end-user to observe the area at or beyond the distal end109of the endoscope probe103. In certain examples, the second optical transmission media107can couple viewing image signal information from the camera106to an electronic display105such as for the end-user to observe the area at or beyond the distal end109of the endoscope probe103. In some examples, the camera106can be located at or near the proximal end of the endoscope probe103, such as near the display105, and one or more optical fibers can form the second optical transmission media107to transmit the image information from the distal end109of endoscope probe103to the camera106. In some examples, the camera106can be located at the distal end109of the endoscope probe103, and image information can be transmitted to the display105via electrical conductors forming the second optical transmission media107integrated with the endoscope probe103.

The working lumen111can further allow the end-user to insert and extract a portion of the primary medical instrument such as one or more surgical tools for operating about the targeted internal region of the patient's body being visualized using the endoscope probe103. For example, for a surgical ablation system102, the primary medical instrument can include a working probe113and a laser112to allow ablation of tissue at or near the distal end109of the endoscope probe103. In such a system, for either endoscopic or laparoscopic procedures, a laser beam118can pass energy through the working lumen111to effectively treat hard and soft tissue. In certain examples, the laser system102can produce a laser output beam118in a wide wavelength range from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) (e.g., 200 nm to 10000 nm). Some lasers can produce an output in a wavelength range that can be highly absorbed by soft or hard tissue, for example 1900-3000 nm for water absorption or 400-520 nm for oxy-hemoglobin and/or deoxy-hemoglobin absorption.

The working probe113may also be a part of the target identification system100. The target identification system100can include the working probe113, an optical beam splitter114, and a spectroscopy system115. The spectroscopy system115can include a spectrometer128and an optional feedback analyzer116. The target identification system100can use image response information such as content of electromagnetic emissions, either reflected or radiated from a target, to assist in determining a material or composition of the target, such as target tissue. Such electromagnetic emissions can include, but is not limited to, light visible to the human eye, florescent emissions, ultra-violet light, infrared light, or combinations thereof.

In certain examples, such image response information can be used to more efficiently execute a procedure. In an example, light from the light source104can reflect off the target tissue117or can cause the target tissue to emit optical information, such as by florescence, for example. Such optical information is referred to herein as image response information or optical response information conveyed for example via an optical response signal119. The spectrometer128or spectroscopy system115can be optically coupled to the beam splitter114, and can provide spectral measurements from the optical response signal119. Such spectral measurements can be used to determine characteristics of the target such a materials, hardness, etc. which, in turn, can be used to guide the procedure. Such guidance may result in selecting a different tool, adjusting a tool (e.g. laser setting) or combinations thereof to more efficiently proceed with the procedure.

Spectroscopy/spectrometry techniques can be used to identify materials or structures via the spectrum reflected, transmitted, emitted, absorbed, or not absorbed by a target surface. Optical spectroscopy can provide timely analysis of organic and inorganic materials. For ablation, optical spectroscopy can help provide several advantages, such as including, but not limited to, integration with fiber laser ablation techniques, nondestructive methods of material chemical composition analyses, real-time or near real-time composition estimates or profiles, and applicability for analyses of different types of biological materials: hard and soft tissue, stones, and others. Spectroscopic techniques can be used alone or in combination to analyze hard or soft tissue chemical composition and create digital spectral data. In some examples, one or more types of spectroscopy, including but not limited to, color, ultra-violet, deep ultra-violet, visual light, near-infrared, and florescent spectroscopy, can be used with the endoscope103to identify the composition of target tissue117. In an example, the spectroscopy system112can initiate and control the light source104illuminating the target tissue via, for example, the first optical transmission media108of the endoscope probe103, can receive optical response signal either reflected from or generated at the target tissue117such as via an optical transmission media of the working probe113, and can generate spectral data based on the optical response signal119. In certain examples, the light source103can include, but is not limited to, a visible light source, an infrared light source, an ultraviolet light source, a fluorescent light source, or a combination thereof.

The feedback analyzer116can receive a spectroscopic response signal delivered from the spectrometer128, can estimate a composition or compositions profile of the materials represented by the spectral data, and can display such estimates or provide one or more control signals for controlling the primary surgical instrument102. The composition or structure information can be useful to help provide feedback that can be used for more efficiently performing the surgical procedure. For example, the feedback analyzer116can compare the spectroscopic response signal with an available database library of tissue composition data. The feedback analyzer116can estimate target material composition based on the spectroscopic response signal and suggest a configuration for the primary surgical instrument102to achieve effective tissue treatment for the identified tissue composition. In certain examples, the feedback analyzer116can provide one or more control signals or control data to adjust one or more parameter settings of the primary surgical instrument102. In a laser ablation example, the feedback analyzer116or an intermediate device, can program laser settings automatically based on the target material composition estimate. In some examples, adjustment of the laser settings can be limited or constrained to be within a set individual or multivariate safe operating range such as based on a setting selected by the end-user at the start of the procedure.

In certain examples, the spectroscopy system115can optionally communicate with a database129. In some examples, the database129can be a repository for measurements and other information associated with a procedure. In some examples, as the database collects more information, the spectroscopy system102or a portion thereof, such as the feedback analyzer116, can interact with information of the database129to determine, for example, the most efficient application of the laser system112based on spectroscopic information collected or analyzed during the procedure and compare with the historical information available in the database129. In certain examples, the database may be able to provide temporal recipe for configuration of the primary surgical instrument102as the spectroscopic information of a procedure is collected and analyzed. In certain examples, the database129can include an internet-based or a cloud-based database and may include applications designed for interacting with a feedback analyzer116or some other portion of the spectroscopy system102to assist in executing an efficient surgical procedure based on historical procedure information and adaptive to the specific spectroscopic information collected during the procedure.

For example, for a laser ablation system, the laser settings that can be part of a recipe for configuration of the primary surgical instrument102can include, but are not limited to, laser operation mode (e.g., pulse or continuous wave), power, energy, frequency, pulse shape, pulse profile, or one or more combinations thereof. In certain examples, the laser system112can operate in an automatic mode or a semi-automatic mode among other modes. In automatic mode, the laser settings can be automatically controlled based on the target material composition estimate. In semi-automatic mode, the laser settings can be adjusted based on the target material composition estimate after receiving some confirmatory indication of operator approval for making the setting change. The combination of the laser system112, spectroscopy system115, and the feedback analyzer116can be used in an ongoing intraoperative feedback mode such as to continuously or recurrently identify the composition of target tissue117through the working probe113and update the laser settings during or throughout a procedure. It is understood that other surgical techniques other than laser-based surgical techniques as discussed herein are possible to use with the target identification system100without departing from the scope of the present subject matter

In certain examples, a single optical transmission media of the working probe113of the target identification system100can be used to transport a first type of electromagnetic emission or beam to or from the target tissue117at the distal end109of the working probe113and can also be used to transport an optical response signal from the distal end109of the working probe113to the spectroscopy system115. The optical splitter114can be used to merge multiple optical pathways into a single optical pathway or to separate optical information from a common optical pathway to one or more separate optical pathways. The optical splitter114can make use of a wavelength sensitive coating such an anti-reflective coating or material or a dichroic coating or material or a combination thereof. Suitable material for anti-reflection coatings can include SiO2 (refractive index between about 1.4 and about 1.5), SiO (refractive index between about 1.8 and about 1.9), Si3N4 (refractive index of about 1.9), TiO2 (refractive index of about 2.3), Ta2O5 (refractive index between about 2.1 and about 2.3), MgF2 (refractive index between about 1.4 and about 1.5), BaF2 (refractive index of about 1.47), and others.

FIG.2illustrates generally a detailed example of a target identification system200. The target identification system200can include a beam splitter214, a probe113, and a spectroscopy system215. The beam splitter214can include at least three ports221,222,223, a collimation lens220, a focus lens224, and an integrating sphere225. The three ports221,222,223can include a first port221for a first optical pathway, a second port222for a feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system, and a third port223for a common optical pathway130for transmitting a first optical signal, such as a laser beam118, and an optical response signal119between the beam splitter214and the distal end of the probe113. As an example, laser energy can be coupled from the first port221to the third port223such as via the collimation lens220and the focus lens224, and the optical response signal119can be coupled from the third port223to the second port222such as via a combination of the focus lens224and the integrating sphere225. The focus lens224can include a wavelength sensitive material or coating226, such as an AR material, that can be transparent or anti-reflective to the wavelength of the laser, but highly reflective to wavelengths of interest of the optical response signal119. As such, much if not all of the laser energy can be passed from the first port221to the third port223. The optical response signal119can be received via the third port223and reflected back or redirected into the integrating sphere225such as by a coated surface of the focus lens224. The interior surfaces of the integrating sphere225can continue to redirect the optical response signal119around until the optical response signal119exits the integrating sphere225via the second port222. Upon exiting the integrating sphere225via the second port222, the optical response signal119can be transmitted to the spectroscopy system.

FIG.3illustrates generally a detailed example of a target identification system300. The target identification system300can include a beam splitter314, a probe113, and a spectroscopy system315. The beam splitter314can include at least three ports321,322,323, a focusing lens324, and an integrating sphere325. The three ports321,322,323can include a first port321for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, a second port322for a feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system, and a third port323for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and the optical response signal119between the beam splitter314and the distal end of the working probe113. Unlike the beam splitter ofFIG.2, the focus lens324can be designed to perform both the collimating function of the laser light and the focusing function of the laser light to the third port323. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port321to the third port323via the focusing lens324and the optical response signal119is coupled from the third port323to the second port322via a combination of the focusing lens324and the integrating sphere325. In certain examples, the focusing lens324can include a wavelength sensitive material or coating326, such as an AR material, that is transparent or anti-reflective to the wavelength of the laser, but highly reflective to the wavelengths of the optical response signal119. As such, much of the laser energy is passed from the first port321to the third port323while the optical response signal119received from the third port323is reflected into the integrating sphere325. The integrating sphere325can continue to reflect the optical response signal119around until the image information exits the integrating sphere325via the second port322. Upon exiting the integrating sphere325via the second port322, the optical response signal119can be transmitted to the spectroscopy system.

FIG.4illustrates generally a detailed example of a target identification system400. The target identification system400can include a beam splitter414, a probe113, and a spectroscopy system415. The beam splitter414can include two ports421,423, a collimation lens420, a focus lens424, and an optical sensor425. The two ports421,423can include a first port421for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, and a second port423for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and the optical response signal119between the beam splitter414and the distal end of the working probe. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port421to the third port423via the collimation lens420and the focus lens424. The focus lens424can include a wavelength sensitive material or coating426, such as an AR material, that is transparent or anti-reflective to the wavelength of the laser, but highly reflective to wavelengths of interest of the optical response signal119. As such, much if not all of the laser energy is passed from the first port421to the third port423. The optical response signal119can be received via the third port423and reflected back or redirected to the optical sensor425. In the examples discussed above, the spectroscopy system typically can include an optical sensor for receiving the optical response signal119. In the beam splitter414ofFIG.4, the optical sensor425for receiving the optical response signal119can be part of the beam splitter414and can form at least part of the optical pathway or optical transmission media for the optical response signal119.

FIG.5illustrates generally a detailed example of a target identification system500. The target identification system500can include a beam splitter514, a probe113, and a spectroscopy system515. The beam splitter514can include at least three ports521,522,523, a collimation lens520, a first focus lens524, and a dichroic mirror526. In some examples, the beam splitter can include a second optional focusing lens527. The three ports521,522,523can include a first port521for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, a second port522for a feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system, and a third port523for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and the optical response signal119between the beam splitter514and the distal end of the working probe. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port521to the third port523via the collimation lens520and the first focus lens524, and the optical response signal119is coupled from the third port523to the second port522via a combination of the focus lens524and the dichroic mirror526. The dichroic mirror526allows light of a certain wavelength to pass through, while light of other wavelengths is reflected. In certain examples, such as inFIG.5, such other wavelengths can include wavelengths of the optical response signal119. In certain examples, the dichroic mirror526is fabricated to pass wavelengths associated with the laser energy and to reflect wavelengths associated with the optical response signal119. As such, the dichroic mirror526can extract the optical response signal119from the common optical pathway130of that also includes the laser energy and divert the optical response signal119to the spectroscopy system via the second port522of the beam splitter514. In certain examples, the focus lens524can include a wavelength sensitive material or coating526, such as an AR material, that is transparent or anti-reflective to the wavelength of the laser, such that much if not all of the laser energy is passed from the first port521to the third port523.

FIG.6illustrates generally an example of a method of operating an ablation system. At601, a working instrument can be extended through a first lumen of a viewing instrument such as an endoscope. At603, an area beyond a distal end of the viewing instrument can be illuminated via an optical path of the viewing instrument. A light source (e.g.,FIG.1,104) can be located at a proximal or distal end of the viewing instrument. The light source can be a visible light source, an infrared light source, an ultraviolet light source, a fluorescent light source, or a combination thereof. At605, in response to illumination of the area, optical response information, can be received, via an optical path of the working instrument, at a proximal end of the working instrument. The optical response information can include light reflected from target tissue in the area at the distal end of the endoscope. In certain examples, the optical response information can include light emitted from or generated from the target tissue in the area at the distal end of the endoscope. At607, the optical response signal can be separated from the optical path of the working instrument such as by a beam splitter as discussed above. In certain examples, a second optical signal can be transmitted via the optical path of the working at the same time the optical response signal is being transmitted and separated or split from the optical path of the working instrument. As an example, the second optical signal can be a laser beam. For example, a laser beam can be passed between the proximal end of the working instrument and the area at the distal end via the optical path of the working instrument. Thus, the single optical path of the working instrument can be an optical transmission medium for simultaneous transmission of both the laser beam and the optical response information.

The optical response information can be used to detect the structure and composition of the target tissue. For example, the optical response information can be provided to a spectroscopy system. The spectroscopy system can include a spectrometer and a spectral analyzer. The spectrometer can provide spectral measurements of the optical response information. The spectral analyzer can compare the spectral measurements to one or more samples of expected compositions. The spectral analyzer can base an estimate the composition of the target tissue. In some examples, and end-user of the ablation system can adjust an operating parameter of the laser to more effectively treat the patent. For example, the composition estimate provided by the spectral analyzer can indicate that the target tissue currently being treated is harder or softer than prior-treated tissue. Such information can allow the end-user to adjust, for example, an intensity of the laser to more effectively ablate the harder or softer target tissue. In some examples, the spectral analyzer can automatically or semi-automatically adjust operating parameters of the laser or the light source in response to a composition estimate.

FIG.7illustrates generally a detailed view of an example of a target identification system700. The target identification system700can include a beam splitter714, a working probe113, and a spectroscopy system715optically coupled to the beam splitter714. The beam splitter714can include at least three ports721,722,723, a collimation lens720, a first focus lens724, and a reflector726. The reflector726can be glass and may or may not have a coating. The reflector726can include an opening to allow laser light from a laser beam118to pass. In some examples, the beam splitter714can include a second optional focusing lens727. The three ports721,722,723can include a first port721for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, a second port722for a feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system, and a third port723for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and the optical response signal119between the beam splitter714and the distal end of the working probe113. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port721to the third port723via the collimation lens720, the opening in the reflector and the first focus lens724. The optical response signal119can be coupled from the third port723to the second port722via a combination of the focus lens724and the reflector726. In certain examples, the diameter and numerical aperture of the optical pathway at the third port723can be larger than the diameter and numerical aperture of the optical pathway providing the laser beam at the first port721. The size relationship of the optical ports and numerical aperture can allow the optical response through the beam splitter to be expanded farther than the optical signal of the laser beam118. As such, more light from the optical response can be collected without affecting the path of the laser beam compared to a path of the optical response that has less expansion.

FIG.8illustrates generally a detailed view of an example of a target identification system800. The target identification system800can include a beam splitter814, a working probe113, and a spectroscopy system815. The beam splitter814can include at least three ports821,822,823,832a collimation lens820, a first focus lens824, and a first reflector826and a second reflector836. The reflectors826,836can be glass and may or may not have a coating. In some examples, the beam splitter814can include a second optional focusing lenses827,837. The four ports821,822,823,832can include a first port821for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, a second port822for a first feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system, a third port823for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and the optical response signal119between the beam splitter814and the distal end of the working probe113, and a fourth port for a second feedback optical pathway to the spectroscopy system. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port821to the third port823via the collimation lens820, the reflectors826,836, and the first focus lens824. The optical response signal119can be coupled from the third port823to the second port822via a combination of the focus lens824and the first reflector826. The optical response signal can also be coupled from the third port823to the fourth port832via a combination of the focus lens824and the second reflector836. The system can include an optical coupler830to couple the first and second feedback optical pathways to provide the optical response signal119. The illustrated example ofFIG.8can allow efficient coupling of the laser beam with the common optical pathway130when the reflectors are glass. At the same time, having two glass reflectors can allow collecting more energy from the response optical path than using a single reflector, thus, resulting in a stronger optical response signal119. In certain examples, the reflectors can include an opening and can be used a similar fashion as the lone reflector726inFIG.7. The openings can allow the laser energy to pass unobstructed and the two glass reflectors can capture the optical response energy from the collimated light about the laser beam.

FIG.9illustrates generally a detailed view of an example of a target identification system900. The target identification system900can include a beam splitter914, a working probe113, and a spectroscopy system915. The beam splitter914can include at least two ports921,923, a collimation lens920, a focus lens924, and one or more feedback fibers931. The feedback fibers or multiple bundles of fibers can receive optical response energy and provide an optical pathway for the optical response energy or signal919to be received at the spectroscopy system915. The two ports921,923can include a first port921for a laser optical pathway coupled to the laser, and a second port923for a common optical pathway130for transmitting both the laser and an optical response signal119between the beam splitter914and the distal end of the working probe113. In operation, the laser energy is coupled from the first port921to the third port923via the collimation lens920, and the first focus lens924. As discussed above, the optical response signal119can be coupled from the third port923to the spectroscopy system via a combination of the focus lens924and the feedback fiber(s)931. In certain examples, the diameter and numerical aperture of the optical pathway at the second port923can be larger than the diameter and numerical aperture of the optical pathway providing the laser beam at the first port921. The size relationship of the optical ports and numerical aperture can allow the optical response signal119through the beam splitter to be expanded farther than the optical signal of the laser beam118. As such, more light from the optical response can be collected without affecting the path of the laser beam compared to a path of the optical response that has less expansion. In certain examples, additional feedback fibers931can be placed about the collimated path of the laser between the collimation lens920and the focus lens924to collect more energy of the optical response signal919within the optical splitter. In the extreme, an assembly of feedback fibers931, for example, in the shape of a ring, can be placed about the path of the laser light to collect all the light of the optical response signal.

Additional Notes

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.