Patent ID: 12201892

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG.1illustrates an exemplary skateboard system10that may be utilized in examples herein. The skateboard system10may include a deck12, a plurality of wheels14a-d, and a plurality of trucks16a, bthat may be configured to support the plurality of wheels14a-d. In examples, the skateboard system10may comprise a greater or fewer number of components, or modifications of the components illustrated inFIG.1as desired.

The deck12may comprise a board of the skateboard system10. A user (e.g., a rider) may stand upon the deck12to ride the skateboard and to perform a variety of tricks if desired. The deck12may include a nose18at the front of the deck12, a tail20at the rear of the deck12, and a main body22between the nose18and the tail20. One or both of the nose18and the tail20may be angled relative to the main body22, or may be planar with the main body22in examples as desired.

The deck12may have a length24and a width26(marked inFIG.3), which may be varied in examples as desired.

The deck12may include a top surface28or upper surface, and a bottom surface30or lower surface (marked inFIG.3) facing opposite the top surface28. The top surface28in examples may be a surface for a user (e.g., a rider) to stand upon when riding the skateboard.

In examples, the top surface28may include a layer of grip tape32that may be applied to a surface34(marked inFIG.12) of a board forming the deck12. The grip tape32may be utilized to increase the grip of a user (e.g., a rider) upon the deck12. The grip tape32may cover the entirety of the surface34of the board or may cover only a portion of the board.

The deck12may include holes36a-d,38a-d(marked inFIG.3) that may be utilized to couple the deck12to the trucks16a, b. The holes36a-d,38a-dmay pass through the deck12from the top surface28to the bottom surface30. A first group, or leading group, of the holes36a-dmay be utilized to couple to a first truck16bor leading truck of the skateboard. A second group, or tailing group, of the holes38a-dmay be utilized to couple to a second truck16aor tailing truck of the skateboard.

The first group of the holes36a-dmay be spaced from each other in a rectangular configuration. The position of the first group of holes36a-dmay correspond to the position of holes of the truck16bfor coupling with the deck12. The second group of the holes38a-dmay similarly be positioned in a rectangular configuration and may correspond to the position of holes of the truck16afor coupling with the deck12. The first group of the holes36a-dmay be positioned proximate the nose18and the second group of the holes38a-dmay be positioned proximate the tail20.

Each of the holes36a-d,38a-dmay include a bearing surface that may be tapered in examples. For example,FIG.12illustrates a cross sectional view of the deck12shown along line A-A inFIG.3. A hole36amay include a bearing surface40that may be tapered downward towards the bottom surface30of the deck12. The hole36amay include a cylindrical portion42that may be positioned between the tapered portion of the hole36aand the bottom surface30of the deck12. The other holes36b-d,38a-dmay be similarly configured. In examples, the holes36a-d,38a-dmay lack a tapered bearing surface, and the bearing surface may be planar or may have another configuration.

Referring toFIG.2, the plurality of wheels14a-dmay be configured to roll to provide movement of the skateboard. Each wheel14a-dmay be coupled to a respective truck16a, bvia one or more bearings44that may allow the wheel14a-dto spin. One or more washers46or spacers48may be utilized for coupling to the respective truck16a, bas well. One or more securement bodies50such as nuts may be utilized to couple the wheels14a-dto a respective truck16a, b.

The trucks16a, bmay be configured to support the plurality of wheels14a-d. The trucks16a, bmay be configured to allow the plurality of wheels14a-dto pivot with respect to the deck12to allow the skateboard to turn. Each truck16a, bmay include a respective truck hanger52a, bthat may include a respective axle54a, b(marked inFIG.4). The wheels14a-dmay be configured to couple to a respective axle54a, band rotate about the axle54a, b.

Each truck hanger52a, bmay be configured to pivot relative to a respective base plate56a, bto allow the wheels14a-dto turn. A variety of pivot mechanisms may be utilized to allow the truck hanger52a, bto pivot. As shown inFIG.2, for example, a pivot mechanism utilizing a bushing58, kingpin (surrounded by the bushing), and a pivot bushing60may be utilized. In examples, other forms of pivot mechanisms may be utilized as desired.

The base plate56a, bmay be utilized to couple the respective truck16a, bto the deck12. The base plate56a, bmay comprise a flattened plate or may have other configurations as desired. The base plate56a, bmay be configured to be placed against the bottom surface30of the deck12. Referring toFIG.4, in examples, the base plate56bmay include respective holes62a-d, and the base plate56amay include holes64that may be utilized to couple the respective truck16a, bto the deck12. The holes62a-d,64may be spaced to align with the respective holes36a-d,38a-dof the deck12and may be in a rectangular configuration as desired. In examples, other configurations may be utilized.

A fastener system may be utilized to couple the deck12of the skateboard to a respective truck16a, bof the skateboard.FIG.5, for example, illustrates a fastener66that may comprise the system. The fastener66may include a head68and a shaft70in examples.

The head68may include a top surface72(marked inFIG.6) and may include a bearing surface74in examples. The top surface72may comprise a proximal surface or upper surface of the head68. Referring toFIG.6, the top surface72may comprise a flat surface in examples and may extend to an outer edge76of the top surface72. The top surface72may have another configuration in examples as desired (e.g., rounded, undulating, etc.).

The top surface72may have a circular outer periphery in examples, or may have another configuration as desired (e.g., hexagonal, octagonal, etc.). The top surface72may include a drive78, which may comprise an aperture in the top surface72or may have another configuration as desired. The drive78may comprise a hex drive as shown inFIG.6, or may have another configuration as desired (e.g., a flat head drive, a phillips drive, a keyed drive, etc.).FIG.7illustrates a top view of the top surface72.

In examples, the head68may be configured as a countersunk head, such that the top surface72may rest flush with the top surface28of the deck12(as shown inFIG.16for example).

Referring toFIG.5, the bearing surface74may extend from the outer edge76of the top surface72to the outer surface80of the shaft70. The bearing surface74, in examples, may comprise a tapered surface that may taper radially inward in a distal direction such that the diameter82(marked inFIG.10) of the head68at the shaft70is less than the diameter84(marked inFIG.10) of the head68at the top surface72or proximal end of the head68. The bearing surface74may taper inward towards a longitudinal axis86that the shaft70extends along.

The bearing surface74may have a constant or uniform angle from the outer edge76of the top surface72to the outer surface80of the shaft70. The bearing surface74may extend at an angle of about 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis86, or another angle as desired. In examples, the angle of the bearing surface74may match an angle of the bearing surface40of the deck12(marked inFIG.12). In examples, the angle of the bearing surface74may differ from an angle of the bearing surface40of the deck12.

The bearing surface74may have a conical shape, and may comprise a flat conical shape or may have a convex curvature outward from the head68in examples. The bearing surface74, for example, may comprise a conical frustum. The bearing surface74of the head68may be smooth, except for the presence of grip features88on the bearing surface74. The bearing surface74may have other configurations in examples.

The shaft70may extend from a proximal end90in a distal direction to a distal end92. The distal end92may extend distally from the head68. The proximal end90of the shaft70may be coupled to the head68and the distal end92of the shaft70may comprise a leading end of the shaft70. The shaft70may be configured to couple to one of the trucks16a, bin examples.

The shaft70may have a cylindrical shape surrounding the longitudinal axis86in examples.

In examples, a portion of the shaft70may include an engagement surface such as threading, and a portion of the shaft70may lack threading and may be smooth. For example, referring toFIG.5, a distal portion94of the shaft70may be threaded. A proximal portion95of the shaft70may lack threading. Various other configurations of the shaft70may be provided. For example, in examples, the majority or entirety of the shaft70may be threaded as desired. In examples, a majority of the shaft70may be smooth. Various other configurations of the shaft and engagement surface may be provided as desired.

The fastener66may comprise a bolt or may have another forms in examples as desired.

The fastener66may include one or more grip features88in examples. The grip features88may be positioned on the head68. The grip features88may be configured to grip the head68to the deck12.

Referring toFIG.5, the grip features88may be positioned on the bearing surface74of the head68in examples. The grip features88, for example, may comprise protrusions that protrude from the bearing surface74. The protrusions may protrude in a distal direction or leading direction from the bearing surface74.

The protrusions may be interspaced with recessed portions96of the head68that may comprise the bearing surface74of the head68. The recessed portions96may have a relatively lesser height than the protrusions in the distal direction and may extend between the circumferentially adjacent protrusions.FIG.8, for example, illustrates a distal end view of the fastener66. The grip features88are shown to be spaced circumferentially from each other about the longitudinal axis86of the shaft70. The recessed portions96are positioned between each of the grip features88and alternate in position with the grip features88.

As shown inFIG.8, at least six grip features88may be utilized, although a greater or lesser number may be utilized in examples as desired (e.g., at least one, two, three, four, five, seven, eight, nine, etc.). The grip features88may be spaced circumferentially equal relative to each other as shown inFIG.8, or may have a different spacing (e.g., unequal) relative to each other in examples.

The grip features88may extend radially outward from the longitudinal axis86and radially outward from the outer surface80of the shaft70. The grip features88, for example, may comprise ribs that may extend radially outward from the longitudinal axis86of the shaft70towards the outer edge76of the head68.

Referring toFIG.8, for example, the ribs may comprise elongate bodies that may protrude from the bearing surface74of the head68. As shown inFIG.8, each rib may extend in a respective plane98,100,102that the longitudinal axis86extends in. The ribs may be configured as spokes extending radially outward from the longitudinal axis86.

Each grip feature88may include a radially inward portion104and a radially outward portion106.FIG.9, for example, illustrates a cross sectional view along line B-B inFIG.7. The radially inward portion104is shown to contact the outer surface80of the shaft70.FIG.11, for example, further illustrates the radially inward portion104in contact with the outer surface80of the shaft70. An outer surface of the radially inward portion104accordingly may be continuous with the outer surface80of the shaft70and may protrude radially outward from the outer surface80of the shaft70.

Referring toFIG.9, the grip feature88may extend radially outward to the radially outward portion106, which may be positioned proximate the outer edge76of the top surface72. Each grip feature88accordingly may span the bearing surface74from the outer surface80of the shaft70to the outer edge76of the top surface72in examples. In examples, each grip feature88may extend radially outward for a lesser proportion of the bearing surface74(e.g., less than three quarters of the radial distance, or less than half of the radial distance, among other distances for example).

FIG.10illustrates a side view of the head68of the fastener66. Each grip feature88may include a distal surface108or leading surface that faces a distal direction. The distal surface108may comprise a peak or crest of the grip feature88that may have the greatest height relative to the bearing surface74. The distal surface108, in examples, may extend from the radially inward portion104to the radially outward portion106of the respective grip feature88.

The distal surface108may comprise an angled portion (e.g., angled distally to form a sharp edge), or may comprise a rounded portion that may be rounded convex relative to the grip feature88as shown inFIG.11for example.

The distal surface108may be angled, and may be angled proximally from the radially inward portion104of the grip feature88towards the radially outward portion106of the grip feature88.FIG.9, for example, illustrates the angle of the distal surface108in a proximal direction from the radially inward portion104of the grip feature88towards the radially outward portion106of the grip feature88.

In examples, the distal surface108may include a first portion110and a second portion112. The first portion110may be positioned radially inward of the second portion112in examples. The first portion110may have a different angle than the second portion112. For example, as shown inFIG.9, the angle of the first portion110relative to a longitudinal axis86of the shaft70may be greater than the angle of the second portion112relative to the longitudinal axis86. For example, the first portion110may be more perpendicular relative to the longitudinal axis86than the second portion112.

In examples, the angle of the first portion110may match an angle of the bearing surface74. For example, a same amount of taper may be utilized with the first portion110as the bearing surface74(e.g., 45 degrees or another angle as desired). The angle of the second portion112may differ to allow the distal surface108to intersect the bearing surface74or outer edge76of the head68as desired.

Referring toFIG.11, in examples, a circumferential width of the distal surface108may increase from a radially inward portion104of the grip feature88towards the radially outward portion106of the grip feature88. For example, as shown inFIG.11, the circumferential width114at the radially inward portion104may be less than the circumferential width116at the radially outward portion106. The radially inward portion104may comprise a leading portion of the grip feature88and accordingly a narrower distal surface108may increase the penetrating ability of the grip feature88initially. The radially outward portion106may comprise a tailing portion of the grip feature88that may penetrate the deck following the radially inward portion104. The radially outward portion106may be positioned proximal of the radially inward portion104. As such, the wider distal surface108at the radially outward portion106may serve to better hold the fastener in position following initial engagement by the radially inward portion104.

Referring toFIG.10, in examples, each grip feature88may include at least two side surfaces118a, bthat may extend from the distal surface108to the bearing surface74. Each side surface118a, bmay be angled circumferentially outward from the distal surface108towards the bearing surface74. As such, in examples, each grip feature88may comprise a wedge that may increase in width in a proximal direction. As the fastener66is moved distally into a hole of a deck12, the width of the grip feature88applied to the deck12may increase, thus increasing the stability of the fastener66relative to the deck12. Each grip feature88may have a triangular cross section when viewed transverse to the radial direction of the grip feature88.

Each side surface118a, bmay reduce in height relative to the bearing surface74in a radially outward direction. Such a feature may account for the reduction of height of the distal surface108from the bearing surface74in a radially outward direction. For example, as shown inFIG.11, the height of the side surfaces118a, bmay be greater at the radially inward portion104than at the radially outward portion106.

The configuration of the grip features88and other features of the fastener66may be varied in examples. For example, the configuration of the grip features88may vary from the configuration shown inFIGS.5-11to include additional, modified, or fewer properties or features as desired. The configuration of the surfaces of the grip features88or other properties or features of the grip features may be varied in examples.

The fastener66may be utilized to couple the trucks16a, bto the deck12. Referring toFIG.3, the fastener66may be passed through one of the holes36a-d,38a-din the deck12in a direction towards the bottom surface30of the deck12(from the top surface28marked inFIG.1). Multiple of the fasteners66may be passed through respective holes36a-d,38a-das desired (as shown inFIG.4) for coupling with respective trucks16a, b.

As an example,FIG.12illustrates a cross sectional view of the deck12along line A-A inFIG.3. The hole36aof the deck12is shown to include a tapered bearing surface40, although such taper may be excluded in examples (e.g., a planar bearing surface40or another shape of bearing surface as desired). In examples, a layer of the grip tape32may comprise a portion of the bearing surface40, although such grip tape32may be excluded from the bearing surface40in examples if desired.

The fastener66may be inserted into the hole36awith the shaft70comprising a leading portion of the fastener66.FIG.13, for example, illustrates a view of the fastener66passed through the hole36awith the shaft70protruding from the bottom surface30of the deck12.FIG.13illustrates a view along line C-C inFIG.4. The head68may be positioned on the top, upper, or proximal side of the deck12and the hole36a. The shaft70may be passed through the hole36asuch that the grip features88may press against the deck12. The grip features88may contact the bearing surface40of the deck12, which may comprise the grip tape32or a surface of a board that the grip tape32is positioned on.

Notably, at this point in the fastening process, a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool would be engaged with the drive78of the fastener66. Such tool would be used to prevent the circumferential rotation of the fastener66upon a securement body (e.g., a nut or other form of securement body) being engaged with the shaft70of the fastener66.

However, the presence of the grip features88may reduce the need for a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool from engaging the drive78. The grip features88may be placed against the bearing surface40of the deck12and may serve to grip the head68to the deck12. The grip features88may be configured to reduce rotation of the head68relative to the hole36ain the deck12for receiving the shaft70. In addition, the use of a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool may be excluded in examples, as the grip features88may provide the securement force for the fastener66as the securement body (e.g., a nut or other form of securement body) is engaged with the fastener66.FIGS.14-16, for example, illustrate the fastener66secured in position without use of a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool from engaging the drive78.

Referring toFIG.14, for example, a base plate56bof the truck54bhas been applied to the bottom surface30of the deck12. The shaft70of the fastener66may be configured to pass through the hole62ain the base plate56bof the truck16b.

A securement body120(e.g., a nut or other form of securement body) may engage with the engagement surface of the shaft70. The securement body120, for example, may include threading122that may engage with threading124of the shaft70. A tool126(such as a nut driver, wrench, or other form of tool for engaging the securement body120) may be utilized to rotate the securement body120onto the shaft70.FIG.14, for example, illustrates the tool126advancing the securement body120towards the shaft70. One or more of the securement bodies120may engage the shaft70to tighten the head68to the deck12.

At this point, the grip features88of the fastener66may contact the bearing surface40of the deck12, yet may not fully penetrate or engage with the bearing surface40. As such, a user (e.g. a rider or assembler of the skateboard) may contact the grip features88to the bearing surface40of the deck12manually or without use of a tool (e.g., a hammer or hex wrench or other tool that may be utilized with the head68). In examples, the force of the securement body120pulling the fastener66distally through the holes36a,62amay cause the grip features88to contact the bearing surface40.

The securement body120may be secured to the fastener66, which may pull the fastener distally. The securement body120may be tightened to the shaft70to press the grip features88against the deck12. Referring toFIG.15, the tool126, for example, may be rotated to cause the securement body120to rotate about the threading124of the shaft70. The rotation of the securement body120may pull the fastener66in a distal direction.

The distal force upon the fastener66may cause the grip features88to engage the bearing surface40of the deck12. The grip features88, for example, may be pressed against the bearing surface40and may serve to reduce circumferential rotation of the fastener66as the securement body120is rotated relative to the shaft70. In examples, the grip features88may deform one or more of the grip tape32or the board of the deck12to reduce the circumferential rotation of the fastener66. For example, the grip features88may penetrate or otherwise engage one or more of the grip tape32or the board of the deck12to reduce the circumferential rotation of the fastener66.

The surfaces of the grip features88discussed in regard toFIGS.5-11, for example, may be configured to have an initial portion or leading portion (e.g., corresponding to the radially inward portions104of the grip features88) that may have a relatively narrow surface area for penetration, which may enhance the ease of initial penetration of the bearing surface40. The tailing portion of the surfaces (e.g., corresponding to the radially outward portion106of the grip features88) may have a relatively wider surface area for additional securement of the grip features88as the securement body120is further tightened to the fastener66. As such, resistance against circumferential rotation may be increased as the securement body120is further tightened and the fastener is drawn further in a distal direction.

Referring toFIG.15, in examples, the grip features88may be configured to penetrate into the grip tape32without penetrating through the grip tape32. As such, the gripping properties of the grip tape32may be used to further secure the fastener66in position. In examples, the grip features88may penetrate through the grip tape32.

The securement body120may continue to be tightened to the fastener66until a desired amount of axial force couples the base plate56bto the deck12.FIG.16, for example, illustrates the fastener66coupling the base plate56bof the truck16bto the deck12. The top surface72of the head68may be flush with the top surface28of the deck12.

A similar process may be utilized for the remaining fasteners66shown inFIG.4, for example, to couple the trucks16a, bto the deck12.

Beneficially, the grip features88may reduce the need for a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool from engaging a drive78of the fastener66or otherwise engaging the head68of the fastener66while the fastener66is being secured to the skateboard. The grip features88, for example, may allow a user (e.g., a rider or an assembler of the skateboard) to contact the grip features88to the bearing surface40of the deck12(which may be manually) and rotate the securement body120(e.g., a nut). The rotation of the securement body120may cause the grip features88to engage the bearing surface40and reduce the rotation of the fastener66while the securement body120is further tightened.

In examples, a user (e.g., a rider or assembler of the skateboard), may manually apply a finger130or other part of the body or another surface to the head68of the fastener66to aid in the contact of the grip features88to the bearing surface40as the securement body120is rotated.FIG.17, for example, illustrates a finger130applied to the head68of the fastener66. As such, a tool does not necessarily need to be used with the head68of the fastener66.

For a rider of a skateboard, such a feature may beneficially reduce the amount of equipment that a rider needs to carry in the field while riding a skateboard. For example, if a rider by chance rips a truck loose while performing a trick or the like, the rider can beneficially rapidly reconnect the truck utilizing the fastener66. The rider would not necessarily need a tool such as a hex wrench or other form of tool for engaging a drive78of the fastener66or otherwise engaging the head68of the fastener66. Fewer tools would need to be carried by a rider.

In addition, a rider in the field could more rapidly swap out trucks or a deck of a skateboard without necessarily needing a tool for engaging a drive78of the fastener66or otherwise engaging the head68of the fastener66.

Assemblers of a skateboard system, for example, may benefit. The use of the grip features88may increase the speed at which a skateboard could be assembled or modified in a factory setting or otherwise, as a tool for engaging a drive78of the fastener66or otherwise engaging the head68of the fastener66would not necessarily be needed. More rapid production or modification of a skateboard system may be provided.

In examples, the grip features88may be utilized to supplement the use of a tool for engaging a drive78of the fastener in examples (e.g., a tool may be utilized yet the grip features88may still aid to secure the fastener66in position).

The fasteners66may be provided solely (e.g, a single fastener or at least one fastener may be provided), or may be provided as a bundle of hardware for use with a skateboard system. For example, the fasteners66may be provided in groups of at least four (to pass through each of the respective holes36a-din the deck12). In examples, the fasteners66may be provided in groups of at least eight (for eight holes36a-d,38a-din the deck) or may be provided in a different number as desired. The fasteners66may be packaged and provided for users to modify existing skateboards by swapping out other forms of fasteners for the fasteners described herein. Other hardware such as the securement bodies120may be packaged and provided as well. Other hardware such as the securement bodies or washers or spacers for the wheels may be provided as well and packaged with at least one of the fasteners66.

In examples, a skateboard system may be provided that may include at least one of the fasteners66. The skateboard system may be provided as an assembled unit (including at least one of the fasteners66or having all fasteners comprise the fasteners66described herein) or may be provided as a set of components for forming a skateboard (e.g., for a user to assemble). Various components of a skateboard may be provided with at least one of the fasteners66(e.g., the fasteners66may be packaged and provided with the deck12, or one or more of the trucks16a, b, or with other components of the skateboard).

The fasteners may be utilized with a variety of forms of skateboard (e.g., cruisers, skate park boards, longboards, electric, and non-electric, among others). In examples, the fasteners may be utilized generally with sporting boards or board sports (e.g., scooters, waveboards, etc.), or other sports apparatuses, unless otherwise stated. The fasteners may be utilized with other components to be fastened unless otherwise stated.

For purposes of this description, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the examples of this disclosure are described herein. The disclosed methods, apparatuses, and systems should not be construed as limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the various disclosed examples, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another. The methods, apparatuses, and systems are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed examples require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved. Features, elements, or components of one example can be combined into other examples herein.

Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as any subcombination or variation of any subcombination.

Moreover, while methods may be depicted in the drawings or described in the specification in a particular order, such methods need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, and that all methods need not be performed, to achieve desirable results. Other methods that are not depicted or described can be incorporated in the example methods and processes. For example, one or more additional methods can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the described methods. Further, the methods may be rearranged or reordered in other implementations. Also, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of this disclosure.

Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain examples include or do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more examples.

Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain examples require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.

Language of degree used herein, such as the terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, “generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than or equal to 10% of, within less than or equal to 5% of, within less than or equal to 1% of, within less than or equal to 0.1% of, and within less than or equal to 0.01% of the stated amount. If the stated amount is 0 (e.g., none, having no), the above recited ranges can be specific ranges, and not within a particular % of the value. For example, within less than or equal to 10 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 5 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 1 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 0.1 wt./vol. % of, and within less than or equal to 0.01 wt./vol. % of the stated amount.

Some examples have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. Components can be added, removed, and/or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various examples can be used in all other examples set forth herein. Additionally, it will be recognized that any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps.

While a number of examples and variations thereof have been described in detail, other modifications and methods of using the same will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Accordingly, it should be understood that various applications, modifications, materials, and substitutions can be made of equivalents without departing from the unique and inventive disclosure herein or the scope of the claims.