Patent ID: 12260778

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of different aspects of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention as defined by the claims may include some or all of the features or embodiments herein described and may further include obvious modifications and equivalents of the features and concepts described herein.

Definitions

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a component” includes aspects having two or more such components unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect and “about” is utilized herein to represent an inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation. These terms are also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

Terms used herein, such as “aspect” or “embodiment” or “exemplary” or “exemplified,” are not meant to show preference, but rather to explain that the aspect discussed thereafter is merely one example of the aspect presented.

Additionally, as used herein, relative terms, such as “substantially”, “generally”, “approximately”, and the like, are utilized herein to represent an inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation. These terms are also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

The term “connected to” includes connected or linked directly or indirectly. Thus, for example, reference to a “Component A connected to Component B” includes aspects having Component A and Component B directly connected by a bolt, a clamp, glue, cement, weld, mechanically or otherwise and also Component A and Component B indirectly connected by an intermediate structure (e.g., a connecting Component C) or structure (e.g., “Component A and Component B are each independently connected to a structure”) unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” mean that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur or the component might be omitted, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not or when the component is present or not present.

The present inventions relate to systems and methods for holding and/or orienting one or more cadaver specimens, for example, for educational, training, investigations, research and/or other medical related activities and purposes.

One aspect of the invention relates to system for holding and orienting a cadaver specimen, the system comprising a platform (or platform tray) having a top surface and a bottom surface and a first arm assembly having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the proximal end is rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform at a first joint and wherein the distal end comprises a first bone anchor assembly rotatably and reversibly attached thereto.

FIG.1shows system100according to one embodiment comprising first armiture or first arm assembly110and second cortical rod or second arm assembly150, wherein each are rotatably and reversible mounted on platform tray101.FIG.2shows a bottom view of system100.

According to one embodiment, the first arm assembly110preferably comprises a lower arm segment (first arm tube111) and an upper arm segment (second arm tube112) and wherein the lower arm segment111and the upper arm segment112are reversibly attached at a second joint (elbow113) configured to allow the lower arm segment111and the upper arm segment112to pivot relative to each other at different angles and wherein the lower arm segment comprises a proximal end114rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform tray101at the first joint system including elbow base detent115(described further below) and armiture base sub-assembly120(described further below) and the upper arm segment comprises a distal end rotatably and reversibly attached to the first bone anchor assembly160.

Bone anchor assembly160comprises handle172connected to tapered rod171and preferably further comprises guide clamp175and more preferably securing pin176passing through guide clamp175and pass-through opening in rod171. Bone anchor assembly160is discussed in more detailed below (FIGS.4and5and shown in more detail inFIG.27).

Preferably, the first joint system includes a first knob116configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment111to rotate relative to the top surface of the platform tray101and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock the lower arm segment in position relative to the top surface of the platform tray.

Preferably, the second joint113includes a second knob117configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment111to pivot relative to the upper arm segment112at different angles and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock into position.

According to preferred embodiments, one or more motors (e.g., “Servo motors”) are incorporated in the system and devices described herein to allow the first arm assembly and/or second arm assembly (and/or any additional arm assemblies used in the system) to move the assembly on the platform (or track as described below) and/or one or more motors (e.g., “Servo motors”) to manipulate the configuration of each arm assembly (e.g., raise or lower, contract, turn, rotate, etc.) Preferably, one or more remote control devices are configured to operate the one or more motors, thereby controlling the arm assembly and the position of the arm assembly.

FIG.3shows a first arm300according to another embodiment of the invention including a lower arm segment (first arm tube311) and an upper arm segment (second arm tube312).

Preferably, the lower arm segment311and the upper arm segment312are preferably reversibly attached at a second joint (elbow313) configured to allow the lower arm segment311and the upper arm segment312to pivot relative to each other at different angles.

Preferably, the lower arm segment311comprises a proximal end314rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform tray (101) (not shown inFIG.3) at the first joint system315comprising elbow base detent318and armiture base sub-assembly317.

Preferably, the first joint system315includes a first knob316configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment311to rotate relative to the top surface of the platform tray101and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock the lower arm segment in position relative to the top surface of the platform tray.

Preferably, the second joint313includes a second knob326configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment311to pivot relative to the upper arm segment312at different angles and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock in position.

Preferably, the upper arm segment312comprises a distal end330rotatably and reversibly attached to the first bone anchor assembly (not shown).

According to preferred embodiments, first arm300comprises a third joint system335at distal end330to allow the bone anchor (not shown) attached or connected to distal end330to pivot relative to the upper arm segment312. Preferably, the third joint system335includes a third knob336configured (i) to loosen the third joint to allow the bone anchor assembly (not shown) to pivot relative to the upper arm segment312at different angles and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock in position.

According to preferred embodiments, distal end330connects or attached to bone anchor (or shoulder clamp assembly) via a tube connector or rotation assembly338(e.g., see rotation assembly embodiment shown in more detail inFIG.15, for example). Preferably, rotation assembly338is configured to rotate relative to upper arm segment (312) and, preferably, further configured for receipt and for holding bone anchor assembly (as shown inFIGS.1and2).

Preferably, the first joint is an elbow connector joint or corner connector.

Preferably, the second joint is elbow connector joint or corner connector.

Preferably, the third joint is elbow connector joint or corner connector.

According to another embodiment, the first joint is a variable angle joint.

According to another embodiment, the second joint is a variable angle joint.

According to another embodiment, the third joint is a variable angle joint.

According to an alternative embodiment, the first arm is a “telescoping arm” wherein the upper arm segment is configured to fit within the lower arm segment and telescope out to increase the length of the first arm, retract to decrease the length or includes a knob which can be tightened lock in place. A “telescoping arm” which is rotatably attached to the table would also provide a range of motions and orientations.

Preferably, the first arm assembly comprises two or more telescoping segments to vary the length of the first arm.

Preferably, the two or more telescoping segments are configured to vary the distance between the distal end of the first arm assembly and the top surface of the platform tray.

Preferably, the two or more telescoping segments comprise at least one knob to loosen to allow the two or more telescoping segments to expand or contract or tighten to lock in telescoping position.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the system includes one or more bone anchor assemblies (also referred to as cortical rod systems). Preferably, the system comprises a first bone anchor assembly attached or connected to the first arm and a second bond anchor attached to the second arm (as shown inFIGS.1and2).

Another aspect of the invention relates to the bone anchor assemblies or cortical rod systems preferably used in the systems described herein, as shown inFIGS.4-5and27for example.

One embodiment relates to a cortical rod system, the cortical rod system comprising:(a) a handle having a proximal end and a distal end; and(b) a cortical rod having a proximal end attached to the distal end of the handle and a distal tapered end configured for insertion into a medullary cavity of a bone.

FIG.4A-Dshows a cortical rod system400according to one embodiment of the invention comprising a handle410connected to a cortical rod430. Handle410has a proximal end412and distal end413, wherein distal end413of handle410is attached or connected to the proximal end432of cortical rod430.

Preferably, the distal end433of the cortical rod430is tapered or pointed.

Preferably, the cortical rod430is an elongated blade structure having a longitudinal axis and a distal segment comprising two or more longitudinal fins434extending perpendicular from the longitudinal axis along the length of the distal segment to the distal tapered end, as shown inFIGS.4A-4E.FIG.4Bshows four longitudinal fins434in the cross-sectional view of cortical rod430. Longitudinal fins434are preferably configured to more securely hold the cadaver specimen bone (e.g., reduce the bone from twisting or rotating on the cortical rod430).

Preferably the cortical rod comprises at least one through hole435within a proximal portion of the cortical rod430configured to allow insertion of pins or bolt or Clevis Pin to stabilize and/or secure the hold of the cortical rod, preferably to also stabilize a guide clamp (not shown) with the cortical rod (seeFIG.27).

According to one preferred embodiment, handle410is an elongated cylindrical structure, preferably having one side of the cylindrical structure having a non-cylindrical flat surface438along the length of the elongated cylindrical structure. Preferably, the non-cylindrical flat surface438is along greater than 50%, more preferably greater than 75%, of the length of the elongated cylindrical structure.

Advantageously, the cross-section shape of handle410is configured to fit and lock within a cavity of the component the handle410will be connected or attached to during use. For example, the handle410shown inFIG.4Cis configured to fit to cavity5120of the rotation assembly embodiment shown inFIG.15. The non-cylindrical flat surface438prevents the handle410from rotating within the cavity5120. Alternatively, the cross-section of the handle410could be modified to be square/rectangular to fit into a corresponding square/rectangular cavity or triangular-shaped, star-shaped or other irregular shaped to prevent rotation of the handle410within cavity5120or otherwise lock the orientation of handle410within cavity5120.

According to preferred embodiments, the handle410has a length and three or more through-holes or notches439(preferably six or more) along the length of the handle. Preferably, the handle410has a length and three or more through-holes or notches439along the length through the non-cylindrical flat surface along the length of the elongated cylindrical structure. Preferably, three or more through-holes or notches439are configured to allow the handle to be inserted further into cavity5120or extend out further and locked with a knob or the like (e.g., a bolt controlled by knob locks onto handle via through-hole or notch439to lock handle410into position).

According to preferred embodiments, the handle is 3-6 inches in length (preferably 4-5 inches).FIG.4Ashows handle410as approximately 4.5 inches (4 inches plus 0.5).

According to preferred embodiments, the handle has a diameter from 0.5 to 2 inches (preferably 1 inch).FIG.4Dshows a diameter of approximately 1 inch.

According to preferred embodiments, the cortical rod is from 4-8 inches (preferably 5-6 inches).FIG.4Ashows a rod430approximately 5 inches (4 inches plus 1 inches) with longitudinal fins434shown along less than 4 inches of distal segment of rod430.

According to preferred embodiments, the distal segment of the cortical rod has a diameter from 0.5 to 1 inches (preferably 0.75 inches).

However, for small cadaver specimens (e.g., ankle specimens discussed below), the cortical rod assembly dimensions can be reduced to confirm to the size and dimensions of the specimen.

Preferably, the first bone anchor assembly comprises a distal tapered end171configured for insertion into a medullary cavity of a bone (not shown).

According to one preferred embodiment, the cortical rod system comprises one or more guide clamps to secure the cadaver specimen (e.g., so that the cadaver bone does not loosen or pull away from the bone anchor and provide increased stability). One embodiment of a guide clamp according to the invention is shown inFIGS.5,6and27(also called a cortical clamp).

FIG.5shows a cortical rod system500according to another embodiment of the invention comprising a handle510connected to a cortical rod530. Handle510has a proximal end512and distal end513, wherein distal end513of handle510is attached or connected to the proximal end532of cortical rod530. Preferably, the cortical rod system500further comprises a guide clamp540according to one embodiment attached to the proximal end532of the cortical rod530and adjacent the distal end513of the handle as shown inFIGS.1,2,5and27, for example. Guide clamp540is configured to more securely hold the cortical rod system500into the cadaver specimen (not shown).

Guide clamp540preferably comprises a central opening541(not shown) configured to allow inserted of cortical rod530as shown inFIG.5.

Guide clamp540preferably includes tab extenders545and includes pairs of through-holes546on opposing sides of the clamp to allow for insertion of bolts or pins560configured to insert though pair of through-holes546in guide clamp540and also through through-hole435of cortical rod530to secure guide clamp540onto cortical rod530and improve the hold within the specimen. Preferably, guide clamp540further comprises at least one drill guide (as shown inFIGS.37-39), preferably on the top surface and bottom surface of each side and configured to facilitate drilling the hole for pin insertion. Guide clamp540preferably includes at least one set, preferably two sets and more preferably three sets of through-holes546to allow the guide clamp540to have three different orientations relative to the length of the cortical rod530.

Preferably, the guide clamp is C-shaped having a first side and opposing second side and a third side perpendicular to and connecting both the first side and the second side. Preferably, the first side and the second side each comprise through-holes aligned to allow an IM nail, pin, bolt or rod to pass through the through-holes of the first side and the second side and also through at least one through hole within a proximal segment of the cortical rod.

FIG.6A-6Eshow guide clamp600according to one embodiment of the invention. Guide clamp600is C-shaped as shown having a first side601, a second side602, a proximal back side603and distal front side604. First side601and second side602are each shown with a pair of extender tabs645and each side comprises three through-holes646as shown.

Preferably, proximal back side603comprises an opening613, preferably configured for insertion of cortical rod530to slide the guide clamp600onto the cortical rod530. As shown inFIG.6C, opening613is configured to the shape of the cross-section of cortical rod530shown inFIG.5, for example.

Preferably, distal front side630comprises distal opening614to allow cortical rod530to pass-through as shown inFIG.5, for example. Preferably, distal opening614comprises teeth or serrations615or other structures to facilitate the gripping of the distal opening614into the bone and/or tissue of the cadaver specimen (not shown) when the cortical rod assembly is attached or connected to the specimen. Preferably, the teeth or serrations615or other structures provide a circular opening (as shown inFIG.6E) for receipt of the bone/tissue.

Preferably, first side601and second side602includes tab extenders645having through-holes646to allow for insertion of bolts or pins (not shown) configured to insert though pair of through-holes646of guide clamp600and also through through-hole435of cortical rod530to secure guide clamp600onto cortical rod530. Guide clamp600preferably includes three sets of through-holes646on first and second sides to allow the guide clamp600to have three different orientations relative to the length of the cortical rod530.

FIG.27is an illustration of a cortical rod assembly according to one preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG.7shows a shoulder rod700having a circular cross-section excluding an end portion of the rod having a side with a flat surface705along its length and notches706along its length as shown inFIGS.7A and7B. Shoulder rod700can be used as a handle for the cortical rod or as a handle for the bone anchor and/or, as discussed below, to attach or connect a cadaver specimen clamp or other attachment means to the first arm or second arm of the systems according to the invention.

FIGS.8A-8Fshow an elbow base detent800configured for use as a component of a pivoting and/or rotating joint in the systems of the invention, as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example. Elbow knob side800comprises a cylindrical base802configured to insert into another component (e.g., armiture base sub-assembly shown inFIG.23). Preferably, cylindrical base802comprises a plurality of openings806for inserting bolts, screws, or the like (not shown). Elbow knob side800further comprises elbow joint820extending from cylindrical base802comprising a vertical face821having a rotatable gear825rotatably connected thereto. Preferably, the rotatable gear825comprise teeth830as shown configured to interface with the teeth of corresponding rotatably gear. Elbow knob side800preferably comprises through-hole826configured to allow a bolt, screw or the like to rotatably connect rotatable gear825to vertical face821.FIGS.9A-9Fshow an elbow knob side900configured for use as a component of a pivoting and/or rotating joint in the systems of the invention, as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example. Elbow knob side900comprises a cylindrical base902having an interior volume903and bottom opening904. Bottom opening904and interior volume903are configured to receive a connecting component (e.g., inserted into interior volume903through bottom opening904) and/or the cylindrical base902is configured to insert into another component (e.g., armiture base sub-assembly shown inFIG.23). Preferably, annular wall905forming cylindrical base902comprises one or more through-holes906for inserting bolts, screws, or the like (not shown), preferably aligned on opposing sides as shown inFIG.9. Elbow knob side900further comprises elbow joint920extending from cylindrical base902comprising a vertical face921having a rotatable gear925rotatably connected thereto. Preferably, the rotatable gear925comprise teeth930as shown configured to interface with the teeth of corresponding rotatably gear. Elbow knob side900preferably comprises through-hole926configured to allow a bolt, screw or the like to rotatably connect rotatable gear925to vertical face921.

FIGS.10A-10Fshow an alternative elbow knob side1000configured for use as a component of a pivoting and/or rotating joint in the systems of the invention, as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example. Elbow knob side1000comprises a cylindrical base1002having an interior volume1003and bottom opening1004. Bottom opening1004and interior volume1003are configured to receive a connecting component (e.g., inserted into interior volume1003through bottom opening1004) and/or the cylindrical base1002is configured to insert into another component (e.g., armiture base sub-assembly shown inFIG.23). Preferably, annular wall1005forming cylindrical base1002comprises one or more through-holes1006for inserting bolts, screws, or the like (not shown), preferably aligned on opposing sides as shown inFIG.10. Elbow knob side1000further comprises elbow joint1020extending from cylindrical base1002comprising a vertical face1021having a rotatable gear1025rotatably connected thereto. Preferably, the rotatable gear1025comprise teeth1030as shown configured to interface with the teeth of corresponding rotatably gear. Elbow knob side1000preferably comprises through-hole1026configured to allow a bolt, screw or the like to rotatably connect rotatable gear1025to vertical face1021.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a cortical rod assembly (or “second arm” assembly) having a base end rotatably attached to a top surface of a platform and a distal end having a second bone anchor assembly rotatably attached thereto, for example such as shown inFIGS.1and2.

FIG.11shows cortical rod assembly1100(or “second arm”) according to one embodiment comprising: (i) a base1110configured to be rotatably and reversibly connected to the platform tray (not shown), (ii) an elbow joint1130rotatably and reversibly connected to the base1110and (iii) a bone anchor assembly1160rotatably and reversibly connected to the elbow joint1130, wherein preferably the elbow joint1130is configured to allow the bone anchor assembly1160to pivot and slide relative to the surface of the platform tray, as shown inFIG.11.

According to one preferred embodiment, elbow joint1130is configured to allow the upper segments (1131,1180and1160) of the cortical rod assembly1100to pivot relative to the surface of the platform tray, as shown inFIGS.1,2and11.FIG.11shows elbow joint1130comprising an elbow base1132and corresponding elbow knob side1131, as shown. Elbow joint1130preferably comprises knob1133to loosen to allow the elbow base1132and elbow knob side1131to pivot at different angles and tighten to lock in place. Preferable components of elbow joint1130are shown inFIG.8(“elbow base detent”),FIG.9(“Elbow knob side”) andFIG.10(“Elbow knob side2”), although alternative joint configurations are possible including other joints or “telescoping” components (described above) so other joint configurations may also be used.

According to one preferred embodiment, base1110is configured to rotatably and reversibly attach or connect to the top surface of the platform tray (not shown) (or as shown inFIG.28, for example, configured to rotatably and reversibly attach or connect to the top surface of pad and/or track component). Preferably, base1110comprises a rotation wheel1114as shown inFIG.11(and further depicted inFIG.12). Preferably, the system further comprises bottom plate1113configured to be placed beneath the platform tray to connect the base1110or rotation wheel1114to platform using bolt1116(for example, the modified screw shown with bottom plate1113inFIG.14), as shown inFIGS.2and11.

Preferably, bone anchor assembly1160comprises handle1163connected to rod1161and preferably comprises a guide clamp1164attached or connected to the handle1163and/or rod1161. According to preferred embodiments, bone anchor assembly1160includes at least one pin1165configured to pass through openings in guide clamp1164and rod1161as shown inFIG.11and also discussed inFIGS.5and6and more clearly shown inFIG.27.

Preferably, bone anchor assembly1160is connected to elbow joint1130using a rotation assembly1180(such as rotation assembly shown inFIG.15). Preferably, rotation assembly1180comprises a first knob1181configured to allow the bone anchor assembly1160to rotate relative to elbow joint1130and/or base1110or lock in position and/or a second knob1182configured to allow the bone anchor assembly1160to be connected and disconnected and also preferably also allow the bone anchor assembly1160to be retracted further into the rotation assembly1180or extended out further (e.g., pulled out further) and locked in position. As shown inFIG.11, the handle1163of bone anchor assembly1160is configured to insert in a cavity1188of rotation assembly1180, as shown inFIG.11.

Preferably rotation assembly1180comprises a first rotation assembly segment1184and a second rotation assembly segment1185rotatably and/or reversibly attached or connected thereto as shown inFIG.11. Preferably, first rotation assembly segment1184comprises knob1181and second rotation assembly segment1185comprises knob1182.

Preferably, rotation assembly1180is connected to elbow joint1130using an arm tube1190, preferably configured to extend the length or reach of the cortical rod assembly1100. Preferably, arm tube1190comprises two or more through-holes for screws or bolts or the like (1191) to reversibly connect the arm tube1190to the rotation assembly1180and/or elbow joint1130.

According to another preferred embodiment, the distal end of the first arm comprises a rotation assembly161configured to rotatably attach the first bone anchor assembly160to the first arm, as shown inFIG.1.

Preferably, the rotation assembly comprises a first rotation assembly knob (162) configured to allow the first bone anchor assembly to rotate relative to the distal end of the first arm.

Preferably, the rotation assembly comprises a second rotation assembly knob (163) configured to be loosened to allow the distal tapered end (171) of the first bone anchor assembly (160) to be moved relative to the distal end of the first arm (e.g., scoped out further from the distal end of the first arm or retracted closer) and to be tightened to lock the position of the distal tapered end of the first bone anchor assembly relative to the distal end of the first arm. Preferably, second rotation assembly knob (163) is further configured to be loosened to allow the rotation assembly to be removed or attached to the distal end of the first arm and preferably also allows the tightened to secure the rotation assembly to the distal end of the first arm.

According to one preferred embodiment, the rotation assembly is cylindrical and has a length and diameter and comprises an outer surface and an interior channel configured to receive a handle or a stem of the first bone anchor assembly.

According to one embodiment the system is configured for cadaver knee specimen including a portion of the femur and/or a portion of the tibia. Preferably, the first bone anchor is configured to hold an exposed end segment of the femur and/or the tibia to hold the cadaver specimen.

According to one preferred embodiment, the first bone anchor is configured to hold an exposed end segment of the femur and the second bone anchor is configured to hold an exposed end segment of the tibia, thereby more securely holding the cadaver specimen in a stable position and/or orientation.

FIG.15shows a rotation assembly1500according to one embodiment of the invention. According to preferred embodiments, the rotation assembly1500comprises a first segment1501and a second segment1502and the first segment is configured to rotate relative the second segment.

Preferably, the outer surface of the rotation assembly comprises two or more openings1504configured receipt of set screws.

Preferably, the rotation assembly comprises a first rotation assembly knob1512configured to allow the first bone anchor assembly (or other component attached to rotation assembly) to rotate relative to the distal end of the first arm as described above.

Preferably, the rotation assembly comprises a second rotation assembly knob1513configured to be loosened to allow the distal tapered end of the first bone anchor assembly (or clamp) to be moved relative to the distal end of the first arm (e.g., scoped out further from the distal end of the first arm or retracted closer) and to be tightened to lock the position of the distal tapered end of the first bone anchor assembly relative to the distal end of the first arm. Preferably, second rotation assembly knob1513is further configured to be loosened to allow the rotation assembly to be removed or attached to the distal end of the first arm and preferably also allows the tightened to secure the rotation assembly to the distal end of the first arm.

According to preferred embodiments, rotation assembly1500comprises a central cavity1520for receipt of a handle, connection unit, connector or distal end of the first bone anchor assembly or other component (e.g., clamp). Preferably, central cavity (1520) is circular except for a flat inner surface (1521) to holding a correspondingly shaped handle, connect or distal end of the first bone anchor assembly (not shown, seeFIG.1). Other shape configurations can be used to lock the inserted component within the correspondingly shaped cavity, as discussed above.

According to preferred embodiments, platform tray101comprises one or more through-hole drains102, preferably located adjacent an edge of the platform tray101as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example. Preferably, the top surface of platform tray101includes one or more curvatures to direct fluids on the top surface to one or more drains102and/or the platform tray101is configured to be inclined to direct fluids on the top surface to one or more drains102.

According to preferred embodiments, platform tray101comprises a ridge103, preferably around the outer perimeter of the tray as shown inFIG.1for example, to maintain fluids within the tray. Preferably, the platform tray101comprises one or more structures attached to one side of bottom surface to cause the tray to be inclined. More preferably, the tray comprises adjustable “legs” to adjust the orientation of the surface of the tray.

According to preferred embodiments, platform tray101comprises one or more through-holes and preferably one or more sets of through-holes through the surface of the tray to facilitate attaching or connecting the first arm and/or second arm to the top surface of the tray, as shown inFIGS.1and2. Preferably, platform tray101comprises two or more holes, openings or slots located on opposite side or different location from the base of the second arm assembly150as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example, to reversibly attach the armiture base sub-assembly120to the platform tray101.

Another aspect relates to a system for holding and orienting a cadaver knee specimen, the system comprising:a platform tray having a top surface and a bottom surface;a first arm assembly having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the proximal end is rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform tray at a first joint and wherein the distal end comprises a first bone anchor assembly rotatably and reversibly attached thereto; anda second arm assembly having a base end rotatably attached to top surface of the platform and a distal end having a second bone anchor assembly rotatably attached thereto.

FIG.1shows a system comprises a first armiture assembly110and a second arm assembly (shown as cortical rod assembly150). According to one embodiment the system is configured for holding and orienting a cadaver knee specimen comprising a portion of the femur and/or a portion of the tibia. Preferably, the first bone anchor is configured to hold an exposed end segment of the femur and/or the second bone anchor is configured to hold an exposed end segment the tibia to hold the cadaver specimen. Alternatively, the first bone anchor can be used to hold an exposed end segment of the tibia and/or the second bone anchor used to hold an exposed end segment the femur to hold the cadaver specimen to allow a different orientation of the specimen. Providing two bone anchors holding both ends of a cadaver knee specimen increases the stability of the specimen during the training or other activities.

According to preferred embodiments, the base end of the second arm assembly150is rotatably attached to the platform101by a base rotation assembly180(directly or indirectly via pad/track component as shown inFIG.28). Preferably, base rotation assembly180comprising a bottom plate (as shown inFIG.13, for example). Preferably, the plate contacts the bottom surface of the platform tray (not shown inFIG.1but shown as plate188inFIG.2) and is connected to the base rotation assembly via an opening190through the platform tray using a screw or bolt (189).

Preferably, the opening190comprises an elongated slot192allowing the plate-base rotation assembly to be moved closer or away from the first joint (and preferably locked into position by tightening bolt). Preferably, the opening190further comprises a circular slot193allowing the plate-base rotation assembly to be moved radially relative the first joint. Preferably, the elongated slot intersects the center194of the circular slot, as shown.

According to preferred embodiments, the second arm assembly comprises a rotation assembly reversibly and rotatably connecting a base rotation assembly to the second bone anchor assembly, as shown in embodiments depicted inFIGS.1and2.

FIG.16A-Dshows a tension adjuster or knob1600according to one embodiment of the invention. Tension adjust or knob1600comprises threaded rod or bolt1602connected to grip or handle1601, as shown and can be used as shown inFIGS.1and2.

FIG.17A-Dshows a rotation collar1700as used, for example, in rotation component161in the upper knee assembly and also used in the lower bone anchor assembly (cortical rod assembly150) shown inFIG.1.

FIG.18A-Fshows a rotation elbow1800as used, for example, in rotation component161in the upper knee assembly and also used in the lower bone anchor assembly (cortical rod assembly150) shown inFIG.1.

Another aspect relates to a system for holding and orienting an ankle specimen, the system comprising:a platform tray having a top surface and a bottom surface; anda first arm assembly having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the proximal end is rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform tray at a first joint and wherein the distal end comprises an ankle clamp assembly rotatably and reversibly attached thereto.

According to one embodiment, the system further comprises a second arm assembly having a base end rotatably attached to top surface of the platform and a distal end having a tibia bone anchor assembly rotatably attached thereto.

Preferably, the ankle clamp is configured and adapted to clasp onto the calcaneus bone.

According to preferred embodiments, the ankle clamp comprises a first plate and an opposing second plate, wherein the first plate and the second plate are configured to close onto the calcaneus bone to hold and secure the ankle. Preferably, the dimensions of the first plate and second plate are configured for the calcaneus bone and thus has smaller dimensions compared to shoulder clamp discussed below. Accordingly, preferably the first plate and the second plate each have a largest dimension between 1 inch and 12 inches, more preferably between 3 inches and 6 inches. According to preferred embodiments, the first plate and the second plate are curved to confirm to shape of the calcaneus bone.

According to alternative embodiments, the ankle clamp comprises “jaw” clamps or “tongs” instead of plates (e.g., similar to design of front face604and teeth615shown inFIG.6Abut configured to open and close to clamp onto the calcaneus bone). For example, opposing “teeth” that can be opened to place onto the bone and closed to hold and secure the bone.

Preferably, the ankle clamp is configured and adapted to accommodate at least one securing pin that goes through at least one opening in the ankle clamp and inserts into the calcaneus bone to hold the clamp/ankle into place. According to preferred embodiments, the ankle clamp has two or more openings to allow the securing pen to be inserted at different orientations relative to the ankle clamp.

Preferably, the tibia bone anchor is configured and adapted to be inserted into the tibia bone to secure the ankle. According to preferred embodiments, the tibia bone anchor has smaller dimensions compared to the knee bone anchor described above

Another aspect relates to a system for holding and orienting a cadaver shoulder specimen, the system comprising:a platform tray having a top surface and a bottom surface;a first arm assembly having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the proximal end is rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of the platform tray at a first joint and wherein the distal end comprises a shoulder clamp assembly rotatably and reversibly attached thereto.

FIG.19shows a system1900for holding and orientating a cadaver shoulder specimen (not shown) according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, system1900may incorporate similar components as used in the system shown inFIG.1, for example, including a platform tray1901, cortical rod assembly1902(as shown inFIG.11) and two-piece arm1910(as shown inFIGS.1,2and3) but instead having a distal end1911having a shoulder clamp assembly1920rotatably and reversibly attached thereto, as shown inFIG.19.

According to preferred embodiments, shoulder clamp assembly1920is connected or attached to distal end1911using a rotation assembly1912(e.g., such as shown inFIG.15). Preferably, shoulder clamp assembly1920is connected or attached to rotation assembly1912by an elongated shoulder rod1913having a length allowing the shoulder clamp assembly1920to be retracted or extended from the distal end1911and/or rotation assembly1912along the length of the elongated shoulder rod1913.

Preferably, elongated shoulder rod1913is connected or attached to shoulder clamp assembly1920by a connector or connection unit1915(e.g., see shoulder clamp attachment ofFIG.25, for example) and can be tightened or loosened by knob1916, allowing the shoulder clamp assembly1920to be positioned in different locations along the length of the shoulder rod1913such as moving closer or further from distal end1911and be locked into position by knob1916.

Preferably, the system comprising a second arm assembly having a base end rotatably attached to top surface of the platform and a distal end having a second bone anchor assembly rotatably attached thereto. Preferably, the second bone anchor is configured to insert into or otherwise attach to the humerus to control rotation of the humerus as well as varus/valgus positioning.

According to preferred embodiments, shoulder clamp assembly is reversibly connected to the distal end of the first arm via a rotation assembly.

According to preferred embodiments, the shoulder clamp assembly is reversibly connected to the rotation assembly via a rod (preferably shoulder rod as shown inFIG.19).

Preferably, the rod has a length and comprises through-holes or notches along the length configured to receipt at least one rod knob to secure the shoulder clamp on the rod. Preferably, the distance between the shoulder clamp assembly and the rotation assembly can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the at least one rod knob.

According to one embodiment, the cadaver specimen is a shoulder specimen including a scapula bone. Preferably, the shoulder specimen further comprises a humerus bone or portion thereof.

Shoulder clamp assembly1920includes a front plate1921and a back plate1925. Preferably, front plate1921and back plate1925are connected via a reversibly retractable connection system1930. Preferably, retractable connection system1930comprises at least one top rod1931connecting the top portion of the front plate1921to the top portion of back plate1925and at least one bottom rod1932connecting the bottom portion of the front plate1921to the bottom portion of back plate1925. Preferably, the retractable connection system1930comprises at least two top rods1931and at least two bottom rods1932. Preferably, at least one top rod1931and/or at least one bottom rod1932each comprise a knob1933to turn to adjust the position of the first plate1921relative to the second plate1925(e.g., increasing or decreasing plate gap1940).

According to preferred embodiments, retractable connection system (e.g., comprising1931and1932) is configured to reversible connect front plate1921and back plate1925and allow front plate1921to move moved or adjusted closer to back plate1925to close the gap1940between the plates. This allows the plates to close into and hold the cadaver specimen, preferably scapula.

Preferably, the front plate1921is shaped to conform to front of a scapula bone and has a concave first outer side (not shown) and convex inner side1922. Preferably, the convex inner side1992comprises “spikes”1993to help hold and secure the scapula.

Preferably, the back plate1925is shaped to conform to back of the scapula and has a convex first outer side1926and concave inner side1927(not shown). Preferably, the concave inner side1927also comprises “spikes” (not shown) to help hold and secure the scapula.

Another aspect relates to a shoulder clamp assembly comprising:(a) a front plate having a first side and a second side and preferably comprising at least one through-hole in a top portion of the front plate and at least one through-hole in a bottom portion of the front plate, wherein the second side has a convex surface configured to contact the front side of a human scapula bone; and/or(b) a backplate having a first side and a second side and comprising at least one through-hole in a top portion of the back plate and at least one through-hole in a bottom portion of the back plate, wherein the first side has a concave surface configured to contact the back side of a human scapula bone;

According to one embodiment, the assembly further comprises:(c) at least one top bolt configured to pass through the at least one through-hole in the top portion of the front plate and the at least one through-hole in a top portion of the back plate to reversibly connect the top portion of the front plate with the top portion of the back plate; and(d) at least one bottom bolt configured to pass through the at least one through-hole in the bottom portion of the front plate and the at least one through-hole in a bottom portion of the back plate to reversibly connect the bottom portion of the front plate with the bottom portion of the back plate.

According to preferred embodiments, the assembly further comprises a connection unit configured to reversibly attach onto the first side of the back plate and further configured to reversibly and slidably attach to an elongated rod. Preferably, the connection unit comprises a pass-through opening configured to slidably receive the elongated rod. Preferably, the elongated rod has a length has a length and comprises through-holes or notches along the length configured to receipt at least one rod knob.

Preferably, the distance between the shoulder clamp assembly and a distal arm of a first arm can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the at least one rod knob.

FIG.20shows front shoulder blade plate2001including inner surface2002having spikes2003(shown in detail inFIG.20E) to improve grip of plate2001onto specimen.

Preferably, front shoulder blade plate2001is shaped to confirm to shape and size of scapula. According to one preferred embodiment, front shoulder blade plate2001includes a top portion2013and a bottom portion2014and the top portion2013is wider than a bottom portion2014, preferably at least twice as wide.

According to preferred embodiments, the front plate comprises at least two through-holes2021in a top portion2013of the front plate2001and the back plate (shown inFIG.21) comprises at least two corresponding through-holes in a top portion of the back plate.

Preferably, the assembly further comprises at least two top bolts (e.g.,1931inFIG.19) configured to pass through each through-hole in the top portion of the front plate and through each corresponding through-hole in the top portion of the back plate to reversibly connect the top portion of the front plate with the top portion of the back plate.

Preferably, the front plate2001comprises at least two through-holes2022in a bottom portion2014of the front plate and the back plate (shown inFIG.21) comprises at least two through-holes in a bottom portion of the back plate and the assembly further comprises at least two bottom bolts (e.g.,1932inFIG.19) configured to pass through each through-hole in the bottom portion of the front plate and through each through-hole in the bottom portion of the back plate to reversibly connect the bottom portion of the front plate with the bottom portion of the back plate.

Preferably, the at least one top bolt and the at least one bottom bolt each comprise a proximal end configured to be rotated by hand (e.g., knobs1933) or tool and a distal end with threads to secure with a nut.

FIG.21shows back shoulder blade plate2101including inner surface2102having spikes2103(shown in detail inFIG.21E) to improve grip of plate2101onto specimen, preferably back of the scapula bone.

Preferably, back shoulder blade plate2101is shaped to confirm to shape and size of scapula. According to one preferred embodiment, back shoulder blade plate2101includes a top portion2113and a bottom portion2114and the top portion2113is wider than a bottom portion2114, preferably at least twice as wide.

According to preferred embodiments, the back plate comprises at least two through-holes2121in a top portion2113of the back plate2101and/or at least two through-holes2122in a bottom portion2114of the back plate2101, as discussed above.

FIG.22A-Bshows a retractable plunger including knob and thread-locking element for use in preferred embodiments of the invention.

FIG.23shows an armiture base subassembly2301for use in a rotatable base assembly (e.g., as shown in base of first arm inFIG.1). Armiture base subassembly2301comprises base plate2302and annular housing2303centered on top surface of plate2302and surrounding opening2304. Opening2304is configure for receipt of an arm tube, connector, rotation base or other component or subcomponent (“component”—not shown). Annular housing2303comprises at least one pass-through opening2307for receipt of a bolt2309to loosen or tighten onto the component within annular housing2303, as shown.FIGS.24A-Eshow alternative views of the armiture base subassembly ofFIG.23.

FIG.25A-Eshows a shoulder clamp attachment2501according to one embodiment of the invention. Shoulder clamp attachment2501is preferably block-shaped as shown and configured for use as a connection unit, for example, for a shoulder blade assembly or ankle assembly described above.

Clamp attachment2501preferably comprises pass-through opening2503for receipt of a connecting rod or bolt (as shown as rod1913inFIG.19). Preferably, pass-through opening2503is configured to the shape of the rod or handle being inserted therethrough.FIG.25Bshows a circular pass-through opening2503having flat inner surface2505corresponding to a flat outer surface on the rod or handle. Alternative shapes of the insert (e.g., rod) and cavity can be used as discussed above to prevent the insert from rotating within the cavity.

Alternatively, clamp attachment2501can be configured with a band, loop, guide or hook or other features to connect the clamp onto the rod.

Clamp attachment2501comprises a second opening2506for receipt of a plunger or bolt (not shown) to loosen to allow the clamp attachment2501to be re-positioned relative to the length of the rod (as shown inFIG.19) and tightened onto the rod positioned within the pass-through opening2503to secure or hold the position.

Preferably, clamp attachment2501comprises one or more features or components configured to allow the clamp to be attached to a shoulder plate, preferably attached to the outer surface of the shoulder plate, as shown inFIG.19. Preferably, clamp attachment2501has two or more screw-holes2521, preferably four or more screw-holes2521, on the back side2520of the clamp attachment2501as shown inFIG.25Cto attach the clamp onto the plate, as shown inFIG.19, for example.

FIG.26A-Dshows a modified bolt2601configured for use as a connector or in a connection mechanism or in other applications in preferred embodiments of the invention. Modified bolt2601is threaded along its length2602, except for an end portion2603that has portion including threads removed on one side of bolt2601leaving a flat surface or side2606on one side along the end portion2603of the modified bolt2601, as shown inFIGS.26B and26D. Modified bolt2601is preferably configured to allow it to be turned to fit into the rotational base cortical assembly and slide it into the base so there is only one way to orient the bolt, then a set screw can be tightened against the flat portion of the milled bolt to hold in place so the bolt cannot rotate.

FIG.28shows system28100according to another embodiment comprising first armiture or first arm assembly28110and second cortical rod or second arm assembly28150, similar to system100shown inFIG.1, however, inFIG.28each arm is rotatably and reversible mounted on T-shaped track28800, which is placed or mounted on platform table28101as shown, preferably the track is attached by multiple countersunk screws that allow for the platform to still sit flat on a table. Alternatively, the track can be reversibly connected using “snap-fit” structures configured to allow the platform to still sit flat on a table.

Using T-shaped track28800is advantageous since it can be (i) made of materials (e.g., plastic, ceramic, metals and/or composites) that are less expensive compared to the metallic platform tray101shown inFIG.1, (ii) easier to mold, shape or otherwise manufacture, (iii) the channels28801along the top side of track28800allow both arms to be moved along the T-shaped track28800; (iv) T-shaped track28800is more easily cleaned because of the materials used, the configuration of the track and/or the ability to remove the track and/or system components for cleaning, (v) the materials used to make the track and the configuration of the track allows each arm to be more easily moved along the track (e.g., the track has smooth surfaces to provide frictionless movement of the arms along the track); and (vi) the configuration shown inFIG.28allows the base of each arm (e.g., base cortical assembly28180and/or armiture base sub-assembly28120) to be tightened and loosened from the top of the table28101vs tightening/loosening from underneath the table28101making the system easier to use. Accordingly, the use of a track, for example the T-shaped track28800shown inFIG.28, provides several advantages.

Moreover, althoughFIG.28shows a T-shaped track28800, other track shapes can be used including J-shaped, Omega symbol-shaped, W-shaped, H-shaped, U-shaped, Φ-shaped or other track shapes, providing flexibility for the configuration of the system. Advantageously, using a track allows a variety of configurations to be used.

According to an alternative embodiment, two or more tracks are used and mounted on the table, for example, a first linear or curved track to mount armiture base sub-assembly28120and a second linear or curved track to mount base cortical assembly28180.

According to preferred embodiments, the system includes at least one track pad28900(or “carriage”) for each arm having a top surface28902for reversibly mounting the armiture base sub-assembly28120or the mount base cortical assembly28180, and a bottom side configured with or connected to a track component28901configured to slidably fit within track channel28801of track28800as shown inFIG.28, for example. Track component28901(preferably a “dovetail” structure) is attached to trade pad28900and slides easily through the track channel and preferably has the ability to be locked by, for example, one or more (preferably 4) screws or bolts on the track pad that cause the track component to lift and generate friction against the sides of the track channel and/or the track. Alternatively, the track is configured as a rail and the track pad (or separate track component if used) is configured to be reversibly connected on to the rail and locked into position. The cross-section view ofFIG.29(discussed below) shows the configuration of a track component29903according to one embodiment of the invention. Specifically, the cross-section view inFIG.29shows how the track component29903is configured to slidably fit within track channel (not shown) via the track openings29802and reversibly lock into track channel and thereby secure the armiture base sub-assembly29120or mount base cortical assembly29180to base table29101. As shown inFIG.28, the arm(s) can be moved by sliding the track component29901along the track channel and removed by sliding the track component29901along track channel to the track opening29802.

According to preferred embodiments, track28800is placed or mounted on base table28101, which in turn can sit in a tray (e.g., plastic tray) (not shown) that includes drains, less expensive to manufacture, easier to clean, and lighter weight for set-up and shipping costs.

According to preferred embodiments, the base table28101can be placed or connected to a table or other surface (not shown), and preferably, configured so that the specimen (not shown) “hangs” over the edge of the table/over the floor (as shown inFIG.29) allowing a bucket or drain tray to be placed beneath (e.g., on the floor) to collect any drainage from the specimen or other fluids. Preferably, base table28101includes handles or grips or indentations28102configured to make the table easier to lift, adjust or otherwise move base table28101.

According to preferred embodiments, the system can be placed at adjustable levels including lowered to be closer to the floor/not as high which more closely resembles the operating room for improved training and reducing shoulder fatigue caused by reaching upwards to access the specimen.

FIG.29is a side view of a cortical rod system29100according to another embodiment comprising cortical rod assembly29200including the bone anchor assembly29500inserted into a humerus bone29601of an elbow specimen29600. Bone anchor assembly29500comprises handle29510having a proximal end connected to cortical rod assembly29200and distal end comprising or connected to cortical rod29530inserted into humerus bone29601. Preferably, bone anchor assembly29500comprises at least one guide clamp29540attached to the proximal end of the cortical rod29530and adjacent the distal end of the handle29510as shown inFIG.29(see also,FIG.5). Guide clamp29540is configured to more securely hold the cortical rod system29500in specimen29600. Preferably, the guide clamp is C-shaped having a first side and opposing second side and a third side perpendicular to and connecting both the first side and the second side. Preferably, the first side and the second side each comprise through-holes aligned to allow an IM nail, pin, bolt or rod to pass through the through-holes of the first side and the second side and also through at least one through hole within a proximal segment of the cortical rod. According to preferred embodiments, the guide clamp comprises a drill guide configured for use for a clevis pin to improve rotational stability for the specimen.

The length of cortical rod29530can be adjusted depending on the size, dimensions and/or weight of the specimen. For example, the rod for a foot or hand specimen would be shorter or smaller in length compared to a rod used for a leg or arm specimen. Moreover, the rod can also be adjusted to account for the weight of the specimen since heavier specimens could require stronger rods (e.g., thicker, stronger materials, reinforcements).

As shown inFIG.29, cortical rod assembly29200comprises a rotation base cortical assembly29180connected to track pad29904comprising or connected to track component29903reversibly and slidably mounted in track channel29802of track29800. Track29800is mounted or placed on table29101.

Preferably, tray29300is mounted or placed on table29101to hold tools and/or collect drainage when specimen29600is re-oriented to be above table29101.

As shown inFIG.29, specimen29600, particularly the portion containing ulna bone29602and radius bone29603is oriented to hang over the edge of table29101to allow easier access. According to preferred embodiments, a bucket or tray (not shown) is placed beneath specimen29600to collect any drainage and/or other fluids.

FIG.30is a side view of a specimen system30100according to another embodiment of the invention including a cortical rod assembly30150including a bone anchor assembly30160inserted into a humerus bone30601of an arm specimen30600(as shown inFIG.29) and an armiture assembly30300having a distal end30303including finger assembly30700configured for reversibly holding one or more fingers30605of hand30607of arm specimen30600. Suitable finger assembly30700devices include “finger traps”30701, such as those used in the AliMed 923483 Finger Trap System Equilizer AliMed Pulley System with Attaching Clip (see www.neobits.com/alimed_923483_ea_finger_trap_system_equalizer_p15185885.html). The configuration shown inFIG.30allows for the fingers to be oriented upwards as some users have preferences for the orientation of the specimen. The “finger traps” may also be used for hand/wrist specimens as well and similar devices for foot specimens (“toe traps”). According to alternative embodiments, one or more clamps are used in place of finger traps to clamp onto fingers, palm of hand, wrist, forearm or other specimen portion.

FIG.31is a side perspective view of a specimen clamp system31000according to another embodiment of the invention including a first arm31300including a lower arm segment (first arm tube31311) and an upper arm segment (second arm tube31312).

Preferably, the lower arm segment31311and the upper arm segment31312are reversibly attached at a second joint (elbow31313) configured to allow the lower arm segment31311and the upper arm segment31312to pivot relative to each other at different angles.

Preferably, the lower arm segment31311is rotatably and reversibly attached to the top surface of a track pad31500at the first joint system31315comprising elbow base detent31318and armiture base sub-assembly31317.

Preferably, the first joint system31315includes a first knob31316configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment31311to rotate relative to the top surface of the track pad31500and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock the lower arm segment in position relative to the top surface of the track pad31500.

Preferably, the second joint31313includes a second knob31326configured (i) to loosen the first joint to allow the lower arm segment31311to pivot relative to the upper arm segment31312at different angles and (ii) to tighten to reversibly lock in position.

Preferably, the upper arm segment31312comprises a distal end31330rotatably and reversibly attached via third knob31336to cortical rod assembly31100including an elbow joint31130(rotatably and reversibly connected to the distal end31330) which is rotatably connected to cortical rod assembly31100comprising connected segments31160,31170and31180.

According to one preferred embodiment, elbow joint31130is configured to allow the upper segments (31160,31170and31180) of the cortical rod assembly31100to pivot relative to upper arm segment31312, as shown.

As shown inFIG.31, cortical rod assembly31100includes a cavity31188configured for receipt of handle of a bone anchor assembly (not shown), as shown inFIG.11. Preferably, cortical rod assembly31100comprises one or more locking means (e.g., bolts, screws, etc.) to secure the handle in the cavity31188. Preferably, rotation assembly segment31180comprises a first knob31182configured to allow the bone anchor assembly to be connected and disconnected and also preferably also allow the bone anchor assembly to be retracted further into the rotation assembly or extended out further (e.g., pulled out further) and locked in position. Preferably, rotation assembly segment31170comprises a second knob31181to allow the segments (31160,31170and/or31180) to rotate relative to one another and/or relative to upper arm segment31312.

Preferably, segments31160,31170and/or31180comprise two or more through-holes for screws or bolts or the like (21191) to reversibly connect the segments to the upper arm segment31312, elbow joint31130and/or to each other and/or tighten or loosen a handle in cavity31188.

FIG.32is a side perspective view of a cortical rod assembly32000according to another embodiment of the invention, the cortical rod assembly32000comprising: (i) a base32100configured to be rotatably and reversibly connected to pad32400, (ii) an elbow joint system32230rotatably and reversibly connected to the base32100/plate32101, (iii) rotation segment assembly32500connected (preferably rotatably and reversibly connected) to elbow joint32230, and (iv) a bone anchor assembly32800connected (preferably rotatably and reversibly connected) to the rotation assembly segment32500, wherein preferably the elbow joint32230is configured to allow the bone anchor assembly32800to pivot relative to the surface32410of pad32400, as shown inFIG.32.

According to one preferred embodiment, elbow joint32230is configured to allow the rotation segment assembly32500to pivot relative to the surface32410of pad32400, as shown inFIGS.1,2,11and32.

FIG.32shows elbow joint32230including elbow joint component32231, corresponding elbow knob side32110and elbow base32100. Elbow joint32230or elbow knob side32110preferably comprises knob32111to loosen to allow elbow joint32230to pivot at different angles relative to pad32400and tighten to lock in place. Preferable components of elbow joint32230are shown inFIG.32, although alternative joint configurations are possible including other joints or “telescoping” components (described above) so other joint configurations may also be used.

Preferably, base32100is configured to be reversibly connected to the surface32410of pad32400, preferably connected using bolts or screws32105, although alternative connection mechanisms (e.g., male/female locking mechanism, twist to lock, clamps, or the like).

Preferably, pad32400comprises or is reversibly connected to track component32600, preferably using bolts or screws32405configured to lift the track component to press against the track or track channel to generate sufficient friction to reversibly secure the position (e.g., stop movement along the track) although alternative connection mechanisms (e.g., male/female locking mechanism, twist to lock, clamps, or the like).

Preferably, track component32600is configured to have a shape or front facing side32620configured to reversibly slide into a track channel of a track (not shown). As shown inFIG.32, the side32620has a trapezoid shape corresponding to the cross-sectional trapezoid shape of the track channel (not shown). However, other alternative shapes for side32620/track channel can be used such as circular, oval, octagon, hexagon, and other shapes.

Preferably, bone anchor assembly32800comprises handle32880connected to rod32861and preferably comprises a guide clamp32864attached or connected to the handle32880and/or rod32861. According to preferred embodiments, bone anchor assembly32800includes at least one pin32865configured to pass through openings in guide clamp32864and rod32861as shown inFIG.32and also discussed inFIGS.5and6and more clearly shown inFIG.27.

Preferably, bone anchor assembly32800is connected to elbow joint32230using a rotation segment assembly32500. Preferably, rotation segment assembly32500comprises a first knob32551configured to allow the bone anchor assembly32800to rotate relative to elbow joint32230and/or base32100or lock in position and/or a second knob32552configured to allow the bone anchor assembly32800to be connected and disconnected and also preferably also allow the bone anchor assembly32800to be retracted further into the rotation assembly32500or extended out further (e.g., pulled out further) and locked in position.

Preferably, handle32880comprises one or more through-holes32884along a portion of the length of handle32880to allow the inserted length of the handle32880to be varied (e.g., extending or retracting the handle) and locked via the through-holes32884using knob32552.

Preferably, rotation segment assembly32500comprises two or more through-holes for screws or bolts or the like (32591) to reversibly connect the rotation segment assembly32500to elbow joint32230.

FIG.33Ais a top view of a track pad33000according to one embodiment of the invention.FIG.33Bis a side view of the track pad ofFIG.33A.FIG.33Cis a bottom view of the track pad ofFIG.33A.FIG.33Dis a perspective view of the track pad ofFIG.33A.FIG.33Eis a front view of the track pad ofFIG.33A. Track pad33000preferably includes a flat or substantially flat top surface33001and a flat or substantially flat bottom surface33002, however, preferably bottom surface33002comprises a mounting surface33410configured for mounting a track component (not shown). Track pad33000comprises two or more through-holes33210for connecting the track pad to the an arm or other assembly, two or more through-holes33220for connecting to the track component to lift to generate stopping friction against track or track channel to lock the armature in place along the track (preferably by turning with “key” such as an Allen wrench) and two or more through-holes33230for connecting the pad33000to a track component, preferably the track component is configured to sit within the track channel when attached to the track pad.

Preferably, the width33502of the pad is from 4 to 10″, more preferably 5-7″ and most preferred 6″. Preferably, the thickness33503of the pad is from 0.5 to 3, more preferably from 0.75 to 2″ and most preferred 1 to 1.5″.

FIG.34Ais a top view of a track component34000according to one embodiment of the invention. Track component34000comprises a flat top surface34001, preferably recessed as shown inFIG.35A, and flat bottom surface34002and at least one, preferably at least two through-holes34030for connecting track component34000to track pad (not shown) or other component (e.g., directly to base or arm). The track component34000comprises a front surface34100having a trapezoid shape corresponding to the opening of a track channel. Preferably, the track component34000has flat and/or smooth sides34200to facilitate sliding within track channel.FIG.34Bis a side view of the track component ofFIG.34A.FIG.34Cis a bottom view of the track component ofFIG.34A.FIG.34Dis a perspective view of the track component ofFIG.34A.FIG.34Eis a front view of the track component ofFIG.34A.

FIG.35Ais a top view of a track component35000according to another embodiment of the invention. Track component35000comprises a flat top surface35001, preferably recessed as shown inFIG.35A, and flat bottom surface35001. Track component35000is squarer compared to track component34000shown inFIG.34. Track component35000preferably comprises at least one through-hole35030for connecting track component35000to track pad (not shown) or other component (e.g., directly to base).FIG.35Bis a side view of the track component ofFIG.35A.FIG.35Cis a bottom view of the track component ofFIG.35A.FIG.35Dis a perspective view of the track component ofFIG.35A.FIG.35Eis a front view of the track component ofFIG.35A.

FIG.36Ais a side view of a table36000according to one embodiment of the invention (similar or the same as table28101ofFIG.28).FIG.36Bis a perspective view of the table ofFIG.36A.FIG.36Cis the top view of the table ofFIG.36A. Table36000comprises a flat or substantially flat top surface36001and a flat or substantially flat bottom surface36002, preferably including one or more side indents36004or grips (not shown) to facilitate lifting and/or moving the table. Table36000comprises at least one and preferably an array of through-holes36010corresponding to the shape of the track (not shown) to reversibly connect the track to the platform of the system.

FIG.37A-Eshow guide clamp37000according to another embodiment of the invention.FIG.37Ais a top side elevational view of the clamp37000.FIG.37Bis a top view of the clamp ofFIG.37A.FIG.37Cis proximal end view of the clamp ofFIG.37A.FIG.37Dis a side view of the clamp ofFIG.37A.FIG.37Eis a distal side view of the clamp ofFIG.37A. Guide clamp37000is C-shaped as shown having a first side37001, a second side37002, a proximal back side37003and distal front side37004(opening). First side37001and second side37002are each shown with a pair of extender tabs37645and each tab preferably having through-holes37646as shown. Preferably, each of first side37601and second side37602has at least one through-hole37010as shown.

Preferably, proximal back side37003comprises an opening37013, preferably configured for insertion of a cortical rod (not shown) to slide the guide clamp37000onto the cortical rod. As shown inFIG.37C, opening37013is configured to the shape of the cross-section of cortical rod530shown inFIG.5, for example.

Preferably, distal front side37004comprises distal opening37014to allow cortical rod530to pass-through as shown inFIG.5, for example. Preferably, distal opening37014comprises teeth or serrations37024(or as shown inFIG.37as two “fang” teeth) or other structures to facilitate the gripping of the distal opening37014into the bone and/or tissue of the cadaver specimen (not shown) when the cortical rod assembly is attached or connected to the specimen. Preferably, the teeth or serrations37024or other structures provide a circular opening (as shown inFIG.37A) for receipt of the bone/tissue.

Preferably, first side37601and second side37602includes tab extenders37645having through-holes37646to allow for insertion of bolts or pins (not shown) configured to insert though pair of through-holes37646of guide clamp37600and also through through-hole37435of cortical rod37530to secure guide clamp37600onto cortical rod37530. Guide clamp37600preferably includes through-holes37646on first and second sides to allow the guide clamp to have three different orientations relative to the length of a cortical rod (not shown).

FIG.38Ais a top side elevational view of a cortical clamp according to another embodiment of the invention.FIG.38Bis a top view of a cortical clamp ofFIG.38A.FIG.38Cis proximal end view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.38A.FIG.38Dis a side view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.38A.FIG.38Eis a distal side view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.38A.FIG.39Ais a top side elevational view of a cortical clamp according to another embodiment of the invention.FIG.39Bis a top view of a cortical clamp ofFIG.39A.FIG.39Cis proximal end view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.39A.FIG.39Dis a side view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.39A.FIG.39Eis a distal side view of the cortical clamp ofFIG.39A.FIGS.38and39show alternative clamp sizes to accommodate different sized cortical rods and/or different sized bones that the rods are inserted into.

FIG.40is a side view of a foot/ankle specimen4600(showing only bone structure) having a cortical rod inserted into the tibia4610and a clamp device4200clamped onto the calcaneus bone4620. The cortical rod is shown fully inserted and the cortical clamp4140is positioned over the rod so not visible. Preferably, the cortical rod assembly4110and clamp device4200are sized and configured for a foot specimen, as shown. Preferably, clamp device4200comprises a first curved plate4210and a second curved plate (not shown), each plate preferably configured to clasp onto the calcaneus bone as shown. Knobs4250are configured to tighten and loosen the plates to clasp and un-clasp. Preferably, one side edge of each of the first curved plate4210and the second curved plate (e.g., the bottom edges inFIG.40) are connected via a hinge or hinge-like structure (e.g., each plate having structures that hingedly engage with corresponding structures on opposing plate allowing plates to open and close like a book or clam shell). Preferably, the clamp device4200comprises a center pin (not shown) that is drilled through the calcaneus to hold in place.FIG.41is schematic drawing of a shoulder clamp assembly4100according to another embodiment of the invention. Shoulder clamp assembly4100comprises back shoulder blade plate4101and front shoulder blade plate4150.

Preferably, the back shoulder blade plate4101is shaped and sized to conform to the shape and size of the back of the scapula (or other specimen such as foot, knee, etc.), and preferably includes a curved indentation across top portion4102to accommodate the spine of the scapula (“spine radius”).

Preferably, the front shoulder blade plate4150is shaped and sized to conform to the shape and size of the front of the scapula (or other specimen such as foot, knee, etc.)

Preferably, the front shoulder blade plate4150comprises an inner surface4152configured to be covered with a replaceable felt pad4153(or similar soft pad or rubber pad or film) or have a replaceable felt pad4153attached thereto, as shown inFIG.41. The pad is configured to reduce the damage to the specimen and/or improve the stability of the specimen when being held between the plates4101/4150of the shoulder clamp assembly4100.

Preferably, back shoulder blade plate4101comprises an inner surface4102(not shown) configured to be covered with a replaceable felt pad or have pad attached thereto (or similar soft pad or rubber pad or film).

Preferably, the back shoulder blade plate4101is configured to be connected to front shoulder blade plate4150to clasp onto and hold a shoulder specimen (or other specimen) therebetween.

One preferred embodiment is shown inFIG.41wherein two or more rod/tension wheel devices4180are used to reversibly connect the back shoulder blade plate4101to front shoulder blade plate4150and, preferably adjust the distance between the plates to clasp onto the specimen. Rod/tension wheel devices4180shown inFIG.41include rod4181having a proximal end that is pivotally and reversibly connected to an edge of front plate4150via rod hinge brackets4162,4161,4160and/or4163, preferably configured to allow rod4181to pivot relative to the surface of the front plate4150and having an adjustable tension wheel4183on the distal end of rod4180and capable of being adjustable along the rod length by turning wheel4183to move the wheel along the length of rod4180. The back plate4101includes two or more edge indentations4120configured to receive and catch rod4181and/or one or more rod holders4125configured to be attached to an edge of the back plate and receive and catch rod4181and allow tension wheel4183to lock rod4181in place thereby reversibly connecting the front plate to the back plate and thus holding the specimen.

Alternative configurations can be employed, for example, the back plate4101having the rod hinge brackets4162,4161,4160and/or4163and the front plate4150having the two or more edge indentations4120and/or one or more rod holders4125.FIG.41shows rod/tension wheel devices4180connected to rod hinge brackets4160and4162, but other configurations can be used include using three or four rod/tension wheel devices4180at rod hinge brackets4160,4161,4162and4163depending on user needs and specimen.

According to preferred embodiments, shoulder clamp assembly4100further comprises elongated shoulder rod4141connected or attached to back plate4101by a connector or connection unit4144(e.g., see shoulder clamp attachment ofFIG.25, for example) and configured to be tightened or loosened by knob4145, allowing plate4101(and, when assembled, the shoulder clamp assembly4100) to be positioned in different locations along the length of the shoulder rod4141such as moving closer or further from distal end of rod4141and also be locked into position by knob4145, preferably using through-holes4142along the length of shoulder rod4141, as shown inFIG.41. Alternatively, elongated shoulder rod4141can connected or attached to front plate4150by a connector or connection unit4144attached to plate4150.

According to one preferred embodiment, back shoulder blade plate4101includes a top portion4102and a bottom portion4103and the top portion4102is wider than a bottom portion4103, preferably at least twice as wide.

According to one preferred embodiment, front shoulder blade plate4150includes a top portion4155and a bottom portion4156and the top portion4155is wider than a bottom portion4156, preferably at least twice as wide.

Another aspect relates to methods of using the systems described herein including methods comprising inserting a distal end of the first bone anchor into a medullary cavity of an exposed portion of a bone of a cadaver specimen and/or clamping one or more plates onto a bone of a cadaver specimen.

According to preferred embodiments, the method further comprises rotating or adjusting the position of the cadaver specimen.

According to the present invention, the cadaver specimen can be held with either clamps, intramedullary rods, or a combination of both. The clamps are preferably designed to match the bony anatomy of the body part that is to be tested/studied/lab usage and is preferably designed to hold the specimen in place with a near form-fitting clamp. Preferably, the intramedullary rods are designed to encompass the bone canal of any bone that can be studied, used in training, etc., thus the intramedullary rods according to the invention can have numerous various diameters and sizes to accommodate different intramedullary sizes of different bones. This apparatus can also be used for non-cadaver applications such as plastic bony and/or body part models, synthetic body parts, and other training aids that have body part embodiments, but may not be a true cadaver specimen. In addition, other animal and parts are also included for use in the systems and methods described herein.

Moreover, the various features of the representative examples and the dependent claims may be combined in ways that are not specifically and explicitly enumerated in order to provide additional useful embodiments of the present teachings. It is also expressly noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities disclose every possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purpose of original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed subject matter. It is also expressly noted that the dimensions and the shapes of the components shown in the figures are designed to help to understand how the present teachings are practiced, but not intended to limit the dimensions and the shapes shown in the examples.

The scope of the present devices, systems and methods, etc., includes both means plus function and step plus function concepts. However, the claims are not to be interpreted as indicating a “means plus function” relationship unless the word “means” is specifically recited in a claim, and are to be interpreted as indicating a “means plus function” relationship where the word “means” is specifically recited in a claim. Similarly, the claims are not to be interpreted as indicating a “step plus function” relationship unless the word “step” is specifically recited in a claim, and are to be interpreted as indicating a “step plus function” relationship where the word “step” is specifically recited in a claim.

It is understood that the embodiments described herein are for the purpose of elucidation and should not be considered limiting the subject matter of the disclosure. Various modifications, uses, substitutions, combinations, improvements, methods of productions without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention would be evident to a person skilled in the art.