Patent ID: 12211058

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. Components having the same function are denoted by the same reference signs, and repeated description thereof will be omitted.

In the following embodiments, there is proposed an RS removal method (a hierarchical RS removal method) that enables an RS removal method of the related art to handle a plurality of questionnaires at the same time in a hierarchical Bayes framework. Hierarchical Bayes is one statistical model scheme, and is a mechanism for learning models for solving a plurality of related questionnaires at the same time, thereby efficiently learning a relationship used in common between questionnaires and a relationship different between questionnaires. For example, a face recognition questionnaire and a facial expression recognition questionnaire in image recognition are taken as examples. In this case, a common relationship is what the eyes or mouth look like and whether they are included in an image to be examined, and different relationships are, for example, placement information of these facial portions in the case of face recognition and information on change of these facial portions from the time of no expression in the case of facial expression recognition. In the following embodiments, in various types of questionnaires, a common relationship between questionnaires is used as a response style. In the following embodiments, different relationships between questionnaires are defined as a nature of an item (for example, each question) in each questionnaire or characteristics/capability of individual responding persons. In the following embodiments, a response style is introduced in a hierarchical Bayesian framework based on an item response theory model (IRT model) for estimating characteristics of items and individuals in a single questionnaire. A method for estimating the model parameters can be freely determined, but in the present embodiment, the model parameters are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC). Thereby, parameters of a response style of the individual, parameters of each item in each questionnaire, and parameters of individual characteristics are estimated. An estimated value of the response from which the response style has been removed can be obtained by using the parameters other than the parameter of the response style after the parameters are estimated.

Embodiment 1

Hereinafter, a configuration of the response style component removal device of Embodiment 1 will be described with reference toFIG.1. As illustrated inFIG.1, the response style component removal device1of Embodiment 1 includes a parameter learning unit11and a response style component-removed probability distribution generation unit12. Hereinafter, an operation of respective components will be described with reference toFIG.2.

The parameter learning unit11uses, as learning data, rating values for a plurality of question items from a plurality of raters who have rated all of K types of questionnaires (K is an integer equal to or greater than 2) each including the plurality of question items to learn a rater parameter θkthat depends on at least an index k (k=1, . . . , K) of each questionnaire and indicates a tendency of each rater, an item parameter βkthat depends on at least the index k of each questionnaire and indicates a tendency of each question item, and a response style parameter γ that does not depend on at least the index k of each questionnaire and indicates a tendency of a response style, the rater parameter θk, the item parameter βk, and the response style parameter γ being parameters describing the rating values (S11).

The response style component-removed probability distribution generation unit12removes the response style parameter γ among the rater parameter θk, the item parameter βk, and the response style parameter γ that have been learned to generate a probability distribution of the rating value (S12).

Hereinafter, an operation of each component will be described in more detail.

Parameter Learning Unit11

When the rating has a discrete value such as a Likert scale, log odds Xφof a probability of a rating value y becoming s and a probability of the rating value y becoming s−1 are defined as follows.

[Math.1]log⁡(p⁡(yij=s❘φ)p⁡(yij=s-1❘φ))=Xφ(1)Xφ=θjk-(βiks+γ_js)(2)

Here, i indicates the index of the question item, j indicates the index of the rater, and k indicates the index of the questionnaire. φ is a set of model parameters and includes the item parameter β, the rater parameter θ, and the response style parameter γ. γ−jsindicates an effect for an item parameter of the response style, and here, γ−js=(m−s+1)γj. m is a median of options (for example, m=2 when the options are in five steps of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4), and γ is the response style parameter indicating the extreme/mid-point response style.

Here, art important point is that the response style parameter γ does not include the questionnaire k, that is, that the response style parameter γ does not depend on the index k (k=1, . . . , K) of the questionnaire, and the response style parameter has any format to that extent. First, a left side of Equation (1) is a term indicating an order regression called a link function, and any function can be used. Further, a right side of Equation (2) is a linear predictor, and any format can be also used. For example, the right side of Equation (2) may be as follows:
[Math. 2]
Xφ=αjkθjk−γj(βijk+γ′j)  (3)

Here, γ′ indicates a positive/negative response style. When the rating is a continuous value (for example, any number between 0 and 100), an identity function is used as the above link function.

Therefore, the parameter learning unit11uses, as learning data, the log odds Xφbased on the rating values y for the plurality of question items (see Equation (1)) from the plurality of raters who have rated all of the K types of questionnaires each including the plurality of question items to learn a rater parameter θjkthat depends on the index k (k=1, . . . , K) of each questionnaire and the index j of each rater and indicates a tendency of the rater, an item parameter θiksthat depends on the index k of each questionnaire, the index i of each question item, and the index s of each rating value and indicates a tendency of the question item, and the response style parameter γ−jsor γjand γ′jthat does not depends on at least the index k of each questionnaire, depends on the index j of each rater and the index s of each rating value, and indicates a tendency of the response style, as shown in Equations (2) and (3) (S11).

Response Style Component-Removed Probability Distribution Generation Unit12

When the model parameter is estimated in step S11, it is possible to further estimate a rating value that is generated from the model. An estimated value y{circumflex over ( )} of the rating value is estimated as follows.
[Math. 3]
ŷijk˜categorical(φ)  (4)
φs=P(y=s|φ)  (5)

Here, categorical ( ) indicates a categorical distribution. This makes it possible to perform estimation if a required parameter set φ is known even when a rating value is not actually observed.

Further, the rating value from which the RS has been removed is estimated by excluding the response style parameter γ from the linear predictor Xφ.

Specifically, when Equation (2) is used, the following equations can be obtained.
[Math. 4]
φs=P(y=s|φ′)  (5′)
X′φ=θjk−βiks(6)

Therefore, the response style component-removed probability distribution generation unit12removes the response style parameter γ (γ−jsor γj, γ′jin the above example) among the respective parameters, uses, for example, Equation (6) instead of Equation (2) to obtain log odds X′φ, and generates a probability distribution of the rating value y from which the response style component has been removed, from the obtained log odds X′φ, as described in Equation (5′) (S12).

In the present embodiment, the parameters were estimated using a No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) using RStan. A weak prior distribution was used for a prior distribution of each parameter. When four MCMC chains were executed from random initial values, an R hat value converged to 1.1 or less. A posterior distribution of all parameters such as φ and y{circumflex over ( )} was calculated by discarding the first 2,400 iterations as a warm-up and using a total of 9,600 samples in which the second 2,400 iterations were obtained from respective chains,

Demonstration Experiment

Fifty Japanese university students (equal numbers of men and women) participated in a demonstration experiment. The participants evaluated emotional valence (positive or negative) and arousal (excitement or sedation) in five steps with respect to all 150 artificially generated facial expression face images of people. The participants evaluated the emotional valence with respect to all 150 images and then evaluated the arousal with respect to all the 150 images, or performed the evaluations in the opposite order. The participants then responded to seven types of psychological scale questionnaires. The seven scales were empathy index (EQ), systematization index (SQ), autism spectrum index (AQ), multidimensional empathy scale (IRI), Bit, Five scale (Big Five), emotional skills and competence questionnaire (ESCQ), and the Tokyo University Type Egogram (TEG). The numbers of respective question items were 60, 60, 50, 28, 60, 28, and 53 in order, and the number of respective options of the responses were 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, and 7. That is, all the participants completed a total of nine questionnaires (a total of 579 items), and a total number of responses obtained from 50 people was 31,950. Although no data was missing, a Bayesian generative model is used in the present embodiment, and missing values may be present.

Experimental Results

The estimated response style parameter (extreme/mid-point response style parameter) γ showed a strong correlation with a score of extreme response style calculated using a classical method (a percentage at which options at both ends were selected among all the question items) (Spearman ρ=0.92, p<0.001). The reason why the correlation is a negative correlation is because the smaller the γ, the more the extreme response style, whereas, in the classical method, the higher the score, the more the extreme response style.

Embodiment 2

In Embodiment 1, “a plurality of different questionnaires” are shown as an example, but when there are a plurality of different parts or a plurality of different measurement targets in one questionnaire, it is possible to remove the response style component using the same method as in Embodiment 1.

Hereinafter, a configuration of a response style component removal device of Embodiment 2 will be described with reference toFIG.3. As illustrated inFIG.3, the response style component removal device2of the present embodiment includes a part separation unit20, a parameter learning unit21, and a response style component-removed probability distribution generation unit22. Hereinafter, an operation of each component will be described with reference toFIG.4.

The part separation unit20separates the questionnaire into K parts (K is an integer equal to or greater than 2) (S20). This process may be performed manually in advance.

The parameter learning unit21uses, as learning data, rating values for the plurality of question items from a plurality of raters who have rated all of the questionnaire including K parts (K is an integer equal to or greater than 2) each including the plurality of question items to learn a rater parameter θkthat depends on at least an index k (k=1, . . . , K) of each part of the questionnaire and indicates a tendency of each rater, an item parameter βkthat depends on at least the index k of each part of the questionnaire and indicates a tendency of each question item, and a response style parameter γ that does not depend on at least the index k of each part of the questionnaire and indicates a tendency of a response style, the rater parameter θk, the item parameter βk, and the response style parameter γ being parameters describing the rating values (S21).

The response style component-removed probability distribution generation unit22removes, among the rater parameter θk, the item parameter βk, and the response style parameter γ that have been learned, the response style parameter γ to generate a probability distribution of the rating values (S22),

Effects

According to the response style component removal devices1and2described in the embodiments, it is possible to estimate a response style of each individual (a tendency of selecting a specific category such as an extreme (both ends) rating value or a middle rating value regardless of content to be evaluated) without depending on a type of questionnaire.

Further, according to the response style component removal devices1and2described in the embodiments, it is possible to further estimate the response of the individual in a case in which the response style has been removed.

SUPPLEMENTS

The device of the present invention, for example, as a single hardware entity, includes an input unit to which a keyboard or the like can be connected, an output unit to which a liquid crystal display or the like can be connected, a communication unit to which a communication device (for example, a communication cable) capable of communicating with the outside of the hardware entity can be connected, a central processing unit (CPU, which may include a cache memory, a register, or the like), a RAM or ROM that is a memory, an external storage device that is a hard disk, and a bus that connects the input unit, the output unit, the communication unit, the CPU, the RAM, the ROM, and the external storage device so that data can be exchanged therebetween. Further, a device (drive) capable of reading and writing data in a recording medium such as a CD-ROM may be provided in the hardware entity, as necessary. An example of a physical entity including such hardware resources includes a general-purpose computer.

Programs required for implementing the above-described functions, data required for processing the programs, and the like are stored in the external storage device of the hardware entity (the present invention is not limited to an external storage device, and for example, the programs may be read out and stored in a ROM, which is a dedicated storage device). Further, data and the like obtained by the processing of the programs is appropriately stored in a RAM, an external storage device, or the like.

In the hardware entity, each program stored in the external storage device (or ROM or the like) and the data necessary for processing each program are read into a memory as necessary, and are appropriately interpreted, executed, and processed by the CPU. As a result, the CPU implements a predetermined function (each component represented by the term “ . . . unit”, “ . . . means”, or the like described above).

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be appropriately changed without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Further, the processing described in the embodiments may be not only executed in chronological order according to a describing order, but may also be executed in parallel or individually according to the processing capability of a device that executes the processing or necessity.

As described above, when a processing function in the hardware entity (the device of the present invention) described in the above embodiment is implemented by a computer, processing content of functions that the hardware entity needs to have are described by a program. A processing function in the above hardware entity is implemented on the computer by executing this program on the computer.

The various types of processing described above can be performed by causing a recording unit10020of the computer illustrated inFIG.5to read a program for executing each of steps of the above method and causing a control unit10010, an input unit10030, an output unit10040, and the like to execute the program.

A program in which processing content thereof has been described can be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium. The computer-readable recording medium may be, for example, a magnetic recording device, an optical disc, a magneto-optical recording medium, or a semiconductor memory. Specifically, for example, a hard disk device, a flexible disk, a magnetic tape, or the like can be used as the magnetic recording device, a digital versatile disc (DVD), a DVD-random access memory (RAM), a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), CD-R (Recordable)/RW (ReWritable), or the like can be used as the optical disc, a magneto-optical disc (MO) or the like can be used as the magneto-optical recording medium, and an electrically erasable and programmable-read only memory (EEPROM) or the like can be used as the semiconductor memory.

Further, distribution of this program is performed, for example, by selling, transferring, renting a portable recording medium such as a DVI) or CD-ROM on which the program has been recorded. Further, the program may be stored in a storage device of a server computer and distributed by being transferred from the server computer to another computer via a network.

The computer that executes such a program first temporarily stores, for example, the program recorded on the portable recording medium or the program transferred from the server computer in a storage device of the computer. When the computer executes the process, the computer reads the program stored in the recording medium of the computer and executes a process according to the read program. Further, as another embodiment of the program, the computer may directly read the program from the portable recording medium and execute a process according to the program, and further, a process according to a received program may be sequentially executed each time the program is transferred from the server computer to the computer. Further, a configuration may be adopted in which the above-described process is executed by a so-called application service provider (ASP) type service in which a processing function is implemented by only instructing an execution and acquiring a result without transfer of the program from the server computer to the computer. It is assumed that the program in the present embodiment includes information provided for a process of an electronic calculator and being pursuant to the program (such as data that is not a direct command to the computer, but has properties defining a process of the computer).

Further, although the hardware entity is configured by a predetermined program being executed on the computer in the present embodiment, at least a part of the processing content of the hardware entity may be achieved by hardware.