Patent ID: 12212956

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Carrier aggregation is used for providing increased bandwidth compared with single carriers provided by a communication system, e.g., the evolved UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA). For example, the LTE Rel-10 standard can thereby support bandwidths larger than 20 MHz. One important requirement of LTE Rel-10 is to ensure backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8, which only supports single carrier operation. This should also include spectrum compatibility. That would imply that an LTE Rel-10 carrier, wider than 20 MHz, should appear as a number of LTE carriers to an LTE Rel-8 terminal. Each such carrier can be referred to as a Component Carrier (CC). In particular for early LTE Rel-10 deployments it can be expected that there will be a smaller number of LTE Rel-10-capable terminals compared to many LTE legacy terminals. Therefore, it is necessary to assure an efficient use of a wide carrier also for legacy terminals, e.g., that it is possible to implement carriers where legacy terminals can be scheduled in all parts of the wideband LTE Rel-10 carrier. The straightforward way to obtain this would be by means of Carrier Aggregation (CA). CA implies that an LTE Rel-10 terminal can receive multiple CC, where the CC have, or at least the possibility to have, the same structure as a Rel-8 carrier. CA is illustrated in Fig. XX. A CA-capable UE is assigned a primary cell (PCell) which is always activated, and one or more secondary cells (SCells) which may be activated or deactivated dynamically.

It is to be noted that the terms “UE”, “terminal”, “mobile device”, etc. are in colloquial language meaning the same item, e.g., a wireless terminal device, and are interchangeably used in this disclosure.

The number of aggregated CC as well as the bandwidth of the individual CC may be different for uplink and downlink. A symmetric configuration refers to the case where the number of CCs in downlink and uplink is the same whereas an asymmetric configuration refers to the case that the number of CCs is different. It is important to note that the number of CCs configured in a cell may be different from the number of CCs seen by a terminal: A terminal may for example support more downlink CCs than uplink CCs, even though the cell is configured with the same number of uplink and downlink CCs.

Downlink transmissions are dynamically scheduled, e.g., in each subframe the base station transmits control information about which terminals data is transmitted to and upon which resource blocks the data is transmitted, in the current downlink subframe. This control signalling is typically transmitted in the first 1, 2, 3 or 4 OFDM symbols in each subframe and the number n=1, 2, 3 or 4 is known as the Control Format Indicator (CFI). The downlink subframe also contains common reference symbols, which are known to the receiver and used for coherent demodulation of e.g., the control information.

A Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH) is used to carry downlink control information (DCI) such as scheduling decisions and power-control commands. More specifically, the DCI includes:Downlink scheduling assignments, including Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) resource indication, transport format, hybrid-ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) information, and control information related to spatial multiplexing (if applicable). A downlink scheduling assignment also includes a command for power control of the PUCCH used for transmission of hybrid-ARQ acknowledgements in response to downlink scheduling assignments.Uplink scheduling grants, including Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) resource indication, transport format, and hybrid-ARQ-related information. An uplink scheduling grant also includes a command for power control of the PUSCH.Power-control commands for a set of terminals as a complement to the commands included in the scheduling assignments/grants.

One PDCCH carries one DCI message containing one of the groups of information listed above. As multiple terminals can be scheduled simultaneously, and each terminal can be scheduled on both downlink and uplink simultaneously, there must be a possibility to transmit multiple scheduling messages within each subframe. Each scheduling message is transmitted on separate PDCCH resources, and consequently there are typically multiple simultaneous PDCCH transmissions within each subframe in each cell. Furthermore, to support different radio-channel conditions, link adaptation can be used, where the code rate of the PDCCH is selected by adapting the resource usage for the PDCCH, to match the radio-channel conditions.

In addition, a feature of carrier aggregation is the ability to perform cross-carrier scheduling. This mechanism allows a (e)PDCCH on one CC to schedule data transmissions on another CC by means of a 3-bit Carrier Indicator Field (CIF) inserted at the beginning of the (e)PDCCH messages. For data transmissions on a given CC, a UE expects to receive scheduling messages on the (e)PDCCH on just one CC— either the same CC, or a different CC via cross-carrier scheduling; this mapping from (e)PDCCH to PDSCH is also configured semi-statically. Herein, “e” and “(e)” is used for indicating particular and possible particular features for “evolved” or “enhanced” formats, e.g., particularly adapted for the LTE.

3GPP TS 36.101, V13.2.1, specifies UE requirements for certain band combinations. A UE sends its capabilities including some of these band combinations to eNB, which is then restricted to use those. The mapping between bands and physical frequencies as specified in TS 36.101, V13.2.1, is not unique. That is, more than one band can map to the same or a subset of physical frequencies, for example as in the case of Band 1 and Band 4.

Due to this unambiguity, the eNB is sometimes forced to logically move a UE from one band to another to allow carrier aggregation. One way to do this while still keeping the connection to the UE is to instruct the UE to perform a handover to the same cell but on a different logical band. Note that a Rel-11 UE is required to attach to a cell on the first band it supports, and thus the only way for such a UE to have a PCell on a secondary band is through RRC signalling (handover).

For example, for cells on band 38 (which has additional band 41) and band 39, inter-band carrier aggregation is not possible as there is no carrier aggregation combination for band 38+39 defined in TS 36.101. A UE has to attach to primary band of a cell (if UE supports it). So if UE supports both band 38 and band 41, no carrier aggregation is possible unless eNB orders an intra-cell handover to additional band 41, which has a valid band combination with band 39.

Another limitation can be total bandwidth. The combination band 17+band 2 has a total max bandwidth of 20 MHz. So to enable carrier aggregation for two cells with e.g., bandwidth 10+15 MHz it is possible to use band 12 (additional to band 17) and band 2, which has higher possible max bandwidth.

When the UE performs a handover to a different logical frequency, e.g., a notation such as EUTRA Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN), it will typically not keep cell measurements (timing, frequency corrections, RSRP, RSRQ etc.) from the source EARFCN even if they are the same physical frequency and thus have the same cells present. This will result in a blind handover where the UE first has to establish time and frequency synch to the target cell (which in this case is the same as the source cell). During this procedure there is a risk of failing the RACH procedure and ending up in a re-establishment or dropped connection. By configuring the UE to measure the target logical reference, e.g., EARFCN (which physically maps to the same physical frequency as the source EARFCN), as an inter-frequency carrier, the UE can establish time and frequency synchronization to the target cell before performing the handover. According to one embodiment, the UE analyses the mapping between the logical frequency and the physical frequency and when discovered that the physical frequency is the same for two logical frequencies, e.g., the logical frequency before handover and the target logical frequency, the UE keeps any measurement values and assigns them to the target logical frequency.

Even if the UE does not have the capability demonstrated for the embodiment above, the eNB may know that results of measurements on target logical frequency will, is fairly static environment, be the same as for the logical frequency before handover, and a stable and predictable behaviour of the inter-band handover is beforehand known.

Thus, the present disclosure will be applicable for cases where both the eNB and UEs are capable of the here suggested solutions but will also be applicable where only the eNB is capable of the here suggested solutions, e.g., legacy UEs will still benefit from the solution, although UEs capable of some of the here suggested solutions benefit from e.g., reduced energy consumption, faster processing, etc. at the inter-band handover.

FIG.2is a flow chart illustrating methods of an access network node of a carrier aggregation enabled cellular wireless communication system. The access network node identifies200a need for an inter-band handover. This is where a same physical frequency on which the access network node interacts with a wireless terminal device has more than one logical reference, and the wireless terminal device is currently operating using a first logical reference. The access network node assigns202a target frequency for the inter-band handover as a second logical reference for the same physical frequency and performs204handover signalling with the wireless terminal device including the assigned target frequency. Thus, the access network node will provide for enabling carrier aggregation operation where the first logical reference is not available for carrier aggregation, but by an inter-band handover to the same physical frequency, the physical frequency can be included in the carrier aggregation operation. That is, the performing204of the handover is made such that the wireless terminal device operates on the same physical frequency but using the second logical reference after the handover.

The identifying200may include identifying a carrier aggregation frequency set including the second logical reference. This is for example made from a look-up table. The logical references may be EARFCN.

The performing204of the handover signalling may for example include sending a measurement configuration to the wireless terminal device including the second logical reference. That is, established handover mechanisms, e.g., the measurement configuration mentioned here, may be used for the inter-band handover ending with carrier aggregation at the same physical frequency.

Here, it may be noted that steps200and202are preferably performed jointly, from a timing point of view, since the interaction between assigning202the logical reference and identifying200the need for inter-band handover depends on each other in sense of the feasible logical frequency references for carrier aggregation.

FIG.3is a flow chart illustrating a method of an access network node according to an embodiment. While the operations demonstrated with reference toFIG.2on a general level, the operations demonstrated with reference toFIG.3are to be considered one more detailed embodiment thereof.

The access network node determines300frequencies to use in carrier aggregation operation. This includes determining the logical references for the frequencies, e.g., what logical references are feasible for carrier aggregation from a scheme defined for the communication network. Here, the access network node selects one of the logical references such that the physical frequency to which it refers is the same as the physical frequency currently used, if possible, which physical frequency may have another logical reference when operating in single carrier mode. The access network node then determines302whether there is a need for inter-band handover, e.g., if the logical reference of the currently used frequency is not feasible for the carrier aggregation. If the logical reference of the currently used frequency is feasible for the carrier aggregation, e.g., there is no need for inter-band handover, the procedure simply continues with carrier aggregation operation316. That is, the logical reference in single carrier mode is also applicable in carrier aggregation mode, wherein the carrier aggregation operation316may commence using the same logical reference. Otherwise, an inter-band handover procedure304-314is performed, where the physical frequency is maintained, but with another logical reference. The logical references may for example be EARFCN.

Optionally, it is checked304whether the UE requires measurement gaps, and if so, measurement gaps are configured306. For example, the UE has signalled a capability indicating the requirement of gaps for it to be able to perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, wherein the access network node makes a measurement gap configuration and signals to the UE, e.g., by MeasGapConfig message.

The access network node configures308a target logical reference on which measurements are to be made, e.g., by MeasObjectEUTRA, and signals it to the UE. The signalling may comprise the target EARFCN and the source EARFCN, which both refer to a same physical frequency although logically being considered as different frequencies. To avoid reports of other cells on this frequency, which is not the intention of the operation, the access network node may for example configure an indicator (PCI) of the Primary Cell (PCell) in a white-list, which indicates preferred cell on which measurements should be made or configure other known neighbour cells in a black-list, which indicates cells to be omitted from measurements.

Optionally, the access network node configures310measurement events for the UE, e.g., A3 and/or A4. A3 is an event for triggering that a neighbour cell is a certain dB stronger than the PCell. Here, since the neighbour cell and the PCell are the same, but with different logical references, a reported Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) should reasonably be about the same and a fairly small offset may be used. It is further to be noted that if the UE measures the cell, the reported value may differ slightly if the receiver happens to be configured differently compared with when the measurement of the source cell was made. If the UE keep previously measured values, as demonstrated below for one embodiment of the UE, there should be no difference. A4 is an event with an absolute criterion. A further alternative is that the configuration is made for periodic reporting. The configuration may be signalled as ReportConfigEUTRA to the UE. The access network node may then wait for a measurement report from the UE and then proceed. Alternatively, the access network node is configured only to wait a predetermined time before proceeding. The proceeding includes to perform314the handover.

The procedure referred to as304-310above may be performed using a same RRCConnectionReconfiguration message.

The access network node performs314the handover, wherein operation316with carrier aggregation can commence.

FIG.4is a block diagram schematically illustrating an access network node400according to an embodiment. The access network node400comprises an antenna arrangement402, a transceiver404connected to the antenna arrangement402, and a processing element406which may comprise one or more circuits and is arranged to operate as a controller of the access network node400. The access network node400may comprise one or more input interfaces and/or one or more output interfaces arranged for enabling the access network node400to complete for example providing backhaul towards one or more communication networks, e.g., by signal interfaces, e.g., wireless, electrical or optical. The interfaces can also include user interfaces for enabling user interaction, for example for maintenance or configuration. The access network node400is arranged to operate in a wireless communication network for enabling communication with one or more terminals, as illustrated inFIG.8. In particular, by the processing element406being arranged to perform any of the embodiments demonstrated with reference toFIG.2or3, the access network node400is capable of enabling at least some of the interacting terminals to operate more reliably and predictable when inter-band handover is to be performed as demonstrated above, and possibly also with limited energy consumption since some measurement procedures may be omitted in some embodiments. The processing element406can also fulfill a multitude of tasks, ranging from signal processing to enable reception and transmission since it is connected to the transceiver404, executing applications, controlling the interfaces, etc. In particular, the access network node400is enabled to operate with terminals capable of carrier aggregation.

As will be demonstrated below, the UE may take certain actions for facilitating the procedure at the UE end. However, the approach at the access network node is not depending on such actions. Interaction with a legacy UE will still provide advantages. Since it is well predictable that the physical frequency is well working for connection between the access network node and the UE, there is provided a reliable transition from single carrier operation to carrier aggregation operation. A handover operation to completely new physical frequency will not provide that predictability, and is thus not providing such reliability, with risk of lost connection at stake.

It should be noted that the handover as demonstrated herein may be deliberately omitted when low signal power and/or high interference is reported by the UE. In such cases, the established connection may not be put at stake for the additional bandwidth which may be gained from the carrier aggregation operation. Reporting of signal power and interference levels by the UE are preferably performed as commonly performed by legacy UEs. For example, the selection whether to omit the inter-band handover may be implemented by the reported signal power and/or interference level being compared with respective thresholds for determining whether to enable the inter-band handover as demonstrated herein. The thresholds may be selected based on experience from operation, and the thresholds may be updated continuously or periodically based on successful and unsuccessful inter-band handovers. The thresholds may also be fixed and set by a provider or an operator of the network.

FIG.5is a flow chart illustrating methods of a wireless terminal device of a carrier aggregation enabled cellular wireless communication system. The wireless terminal device performs500operation where a need for an inter-band handover occurs, as demonstrated above, where a same physical frequency on which the wireless terminal device interacts with an access network node of the cellular wireless communication system has more than one logical reference. Thus, the wireless terminal device currently operates500using a first logical reference. The wireless terminal device performs502handover signalling with the access network node including receiving an assigned target frequency which is a second logical reference for the physical frequency. Thus, the wireless terminal device, in accordance with the signalling, performs handover operations to operate on the same physical frequency but with another logical reference. This enables, where the first logical reference is not feasible for carrier aggregation operation, that carrier aggregation operation be performed, where the second logical reference is feasible for carrier aggregation, although the physical frequency is the same for both the first and the second logical references. The performing502of the handover signalling may include receiving a measurement configuration including the second logical reference. That is, established handover mechanisms, e.g., the measurement configuration mentioned here, may be used for the inter-band handover ending with carrier aggregation at the same physical frequency, e.g., performing the handover506such that the wireless terminal device operates on the same physical frequency using the second logical reference after the handover.

The wireless terminal device may make measurements etc. according to the handover signalling. However, according to some embodiments, the wireless terminal device may identify the situation and make some actions for limiting its efforts. The wireless terminal device may in such cases analyse503mapping of the first and second logical references to observe that they relate to the same physical frequency, and when observed that they relate to the same physical frequency, recover505measurement values made for the first logical reference and assigning the measurement values for the second logical reference. Here, it may be noted that the actions503and505are preferably performed in parallel with the handover operations502since the mutual information exchange (logical reference to frequency, measurements) depends on each other. By the recovering505of measurement values, the UE may save the energy consumption for making the measurements. The analysis503may for example be made by a table look-up, where the physical frequency of the first logical reference, as known from the operation500, is compared with the physical frequency of the second logical reference, which is given from the handover signalling502and indicated by upper curved arrow. When the physical frequency is the same, the recovering505is performed and the recovered measurement values are provided to the handover signalling502, as indicated by lower curved arrow.

It should be noted that the approach for the wireless terminal device demonstrated above is particularly suitable for operating together with an access network node as demonstrated with reference toFIGS.2to4. However, the approach including the optional steps503and505may provide benefits also when operating with legacy access network nodes, e.g., the recovering505of measurement values may save efforts also in situations occurring, and being identified by the analysis503, when operating with the legacy access network node.

FIG.6is a block diagram schematically illustrating a wireless terminal device600according to an embodiment. The wireless terminal device or UE600comprises an antenna arrangement602, a receiver604connected to the antenna arrangement602, a transmitter606connected to the antenna arrangement602, a processing element608which may comprise one or more circuits, one or more input interfaces610and one or more output interfaces612. The interfaces610,612can be user interfaces and/or signal interfaces, e.g., electrical or optical. The UE600is arranged to operate in a cellular communication network. In particular, by the processing element608being arranged to perform the embodiments demonstrated with reference toFIG.5, the UE600is capable of reliably transitioning from single carrier operation to carrier aggregation operation also when the first logical reference is not feasible for carrier aggregation operation. The processing element608can also fulfil a multitude of tasks, ranging from signal processing to enable reception and transmission since it is connected to the receiver604and transmitter606, executing applications, controlling the interfaces610,612, etc. Thus, the solid lines to/from the processor608indicate provision of data, while the dotted line arrows indicate control provided by the processor608.

The methods according to the present invention is suitable for implementation with aid of processing means, such as computers and/or processors, especially for the case where the controller406or processing element608demonstrated above comprises a processor handling the approaches demonstrated with reference toFIGS.2,3and5, respectively. Therefore, there is provided computer programs, comprising instructions arranged to cause the processing means, processor, or computer to perform the steps of any of the methods according to any of the embodiments described with reference toFIGS.2,3and5. The computer program preferably comprises program code which is stored on a computer readable medium700, as illustrated inFIG.7, which can be loaded and executed by a processing means, processor, or computer702to cause it to perform the methods, respectively, according to embodiments of the present invention, preferably as any of the embodiments described with reference toFIGS.2,3and5. The computer702and computer program product700can be arranged to execute the program code sequentially where actions of the any of the methods are performed stepwise, but may as well execute the actions on a real-time basis. The processing means, processor, or computer702is preferably what normally is referred to as an embedded system. Thus, the depicted computer readable medium700and computer702inFIG.7should be construed to be for illustrative purposes only to provide understanding of the principle, and not to be construed as any direct illustration of the elements.

FIG.8illustrates a cellular wireless network comprising a more detailed view of an access network node800and a communication transceiver810, in accordance with a particular embodiment. For simplicity,FIG.8only depicts network820, access network nodes800and800a, and communication transceiver810. Access network node800comprises processor802, storage803, interface801, and antenna set801a. Similarly, the communication transceiver810comprises processor812, storage813, interface811and antenna set811a. These components may work together in order to provide access network node and/or wireless terminal device functionality. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, access network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless terminal devices, relay stations, and/or any other components that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.

Network820may comprise one or more IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices.

Access network node800comprises processor802, storage803, interface801, and antenna set801a. These components are depicted as single boxes located within a single larger box. In practice however, an access network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., interface801may comprise terminals for coupling wires for a wired connection and a radio transceiver for a wireless connection). Similarly, access network node800may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a Radio Network Controller (RNC) component, a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) component and a Base Station Controller (BSC) component, etc.), which may each have their own respective processor, storage, and interface components. In certain scenarios in which access network node800comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several access network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and BSC pair, may be a separate access network node. In some embodiments, access network node800may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate storage803for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna set801amay be shared by the RATs).

Processor802may be a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other access network node800components, such as storage803, access network node800functionality. For example, processor802may execute instructions stored in storage803. Such functionality may include providing various wireless features discussed herein to a wireless terminal device, such as communication transceiver810, including any of the features or benefits disclosed herein.

Storage803may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), removable media, or any other suitable local or remote memory component. Storage803may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including software and encoded logic, utilized by access network node800. Storage803may be used to store any calculations made by processor802and/or any data received via interface801.

Access network node800also comprises interface801which may be used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between access network node800, network820, and/or communication transceiver810. For example, interface801may perform any formatting, coding, or translating that may be needed to allow access network node800to send and receive data from network820over a wired connection. Interface801may also include a radio transmitter and/or receiver that may be coupled to or a part of antenna set801a. The radio may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other access network nodes or communication transceivers via a wireless connection. The radio may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna set801ato the appropriate recipient (e.g., communication transceiver810).

Antenna set801amay be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. Here, the antenna set801ais to be considered as a plurality of antennas such that multi-rank transmissions are enabled. In some embodiments, antenna set801amay comprise two or more omnidirectional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 700 MHz and 66 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line.

The communication transceiver810may be any type of communication device, wireless terminal device, UE, D2D device or ProSe (Proximity Service) UE, but may in general be any device, sensor, actuator, smart phone, modem, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), tablet, mobile terminal, smart phone, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), Universal Serial Bus (USB) dongles, machine type UE, UE capable of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, etc., which is able to wirelessly send and receive data and/or signals to and from a access network node, such as access network node800and/or other communication transceivers. The communication transceiver810comprises processor812, storage813, interface811, and antenna811a. Like access network node800, the components of communication transceiver810are depicted as single boxes located within a single larger box, however in practice a wireless terminal device may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., storage813may comprise multiple discrete microchips, each microchip representing a portion of the total storage capacity).

Processor812may be a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in combination with other communication transceiver810components, such as storage813, communication transceiver810functionality. Such functionality may include providing various wireless features discussed herein, including any of the features or benefits disclosed herein.

Storage813may be any form of volatile or non-volatile memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, RAM, ROM, removable media, or any other suitable local or remote memory component. Storage813may store any suitable data, instructions, or information, including software and encoded logic, utilized by communication transceiver810. Storage813may be used to store any calculations made by processor812and/or any data received via interface811.

Interface811may be used in the wireless communication of signalling and/or data between communication transceiver810and access network node800. For example, interface811may perform any formatting, coding, or translating that may be needed to allow communication transceiver810to send and receive data from access network node800over a wireless connection. Interface811may also include a radio transmitter and/or receiver that may be coupled to or a part of antenna811a. The radio may receive digital data that is to be sent out to access network node801via a wireless connection. The radio may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna811ato access network node800.

Antenna811amay be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna811amay comprise one or more omnidirectional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between 2 GHz and 66 GHz. For simplicity, antenna811amay be considered a part of interface811to the extent that a wireless signal is being used.

In some embodiments, the components described above may be used to implement one or more functional modules used in D2D communication. The functional modules may comprise software, computer programs, sub-routines, libraries, source code, or any other form of executable instructions that are run by, for example, a processor. In general terms, each functional module may be implemented in hardware and/or in software. Preferably, one or more or all functional modules may be implemented by processors812and/or802, possibly in cooperation with storage813and/or803. Processors812and/or802and storage813and/or803may thus be arranged to allow processors812and/or802to fetch instructions from storage813and/or803and execute the fetched instructions to allow the respective functional module to perform any features or functions disclosed herein. The modules may further be configured to perform other functions or steps not explicitly described herein but which would be within the knowledge of a person skilled in the art.

Certain aspects of the inventive concept have mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments. However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, embodiments other than the ones disclosed above are equally possible and within the scope of the inventive concept. Similarly, while a number of different combinations have been discussed, all possible combinations have not been disclosed. One skilled in the art would appreciate that other combinations exist and are within the scope of the inventive concept. Moreover, as is understood by the skilled person, the herein disclosed embodiments are as such applicable also to other standards and communication systems and any feature from a particular figure disclosed in connection with other features may be applicable to any other figure and or combined with different features.