Patent ID: 12222249

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the present disclosure is described by referring mainly to examples. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be readily apparent however, that the present disclosure may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, some methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure.

Throughout the present disclosure, the terms “a” and “an” are intended to denote at least one of a particular element. As used herein, the term “includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” means including but not limited to. The term “based on” means based at least in part on.

Optical fiber identification and distance measurement systems, and methods for optical fiber identification and distance measurement are disclosed herein. The systems and methods disclosed herein provide for an OTDR and optical fiber connection device that may be inserted between an OTDR and a near end of an optical fiber. In this regard, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device may effectively convert an OTDR into an optical fiber identifier by using a temperature stimulus on the optical fiber to identify the optical fiber. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device may provide for identification of an optical fiber and measurement of an associated distance based on measurement of a loss difference of a Raman backscatter signal before and after a temperature stimulus is applied on the optical fiber to be identified.

As disclosed herein, fiber optic cables may integrate a plurality of optical fibers. For example, fiber optic cables may include a density on the order of a few optical fibers to several thousand optical fibers per cable. Examples of fiber optic cables may include general fiber optic cables that include optical fibers disposed in a common sheath, patch cords, other types of multi-fiber cables, ribbon cables, etc. In some cases, one or more of the optical fibers of a fiber optic cable may need to be accessed, for example, for testing, maintenance, troubleshooting, or for other purposes. For the optical fiber that is to be accessed, neighboring optical fibers may need to continue to transmit traffic irrespective of the operation being performed with respect to the accessed optical fiber.

In some cases, in order to identify an optical fiber that is to be accessed, an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) may be connected at one end (e.g., a transmission end) of the optical fiber. For example,FIG.2illustrates an OTDR200connected to a near end202of an optical fiber204that is to be identified in accordance with an example of the present disclosure. The topology of the network206may include various uncertainties associated with an environment of the optical fibers. For example, the environment may depend on whether the optical fibers are buried, whether the optical fibers are exposed, the length of the optical fibers, various bends in the optical fibers, etc. A bend loss may be created at208on an optical fiber210(which may be presumed to be the optical fiber204) in an attempt to identify the optical fiber204. In this regard, the optical fiber210does not correspond to the optical fiber204, and thus valuable time may be spent towards identifying the optical fiber204, when in fact the bend loss is introduced in another optical fiber (e.g., the optical fiber210). Moreover, the physical process of implementing the bend loss in the optical fiber210may inadvertently damage the optical fiber210, and other optical fibers, including the optical fiber204, in which a bend loss is created in an attempt to identify the optical fiber204. Yet further, the optical fibers may be disposed inside a fiber-optic cable that includes a rigid structure that does not allow for sufficient bending to create a detectable optical loss. Accordingly, it is technically challenging to identify an optical fiber that is to be accessed while eliminating the aforementioned technical challenges related to bending of an incorrect optical fiber, inadvertently damaging an optical fiber during bending, and insufficient bending of an optical fiber, as well as any other technical challenges related to optical fiber identification.

In order to address at least the aforementioned technical challenges, as disclosed herein, the systems and methods disclosed herein may include an OTDR and optical fiber connection device that may be inserted between an OTDR and a near end of an optical fiber. In this regard, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device may effectively convert an OTDR into an optical fiber identifier by using a temperature stimulus on the optical fiber to identify the optical fiber. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device may provide for measurement of a loss difference of a Raman backscatter signal before and after a temperature stimulus is applied on the optical fiber to be identified. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device may operate without the need to acquire both the Stokes and Anti-Stokes components of the Raman backscatter as the device does not target any temperature measurements that use the Anti-Stokes/Stokes ratio. Moreover, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device may operate without the need to compensate for differential attenuation that may bias a temperature measurement or without the need for temperature calibrations that may be needed for absolute temperature measurements.

FIG.1illustrates an architectural layout of an optical fiber identification and distance measurement system (hereinafter also referred to as “system100”) in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.1, the system100may include an OTDR and optical fiber connection device102that it is operatively disposed between an OTDR104and a near end106of an optical fiber108to be identified. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may also be referred to as a θLOC device, or a reflectometer and optical fiber connection device. The OTDR104may also be referred to as a fiber optic optical reflectometer.

A temperature stimulus110may be applied at a specified location112of the optical fiber108. The temperature stimulus110may be applied by a temperature application source114. The temperature application source114may include a remote controlled temperature application source to generate the temperature stimulus110upon actuation of the temperature application source114. The temperature stimulus110may include the heating up or cooling down of a portion of the optical fiber108at the specified location112. In this regard, the temperature stimulus110may be detected by a temperature spot detection and localization process of the OTDR104(as disclosed herein with respect toFIG.3). As an example, a 90° C. temperature stimulus applied on a fiber optic cable operating at 30° C., may translate after a one-minute warm-up time to a 30° C. positive offset on the optical fiber cable leading to an approximately 1 dB local increase of the anti-Stoke signal. These performances may depend on the fiber optic cable structure and its characteristic in terms of heat transfer function and on its environment.

An identification status of the optical fiber108may be reported on an OTDR display116. In this regard, the identification status may include an indication that the optical fiber108has been identified by a temperature spot at a specified location (e.g., distance from the near end of the optical fiber108). Thus, the distance measurement with respect to the optical fiber108may represent a distance from a near end of the optical fiber108to the location112of the temperature stimulus110.

FIG.3illustrates a schematic principle of optical fiber distance measurement to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.3, the temperature spot detection and localization process of the OTDR104for location (e.g., distance measurement of the location of the temperature stimulus) of the optical fiber may be based on temperature sensitivity of the Raman backscattering signal. In this regard, an amplitude comparison of the Raman backscattering signal before and after application of the temperature stimulus may provide for the detection and localization of the optical fiber. The example ofFIG.3is given under signal-to-noise conditions which make it possible to obtain traces on which the amplitude deviation related to the temperature stimulus remains possible. Thus, the measurement range may depend on the measurement dynamics of the reflectometer used. Curves too noisy linked to a too weak dynamic may not be able to locate the useful signal of the noise. Further, the measurement principle for location of the optical fiber may utilize an attenuation profile (e.g., attenuation versus distance) of one of the two Raman signals (e.g., anti-Stokes), without performing actual temperature measurements. In order to detect the local amplitude difference of the Raman signal, various techniques may be used. By way of example, amplitude thresholds may be used to trigger on a difference in amplitude of the two traces. These thresholds may be adjusted according to the level of noise on the track to avoid false detections. In the case of known temperature stimuli, shape recognition techniques may be implemented in order to better discriminate the useful signal from the surrounding noise.

As shown inFIG.3, the Raman backscatter loss profile300before applying the temperature stimulus110may be compared with the Rahman backscatter loss profile302measured when the temperature stimulus110is affecting the optical fiber temperature. The comparison signal304shows a negative or positive peak306(e.g., depending on the temperature stimulus) at a temperature spot distance d (e.g., 3.659 km in this example). In the example ofFIG.3, a positive temperature stimulus110may represent heating, and the difference may be determined by comparing the Anti-Stokes signal302in presence of the temperature stimulus110versus the Anti-Stokes signal300from the optical fiber108without the temperature stimulus110. Under these conditions, a positive temperature stimulus110may result in an increase of the Anti-Stokes signal and thus a positive signal306on the comparison signal304. In presence of a negative stimulus of temperature, the delta loss trace (e.g., the comparison signal304) may show a negative peak. The signal may be taken as a reference and in this case, it would reverse the sign of the peak on the delta loss curve (e.g., the comparison signal304). It may also be possible to use the absolute value or modulus of the delta loss to limit the search to positive peaks. Thus, the received Raman Anti-Stokes signal for the optical fiber108based on application of the temperature stimulus110may be compared to a reference signal acquired prior to application of the temperature stimulus110to identify the optical fiber108from a plurality of optical fibers.

If the temperature stimulus is applied on an optical fiber that is different from the optical fiber108that includes the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102, the OTDR104would not detect a temperature spot on the optical fiber108. However, since the temperature stimulus is calibrated to not affect transmission performance of neighboring optical fibers relative to the optical fiber108, the neighboring optical fibers may continue to transmit signals without interruption.

In addition to event distance localization, the OTDR104may perform other measurements with respect to the detected event based on the temperature stimulus, such as peak amplitude associated with the temperature stimulus, spot width, or integrated amplitude. As an example, the full width at half maximum of the peak corresponding to the temperature stimulus may be measured to evaluate the length of the optical fiber impacted by this temperature stimulus. This width measurement may also be used to discriminate the peak temperature from noise peaks potentially narrower. These measurements may be stored to compare the effect of the temperature stimulus on several optical fibers in order to filter out the temperature side effect on neighboring optical fibers. Applying the stimulus on a multi-fiber cable or in the vicinity of other fibers can impact one or more neighboring fibers. Thus, for example, peak width, peak amplitude, or integrated amplitude may be used to determine the optical fiber most impacted by the temperature stimulus. This may make it possible to differentiate the optical fiber which is of interest from the others in the neighborhood.

FIG.4illustrates a measurement process flow to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.4, at400, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102(e.g., θLOC device) may be inserted between the OTDR and the target optical fiber (e.g., fiber under test (FUT)).

At402, the OTDR104may perform a reference measurement to acquire the distributed loss corresponding to the Raman Anti-Stokes backscattering signal.

At404, the temperature application source114may apply a temperature stimulus110on the optical fiber108.

At406, after a warm up or cool down time for the temperature spot to be created on the optical fiber108, a new OTDR acquisition of the Raman Anti-Stokes backscattering signal may be acquired by the OTDR104in the presence of the temperature stimulus.

At408, the data from blocks402and406may be compared as disclosed herein with respect toFIG.3to detect and locate a variation due to the presence of the temperature stimulus. In this regard, the comparison of the two signals may be performed by utilizing a linear scale or a log scale such as a log scale that may be utilized for OTDR traces. The comparison may be performed by the temperature spot detection and localization process of the OTDR104(as disclosed herein with respect toFIG.3).

At block410, results of identification of the optical fiber may be reported on the OTDR display116.

FIG.5illustrates a functional diagram of the OTDR and optical fiber connection device of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.5, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device (denoted OTDR and optical fiber connection device500for the embodiment ofFIG.5) may be formed as a two port device that connects the OTDR104at an OTDR side502to an optical fiber side504. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device500may include a Rayleigh wavelength pass filter506in a forward direction, and a Raman wavelength pass filter508(e.g., blocking the Rayleigh wavelength) in a reverse (e.g., backward) direction.

As disclosed herein, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may operate with Raman Stokes as well as Raman Anti-Stokes. However, the temperature sensitivity of the Raman Anti-Stokes may be greater inside a maximum operating temperature of optical fiber cables. For example,FIG.6illustrates Raman Stokes and Raman Anti-Stokes temperature sensitivity to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.6, at room temperature, temperature sensitivity may be more than 0.8%/° C. for the Raman Anti-Stokes signal, and less than 0.1%/° C. for the Raman Stokes signal. For example, a positive temperature stimulus of 50° C. on a fiber operating at a room temperature of 20° C. may create a local variation of Anti-Stokes signal amplitude of about +25% (1 dB) and only less than 3% (e.g., 0.1 dB) on the Stokes signal.

FIG.7illustrates another functional diagram of the OTDR and optical fiber connection device of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.7, compared to the embodiment ofFIG.5, the embodiment ofFIG.7(e.g., the OTDR and optical fiber connection device700) may utilize an optical circulator and a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupling device. For example, an optical circulator702may be utilized as a coupling device on the optical fiber side704, and the WDM device706may be utilized on the OTDR side708. The optical circulator702may prevent the Rayleigh backscattering signal to return to the OTDR104through optical path710. The WDM device706may function as a coupling and filtering device in both directions. Thus, the signal emitted by the OTDR at the Rayleigh wavelength will be transmitted to the optical fiber side704and the Rayleigh backscattering signal coming from this same fiber may be blocked by the optical circulator702on one side and on the other side, by the WDM device706in favor of the Raman backscattering signal to be analyzed by the OTDR connected to optical fiber on the OTDR side708.

FIG.8illustrates another functional diagram of the OTDR and optical fiber connection device of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.8, compared to the embodiments ofFIGS.5and7, the embodiment ofFIG.8(e.g., the OTDR and optical fiber connection device800) may utilize two optical circulators, and a filter on the return channel. In the embodiment ofFIG.8, the Rayleigh signal from the OTDR104may go through the optical circulator802and then through the optical circulator804. The Rayleigh backscattering signal may be blocked on the two return paths, on the Rayleigh branch806by the two optical circulators in series, and on the branch with the optical filter808in the reverse direction. Thus, the optical circulator804may be utilized as a coupling device on the optical fiber side810, and the optical circulator802may be utilized on the OTDR side812. Another optical filter (not shown) that blocks the Anti-Stokes signal may be inserted into the Rayleigh branch806to avoid possible reinjection of the Anti-Stokes signal into the optical fiber due to strong optical reflections on the OTDR side.

For the examples ofFIGS.5,7, and8, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102(illustrated inFIGS.5,7, and8, respectively, as OTDR and optical fiber connection device500,700, and800) may include an optical fiber connection on both sides, or may be directly pluggable on the OTDR104optical port. The OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may also be implemented using free space bulk optic or integrated photonics technologies.

The temperature stimulus110may be achieved by various means. For example, the temperature application source114may include freeze spray, an ice bag, a heat pad, a warm/hot air source, a heat gun, a thermoelectric Peltier clip, induction heating on the metallic part of the fiber optic cable, a heating cable or cord, a heating tape or another type of temperature generator with a temperature range in compliance with the fiber optic cable characteristics or with an embedded temperature control. Since the optical fiber identification is based on temperature variation, the temperature stimulus may be applied before the reference measurement and removed thereafter.

The temperature stimulus110may also be of a natural origin. In this regard, the temperature stimulus110may impact a longer optical fiber length and not just a localized area of the optical fiber108. For example, natural phenomena may affect buried fiber optic cables (e.g., soil movements, sandstorms, flooding, etc.). Thus, variations of the Anti-Stoke response may be detected either on the same fiber optic cable at different times or in comparison with other fiber optic cables. For example, in a desert area, natural phenomena may include the detection of a buried fiber optic cable that is again in the open air because of a sand storm. In this case, the natural stimulus may include daily variations of temperature that may be much more visible on the now non-buried part of the fiber optic cable.

The OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may also be used to perform fiber cable network redundancy checking if the fiber optic cables have alternate routes and do not follow the same path. In this regard, the temperature stimulus110may be implemented by a user, or may be implemented locally from a natural source that provides a different Anti-Stokes time variation signature to the primary versus the secondary fiber optic cable. The primary cable may be used under normal conditions to provide communication between two points of the network. If there is a problem on this primary cable, the traffic can be switched to a secondary (e.g., back-up) cable that always connects these two points of the network by using a route (path) different from the first one. This provides an alternate routing between the two points in case the primary optical path is broken or disrupted. In the case of a temperature stimulus110applied by a user, fiber optic cable routing issues may be detected when temperature spots are detected in the same location (e.g., man hole) on both a primary cable and a secondary cable that was supposed to include an alternate route.

The OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may also utilize natural temperature spots when there is a non-permanent local temperature variation on an optical fiber. For example, a buried fiber optic cable that may be regularly flooded with water during bad weather may be identified using this principle in a fiber monitoring mode of the OTDR104.

Anti-Stokes variations may also be used to identify an aerial path from buried paths of a fiber optic cable because of the difference of thermal inertia (e.g., day/night temperature variation). Underground fiber optic cables may be less sensitive to variations of the ambient air temperature than overhead/aerial cables. Thus, the temperature variations of a buried fiber optic cable and therefore the variations of amplitudes of the Anti-Stokes signal may be less than on an aerial cable which may be sensitive to the ambient temperature variation due to weather conditions such as sunshine or day/night temperature variations. Measuring then comparing the Anti-Stokes traces acquired at different times may be used to differentiate aerial sections of a fiber optic link from the buried ones.

Concerning buried fiber optic cables, if a user is able to generate a temperature stimulus on the surface that is strong enough to impact the temperature of an optical fiber inside a buried fiber optic cable, the fiber optic cable may be located, and along with the fiber optic cable, on the surface the position of a possible fiber cut or other issues that generate significant optical loss may also be located. Thus, a temperature stimulus applied before the defect (e.g., OTDR side) may be likely to be detected when it will no longer be detected after the defect.

Performance of the optical fiber identification and localization may depend on a combination of the different elements of the system100(e.g., OTDR hardware and software, OTDR and optical fiber connection device102, temperature application source114, etc.), and also on the fiber optic cable itself and its environment. For example, an increase in a dynamic range of the OTDR may result in a corresponding increase in performance of the system100(e.g., longer distance range, increased spatial resolution, and higher temperature sensitivity).

For the system100, the Rayleigh wavelength bandwidth and the corresponding Raman wavelength bandwidth may be selected according to a wavelength difference based on the Raman frequency shift. In this regard, assuming that temperature is not being measured, a high accuracy of the wavelength difference may not be needed. In addition, the Raman spectrum may be relatively broad and may not require a high wavelength accuracy for the optical filtering. For example,FIG.9illustrates wavelength shift for different Rayleigh wavelengths to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.9, a wavelength shift for different Rayleigh wavelengths900may be based on a single mode fiber frequency shift of approximately 13.2 THz. For example, a single wavelength 1625 nm OTDR may be used with an OTDR and optical fiber connection device102to deal with a Raman wavelength shift of approximately 109 nm (e.g., at902) corresponding to a 1516 nm Anti-Stokes wavelength.

For the system100, the OTDR104may include a single or multiple wavelength OTDR. Moreover, the OTDR104may include a time domain reflectometer, as well as an optical frequency domain reflectometer. For the OTDR104, with respect to a wavelength range, a shorter OTDR wavelength may correspond to a smaller Raman wavelength shift, and higher fiber attenuation900for the Raman signal. These features may also be utilized with an active optical fiber if there is room for both the optical spectrum of the traffic and for the Raman/Rayleigh signals. The trace in dotted line at904may represent the difference between the wavelength of the transmitted light (called Rayleigh wavelength) and the wavelength of Anti-Stokes signals. InFIG.9, the wavelength of the incident signal may also be called the Rayleigh wavelength because the Rayleigh scattering does not show a frequency shift (or wavelength shift) because it is an elastic phenomenon unlike the Raman scattering.

The system100may operate with both in-service or out-of-service optical fibers. For example, the out-of-service optical fiber may represent an optical fiber that does not include any traffic. For the in-service optical fiber, an appropriate wavelength division technique may be utilized. For example, in the case of fiber optic communications, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber using different wavelengths. In the current application, the wavelength division multiplexing may make it possible to cohabit the communication signal and the test signal by choosing bands of different wavelengths. For example, wavelengths lower than 1350 nm (e.g., 1310 nm) may be reserved for optical communication signals while wavelengths higher than 1350 nm may be dedicated to the Raman Anti-Stokes signal measurement system using by example a stimulus at 1550 nm generating an Anti-Stokes signal wavelength at approximately 1450 nm. In this regard, a fiber monitoring system may use a switchable OTDR and optical fiber connection device102for on-demand fiber identification and localization.

The system100may operate with single mode or multimode fiber optic cables using corresponding optical reflectometers. The phenomenon of Raman scattering may be present irrespective of the type of silica-based optical fiber (e.g., monomodal or multimodal). The principle of measuring Anti-Stokes signals may remain the same.

With respect to multifiber applications,FIG.10illustrates a use case that includes movement of a temperature stimulus to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.10, the temperature stimulus110may be moved (e.g., at1000) from fiber to fiber to identify the fiber end1002on which the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102is connected. In this regard, topology of the network1004may include various uncertainties associated with an environment of the optical fibers. Thus, forFIG.10, the received Raman Anti-Stokes signal for the optical fiber1000may be compared to Raman Anti-Stokes signals for other optical fibers of the plurality of optical fibers shown to identify the optical fiber1000.

With respect to multifiber applications,FIG.11illustrates another use case that includes movement of the OTDR and optical fiber connection device to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.11, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may be moved from optical fiber end to optical fiber end (e.g., at1100) to identify the optical fiber1102on which the temperature stimulus110is applied. In this case, the OTDR and optical fiber connection device102may be connected to the optical fiber ends through an optical switch to sequentially test all the optical fibers in an automated mode. The topology of the network1104may similarly include various uncertainties associated with an environment of the optical fibers.

The temperature application source114may need to be spatially selective to avoid temperature side effects on neighboring optical fibers. For example, irrespective of whether the technology for the temperature application source114utilizes gas means, liquid means, solid means, etc., a higher precision temperature spot may result in increased performance of the system100.

FIG.12illustrates utilization of a thermoelectric Peltier cell to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.FIG.13illustrates optical fiber temperature distribution based on the utilization of the thermoelectric Peltier cell to illustrate operation of the system100in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

With respect toFIG.12, the temperature stimulus110may alternatively include a complex signature to improve the detection capability. For example, the signature of the temperature stimulus110may show a time-dependent amplitude or distance dependent signature. For example, as shown inFIG.12, a thermoelectric Peltier cell may be used to create one central temperature spot and two others on both sides of the central spot. In this regard, the temperature application source114may use a Peltier cell to generate a differential temperature along the optical fiber108. The optical fiber may pass alternatively close to hot side1200and then to the cold side1202creating two temperature peaks (e.g., at1300and1302ofFIG.13) on both sides of a central peak (e.g.,1304ofFIG.13) that shows a temperature difference. ForFIGS.12and13, the loop1204may be made on a single optical fiber between points1206and1208. This thermoelectric system may be also used by passing two different optical fibers that may be readily differentiated based on being subjected to a temperature stimulus of opposite directions.

FIG.14illustrate a flowchart of a method1400for optical fiber identification and distance measurement, according to examples. The method1400may be implemented on the system100described above with reference toFIGS.1and3-13by way of example and not limitation. The method1400may be practiced in other systems.

Referring toFIGS.1and2-14, and particularlyFIG.14, at block1402, the method1400may include controlling, in one direction, passage of an optical reflectometer signal to an optical fiber108.

At block1404, the method1400may include controlling in another direction, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal.

At block1406, the method1400may include controlling, in the another direction, passage of a Raman signal from the optical fiber108.

At block1408, the method1400may include identifying, based on the received Raman signal and a temperature stimulus110applied to the optical fiber108, the optical fiber108from a plurality of optical fibers (e.g., seeFIGS.1, and3-13).

According to examples disclosed herein, the method may include identifying, based on the received Raman signal and the temperature stimulus110applied to the optical fiber108, a location of the temperature stimulus110applied to the optical fiber (e.g., seeFIG.1, OTDR display116that shows a location of the temperature stimulus110at 3.659 km).

According to examples disclosed herein, the method may include determining, based on the received Raman signal and the temperature stimulus110applied to the optical fiber110, a distance from one end of the optical fiber110to a location of application of the temperature stimulus (e.g., seeFIG.1, OTDR display116that shows a distance of 3.659 km).

According to examples disclosed herein, controlling, in one direction, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in another direction, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling, in the another direction, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber may include controlling in the one direction, by a Rayleigh wavelength pass filter506, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in the another direction, by a Raman wavelength pass filter508, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling in the another direction, by the Raman wavelength pass filter508, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber.

According to examples disclosed herein, controlling, in one direction, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in another direction, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling, in the another direction, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber may include controlling in the one direction, by an optical circulator702, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in the another direction, by the optical circulator702, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling in the another direction, by a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupling device706, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber.

According to examples disclosed herein, controlling, in one direction, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in another direction, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling, in the another direction, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber may include controlling in the one direction, by an optical circulator802, passage of the optical reflectometer signal to the optical fiber, controlling in the another direction, by another optical circulator804, passage of Rayleigh backscattering from the optical reflectometer signal, and controlling in the another direction, by an optical filter808, passage of the Raman signal from the optical fiber.

According to examples disclosed herein with respect toFIG.10, identifying, based on the received Raman signal and the temperature stimulus applied to the optical fiber, the optical fiber from a plurality of optical fibers may further include applying the temperature stimulus110to different optical fibers of the plurality of optical fibers, and identifying, based on the application of the temperature stimulus110to different optical fibers of the plurality of optical fibers, the optical fiber from the plurality of optical fibers.

FIG.15shows a computer system1500that may be used with the examples described herein. The computer system may represent a platform that includes components that may be in a server or another computer system. The computer system1500may be used as part of a platform for controllers of the system100(generally designated controller inFIG.15). The computer system1500may execute, by a processor (e.g., a single or multiple processors) or other hardware processing circuit, the methods, functions and other processes described herein. These methods, functions and other processes may be embodied as machine readable instructions stored on a computer readable medium, which may be non-transitory, such as hardware storage devices (e.g., RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory), EPROM (erasable, programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM), hard drives, and flash memory).

The computer system1500may include a processor1502that may implement or execute machine readable instructions performing some or all of the methods, functions and other processes described herein. Commands and data from the processor1502may be communicated over a communication bus1504. The computer system may also include a main memory1506, such as a random access memory (RAM), where the machine readable instructions and data for the processor1502may reside during runtime, and a secondary data storage1508, which may be non-volatile and stores machine readable instructions and data. The memory and data storage are examples of computer readable mediums. The main memory1506may include the controller (e.g., for the system100) including machine readable instructions residing in the main memory1506during runtime and executed by the processor1502.

The computer system1500may include an input/output (I/O) device1510, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a display, etc. The computer system may include a network interface1512for connecting to a network. Other known electronic components may be added or substituted in the computer system.

The processor1502may be designated as a hardware processor. The processor1502may execute operations associated with various components of the system100. For example, the processor1502may execute operations associated with the controller (e.g., for the system100), etc.

What has been described and illustrated herein is an example along with some of its variations. The terms, descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the subject matter, which is intended to be defined by the following claims—and their equivalents—in which all terms are meant in their broadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated.