Patent ID: 12248062

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, a method for material detection and identification includes accessing a material database associating each of a plurality of materials with a resonance frequency and one or more transmission parameters. The method also includes, for each material of at least a subset of the plurality of materials in the material database: transmitting into an environment an RF signal the resonance frequency for the material using the one or more transmission parameters; receiving a response signal from the environment; analyzing the response signal for resonance characteristics that indicate a presence of the material; and identifying the material to a user if the presence of the material is indicated by the resonance characteristics.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include pulse sequence parameters.

In some embodiments, the pulse sequence parameters include one or more of a pulse duration, a pulse interval, and a pulse count.

In some embodiments, analyzing the response signal includes determining if the response signal is received between each pulse sequence.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include one or more of a power level and an amplitude.

In some embodiments, transmitting includes transmitting into the environment the RF signal the resonance frequency at varying power levels and/or amplitudes.

In some embodiments, the material database includes one or more pre-calibrated response curves relating transmitted power levels to received response signal strengths for known quantities and/or distances of the materials, wherein analyzing includes determining a quantity and/or distance of the material based on the one or more pre-calibrated response curves.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include a frequency range for the material, wherein the resonance frequency is contained within the frequency range, and wherein transmitting includes transmitting into the environment a plurality of RF signals within the frequency range for the material.

In some embodiments, the resonance frequency is centered within the frequency range.

In some embodiments, the material is a controlled substance.

According to another aspect, a system for material detection and identification includes an interface configured to access a material database associating each of a plurality of materials with a resonance frequency and one or more transmission parameters. The system also includes an RF transmitter configured to, for each material of at least a subset of the plurality of materials in the material database transmit into an environment an RF signal the resonance frequency for the material using the one or more transmission parameters. The system further includes an RF receiver configured to receive a response signal from the environment. Additionally, the system includes a processor configured to analyze the response signal for resonance characteristics that indicate a presence of the material and identify the material to a user if the presence of the material is indicated by the resonance characteristics.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include pulse sequence parameters.

In some embodiments, the pulse sequence parameters include one or more of a pulse duration, a pulse interval, and a pulse count.

In some embodiments, analyzing the response signal includes determining if the response signal is received between each pulse sequence.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include one or more of a power level and an amplitude.

In some embodiments, transmitting includes transmitting into the environment the RF signal the resonance frequency at varying power levels and/or amplitudes.

In some embodiments, the material database includes one or more pre-calibrated response curves relating transmitted power levels to received response signal strengths for known quantities and/or distances of the materials, wherein analyzing includes determining a quantity and/or distance of the material based on the one or more pre-calibrated response curves.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission parameters include a frequency range for the material, wherein the resonance frequency is contained within the frequency range, and wherein transmitting includes transmitting into the environment a plurality of RF signals within the frequency range for the material.

In some embodiments, the resonance frequency is centered within the frequency range.

In some embodiments, the material is a controlled substance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures, and in which example embodiments are shown. Embodiments of the claims may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. The examples set forth herein are non-limiting examples and are merely examples among other possible examples.

FIG.1illustrates an enhanced material detection system and method of frequency sweep analysis of controlled substances via digital signal processing. This system may include an RF detection device102, which may be a specialized system designed to detect and identify specific materials based on their unique resonance frequencies when exposed to electromagnetic signals. The RF detection device102incorporates an RF detection system similar to that disclosed in patent U.S. Ser. No. 11/493,494B2, employing RF signals for the detection and identification of materials based on their resonance characteristics. The RF detection device102may operate by transmitting RF signals into the environment and analyzing the received signals for resonance characteristics that indicate the presence of a target material. The RF detection device102may be designed to detect a target material based on its resonance properties with specific RF frequencies. It utilizes the principle that materials resonate at particular frequencies when exposed to external RF signals, allowing for their identification and potential quantification. The RF detection device102may include a transmitter unit106, a receiver unit124, a control panel146, a transmitter antenna120, a receiver antenna126, a directional shield142, and a power supply144. Upon activation, the control panel146initializes the system, powering up the transmitter unit106, the receiver unit124, and associated electronics. The control panel146may instruct the transmitter unit106to generate RF signals at specified frequencies, such as 180 Hz, 1800 Hz, etc., and amplitudes, such as 320V, 160V, etc., known to resonate with a target material. The transmitter unit106emits these RF signals through the transmit antenna120into the testing environment. The receiver unit124captures the RF signals using the receive antenna126. It then processes the received signals to identify resonance frequencies that indicate the presence of the target material.

Further, embodiments may include a support frame104, which may be a structural component designed to provide stability and support to various subsystems and components of the RF detection device102. The support frame104may provide proper alignment and positioning of the components, such as the transmitter unit106, the receiver unit124, antennas120126, and control panel146. The support frame104may provide mounting points and secure attachment locations for subsystems such as the transmitter unit106, the receiver unit124, antennas120126, and control panel146. By maintaining precise alignment and stability, the support frame104may minimize vibrations and unwanted movements that could interfere with the accuracy of RF signal transmission and reception. In some embodiments, the support frame104may be constructed from durable materials such as metal alloys or rigid polymers.

Further, embodiments may include a transmitter unit106, which may include an electronic circuit108, powered by a battery, such as a 12-volt, 1.2 amp battery, with a regulated output of nine volts. The circuit108may use a 555 timer as a tunable oscillator to generate a pulse rate. The output of the oscillator is fed in parallel to an NPN transistor112and a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR)114. The transistor may be used as a common emitter amplifier stage driving a transformer116. The transformer116may be used to step up the voltage as needed. The balanced output of the transformer116feeds a bridge rectifier118. The rectified direct current flows through a 100 K, three-watt resistor to terminal B of the transmitter antenna120. A plurality of resistors and capacitors may fill in the circuit108. In some embodiments, the transmitter antenna120may be formed from a coil of about 25 meters of 14-strand wire tightly wound around a one-centimeter PVC core. The transmitter antenna120may be, in one exemplary embodiment, in a 1″×3″ configuration at the bottom end of the support frame104. In some embodiments, the transmitter antenna120may be shielded approximately 315 degrees with the directional shield142, formed from aluminum and copper, leaving a two-inch opening. Terminal A of the transmitter antenna120is switched to ground through the SCR114. The SCR114is “fired” by the output of the555timer. This particular configuration generates a narrow pulsed waveform to the transmitter antenna120at a pulse rate as set by the555timer. Power is delivered through the 3 W resistor. Frequencies down to 4 Hz are achieved by an RC network containing a 100 K pot, a switch, and one of two capacitive paths. The circuit108may provide simple RC-controlled timing and deliver pulses to the primary of a step-up transformer116, the output of which is full-wave rectified and fed to the transmitter antenna120. The pulse rate is adjustable from the low-Hz range to the low-kHz range. The sharp pulses at low repetition frequencies yield a wide spectrum of closely spaced lines. The pulse rate is adjusted depending on the material to be detected. In some embodiments, one or more portions of the transmitter unit106may be implemented in an analog circuit configuration, a digital circuit configuration, or some combination thereof. In one example, the analog configuration may include one or more analog circuit components, such as, but not limited to, operational amplifiers, op-amps, resistors, inductors, and capacitors. In another example, the digital configuration may include one or more digital circuit components, such as, but not limited to, microprocessors, logic gates, and transistor-based switches. In some instances, a given logic gate may include one or more electronically controlled switches, such as transistors, and the output of a first logic gate may control one or more logic gates disposed “downstream” from the first logic gate.

Further, embodiments may include a circuit108, which may be an assembly of electronic components that generate, modulate, and transmit radio frequency, RF, signals. The circuit108may include oscillators, amplifiers, modulators, and other components that work together to produce a specific RF signal, which can then be transmitted through the transmitter antenna120. The circuit108may include an oscillator, which generates a stable RF signal at a specified frequency. This frequency is selected based on the resonance characteristics of the target material. For example, the system may operate at 180 Hz or 1800 Hz, depending on the specific requirements of the detection task. Once generated, the RF signal is fed into an amplifier. The amplifier boosts the signal strength to a level suitable for transmission over the required distance. This ensures that the signal can propagate through various media and reach the receiver unit effectively. Modulation circuits are used to encode information into the RF signal. This may involve varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the signal to carry specific data related to the detection process. Modulation ensures that the transmitted signal can be uniquely identified and distinguished from other signals in the environment. The circuit108may include power control components that regulate the voltage and current supplied to the oscillator and amplifier. This ensures consistent signal output and helps in managing the power consumption of the device. In some embodiments, the transmitter may operate at voltages such as 160V and 320V, with adjustments made to optimize detection performance. The amplified and modulated RF signal is then routed to the transmitter antenna120. The transmitter antenna120converts the electrical signal into an electromagnetic wave that can propagate through the air or other media. In some embodiments, the circuit108may be integrated with the device's control systems, allowing for automated adjustments based on pre-set parameters or operator inputs.

Further, embodiments may include a tunable oscillator110, which may be a type of electronic component that generates a periodic waveform with a frequency that can be adjusted or tuned over a specific range. The tunable oscillator110within the transmitter unit106may be utilized to generate the RF signal that will be transmitted by the RF detection device102. The tunable oscillator110in the transmitter unit106may be employed to produce an RF signal whose frequency can be precisely controlled. By adjusting the control inputs, the frequency of the output signal can be varied, allowing the system to adapt to different detection requirements and environmental conditions. This tuning mechanism may ensure that the oscillator produces a signal at the correct frequency needed for effective resonance with the target materials. By tuning the oscillator to specific frequencies, the system may detect various substances based on their unique resonant properties. The tunable oscillator110may work in conjunction with the control panel146, which sends control signals to adjust the oscillator's frequency as needed. The tunable oscillator110may act as the core signal generation component in the transmitter unit106. When the control panel146determines the required frequency for detection, it sends control signals to the tunable oscillator110. The oscillator then adjusts its frequency accordingly, generating an RF signal that matches the desired parameters. The tunable oscillator110may be connected to other components within the transmitter unit106, such as the SCR114and the transformer116. The SCR114manages the power supply to the oscillator, ensuring it receives the correct voltage. The transformer116steps up the voltage to the appropriate level required by the oscillator.

Further, embodiments may include an NPN transistor112, which may be a type of bipolar junction transistor, BJT, that consists of three layers of semiconductor material: a layer of p-type material, the base layer, sandwiched between two layers of n-type material, the emitter and the collector. When a small current flows into the base, it allows a larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter, effectively acting as a current amplifier or switch in electronic circuits. The NPN transistor112in the transmitter unit106amplifies the RF signal generated by the oscillator. The NPN transistor112may operate in its active region, where a small input current applied to the base controls a larger current flowing from the collector to the emitter. This amplification process ensures that the RF signal reaches a sufficient power level for effective transmission. In some embodiments, the NPN transistor112may also function as a switch, controlling the flow of current within the circuit108. When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased, a small voltage is applied, and the NPN transistor112allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter. This switching action is used to modulate the RF signal, encoding information onto the carrier wave as required for the detection process. Proper biasing of the NPN transistor112is beneficial for stable operation. In some embodiments, resistors may be used to establish the correct biasing conditions to ensure that the NPN transistor112operates in its linear region for amplification or in saturation/cutoff regions for switching. The biasing circuit ensures that the NPN transistor112responds predictably to input signals, maintaining signal integrity. In some embodiments, the NPN transistor112may be involved in modulating the RF signal. By varying the input current to the base, the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the RF signal can be modulated. This modulation is critical for encoding the detection data onto the transmitted signal, allowing for accurate chemical identification and analysis. In some embodiments, the NPN transistor112may be integrated into the broader transmitter circuit108, working in conjunction with other components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors. This integration ensures that the NPN transistor's112amplification and switching actions are synchronized with the overall signal generation and transmission process. The circuit108design may leverage the NPN transistor's112properties to achieve the desired RF output characteristics.

Further, embodiments may include an SCR114, or silicon-controlled rectifier, which may be a type of semiconductor device that functions as a switch and rectifier, allowing current to flow only when a control voltage is applied to its gate terminal. The silicon-controlled rectifier, SCR,114is utilized within the transmitter unit106to manage and control the power delivery to the RF signal generation components. The SCR114in the transmitter unit106may be employed to control the flow of power to the RF oscillator circuit. By applying a gate signal to the SCR114, it switches from a non-conductive state to a conductive state, allowing current to pass through and power the oscillator. This control mechanism ensures that the oscillator only receives power when required, thereby conserving energy and preventing unnecessary power dissipation. The SCR114may act as a switching element in the transmitter unit106. When the control panel146determines that the RF signal needs to be generated, a gate voltage is applied to the SCR114. This triggers the SCR114to conduct, completing the circuit and enabling current to flow to the RF oscillator. The SCR114may ensure that sufficient current is supplied to the oscillator to produce a strong RF signal without being damaged by the high power levels. The gate terminal of the SCR114may be connected to the control panel146, which manages the timing and application of the gate signal. This integration ensures that the SCR114is activated precisely when the RF signal needs to be transmitted, in sync with the overall operation of the detection system. The control panel146sends the appropriate signal to the SCR114, ensuring accurate timing and efficient power usage. The SCR114may also serve as a protective component in the transmitter unit106. By controlling the power flow, it prevents overloading and potential damage to the RF oscillator and other sensitive components. If the system detects any abnormal conditions, the control panel146can withhold the gate signal, keeping the SCR114in a non-conductive state and thereby cutting off power to protect the circuit.

Further, embodiments may include a transformer116, which is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. The transformer116is utilized within the transmitter unit106to manage and control the voltage levels required for the RF signal generation and transmission. The transformer116in transmitter unit106may be employed to step up or down the voltage as needed to ensure the proper operation of the RF oscillator circuit. By adjusting the voltage levels, the transformer116ensures that the components within the transmitter unit receive the appropriate voltage for efficient functioning. The transformer116may act as a voltage regulation element in the transmitter unit106. When the control panel146determines that the RF signal needs to be generated, the transformer116adjusts the input voltage to the desired level. This adjustment involves converting the primary winding voltage to a higher or lower voltage in the secondary winding, depending on the requirements of the RF oscillator. The transformer ensures that the oscillator receives a stable and appropriate voltage, which is critical for producing a consistent and strong RF signal. The primary winding of transformer116may be connected to the power supply144, while the secondary winding is connected to the RF oscillator circuit. This integration ensures that transformer116can effectively manage the voltage levels needed for RF signal generation. The control panel146monitors and regulates the input voltage to the transformer116, ensuring accurate and efficient voltage conversion and delivery to the RF oscillator.

Further, embodiments may include a bridge rectifier118, which is an electrical device designed to convert alternating current, AC, to direct current, DC, using a combination of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration. The bridge rectifier118is utilized within the transmitter unit106to ensure that the RF signal generation components receive a steady and reliable DC power supply. The bridge rectifier118in the transmitter unit106may be employed to convert the incoming AC voltage from the power supply into a DC voltage. By using all portions of the AC waveform, the bridge rectifier118provides full-wave rectification, resulting in a more efficient conversion process and producing a smoother and more stable DC output. The bridge rectifier118may act as a power conversion element in the transmitter unit106. When the control panel146determines that the RF signal needs to be generated, the AC voltage supplied to the transmitter unit is passed through the bridge rectifier118. The rectifier converts the AC voltage into a DC voltage by directing the positive and negative halves of the AC waveform through the appropriate diodes. This process results in a continuous DC voltage output that is used to power the RF oscillator and other critical components. The input terminals of the bridge rectifier118may be connected to the AC power supply, while the output terminals provide the rectified DC voltage to the RF oscillator circuit. This integration ensures that the bridge rectifier118can effectively convert and deliver the required DC power for RF signal generation. The control panel146monitors the output of the bridge rectifier, ensuring that the DC voltage is stable and within the desired range for optimal performance.

Further, embodiments may include a transmitter antenna120, which may be a device that radiates radio frequency, RF, signals generated by the transmitter unit106towards a target material. The transmitter antenna120may be designed to efficiently transmit the generated RF signals into the surrounding environment and ensure the signals reach the intended target with minimal loss. The transmitter antenna120may be responsible for the emission of RF signals for detecting materials at a distance. In some embodiments, the transmitter antenna120may operate within a specific frequency range suitable for detecting the atomic structures and characteristics of the target materials. The frequency range may be determined by the system's requirements and the properties of the materials being detected. In some embodiments, the gain of the transmitter antenna120may be a measure of its ability to direct the RF energy toward the target. Higher gain transmitter antenna120focus the energy more effectively, resulting in stronger signal transmission over longer distances. The transmitter antenna120gain may be optimized for the operational frequency range. In some embodiments, the radiation pattern of the transmitter antenna120describes the distribution of radiated energy in space. For effective material detection, the transmitter antenna120may have a directional radiation pattern, concentrating the RF energy in a specific direction to enhance detection accuracy. In some embodiments, impedance matching between the transmitter antenna120and the transmitter unit106may maximize power transfer and minimize signal reflection. Proper impedance matching may ensure efficient operation and reduce losses in the transmission path. In some embodiments, the physical design of the transmitter antenna120may include configurations such as dipole, patch, or horn antennas, depending on factors such as frequency range, gain, and environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the transmitter antenna120may be integrated with the transmitter unit106and other system components through connectors and mounting structures to ensure stable and reliable operation, with considerations for minimizing interference and signal loss.

Further, embodiments may include a battery122, which may be a type of energy storage device that provides a stable and portable power source for the transmitter unit106. The battery122within the transmitter unit106may be utilized to supply the electrical energy to the various components involved in generating and transmitting the RF signal. The battery122may be designed to store electrical energy and supply it to the respective components as required. The battery122may be rechargeable or replaceable cells capable of providing DC voltage. They are selected based on factors such as voltage output and capacity, which may be measured in ampere-hours, Ah, and size to meet the power requirements of each component effectively. In the transmitter unit106, battery122may serve as a portable power source, enabling the generation and transmission of RF signals without requiring a direct connection to an external power supply. The battery122powers components such as the oscillator circuit108, SCR114, and transformer116, ensuring continuous operation in various environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the battery122used may include lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, or other types suitable for portable electronic devices.

Further, embodiments may include a receiver unit124, which may include the electronic circuit128. Voltage from the receiver antenna126passes through a 10 K gain pot to an NPN transistor130used as a common emitter. The output is capacitively coupled to a PNP Darlington transistor132. A plurality of resistors and capacitors fills in the circuit128. The output is fed through an RPN134to a 555 timer that is used as a voltage-controlled oscillator. A received signal of a given amplitude generates an audible tone at a given frequency. In some embodiments, the output is fed to a tone generator, such as a speaker, via a standard386audio amp. Sounds can be categorized as “grunts,” “whines,” and a particular form of whine with a higher harmonic notably present. In some embodiments, another indicator of a received signal is used, such as light, vibration, digital display, or analog display, in alternative to or in combination with the sound signal. A battery may be used to power the receiver circuit128. The receiver circuit128may utilize a coherent, direct-conversion mixer, homodyne, with RF gain, yielding a baseband signal centered about DC. After a baseband gain stage, the baseband signal is fed to another timing circuit that functions as a voltage-controlled audio-frequency oscillator. The output of this oscillator is amplified and fed to a speaker. In some embodiments, one or more portions of the receiver unit124may be implemented in an analog circuit configuration, a digital circuit configuration, or some combination thereof. In one example, the analog configuration may include one or more analog circuit components, such as, but not limited to, operational amplifiers, op-amps, resistors, inductors, and capacitors. In another example, the digital configuration may include one or more digital circuit components, such as, but not limited to, microprocessors, logic gates, and transistor-based switches. In some instances, a given logic gate may include one or more electronically controlled switches, such as transistors, and the output of a first logic gate may control one or more logic gates disposed “downstream” from the first logic gate.

Further, embodiments may include a receiver antenna126, which may be a device that captures the radio frequency, RF, signals reflected from a target material. The receiver antenna126may be designed to efficiently receive the reflected RF signals and transmit them to the receiver unit124for further processing and analysis. The receiver antenna126may be responsible for capturing the RF signals that have interacted with the target material. In some embodiments, the receiver antenna126may be designed to operate within the same frequency range as the transmitter antenna120to ensure compatibility and optimal performance for detecting the atomic structures and characteristics of the target materials. In some embodiments, the sensitivity may be a measurement of the receiver antenna's126ability to detect weak signals. A highly sensitive receiver antenna126may detect low-power reflected signals, enhancing the system's detection capabilities. In some embodiments, the noise figure of the receiver antenna126may indicate the level of noise it introduces into the received signal. A lower noise figure may be desirable as it ensures that the captured signals are as clean and strong as possible for accurate processing. In some embodiments, proper impedance matching between the receiver antenna126and the receiver unit124may minimize signal response and maximize the power transfer from the receiver antenna126to the processing unit to ensure efficient and accurate signal reception. In some embodiments, the directional properties of the receiver antenna126may determine its ability to capture signals from specific directions to distinguish signals reflected from the target material versus other sources of interference. In some embodiments, the gain of the receiver antenna126may enhance its ability to receive signals from distant targets. The higher gain transmitter antenna120can improve the system's ability to detect materials at greater distances. In some embodiments, the physical design of the receiver antenna126may include various configurations such as dipole, patch, or parabolic receiver antenna126and may be based on factors such as frequency range, gain, and specific detection requirements. In some embodiments, the receiver antenna126may be integrated with the receiver unit124and other system components through connectors and mounting structures to ensure stable and reliable operation, with considerations for minimizing interference and signal loss. In some embodiments, the receiver antenna126and the transmitter antenna120may be a single antenna used by the RF detection device102.

Further, embodiments may include a circuit128within the receiver unit124, which may be an assembly of electrical components designed to process the received RF signal. The circuit128may accurately interpret the RF signals reflected or emitted from the target substances and convert them into data that can be analyzed by the RF detection device102. The circuit128in the receiver unit124may be employed to handle signal amplification, filtering, demodulation, and signal processing. When an RF signal is received via the receiver antenna126, it is typically weak and may contain noise or interference. The first stage of the circuit128may involve an amplifier that boosts the signal strength to a level suitable for further processing. This amplification ensures that even weak signals can be analyzed effectively. Next, the circuit128may include filtering components that serve to remove unwanted frequencies and noise from the received signal. Filters ensure that only the relevant frequency components of the RF signal are passed through, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and improving the clarity of the data. The circuit128may also incorporate a demodulator, which extracts the original information-bearing signal from the modulated RF carrier wave. This step interprets the data encoded in the RF signal, allowing the system to identify specific characteristics or signatures of the target substances. In some embodiments, the circuit128may include various signal processing components, such as analog-to-digital converters and ADCs, which convert the analog RF signal into digital data. This digital data may then be processed by the control panel146or other computational units within the system for detailed analysis. The signal processing may involve algorithms to detect specific patterns, frequencies, or anomalies that indicate the presence of target materials. The components within the circuit128interact seamlessly to ensure accurate and efficient signal processing. For example, the amplified signal from the amplifier is passed to the filter, which cleans up the signal before it reaches the demodulator. The demodulated signal is then digitized by the ADC and sent to the control panel146for analysis.

Further, embodiments may include an NPN transistor130, which may be a three-terminal semiconductor device used for amplification and switching of electrical signals. The NPN transistor130may consist of three layers of semiconductor material: a thin middle layer, or base, between two heavily doped layers, or emitter and collector. The NPN transistor operates by controlling the flow of current from the collector to the emitter, regulated by the voltage applied to the base terminal. The NPN transistor130integrated into the receiver unit124may be designed to process incoming RF signals and may operate in a configuration where the base-emitter junction is forward-biased by a small control voltage provided by the preceding stages of the circuit. The collector of the NPN transistor130may be connected to the circuit's supply voltage through a load resistor. When a small current flows into the base terminal, it allows a larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter. This amplification process increases the strength of the received signal, enabling subsequent stages of the circuit to process it more effectively. In the receiver unit124, the NPN transistor130may be employed within amplifier stages where signal gain is beneficial. By controlling the base current, the circuit can modulate the transistor's conductivity and thereby regulate the amplification factor. This capability enhances weak RF signals received by the receiver antenna126and prepares them for further processing. In some embodiments, the NPN transistor130may be utilized in conjunction with capacitors and resistors to form amplifier circuits tailored to the specific requirements of the RF detection device102. Capacitors may be used to couple AC signals while blocking DC components, ensuring that only the RF signal is amplified. Resistors set the biasing and operating points of the transistor, optimizing its performance within the circuit.

Further, embodiments may include a PNP Darlington transistor132, which may be a semiconductor device consisting of two PNP transistors connected in a configuration that provides high current gain. The PNP Darlington transistor132integrates two stages of amplification in a single package, where the output of the first transistor acts as the input to the second, significantly boosting the overall gain of the circuit. The PNP Darlington transistor132amplifies weak RF signals received by the receiver antenna126. The incoming RF signal is fed into the base of the first PNP transistor within the Darlington pair. The PNP Darlington transistor132, due to its high current gain, allows a much larger current to flow from its collector to the emitter compared to the base current. The output from the collector of the first transistor serves as the input to the base of the second PNP transistor in the Darlington pair. The second PNP transistor further amplifies the signal received from the first stage, again with significant current gain.

Further, embodiments may include an RPN134or resistor potentiometer network, which may be an electrical circuit composed of resistors and potentiometers interconnected in a specific configuration to achieve desired electrical characteristics, such as voltage division, signal attenuation, or adjustment of resistance values. Potentiometers, also known as variable resistors, allow for manual adjustment of resistance within the circuit, while resistors set fixed values to control current flow and voltage levels. The RPN134in the receiver unit124may be configured to adjust signal levels received from the receiver antenna126and prepare them for further processing. This network consists of resistors and potentiometers connected to achieve precise voltage division and attenuation. By adjusting the potentiometers, operators can fine-tune the signal strength and impedance matching, optimizing signal quality for subsequent stages of signal processing. The RPN134ensures that incoming RF signals from the receiver antenna126are properly attenuated and scaled to match the input requirements of downstream electronics. This calibration process maintains signal integrity and fidelity throughout the reception and decoding process. In some embodiments, the potentiometers within the RPN134may allow for manual adjustment of signal parameters such as amplitude and impedance, enabling operators to optimize signal reception based on environmental conditions and operational requirements.

Further, embodiments may include a tone generator136, which may be a type of electronic device that produces audio signals or tones to alert the user of specific conditions. The tone generator136within the receiver unit124is utilized to generate audible alerts when the detection system identifies the presence of target materials. The tone generator136in the receiver unit124may be employed to create specific tones that serve as audible indicators for the user. By generating these tones, the tone generator136provides immediate feedback to the operator, signaling the detection of target materials in real-time. The tone generator136may ensure that the operator is promptly informed of detections without needing to constantly monitor visual displays. The tone generator136produces distinct sounds that correspond to different detection events, making it easier for the operator to understand the system's status and respond accordingly. The tone generator136may act as a critical alerting component within the receiver unit124. When the control panel146determines that the RF signal corresponds to a detected target material, it sends a signal to the tone generator136. This triggers the tone generator136to produce a sound, alerting the operator to the detection event.

Further, embodiments may include an audio amplifier138, which may be a type of electronic device designed to increase the amplitude of audio signals. The audio amplifier138within the receiver unit124may be utilized to boost the audio signals generated by the tone generator136, ensuring that the output sound is sufficiently loud and clear for the operator to hear. The audio amplifier138in the receiver unit124may be employed to enhance the volume and clarity of the audio tones produced by the tone generator136. By amplifying these audio signals, the audio amplifier138ensures that the operator receives audible alerts even in noisy environments, thus improving the overall effectiveness of the detection system. The audio amplifier138may act as an intermediary component between the tone generator136and the output device, such as a speaker. When the tone generator136produces an audio signal, this signal is sent to the audio amplifier138. The amplifier then boosts the signal's power, making it strong enough to drive the speaker and produce an audible sound. The audio amplifier138is connected to other components within the receiver unit124, including the tone generator136and the speaker. It receives the low-power audio signals from the tone generator136and amplifies them to a level suitable for driving the speaker.

Further, embodiments may include a battery140, which may be a type of energy storage device that provides a stable and portable power source for the receiver unit124. The battery140within the receiver unit124may be utilized to supply the electrical energy to the various components involved in generating and transmitting the RF signal. The battery140may be designed to store electrical energy and supply it to the respective components as required. The battery140may be rechargeable or replaceable cells capable of providing DC voltage. They are selected based on factors such as voltage output and capacity, which may be measured in ampere-hours, Ah, and size to meet the power requirements of each component effectively. In the receiver unit124, batteries provide the electrical energy to receive and process RF signals detected by the receiver antenna126. The battery140may power components such as amplifiers, filters, and signal processing circuitry, enabling the device to analyze incoming RF signals and extract relevant information. In some embodiments, the battery140used may include lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, or other types suitable for portable electronic devices.

Further, embodiments may include a directional shield142, which may be a physical barrier or enclosure designed to direct or block electromagnetic radiation in a specific direction. The directional shield142may be constructed from conductive materials such as metal to attenuate or reflect RF signals, thereby controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The directional shield142may be positioned around the RF oscillator and antenna120126components and may act as a physical barrier that prevents RF signals from propagating in undesired directions, thereby enhancing the precision and accuracy of signal transmission and reception. During operation, when the transmitter unit106generates an RF signal, the directional shield142helps to focus and channel this signal towards the intended detection area. By reducing signal dispersion and reflection, the directional shield142improves the efficiency of signal transmission and enhances the system's overall sensitivity to detecting RF reflections from underground objects or materials.

Further, embodiments may include a power supply144, such as batteries serving as the power source for specific components within the RF detection device102, including the control panel146. These batteries are designed to store electrical energy and supply it to the respective components as required. The batteries in the control panel146may be rechargeable or replaceable cells capable of providing DC voltage. They are selected based on factors such as voltage output and capacity, which may be measured in ampere-hours, Ah, and size to meet the power requirements of each component effectively. In some embodiments, the control panel146relies on batteries to maintain functionality for user interface operations, data processing, and communication with other parts of the RF detection device102. The batteries in the control panel146ensure that they remain operational during field use, supporting tasks such as signal monitoring, parameter adjustment, and data transmission. In some embodiments, the batteries used in these components may include lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, or other types suitable for portable electronic devices. They are integrated into the design to provide sufficient power capacity and longevity, allowing the RF detection device102to operate autonomously for extended periods between recharges or battery replacements.

Further, embodiments may include a control panel146, which may be a centralized interface comprising electronic controls and displays. The control panel146may serve as the user-accessible interface for configuring, monitoring, and managing the RF detection device's102operational parameters and data output. In some embodiments, the control panel146may be designed to provide operators with intuitive access to control and monitor various aspects of the RF detection device102. The control panel146may allow for the configuration of settings such as signal frequency, transmission power, receiver sensitivity, and signal processing algorithms. In some embodiments, operators may use the control panel146to initiate and terminate detection operations, adjust calibration settings, and troubleshoot operational issues. In some embodiments, the control panel146may include a graphical display screen or LED indicators to present real-time status information and measurement results. In some embodiments, input controls such as buttons, knobs, or touch-sensitive panels may enable operators to interact with the device, input commands, and navigate through menu options. The control panel146may interface directly with the internal electronics of the RF detection device102, including the transmitter unit106, receiver unit124, antennas120126, and signal processing circuitry. Through electronic connections and communication protocols, the control panel146may send commands to adjust operational parameters and receive feedback and status updates from the device. In some embodiments, the control panel146may be mounted on the support frame104and may provide an operator with control of the RF detection device102, including adjusting various settings and signaling the operator of a detected material. In some embodiments, a rechargeable battery may power the RF detection device102, including the transmitter unit106, the receiver unit124, and the control panel146. In some embodiments, multiple batteries may be used. In some embodiments, a tone generator, such as a speaker, may be mounted to the support frame104to provide audible signals to the operator for detecting target materials.

Further, embodiments may include a communication interface148, which may be a hardware and software solution that enables data exchange between different systems or components within a network. The communication interface148may act as a bridge, facilitating the transfer of information by converting data into a format that can be transmitted and received by different devices. In some embodiments, the communication interface148may support various protocols and standards, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, and others, depending on the application requirements. For example, an Ethernet interface may be used for wired network connections, providing reliable and high-speed data transfer. In some embodiments, a Wi-Fi interface may enable wireless connectivity, allowing the device to communicate with remote servers, mobile devices, or cloud-based applications without physical cables. In some embodiments, Bluetooth and USB interfaces may also be included for short-range wireless communication and direct data transfer, respectively. The communication interface148may transmit the processed data from the DSP to external systems for further analysis, reporting, or storage. After the DSP processes the signals received from the ADC and extracts meaningful information about the target materials, the control panel146may package this data into suitable formats, such as JSON or XML. The communication interface148may then send this data over the network to a remote server or database, where it can be accessed by operators, analysts, or automated systems for further decision-making. In some embodiments, the communication interface148may provide remote monitoring and control of the RF detection device102. Operators may use a web-based interface or a mobile application to access real-time status updates, view detection logs, and adjust configuration settings. For example, if the RF detection device102needs to be calibrated for a new target material, the configuration updates can be sent remotely through the communication interface, minimizing the need for on-site adjustments. In some embodiments, the communication interface148may support alerting and notification functionalities. When the control panel146detects the presence of hazardous materials, it can use the communication interface148to send immediate alerts to designated personnel via email, SMS, or push notifications.

Further, embodiments may include a memory150, which may include suitable logic, circuitry, and/or interfaces that may be configured to store a machine code and/or a computer program with at least one code section executable by the processor152. Examples of implementation of the memory150may include, but are not limited to, fixed (hard) drives, magnetic tape, floppy diskettes, optical disks, Compact Disc Read-Only Memories (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor memories, such as ROMs, Random Access Memories (RAMs), Programmable Read-Only Memories (PROMs), Erasable PROMs (EPROMs), Electrically Erasable PROMs (EEPROMs), flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, or another type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. In some embodiments, the memory150may store configuration settings, signal patterns, and detection algorithms.

Further, embodiments may include a processor152, which may be responsible for executing instructions from programs and controlling the operation of other hardware components. The processor152may perform basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the programs. The processor152may operate by fetching instructions from memory150, decoding them to determine the required operation, executing the operations, and then storing the results. In some embodiments, the processor152may coordinate the overall system operations, manage communication between subsystems, and handle complex data analysis tasks that complement the real-time signal processing performed by the DSP. For example, when the RF detection device102is powered on, the processor152may initiate a boot-up sequence that includes running diagnostics to check the status of all subsystems, such as the transmitter unit106, the receiver unit124, and control panel146. During this initialization phase, the processor152may ensure that each component receives the correct voltage and current levels required for operation. The processor152may also load predefined detection configurations and communicate with the transmitter unit106and receiver unit124to configure their operating parameters based on the target material. In some embodiments, the processor152may handle user interface tasks, displaying system status indicators and receiving user inputs. The processor152may ensure that the control panel146provides real-time feedback, such as green LED indicators for successful power-up and system readiness. In some embodiments, the processor152may manage data storage and logging, recording detection events and system performance metrics for future analysis.

Further, embodiments may include a base module154, which begins with the system being activated, after which the user inputs the desired target material on the control panel146. The base module154compares the inputted target material to the specific material database164and extracts the relevant RF data. This RF data is sent to the pulse module156, which is then initiated. The base module154then initiates the power module158, the sweep module160, and the investigation module162.

Further, embodiments may include a pulse module156, which may be initiated by the base module154and begins by extracting the first pulse sequence from the pulse database166. It configures and generates the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The pulse module156then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If an RF signal is received, the pulse module processes it through the receiver unit124and stores the processed data in the investigation database172. Whether an RF signal is received or not, the pulse module checks if there are more pulse sequences in the pulse database. If there are, it extracts the next pulse sequence and repeats the process. If there are no more pulse sequences, the pulse module returns control to the base module154.

Further, embodiments may include a power module158, which may be initiated by the base module154and starts by extracting the first power level from the power database168. It configures and generates the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The power module then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If an RF signal is received, it processes the signal through the receiver unit124and compares it to the response reference database170. The processed power response data is then stored in the investigation database172. Whether an RF signal is received or not, the power module checks if there are more power levels in the power database. If there are, it extracts the next power level and repeats the process. If there are no more power levels remaining, the power module returns control to the base module154.

Further, embodiments may include a sweep module160, which may be initiated by the base module154and begins by determining the frequency range for the target material or substance. It selects the first frequency from this range and configures the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The sweep module then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If a signal is received, the data is stored in the investigation database172. Whether a signal is received or not, the sweep module checks if there are more frequencies remaining in the range. If there are, it selects the next frequency and repeats the process. If there are no more frequencies remaining, the sweep module returns control to the base module154.

Further, embodiments may include an investigation module162, which may be initiated by the base module154and begins by extracting data from the investigation database172. It then determines the identified material based on this data and sends the identified material parameters to the control panel146. The investigation module returns control to the base module154.

Further, embodiments may include a specific material database164, which may store and manage detailed information about various target materials. The specific material database164may be used to configure the detection parameters to identify specific materials based on their unique electromagnetic properties. Each entry in the database may be defined by the material's atomic structure, which includes the total number of protons and neutrons. The unique nuclear composition allows each substance to be distinctly identifiable and detectable through its resonant frequency. The specific material database164may contain a unique Material ID, the common name of the material, the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the atomic mass, which is the sum of protons and neutrons. The specific material database164may also contain calculated resonant frequencies based on the atomic characteristics. The resonant frequencies are critical for configuring the transmitter unit of the RF detection device102, which sends out signals at these specific frequencies to induce a resonant response in the target material. For example, the specific material database164may contain an entry for Arsenic (As) with 33 protons and 42 neutrons, resulting in an atomic mass of 75. The resonant frequencies for Arsenic could be 33 Hz, based on the number of protons, 42 Hz, based on the number of neutrons, and 75 Hz, based on the atomic mass. These frequencies may also be increased by orders of magnitude, such as 10× or 100×, to suit different detection environments. In some embodiments, for compounds, the specific material database164calculates a combined frequency based on the sum of the resonant frequencies of the constituent elements. For example, a Formaldehyde molecule, composed of 16 protons and 14 neutrons with a total atomic mass of 30, would have corresponding frequencies of 16 Hz, 14 Hz, and 30 Hz, respectively. Another example may be smokeless gunpowder, specifically nitroglycerin, with the chemical composition CH2NO3CHNO3CH2NO3. The frequency for this compound may be calculated by summing the frequencies based on the atomic numbers of its constituent elements: 6 carbon+1×2 hydrogen+7 nitrogen+8×3 oxygen, repeated thrice, resulting in a total of 116 protons. This is then multiplied by 10 to yield a base frequency of 1160 Hz for detection purposes. In some embodiments, the specific material database164may account for overlapping frequencies among different elements and compounds. To enhance the accuracy of detection, the system may employ multiple methods to calculate and verify the target material's frequency, such as using combinations of proton counts, neutron counts, and atomic masses, which allows the system to distinguish between materials with similar frequencies by leveraging the unique resonant properties of each substance.

Further, embodiments may include a pulse database166, which may be previously created or previously stored database on the RF detection device102that contains a plurality of pulse sequences that transmit the target material frequency in the process described in the pulse module156. The pulse database166may contain a pulse ID, the pulse duration, such as in milliseconds, the pulse interval, the pulse count, etc. In some embodiments, the pulse ID may be a unique identifier for each pulse sequence. In some embodiments, the pulse duration may be the duration of each pulse in milliseconds and may range from very short pulses, such as one millisecond, to continuous or constant signals. In some embodiments, the pulse interval may be the interval between consecutive pulses. In some embodiments, the pulse count may be the number of pulses in a sequence. The pulse database166may be used to determine if a target material is identified by transmitting the frequency of the target material from a very short pulse to a constant signal and determining if a response signal is received by the receiver antenna126between each pulse sequence.

Further, embodiments may include a power database168, which contains various power levels that the signal is transmitted by the RF detection device102through the power module158, and the response signal is then compared to the response reference database170, which may determine the quantity or distance of the target material. The power database168may contain a power level ID, the power, the amplitude, etc. In some embodiments, the power level ID may be a unique identifier for each power level entry. In some embodiments, the power may be the power level of the transmitted signal in watts. In some embodiments, the amplitude may be the amplitude or strength of the transmitted signal corresponding to the power level. The data entries in the power database168may be extracted and transmitted starting from a very low power level to a very high power level through the process described in the power module158. By varying the power levels and determining if the receiver antenna126received a response signal from the target material, the power module158may be able to determine the quantity or distance of the target material from the RF detection device102.

Further, embodiments may include a response reference database170, which may contain pre-calibrated response curves that relate transmitted power levels to received response signal strengths for various known quantities and distances of a target material. The response reference database170may contain the target material, the quantity, the distance, and the response signal at the various power levels in decibels. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may contain a plurality of target materials that have corresponding response curves, as the response signal from each target material may vary. In some embodiments, the quantity may be the known quantity of the target material. In some embodiments, the distance may be the known distance of the target material. In some embodiments, the response signal at various power levels in decibels may be the strength of the signal received at each specified power level. In some embodiments, the known quantity and distance of the target material may be determined by analyzing historical data of the target material. For example, the historical data may include previous transmissions, such as the various power levels, and responses, such as response signal strength in decibels, for uranium that may be used to determine the quantity or distance. If there is 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, the response signal strength may be −80 dB at power level 1, −70 dB at power level 2, −65 dB at power level 3, and −60 dB at power level 4. If there is 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, the response signal strength may be −85 dB at power level 1, −75 dB at power level 2, −70 dB at power level 3, and −65 dB at power level 4. For future analysis, the response reference database170may be used to determine the quantity or distance for the target material, such as sending a transmission signal at power level 4 for uranium and the response signal strength is −65 dB, it may be determined that the 0.5 kg of uranium is 10 meters away or 1 kg of uranium is 20 meters away. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may be used to collect a plurality of response signal strengths, which may be further analyzed to determine the most likely quantity and distance of the target material.

Further, embodiments may include an investigation database170, which may contain processed data from the pulse module156, power module158, and the sweep module160and may be used by the investigation module162to enhance the way in which the target material is detected. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the pulse module156, such as the pulse sequence IDs, received signal strengths from each pulse sequence, processed data, characteristics identified in the signals, etc. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the power module158, such as the target material quantities and distance data entries from the response reference database170that match the response signal strength. For example, the power module158may store the data entry from the response reference database170of 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, etc. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the sweep module160, such as the transmitted frequency and the response signal that was received by the receiver unit124via the receiver antenna126. In some embodiments, the pulse module156data may capture the raw and processed signal data for each pulse sequence, allowing for detailed analysis of signal characteristics and identification of target materials, and the presence or absence of a response signal is recorded to help refine detection accuracy. In some embodiments, the power module158data may store potential matches for target material quantities and distances based on the received signal strength at various power levels, which may help in correlating the observed signal patterns with known reference data, facilitating the determination of the most likely target material scenario. In some embodiments, the sweep module160may record the transmitted frequencies and corresponding response signals, enabling the differentiation between target materials and other materials with similar frequencies, which may be used to fine-tune the detection process and improve accuracy.

Further, embodiments may include a cloud174, or communication network, which may be a wired and/or wireless network. The communication network, if wireless, may be implemented using communication techniques such as Visible Light Communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Infrared (IR) communication, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Radio waves, and other communication techniques known in the art. The communication network may allow ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable system resources and higher-level services that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet, and relies on the sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, like a public utility, while third-party clouds174enable organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of expending resources on computer infrastructure and maintenance.

Further, embodiments may include a network176, which may be a collection of interconnected devices that communicate with each other to share resources, data, and applications. In some embodiments, the network176may utilize various protocols, such as TCP/IP, to ensure data is transmitted accurately and efficiently. In some embodiments, the network176may transmit the processed data from the DSP to user devices, allowing operators to view and analyze the data collected. The network176may be designed to support real-time data transmission, remote monitoring, and analysis functionalities, ensuring that the system operates efficiently and effectively. Upon receiving the processed signals from the DSP, the control panel146may package the data into standardized formats such as JSON or XML, making it suitable for transmission over the network176. In some embodiments, the network176setup may involve an Ethernet or Wi-Fi interface integrated into the control panel146, which establishes a connection to the local network or the internet. For example, when the control panel146detects the presence of target materials, it sends the relevant data to the server or cloud platform via the network176. The data is then processed and stored, allowing operators to access it through their user devices. For example, if the RF detection device102identifies a hazardous material, the data is immediately transmitted to the cloud platform, where it triggers alerts and notifications to the operators' devices. Operators can then log into the platform, view detailed reports, and analyze the data to make informed decisions.

In another embodiment, a material detection system uses a hybrid antenna that can operate both in RF-based and magnetic-based detection modes. This system is capable of switching between detecting materials based on their interaction with the RF field or the magnetic field, depending on the material being analyzed. In RF mode, the antenna transmits RF waves, and the system analyzes how the material reflects or absorbs these waves, providing information based on the dielectric constant or conductive properties of the material. In magnetic mode, the antenna focuses on the interaction between the material and the magnetic field component of the electromagnetic wave, allowing detection of materials with high magnetic permeability or strong magnetic responses. For example, the system could be used to detect metallic substances or magnetic compounds, such as those found in explosive materials, by optimizing the detection process based on which field interaction yields the clearest signature.

In yet another embodiment, a near-field material detection system uses a magnetic-based loop antenna that focuses on magnetic field interaction within close proximity to the target material. This system uses magnetic resonance principles, detecting changes in the magnetic field due to interactions with materials possessing magnetic susceptibility, such as ferromagnetic metals. The loop antenna generates a localized oscillating magnetic field, and when materials are introduced into the detection zone, they alter the field by inducing eddy currents or magnetic resonance effects. These changes are then measured to determine the material's properties. This method is particularly useful in applications such as industrial quality control or close-range security screening, where detecting the magnetic characteristics of a material offers clear advantages.

In still another embodiment, far-field magnetic resonance techniques are employed for material detection at greater distances. This system operates by transmitting an electromagnetic wave where the magnetic field component is emphasized, focusing on its interaction with materials that have resonant magnetic properties. By tuning the system to specific resonant frequencies, materials that exhibit strong magnetic responses, such as certain alloys or ferromagnetic materials, can be detected over a larger range. The detection system then analyzes the phase or amplitude of the reflected wave to infer material characteristics. This embodiment is particularly suitable for remote sensing applications, such as geological surveys, where materials can be identified based on their magnetic resonance even when located at a distance from the detection apparatus.

In other embodiments, an array of antennas is used to simultaneously detect materials based on both RF and magnetic field interactions. The antenna array consists of dipole antennas optimized for detecting the electric component of the RF wave and loop antennas that focus on the magnetic field interaction. These two types of signals are combined to create a composite material signature, allowing for detailed analysis of both the dielectric and magnetic properties of the material. By processing both electric and magnetic field data, the system can more accurately identify materials that exhibit a combination of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability, such as advanced composites or stealth materials. This dual-mode system can be particularly useful in defense or aerospace applications.

In still other embodiments, a magnetic-based antenna system is designed for material detection in environments where RF signals would typically be degraded, such as underground or underwater. This system uses a loop antenna to generate a magnetic field that interacts with materials possessing strong magnetic properties, even in situations where RF signals are heavily attenuated. The antenna detects variations in the magnetic field caused by materials with high permeability, such as iron or nickel-based substances. This method allows for the detection of magnetic materials in conditions where RF detection would be unreliable, such as in deep-sea exploration or subterranean mining operations, where conventional RF signals would fail to penetrate effectively.

In further embodiments, a phased array system is designed specifically to manipulate the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave for high-resolution material detection. A phased array of loop antennas is used to steer and focus the magnetic field, creating a directed magnetic beam that can scan across a target area. The system detects materials based on how they alter the magnetic field, allowing for precise location and identification of magnetic objects. By adjusting the phase and amplitude of each antenna element, the system provides a fine degree of control, enabling highly localized material detection. This approach is useful in situations requiring detailed spatial resolution, such as identifying hidden metallic objects in security screening or detailed inspections in industrial settings.

In additional embodiments, a portable or wearable material detection system is implemented using a small, magnetic-based loop antenna for detecting magnetic materials in close proximity. This compact system allows security personnel or industrial workers to move through different environments while continuously monitoring for materials that exhibit magnetic properties. The loop antenna generates a localized magnetic field and detects perturbations caused by nearby magnetic materials, such as concealed weapons or magnetic tags. The system then alerts the user when such materials are detected, making it ideal for field operations where mobility and ease of use are critical.

In yet another embodiment, the material detection system is entirely RF-based, using a highly optimized RF antenna to detect materials based solely on their interaction with the RF field. The RF antenna transmits electromagnetic waves at specific frequencies, and the system analyzes how these waves are reflected, absorbed, or scattered by the material. By focusing on the dielectric constant or conductive properties of the target material, the system can accurately identify substances such as explosives, chemicals, or other dielectric materials. This approach is particularly effective in environments where magnetic field-based detection may be less effective. The RF-based system can be adapted for wide-ranging applications, from industrial material testing to security scanning, where detecting the electrical characteristics of the material is sufficient for identification.

FIG.2illustrates the base module154. The process begins with the system being activated at step200. The user or operator may power on the RF detection device102. The user inputs, at step202, the desired target material on the control panel146. In some embodiments, the control panel146may display the specific material database164, allowing them to select the target material, such as an element on the periodic table or a compound to search for. In some embodiments, the specific material database164may be application-specific, such as a database for medical applications, a database for security applications, including military bases or airports, a database for biohazardous materials, etc. The base module154compares, at step204, the inputted target material to the specific material database164. The specific material database164may store and manage detailed information about various target materials. The specific material database164may be used to configure the detection parameters to identify specific materials based on their unique electromagnetic properties. Each entry in the database may be defined by the material's atomic structure, which includes the total number of protons and neutrons. The unique nuclear composition allows each substance to be distinctly identifiable and detectable through its resonant frequency. The specific material database164may contain a unique Material ID, the common name of the material, the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the atomic mass, which is the sum of protons and neutrons. The specific material database164may also contain calculated resonant frequencies based on the atomic characteristics. The resonant frequencies are critical for configuring the transmitter unit of the RF detection device102, which sends out signals at these specific frequencies to induce a resonant response in the target material. For example, the specific material database164may contain an entry for Arsenic (As) with 33 protons and 42 neutrons, resulting in an atomic mass of 75. The resonant frequencies for Arsenic could be 33 Hz, based on the number of protons, 42 Hz, based on the number of neutrons, and 75 Hz, based on the atomic mass. These frequencies may also be increased by orders of magnitude, such as 10× or 100×, to suit different detection environments. In some embodiments, for compounds, the specific material database164calculates a combined frequency based on the sum of the resonant frequencies of the constituent elements. For example, a Formaldehyde molecule, composed of 16 protons and 14 neutrons with a total atomic mass of 30, would have corresponding frequencies of 16 Hz, 14 Hz, and 30 Hz, respectively. Another example may be smokeless gunpowder, specifically nitroglycerin, with the chemical composition CH2NO3CHNO3CH2NO3. The frequency for this compound may be calculated by summing the frequencies based on the atomic numbers of its constituent elements: 6 carbon+1×2 hydrogen+7 nitrogen+8×3 oxygen, repeated thrice, resulting in a total of 116 protons. This is then multiplied by 10 to yield a base frequency of 1160 Hz for detection purposes. In some embodiments, the specific material database164may account for overlapping frequencies among different elements and compounds. To enhance the accuracy of detection, the system may employ multiple methods to calculate and verify the target material's frequency, such as using combinations of proton counts, neutron counts, and atomic masses, which allows the system to distinguish between materials with similar frequencies by leveraging the unique resonant properties of each substance. The base module154extracts, at step206, the RF data for the target material from the specific material database164. In some embodiments, the base module154may extract the frequency that is for the specific target material inputted or selected by the user on the control panel146. In some embodiments, the user may select multiple or a plurality of target materials to search for. The base module154sends, at step208, the RF data to the pulse module156. In some embodiments, the base module154may send the frequency for the target material to the power module158and the sweep module160. The base module154initiates, at step210, the pulse module156. The pulse module156is initiated by the base module154and begins by extracting the first pulse sequence from the pulse database166. It configures and generates the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The pulse module156then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If an RF signal is received, the pulse module processes it through the receiver unit124and stores the processed data in the investigation database172. Whether an RF signal is received or not, the pulse module checks if there are more pulse sequences in the pulse database. If there are, it extracts the next pulse sequence and repeats the process. If there are no more pulse sequences, the pulse module returns control to the base module154. The base module154initiates, at step212, the power module158. The power module158is initiated by the base module154and starts by extracting the first power level from the power database168. It configures and generates the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The power module then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If an RF signal is received, it processes the signal through the receiver unit124and compares it to the response reference database170. The processed power response data is then stored in the investigation database172. Whether an RF signal is received or not, the power module checks if there are more power levels in the power database. If there are, it extracts the next power level and repeats the process. If there are no more power levels remaining, the power module returns control to the base module154. The base module154initiates, at step214, the sweep module160. The sweep module160may be initiated by the base module154and begins by determining the frequency range for the target material or substance. It selects the first frequency from this range and configures the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The sweep module then checks if an RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126. If a signal is received, the data is stored in the investigation database172. Whether a signal is received or not, the sweep module checks if there are more frequencies remaining in the range. If there are, it selects the next frequency and repeats the process. If there are no more frequencies remaining, the sweep module returns control to the base module154. The base module initiates, at step216, the investigation module162. The investigation module162may be initiated by the base module154and begins by extracting data from the investigation database172. It then determines the identified material based on this data and sends the identified material parameters to the control panel146. The investigation module returns control to the base module154.

FIG.3illustrates the pulse module156. The process begins with the pulse module156being initiated, at step300, by the base module154. The pulse module156may receive the transmission frequency for the target material from the base module154. The pulse module156extracts, at step302, the first pulse sequence from the pulse database166. The pulse database166may be previously created or previously stored database on the RF detection device102that contains a plurality of pulse sequences that transmit the target material frequency in the process described in the pulse module156. The pulse database166may contain a pulse ID, the pulse duration, such as in milliseconds, the pulse interval, the pulse count, etc. In some embodiments, the pulse ID may be a unique identifier for each pulse sequence. In some embodiments, the pulse duration may be the duration of each pulse in milliseconds and may range from very short pulses, such as one millisecond, to continuous or constant signals. In some embodiments, the pulse interval may be the interval between consecutive pulses. In some embodiments, the pulse count may be the number of pulses in a sequence.

At step302, the first pulse sequence is retrieved from the pulse database166. The pulse database166may be a pre-created or pre-stored database on the RF detection device102, containing a variety of pulse sequences used for transmitting target material frequencies as described in the pulse module156. Each entry in the pulse database166includes a pulse ID, the pulse duration, pulse interval, pulse count, and other relevant parameters.

The pulse ID serves as a unique identifier for each pulse sequence. The pulse duration, measured in milliseconds, specifies the length of each pulse. These durations can range from very short pulses, such as 10 milliseconds, to much longer pulses extending to seconds. The pulse interval indicates the delay between consecutive pulses, which can vary from 10 milliseconds to several hundred milliseconds. The pulse count represents the total number of pulses in a sequence.

For each material stored in the database, there is a calculated frequency associated with it. The database includes detailed pulse sequences where the frequency, duration, and intervals are varied. For example, a selected material might have a frequency transmitted for 10 milliseconds, followed by a 10-millisecond delay, then another pulse of 20 milliseconds, followed by another delay. The pulse sequences can further vary the frequency, the duration of each pulse, and the delays between them, creating a complex pattern to be transmitted to the transmitter.

In this way, the pulse database166ensures that the RF detection device102can dynamically transmit varied pulse sequences, optimizing the detection and identification of specific materials based on their unique frequency responses.

Varying the pulses and delays at a given frequency can significantly enhance the effectiveness of transmitting and receiving RF signals for material detection. There are several reasons for this approach.

In one embodiment there is a desire to enhance the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Optimization. Different pulse durations and intervals can help identify the “sweet spot” where the signal-to-noise ratio is maximized. This is critical for distinguishing the target signal from background noise. By varying these parameters, the system can adapt to the optimal conditions for each material, enhancing detection accuracy.

In another embodiment there is a desire to enhance the Internal Device Noise Mitigation. The internal electronics of the detection device can introduce RF signal path noise. By varying the pulse sequences, the system can minimize the impact of this noise. Some pulse configurations may be less susceptible to internal noise, allowing for clearer signal reception.

In another embodiment there is a desire to enhance the Environmental Noise Adaptation. Environmental factors, such as electromagnetic interference from other devices, can affect signal clarity. Varying the pulse durations and delays can help the system adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions. Certain pulse patterns may perform better under specific noise conditions, improving the chances of accurate detection.

In another embodiment there is a desire to enhance the Enhanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Efficiency. DSP algorithms can be more effective with varied pulse sequences. Some pulse configurations might align better with the DSP filters and algorithms, allowing for more precise signal extraction and analysis. This can be particularly useful for distinguishing between similar materials.

In another embodiment there is a desire to enhance the Frequency-Specific Material Responses. Different materials may have unique resonant behaviors that are more pronounced with specific pulse durations and intervals. By varying these parameters, the system can better match the resonant characteristics of the target material, leading to more accurate identification.

In another embodiment, there is a desire to enhance the Multipath Propagation Effects. In complex environments, RF signals can reflect off various surfaces, creating multipath propagation. Varying the pulse sequences can help differentiate between direct signals and reflected signals, improving the accuracy of the material detection.

Overall, by dynamically adjusting the pulse durations and intervals, the system can fine-tune its performance to achieve better signal clarity, higher accuracy in material identification, and improved resilience to noise and interference. This approach allows for a more robust and adaptable RF detection system.

The pulse database166may be used to determine if a target material is identified by transmitting the frequency of the target material from a very short pulse to a constant signal and determining if a response signal is received by the receiver antenna126between each pulse sequence. The pulse module156configures, at step304, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106. The transmitter unit106prepares the signal that will be transmitted to detect a target material. In some embodiments, the parameters and components may be set up with the desired characteristics to generate the RF signal. In some embodiments, the control panel146may determine the specific parameters of the RF signal that need to be generated, such as the frequency, amplitude, etc., required to effectively detect the target materials. The control panel146sends a command to activate the oscillator circuit within the transmitter unit106. The oscillator circuit may be responsible for generating a stable RF signal at the desired frequency and may consist of components like capacitors, inductors, and amplifiers that work together to create the oscillating signal. The power delivery to the oscillator circuit may be managed by the SCR114. When the control panel146sends a gate signal to the SCR114, it switches from a non-conductive to a conductive state, allowing current from the power source, such as batteries, to flow to the oscillator circuit. After the oscillator circuit generates the RF signal, the transformer116adjusts the voltage level of the signal to match the requirements of the transmit antenna120. It may also provide impedance matching to ensure efficient signal transmission. The transformer116ensures that the RF signal is at the appropriate voltage and current levels for optimal transmission. For example, the control panel146may determine that an RF signal with a frequency of 50 Hz is required to detect a specific material. It sends a command to the transmitter unit106to configure this signal. The oscillator circuit is activated, generating an RF signal at 50 Hz. The SCR114is triggered, allowing power from the batteries to flow to the oscillator circuit. The generated signal is then conditioned by the transformer116, ensuring it is at the correct voltage level for transmission. The pulse module156generates, at step306, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106via the transmitter antenna120. The transmitter unit106generates the RF signal and transmits it through the transmit antenna120by converting electrical energy into radio waves that can be used for detecting specific materials. The transmit antenna120radiates the RF signal into the environment. The radio waves propagate through the medium, such as air or ground, and interact with the target materials. The interaction between the RF signal and the target materials will produce detectable changes in the signal, which can be received and analyzed by the receiver unit124. For example, the transmitter unit106generates a wave pulse at a specified frequency that is transmitted directionally into the ground. The generated frequency is closely approximate or exact to that of the target material, and that relationship creates a responsive RF wave and/or a magnetic line between the transmitter antenna120and the target. When the RF detection device102is aligned with a target material, for example, when the opening of the directional shield142is pointing toward the target material, the voltage produced by the receiver antenna126changes and thereby produces a detection output signal, such as an audio signal having a tone different than that of the baseline. A response wave is produced by the target material that amplifies, resonates, offsets, or otherwise modifies the magnetic field passing through the receiver antenna126to alter the voltage produced, thereby generating the output signal. The receiver antenna126is responding to a voltage increase from the transmitter antenna120swinging over the magnetic line to the material. The pulse module156determines, at step308, if an RF signal was received by the receiver antenna126. The receiver unit124may capture the RF signal that has interacted with the environment and potential target materials using the receiver antenna126. The receiver antenna126may capture the incoming RF signal, if any, which has been transmitted by the transmitter unit106and has interacted with the environment and any target materials present. The receiver antenna126may be designed to effectively capture these radio waves and convert them back into electrical signals. If the RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126, it may be fed into an RF amplifier, which boosts the signal strength without significantly altering its characteristics. In some embodiments, the use of the standard atomic structure of a material may be used to calculate the resonant frequency to which a particular substance would generate or respond. Each element and compound comprises a definable atomic structure composed of the total number of protons and neutrons of that target material. This unique nuclear composition of every substance makes it uniquely identifiable and detectable. The manner in which this information is applied thus enables the detection of any target substance. A target material can be detected and located based on a resonant, responsive RF wave and/or magnetic relationship between the target and a transmitter antenna120transmitting at a frequency specific and unique to the target material. The transmitter unit106, through the transmitter antenna120, induces a resonance due to responsive RF waves and/or magnetic and/or otherwise in a targeted material to resonate at a specific computed frequency. The receiver antenna126and receiver circuit128detect the resonance induced in the material and, in so doing, indicate the approximate line of bearing to the material. The primary method used by this detection system to detect specific materials is based on tuning the circuit108of the transmitter unit106to a specific value that is computed for the material of interest. The frequency can be based on any of the three defining characteristics of the substance, the number of protons, the number of neutrons, or the atomic mass, such as the sum of protons and neutrons and combinations thereof. The frequency can be transmitted at varying voltages to compensate for other external effects or interference. If it is determined that an RF signal was received, the pulse module156processes, at step310, the RF signal through the receiver unit124. The receiver unit124processes the received RF signal to extract meaningful data that can be analyzed for the presence of specific materials, which may involve further amplification, filtering, digitization, and initial data processing before the signal is sent to the control panel146or network176for detailed analysis. In some embodiments, after the RF signal is received and initially amplified, it may require further amplification to ensure the signal is at an optimal level for processing. In some embodiments, an additional RF amplifier within the receiver unit124may boost the signal strength while maintaining its integrity. The amplified signal may be subjected to more advanced filtering by the filter circuit, which removes any residual noise and unwanted frequencies that might have passed through the initial filtering stage. In some embodiments, the filtering may involve bandpass filters that allow only the desired frequency range to pass through. The filtered analog signal may be converted into a digital format using an Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC. The ADC samples the analog signal at a high rate and converts it into a series of digital values. The digitized signal may be processed using digital techniques. The digital signal may be fed into a Digital Signal Processor, DSP, within the receiver unit124. In some embodiments, the DSP may perform initial data processing tasks such as demodulation, noise reduction, and feature extraction. Demodulation involves extracting the original information-bearing signal from the carrier wave. Noise reduction techniques may further clean the signal, making it easier to analyze. Feature extraction may involve identifying characteristics of the signal that are indicative of the presence of target materials. The pulse module156stores, at step312, the processed pulse data in the investigation database172. The pulse module156may store the pulse sequence ID and the received response signal strength in the investigation database172. In some embodiments, the pulse module156may store the processed data from the DSP, characteristics identified in the signal, the target material detected, whether the pulse sequence resulted in a response signal from the target material or not, etc. If it is determined that an RF signal was not received or after the RF signal was received and processed the pulse module156determines, at step314, if more pulse sequences are remaining in the pulse database166. The pulse module156may transmit the frequency associated with the target using each one of the pulse sequences stored in the pulse database166. If it is determined that more pulse sequences are remaining in the pulse database166, the pulse module156extracts, at step316, the next pulse sequence in the pulse database166and the process returns to configuring the transmit signal. If it is determined that no more pulse sequences are remaining in the pulse database166the pulse module156returns, at step318, to the base module154.

FIG.4illustrates the power module158. The process begins with the power module158being initiated, at step400, by the base module154. In some embodiments, the power module158may receive the frequency for the specific target material from the base module154. The power module158extracts, at step402, the first power level from the power database168. The power database168may contain various power levels that the signal is transmitted by the RF detection device102through the power module158, and the response signal is then compared to the response reference database170, which may determine the quantity or distance of the target material. The power database168may contain a power level ID, the power, the amplitude, etc. In some embodiments, the power level ID may be a unique identifier for each power level entry. In some embodiments, the power may be the power level of the transmitted signal in watts. In some embodiments, the amplitude may be the amplitude or strength of the transmitted signal corresponding to the power level. The data entries in the power database168may be extracted and transmitted starting from a very low power level to a very high power level through the process described in the power module158. By varying the power levels and determining if the receiver antenna126received a response signal from the target material, the power module158may be able to determine the quantity or distance of the target material from the RF detection device102.

The power module158configures, at step404, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106. The transmitter unit106prepares the signal that will be transmitted to detect a target material using the extracted power level from the power database168. In some embodiments, the remaining parameters and components may be set up with the desired characteristics to generate the RF signal. In some embodiments, the control panel146may determine the specific parameters of the RF signal that need to be generated, such as the frequency associated with the target material, required to effectively detect the target materials. The control panel146sends a command to activate the oscillator circuit within the transmitter unit106. The oscillator circuit may be responsible for generating a stable RF signal at the desired frequency and may consist of components like capacitors, inductors, and amplifiers that work together to create the oscillating signal. The power delivery to the oscillator circuit may be managed by the SCR114. When the control panel146sends a gate signal to the SCR114, it switches from a non-conductive to a conductive state, allowing current from the power source, such as batteries, to flow to the oscillator circuit. After the oscillator circuit generates the RF signal, the transformer116maintains the voltage level of the signal to match the requirements extracted from the power database168. It may also provide impedance matching to ensure efficient signal transmission. The transformer116ensures that the RF signal is at the appropriate voltage and current levels for transmission. For example, the control panel146may determine that an RF signal with a frequency of 50 Hz is required to detect a specific material. It sends a command to the transmitter unit106to configure this signal. The oscillator circuit is activated, generating an RF signal at 50 Hz. The SCR114is triggered, allowing power from the batteries to flow to the oscillator circuit. The generated signal is then conditioned by the transformer116, ensuring it is at the correct voltage level for transmission. The power module158generates, at step406, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106via the transmitter antenna120. The transmitter unit106generates the RF signal and transmits it through the transmit antenna120by converting electrical energy into radio waves that can be used for detecting specific materials. The transmit antenna120radiates the RF signal into the environment. The radio waves propagate through the medium, such as air or ground, and interact with the target materials. The interaction between the RF signal and the target materials will produce detectable changes in the signal, which can be received and analyzed by the receiver unit124. For example, the transmitter unit106generates a wave pulse at a specified frequency that is transmitted directionally into the ground. The generated frequency is closely approximate or exact to that of the target material, and that relationship creates a responsive RF wave and/or a magnetic line between the transmitter antenna120and the target. When the RF detection device102is aligned with a target material, for example, when the opening of the directional shield142is pointing toward the target material, the voltage produced by the receiver antenna126changes and thereby produces a detection output signal, such as an audio signal having a tone different than that of the baseline. A response wave is produced by the target material that amplifies, resonates, offsets, or otherwise modifies the magnetic field passing through the receiver antenna126to alter the voltage produced, thereby generating the output signal. The receiver antenna126is responding to a voltage increase from the transmitter antenna120swinging over the magnetic line to the material. The power module158determines, at step408, if an RF signal was received by the receiver antenna126. The receiver unit124may capture the RF signal that has interacted with the environment and potential target materials using the receiver antenna126. The receiver antenna126may capture the incoming RF signal, if any, which has been transmitted by the transmitter unit106and has interacted with the environment and any target materials present. The receiver antenna126may be designed to effectively capture these radio waves and convert them back into electrical signals. If the RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126, it may be fed into an RF amplifier, which boosts the signal strength without significantly altering its characteristics. In some embodiments, the use of the standard atomic structure of a material may be used to calculate the resonant frequency to which a particular substance would generate or respond. Each element and compound comprises a definable atomic structure composed of the total number of protons and neutrons of that target material. This unique nuclear composition of every substance makes it uniquely identifiable and detectable. The manner in which this information is applied thus enables the detection of any target substance. A target material can be detected and located based on a resonant, responsive RF wave and/or magnetic relationship between the target and a transmitter antenna120transmitting at a frequency specific and unique to the target material. The transmitter unit106, through the transmitter antenna120, induces a resonance due to responsive RF waves and/or magnetic and/or otherwise in a targeted material to resonate at a specific computed frequency. The receiver antenna126and receiver circuit128detect the resonance induced in the material and, in so doing, indicate the approximate line of bearing to the material. The primary method used by this detection system to detect specific materials is based on tuning the circuit108of the transmitter unit106to a specific value that is computed for the material of interest. The frequency can be based on any of the three defining characteristics of the substance, the number of protons, the number of neutrons, or the atomic mass, such as the sum of protons and neutrons and combinations thereof. The frequency can be transmitted at varying voltages to compensate for other external effects or interference. If it is determined that an RF signal was received, the power module158processes, at step410, the RF signal through the receiver unit124. The receiver unit124processes the received RF signal to extract meaningful data that can be analyzed for the presence of specific materials, which may involve further amplification, filtering, digitization, and initial data processing before the signal is sent to the control panel146or network176for detailed analysis. In some embodiments, after the RF signal is received and initially amplified, it may require further amplification to ensure the signal is at an optimal level for processing. In some embodiments, an additional RF amplifier within the receiver unit124may boost the signal strength while maintaining its integrity. The amplified signal may be subjected to more advanced filtering by the filter circuit, which removes any residual noise and unwanted frequencies that might have passed through the initial filtering stage. In some embodiments, the filtering may involve bandpass filters that allow only the desired frequency range to pass through. The filtered analog signal may be converted into a digital format using an Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC. The ADC samples the analog signal at a high rate and converts it into a series of digital values. The digitized signal may be processed using digital techniques. The digital signal may be fed into a Digital Signal Processor, DSP, within the receiver unit124. In some embodiments, the DSP may perform initial data processing tasks such as demodulation, noise reduction, and feature extraction. Demodulation involves extracting the original information-bearing signal from the carrier wave. Noise reduction techniques may further clean the signal, making it easier to analyze. Feature extraction may involve identifying characteristics of the signal that are indicative of the presence of target materials. The power module158compares, at step412, the processed RF signal to the response reference database170. The response reference database170may contain pre-calibrated response curves that relate transmitted power levels to received response signal strengths for various known quantities and distances of a target material. The response reference database170may contain the target material, the quantity, the distance, and the response signal at the various power levels in decibels. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may contain a plurality of target materials that have corresponding response curves, as the response signal from each target material may vary. In some embodiments, the quantity may be the known quantity of the target material. In some embodiments, the distance may be the known distance of the target material. In some embodiments, the response signal at various power levels in decibels may be the strength of the signal received at each specified power level. In some embodiments, the known quantity and distance of the target material may be determined by analyzing historical data of the target material. For example, the historical data may include previous transmissions, such as the various power levels, and responses, such as response signal strength in decibels, for uranium that may be used to determine the quantity or distance. If there is 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, the response signal strength may be −80 dB at power level 1, −70 dB at power level 2, −65 dB at power level 3, and −60 dB at power level 4. If there is 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, the response signal strength may be −85 dB at power level 1, −75 dB at power level 2, −70 dB at power level 3, and −65 dB at power level 4. For future analysis, the response reference database170may be used to determine the quantity or distance for the target material, such as sending a transmission signal at power level 4 for uranium and the response signal strength is −65 dB, it may be determined that the 0.5 kg of uranium is 10 meters away or 1 kg of uranium is 20 meters away. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may be used to collect a plurality of response signal strengths, which may be further analyzed to determine the most likely quantity and distance of the target material. The power module158stores, at step414, the processed power response data in the investigation database172. The power module158may store the target material quantities and distance data entries from the response reference database170that match the response signal strength. For example, the power module158may store the data entry from the response reference database170of 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, etc. In some embodiments, the power module158may store all of the potential matches from the response reference database170that may be used by the investigation module162to further analyze to refine the results to a more closely related match to the target materials quantity and distance. If it is determined that an RF signal was not received or after the RF signal was received and processed the power module158determines, at step416, if more power levels are remaining in the power database168. If it is determined that more power levels remain in the power database168, the power module158extracts, at step418, the next power level in the power database168, and the process returns to configuring the transmit signal. If it is determined that no more power levels are remaining in the power database168, the power module158returns, at step420, to the base module154.

FIG.5illustrates the sweep module160. The process begins with the sweep module160being initiated, at step500, by the base module154. In some embodiments, the sweep module160may receive the target material from the base module154. The sweep module160determines, at step502, the frequency range for the target material or substance. The sweep module160may compare the target material to the specific material database164and extract the target material frequency and the frequencies that are close to the target material, such as +/−10 Hz, to create a frequency range that is specifically related to the target material. In some embodiments, the frequency range may be stored temporarily in the memory150, allowing the sweep module160to extract the multiple frequencies that are related to the specific target material. The sweep module160selects, at step504, the first frequency from the frequency range. The sweep module160may select the first frequency from the range that is stored in the memory150. The sweep module160configures, at step506, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106.

Varying the frequency in a sweep, such as ±10 Hz around a central frequency, can enhance the detection of materials that respond to a specific frequency. Here are five reasons for this approach.

In one embodiment, there is a need to enhance the Resonant Frequency Variability. Materials often have resonant frequencies that can vary slightly due to manufacturing inconsistencies, impurities, or environmental conditions. By sweeping around the central frequency, the system can ensure that it captures the full range of possible resonant responses, increasing the likelihood of accurate detection.

In another embodiment, there is a need to enhance the Compensation for Environmental Factors. External factors such as temperature, pressure, and electromagnetic interference can shift the resonant frequency of a material. A frequency sweep can account for these shifts, allowing the system to detect the material even when the central frequency is slightly off due to environmental influences.

In another embodiment there is a need to enhance the Broadening Detection Capability. Sweeping the frequency helps in identifying materials with broad or multiple resonant peaks. Some materials might have secondary resonant frequencies that are close to the primary one. By covering a range, the system can detect all relevant frequencies, providing a more comprehensive identification.

In another embodiment, there is a need to enhance the Noise Reduction and Signal Clarity. Different frequencies might experience varying levels of noise and interference. Sweeping through a range allows the system to identify frequencies with the best signal-to-noise ratio, enhancing the clarity of the detected signal and improving overall detection reliability.

In another embodiment, there is a need to enhance the Enhanced Algorithm Performance. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms can benefit from a range of input frequencies. A frequency sweep provides more data points, allowing the algorithms to better distinguish between the target material and other signals. This can lead to more precise filtering, analysis, and identification of the material.

These reasons demonstrate why incorporating a frequency sweep into the detection process can significantly improve the system's accuracy, robustness, and reliability in identifying target materials.

The transmitter unit106prepares the signal that will be transmitted to detect a target material. In some embodiments, the parameters and components may be set up with the desired characteristics to generate the RF signal. Once the parameters are set, the control panel146sends a command to activate the oscillator circuit within the transmitter unit106. The oscillator circuit may be responsible for generating a stable RF signal at the desired frequency and may consist of components like capacitors, inductors, and amplifiers that work together to create the oscillating signal. The power delivery to the oscillator circuit may be managed by the SCR114. When the control panel146sends a gate signal to the SCR114, it switches from a non-conductive to a conductive state, allowing current from the power source, such as batteries, to flow to the oscillator circuit. After the oscillator circuit generates the RF signal, the transformer116adjusts the voltage level of the signal to match the requirements of the transmit antenna120. It may also provide impedance matching to ensure efficient signal transmission. The transformer116ensures that the RF signal is at the appropriate voltage and current levels for optimal transmission. The sweep module160generates, at step508, the transmit signal through the transmitter unit106and transmitter antenna120. The transmitter unit106generates the RF signal and transmits it through the transmit antenna120by converting electrical energy into radio waves that can be used for detecting specific materials. The transmit antenna120radiates the RF signal into the environment. The radio waves propagate through the medium, such as air or ground, and interact with the target materials. The interaction between the RF signal and the target materials will produce detectable changes in the signal, which can be received and analyzed by the receiver unit124. For example, the transmitter unit106generates a wave pulse at a specified frequency that is transmitted directionally into the ground. The generated frequency is closely approximate or exact to that of the target material, and that relationship creates a responsive RF wave and/or a magnetic line between the transmitter antenna120and the target. When the RF detection device102is aligned with a target material, for example, when the opening of the directional shield142is pointing toward the target material, the voltage produced by the receiver antenna126changes and thereby produces a detection output signal, such as an audio signal having a tone different than that of the baseline. A reflective wave is produced by the target material that amplifies, resonates, offsets, or otherwise modifies the magnetic field passing through the receiver antenna126to alter the voltage produced, thereby generating the output signal. The receiver antenna126is responding to a voltage increase from the transmitter antenna120swinging over the magnetic line to the material. The sweep module160determines, at step510, if an RF signal was received by the receiver antenna126. The receiver unit124may capture the RF signal that has interacted with the environment and potential target materials using the receiver antenna126. The receiver antenna126may capture the incoming RF signal, which has been transmitted by the transmitter unit106and has interacted with the environment and any target materials present. The receiver antenna126may be designed to effectively capture these radio waves and convert them back into electrical signals. Once the RF signal is received by the receiver antenna126, it may be fed into an RF amplifier, which boosts the signal strength without significantly altering its characteristics. The transmitter unit106, through the transmitter antenna120, induces a resonance due to responsive RF waves and/or magnetic and/or otherwise in a targeted material to resonate at a specific computed frequency. The receiver antenna126and receiver circuit128detect the resonance induced in the material and, in so doing, indicate the approximate line of bearing to the material. The receiver unit124processes the received RF signal to extract meaningful data that can be analyzed for the presence of specific materials, which may involve further amplification, filtering, digitization, and initial data processing before the signal is sent to the control panel146for detailed analysis. In some embodiments, after the RF signal is received and initially amplified, it may require further amplification to ensure the signal is at an optimal level for processing. In some embodiments, an additional RF amplifier within the receiver unit124may boost the signal strength while maintaining its integrity. The amplified signal may be subjected to more advanced filtering by the filter circuit, which removes any residual noise and unwanted frequencies that might have passed through the initial filtering stage. In some embodiments, the filtering may involve bandpass filters that allow only the desired frequency range to pass through. The filtered analog signal may be converted into a digital format using an Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC. The ADC samples the analog signal at a high rate and converts it into a series of digital values. The digitized signal may be processed using digital techniques. The digital signal may be fed into a Digital Signal Processor, DSP, within the receiver unit124. In some embodiments, the DSP may perform initial data processing tasks such as demodulation, noise reduction, and feature extraction. Demodulation involves extracting the original information-bearing signal from the carrier wave. Noise reduction techniques may further clean the signal, making it easier to analyze. Feature extraction may involve identifying characteristics of the signal that are indicative of the presence of target materials. If it is determined that an RF signal was received by the receiver antenna126, the sweep module160stores, at step512, the data in the investigation database172. The sweep module160may store the transmitted frequency and the response signal that was received by the receiver unit124via the receiver antenna126. By transmitting and receiving a plurality of frequencies, the sweep module160may collect additional data used by the investigation module162to determine if the target material is detected or if a target material that has a similar frequency is detected. If it is determined that an RF signal was not received or after the data has been stored in the investigation database172, the sweep module160determines, at step514, if there are more frequencies remaining from the frequency range. If it is determined that there are more frequencies remaining from the frequency range, the sweep module160selects, at step516, the next frequency in the frequency range, and the process returns to configuring the transmit signal. If it is determined that there are no more frequencies remaining from the frequency range, the sweep module160returns, at step518, to the base module154.

FIG.6illustrates the investigation module162. The process begins with the investigation module162being initiated, at step600, by the base module154. The investigation module162extracts, at step602, the data from the investigation database172. The investigation database170may contain processed data from the pulse module156, power module158, and the sweep module160and may be used by the investigation module162to enhance the way in which the target material is detected. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the pulse module156, such as the pulse sequence IDs, received signal strengths from each pulse sequence, processed data, characteristics identified in the signals, etc. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the power module158, such as the target material quantities and distance data entries from the response reference database170that match the response signal strength. For example, the power module158may store the data entry from the response reference database170of 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, etc. In some embodiments, the investigation database170may contain data from the sweep module160, such as the transmitted frequency and the response signal that was received by the receiver unit124via the receiver antenna126. In some embodiments, the pulse module156data may capture the raw and processed signal data for each pulse sequence, allowing for detailed analysis of signal characteristics and identification of target materials, and the presence or absence of a response signal is recorded to help refine detection accuracy. In some embodiments, the power module158data may store potential matches for target material quantities and distances based on the received signal strength at various power levels, which may help in correlating the observed signal patterns with known reference data, facilitating the determination of the most likely target material scenario. In some embodiments, the sweep module160may record the transmitted frequencies and corresponding response signals, enabling the differentiation between target materials and other materials with similar frequencies, which may be used to fine-tune the detection process and improve accuracy. The investigation module162determines, at step604, the material identified.

The investigation module162uses the results of received RF signals from the pulse changes, power changes, and sweep frequency changes.

The investigation module162may use an algorithm to determine if the target material is identified or detected. The algorithm may combine machine learning algorithms and signal processing techniques. The algorithm may begin with data preprocessing, which involves filtering the received signals to remove noise and isolate the relevant frequency bands. The algorithm may then normalize the signal strengths across different power levels to ensure they are on a common scale for easier comparison. Following this, the algorithm extracts features from the signals, such as peak signal strength, signal duration, and response patterns across different frequencies and power levels. For target material detection, the algorithm may implement a thresholding technique where the received signal strength is compared against a predefined threshold value. If the signal strength exceeds the threshold, the algorithm flags the presence of a target material. Pattern matching algorithms, such as cross-correlation, may be used by the algorithm to compare the observed signal patterns with those in the response reference database170. Additionally, anomaly detection algorithms may be used to identify any unusual patterns that deviate from known noise profiles, further indicating the presence of a target material. To estimate the quantity and distance of the target material, the algorithm may employ curve fitting techniques to match the observed signal strengths at different power levels to the reference curves in the response reference database170. In some embodiments, polynomial regression or spline interpolation models the relationship between response signal strength, quantity, and distance. In some embodiments, the Least Squares Method may be implemented to minimize the sum of squared residuals between observed data and reference data, helping to determine the most likely quantity and distance. In some embodiments, Bayesian inference may update the probabilities of different quantity and distance hypotheses based on the observed data. For the detection of related target materials, the algorithm may perform frequency sweep analysis on the data collected from the sweep module to identify any frequencies that match those of related target materials. Clustering algorithms, such as K-means or hierarchical clustering, group similar signal patterns, helping to identify clusters of related materials based on their frequency responses. Multi-frequency matching algorithms may check for overlapping frequency responses that may indicate the presence of related materials, such as uranium and neptunium, which have overlapping frequencies. An example of the algorithm process may be filtering the received signals using a bandpass filter centered around the target frequency, followed by normalization and feature extraction. For target material detection, the algorithm compares normalized signal strengths to predefined thresholds and uses cross-correlation to match the observed signal pattern with reference patterns. Anomaly detection identifies significant deviations indicating the presence of a target material. In estimating quantity and distance, the algorithm may fit the observed signal strengths at various power levels to reference curves using polynomial regression. It calculates the residuals for each reference entry and uses the Least Squares Method to find the best match. Bayesian inference refines the estimates of quantity and distance. For the detection of related target materials, the algorithm may analyze frequency sweep data to detect additional frequencies corresponding to related materials and clustering algorithms group similar signal patterns. Multi-frequency matching determines if related materials are present alongside the target material. The investigation module162sends, at step606, the identified material parameters to the control panel146. For example, the investigation module162may display the results from the algorithm on the control panel146, such as the material detected, confidence level, estimated quantity, estimated distance, detected related materials, the confidence level of the detected related materials, etc. In some embodiments, the control panel146may display a graphical representation of the target material, such as a graph plotting the received signal strength against different power levels, showing the response curve of the detected material, or a quantity vs. distance estimation that displays a 2D plot or heatmap displaying the estimated quantity against distance, highlighting the probable location of the material. In some embodiments, the investigation module162may connect to the network176and send the data collected or processed by the RF detection device102, allowing the user or operator to view and further analyze the data. The investigation module162returns, at step608, to the base module154.

FIG.7illustrates the response reference database170. The response reference database170may contain pre-calibrated response curves that relate transmitted power levels to received response signal strengths for various known quantities and distances of a target material. The response reference database170may contain the target material, the quantity, the distance, and the response signal at the various power levels in decibels. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may contain a plurality of target materials that have corresponding response curves, as the response signal from each target material may vary. In some embodiments, the quantity may be the known quantity of the target material. In some embodiments, the distance may be the known distance of the target material. In some embodiments, the response signal at various power levels in decibels may be the strength of the signal received at each specified power level. In some embodiments, the known quantity and distance of the target material may be determined by analyzing historical data of the target material. For example, the historical data may include previous transmissions, such as the various power levels, and responses, such as response signal strength in decibels, for uranium that may be used to determine the quantity or distance. If there is 0.5 kg of uranium at 10 meters, the response signal strength may be −80 dB at power level 1, −70 dB at power level 2, −65 dB at power level 3, and −60 dB at power level 4. If there is 1 kg of uranium at 20 meters, the response signal strength may be −85 dB at power level 1, −75 dB at power level 2, −70 dB at power level 3, and −65 dB at power level 4. For future analysis, the response reference database170may be used to determine the quantity or distance for the target material, such as sending a transmission signal at power level 4 for uranium and the response signal strength is −65 dB, it may be determined that the 0.5 kg of uranium is 10 meters away or 1 kg of uranium is 20 meters away. In some embodiments, the response reference database170may be used to collect a plurality of response signal strengths, which may be further analyzed to determine the most likely quantity and distance of the target material.

The functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments.