Patent ID: 12216186

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described here are systems and methods for reducing scan time in magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) by implementing time-division multiplexing (“TDM”). In general, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure utilize time-shifted radio frequency (“RF”) pulses to excite two or more slices. These RF pulses are applied to induce separate echoes for each slice. The systems and methods described in the present disclosure can be applied to acquire MRI data with different echo times, or alternatively with the same echo time, in significantly reduced overall scan time. Advantageously, the systems and methods enable diffusion-relaxation MRI in clinically acceptable scan times.

The techniques described in the present disclosure are different from simultaneous multislice (“SMS”) imaging, which uses a single multiband RF pulse to excite two or more slices, or other such imaging techniques. Advantageously, though, the TDM-based methods described in the present disclosure can be combined with existing SMS techniques to provide further reduction of scan time.

Likewise, the techniques described in the present disclosure are different from simultaneous image refocusing (“SIR”), in which the echoes from different slice locations are acquired using different readouts in order to avoid temporally overlapping the magnetic resonance signals. This is accomplished by applying gradient pulses in the readout direction after each RF excitation pulse, such that when data acquisition proceeds in the presence of a readout gradient, the magnetic resonance signals originating from the different slice locations come into phase and form an echo at different times, whether with the same echo time or a different echo time. Because the echo signals for the different slices are formed at different times, they can be selectively extracted and subsequently processed.

Advantageously, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure provide an improvement over conventional SIR-based techniques. For instance, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure can utilize the time-shift between RF excitation pulses to induce different echo times from different slices, whereas conventional SIR sequences use a fixed set of RF pulses where the time-shift is fixed and approximately zero. As another example improvement, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure can apply multiple time-shifted RF refocusing pulses to induce separate echoes from different slices, whereas conventional SIR sequences do not change the order or timing of the RF refocusing pulses in order to change the echo time. As still another example improvement, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure can induce separate echoes for different slices which are acquired using separate readout sequences. In conventional SIR sequences, the same echo from different slices is acquired using a single readout sequence.

In general, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure utilize multiple time-shifted RF excitation pulses to excite spins in different imaging volumes, such as different slices, different slabs, different sets of slices, or other such types of imaging volumes. The spins are then refocused using a similar number of time-shifted RF refocusing pulses. Echo signals are then generated for each imaging volume using a different readout for each imaging volume. Data are acquired for each imaging volume by detecting and sampling the echo signals in each readout.

Advantageously, using time-shifted, or time-divided, RF pulses to excite multiple sequences to induce non-overlapping echoes (e.g., spin echoes) for different imaging volumes enables the acquisition of different imaging volumes with either different or the same echo time (“TE”) values. In this way, scan time can be reduced by removing the need for multiple separate repetitions of the same pulse sequence in order to acquire data with different echo times, in different imaging volumes, or both. As a result, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure make it possible to acquire diffusion MRI data with different echo times within a clinically feasible time frame. The systems and methods described in the present disclosure also allow for estimation of relaxation parameter maps (e.g., T2 maps) without any additional data acquisitions. Further still, as mentioned above, the imaging techniques described in the present disclosure are compatible with SMS and multi-echo imaging techniques. By integrating the systems and methods with these techniques, scan time can be even further reduced.

Referring now toFIG.1, an example pulse sequence diagram for a time-shifted diffusion MRI sequence is shown. The example pulse sequence shown inFIG.1includes two time-shifted RF excitation pulses102aand102b. The first RF excitation pulse102aexcites spins in a first imaging volume, S1, and the second RF excitation pulse102bexcites spins in a second imaging volume, S2. To this end, the RF excitation pulses102a,102bcan be played out in the presence of the appropriate magnetic field gradients for slice encoding, slab encoding, or other spatial encoding and/or selection of the imaging volumes. The RF excitation pulses102a,102bare applied at different time points that are separated by a duration of time, Δt. That is, the RF excitation pulses102a,102bare time-shifted RF excitation pulses that are shifted in time relative to each other.

The pulse sequence also includes a first RF refocusing pulse104athat refocuses spin magnetization in the first imaging volume, S1, and a second RF refocusing pulse104bthat refocuses spin magnetization in the second imaging volume, S2. Like the RF excitation pulses102a,102b, the RF refocusing pulses104a,104bare time-shifted relative to each other, such that that two RF refocusing pulses104a,104bare separated by the same time duration of time, Δt, as the RF excitation pulses102a,102b.

In this example pulse sequence, the order in which the RF refocusing pulses104a,104bare applied is reversed relative to the order in which the RF excitation pulses102a,102bare applied. As a result, the spin magnetization in the first imaging volume, S1, will be refocused at a first echo time, TE1, and the spin magnetization in the second imaging volume, S2, will be refocused at a second echo time, TE2, where TE1and TE2have different values as measured from the respective RF excitation pulses102aand102b.

A first readout106afacilitates the formation of a first echo signal108ain the first imaging volume, S1, and a second readout106bfacilitates the formation of a second echo signal108bin the second imaging volume S2. Like the RF refocusing pulses104a,104b, the order in which the first and second readouts106a,106bare applied for the respective imaging volumes is reversed relative to the order in which the RF excitation pulses102a,102bare applied.

Any suitable readout scheme can be used for the first and second readouts108a,108b. For example, a spin-echo readout can be used. As another example, an echo planar imaging (“EPI”) readout can be used. In these instances, the first echo108aand the second echo108bwill each be an echo train that includes a plurality of echo signals. The readouts108a,108bcan implement Cartesian sampling or non-Cartesian sampling schemes, such as radial or spiral sampling.

The RF refocusing pulses104a,104bare bridged by diffusion encoding gradients110and112. These diffusion encoding gradients110and112are equal in size; that is, their areas are equal. The diffusion encoding gradients110and112, are produced through the application of diffusion encoding gradient lobes along one or more of the gradient axes (e.g., Gx, Gy, and Gz). By changing the amplitudes and other characteristics of the diffusion encoding gradient lobes, the acquired echo signals108a,108bcan be weighted for diffusion occurring along any arbitrary direction. For example, when the diffusion encoding gradients110and112are composed solely of gradient lobes applied along the Gzgradient axis, the acquired echo signals108a,108bwill be weighted for diffusion occurring along the z-direction. As another example, if the diffusion encoding gradients110and112are composed of gradient lobes applied along both the Gxand Gygradient axes, then the echo signals108a,108bwill be weighted for diffusion occurring in the x-y plane along a direction defined by the relative amplitudes of the gradient lobes.

Diffusion encoding, or weighting, of the acquired echo signals108a,108bis provided when spins undergo random Brownian motion, or diffusion, during the time interval, Δ, spanned between the application of the first and second diffusion gradients110and112, respectively. The first diffusion encoding gradient110dephases the spins in the imaging volumes, whereas the second diffusion encoding gradient112acts to rephase the spins by an equal amount. When spins undergo random diffusive motion during this time interval, however, their phases are not properly rephased by the second diffusion gradient112. This phase difference results in a signal attenuation related to the diffusion occurring along the direction prescribed by the diffusion encoding gradients110and112. The more diffusion that occurs, the more signal attenuation that results. Although the diffusion encoding gradients110and112are shown as having the same polarity, in some instances the polarities can be changed for the one or more imaging volumes.

As described above, following excitation of the spins in the prescribed imaging volumes, data are acquired by sampling diffusion-weighted echo signals108a,108bin the presence of respective readouts106a,106b. For instance, in the case of an EPI readout scheme, the readouts106a,106bmay include alternating readout gradients that are preceded by the application of a pre-winding gradient that acts to move the first sampling point along the frequency-encoding, or readout, direction by a prescribed distance in k-space. Spatial encoding of the respective echo signal trains along a phase-encoding direction is performed by a series of phase encoding gradient blips, which are each played out in between the successive signal readouts such that each echo signal in the respective echo signal trains is separately phase-encoded. The phase-encoding gradient blips are preceded by the application of a pre-winding gradient that acts to move the first sampling point along the phase-encoding direction by a prescribed distance in k-space.

As is known in the art, the foregoing pulse sequence can be repeated a plurality of times while applying different spatial encoding gradients to select different imaging volumes during each repetition such that a plurality of imaging volumes is sampled. In some other implementations, a simultaneous multislice excitation and acquisition scheme can also be implemented. As one example, the blipped-CAIPIRINHA acquisition described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,405,395, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, can be implemented.

It will also be appreciated that additional RF pulses other than those described above may also be integrated into the pulse sequence. As one non-limiting example, one or more magnetization preparation RF pulses may be applied before the RF excitation pulses102. For instance, an inversion recovery (“IR”) RF pulse may be applied before the RF excitation pulses102.

FIG.2shows an example pulse sequence diagram for a time-shifted diffusion MRI sequence in which three imaging volumes are excited in each repetition. In this example, three RF excitation pulses102a,102b,102care applied to each of three different imaging volumes S1, S2, and S3. As before, the imaging volumes may be slices, slabs, sets of slices, or other suitable imaging volumes. As in the pulse sequence shown inFIG.1, the RF excitation pulses102a,102b,102care all time-shifted RF pulses that are shifted relative to each other by a duration of time. In some embodiments, each RF excitation pulse102a,102b,102cis separated in time by the same duration, Δt. In some other embodiments, the first two RF excitation pulses (102a,102b) may be separated by a different duration of time than the last two RF excitation pulses (102b,102c).

In this example, the pulse sequence also include three RF refocusing pulses104a,104b,104c, each applied to respective one of the three imaging volumes S1, S2, and S3. Like pulse sequence shown inFIG.1, the order in which the RF refocusing pulses104a,104b,104care applied is reversed relative to the order in which the RF excitation pulses102a,102b,102care applied. That is, where the imaging volumes are excited in the order of S1then S2then S3, the RF refocusing pulses104are applied to S3then to S2then to S1. Similarly, the pulse sequence includes three readouts106a,106b,106c, which facilitate the formation of three echo signals108a,108b,108cin each of the respective imaging volumes S1, S2, and S3. Like the RF refocusing pulses104a,104b,104c, the readouts106a,106b,106care applied in the reverse order relative to the RF excitation pulses102a,102b,102c. The RF refocusing pulses104a,104b,104care bridged by two diffusion encoding gradients110and112, such that the acquired data are diffusion-weighted data, as in the pulse sequence shown inFIG.1.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the pulse sequences shown inFIGS.1and2can be further adapted to include more than two or three imaging volumes by incorporating the appropriate number of time-shifted RF excitation pulses, RF refocusing pulses, and readouts. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that when more than two imaging volumes are excited in each repetition of the pulse sequence, the order in which the RF excitation pulses102are applied and the order in which the RF refocusing pulses104and readouts106are applied can be varied, provided that a different order is used for the RF excitation pulses102than the RF refocusing pulses104and readouts106to maintain that the data for each imaging volume are acquired with a different echo time. As described below, the pulses sequences can be differently adapted to acquire data in each imaging volume with the same echo time.

As an example, the pulse sequence shown inFIG.3could be adapted such that the imaging volumes are excited in the order S1-S2-S3, but refocused/sampled in the order S3-S1-S2, S2-S1-S3, S2-S3-S1, or S1-S3-S2. It will be appreciated that other combinations of the imaging volume ordering for both the RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104can be implemented in these examples, provided that the same ordering is not used for both the RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104. Further, it will be appreciated that these examples can be generally applied to those instances when more than three imaging volumes are being excited.

FIG.3shows an example pulse sequence diagram for a time-shifted diffusion MRI sequence in which each imaging volume is acquired with the same echo time. In this example, the RF refocusing pulses104a,104bare applied to the respective imaging volumes (S1, S2) in the same order in which the RF excitation pulses102a,102bare applied to the imaging volumes. Similarly, the first and second readouts106a,106bare applied in this same order. As a result, the first echo signal106awill be formed at a first echo time TE1that is equal to the second echo time, TE2, at which the second echo signal106bis formed, measured relative to the respective RF excitation pulses102a,102b.

FIG.4shows an example similar toFIG.3, except where three imaging volumes are excited, and in which data are acquired from each imaging volume with equal echo times (i.e., TE1=TE2=TE3). In this example, three RF excitation pulses102a,102b,102care used to excite spins in three respective imaging volumes, S1, S2, and S3. The spin magnetization is then refocused in each imaging volume by applying respective RF refocusing pulses104a,104b,104c. Data are acquired using readouts106a,106b,106cto facilitate the formation and sampling of echo signals108a,108b,108cin each of the imaging volumes S1, S2, and S3. Like the example inFIG.3, the RF excitation pulses102, RF refocusing pulses104, and readouts106are all applied to the respective imaging volumes S1, S2, and S3in the same order. As a result, the first echo signal106ais formed in the first imaging volume at a first echo time, TE1, measured relative to the first RF excitation pulse102a; the second echo signal106bis formed in the second imaging volume at a second echo time, TE2, measured relative to the second RF excitation pulse102b; and the third echo signal106cis formed in the third imaging volume at a third echo time, TE3, measured relative to the third RF excitation pulse102c, where TE1, TE2, and TE3are all equal.

As described above, the pulse sequences shown inFIGS.1-4can be adapted for use with SMS imaging techniques. In these instances, the RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104can be replaced with time-shifted multiband RF pulses. For example, the pulse sequence shown inFIG.1can be modified such that the RF excitation pulses102a,102bare each multiband RF excitation pulses that simultaneously excite spins in multiple different slices. In this case, the first imaging volume, S1, will include a first set of slices and the second imaging volume, S2, will include a second set of slices. Similarly, the first RF refocusing pulses104aand the second RF refocusing pulse104bwill both be multiband RF pulses that simultaneously refocus spin magnetization in the respective sets of slices.

As a non-limiting example, the RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104can each have a multiband factor of MB=2, in which case each RF pulse will simultaneously excite/refocus spins in an imaging volume that includes a set of two slices. More generally, the RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104can each have a multiband factor of MB=N, in which case each RF pulse will simultaneously excite/refocus spins in an imaging volume that includes a set of N slices, with N being an integer value greater than one. It will be appreciated that the different imaging volumes can include different numbers of slices by selecting the MB factor for the respective RF excitation pulses102and RF refocusing pulses104. For instance, the first imaging volume, S1, can include two slices by selecting an MB factor of MB=2 for the first RF excitation pulse102aand first RF refocusing pulse104a, but the second imaging volume, S2, can include three slices by selecting an MB factor of MB=3 for the second RF excitation pulse102band the second RF refocusing pulse104b.

When implementing an SMS imaging technique, the readouts106may also be adapted using different readout schemes, such as a CAIPIRINHA readout, a blipped-CAIPIRINHA readout, a Wave-CAIPI readout, and so on.

As a non-limiting example, the TDM techniques described in the present disclosure can be implemented in an EPI-based pulse sequence to accelerate relaxation-diffusion MRI acquisitions. A conventional spin-echo EPI sequence unit includes several event blocks (e.g., RF excitation, refocusing, and readout train) to acquire data from a single slice. TDM-EPI interleaves these event blocks for two or more separate imaging volumes and exploits an echo shifting technique to acquire multiple imaging volumes within a basic sequence unit. By rearranging the sequence event blocks for each imaging volume and adjusting the gradients for echo-shifting, diffusion weighted images from separate imaging volumes can be acquired at multiple distinct echo times. Besides the capability of acquiring multiple imaging volume in a single sequence unit, the TDM technique uses adaptive dephasing and rephasing pulses to improve the quality of the sampled data.

FIG.5illustrates one example implementation of a TDM-EPI sequence, which may be referred to as TDM-2s, where a pair of 90° (excitation) RF pulses102a,102band a pair of 180° (refocusing) RF pulses104a,104bare used, along with a pair of EPI readouts106a,106b. The two sets of RF pulses are used to excite two separate imaging volumes (e.g., slices S1and S2), with the corresponding event blocks being arranged so that the TE is the same for both imaging volumes. Additional slice-rephasing gradients114are inserted to compensate for the phase dispersion induced by the slice-selection gradients116. In order to separate the overlapping signals from the two slices, echo-shifting gradients118are added between the two 180° RF refocusing pulses104a,104bto shift the k-space of S1away from that of S2.

A pair of diffusion gradients110,112are applied on both sides of the two 180° RF refocusing pulses104a,104b, allowing the two multiplexed slices to share the same diffusion encoding. Before the EPI readout106aof S1, rephasing gradients120with the same area but opposite polarity as the echo-shifting gradients118are added to rephase the echo signal108aof S1and concurrently dephase the echo signal108bof S2. Similarly, rephasing gradients122with doubled area and same polarity is applied between the two EPI readout blocks106a,106b, which fully reverse the phase scramble of S2.

Preferably, the rewinding gradients should be enabled at the end of EPI readout train in both phase and frequency encoding directions. In general, the excited slice should keep the zeroth moment to zero before the corresponding EPI readout. Numbers listed on or below the gradients signify the relative value of gradient area (i.e., zeroth moment) and the gradients that have the same subscripts share the same relative standard unit.

FIGS.6and7illustrate other example implementations of a TDM-EPI sequence, in which the event blocks for multiple slices are rearranged such that different imaging volumes (e.g., slices) can be acquired with different TEs. In particular,FIG.6illustrates a sequence that may be referred to as TDM-2e, in which two separate slices are acquired with two different TEs. The sequence inFIG.7, which may be referred to as TDM-3e, further extends the method so that three separate slices can be acquired with three different TEs. In both sequences, the dephasing and rephasing gradients118,120,122are adjusted accordingly, such that at the time of readout, the signals from each slice are properly rephased. The area of the last rephasing gradient122inFIG.6is twice the area of the first two dephasing and rephasing gradients118,120as denoted by numbers in the figure. Similarly, the area of the last three dephasing and rephasing gradients120,122inFIG.7is twice the area of the first two dephasing and rephasing gradients118. The areas and directions of dephasing and rephasing gradients impact image quality, which is further explained below.

The examples described above with respect toFIGS.5-7can be configured to implement adaptive dephasing and rephasing gradients for echo shifting. When considered in the k-space domain, the direction and the area of the echo-shifting gradients determine the shifting direction and distance between the respective sampled k-space data of the multiplexed slices. In principle, the echo-shifting gradient(s) can be concurrently applied in all three directions (e.g., in phase-encoding, frequency-encoding and slice-selection directions). For simplicity, in a non-limiting example echo-shifting gradients can be described in phase-encoding and frequency-encoding directions and denoted it as Gdep(t)=Gx(t)ex+Gy(t)ey, where Gx(t) and Gy(t) are the gradient strength along the two directions, respectively. The post gradient signal from a voxel is given by:

Sv⁢oxel=∫v⁢oxelρ⁡(r→)⁢e-i⁢γ⁢G→dep(t)·r→⁢d⁢r→=∫x0-Δ⁢x/2x0+Δ⁢x/2∫y0-Δ⁢y/2y0+Δ⁢y/2ρ⁡(r→)⁢e-i⁢γ⁡(Sx·x+Sy·y)⁢dxdy;

where Δx and Δy are the voxel dimensions along both directions, and Sxand Syare the dephasing gradient areas of Gx(t) and Gy(t), respectively. It can be further simplified as Svoxel=ρ|sinc(Δθx/2)·sinc(Δθy/2)| when the proton density ρ(r) is uniform, and where Δθxand Δθyare the phase dispersions along corresponding directions within a voxel. The larger the area of dephasing gradient, the further away the shift is from the center of k-space and hence the smaller the amplitude of the echo signal.

In order to prevent signal leakage across slices, the area of dephasing gradient should be large enough to attenuate the echo signal leaked from other slices to noise level. In some instances, the amplitude of the echo-shifting gradient(s) can be specified as Gx(t)=G(t)cos θ, Gy(t)=G(t)sin θ in the sequence implementation in order to keep the amplitude of Gdep(t) as G(t), and where θ is modulation angle for amplitude. Note that the amplitude and direction refer to those of the first echo-shifting gradient(s) between the 180° RF refocusing pulses. Moreover, a shift factor can be introduced as,
kshift=2γ√{square root over (Sx2+Sy2)}=2γ√{square root over ((∫Gx(t)dt)2+(∫Gy(t)dt)2)}=2γ∫G(t)dt;

to represent the relative k-space shift cause by the echo-shifting gradients. The echo-shifting gradients can in some instances be accompanied with the undesired single diffusion encoding effect induced by itself and the double diffusion encoding effect when coupling with the diffusion encoding gradients. To that end, the corresponding apparent b-value is given by,
b=b1+b2+C·G1·G2·cos(ϕ);

where b1, b2, and G1, G2are the b-values due to the amplitudes of the diffusion encoding and echo-shifting gradients respectively, ϕ is the relative angle between the two, and C is a constant term related to the mixing time, diffusion time and the imaging order of TDM slices.

In order to minimize the single diffusion encoding effect induced by the echo-shifting gradient itself, the amplitude can be selected to be as small as possible while still being able to prevent signal leakage across slices. The value of b2is proportional to G22and is usually negligible for an optimal G2(e.g., b2≤7 s/mm2), compared to the maximum value of b1(≥1000 s/mm2). Nevertheless, the cross term may add nonnegligible double diffusion effect when G1is large and the two gradients are along the same direction. Accordingly, the direction and amplitude as well as the duration of the echo-shifting gradient can be adaptively optimized to reduce the additional diffusion effect caused by the echo-shift gradients. For example, G1and G2can be orthogonal making the cross term C·G1·G2·cos φ equal to zero.

Referring now toFIG.8, a flowchart is now illustrated as setting forth the steps of an example method for using the time-division multiplexing pulse sequences described in the present disclosure to acquire diffusion-weighted data from a subject with different echo times, such that multidimensional diffusion-relaxation analysis can be performed to investigate tissue abnormalities. It will be appreciated, however, that the time-division multiplexing pulse sequences can also be used in other imaging applications other than diffusion-weighted imaging.

The method includes acquiring diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance data from a subject with multiple different echo times using a time-division multiplexing diffusion imaging pulse sequence, as indicated at step802. Examples of such pulse sequences are described above. In general, the diffusion-weighted data will include multiple different imaging volumes (e.g., different slices, slabs, sets of slices) acquired with different echo times.

From the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance data, diffusion parameter data are computed, as indicated at step804. The diffusion parameter data can include diffusion parameter values and/or diffusion parameter maps that depict the spatial distribution of diffusion parameter values within the imaging volumes. For example, the diffusion parameter data can include diffusion parameter maps, such as apparent diffusion coefficient (“ADC”) maps, mean diffusivity (“MD”) maps, fraction anisotropy (“FA”) maps, mean kurtosis (“MK”) maps, or other diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion kurtosis imaging (“DKI”), diffusion tensor imaging (“DTI”), or other such diffusion imaging-based parameter maps.

Because the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance data are acquired with multiple different echo times, T2 relaxation parameter data can also be computed from the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance data, as indicated at step806. The T2 relaxation parameter data can include T2 relaxation parameter values and/or T2 relaxation parameter maps. For example, the T2 relaxation parameter data can include T2 relaxation rate maps that depict the spatial distribution of quantitative T2 relaxation rate values within the imaging volumes.

Using the diffusion parameter data and the T2 relaxation data, multidimensional correlation data can be generated, as indicated at step808, based on analyzing the multidimensional correlation between the diffusion parameters and T2 relaxation rate. The correlations are multidimensional because of the multidimensional space of statistical variables over which the correlations are analyzed.

As an example, for a water molecule diffusing in a medium with transverse relaxation rate r=1/T2, and the diffusivity along a direction u of D(u), the decay of the diffusion magnetic resonance signal due to relaxation and diffusion can be modeled using the exponential functions exp(−rt) and exp(−bD(u)), where t and b denote the TE and b-value, respectively. Therefore, the diffusion magnetic resonance signal from water molecules with different relaxation and diffusion can be modeled jointly by,
S(t,b,u)=S0∫e−rt-bD(u)ρ(r,D)dr dD(1);

where ρ(r, D) represents the joint probability distribution of r and D. Because relaxation and diffusion reflect different properties of the underlying tissue, the statistical properties of ρ(r, D) can be used to characterize different aspects of tissue microstructure. It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that Eqn. (1) is just one example model, and others could also be implemented.

Eqn. (1) implies that, as one non-limiting example, the joint PDF ρ(r, D) can be estimated via the inverse Laplace transform of the normalized signal s(t, b)/s0.

A report can then be generated based on the multidimensional correlation data, as indicated at step810. The report can include images, parameter maps, plots, quantitative values, textural information, other data, or combinations thereof. For instance, the report can include a visual depiction of the multidimensional correlation data, which may be displayed to a user together with the related diffusion parameter data and/or T2 relaxation parameter data. As an example, the report can display correlation coefficient maps between relaxation rate and diffusivity (or other diffusion parameters) for one or more joint PDFs. Based on this multidimensional correlation analysis and the resulting report, a user can investigate tissue abnormalities that cannot be analyzed using conventional diffusion imaging techniques.

Referring particularly now toFIG.9, an example of a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) system900that can implement the methods described here is illustrated. The MRI system900includes an operator workstation902that may include a display904, one or more input devices906(e.g., a keyboard, a mouse), and a processor908. The processor908may include a commercially available programmable machine running a commercially available operating system. The operator workstation902provides an operator interface that facilitates entering scan parameters into the MRI system900. The operator workstation902may be coupled to different servers, including, for example, a pulse sequence server910, a data acquisition server912, a data processing server914, and a data store server916. The operator workstation902and the servers910,912,914, and916may be connected via a communication system940, which may include wired or wireless network connections.

The pulse sequence server910functions in response to instructions provided by the operator workstation902to operate a gradient system918and a radiofrequency (“RF”) system920. Gradient waveforms for performing a prescribed scan are produced and applied to the gradient system918, which then excites gradient coils in an assembly922to produce the magnetic field gradients Gx, Gy, and Gzthat are used for spatially encoding magnetic resonance signals. The gradient coil assembly922forms part of a magnet assembly924that includes a polarizing magnet926and a whole-body RF coil928.

RF waveforms are applied by the RF system920to the RF coil928, or a separate local coil to perform the prescribed magnetic resonance pulse sequence. Responsive magnetic resonance signals detected by the RF coil928, or a separate local coil, are received by the RF system920. The responsive magnetic resonance signals may be amplified, demodulated, filtered, and digitized under direction of commands produced by the pulse sequence server910. The RF system920includes an RF transmitter for producing a wide variety of RF pulses used in MRI pulse sequences. The RF transmitter is responsive to the prescribed scan and direction from the pulse sequence server910to produce RF pulses of the desired frequency, phase, and pulse amplitude waveform. The generated RF pulses may be applied to the whole-body RF coil928or to one or more local coils or coil arrays.

The RF system920also includes one or more RF receiver channels. An RF receiver channel includes an RF preamplifier that amplifies the magnetic resonance signal received by the coil928to which it is connected, and a detector that detects and digitizes the I and Q quadrature components of the received magnetic resonance signal. The magnitude of the received magnetic resonance signal may, therefore, be determined at a sampled point by the square root of the sum of the squares of the I and Q components:
M=√{square root over (I2+Q2)}  (2);

and the phase of the received magnetic resonance signal may also be determined according to the following relationship:

φ=tan-1(QI).(3)

The pulse sequence server910may receive patient data from a physiological acquisition controller930. By way of example, the physiological acquisition controller930may receive signals from a number of different sensors connected to the patient, including electrocardiograph (“ECG”) signals from electrodes, or respiratory signals from a respiratory bellows or other respiratory monitoring devices. These signals may be used by the pulse sequence server910to synchronize, or “gate,” the performance of the scan with the subject's heart beat or respiration.

The pulse sequence server910may also connect to a scan room interface circuit932that receives signals from various sensors associated with the condition of the patient and the magnet system. Through the scan room interface circuit932, a patient positioning system934can receive commands to move the patient to desired positions during the scan.

The digitized magnetic resonance signal samples produced by the RF system920are received by the data acquisition server912. The data acquisition server912operates in response to instructions downloaded from the operator workstation902to receive the real-time magnetic resonance data and provide buffer storage, so that data is not lost by data overrun. In some scans, the data acquisition server912passes the acquired magnetic resonance data to the data processor server914. In scans that require information derived from acquired magnetic resonance data to control the further performance of the scan, the data acquisition server912may be programmed to produce such information and convey it to the pulse sequence server910. For example, during pre-scans, magnetic resonance data may be acquired and used to calibrate the pulse sequence performed by the pulse sequence server910. As another example, navigator signals may be acquired and used to adjust the operating parameters of the RF system920or the gradient system918, or to control the view order in which k-space is sampled. In still another example, the data acquisition server912may also process magnetic resonance signals used to detect the arrival of a contrast agent in a magnetic resonance angiography (“MRA”) scan. For example, the data acquisition server912may acquire magnetic resonance data and processes it in real-time to produce information that is used to control the scan.

The data processing server914receives magnetic resonance data from the data acquisition server912and processes the magnetic resonance data in accordance with instructions provided by the operator workstation902. Such processing may include, for example, reconstructing two-dimensional or three-dimensional images by performing a Fourier transformation of raw k-space data, performing other image reconstruction algorithms (e.g., iterative or backprojection reconstruction algorithms), applying filters to raw k-space data or to reconstructed images, generating functional magnetic resonance images, or calculating motion or flow images.

Images reconstructed by the data processing server914are conveyed back to the operator workstation902for storage. Real-time images may be stored in a data base memory cache, from which they may be output to operator display902or a display936. Batch mode images or selected real time images may be stored in a host database on disc storage938. When such images have been reconstructed and transferred to storage, the data processing server914may notify the data store server916on the operator workstation902. The operator workstation902may be used by an operator to archive the images, produce films, or send the images via a network to other facilities.

The MRI system900may also include one or more networked workstations942. For example, a networked workstation942may include a display944, one or more input devices946(e.g., a keyboard, a mouse), and a processor948. The networked workstation942may be located within the same facility as the operator workstation902, or in a different facility, such as a different healthcare institution or clinic.

The networked workstation942may gain remote access to the data processing server914or data store server916via the communication system940. Accordingly, multiple networked workstations942may have access to the data processing server914and the data store server916. In this manner, magnetic resonance data, reconstructed images, or other data may be exchanged between the data processing server914or the data store server916and the networked workstations942, such that the data or images may be remotely processed by a networked workstation942.

The present disclosure has described one or more preferred embodiments, and it should be appreciated that many equivalents, alternatives, variations, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the invention.