Patent ID: 12239248

REFERENCE NUMBERS

100. . . system105. . . open vertical display case (OVDC)110. . . wall115. . . shelf120. . . phase change material125. . . plurality of piping130. . . refrigeration circuit135. . . condenser140. . . compressor145. . . expansion valve150. . . second refrigerant stream155. . . fan160. . . connection165. . . first refrigerant stream170. . . valve175. . . coil180air stream185. . . pump190. . . return air grille195. . . cooled air stream200. . . food product300. . . method305. . . positioning310. . . operating315. . . routing320. . . cooling325. . . directing330. . . connecting335. . . routing

DESCRIPTION

The embodiments described herein should not necessarily be construed as limited to addressing any of the particular problems or deficiencies discussed herein. References in the specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, “some embodiments”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

As used herein the term “substantially” is used to indicate that exact values are not necessarily attainable. By way of example, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that in some chemical reactions 100% conversion of a reactant is possible, yet unlikely. Most of a reactant may be converted to a product and conversion of the reactant may asymptotically approach 100% conversion. So, although from a practical perspective 100% of the reactant is converted, from a technical perspective, a small and sometimes difficult to define amount remains. For this example of a chemical reactant, that amount may be relatively easily defined by the detection limits of the instrument used to test for it. However, in many cases, this amount may not be easily defined, hence the use of the term “substantially”. In some embodiments of the present invention, the term “substantially” is defined as approaching a specific numeric value or target to within 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or within 1% of the value or target. In further embodiments of the present invention, the term “substantially” is defined as approaching a specific numeric value or target to within 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, or 0.1% of the value or target.

As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that exact values are not necessarily, attainable. Therefore, the term “about” is used to indicate this uncertainty limit. In some embodiments of the present invention, the term “about” is used to indicate an uncertainty limit of less than or equal to ±20%, ±15%, ±10%, ±5%, or ±1% of a specific numeric value or target. In some embodiments of the present invention, the term “about” is used to indicate an uncertainty limit of less than or equal to ±1%, ±0.9%, ±0.8%, ±0.7%, ±0.6%, ±0.5%, ±0.4%, ±0.3%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1% of a specific numeric value or target.

The present disclosure relates to an improved open vertical display case (OVDC) which utilizes radiant cooling to cool and/or maintain food products at a target temperature. The radiant cooling is performed using a plurality of piping routed through the walls and containing a first refrigerant stream, which may be very cold. In some embodiments, convective cooling may also be performed using a fan directing air cooled by the first refrigerant stream flowing through a coil to the OVDC. The plurality of piping may be cooled using a refrigeration circuit. In some embodiments, a phase change material may be used for thermal energy storage and positioned between the plurality of piping and the refrigeration circuit. In some embodiments, the refrigeration circuit may be connected to heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and water heating systems within the building. The improved OVDC as described herein may be more energy efficient, may be able to serve as a flexible grid resource, and may be able to contribute heat to other building applications.

In some embodiments, the improved OVDC which makes the display portion (i.e., the food product shelves) the central components of a refrigeration system and integrates with HVAC systems and water heating systems within the building. The systems described herein may allow the improved OVDC to serve as a flexible grid resource and respond to demand response events and/or participate in load shaving/shifting strategies for the building. For example, the phase change material may act as both a heat exchanger and a thermal energy storage system and may be used to supply cooling without needing electrical power to run the refrigeration circuit. The improved OVDC may also utilize an improved cooling mechanism using radiant and (in some embodiments) low-airflow convective cooling.

FIG.1illustrates an improved open vertical display case system100using radiant cooling, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The system100includes the improved OVDC105, which contains several walls110. A plurality of piping125is routed through the walls110, performing radiant cooling on products on the shelf115. The plurality of piping125contains the first refrigerant stream (not shown inFIG.1), In some embodiments, fans155are located at the rear of the shelf115and may be directed to flow cooled air over the shelf115. The air may be cooled using a coil (not shown inFIG.1). In the lower portion of the improved OVDC110, the refrigeration circuit130is located. The refrigeration circuit130includes a condenser135, a compressor140, and an expansion valve145. A second refrigerant stream150circulates through the refrigeration circuit130. In some embodiments, a phase change material120acts as a heat exchanger between the first refrigerant stream (not shown inFIG.1) and the second refrigerant stream150. The phase change material120may also perform thermal energy storage and allow the improved OVDC105to be operated even if the refrigeration circuit130is “turned off” or disconnected from electrical power (such as for grid-shifting purposes or emergency power outages).

The improved OVDC105may be operated at a thermostatic set point, based on the food products it is designed to contain on the shelf115. Food products may be placed on the shelf115, which through the radiant cooling emitted by the first refrigerant stream in the plurality of piping125may be maintained at a desired temperature (e.g., 34° F.). The lower portion of the improved OVDC105may include a refrigeration circuit130to extract heat from the first refrigerant stream to maintain the thermostatic set point of the improved OVDC105. This refrigeration circuit130may reclaim this heat for space and water heating of the entire building (i.e., supermarket), improving overall building energy efficiency (via connection160). During demand response events and/or as a part of a load shaving/shifting strategy the phase change material120may keep food products at the desired cooled temperature without the use of electrical energy.

The improved. OVDC105lacks the “air curtain” typical in most OVDCs, which is a major source of wasted energy and infiltration of warm air into the cooled food product area. Additionally, the improved OVDC105also lacks the evaporator coil typical in most OVDCs, which is a source of frost and its significant adverse repercussions on thermal performance. In some embodiments, the improved OVDC105uses radiant cooling coupled with low air-flow convective cooling n some embodiments, the low air-flow convective cooling may be introduced by a fan155through small perforations on the back interior wall110of the improved OVDC105. The cooled air may “wrap around” food products on the shelf115. The low-airflow cooled air may travel horizontally across the shelf115and/or vertically between the shelves115. The shelves115may be made of a perforated/porous (i.e., “breathable”) material such as mesh, wire, or chain-link material to allow cooled air to easily circulate through the improved OVDC105. Simultaneously, radiant cooling may supplement the low air flow mechanism to further ensure the improved OVDC105is maintained at the thermostatic set point. Depending on the safety requirements of the food products to be stored in the improved OVDC105, the thermostatic set point may be set to just above freezing. A small pump (not shown inFIG.1) may circulate the first refrigerant stream through the plurality of piping125within the walls110(i.e., vertical walls) and canopy (i.e., horizontal wall110) and within the phase change material120of the improved OVDC105. Both cooling mechanisms (i.e., radiant cooling and convective cooling) of the improved OVDC105utilize the stored cooling energy of the phase change material120.

In some embodiments, a wall110may be made of a substantially conductive material on the interior side (i.e., on the side oriented towards the food product or shelf115). Examples of substantially conductive materials include aluminum, copper, steel, and/or plastic. A wall110may have an exterior side (i.e., the exterior of the improved OVDC105) made of a substantially insulative material. Examples of a substantially insulative material include plastic, fiberglass, mineral wool, polyurethane foam, and/or concrete. A wall110may refer to a vertical side (i.e., a vertical wall) and/or a horizontal side (i.e., a canopy, shelf115, or floor of the display area).

In some embodiments, the plurality of piping125may be made of a substantially conductive material, such as aluminum, copper, steel, and/or plastic. In some embodiments, the plurality of piping125may be in physical contact with a wall110. The plurality of piping125may “zig-zag” or curve back and forth through the wall110, to provide multiple sources of radiant cooling.

FIG.2illustrates a flow diagram for the improved OVDC system100using radiant cooling, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.2, the first refrigerant stream165is routed to the phase change material120, where it is cooled. A pump185may be used to direct the first refrigerant stream165. A valve170may direct a first portion of the first refrigerant stream165to the plurality of piping125and a second portion of the first refrigerant stream165to a coil175. Then both the first portion and the second portion of the first refrigerant stream165may be routed back to the phase change material120. An air stream180may be directed to flow through the coil175and a fan155may direct the air stream180to the shelf115.

FIG.2also shows the path of the second refrigerant stream150through the refrigeration circuit130. The second refrigerant stream150is routed through a compressor140, then a condenser135. In the condenser135, the second refrigerant stream150is cooled. The heat released from the second refrigerant stream150in the condenser135may be directed to the building's heating system or water supply (via connection160). That is, the heat removed from the second refrigerant stream150may be “recycled” or reused for other, practical uses within the building.

The first refrigerant stream165and/or the second refrigerant stream150may be any liquid material capable of transferring heat, such as water, glycol, hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, ammonia, haloalkanes, propane, and/or isobutane. In some embodiments, the first refrigerant stream165may be a “safer” material (meaning it is less toxic or non-toxic) than the second refrigerant stream150, given the proximity of the first refrigerant stream165to food products. In some embodiments, the first refrigerant stream165may be cooled by the phase change material120and/or the second refrigerant stream150to a temperature in the range of about −5° C. to about 5° C. For optimal performance of the improved OVDC105and maintaining product temperatures to within limits set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the first refrigerant stream165may be cooled to a temperature in the range of about −0.5° C. to about 0.5° C.

As shown inFIGS.1-2, the phase change material120can act as a heat exchanger, facilitating the removal of heat from the first refrigerant stream165to the second refrigerant stream150(i.e., the refrigeration circuit130). Additionally, the phase change material120may act as a thermal energy storage system and may be capable of removing heat from (i.e., cooling) the first refrigerant stream165, allowing the improved OVDC105to continue to operate without the refrigeration circuit130flowing. Because the refrigeration circuit130requires electrical energy to operate, using the phase change material120to remove heat from the first refrigerant stream165, the improved OVDC105can operate without electrical energy for a short period of time (for example, 3 hours). For example, the phase change material120could “power” the improved OVDC105during power outages or as a scheduled grid/load shifting.

FIG.3illustrates the flow of air through the improved open vertical display case system100using radiant cooling, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.3, in the improved OVDC105has a return air grilled190, which may be located at the bottom of the food product area (i.e., under the lowest shelf115). An air stream180may be routed up the rear of the improved OVDC105, A coil175(not shown inFIG.3, seeFIGS.1-2) containing the first refrigerant stream165(not shown inFIG.3, seeFIGS.1-2) cool the air stream180, creating a cooled air stream195. A fan155(not shown inFIG.3, seeFIGS.1-2) directs the cooled air stream195to the area just above a shelf115. In some embodiments, there may be at least one fan155corresponding to each shelf115in the improved OVDC105. The shelves115may be made of a substantially air-permeable material, allowing the cooled air stream195to travel through the food products (not shown) on the shelves115, through the shelves115, and down to the return air grille190.

FIG.4illustrates airflow, refrigerant flow, and core product temperatures for food products200stored in the improved OVDC105using radiant cooling, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The cooled air stream195path is shown only in the shelf115area. The fans155are not shown inFIG.4, but the cooled air stream195is directed to the food products200using the fans155. The cooled air stream195is then collected by the return air grille190(seeFIG.3). The first refrigerant165path is shown throughout the wall110. The first refrigerant stream165is cooled in the phase change material120(by the phase change material120and/or the second refrigerant stream150), then routed up the wall110(the wall110includes both vertical and horizontal walls110) before returning to the phase change material120. The second refrigerant stream165is circulated through the refrigeration circuit130and cools the phase change material120and/or the first refrigerant stream165in the phase change material120.

The core food product200temperatures are shown inFIG.4, as calculated using modeling. The core food product200temperatures inFIG.4are based on the first refrigerant stream165being cooled to approximately 0.1° C. (or approximately 32.2° F.) in the phase change material120. That is, the first refrigerant stream165leaves the phase change material120at a temperature of approximately 0.1° C. While being routed through the wall110in the plurality of piping125(not shown inFIG.4, seeFIG.1) the first refrigerant stream165may be heated to approximately 0.5° C. For example, some modeling had the first refrigerant stream165reaching a temperature of approximately 0.48° C. after cooling food products200on three shelves115using radiant cooling through the walls110and convective cooling through a coil175and fan155. The core food product200temperatures shown inFIG.4show that the improved OVDC105may result in a difference in the warmest food product200and the coolest food product200(i.e., ΔT) of less than approximately 3° C. For example, some modeling showed a ΔT of approximately 2.67° C.

The improved OVDC105shown inFIGS.1-4lacks the “air curtain” standard in traditional OVDCs, which blows cold air from the front top portion of the traditional OVDC to a return air grille positioned at the front bottom of the traditional OVDC. In most traditional OVDCs, the air curtain is the primary (if not only) source of cooling, and leads to significant energy losses, most due to the infiltration of warm, moist air from external to the traditional OVDC. This infiltrated air may also be entrained by the air curtain, and “pulled” back into the shelves and product area. The improved OVDC105lacks the air curtain and using radiant cooling through the plurality of piping125as the primary means of cooling/maintaining food products at appropriate temperatures.

FIG.5illustrates total cooling load and maximum core food product temperature contour lines based on radiant cooling temperature and back panel air flow of the improved OVDC, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The dotted line is cooling load (units: BTU/hr-ft) and the dashed line is maximum food product200core food product temperature (units: ° F.), The core product temperature needs to maintained at about 41° F. or below to comply with U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations. Too cold, however, and frost may form on the interior surfaces of the improved OVDC105. An optimum operational point of the improved. OVDC105is shown as a solid circle inFIG.5. At that point, having a radiant cooling temperature of approximately 32° F. (i.e., the temperature of the first refrigerant stream165when leaving the phase change material120) and a back panel airflow rate (i.e., the flow rate of the cooled air stream195when directed/pushed by the fan155) of approximately 415 CFM (cubic feet per minute).

FIG.6illustrates a method300for cooling at least one food product using radiant cooling in an improved OVDC105, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The method includes positioning305a plurality of piping125containing a first refrigerant stream165in a wall110of the improved OVDC105and then operating a refrigeration circuit130containing a second refrigerant stream150. The food product200may be cooled using radiant cooling emitted from the first refrigerant stream165in the plurality of piping125.

In some embodiments, the method300also includes routing315the first refrigerant stream165through a coil175, cooling320an air stream180using the coil175(resulting in a cooled airstream195), and directing325the cooled air stream195to the food product200using a fan155. The directing325includes cooling the food product200using convective cooling. The convective cooling and radiant cooling may be combined to defectively cool the food products or maintain the temperature of the food products at acceptable temperatures (i.e., temperatures regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration), In some embodiments, at least one fan155may be present for each shelf115in the improved OVDC105, In other embodiments, the number of fans may be less than or greater than the number of shelves115in the improved OVDC. The fans may be operated using electrical energy.

In some embodiments, the method300also includes connecting330the condenser135to the building water supply and/or the building heating system. Waste heat from the condenser may be used by the building's water supply or heating system (i.e., heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system). The connecting330may be done by directing a third refrigerant stream through the condenser, which can transfer the waste heat to the water supply or heating system. Alternatively, the connecting330may be done by routing the water supply or building air through the condenser to recover the waste heat directly.

In some embodiments, the method300also includes utilizing335a phase change material120as a heat exchanger between the first refrigerant stream195and the second refrigerant stream150. The utilizing335may also including storing thermal energy in the form of cold energy in the phase change material120. In some embodiments, for example, during off-peak hours, the refrigeration circuit130may “charge” freeze) the phase change material120, then, during on-peak hours, the refrigeration circuit130may be turned off or turned down and the phase change material120may cool the first refrigerant stream165. This allows the improved OVDC105to operate with significantly lower (if not no) energy from the electrical grid.

In some embodiments, the phase change material120may have a transition temperature (i.e., a temperature at which the phase change material120changes phase between solid and liquid) below 32° F. (0° C.) to achieve desired refrigeration requirements for food products. In some embodiments, the phase change material120may have high thermal conductivity (i.e., greater than about 10 W/m-K) to enable rapid charge/discharge times. In some embodiments, the phase change material120may have sufficient energy density (i.e., a heat of fusion greater than about 55 kWh/m3) to enable advanced refrigeration load flexibility capabilities. In some embodiments, the phase change material120may have stability over multiple cycles. Examples of phase change material120may include inorganic phase change materials such as salt-water eutectic solutions or salt hydrates. Some examples of phase change material120include ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and/or potassium chloride (KCl). In some embodiments, the phase change material120may be a salt hydrate. Examples of salt hydrates include potassium fluoride tetrahydrate (KF·4H2O), manganese nitrate hexahydrate (Mn(NO3)2·6H2O), calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O), calcium bromide hexahydrate (CaBr2·6H2O), lithium nitrate hexahydrate (LiNO3·6H2O), sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), sodium carbonate decahydrate (NaCo3·10H2O), sodium orthophosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), or zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O). In some embodiments, inorganic phase change materials may require surface modification of the expanded graphite prior to compression to successfully impregnant the inorganic phase change material into treated graphite structures, such as graphite matrices.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

A system for cooling a food product using radiant cooling, the system comprisingan open vertical display case comprising a wall;a plurality of piping positioned in the wall and comprising a first refrigerant stream; anda refrigeration circuit comprising a second refrigerant stream; whereinthe plurality of piping is positioned within the wall and configured to cool the food product using radiant cooling.

Example 2

The system of Example 1, further comprising:a coil; anda fan; wherein:the first refrigerant stream is routed through the coil,the coil is configured to cool an air stream resulting in a cooled air stream, andthe fan is configured to direct the cooled air stream to the food product to cool the food product using convective cooling.

Example 3

The system of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising:a phase change material; wherein:the first refrigerant stream and the second refrigerant stream are routed through the phase change material,the first refrigerant stream is in thermal contact with the phase change material and the second refrigerant stream,the second refrigerant stream is in thermal contact with the phase change material and the first refrigerant stream, and
the phase change material comprises a thermal energy storage system.

Example 4

The system of Example 3, wherein:the phase change material comprises a transition temperature below 0° C.

Example 5

The system of any of Examples 1-4, wherein:the phase change material is contained within a graphite matrix.

Example 6

The system of any of Examples 1-5, wherein:the phase change material comprises an inorganic phase change material.

Example 7

The system of Example 6, wherein:the inorganic phase change material comprises a salt hydrate.

Example 8

The system of Example 7, wherein:the salt hydrate comprises at least one of potassium fluoride tetrahydrate (KF·4H2O), manganese nitrate hexahydrate (Mn(NO3)2·6H2O), calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O), calcium bromide hexahydrate (CaBr2·6H2O), lithium nitrate hexahydrate (LiNO3·6H2O), sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), sodium carbonate decahydrate (NaCo3·10H2O), sodium orthophosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), or zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O).

Example 9

The system of any of Examples 1-8, wherein:the refrigeration circuit comprises:a condensera compressor; andan expansion valve.

Example 10

The system of Example 9, wherein:the condenser is connected to a building's heating system.

Example 11

The system of any of Examples 1-10, wherein:the condenser is configured to transfer heat from the first refrigerant stream to the building's heating system.

Example 12

The system of Example 9, wherein:the condenser is connected to a water supply.

Example 13

The system of any of Examples 1-12, wherein:the condenser is configured to transfer heat from the first refrigerant stream to the water supply.

Example 14

The system of Example 12, wherein:the water supply is a potable water source.

Example 15

The system of any of Examples 1-14, wherein:the wall comprises a vertical side of the open vertical display case.

Example 16

The system of any of Examples 1-15, wherein:the wall comprises a horizontal canopy of the open vertical display case.

Example 17

The system of any of Examples 1-16, wherein:the wall comprises a horizontal base of the open vertical display case.

Example 18

The system of any of Example 1-17, wherein:the plurality of piping comprises copper piping.

Example 19

The system of any of Examples 1-18, wherein:plurality of piping comprises piping comprising a conductive material.

Example 20

The system of any of Examples 1-19, wherein:first refrigerant stream comprises glycol.

Example 21

The system of any of Examples 1-20, wherein:the first refrigerant stream comprises water.

Example 22

The system of any of Examples 1-21, wherein:the second refrigerant stream comprises at least one of a hydrocarbon or a hydrofluorocarbon.

Example 23

The system of any of Examples 1-22, wherein:the second refrigerant stream comprises water.

Example 24

A method for cooling a food product using radiant cooling in an open vertical display case, the method comprising:positioning a plurality of piping comprising a first refrigerant stream through a wall of an open vertical display case; andoperating a refrigeration circuit comprising a second refrigerant stream; wherein:the positioning comprises cooling the food product using radiant cooling.

Example 25

The method of Example 24, further comprising:routing the first refrigerant stream through a coil;cooling an air stream using the coil, resulting in a cooled airstream; anddirecting the cooled air stream to the food product using a fan; wherein:the directing comprises cooling the food product using convective cooling.

Example 26

The method of Examples 24 or 25, wherein:the refrigeration circuit comprises:a condenser;a compressor; andan expansion valve.

Example 27

The method of Example 26, further comprising:connecting the condenser to a water supply.

Example 28

The method of Example 27, wherein:the connecting comprises transferring heat from the second refrigerant stream to the water supply through the condenser.

Example 29

The method of Example 27, wherein:the water supply is a potable water source.

Example 30

The method of Example 26, further comprising:connecting the condenser to a building heating system.

Example 31

The method of Example 30, wherein:the connecting comprises transferring heat from the second refrigerant stream to the building heating system through the condenser.

Example 32

The method of any of Examples 24-31, further comprising:utilizing a phase change material as a heat exchanger between the first refrigerant stream and the second refrigerant stream; wherein:the utilizing comprises storing thermal energy in the phase change material.

Example 33

The method of any of Examples 24-32, wherein:the phase change material comprises a transition temperature below 0° C.

Example 34

The method of any of Examples 24-33, wherein:the phase change material comprises an inorganic phase change material.

Example 35

The method of Example 34, wherein:the inorganic phase change material comprises a salt hydrate.

Example 36

The method of Example 35, wherein:the salt hydrate comprises at least one of potassium fluoride tetrahydrate (KF·4H2O), manganese nitrate hexahydrate (Mn(NO3)2·6H2O), calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O), calcium bromide hexahydrate (CaBr2·6H2O), lithium nitrate hexahydrate (LiNO3·6H2O), sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), sodium carbonate decahydrate (NaCo3·10H2O), sodium orthophosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), or zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O).

Example 37

The method of any of Examples 24-35, wherein:the phase change material is contained within a graphite matrix.

Example 38

The method of any of Examples 24-37, wherein:the wall comprises a vertical side of the open vertical display case.

Example 39

The method of any of Examples 24-38, wherein:the wall comprises a horizontal canopy of the open vertical display case.

Example 40

The method of any of Examples 24-39, wherein:the wall comprises a horizontal base of the open vertical display case.

Example 41

The method of any of Examples 24-40, wherein:the plurality of piping comprises a conductive material.

Example 42

The method of any of Examples 24-41, wherein:the conductive material comprises copper.

Example 43

The method of any of Examples 24-42, wherein:first refrigerant stream comprises glycol.

Example 44

The method of any of Examples 24-43, wherein:the first refrigerant stream comprises water.

Example 45

The method of any of Examples 24-44, wherein:the second refrigerant stream comprises at least one of a hydrocarbon or a hydrofluorocarbon.

Example 46

The method of any of Examples 24-45, wherein:the second refrigerant stream comprises water.

The foregoing discussion and examples have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the aspects, embodiments, or configurations to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the aspects, embodiments, or configurations are grouped together in one or more embodiments, configurations, or aspects for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, embodiments, or configurations may be combined in alternate aspects, embodiments, or configurations other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the aspects, embodiments, or configurations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment, configuration, or aspect. While certain aspects of conventional technology have been discussed to facilitate disclosure of some embodiments of the present invention, the Applicants in no way disclaim these technical aspects, and it is contemplated that the claimed invention may encompass one or more of the conventional technical aspects discussed herein. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate aspect, embodiment, or configuration.