Patent ID: 12257579

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application relates to fluidic devices. More specifically, the present application relates to recirculating unidirectional perfusion flow devices and methods of use thereof.

One aspect of the application relates to a device comprising a reservoir base having a first reservoir and a second reservoir positioned at opposing ends thereof. Each of the first reservoir and the second reservoir have an inlet and an outlet extending through the reservoir base. The device further comprises a channel layer. The channel layer comprises one or more inlet channels in fluid communication with the inlets of the first and second reservoirs, one or more outlet channels in fluid communication with the outlets of the first and second reservoirs, and a channel network comprising at least one channel extending between the one or more inlet channels and the one or more outlet channels. When the device is tilted in a forward tilted position, with respect to a horizontal axis, a first fluid circuit is formed for directing a first flow of fluid from the outlet of the first reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to the both the inlet and outlet of the second reservoir. When the device is tilted in a reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, a second fluid circuit is formed for directing a second flow of fluid from the outlet of the second reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to the both the inlet and outlet of the first reservoir. The outlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir are located closer to horizontal axis, about which the device is tilted between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, than the inlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir, respectively.

FIGS.1A-1Care schematic, top, and exploded views of a first embodiment of device10of the present application. Device10includes reservoir base12, first reservoir14, second reservoir16, channel layer18, and base20, although device10may include other types and or numbers of elements or components, such as additional fluidic components or sealing gaskets, in other combinations. In one embodiment, device10is a microfluidic device for manipulating or controlling fluids in the range of microliters to picoliters, although device10may be used on any scale.

The elements of device10, as described above, are formed from a biocompatible thermoplastic, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyester, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, cyclic olefin copolymer, polypropylene, polyurethane, or polyetheretherketon (PEEK), or combinations thereof, although the elements of device10may be formed of other materials such as silicone including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), glass, or metals, or combinations thereof. In this embodiment, device10is made of a transparent material such that channel layer18is visible in the top view as shown inFIG.1B, although opaque materials may be utilized. According to one embodiment, the elements of device10are formed using 3-D printing, although the elements of device10may be formed using other methods, such as injection molding.

Reservoir base12includes inlets22(1) and22(2) and outlets24(1) and24(2) that extend through reservoir base12. Outlets24(1) and24(2) are positioned closer to the center of reservoir base12than inlets22(1) and22(2). Inlet22(1) and outlet24(1) are positioned to be associated with first reservoir14, while inlet22(2) and outlet24(2) are positioned to be associated with second reservoir16. In one embodiment, reservoir base12includes threaded holes26that allow reservoir base12to be coupled using threaded screws35, as shown inFIG.1B, to the other elements of device10as described below. Reservoir base12is shown as having a rectangular configuration. However, reservoir base12may have any other shapes such as circular or square, by way of example only.

First reservoir14is positioned on reservoir base12to be associated with inlet22(1) and outlet24(1), while second reservoir16is positioned on reservoir base12to be associated with inlet22(2) and outlet24(2). In one embodiment, first reservoir14and second reservoir16are coupled to reservoir base12by one of an adhesive, chemical bonding, or hot embossing. In another embodiment, first reservoir14and second reservoir16may be integrally formed on reservoir base16. First reservoir14and second reservoir16are configured to hold a volume of liquid therein, and may be scaled depending on the application. In one embodiment, reservoir base12includes threaded holes26that allow reservoir base12to be coupled using threaded screws to the other elements of device10as described below. First reservoir14and second reservoir16are in fluid communication with channel layer18through inlets22(1) and22(2) and outlets24(1) and24(2) when reservoir base12is coupled to channel layer18. First reservoir14and second reservoir16are open access reservoirs which allows access to the fluid during operation.

Channel layer18includes inlet channel28, outlet channel30, and channel network32(1), although channel layer18may include other fluidic channels in other configurations, such as additional channel networks as shown inFIG.4. In one embodiment, inlet channel28, outlet channel30, and channel network32(1) are laser etched into a surface of channel layer18, although in other embodiments inlet channel28, outlet channel30, and channel network32(1) may be formed within channel layer18by 3-D printing, by way of example. In this embodiment, channel layer18is a single layer of material that includes inlet channel28, outlet channel30, and channel network32(1). In another embodiment, inlet channel28, outlet channel30, and channel network32(1) are formed on separate layers, as shown inFIG.2. In one embodiment, channel layer18includes threaded holes33that allow channel layer18to be aligned with and coupled to reservoir base12using threaded screws35as shown inFIG.1B.

In this embodiment, channel layer18is coupled directly to reservoir base12, although in other embodiments additional materials, such as sealing gaskets by way of example, may be located between channel layer18and reservoir base12. When channel layer18is coupled to reservoir base12, inlet channel28is in fluid communication with inlet22(1) of first reservoir14and inlet22(2) of second reservoir16. Outlet channel30is in fluid communication with outlet24(2) of first reservoir14and outlet24(2) of second reservoir16.

Channel network32(1) includes channel34(1) extending between inlet channel28and outlet channel30. In another embodiment, channel network32(1) may include plurality of channels34(1)-34(n), as described below. In one embodiment, channel34(1) is configured to provide a flow rate of the first and second flows of fluid to channel34(1) to simulate a ratio of physiological perfusion rates in an organ, as known in the art.

Base20is configured to support channel layer18. Base20includes threaded holes21configured to align base20to channel layer18and reservoir base12. Base20is coupled to channel layer18and reservoir base12by threaded screws35as shown inFIG.1B. Base20allows for the sealing of channel layer18within device10.

Device10is configured to provide unidirectional flow of fluid through channel network32(1). As shown inFIGS.3A-3D, outlets24(1) and24(2) of first reservoir14and second reservoir16, respectively, are located closer to horizontal axis (A), about which the device is tilted between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position as shown inFIGS.3A and3C, than the inlets22(1) and22(2) of first reservoir14and second reservoir16, respectively. As a result, the first and second flows of fluid traverse channel network32(1) in the same direction when device10is moving between the forward tilted and the reverse tilted positions, as described below. In one embodiment, the first and second flows of fluid provide a continuous flow of fluid across channel network32(1) when device10is moving between the forward tilted and reverse tilted positions, as described below.

Referring now toFIGS.3A and3B, when device is tilted at angle Θ in a forward tilted position at angle Θ, as shown inFIG.3A, with respect to horizontal axis A, first fluid circuit36is formed for directing a first flow of fluid from outlet24(1) of first reservoir14, through outlet channel30, through channel network32(1), through inlet channel28, to the both inlet22(2) and outlet24(2) of second reservoir16. The first flow of fluid traverses channel network32(1) in a direction from outlet channel30to inlet channel28. Inlet22(1) and outlet24(1) of first reservoir14are positioned to prevent fluid flow to inlet22(1) of first reservoir14when device10is in the forward tilted position. In this position, inlet22(1) provides a passive valve V1. An air-liquid interface is formed at inlet22(1) that halts fluid flow in portion b1of inlet channel28based on capillary force at inlet22(1).

Referring now toFIGS.3C and3D, when the device is tilted in a reverse tilted position at angle (−Θ), as shown inFIG.3Cwith respect to horizontal axis A, second fluid circuit38is formed for directing a second flow of fluid from outlet24(2) of second reservoir16, through outlet channel30, through channel network32(1), through inlet channel28, to the both inlet22(1) and outlet24(1) of first reservoir14. The second flow of fluid traverses channel network32(1) in a direction from outlet channel30to inlet channel28. Inlet22(2) and outlet24(2) of second reservoir16are positioned to prevent fluid flow to inlet22(2) of second reservoir16when device10is in the reverse tilted position. In this position, inlet22(2) provides a passive valve V2. An air-liquid interface is formed at inlet22(2) that halts fluid flow in portion b2of inlet channel28based on capillary force at inlet22(2).

Device10also provides a backflow-proof mechanism to maintain unidirectional flow in channel network32(1). This is shown inFIG.4, which is a schematic view of device10of the present application. In this embodiment, device10includes plurality of channel networks32(1)-32(n). Each of plurality of channel networks32(1)-32(n) includes at least one fluid channel, but may include a plurality of channels as described below. Fluid channels within each channel network32(1)-32(n) may have various configurations depending on the application. Channel networks32(1)-32(n) each extend between input channel28and output channel30. Each of channel networks32(1)-32(n) includes an inlet and outlet labelled “Ai” and “Bi”, respectively, where i=1 to n. Device10is configured such that fluid flow in each of channel networks32(1)-32(n) is unidirectional from Aito Bi.

The connection portions of outlet channel30between the inputs A1to Anof each of channel networks32(1)-32(n) are labeled “a1”, “a2”, . . . , and “an+1” (n≥0, integer). Output channel30has a hydraulic resistance of Raj, where j=1, 2, . . . , n+1. The connection portions of inlet channel30between the outputs B1to Bnof each of channel networks32(1)-32(n) are labeled “b1”, “b2”, . . . , and “bn+1” (n≥0, integer). Input channel28has a hydraulic resistance of Rbj, where j=1, 2, . . . , n+1. Portions of input channel b1and bn+1each contain at least one valve device V1and V2, respectively. Device10utilizes passive valves based on capillary forces, but other valves that can open or close, or change the hydraulic resistance of specific channels may be utilized, such as check valves and multi-way valves, by way of example. Rbi+is the overall hydraulic resistance of bi(i=1, n+1) when fluid flows towards the neighboring inlet22(1) or22(2) and Rbi−is the overall hydraulic resistance when fluid flows away from the neighboring inlet22(1) or22(2). The hydraulic resistance Rbi+<Rbi−.

Device10maintains continuous unidirectional flow (Ai→Biwith no backflow) during recirculating flow when Equation (1) is satisfied.

Ra1Rbi+=RajRbj=…=Ran+1Rbn+1+,j=1,2,…⁢,n+1;(1)
The input channel28, output channel30, and channel networks32(1)-32(n) of device10can otherwise be of any length and shape (such as rectangular, trapezoidal, circular, or irregular shapes). Under such design constraints, even when the valve devices V1and V2fail to fully limit backwards flow unidirectional flow across channel networks32(1)-32(n) is maintained. For example, if during a transition period in a recirculating flow, Rbi−drops close to Rbi+(i=1 or n+1), the flow in channel networks32(1)-32(n) will approach 0, but flow will not occur from Bito Ai, i.e. no backwards flow occurs in the channel networks32(1)-32(n).

The unidirectional flow of device10can be used to deliver fluid to catalyst40located in one or more of plurality of channels34(1)-34(n) of channel network32(1). In one embodiment, catalyst40comprises a cell culture that serves as a biocatalyst for a biological reaction, although other biocatalysts, such as enzymes, may be utilized. Yet another alternative for catalyst40would be a chemical compound that serves as a non-biological catalyst for a chemical reaction. The cell culture may be at least one of liver cells, kidney cells, gastrointestinal tract cells, lung cells, skin cells, brain cells, bone marrow cells, heart cells, endothelial cells, skeleton muscle cells, pancreatic cells, adipocytes, neural cells, spleen cells, or adrenal cells, by way of example. In one embodiment, the cell culture includes cancerous cells. As set forth above, the channel34(1) is configured to provide a flow rate of the first and second flows of fluid to channel34(1) in a ratio to simulate a ratio of physiological perfusion rates in an organ, as known in the art, and may be designed based on the particular cell culture.

FIGS.5A-5Bare, respectively, an exploded view and a top view of another embodiment of the present application. Device100is the same in structure and operation as device10except as described below.

FIG.5Cis a top view of channel layer18of device100. In this embodiment, channel layer18has channels34(1)-(3) in channel network32(1). Optional sealing gasket42is located between reservoir base12and channel layer18. Sealing gasket42includes threaded holes43configured to align sealing gasket42to channel layer18and reservoir base12. Sealing gasket42is coupled to channel layer18and reservoir base12by threaded screws35as shown inFIG.5B.

In this embodiment, device10further includes optional insert44. Optional insert44includes chambers46(1)-46(3) configured to house individual cell cultures, although in other embodiments optional insert44may house other catalysts. Optional insert44allows for seeding cell cultures, although in other embodiments the cell cultures can be seeded directly in the channels of channel network32(1), as described above. Chamber46(1) is in fluid communication with channel34(1) of channel network32(1) to deliver the first and second flows of fluid across chamber46(1), chamber46(2) is in fluid communication with channel34(2) of channel network32(1) to deliver the first and second flows of fluid across chamber46(2), and chamber46(3) is in fluid communication with channel34(3) of channel network32(1) to deliver the first and second flows of fluid across chamber46(3).

Channel34(1) is configured to provide a first flow rate of first and second flows of fluid to chamber46(1), channel34(2) is configured to provide a second flow rate of the first and second flows of fluid to chamber46(2), and channel34(3) is configured to provide a third flow rate of the first and second flows of fluid to chamber46(3). In this embodiment, the first flow rate, the second flow rate, and the third flow rate are in a ratio configured to simulate the ratio of physiological perfusion rates in a colon, a liver, and in bone marrow, respectively, although other ratios for simulating other physiological perfusion rates in other organs may be employed. In this embodiment, chamber46(1) is seeded with colon cell culture48(1), chamber46(2) is seeded with liver cell culture48(2), and chamber46(3) is seeded with bone marrow cell culture48(3), although other cell cultures may be utilized in other combinations. In one embodiment, colon cell culture may include cancerous cells50therein.

Another aspect of the present application relates to a method for delivering a fluid to a catalyst. This method includes providing the device of the present application and providing the catalyst in the at least one channel of the channel network. A fluid is provided in at least one of the first reservoir or the second reservoir. The fluid is delivered to the at least one channel of the channel network through the first and second fluid circuits by alternately tilting the device between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, respectively, to deliver the fluid to the catalyst located therein.

First device10according to the present application is provided. Device10is provided with channel layer18having channel network32(1). Channel network32(1) includes channel34(1), although in other embodiments, central network may include a plurality of channels. Channel34(1) is sized to provide a desired flow rate across channel34(1). In one embodiment, channel34(1) is configured to provide a flow rate of the first and second flows of fluid to channel34(1) to simulate a physiological perfusion rate in an organ, by way of example. In another embodiment, device10may include plurality of channels34(1)-34(n) in channel network32(1). Each of plurality of channels34(1)-34(n) may be configured to provide a different flow rate. Plurality of channels34(1)-34(n) may provide flow rates in a ratio to mimic the ration of physiological perfusion rates in various organs.

Catalyst40is provided in channel34(1) of the channel network32(1). In another embodiment, catalyst40may be provided in insert44as shown inFIG.5A. Catalyst40may be any substance that may react to a fluid passed over the substance. In one embodiment, catalyst40comprises a cell culture including at least one of liver cells, kidney cells, gastrointestinal tract cells, lung cells, skin cells, brain cells, bone marrow cells, heart cells, endothelial cells, skeleton muscle cells, pancreatic cells, adipocytes, neural cells, spleen cells, or adrenal cells. In one embodiment, catalyst40may include cancerous cells for determining the efficacy of a chemotherapy treatment.

Next, device10is assembled. Device10may be assembled by inserting threaded screws35through the corresponding threaded holes26,33, and21in reservoir base12, channel layer18, and base20, respectively, although device10may be assembled using other techniques. Reservoirs14and16remain open for the exchange of gas and nutrients, while the rest of the device is hydraulically sealed. In another embodiment, a gas permeable membrane may be placed over reservoirs14and16. Once the device is assembled, a fluid is provided in first reservoir14and second reservoir16. The fluid may be any fluid of interest for interacting with catalyst40. In one embodiment, the fluid may include a drug substance for testing the impact of the drug substance on catalyst40, such as a cell culture.

Next, the fluid is delivered to channel34(1) of channel network32(1) through the first and second fluid circuits36,38, as shown inFIGS.3B and3D, respectively, as described above. The fluid is delivered to channel34(1) by alternately tilting device10between the forward tilted position shown inFIG.3Aand the reverse tilted position shown inFIG.3C, with respect to the horizontal axis A, respectively, to deliver the fluid to catalyst40located therein. Alternately tilting device10allows the fluid to be delivered by gravity, although in other embodiments a pump may be utilized to deliver the fluid. In one embodiment device10is tilted between approximately one degree to approximately 45 degrees about the horizontal axis A. In one embodiment, device10is tilted about 18 degrees about horizontal axis A. The tilting may be performed by placing device10on a rocker platform device, by way of example.

First fluid circuit36, as shown inFIG.3B, is formed when device10is in the forward tilted position as shown inFIG.3A. First fluid circuit36delivers a flow of fluid from outlet24(1) of first reservoir14, through outlet channel30, through channel network32(1), through inlet channel28, to the both inlet22(2) and outlet24(2) of second reservoir16. The first flow of fluid traverses channel network32(1) in a direction from outlet channel30to inlet channel28. Fluid flow to inlet22(1) of first reservoir14is prevented when device10is in the forward tilted position. In this position, an air-liquid interface is formed at inlet22(1) that provides a passive valve V1that halts fluid flow in portion b1of inlet channel28based on capillary force at inlet22(1).

Second fluid circuit38, as shown inFIG.3D, is formed when device10is in the reverse tilted position as shown inFIG.3Cwith respect to horizontal axis (A). Second fluid circuit delivers a second flow of fluid from outlet24(2) of second reservoir16, through outlet channel30, through channel network32(1), through inlet channel28, to the both inlet22(1) and outlet24(1) of first reservoir14. The second flow of fluid traverses channel network32(1) in a direction from outlet channel30to inlet channel28, i.e., the same direction as in the forward tilted position. Fluid flow to inlet22(2) of second reservoir16is prevented when device10is in the reverse tilted position. In this position, an air-liquid interface is formed at inlet22(2) that provides a passive valve V2that halts fluid flow in portion b2of inlet channel28based on capillary force at inlet22(2).

Device10provides the first and second flows of fluid to channel34(1) of channel network32(1) in the same direction when the device is moving between the forward tilted and the reverse tilted positions. Device10is further configured so that backflow through channel34(1) of channel network32(1) is prevented. In one embodiment, device10provides a continuous flow of the first and second flows of fluid across channel network32(1) when device10is moving between the forward tilted and reverse tilted positions.

A further aspect of the present application relates to a method for delivering a fluid to a cell culture. This method includes seeding a cell culture in a device comprising a channel layer comprising one or more inlet channels, one or more outlet channels, and a channel network comprising at least one channel extending between the one or more inlet channels and the one or more outlet channels. The channel layer is fluidly coupled to a first reservoir and a second reservoir. Each of the first reservoir and the second reservoir have an inlet and an outlet such that the inlets of the first and second reservoirs are in fluid communication with the one or more inlet channels and the outlets of the first and second reservoirs are in fluid communication with the one or more outlet channels. When the device is tilted in a forward tilted position, with respect to a horizontal axis, a first fluid circuit is formed for directing a first flow of fluid from the outlet of the first reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to both the inlet and the outlet of the second reservoir. When the device is tilted in a reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, a second fluid circuit is formed for directing a second flow of fluid from the outlet of the second reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to both the inlet and the outlet of the first reservoir. The outlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir are located closer to the horizontal axis, about which the device is tilted between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, than the inlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir, respectively. A fluid is provided in at least one of the first reservoir or the second reservoir. The fluid is delivered to the cell culture through the first and second fluid circuits by alternately tilting the device between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, respectively.

Yet another aspect of the present application relates to a method for testing metabolism dependent chemotherapeutic toxicity. This method includes seeding a colon cell culture comprising cancerous cells in a first cell culture chamber of a cell culture insert, a liver cell culture in a second cell culture chamber of the cell culture insert, and a bone marrow cell culture in a third cell culture chamber of the cell culture insert. The cell culture insert is fluidly coupled to a channel layer comprising one or more inlet channels, one or more outlet channels, and a channel network comprising a first channel, a second channel, and a third channel arranged in parallel configuration and extending between the one or more inlet channels and the one or more outlet channels such that the first cell culture chamber is in fluid communication with the first channel, the second cell culture chamber is in fluid communication with the second channel, and the third cell culture chamber is in fluid communication with the third channel. The channel layer is positioned in fluid communication with a reservoir base having a first reservoir and a second reservoir positioned at opposing ends thereof. Each of the first reservoir and the second reservoir have an inlet and an outlet extending through the reservoir base such that the inlets of the first and second reservoirs are in fluid communication with the one or more inlet channels and the outlets of the first and second reservoirs are in fluid communication with the one or more outlet channels. The cell culture insert, channel layer, and the reservoir base are assembled to form a device. When the device is tilted in a forward tilted position, with respect to a horizontal axis, a first fluid circuit is formed for directing a first flow of fluid from the outlet of the first reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to both the inlet and the outlet of the second reservoir. When the device is tilted in a reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, a second fluid circuit is formed for directing a second flow of fluid from the outlet of the second reservoir, through the one or more outlet channels, through the channel network, through the one or more inlet channels, to the inlet of the first reservoir. The outlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir are located closer to the horizontal axis, about which the device is tilted between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, than the inlets of the first reservoir and the second reservoir, respectively. A fluid is provided in at least one of the first reservoir or the second reservoir. The fluid is delivered to the first, second, and third cell culture chambers through the first and second fluid circuits by alternately tilting the device between the forward tilted position and the reverse tilted position, with respect to the horizontal axis, respectively.

EXAMPLES

Example 1—Materials and Methods

1) System Construction

The UniChip for demonstration has a microfluidic circuit (FIGS.6A-B) comprising a pair of open-access reservoirs, a cell perfusion channel (“Cu”), and supporting channels (“a1”, “a2”, “b1” and “b2”) with two integrated passive valves (“v1” and “v2”).

Rapid prototype UniChips were fabricated mainly in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using laser ablation and solvent assisted bonding techniques. The UniChip device consists of a top and a bottom pieces with a cell insert and two side sealing sets sandwiched in between (FIG.6D). The top piece contains reservoirs and supporting channels and was made from five PMMA layers (FIG.6C): (i) reservoir walls; (ii) a reservoir base layer with openings connecting reservoirs to the supporting channels; (iii) b1/b2 channel layer (channel size: 1.4 mm×1.5 mm×26.3 mm, width×depth×length); (iv) a1/a2 channel layer (1.3 mm×0.25 mm×15.3 mm); and (v) a channel seal layer with openings connecting to the perfusion channel. All layers were cut and patterned from PMMA sheets (6 mm, 3 mm, or 1.5 mm thickness, McMaster, Elmhurst, Ill.; 0.25 mm thickness, Goodfellow, Coraopolis, Pa.) with a CO2 laser (VersaLaser VLS3.50, the Universal Laser Systems, Scottsdale, Ariz.). Layers (ii)-(v) were permanently bonded together via ethanol assisted thermal bonding, as discussed in A. M. Wan, et al.,J Vis Exp,2017, DOI: 10.3791/55175, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, a thin layer of ethanol was applied to the bonding interface. PMMA layers were then aligned, placed into a preheated hot press (70° C.), and held together with 1.2 MPa pressure for 2 min. Reservoir walls were glued onto the reservoir base with a weld-on acrylic solvent cement (SCIGRIP, Durham, N.C.) to complete the top piece (FIG.6D). The bottom piece of the housing was also cut from PMMA sheets (6 mm) using laser ablation, and installed with screw-to-expand inserts for chip assembly.

The cell insert to accommodate endothelial cell cultures comprised a silicone perfusion channel layer with channel size of 0.76 mm×0.25 mm×6.25 mm (width×depth×length) and a cell culture coverslip (FIG.6D). The two sealing sets aside also comprised a silicone layer and a plastic coverslip. These silicone layers and the coverslips were patterned with the CO2laser from 0.25 mm thick silicone sheets (Grace Bio-Labs, Bend, Oreg.) and Thermanox plastic coverslips (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass.), respectively. They were sterilized in 70% ethanol in DI water, aligned and assembled, and dried before used for experiment.

The BiChip to provide bidirectional perfusion over cells contains three separate microfluidic circuits (FIG.6E). Each consists of a pair of reservoirs and a perfusion channel with the central segment of the same size as that of the perfusion channel in the UniChip. The housing and the cell insert were fabricated and prepared with the same materials and techniques as used for the UniChips.

Static control chips were assembled from a UniChip cell insert and a silicone ring, which were the reservoir walls of static chips and patterned with the CO2laser from a 2 mm thick silicone sheet. All parts were sterilized in 70% ethanol in DI water, aligned and assembled, and dried before used for experiment.

2) Microfluidic Channel Design

The fluid flows on the UniChips and the BiChips are driven by gravity. The volumetric flow rate (Q) of a microfluidic channel follows Equation (2), where ΔP and R are the pressure drop and the hydrodynamic resistance, respectively.

Q=Δ⁢⁢PR(2)

The dimensions of microfluidic channels, including the perfusion and the supporting channels, were designed to achieve desired shear stress and flow rate in the perfusion channel of the UniChip. When the UniChip is placed on a tilted platform (e.g. +18°), valve v1is closed, and flow in channel b1is halted (FIG.6B). The flow rates in the other channels followed Equation set (3), where ΔPIaIais the pressure drop between I/O ports, I1and I3; and ΔPIaIais that between I1and I4(FIG.6B). The pressure drops (ΔP) were determined by the height difference (Δh) between the top surface of fluid at the inlet and the outlet and can be calculated by Equation (4), where ρ and g are fluid density and the gravity constant, respectively. The hydrodynamic resistance for rectangular channels was estimated by Equation (5), where μ is the dynamic fluid viscosity; l, w, and h (h<w) are the length, width and height of the channel, respectively. The resistance for the short tubular section at the entrance and exit connecting to the reservoirs was estimated by Equation (6), where r and L are the radius and the length, respectively. Yet their resistance is usually negligible compared to the rest of the channel. For the desired Q and shear stress τ, channel dimensions were chosen to satisfy Equations (3)-(7). The microfluidic channels on the BiChip controls were designed in the same way.

{Δ⁢⁢PI1⁢I3=Qa1·Ra1+Qa2·Ra2Δ⁢⁢PI1⁢I4=Qa1·Ra1+QCu·(RCu+Rb2)Qa1=Qa2+QCu(3)Δ⁢⁢P=ρ⁢⁢g⁢⁢Δ⁢⁢h(4)Rrectangular=12⁢⁢μlwh3⁡[1-192⁢⁢hπ5⁢w⁢tanh⁡(π⁢⁢w2⁢⁢h)]-1(5)Rtubular=8⁢⁢μLπ⁢⁢r4(6)τ=6⁢⁢μ⁢⁢Qwh2(7)
3) Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Characterization

The fluid dynamics in the demonstration UniChip devices and the BiChip controls were simulated in 3D using COMSOL Multiphysics to validate and optimize the microchannel design for the desired perfusion rate and wall shear stress. The Laminar Flow interface was used. Gravity was applied as the only volume force. The steady state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations were used to model the fluid flow. The flow rate and the shear stress were derived from the velocity results. The equation μ=0.78×10−3Pa·s was used for culture medium at 37° C. The fluid dynamics were also characterized experimentally using colored food dyes for visualization. Flow velocities in different channels were determined by timing the passage of dyes. The experiments were conducted at room temperature (˜20° C.), thus the results were corrected for fluid viscosity at room temperature (μ=1.00×10−3Pa·s) before being compared to the designed or simulation values.

4) Cell Culture

Cryopreserved human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from Lonza (Walkersville, Md.) were recovered and expanded in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 (EGM-2, Lonza) and maintained at 37° C. with 5% CO2in a humidified cell culture incubator. Cells were passaged at 80% confluence with TrypLE Express (Thermo Fisher) and used for experiments at passage 6. 1× Penicillin-Streptomycin (Thermo Fisher) was supplemented to culture medium for experiments.

5) Device Assembly and Operation

HUVEC cultures on cell inserts were first prepared in culture dishes (FIG.6F). Cell culture area was coated with a mixture of collagen IV (50 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and fibronectin (12.5 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) in DPBS (Thermo Fisher), and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The coating solution was then removed and the coated area was rinsed with DPBS. HUVECs were seeded onto cell inserts at density of 100 K/cm2, and maintained in static culture dishes for 24 h to allow for cell settlement and attachment prior to transferring to the onchip systems. UniChips and the BiChips were assembled by sandwiching a cell-loaded insert between a top and a bottom pieces of the housing and securing with screws. Each reservoir was filled with 90 IA culture medium (180 μl per pair of reservoirs), and capped with lid made from breathable polyurethane membranes (Sigma-Aldrich) to minimize evaporation. The assembled Unichips and BiChip were placed on a rocking platform (Next Advance, Averill Park, N.Y.) that tilted at ±18° and flipped the tilt direction every 15 s. The whole system was placed inside a 5% CO2cell culture incubator. The static chips remained in static culture dishes with each reservoir filled with 180 μl culture medium. For all chips, medium was replenished daily.

6) Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Phase contrast micrographs of live cell morphology were acquired with an inverted microscope (Olympus) right before device assembly and daily after assembly for 5 days. Cells were then analyzed by immunofluorescence staining for VE-cadherin and actin filaments (F-actin). Staining was carried out at room temperature. Cells were fixed with Image-iT™ Fixative Solution (4% paraformaldehyde, Thermo Fisher) for 10 min, washed with DPBS (Thermo Fisher), permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in DPBS for 10 min, blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) blocking buffer (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, Mass.) for 1 hour, and then incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated VE-cadherin monoclonal antibody (4 μg/mL, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, Tex.) and Cruzfluor 555 conjugated phalloidin (1 μg/mL, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) in 1% BSA for 2 hours. Samples were then washed 3 times in DPBS and mounted on slides with Fluoroshield™ with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) for nuclear counterstain. Images were captured with a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope and analyzed in ImageJ. Visual orientation analysis on cell actin filaments was performed using an ImageJ directional analysis plugin—OrientationJ as described in E. Fonck, et al.,Stroke,2009, 40, 2552-2556, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Cells were counted based on nuclear staining.

7) Statistical Analysis

Data was presented as mean±SD. Multiple groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (GraphPad Prism). p<0.05 was considered significant.

Example 2—Results and Discussion

1. Design and Operation of a Demonstration UniChipDevice on the Pumpless Platform

A simple UniChip device used for demonstration is illustrated inFIGS.6A-6B, where one UCN composed of a straight rectangular microfluidic channel was used as the perfusion channel (Cu), and a pair of reservoirs on a tilted rocking platform were used to provide reciprocating flow input (FIG.1). Valves V1 and V2 were two 0.4 mm diameter tubular channels connecting reservoirs to channel b1 or b2 and operate passively by capillary forces. Briefly, when the pumpless platform is tilted clockwise by 18° a liquid-air interface forms in V1. The capillary force retains fluid in V1 if the elevation difference between two reservoirs does not exceed the capillary rise (h) it can support. Capillary rise h can be calculated from Equation (8), as set forth below:
h=2γ cos ∂/μgr(8)
where r is the radius of a cylindrical channel, θ is the contact angle, and γ is the liquid-air surface tension.

Flow in channel b1 is thus halted. Gravity drives flow from Reservoir I to Reservoir II through channels a1, Cu, b2, and a2. Similarly, when the platform flips counterclockwise, a liquid-air interface forms in V2 and prevents backflow in channel b2. Fluid returns to Reservoir I though a2, Cu, b1, and a1. In both cases, the flow direction in channel Cu remains the same.

The dimensions of channels a1 and b1 were identical to those of a2 and b2, respectively. Such design met the requirements of Equation (1) set forth above, which prevented backflow in the perfusion channel in cases where the liquid-air interface formation in valves is delayed (e.g., excessive fluid in the reservoirs covers the valves) when the platform flips.

2) Computational and Experimental Analysis of Fluid Dynamics

Microfluidic channel dimensions were chosen to achieve desired flow rate and shear stress. To verify the channel design, the fluid dynamics of the demonstration UniChip were simulated through finite element analysis of the fluid velocity (FIG.7Ai). The flow rates and shear stress derived from the simulated velocity field closely matched the design values (FIG.7Aii-iii). The maximum flow velocity at the center streamline for each channel in an operating device was experimentally determined by measuring the linear velocity of a moving dye front. After corrected for fluid viscosity difference (1.00×10−3 Pa·s for flow experiments at 20° C. vs. 0.78×10-3 Pa. s for culture at 37° C.), the velocity results of all channels were within ±1˜4% of the simulated values (FIG.7Aiv). Together these results validated the design of UniChip channel dimensions and suggested that the desired fluid dynamics were recreated in the fabricated device.

Next, the unidirectionality of perfusion of the demonstration UniChip was tested. Red dye placed in one reservoir flowed to the other reservoir through the top (a1, a2), center (Cu) and bottom (b1) channels (FIG.7B). Once the device was flipped (FIG.7C), blue dye replacing red dye in the other reservoir flowed back to the initial reservoir through the top (a1, a2), center (Cu) and bottom (b2) channels. Unidirectional flow was thus achieved within the center channel as shown by the black arrows. To test the backflow proof mechanism of the UniChip design in cases where valves fail or delay to close, we placed excessive fluid (purple dye) in the top reservoir that completely covered the passive valve and delayed the liquid-air interface formation (FIG.7D). Purple dye flows to the other reservoir through the top (a1, a2) and the bottom channels (b1, b2). It only started to flow through the center channel in the designed perfusion direction (black arrow) when the interface began to form. Yet during the whole time, no backwards flow was observed. Together these results suggest that the demonstration UniChip can provide unidirectional perfusion at desired flow rate and shear stress with an integrated mechanism preventing backwards perfusion.

3) HUVEC Responses on UniChip Versus BiChips

Next, the application of UniChip devices for long-term dynamic culture of shear stress-sensitive tissues was evaluated. Endothelial cells (ECs) were used for testing purposes. ECs lining the inner layers of the vasculature are directly exposed to hydrodynamic forces (e.g. shear stress induced by blood flow) that have been shown to modulate endothelial proliferation, function and inflammatory phenotype. Disturbed flow profiles often correlate with the localization of elevated inflammation and atherosclerotic lesions.

HUVECs were seeded on the cell inserts of Unichip and BiChip devices at a same density and assembled all devices 24 hr later (day 0,FIGS.8A-8B). To assess the impact of a longer duration of shear stress exposure rather than the transient response to the onset of flow, the cultures were maintained onchip for 5 days. The magnitude of shear stress acting on the ECs was estimated to be around 5.3 dyne/cm2. Visible remodelling of endothelial monolayers on the UniChip devices was observed by phase contrast microscopy by day 3. That became clearly significant by day 5 (FIG.8C). Endothelial cells were elongated and aligned in the direction of flow, matching EC morphology under laminar flow. In contrast, endothelial cells exposed to bidirectional perfusion on the BiChips remained a polygonal shape as seen in traditional static culture, and showed no evident preference for orientation (FIG.8D).

Next, the expression and distribution of VE-cadherin, an endothelial specific adhesion molecule at the cell-cell junctions that modulates endothelial permeability, was investigated. It is a major player in the mechanosensory complex and is considered responsible for cellular response to shear stress. Immunofluorescence staining revealed dense and continuous networks of VE-cadherin outlining the contours of ECs cultured on UniChip devices (FIG.8E), while the distribution of VE-cadherin in ECs on BiChips was intermittent and diffusive (FIG.8F). These results reflected cell junction remodeling and differential redistribution of VE-cadherin in response to different flow patterns. The results were consistent with in vivo observations of stronger pericellular staining of VE-cadherin at locations associated with pulsatile flow with net forward component than at places with complex and reciprocating flow. The results were also in line with in vitro studies that showed continuous versus intermittent staining of VE-cadherin under laminar versus reciprocating flows.

Endothelial remodeling also involves reorganization of actin filaments (F-actin). F-actin organization was visualized using confocal microscopy with fluorophore conjugated phalloidin. Long and thick stress fibers were observed in the central areas of ECs cultured on UniChips and were oriented parallel to the flow direction (FIG.8G, I), while short and thin filaments randomly orientated and presented mostly at cell periphery in cells cultured on BiChips (FIG.8H, J). For further visual and quantitative analysis of F-actin alignment, an ImageJ directional analysis plugin was used—OrientationJ. The HSB (Hue: local orientation; Saturation: coherency; Brightness: from the original image) color coded maps of representative F-actin staining images confirmed F-actin alignment to the flow direction (0°,FIG.9A) in UniChip perfused ECs, and more random orientation in BiChip cultured ECs (FIG.9B). The dominant orientation of actin filaments in each cell was also analyzed with OrientationJ. The results for 2000 cells of each group were summarized inFIGS.9C-9D. The distribution of endothelial F-actin orientation for the UniChip group fit a Gaussian curve with a mean around 0° and a standard deviation of 15.6°. A quarter of the EC population were oriented within ±5° of the flow direction, 63% within ±15°, and 82% within ±25°. For the BiChip group, although the F-actin orientation looked random, the quantitative analysis showed that it also follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean around 0, but the distribution is much more spread out with a larger standard deviation of 44.9°. Only 10% of ECs were oriented within ±5° of the flow direction, 28% within ±15°, and 43% within ±25°. UniChip perfusion for 5 days led to a majority of HUVEC F-actin aligning to the flow direction, while such realignment was much subtler in the population under oscillatory perfusion on BiChips. The observed actin remodeling for cell alignment under UniChip or BiChip perfusion match under laminar or oscillating disturbed flow.

In addition, although EC monolayers in all groups were confluent on day 5, the cell density differed among UniChip, BiChip or static dish cultured EC populations. There was no significant difference in the averaged cell densities from 10 representative views (567 μm×567 μm each) for the BiChip group (FIG.10, 70004±1073 cells/cm2) and the static control (74591±2368 cells/cm2). However, the number for the UniChip group was about 40% lower (44728±1073/cm2) compared to the other two groups. These results are not unexpected as laminar flow has been shown to restrict EC proliferation by suppressing cell transition from the G(1) to S phase of the cell cycle, while disturbed flow with reciprocating shear stress enhances EC proliferation and migration that often increase endothelial permeability.

In summary, the recirculating perfusion provided by UniChips elicited similar endothelial cell response as to laminar flows. Cell elongation and alignment to the direction of flow, continuous VE-cadherin network formation at the cell borders, actin stress fiber formation and realignment to flow, and lower cell density in UniChip cultured ECs were observed. These observations were in line with previously reported EC responses to laminar shear stress achieved with pumps or cone-and-plate devices, yet are distinct from the observations for BiChip cultured ECs or previously reported cell responses to oscillating disturbed flows.

Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, subtractions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims that follow.