Patent ID: 12196091

In general, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts. As used herein, connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) may include intermediate members between the elements referenced by the connection reference and/or relative movement between those elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and/or in fixed relation to each other.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, descriptors such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., are used herein without imputing or otherwise indicating any meaning of priority, physical order, arrangement in a list, and/or ordering in any way, but are merely used as labels and/or arbitrary names to distinguish elements for ease of understanding the disclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor “first” may be used to refer to an element in the detailed description, while the same element may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor such as “second” or “third.” In such instances, it should be understood that such descriptors are used merely for identifying those elements distinctly that might, for example, otherwise share a same name.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are example auxiliary power unit (APU) controllers that utilize discrete circuit components to accurately monitor the speed of an APU engine and perform overspeed shutdown operations if the APU engine exceeds a certain overspeed threshold. The use of discrete circuit components enables a significant reduction in design complexity, which reduces or eliminates the need for complex testing certifications and reduces associated costs.

Aircraft, such as large commercial aircraft, often include an APU to provide power to various systems of the aircraft. The APU includes an engine, such as gas turbine engine, and a generator that is driven by the engine. The APU can be activated at various times to provide additional power (e.g., electrical power, hydraulic power, etc.), such as while the aircraft is on the ground with the engines shutdown. An APU system typically includes an APU controller (sometimes referred to as an APU Electronic Control Unit (ECU)), which controls and monitors all phases of the operation of the APU engine. One of the operations is the APU shutdown, which has two types: normal shutdown and protective shutdown. Protective shutdown is implemented when the APU engine reaches a certain speed limit, which may be referred to as an overspeed threshold or overspeed threshold limit.

Per the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other aircraft governing bodies, overspeed detection functionality requires Design Assurance Level (DAL) A certification. This is a safety critical function used to properly shutdown the APU in the event of the speed exceeding the overspeed threshold. For the mechanically speed governed APUs, the overspeed threshold is selected at just above the maximum variation limit of the speed governor. Therefore, there is a high demand for accurate overspeed detection so that proper overspeed shutdown can occur but will not occur prematurely or incorrectly due to variations of the speed governor.

Example APU systems include one or more variable reluctance (VR) speed sensors to measure the speed of the APU engine. The VR speed sensor generates a signal that includes pulses of voltage (bi-directional). The frequency of the pulses is dependent on the speed of the rotor and number of the teeth in the gear assembly. Therefore, the number of pulses within a time period represent a rotational speed of the APU engine. Example APU controllers include a signal conditioning circuit having a frontend zero-crossing comparator followed by a frequency-to-voltage converter that converts frequency input corresponding to speed into an analog output voltage.

Some known APU controllers utilize programmable logic devices such as a microcontroller, a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), or a field programmable gate (FPGA), to initiate a protective shutdown of the APU. Accurate speed measurement can be achieved using microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits, but because the overspeed shutoff function is a DAL A safety critical functionality, these types of components require conducting DAL A DO-178/DO-254 certification to qualify the intelligence built into the microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA within the APU controller. Testing the intelligence in the microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA to satisfy the certification is complex and time consuming. Therefore, using microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits greatly increases the design complexity and leads to longer product development cycles and higher qualification costs.

Other known APU controllers utilize frequency-to-voltage (F-to-V) conversion integrated circuits (ICs). However, the transfer function of such circuits depends on a timing capacitor to convert the frequency to voltage. The variation of the timing capacitance value and internal circuit parameters over the operating temperature renders this type of design less accurate for speed measurement.

The example APU controllers and methods disclosed herein utilize discrete circuit components instead of microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits to accurately monitor the speed of the APU engine and perform overspeed shutdown functionality. In particular, example APU controllers disclosed herein include an overspeed detection circuit including discrete components such as a binary counter and a DAC that are controlled using comparator based edge circuits. The example APU controllers achieve the same or better overspeed detection accuracy but avoid using microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits. This drastically reduces the impact and costs associated with DO-254 certification compared to microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits, thereby reducing overall timing and costs. Further, the example APU controllers disclosed herein do not utilize timing capacitors as required by F-to-V conversion IC based circuits. This enables the example APU controllers to achieve high accuracy output of less than 1% of full scale over the operating range. Also, using discrete circuit components enables the APU controllers to be scalable. In particular, the APU controllers can be easily scaled for use in any high or lower speed measurement applications. Therefore, using discrete circuit components (instead of microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits) significantly reduces the design complexity, costs (e.g., non-recurring costs), and development timelines, as well as enhances the reliability score of the function.

Turning now to the figures,FIG.1illustrates an example aircraft100in which the examples disclosed herein can be implemented. The aircraft100includes a fuselage102, a first wing104coupled to the fuselage102, and a second wing106coupled to the fuselage102. In the illustrated example, the aircraft100includes a first engine108carried by the first wing104and a second engine110carried by the second wing106. The engines108,110generate propulsive thrust to fly the aircraft100. In other examples, the aircraft100may include only one engine or may include more than two engines. The engine(s) can be carried on the first and/or second wings104,106and/or another structure on the aircraft100(e.g., on the tail section of the fuselage102).

In the illustrated example, the aircraft100includes an auxiliary power unit (APU)112. The APU112includes an engine that is operated during certain times to provide power (e.g., electrical power, pneumatic pressure, etc.) to one or more systems of the aircraft100. In some examples, the APU112is used when the engines108,110are not operating at high enough speed to power to the systems of the aircraft100. For example, while the aircraft100is on the ground (with the engines108,110off or idling), the APU112can be used to produce electrical power for powering various systems (e.g., electrical or lightings systems in the cockpit, the cabin, etc.) of the aircraft100. The APU112can also produce pressurized air (e.g., bleed air) for use by one or more systems of the aircraft100. For example, the APU112can produce pressurized air for starting the engines108,110. The pressurized air can also be used for running the Environmental Controls System (ECS) (which pressurizes the cabin and regulates the temperature of the air in the cabin) when the aircraft100is on the ground. Additionally, the APU112can be activated during flight to provide backup power to the one or more systems if additional electrical and/or hydraulic power is desired. In some examples, the APU112is located in the aft section of the fuselage102. The APU112can include a gas engine that vents exhaust from a tail tip114of the fuselage102.

FIG.2is a bock diagram of an example APU system200that may be implemented on the example aircraft100ofFIG.1. The example APU system200includes the example APU112and an example APU controller202that controls the various operations of the APU112, including start-up, speed control, and shutdown. In the illustrated example, the APU112includes an engine204. In this example, the engine204is a gas turbine engine. In other examples, the engine204can be implemented as another type of engine (e.g., a reciprocating internal combustion engine, a rotary engine, etc.). In this example, the APU112includes a generator206that is powered by the engine204. The generator206produces electrical power that can be used to power one or more systems of the aircraft100. In some examples, bleed air can be extracted from the engine204to provide pressured air to one or more systems of the aircraft100(e.g., for starting the engines108,110). Therefore, the APU112can provide power (e.g., electrical power, pneumatic power, etc.) to various systems of the aircraft100.

The APU system200includes a fuel tank208that contains fuel for operating the engine204. The APU system200includes a fuel line210between the fuel tank208and the engine204(e.g., the combustor section of the engine). In the illustrated example, the APU system200includes a fuel shutoff valve212coupled to the fuel line210. The fuel shutoff valve212controls fuel flow to the engine202. In particular, the fuel shutoff valve212can be opened during normal operation to allow fuel to the engine204, and can be closed to stop fuel flow to the engine204to cause a shutdown. In the illustrated example, the APU system200also includes a fuel metering valve214(e.g., a solenoid valve). The fuel metering valve214controls the rate of fuel flow to the engine204. For example, the fuel metering valve214can increase or decrease fuel flow to the engine204to increase or decrease the speed of the engine204.

The example APU controller202controls and monitors the various phases of operation of the engine204, including shutdown. A shutdown can occur during a normal shutdown (e.g., as commanded by the pilot) or protective shutdown. Protective shutdown occurs when the speed of the engine204reaches an overspeed threshold, which prevents potential damage to the APU112and/or the aircraft100. In the event of a shutdown, the APU controller202closes the fuel shutoff valve212, which shuts down the engine204. Additionally, during a shutdown event, the APU controller202may close or deactivate the fuel metering valve214. In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes a first valve driver216that controls the fuel shutoff valve212and a second valve driver218that controls the fuel metering valve214. Based on the detected speed of the engine204and/or one or more other parameters, the APU controller202uses the first and second valve drivers216,218to control the valves212,214and thereby control the operation of the engine204.

In some examples, the engine204includes a mechanical governor. The overspeed threshold may be set at just higher than the limit speed of the mechanical governor. Therefore, if the mechanical governor fails, the APU controller202can shutdown the engine204. In some examples, the overspeed threshold is set to certain percentage of the nominal operating speed of the engine204to prevent potential damage. For example, if the nominal operating speed of the engine204is 12,000 RPM, the APU controller202may generally control the engine204to operate at 95% to 106% of the nominal operating speed. In such an example, the overspeed threshold may be set at 107% (12,840 RPM) of the nominal speed. If the engine204reaches this overspeed threshold, the APU controller202closes the fuel shutoff valve212(and, in some examples, the fuel metering valve214) to shutdown the engine204.

To measure the speed of the engine204, the APU system200can include one or more speed sensors. In the illustrated example ofFIG.2, the APU112includes a includes a first speed sensor220and a second speed sensor222. In this example, the first and second speed sensors are variable reluctance (VR) speed sensors, referred to herein as the first VR speed sensor220and the second VR speed sensor222. The APU112also includes a gear224driven by an output of the engine204. For example, the gear224can be coupled to an output shaft of the engine204or gear assembly driven by the engine204. The first and second VR speed sensors220,222measure the speed of the gear224, which can be used to determine the speed of the rotor of the engine204. In particular, the first VR speed sensor220outputs a signal that includes voltage pulses (bi-directional) generated by the teeth of the gear224as the teeth are rotated by the first VR speed sensor220. The second VR speed sensor222similarly outputs a signal including pulses. The number of pulses within a time interval can be used to determine the speed of the engine204. Therefore, the pulses represent a rotational speed of the engine204. Assume for example, the nominal speed of the engine204is 12,000 RPM, and the gear224has 10 teeth, therefore the number of pulses per second is 2000 during nominal speed of the engine204. If the overspeed threshold is 107%, this equates to 2140 pulses per second. Therefore, if the APU controller202detects more than 2140 pulses per second, the APU controller202initiates a shutdown. In some examples, the APU controller202determines the number of pulses within a specific time interval corresponding to a specific update frequency, such as 4 Hertz (Hz). In such an example, the overspeed threshold is 2140/4=515 pulses per interval. In some examples, the APU controller202provides continuous monitoring of APU speed, a speed resolution of 0.5% of full scale RPM, an update rate of 250 ms, and speed detection accuracy of less than 1%. In this example, the APU112utilizes two VR speed sensors for reliability, accuracy, and safety. In some examples, the first and second VR speed sensors220,222are disposed in different locations around the gear224. However, in other examples, the APU112can utilize only one speed sensor or more than two speed sensors. Further, in other examples, the APU system200can utilize other types of speed sensors (e.g., a Hall effect sensor).

In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes an example operation controller226and an example overspeed controller228. The operation controller226controls the general operation of the APU112, including start-up, increasing or decreasing the speed of the engine204, and shutdown of the engine204(e.g., both normal and protective shutdown). The overspeed controller228also provides protective shutdown during an overspeed event. The operation controller226and the overspeed controller228receive and analyze the signals from the first and second VR speed sensors220,222in parallel to determine the speed of the engine204. Based on the detected speeds and/or one or more other parameters, the operation controller226provides open or shutoff commands to the first and second valve drivers216,218. The overspeed controller228provides shutoff commands to the first and second valve drivers216,218in the event that overspeed is detected. The operation controller226and the overspeed controller228are implemented by discrete circuit components instead of an FPGA, CPLD, or microcontroller as in known designs. This reduces complex testing requirements for DO-254 certifications compared to microcontroller/FPGA/CPLD based circuits. This significantly reduces costs and time associated with manufacture of the APU controller202. Examples of the discrete circuit components of the operation controller226and the overspeed controller228are disclosed in further detail herein.

In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes a first sensor interface230(e.g., a zero crossing detector/sensor conditioning interface) that receives a signal from the first VR speed sensor220and a second sensor interface232that receives a signal from the second VR speed sensor222. In some examples, the APU controller202includes a first built-in-test (BIT) switch234that can be used during power-up and restart to verify the circuitry is operating correctly. The BIT switch234can be activated by BIT enable and BIT signal from the operation controller226. Otherwise, during normal operation, the signals from the first and second VR speed sensors220,222are passed to the operation controller226.

The operation controller262determines, based on the signals from the first and second VR speed sensors220,222, the speed of the engine204and compares the speed to an overspeed threshold. Based on the comparison, the operation controller226determines whether to open or close the valves212,214. The operation controller226can generate open or shutoff commands for the first and second valve drivers216,218based on the comparison. In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)236and a control FPGA238. If the operation controller226determines the speed of the engine204is below the overspeed threshold, the ADC236and the control FPGA238generate an open command for the valve drivers216,218, which cause the valves212,214to remain open (or change position to increase or decrease the speed of the engine204). The ADC input to the FPGA238can also govern the fuel metering valve214, thereby controlling and monitoring the speed of the engine204. However, if the operation controller226determines the speed exceeds the overspeed threshold, the operation controller226generates shutdown commands, which cause the valves212,214to close to shutdown the engine204.

Similarly, the APU controller202includes a third sensor interface240that receives the signal from the first VR speed sensor220and a fourth sensor interface242that receives the signal from the second VR speed sensor222. The APU controller202includes a second BIT switch244used during power-up or restart. The signals are passed to the overspeed controller228. The overspeed controller228determines, based on the signals from the first and second VR speed sensors220,222, the speed of the engine204and compares the speed to an overspeed threshold. If the speed meets or exceeds the overspeed threshold, the overspeed controller228issues shutoff commands to the first and second valve drivers216,218, which close the valves212,214to shutoff fuel the engine204for shutdown.

In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes an example overspeed detection circuit300. The example overspeed detection circuit300determines the speed of the engine204based on a signal from a speed sensor and compares the speed to the overspeed threshold for shutdown functionality. The overspeed detection circuit300does not include any microcontrollers, CPLDS, or FPGAs. Instead, the overspeed detection circuit300includes discrete circuit components that determine the speed of the engine and compare the speed to the overspeed threshold. The discrete circuit components of the overspeed detection circuit300are disclosed in further detail in conjunction withFIG.3.

In the illustrated example, the APU controller202includes multiple instances of the overspeed detection circuit300. In other words, multiple instances of the overspeed detection circuit300are implemented in the APU controller202. This provides a high level of reliability, redundancy, and safety for overspeed detection operations. In the illustrated example, the operation controller226includes a first overspeed detection circuit300aand a second overspeed detection circuit300b, and the overspeed controller228includes a third overspeed detection circuit300cand a fourth overspeed detection circuit300d. The first overspeed detection circuit300adetermines the speed of the engine204as detected by the first VR speed sensor220and compares the speed to the overspeed threshold. The second overspeed detection circuit300bdetermines the speed of the engine204as detected by the second VR speed sensor222and compares the speed to the overspeed threshold. If both circuits300a,300bdetermine the speed has exceeded the overspeed threshold, the operation controller226generates shutdown commands for the valve drivers216,218. Similarly, the third overspeed detection circuit300cdetermines the speed of the engine204as detected by the first VR speed sensor220and compares the speed to the overspeed threshold, and the fourth overspeed detection circuit300bdetermines the speed of the engine204as detected by the second VR speed sensor222and compares the speed to the overspeed threshold. If both circuits300c,300ddetermine the speed has exceeded the overspeed threshold, the operation controller226generates shutdown commands for the valve drivers216,218. In some examples, the valve drivers216,218only close the valves212,214if shutdown commands are received from both the operation controller226and the overspeed controller228. In other words, a shutdown only occurs if all four overspeed detection circuits300a-300ddetect the engine204operating above the overspeed threshold. This creates a high level of redundancy for accurate speed detection and reliability and prevents or reduces the possibility of incorrectly shutting down the engine204due to false speed measurement. While in this example the APU controller202includes four overspeed detection circuits300a-300d, in other examples, the APU controller202can include more or fewer units of the overspeed detection circuit300. For example, in some examples, the APU controller202includes only one unit of the overspeed detection circuit300.

FIG.3is a circuit diagram of the example overspeed detection circuit300. As disclosed above, the overspeed detection circuit300ofFIG.3is implemented twice in the operation controller226and twice in the overspeed controller228. Therefore, the overspeed detection circuit300is implemented four times in the APU controller202. This ensures a high level of reliability when detecting an overspeed event and prevents or reduces the possibility of pre-maturely shutting down the engine204.

To avoid redundancy, the example overspeed detection circuit300is only described once in connection with the third overspeed detection circuit300cthat analyzes the signal from the first VR speed sensor220in the overspeed controller228. However, it is understood that three other instances of the circuits300a,300b,300dare similarly implemented in the APU controller202. Therefore, any of the example aspects disclosed in connection with the overspeed detection circuit300for analyzing the signals from the first VR speed sensor220in the overspeed controller228can likewise apply to the other versions of the circuits300a,300b,300d.

As disclosed above, the signal from the first VR speed sensor220includes voltage pulses. The pulses are generated as the teeth on the gear224pass the first VR speed sensor220. Therefore, the number of pulses occurring within a certain time can be used to determine the rotational speed of the engine204. The example overspeed detection circuit300measures or determines the number pulses within a specific interval of time. In this example, the interval is 250 ms. In some examples, the interval is selected such that the number of pulses within the interval is sufficient to provide a measurement resolution of 0.5%. To create the time interval, the overspeed detection circuit300generates timing signals at a pre-determined frequency. In the illustrated example, the overspeed detection circuit300includes an oscillator302and a counter304(referred to herein as the divide-by counter304) that generate the timing signals at the pre-determined frequency. In this example, the oscillator302operates at 16 Hz and, thus, generates timing signals at a frequency of 16 Hz. The divide-by counter304divides the 16 hz timing signals. In this example, the divide-by counter304divides the 16 hz timing signals by 4, and, thus, reduces the timing signals to a frequency of 4 Hz. Therefore, every 250 ms (four times a second) a timing signal is output by the divide-by-4 counter304. In some examples, the use of the oscillator302and the divide-by counter304enables the system to easily change to other frequencies.

In the illustrated example, the overspeed detection circuit300includes an edge circuit306. The edge circuit306triggers or outputs an impulse signal whenever there is a logic-low to logic-high transition in the divide-by counter304. In other words, the edge circuit306converts the timing signals into impulse signals (e.g., short low-to-high or high-to-low signals). Therefore, in this example, the edge circuit306outputs an impulse signal every 250 ms in accordance with the 4 Hz timing signals. In some examples, the impulse signals are negative impulse signals. The edge circuit306transmits or propagates the impulse signals to a counter314, referred to herein as the binary-up counter314, and a DAC316, referred to herein as the parallel input DAC316, disclosed in further detail herein. The overspeed detection circuit300includes a delay and edge circuit308that delays and inverts the impulse signals (e.g., changes to a positive impulse signal) to the binary-up counter314relative to the parallel input DAC316.

In the illustrated example, the overspeed detection circuit300includes a filter310that receives the signal from the first VR speed sensor220(e.g., as passed through the second BIT switch234(FIG.2)). The filter310filters interference and noise coupled from nearby signals on the sensor lines, while allowing intended frequencies to pass through. The overspeed detection circuit300includes a zero-crossing detector312that detects each time the voltage in the signal from the first VR speed sensor220crosses zero, thereby detecting each pulse. The zero-crossing detector312converts the signal from the first VR speed sensor220into a digital signal.

In the illustrated example, the binary-up counter314counts each time a pulse is received from the zero-crossing detector312. In particular, the binary-up counter314counts or increments the number of pulses from the signal occurring within a time interval (e.g., since the last time the binary-up counter314was cleared). In the illustrated example, the binary-up-counter314has inputs/outputs Q0-Q9, which equates to 10 bits. Therefore, the binary-up counter314can count up to 210=1024 pulse counts. Thus, in this example, the binary-up counter314is a 1024-bit counter. The outputs Q0-Q9 are connected to corresponding inputs D0-D9 of the parallel input DAC316.

The parallel input DAC316receives an impulse signal (e.g., a negative impulse signal) from the edge circuit306every 250 ms at a LOADDAC input. When the parallel input DAC316receives one of the impulse signals at the LOADDAC, the parallel input DAC316loads or reads the number of pulses from the outputs Q0-Q9 of the binary-up counter314and converts the number of pulses into an analog voltage signal. In other words, the parallel input DAC316converts the number of pulses from the last time interval into the analog voltage signal. The analog voltage signal is proportional to the number of pulses. In some examples the analog voltage signal remains unchanged until the next interval occurs, which may cause the analog voltage signal to increase, decrease or remain the same.

The binary-up counter314also receives an impulse signal (e.g., a positive impulse signal) from the delay and edge circuit308every 250 ms at a clear (CLR) input. Each time the binary-up counter314receives one of the impulse signals, the binary-up counter314clears the current pulse count and starts over with zero. The delay and edge circuit308delays the impulse signal received at the CLR input of the binary-up counter314relative to the impulse signal received at the LOADDAC input of the parallel input DAC316. This enables the parallel input DAC316to load the current number of pulses immediately before the binary-up counter314is cleared to start the next interval.

FIG.4shows the timing signals output from the oscillator302and the divide-by counter304, the impulse signals received at the LOADDAC input of the parallel input DAC316, and the impulse signals received at the CLR of the binary-up counter314. The edge circuit306converts the timing signals from the oscillator302and the divide-by counter304to the impulse signals shown in the LOADDAC input, which are short high-to-low signals. Further, the delay and edge circuit308delays and inverts the impulse signals to the binary-up counter314. Therefore, as shown inFIG.4, the counter CLR signal is slightly delayed compared to the LOADDAC signal. This enables the parallel input DAC316to load and convert the number of pulses before the number of pulses are cleared at the binary-up counter314. Therefore, every 250 ms, the binary-up counter314counts the number of pulses since the last clear, the parallel input DAC316loads and converts the current number of pulses from the binary-up counter314into the analog voltage signal, and then the binary-up counter314is cleared so that the process can begin again in the next interval.

Referring back toFIG.3, the parallel input DAC316outputs the analog voltage signal at VOUT. The analog voltage signal represents the number of pulses occurring within one timing interval. Every time the parallel input DAC316receives an impulse signal, the parallel input DAC316updates the analog voltage signal based on the number of pulses from the last interval. Thus, the analog voltage signal is indicative of the speed of the engine204as detected by the first VR speed sensor220. In the illustrated example, the overspeed detection circuit300includes a gain amplifier318that amplifies the analog voltage signal. In some examples, the gain amplifier318is a 1.6× gain amplifier. In other examples, the gain amplifier318can use a higher or lower gain.

In the illustrated example, the circuit300includes a comparator320. The comparator322compares the analog voltage signal to an overspeed threshold signal, which represents or corresponds to the overspeed threshold (e.g., 107% of the nominal speed or 535 pulses per interval). In response to the analog voltage signal exceeding the overspeed threshold signal, the comparator320generates a shutdown command that is transmitted to the first and second valve drivers216,218(FIG.2). Otherwise, if the analog voltage signal does not exceed the overspeed threshold signal, no shutdown command is issued, and the engine204may continue to operate as normal. In some examples, the comparator320has an output that is passed to the valve driver(s)216,218, and that output is latched when the analog voltage signal exceeds the overspeed threshold signal. The latching of the output is indicative of the overspeed detection. In response to the shutdown command (e.g., the latching), the first valve driver216causes the fuel shutoff valve212to cease fuel flow to the engine204of the APU112. Additionally, in some examples, the second valve driver218also causes the fuel metering valve214to close or deactivate.

As disclosed above, the example overspeed detection circuit300does not include any microcontrollers, CPLDs, or FPGAs. This reduces complex testing for DAL A DO-254 certification associated with such components, thereby reducing time and costs associated with the APU controller202. However, the example overspeed detection circuit300still provides the same or better speed detection accuracy as the microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based circuits.

In some examples, the first valve driver216only closes the fuel shutoff valve212to shutdown the engine204when all of the overspeed detection circuits300a-300dissue a shutoff command. Therefore, both overspeed detection circuits300a,300bin the operation controller226and both overspeed detection circuits300c,300din the overspeed controller228must detect their analog voltage signals as exceeding the overspeed threshold signal before a shutdown occurs. This redundancy ensures the engine204is actually operating at a high speed and should be shutdown, thereby improving reliability. However, in other examples, the first valve driver216may be configured to close the fuel shutoff valve212if less than all of the overspeed detection circuits300a-300ddetect overspeed, such as 3 out of 4 or 2 out of 4. In other examples, as disclosed above, only one overspeed detection circuit300may be implemented in the APU controller202. In such an example, the first valve driver216closes the fuel shutoff valve212in response to a shutdown command from the single overspeed detection circuit300.

Referring toFIG.3, the parallel input DAC316depicts a Read/Write (R/W) input and a Chip Select (CS) input. The R/W input can receive a control signal that causes the parallel input DAC316to enter a Read/Write mode. The CS input can receive a control signal for activating the parallel input DAC316at a specific time it is intended to operate. In some examples, the CS and R/W inputs are not controlled or used, and instead the APU controller202is always configured to be in active/write mode.

The example APU controller202and the example overspeed detection circuit300are scalable depending on the desired speed range detection and resolution. For example, the oscillator302and/or the divide-by counter304can be configured to generate timing signals at a higher or lower frequency, thereby increasing or decreasing the time interval. Further, the binary-up counter314can be configured for higher or lower counts. Therefore, the example APU controller202and/or the example overspeed detection circuit300can be used in other applications such as with vehicle engines, alternators, hydraulic pumps, etc. for speed monitoring and/or overspeed shutdown.

FIG.5is a flowchart representative of an example method500of operations performed by the components of the APU controller202to perform overspeed detection. The example method500is disclosed in connection with the overspeed detection circuit300cof the overspeed controller228. It is understood the example method500can be similarly performed by the other overspeed detection circuits300a,300b,300d. At block502, the oscillator302generates timing signals at a frequency of 16 hz. At block504, the divide-by-4 counter304divides the timing signals into 4, thereby converting the 16 Hz timing signals into 4 Hz timing signals. The edge circuit306triggers or outputs an impulse signal when a timing signal is received. Therefore, the edge circuit306outputs impulse signals at 4 Hz. At block506, the edge circuit306transmits or propagates the 4 hz impulse signals to the binary-up counter314and the parallel input DAC316. At block508, the delay and edge circuit308delays and inverts the impulse signals transmitted to the binary-up counter314relative to the parallel input DAC316. Blocks502-508are repeated continuously.

At block510, the third sensor interface240receives the signal from the first VR speed sensor220. The third sensor interface240passes the signal to the overspeed detection circuit300cimplemented in the overspeed controller228. At block512, the filter310filters the signal. At block514, the zero-crossing detector312detects the pulses in the signal by detecting each time the voltage in the signal crosses zero. At block516, the binary-up counter314counts the number of pulses since the last clear, i.e., from the start of the last interval. At block518, the binary-up counter314waits for an impulse signal. As disclosed above, the impulse signals are received at a frequency of 4 hz, or every 250 ms. If an impulse signal has not been received, the binary-up counter314continues to count or increment the number of pulses since the last clear. If an impulse signal is received, the binary-up counter314clears the current number of pulses and the binary-up counter314starts the count over.

At block522, the parallel input DAC316waits for an impulse signal. As disclosed above, the impulse signals are received at a frequency of 4 hz, or every 250 ms. If an impulse signal has not been received, the parallel input DAC316continues to wait. If an impulse signal is received, the parallel input DAC316, at block524, loads the current number of pulses from the binary-up counter314and converts the count into the analog voltage signal. At block526, the gain amplifier318amplifies the analog voltage signal. At block528, the comparator320compares the analog voltage signal to the overspeed threshold signal. If the comparator320determines the analog voltage signal does not exceed the overspeed threshold signal, control proceeds back to block522and the parallel input DAC316waits for the next impulse signal to convert the next interval of pulses into the analog voltage signal. If the comparator320determines the analog voltage signal exceeds the overspeed threshold signal, the comparator320generates a shutdown command that is transmitted to the first and second valve drivers216,218. At block532, the first valve driver216closes the fuel shutoff valve212, which shutdowns the APU112. Additionally, the second valve driver218can close or deactivate the fuel metering valve214. As disclosed above, in some examples, the valve drivers216,218only close the valves212,214if all four overspeed detection circuits300a-300ddetect overspeed.

While an example manner of implementing the APU controller202and the overspeed detection circuit300is illustrated inFIGS.2and3, one or more of the elements, processes, and/or devices illustrated inFIGS.2and3may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated, and/or implemented in any other way. Further still, the example APU controller202and the overspeed detection circuit300inFIGS.2and3may include one or more elements, processes, and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated inFIGS.2and3, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices. Further, although the example method500is described with reference to the example APU controller202with the example overspeed detection circuit300, many other methods of implementing the example method500may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

“Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are used herein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any form of “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising, including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation of any kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc., may be present without falling outside the scope of the corresponding claim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including” are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form such as A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, or (7) A with B and with C. As used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. As used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B.

As used herein, singular references (e.g., “a”, “an”, “first”, “second”, etc.) do not exclude a plurality. The term “a” or “an” object, as used herein, refers to one or more of that object. The terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means, elements or method actions may be implemented by, e.g., the same entity or object. Additionally, although individual features may be included in different examples or claims, these may possibly be combined, and the inclusion in different examples or claims does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed that provide accurate speed measurement on par with microcontroller/CPLD/FPGA based solutions but with use of discrete components, thereby simplifying the design and discounting need for DO-254 certification for the overspeed functionality. This reduces labor and manufacturing costs and time. The example circuitry disclosed herein produces a highly accurate result of less than 1% of full scale over the operating range with reduced design complexity. Further, the example circuitry disclosed herein is scalable. In particular, with the use of discrete components, the example techniques can be scaled for use with higher or lower speed measurement applications, such as with a vehicle engine, an alternator, etc.

Examples APUs and related methods have been disclosed herein. Examples and example combinations include the following:

Example 1 is an auxiliary power unit (APU) controller for an APU of an aircraft. The APU controller includes a sensor interface to receive a signal from a speed sensor. The signal includes pulses representing a rotational speed of an output of an engine of the APU. The APU also includes an overspeed detection circuit including: a counter to count a number of pulses from the signal occurring within a time interval; a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to convert the number of pulses into an analog voltage signal; and a comparator to: compare the analog voltage signal to an overspeed threshold signal; and generate a shutdown command in response to the analog voltage signal exceeding the overspeed threshold signal; and a valve driver to, in response to receiving the shutdown command, cause a fuel shutoff valve to cease fuel flow to the engine of the APU.

Example 2 includes the APU controller of Example 1, wherein the counter is a first counter, and wherein the overspeed detection circuit includes an oscillator and a second counter to generate timing signals at a pre-determined frequency.

Example 3 includes the APU controller of Example 2, wherein the pre-determined frequency is 4 Hertz (Hz).

Example 4 includes the APU controller of Example 3, wherein the first counter is a 1024-bit counter.

Example 5 includes the APU controller of any of Examples 2-4, wherein the overspeed detection circuit includes an edge circuit to convert the timing signals to impulse signals and transmit the impulse signals to the first counter and the DAC.

Example 6 includes the APU controller of Example 5, wherein the DAC is to convert the number of pulses into the analog voltage signal in response to receipt of one of the impulse signals.

Example 7 includes the APU controller of Examples 5 or 6, wherein the first counter is to clear the number of pulses in response to receipt of one of the impulse signals.

Example 8 includes the APU controller of any of Examples 5-7, wherein the overspeed detection circuit includes a delay and edge circuit that delays the impulse signals received at the first counter relative to the impulse signals received at the DAC, such that the number of pulses is converted into the analog voltage signal before the number of pulses is cleared from the first counter.

Example 9 includes the APU controller of any of Examples 1-8, wherein the overspeed detection circuit includes a zero-crossing detector to convert the signal from the speed sensor into a digital signal.

Example 10 includes the APU controller of any of Examples 1-9, wherein the overspeed detection circuit does not include a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

Example 11 is a method including counting, via a counter, a number of pulses in a signal from a speed sensor during a time interval, the number of pulses representing a rotational speed of an engine of an auxiliary power unit (APU), converting, via a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the number of pulses into an analog voltage signal, comparing, via a comparator, the analog voltage signal to an overspeed threshold signal, and generating, via the comparator, a shutdown command in response to the analog voltage signal exceeding the overspeed threshold signal.

Example 12 includes the method of Example 11, wherein the analog voltage signal is proportional to the number of pulses.

Example 13 includes the method of Examples 11 or 12, wherein the counter is a binary-up counter, further including: generating, via an oscillator and a divide-by counter, timing signals at a pre-determined frequency; converting, via an edge circuit, the timing signals into impulse signals; and propagating, via the edge circuit, the impulse signals to the binary-up counter and the DAC.

Example 14 includes the method of Example 13, wherein the converting of the number of pulses into the analog voltage signal is in response to receipt of one of the impulse signals.

Example 15 includes the method of Example 14, further including clearing, via the first counter, the number of pulses in response to receipt of one of the impulse signals.

Example 16 includes the method of Example 15, further including delaying, with a delay and edge circuit, the impulse signals received by the counter relative to the impulse signals received by the DAC.

Example 17 includes the method of any of Examples 11-16, further including closing, via a valve driver, a fuel shutoff valve of the APU in response to receipt of the shutdown command.

Example 18 is an auxiliary power unit (APU) system of an aircraft. The APU system includes an engine, a speed sensor to detect a speed of the engine, a fuel shutoff valve to control fuel flow to the engine, and an APU controller including an overspeed detection circuit to: determine, based on a signal from the speed sensor, whether a speed of the engine exceeds an overspeed threshold; and generate a shutdown command in response to the speed of the engine exceeding the overspeed threshold, the overspeed detection circuit not including a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The APU system also includes a valve driver to close the fuel shutoff valve in response to receipt of the shutdown command.

Example 19 includes the APU system of Example 18, wherein the overspeed detection circuit includes: a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to convert a number of pulses in a signal from the speed sensor during a time interval into an analog voltage signal; and a comparator to compare the analog voltage signal to an overspeed threshold signal corresponding to the overspeed threshold.

Example 20 includes the APU system of Example 19, wherein the comparator is to generate the shutdown command in response to the analog voltage signal exceeding the overspeed threshold signal.

The following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description by this reference. Although certain example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.