Patent ID: 12203268

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) Terminology

As used herein, the term “concrete”, or “concrete aggregate” includes cement in various combinations with water, sand, gravel, rocks, and other materials that help to add to its strength in the particular conditions in which the concrete will be employed. For ease of reference, the term “concrete” as used herein includes any of these combinations of cement and other materials.

For purposes herein, “concrete” can be defined as including a cement paste, a coarse aggregate, and other materials such as sand. The term “coarse aggregate” includes larger solids, like rock and gravel. The term “cement paste” includes water mixed with cement. When fresh, cement paste typically flows in a semi-liquid manner.

Rebar: Reinforcement Bar. Rebar is an elongated bar (typically a cylindrical rod) used that is used to reinforce a concrete or masonry structure as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under compression but has low tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure.

BMASS: Braided Multi-Axial Sleeve System

BMASS rebar element: A BMASS structure that is configured for use as rebar.

(2) Overview

A reinforced concrete BMASS rebar is disclosed that has an elongated (typically approximately cylindrical) shape having a first end and a second end, including a substantially solid concrete core consisting essentially of concrete and at least one reinforcement sleeve. The reinforcement sleeve has a substantially flexible, multi-axially braided weave, which provides flexible, yet strong, reinforcement for the BMASS rebar. The multi-axially weaved structure is particularly useful because it defines a type of selective locking mechanism: the weave pattern is close (tight) enough that it contains larger components of the concrete aggregate within the sleeve, yet the weaved pattern and material can allow cement paste to flow into and around the fibers of the sleeve. The flow of cement paste is sufficient to bond the sleeve to the concrete core, while holding the coarse concrete aggregate inside the sleeve.

Furthermore, the flow of cement paste through the gaps expels unwanted air and fills the spaces within the sleeve, so that the sleeve can become almost uniformly filled with concrete. A more uniform fill provides a stronger structure, substantially free of air pockets that might otherwise undermine the BMASS rebar's strength.

Various embodiments of BMASS rebar-reinforced support structures are disclosed herein. Although some of the support structures may be described as a column or a beam; similar principles can be applied to create other support structures such as posts and pilings. Structural implementations using BMASS rebar are disclosed in more detail in this application, and additional advantages are disclosed.

(3) Advantages of BMASS Rebar

BMASS rebar described herein offers many advantages over the steel rebar typically used for structural support of concrete structures, and therefore the BMASS rebar structure described herein can replace steel rebar in many support structures.

As mentioned in the Background section, steel rebar, which is widely used, has a number of disadvantages that drive up construction costs and limit its functionality when installed. Steel rebar requires specialized manufacturing facilities, high heat and expensive processes. In comparison, manufacturing the BMASS rebar described herein is a much less costly process, and can be done using an extrusion system, for example.

Advantageously, BMASS rebar can manufactured at or near the jobsite, which saves transportation costs and greatly simplifies planning logistics that could otherwise cause construction delays. Furthermore, BMASS rebar can be manufactured to any length specified by the contractor, and to any diameter required by the structural design.

As an additional advantage, BMASS rebar can be implemented in the support structure similarly to how steel rebar is used, so no additional training is required of the workers. Furthermore, due to the absence of steel rebar, no concrete cover would be required on the support structure, therefore no pedestals would be needed in slabs nor concrete covers in beams or columns.

As mentioned in the Background section, installed steel rebar easily corrodes, causing the spalling of concrete and thereby weakening the structure instead of strengthening it. Installed steel rebar readily conducts heat, and in so doing bypasses the concrete cover causing the spalling of concrete during a fire, thereby weakening the structure instead of strengthening it. Advantageously, BMASS rebar does not corrode, therefore the protective concrete cover (e.g., 1-½ inch) is not required on the structural support member in which it is used. Not needing the protective cover, for a given size, more concrete is available for strengthening purposes and therefore the concrete can be utilized more efficiently. Alternatively, the structural support can be made smaller (without the concrete cover that would otherwise be needed to protect steel reinforcement), thereby providing the same strength in a smaller package.

Also, BMASS rebar is made of the same or similar material as the concrete in which it is embedded, has about the same thermal conductivity as that of concrete, which lessens the possibility of any concrete spalling during a fire.

(4) BMASS Rebar Structure

FIG.1is a perspective view of one embodiment of BMASS rebar100, andFIG.2is a cross-sectional view200of this embodiment of the BMASS rebar100. The BMASS rebar100includes a concrete core110and at least one multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve120surrounding the concrete core110. The concrete core110includes an aggregate that includes cement112, gravel114, and other materials that help add strength in the particular conditions in which the concrete will be employed.

FIG.2is a cross-sectional view200of the BMASS rebar100, showing an expanded view of a circular cross-section of the concrete core110and the reinforcement sleeve120. The multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve120will described in detail, for example with reference toFIG.5et seq. The outer surface of the BMASS rebar100can include textured features130adjacent to the reinforcement sleeve120, such as ribs, lugs, or indentations spaced along the length of the BMASS. Alternatively, an abrasive material, such as sand, can be sprayed on the outer surface of the BMASS rebar while curing, so that the sand becomes embedded in the outer surface. The textured features130can prevent slippage and provide structural advantages such as greater pull-out resistance.

The BMASS rebar100can be manufactured in any suitable length; for example, it may be manufactured in standard lengths (e.g. 10, 15, 20 feet) and then cut to the desired length for a particular application on the jobsite, or pieced together if a longer length is needed. Alternatively, it can be manufactured on the jobsite to the specific desired length, which would not require either cutting or piecing together rebar.

In the embodiment ofFIGS.1and2, the BMASS rebar100has an elongated cylindrical rod configuration, which may for example have a cross-sectional dimension in ranges of 1 to 4 inches. The cylindrical configuration of the BMASS rebar is typical and preferred. However, in other embodiments, other cross-sectional configurations can be implemented, such as square, rectangular, oval, or whatever configuration is suited for the desired end use. Advantageously, BMASS rebar can be cost-effectively formed in a variety of different cross-sections and lengths, and the dimensions and shape can vary between embodiments.

FIG.3is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of BMASS rebar300with an elongated rectangular configuration, illustrating a non-cylindrical embodiment of BMASS rebar.FIG.4is a cross-sectional view400of the BMASS rebar300showing that the cross-section400is approximately square. As inFIG.1, the BMASS rebar300shown inFIG.3includes a concrete core310and at least one multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve320surrounding the concrete core310. Lengthwise, the BMASS rebar300may be directly made in any lengths, and if needed can be easily cut to a desired length on the jobsite.FIG.4is a cross-sectional view400of the BMASS rebar300showing an expanded view of a cross-section of the concrete core310and the reinforcement sleeve320. InFIG.4, the concrete core310includes an aggregate that includes cement312, gravel314, and other materials that help add to its strength. As inFIG.2, the outer surface of the BMASS rebar300can be textured; e.g. with ribs or other protruding features, which can provide advantages such as greater pull-out resistance.

As will be described, BMASS rebar100can be integrated into various structures, in a variety of different configurations, to provide strength and resiliency against damage to the structure it is supporting. Depending upon the application, multiple BMASS elements may integrated into a structure; for example, a concrete column may be reinforced by three or more BMASS elements.

(5) Multi-Axial Braided Reinforcement Sleeve

Following is a detailed description of embodiments of reinforcement sleeves that can be used to fabricate BMASS rebar.

FIG.5is a perspective view of one embodiment of a multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve500that can be used to fabricate BMASS rebar, andFIG.6is a perspective closeup view of a cut-out portion600of one embodiment of the biaxially braided reinforcement sleeve500. As shown inFIGS.5and6, the multi-axially braided sleeve500includes a plurality of strands508including at least a first plurality510of strands and a second plurality520of strands that are axially braided around a central axis502to form a tubular braided structure that defines the sleeve500and a defines a central opening504axially through the tubular structure. Particularly, the first plurality of strands510are axially braided following a first rotation and the second plurality of strands520are axially braided following a second rotation counter-rotating to the first rotation. Thus, the first plurality of strands cross the second plurality of strands at a plurality of crossings530, and the crossed pattern of the first and second plurality defines a plurality of gaps540.

(6) BMASS Rebar Fabrication Overview

BMASS rebar can be fabricated by filling a reinforcement sleeve (such as shown inFIG.5) with concrete, using any appropriate technique. In a manufacturing plant, the BMASS rebar100may be formed using pultrusion processes in which the sleeve is pultruded with concrete, through dies.

A texture may be formed on the outer circumference of the BMASS rebar during or after the pultrusion process, for example a textured pattern may be introduced during pultrusion, or an abrasive element (e.g. sand) may be sprayed on the BMASS rebar at some convenient point in the process. After the concrete has cured, the BMASS rebar can then be cut to length and transported to the construction location. Pultrusion is a continuous process of manufacture with an approximate constant cross-section by pulling the material, as opposed to extrusion which pushes the material.

Instead of fabrication in a manufacturing facility, BMASS rebar can be formed at or near a job site, which advantageously can save costs and time. In one example, portable pultrusion machines can be transported to at or near the jobsite to make the BMASS rebar there using the materials—concrete and the reinforcement sleeves—to fabricate the BMASS rebar to the appropriate configuration and appropriate length, which can greatly save construction costs and time.

FIG.23is a flow chart that shows steps for fabricating BMASS rebar at or near a construction jobsite (STEP2300). The sleeve material and a portable pultrusion machine are transported to (or near) the jobsite (STEP2310). Advantageously, the reinforcement sleeve material can be easily transported to the jobsite; e.g., on a spool. At the jobsite the reinforcement sleeve can cut to any length (STEP2320). Then the concrete is mixed (STEP2330) and the sleeves are filled with concrete (STEP2340). The concrete paste in the sleeve is allowed to flow through to the outer surface (STEP2360), and then the outer surface can be textured (STEP2360). The BMASS rebar is then cured (STEP2370), and after curing the fabricated BMASS rebar is at the jobsite (STEP2390) and ready for construction use.

(7) Braid Pattern: Weave

In some embodiments, such as the embodiment illustrated inFIG.5andFIG.6, the braided reinforcement sleeve500has a biaxial weave pattern (the braid follows two counter-rotating axes) that defines the plurality of gaps540between the strands508, and a plurality of strand crossings530where the strands cross. The gaps540may or may not allow some cement paste to flow through to the outside while holding the concrete aggregate inside the sleeve.

The particular weave pattern depends upon several factors such as design requirements, the properties of the concrete mixture, and the outside temperature. Different design requirements, and different types of concrete may require a different weave pattern, angle of weave, and type of reinforcement bands/ribbons. In different embodiments the type of concrete can vary, the compression stress of concrete can vary anywhere from less than 3,000 psi to over 10,000 psi, and the water/cement ratio can vary depending on weather conditions, the size of the pour, and the type of cement that is used. All these factors can be considered when selecting the appropriate sleeve for a particular rebar configuration.

(8) Triaxial Sleeve Embodiment

In other embodiments, such as will be described with reference toFIGS.7and8, the weave pattern can be triaxial, in which the first and second plurality of strands cross as in the biaxial configuration, and a third plurality of strands are oriented substantially parallel with the axis of the column.

FIG.7is a perspective view of a triaxially-braided tubular reinforcement sleeve700. As shown inFIG.7, the tubular structure of the sleeve700defines a central axis702and a central opening704, and the sleeve700includes a plurality of strands708weaved into a triaxial configuration around the central axis702.

FIG.8is a side view of a cut-out section800of the triaxially braided reinforcement sleeve700, illustrating the triaxial weave. As can be seen from this section800, the plurality of strands include a first plurality of strands810crossed by a second plurality of strands820, (similar to the biaxial weave) and in addition, the strands include a third plurality of strands830aligned substantially parallel to the central axis702.

(9) Strand Material and Configurations

The material used in the strands can be any material such as metal, plastic, nylon, ceramics, basalt, aramid, carbon fiber, glass fiber, or any natural or synthetic material of suitable strength and durability that has the appropriate characteristics for the desired end application. Carbon, glass and basalt fibers have high melting points and would be especially beneficial where the potential for fire is anticipated.

FIGS.9A,9B,9C, and9Dshow several different cross-sectional configurations for each single strand508. Particularly,FIGS.9A-Dillustrate that the individual strands can have different forms and configurations, which can be selected to be suitable for the desired use.FIG.9Ashows a circular cross-section910(like a wire). The circular cross-section ofFIG.9Ais preferred: more than likely the strands in the sleeve would be made of fiber, and therefore the strands would likely be circular. However, alternative cross-sections are possible:FIG.9Bshows a rectangular cross-section920,FIG.9Cshows a flat rectangular ribbon cross-section930, andFIG.9Dshows a thin rectangular band cross-section940.

To choose the appropriate configuration for a particular construction job, one consideration is the strength and flexibility of the sleeve. Generally, a sleeve is selected to have a weave pattern, a strand configuration, and be made of a material that provides appropriate strength for the end use.

Although typically the materials and strand configurations will be consistent throughout the sleeve, in some embodiments some strands may comprise different materials and/or different configurations. For example, in the same sleeve, some strands may be nylon and others may be aramid, some strands may have a wire configuration and others may have a band configuration. The materials and configuration of the strands are chosen based on their properties to create the desired strength, flexibility, and weave pattern of the end product sleeve.

Many different types of strands can be used in the multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve. Examples of strands include the following:1) Filaments: strands can be comprised of thousands of filaments which are only about 5 to 10 microns thick, 3 k, 6 k, 12 k and 15 k, where k means thousands of filaments, can be found in each strand;2) Materials: the material of the strands could be nylon, basalt, aramid, glass fiber, carbon fiber, or any synthetic or natural material of suitable strength and durability that can be woven into reinforcement sleeves.

Generally, the material and configuration of the strands are chosen to be relatively inelastic compared to the sleeve. For example, individual strands made of metal may not bend or stretch easily (i.e., they may be relatively inelastic). However, the overall braided sleeve will be substantially flexible due to its braided pattern, even if the individual strands are inelastic.

(10) Fabricating the Sleeve (Multi-Axially Braided Reinforcement Sleeve)

Fabricating the multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve can be accomplished using any suitable method. Many braiding methods are known in the art, and the particular method chosen for forming the braided tubular structure will depend upon the requirements of any particular implementation. A few examples of methods and apparatus that can braid strands to create a tubular configuration are shown in US Patent Publication US20150299916, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,311,031, 5,257,571, and 5,099,744.

As described above, the configuration of the strands508, given the material, must be thick enough or of such density to substantially contain the concrete in the weaved pattern. The strands may be relatively inelastic for strength, and the braid pattern provides flexibility to the reinforcement sleeve.

In one embodiment, the braided sleeve has a biaxial weave pattern in which the first set of strands are wrapped around the central axis in a first rotation, and the second set of strands are wrapped around the central axis in a second, opposite rotation. In other embodiments, the braided sleeve may have a triaxial weave pattern, or a combination of an inner sleeve (comprised of a biaxial weave nearly lateral to the length of the column) and an outer sleeve (comprised of a triaxial weave pattern along the length of the column) working together, or other suitable weave patterns.

Many different materials and braid configurations can be implemented. Typically, the braided structure will be formed with a uniform braid pattern throughout its length. Still, many variations are possible with a uniform braid pattern, for example, the weaved pattern could include a finer mesh that would hold in place a stronger but looser weave of a different material. For example, the weaved pattern could include a finer nylon mesh that holds heavier aramid belts that are weaved into sleeves.

In some embodiments, it may be useful to vary the braid pattern in certain areas, so that the braid is nonuniform along its length. For example, one embodiment may create additional strength in certain portions of the sleeve by a tighter weave, or in other embodiments, more flexibility in the braid can be provided by using a looser weave.

The flexibility of the reinforcement sleeve would be adversely affected by the use of resins/polymers on the sleeve as the resins would harden and impair flexibility. The use of resins/polymers on the sleeve should be avoided because of their low melting point, toxin fumes when burnt, and incompatibility with concrete.

(11) Gaps

FIGS.10A,10B, and10Care close-up perspective cut-out views of sections of the outside of the column, illustrating the flow of concrete through a section of the multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve500during fabrication of BMASS rebar. In a multi-sleeve embodiment, a similar flow goes through an inner sleeve which will be described later with reference toFIG.11et seq.

The gaps540may or may not allow some cement paste to flow through to the outside while holding the concrete inside the sleeve. Advantageously, the flow of some cement paste (and maybe some sand or smaller particles) through the gaps expels unwanted air and fills the spaces within the sleeve, so that the sleeve column becomes approximately uniformly filled with concrete. A more uniform fill provides a stronger column structure substantially free of air pockets that might otherwise undermine the column's strength. The multi-axially weaved structure is particularly useful because it defines a type of selective locking mechanism.

FIG.10Ais a section1001that illustrates a beginning flow1010of cement paste1020out through the gaps540between the strands508in the reinforcement sleeve500(FIG.5).FIG.10Bis a section1002after the concrete paste1020has flowed into the gaps540, and substantially covers the strands508. At this stage, the strands508have become substantially embedded within the concrete paste1020. In some embodiments, the cement paste1020can be allowed to dry at this stage.

In other embodiments, as shown inFIG.10C, the concrete paste1020can flow out farther from the gaps540, to create an additional covering for the reinforcement sleeve, which optionally can be textured with an appropriate texture configuration1060.FIG.10Cshows section1003of a concrete outer layer1040that is formed after the cement paste1020has flowed through the gaps and has become dried outside the strands508of the sleeve. As discussed above with reference toFIG.5, the reinforcement sleeve defines gaps540that may or may not be large enough to allow a flow of the semi-liquid cement paste and small particles such as sand, but small enough to prevent the outward flow of coarse aggregate (e.g., gravel, rocks). As the semi-liquid cement paste1020flows through the gaps540, it reaches the outer surface of the reinforcement sleeve, forms the outer layer1040, and then dries into an outer surface1050, which may be smooth.

(12) Multi-Sleeve Embodiment

In multi-sleeve embodiments of BMASS rebar, such as will be described with reference toFIGS.11and12, the triaxial sleeve700, or any reinforcement sleeve described herein, may be combined with an inner sleeve1100that has a plurality of substantially unidirectional strands, oriented transverse to the central axis of the sleeve.

FIG.11is a perspective view of a sleeve arrangement that includes an inner reinforcement sleeve1100and an outer reinforcement sleeve1110. The inner sleeve1100has a size to fit concentrically within an outer sleeve1110. The inner reinforcement sleeve1100has a plurality of strands that are oriented in a substantially lateral direction (i.e., the strands wrap laterally or transverse to a central axis1108defined by the inner and outer sleeves. The outer sleeve1110comprises a multi-axially braided sleeve such as the triaxially-braided sleeve700(FIG.7) or the biaxially-braided sleeve500(FIG.5). The outer and inner reinforcement sleeves have a weave that is substantially flexible and do not contain polymer resins that would otherwise interfere with sleeve flexibility.

The inner reinforcement sleeve1100may be manufactured in a tubular configuration. In alternative embodiments, the inner reinforcement sleeve1100can be formed by wrapping a sheet of unidirectional material so that the direction of the material's strength is substantially lateral to the central axis. The inner reinforcement sleeve1100concentrically fits within the outer reinforcement sleeve1110. In some embodiments, the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves may be connected by any suitable means.

FIG.12is a side view of a cut-out section1200of the inner reinforcement sleeve1100, illustrating a lateral weave1210in one embodiment that is substantially lateral to the central axis1108. Generally, the weave may be provided in any suitable configuration such as a biaxial weave with very small-angle crossings, a spiral, or hoops with longitudinal connections, or any other weave that provides substantial strength in the transverse direction.

FIG.13is a perspective view, andFIG.14is a cross-sectional view, of a multi-sleeve BMASS rebar1300that has a cylindrical shape that defines a central axis1310and includes a central core1320, the inner reinforcement sleeve1100, and the outer reinforcement sleeve1110around its perimeter.FIG.14is a cross-sectional view that shows the inner reinforcement sleeve1100and the outer reinforcement sleeve1110embedded in the BMASS rebar. The central core is now filled with concrete, including coarse aggregate and cement paste, that provides a concrete core1410within the reinforcement sleeves consisting essentially of concrete. The outer reinforcement sleeve1110is now embedded in concrete on the outside perimeter of the concrete core1410, and the inner reinforcement sleeve1100is situated concentrically within the outer sleeve1110.

In the embodiment shown inFIGS.14, the concrete has flowed through the inner reinforcement sleeve1100and into the outer reinforcement sleeve1110, so that both the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves are embedded in the concrete. For purposes of illustration, the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves are shown separated by a middle concrete layer1420. In some embodiments, the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves may be adjacent to each other and in those embodiments, the middle concrete layer1420may be small or non-existent.

FIG.14also shows a texture1430formed on the outer perimeter of the BMASS rebar1400. This texture is generally a rough surface or deformations to the surface area that functions to maintain the position of the rebar when it is installed in a structural support element.

FIG.15is a perspective, cut-away view of a section1500of a multi-sleeve embodiment of a BMASS element with BMASS rebar inside for additional strength. The BMASS element includes the inner reinforcement sleeve1100and the outer reinforcement sleeve1110embedded in the BMASS rebar section1500. The concrete core1510is formed within the reinforcement sleeves, consisting essentially of concrete. In theFIG.15embodiment, the concrete has flowed through the inner reinforcement sleeve1100and into the outer reinforcement sleeve1110, so that both the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves are embedded in the concrete, creating a middle concrete layer1520between the reinforcement sleeves1100,1110. After the concrete paste has flowed out through the outer reinforcement sleeve1110and cured sufficiently, it can be textured to create an outer concrete layer1530, which provides a texture that helps to maintain the BMASS rebar in position within the structural element in which it will be installed. The outer reinforcement sleeve1110is now embedded in concrete on the outside perimeter, and the inner reinforcement sleeve1100is situated concentrically within the outer sleeve1110.FIG.15also shows a plurality of ridges1540, that function as a texture to hold the rebar in position when installed.

(13) Structural Support Elements Using BMASS Rebar

BMASS rebar can be utilized to strengthen many different structural support elements such as columns, beams, and slabs. Depending upon the implementation, multiple BMASS elements may be integrated into a structural support element. In these support elements, BMASS rebar is typically internally situated longitudinally along the axis of the support element; e.g., BMASS rebar may be situated longitudinally in a column; however, the BMASS rebar may be situated in any orientation that provides the needed support.

It should be apparent that BMASS rebar can be integrated into various structural support elements, in a variety of different configurations, to provide strength, and resiliency against damage. Following are examples of structural support elements reinforced with BMASS rebar.

FIG.16is a perspective view of a structural support element1600that has a cylindrical concrete configuration, which for purposes of description may be called a column, but could also be used as a post, or a piling for example. The column1600includes a plurality of BMASS rebar elements1605longitudinally situated within a concrete core1610. This illustrated embodiment shows three BMASS rebar elements1605, all of which support the column1600. In other embodiments any number of BMASS rebar elements may be utilized, depending upon the design configuration.

In the embodiment illustrated inFIG.16, the concrete column1600does not have additional reinforcement other than the BMASS rebar elements1605. In other column embodiments, additional column reinforcement may be used, such as the multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve described in the applications cross-referenced above, which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIG.17is a cross-sectional view1700of an embodiment of a column that includes a column reinforcement sleeve1720in addition to BMASS rebar. The embodiment ofFIG.17includes a plurality of BMASS rebar elements1705embedded in a central core1710that includes concrete, including coarse aggregate and cement paste. A multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve1720is embedded in concrete around the outside perimeter of the concrete core1710. Fabrication and description of the column with the reinforcement sleeve is described in more detail in the patent applications cited in the cross-reference section of this application. Advantageously, the multi-axially braided reinforcement sleeve1720contains the concrete within the core1710and supports the column transversely. Yet during extreme earthquake events, the reinforcement sleeve1720doesn't go under compression and therefore does not expand to cause any damage to the column. Instead, if the column drifts due to earthquake forces, the reinforcement sleeve1720may elongate and tighten around the column. The column embodiment illustrated inFIG.17also includes an outer layer1730of dried cement paste and small particles that enclose the reinforcement sleeve1720that provide a rough texture1740.

FIG.18is a cross-sectional view1800of another embodiment of a BMASS-reinforced column. The embodiment ofFIG.18shows a plurality of BMASS rebar elements1805embedded in a central core1810that includes concrete, including coarse aggregate and cement paste. To reinforce the column, two reinforcement sleeves are provided: an inner reinforcement sleeve1821is embedded in concrete around the outside perimeter of the concrete core1810, and an outer reinforcement sleeve1822is provided around the outside perimeter of the inner reinforcement sleeve1821. A concrete interlayer1830may be disposed between the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves.

As shown inFIG.18, the inner and outer reinforcement sleeves1821,1822contain the concrete within the core1810and also support the column transversely. Advantageously, during extreme earthquake events, the reinforcement sleeves doesn't go under compression and therefore do not expand to cause any damage to the column. Instead, if the column drifts due to earthquake forces, the reinforcement sleeves may elongate and tighten around the column, providing better support.

FIG.19is a perspective view of a rectangular structural support element1900, which can be used as a beam in a structure and can have other uses such as a piling for a dock or retaining wall. The rectangular element1900includes BMASS rebar1910axially disposed in the concrete beam1900to provide structural strength between a first end1920and a second end1930. This example uses four BMASS rebar components1910(such as the BMASS rebar100) axially disposed in a rectangular concrete box structure; in other embodiments more or less BMASS rebar components may be used. InFIG.19the BMASS rebar itself is cylindrical, which is typical, and provides a very strong structural configuration and significant strength to the support element1900.

(14) Structure Examples

As discussed above, BMASS rebar can be utilized to strengthen many different structural support elements, such as columns, beams, pilings, and posts. These structural support elements maybe be used to support many different structures. Following are examples of structures that can utilize support elements reinforced with BMASS rebar, it should be apparent that many different structures can use BMASS-reinforced rebar.

FIG.20is a perspective view of a simple structure2000that includes a BMASS-reinforced beam2010(such as the rectangular support element1900), supported on each end by a BMASS-reinforced column: particularly a first column2021and a second column2022(such as the column1600) support the opposite ends of the beam2010. The beam2010, and each of the columns2021,2022has a plurality of BMASS rebar rods inside, situated longitudinally within the respective support element. Preferably, the BMASS rebar rods are approximately parallel to each other.

This simple support structure2000may be a utilized to support a wide variety of structures, for example, either side of a bridge and columns in a structure. The columns2021,2022may be formed with a notch or other cut-out shaped to receive the respective ends of the BMASS-reinforced beam2010. A load2030, which may, for example, be a bridge, road surface, or the floor of a building, exerts downward forces all along the adjacent surface of the BMASS element, as illustrated by arrows. Generally, the columns must be strong enough to hold against the forces exerted by the load on the structure2000.

(15) Example of BMASS Beam Assembly Installed in Structure

FIG.21is a side view of another example of a structure2100, which may be a bridge or dock that includes a platform2105supported by BMASS-reinforced pilings, including a first piling2110and a second piling2120. The first piling2110has at least two BMASS rebar rods2111,2112, and likewise, the second piling2122has at least two BMASS rebar rods2121,2122installed longitudinally in the pilings, and approximately parallel.

The pilings support a platform2105, which, for example may be the walkway of a dock, or a road for autos. The pilings2110,2120are set deeply into the sea floor2130, under the water2140in order to stabilize the structure2100.

Advantageously, the concrete and sleeve material used to manufacture the BMASS rebar2112,2122could be customized to meet different conditions such as the environmental demands of the sea floor, or structural requirements. For example, in a water (or humid) environment, the BMASS rebar would not rust, unlike steel rebar.

(16) BMASS Posts

BMASS rebar could be utilized to reinforce BMASS posts, which could be manufactured in custom diameters, for example two, three or four inches. Customization could be done on the jobsite.

FIG.22is a side view of a portion of a fence2200that includes a plurality offence posts and fence wire. Particularly,FIG.22shows first, second, and third fence posts2210,2220,2230, secured into the ground2240. Fence wire2250is strung between the fence posts and secured to each fence post.

Each post is made of concrete or other suitable material and is reinforced with BMASS rebar. Particularly, the first post2210is reinforced by a first BMASS rebar2011, the second post2220is reinforced with a second BMASS rebar2221, and the third post2230is reinforced with a third BMASS rebar2231.

Alternatively, larger diameter BMASS rebar itself could be used as micro/mini piles, small support columns or just simple fence posts. For example, 2-, 3-, or 4-inch BMASS rebar could be manufactured, cut into suitable lengths, and used as piles, support columns or fence posts.

Advantageously, the concrete and sleeve material used to manufacture the BMASS rebar and posts could be customized to meet different conditions such as the environmental demands of the soil, or structural requirements.

(17) General

Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open-ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing: the term “including” should be read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like; the term “example” is used to provide examples of instances of the item in a discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof, the terms “a” or “an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or the like; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known” and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future. Likewise, where this document refers to technologies that would be apparent or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such technologies encompass those apparent or known to the skilled artisan now or at any time in the future.

A group of items linked with the conjunction “and” should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction “or” should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should also be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise. Furthermore, although items, elements, or components of the disclosed method and apparatus may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereof unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.

The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the term “module” does not imply that the components or functionality described or claimed as part of the module are all configured in a common package. Indeed, any or all of the various components of a module, whether control logic or other components, can be combined in a single package or separately maintained and can further be distributed in multiple groupings or packages or across multiple locations.

Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described with the aid of block diagrams, flow charts, and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.