Patent ID: 12190285

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

System Overview

A system and various implementations of the subject technology is described with reference toFIGS.1-11. The system and processes are described with reference toFIG.1, an architectural level schematic of a system in accordance with an implementation. BecauseFIG.1is an architectural diagram, certain details are omitted to improve the clarity of the description.

The discussion ofFIG.1is organized as follows. First, the elements of the system are described, followed by their interconnections. Then, the use of the elements in the system is described in greater detail. In examples described herein, cameras are used as sensors producing image frames which output color images in for example an RGB color space. In all of the disclosed embodiments, other types of sensors or combinations of sensors of various types can be used to produce image frames usable with or in place of the cameras, including image sensors working in other color spaces, infrared image sensors, UV image sensors, ultrasound image sensors, LIDAR based sensors, radar based sensors and so on.

FIG.1provides a block diagram level illustration of a system100. The system100includes cameras114, network nodes hosting image recognition engines112a,112b, and112n, an inventory event location processing engine180deployed in a network node104(or nodes) on the network, an inventory event sequencing engine190deployed in a network node106(or nodes) on the network, a network node102hosting a subject tracking engine110, a maps database140, an inventory events database150, an inventory item activity database160, an inventory item correlation database170, and a communication network or networks181. The network nodes can host only one image recognition engine, or several image recognition engines. The system can also include a subject database and other supporting data.

As used herein, a network node is an addressable hardware device or virtual device that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel to or from other network nodes. Examples of electronic devices which can be deployed as hardware network nodes include all varieties of computers, workstations, laptop computers, handheld computers, and smartphones. Network nodes can be implemented in a cloud-based server system. More than one virtual device configured as a network node can be implemented using a single physical device.

For the sake of clarity, only three network nodes hosting image recognition engines are shown in the system100. However, any number of network nodes hosting image recognition engines can be connected to the subject tracking engine110through the network(s)181. Similarly, the image recognition engine, the subject tracking engine, the inventory event location processing engine, the inventory event sequencing engine and other processing engines described herein can execute using more than one network node in a distributed architecture.

The interconnection of the elements of system100will now be described. Network(s)181couples the network nodes101a,101b, and101n, respectively, hosting image recognition engines112a,112b, and112n, the network node104hosting the inventory event location processing engine180, the network node106hosting the inventory event sequencing engine190, the network node102hosting the subject tracking engine110, the maps database140, the inventory events database150, the inventory item activity database160, and inventory item correlation database170. Cameras114are connected to the subject tracking engine110through network nodes hosting image recognition engines112a,112b, and112n. In one embodiment, the cameras114are installed in a shopping store such that sets of cameras114(two or more) with overlapping fields of view are positioned over each aisle to capture image frames of real space in the store. InFIG.1, two cameras are arranged over aisle116a, two cameras are arranged over aisle116b, and three cameras are arranged over aisle116n. The cameras114are installed over aisles with overlapping fields of view. In such an embodiment, the cameras are configured with the goal that customers moving in the aisles of the shopping store are present in the field of view of two or more cameras at any moment in time.

Cameras114can be synchronized in time with each other, so that image frames are captured at the same time, or close in time, and at the same image capture rate. The cameras114can send respective continuous streams of image frames at a predetermined rate to network nodes hosting image recognition engines112a-112n. Image frames captured in all the cameras covering an area of real space at the same time, or close in time, are synchronized in the sense that the synchronized image frames can be identified in the processing engines as representing different views of subjects having fixed positions in the real space. For example, in one embodiment, the cameras send image frames at the rates of 30 frames per second (fps) to respective network nodes hosting image recognition engines112a-112n. Each frame has a timestamp, identity of the camera (abbreviated as “camera_id”), and a frame identity (abbreviated as “frame_id”) along with the image data. Other embodiments of the technology disclosed can use different types of sensors such as image sensors, LIDAR based sensors, etc., in place of cameras to generate this data. In one embodiment, sensors can be used in addition to the cameras114. Multiple sensors can be synchronized in time with each other, so that frames are captured by the sensors at the same time, or close in time, and at the same frame capture rate.

Cameras installed over an aisle are connected to respective image recognition engines. For example, inFIG.1, the two cameras installed over the aisle116aare connected to the network node101ahosting an image recognition engine112a. Likewise, the two cameras installed over aisle116bare connected to the network node101bhosting an image recognition engine112b. Each image recognition engine112a-112nhosted in a network node or nodes101a-101n, separately processes the image frames received from one camera each in the illustrated example.

In one embodiment, each image recognition engine112a,112b, and112nis implemented as a deep learning algorithm such as a convolutional neural network (abbreviated CNN). In such an embodiment, the CNN is trained using training database. In an embodiment described herein, image recognition of subjects in the real space is based on identifying and grouping joints recognizable in the image frames, where the groups of joints can be attributed to an individual subject. For this joints-based analysis, the training database has a large collection of images for each of the different types of joints for subjects. In the example embodiment of a shopping store, the subjects are the customers moving in the aisles between the shelves. In an example embodiment, during training of the CNN, the system100is referred to as a “training system.” After training the CNN using the training database, the CNN is switched to production mode to process images of customers in the shopping store in real time.

In an example embodiment, during production, the system100is referred to as a runtime system (also referred to as an inference system). The CNN in each image recognition engine produces arrays of joints data structures for image frames in its respective stream of image frames. In an embodiment as described herein, an array of joints data structures is produced for each processed image, so that each image recognition engine112a-112nproduces an output stream of arrays of joints data structures. These arrays of joints data structures from cameras having overlapping fields of view are further processed to form groups of joints, and to identify such groups of joints as subjects. The subjects can be identified and tracked by the system using an identifier “subject_id” during their presence in the area of real space.

The subject tracking engine110, hosted on the network node102receives, in this example, continuous streams of arrays of joints data structures for the subjects from image recognition engines112a-112n. The subject tracking engine110processes the arrays of joints data structures and translates the coordinates of the elements in the arrays of joints data structures corresponding to image frames in different sequences into candidate joints having coordinates in the real space. For each set of synchronized image frames, the combination of candidate joints identified throughout the real space can be considered, for the purposes of analogy, to be like a galaxy of candidate joints. For each succeeding point in time, movement of the candidate joints is recorded so that the galaxy changes over time. The output of the subject tracking engine110identifies subjects in the area of real space at a moment in time.

The subject tracking engine110uses logic to identify groups or sets of candidate joints having coordinates in real space as subjects in the real space. For the purposes of analogy, each set of candidate points is like a constellation of candidate joints at each point in time. The constellations of candidate joints can move over time. A time sequence analysis of the output of the subject tracking engine110over a period of time identifies movements of subjects in the area of real space.

In an example embodiment, the logic to identify sets of candidate joints comprises heuristic functions based on physical relationships amongst joints of subjects in real space. These heuristic functions are used to identify sets of candidate joints as subjects. The sets of candidate joints comprise individual candidate joints that have relationships according to the heuristic parameters with other individual candidate joints and subsets of candidate joints in a given set that has been identified, or can be identified, as an individual subject.

In the example of a shopping store the customers (also referred to as subjects above) move in the aisles and in open spaces. The customers take items from inventory locations on shelves in inventory display structures. In one example of inventory display structures, shelves are arranged at different levels (or heights) from the floor and inventory items are stocked on the shelves. The shelves can be fixed to a wall or placed as freestanding shelves forming aisles in the shopping store. Other examples of inventory display structures include, pegboard shelves, magazine shelves, lazy susan shelves, warehouse shelves, and refrigerated shelving units. The inventory items can also be stocked in other types of inventory display structures such as stacking wire baskets, dump bins, etc. The customers can also put items back on the same shelves from where they were taken or on another shelf.

The technology disclosed uses the sequences of image frames produced by cameras in the plurality of cameras to identify gestures by detected subjects in the area of real space over a period of time and produce inventory events including data representing identified gestures. The system includes logic to store the inventory events as entries in the inventory events database150. The inventory event includes a subject identifier identifying a detected subject, a gesture type (e.g., a put or a take) of the identified gesture by the detected subject, an item identifier identifying an inventory item linked to the gesture by the detected subject, a location of the gesture represented by positions in three dimensions of the area of real space and a timestamp for the gesture. The inventory event data is stored as entries in the inventory events database150.

The technology disclosed generates for a particular inventory item correlations to data sets related to the particular inventory item. The system includes inventory event location processing engine180(hosted on the network node104) that determines a data set which includes inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations in the area of real space. This activity data can provide different types of information related to the inventory item at multiple locations in the area of real space. In the example of a shopping store, the activity data can identify the counts of inventory events including the particular inventory item in multiple locations in a selected period of time such as an hour, a day or a week. Other examples of activity data includes percentages of inventory events including the particular inventory item at multiple locations or levels relative to a threshold count of inventory events including the particular item in multiple locations. Such information is useful for the store management to determine locations in the store from where the particular inventory item is being purchased in higher numbers. The output from the inventory event location processing engine180is stored in inventory item activity database160.

The system includes inventory event sequencing engine190that uses the inventory events data and selects for a subject (such as a customer or a shopper in the shopping store) a temporally ordered sequence of inventory events leading to a particular inventory event including a particular inventory item. The inventory event sequencing engine190determines a data set including inventory items in the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events within a period of time prior to the particular inventory event. Multiple such data sets are determined for multiple subjects. This data can be generated over a period of time and across different shopping stores. The inventory event sequencing engine190stores the data sets in the inventory item correlation database170. This data is analyzed to correlate the particular inventory item of a plurality of data sets with other inventory items in the plurality of data sets. The correlation can identify relationship of the particular inventory item with other inventory items, such as the items purchased together or items considered as alternative to the particular inventory item and not purchased by the shopper.

In one embodiment, the image analysis is anonymous, i.e., a unique identifier assigned to a subject created through joints analysis does not identify personal identification details (such as names, email addresses, mailing addresses, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, driver's license number, etc.) of any specific subject in the real space The data stored in the inventory events database150, inventory item activity database160, and the inventory item correlation database170does not include any personal identification information. The operations of the inventory event location processing engine180and the inventory event sequencing engine190do not use any personal identification including biometric information associated with the subjects.

The actual communication path to the network nodes104hosting the inventory event location processing engine180and the network node106hosting the inventory event sequencing engine190through the network181can be point-to-point over public and/or private networks. The communications can occur over a variety of networks181, e.g., private networks, VPN, MPLS circuit, or Internet, and can use appropriate application programming interfaces (APIs) and data interchange formats, e.g., Representational State Transfer (REST), JavaScript™ Object Notation (JSON), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Java™ Message Service (JMS), and/or Java Platform Module System. All of the communications can be encrypted. The communication is generally over a network such as a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network (Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, Internet, inclusive of the mobile Internet, via protocols such as EDGE, 3G, 4G LTE, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX. Additionally, a variety of authorization and authentication techniques, such as username/password, Open Authorization (OAuth), Kerberos, SecureID, digital certificates and more, can be used to secure the communications.

The technology disclosed herein can be implemented in the context of any computer-implemented system including a database system, a multi-tenant environment, or a relational database implementation like an Oracle™ compatible database implementation, an IBM DB2 Enterprise Server™ compatible relational database implementation, a MySQL™ or PostgreSQL™ compatible relational database implementation or a Microsoft SQL Server™ compatible relational database implementation or a NoSQL™ non-relational database implementation such as a Vampire™ compatible non-relational database implementation, an Apache Cassandra™ compatible non-relational database implementation, a BigTable™ compatible non-relational database implementation or an HBase™ or DynamoDB™ compatible non-relational database implementation. In addition, the technology disclosed can be implemented using different programming models like MapReduce™, bulk synchronous programming, MPI primitives, etc. or different scalable batch and stream management systems like Apache Storm™, Apache Spark™, Apache Kafka™, Apache Flink™, Truviso™, Amazon Elasticsearch Service™, Amazon Web Services™ (AWS), IBM Info-Sphere™, Borealis™, and Yahoo! S4™.

Camera Arrangement

The cameras114are arranged to track multi-joint subjects (or entities) in a three dimensional (abbreviated as 3D) real space. In the example embodiment of the shopping store, the real space can include the area of the shopping store where items for sale are stacked in shelves. A point in the real space can be represented by an (x, y, z) coordinate system. Each point in the area of real space for which the system is deployed is covered by the fields of view of two or more cameras114.

In a shopping store, the shelves and other inventory display structures can be arranged in a variety of manners, such as along the walls of the shopping store, or in rows forming aisles or a combination of the two arrangements.FIG.2Ashows an arrangement of shelf unit A202and shelf unit B204, forming an aisle116a, viewed from one end of the aisle116a. Two cameras, camera A206and camera B208are positioned over the aisle116aat a predetermined distance from a roof230and a floor220of the shopping store above the inventory display structures, such as shelf units A202and shelf unit B204. The cameras114comprise cameras disposed over and having fields of view encompassing respective parts of the inventory display structures and floor area in the real space. The field of view216of the camera A206and the field of view218of the camera B208overlap with each other as shown in theFIG.2A. The coordinates in real space of members of a set of candidate joints, identified as a subject, identify locations of the subject in the floor area.

In the example embodiment of the shopping store, the real space can include all of the floor220in the shopping store. Cameras114are placed and oriented such that areas of the floor220and shelves can be seen by at least two cameras. The cameras114also cover floor space in front of the shelves202and204. Camera angles are selected to have both steep perspective, straight down, and angled perspectives that give more full body images of the customers. In one example embodiment, the cameras114are configured at an eight (8) foot height or higher throughout the shopping store.

InFIG.2A, a subject240is standing by an inventory display structure shelf unit B204, with one hand positioned close to a shelf (not visible) in the shelf unit B204.FIG.2Bis a perspective view of the shelf unit B204with four shelves, shelf1, shelf2, shelf3, and shelf4positioned at different levels from the floor. The inventory items are stocked on the shelves.

Three Dimensional Scene Generation

A location in the real space is represented as a (x, y, z) point of the real space coordinate system. “x” and “y” represent positions on a two-dimensional (2D) plane which can be the floor220of the shopping store. The value “z” is the height of the point above the 2D plane at floor220in one configuration. The system combines 2D image frames from two or cameras to generate the three-dimensional positions of joints and inventory events (indicating puts and takes of items from shelves) in the area of real space. This section presents a description of the process to generate 3D coordinates of joints and inventory events. The process is an example of 3D scene generation.

Before using the system100in training or inference mode to track the inventory items, two types of camera calibrations: internal and external, are performed. In internal calibration, the internal parameters of the cameras114are calibrated. Examples of internal camera parameters include focal length, principal point, skew, fisheye coefficients, etc. A variety of techniques for internal camera calibration can be used. One such technique is presented by Zhang in “A flexible new technique for camera calibration” published in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume 22, No. 11, November 2000.

In external calibration, the external camera parameters are calibrated in order to generate mapping parameters for translating the 2D image data into 3D coordinates in real space. In one embodiment, one multi-joint subject, such as a person, is introduced into the real space. The multi-joint subject moves through the real space on a path that passes through the field of view of each of the cameras114. At any given point in the real space, the multi-joint subject is present in the fields of view of at least two cameras forming a 3D scene. The two cameras, however, have a different view of the same 3D scene in their respective two-dimensional (2D) image planes. A feature in the 3D scene such as a left-wrist of the multi-joint subject is viewed by two cameras at different positions in their respective 2D image planes.

A point correspondence is established between every pair of cameras with overlapping fields of view for a given scene. Since each camera has a different view of the same 3D scene, a point correspondence is two pixel locations (one location from each camera with overlapping field of view) that represent the projection of the same point in the 3D scene. Many point correspondences are identified for each 3D scene using the results of the image recognition engines112ato112nfor the purposes of the external calibration. The image recognition engines identify the position of a joint as (x, y) coordinates, such as row and column numbers, of pixels in the 2D image planes of respective cameras114. In one embodiment, a joint is one of 19 different types of joints of the multi-joint subject. As the multi-joint subject moves through the fields of view of different cameras, the tracking engine110receives (x, y) coordinates of each of the 19 different types of joints of the multi-joint subject used for the calibration from cameras114per image.

For example, consider an image from a camera A and an image from a camera B both taken at the same moment in time and with overlapping fields of view. There are pixels in an image from camera A that correspond to pixels in a synchronized image from camera B. Consider that there is a specific point of some object or surface in view of both camera A and camera B and that point is captured in a pixel of both image frames. In external camera calibration, a multitude of such points are identified and referred to as corresponding points. Since there is one multi-joint subject in the field of view of camera A and camera B during calibration, key joints of this multi-joint subject are identified, for example, the center of left wrist. If these key joints are visible in image frames from both camera A and camera B then it is assumed that these represent corresponding points. This process is repeated for many image frames to build up a large collection of corresponding points for all pairs of cameras with overlapping fields of view. In one embodiment, image frames are streamed off of all cameras at a rate of 30 FPS (frames per second) or more and a resolution of 720 pixels in full RGB (red, green, and blue) color. These image frames are in the form of one-dimensional arrays (also referred to as flat arrays).

The large number of image frames collected above for a multi-joint subject are used to determine corresponding points between cameras with overlapping fields of view. Consider two cameras A and B with overlapping field of view. The plane passing through camera centers of cameras A and B and the joint location (also referred to as feature point) in the 3D scene is called the “epipolar plane”. The intersection of the epipolar plane with the 2D image planes of the cameras A and B defines the “epipolar line”. Given these corresponding points, a transformation is determined that can accurately map a corresponding point from camera A to an epipolar line in camera B's field of view that is guaranteed to intersect the corresponding point in the image frame of camera B. Using the image frames collected above for a multi-joint subject, the transformation is generated. It is known in the art that this transformation is non-linear. The general form is furthermore known to require compensation for the radial distortion of each camera's lens, as well as the non-linear coordinate transformation moving to and from the projected space. In external camera calibration, an approximation to the ideal non-linear transformation is determined by solving a non-linear optimization problem. This non-linear optimization function is used by the subject tracking engine110to identify the same joints in outputs (arrays of joint data structures) of different image recognition engines112ato112n, processing image frames of cameras114with overlapping fields of view. The results of the internal and external camera calibration are stored in calibration database.

A variety of techniques for determining the relative positions of the points in image frames of cameras114in the real space can be used. For example, Longuet-Higgins published, “A computer algorithm for reconstructing a scene from two projections” in Nature, Volume 293, 10 Sep. 1981. This paper presents computing a three-dimensional structure of a scene from a correlated pair of perspective projections when spatial relationship between the two projections is unknown., Longuet-Higgins paper presents a technique to determine the position of each camera in the real space with respect to other cameras. Additionally, their technique allows triangulation of a multi-joint subject in the real space, identifying the value of the z-coordinate (height from the floor) using image frames from cameras114with overlapping fields of view. An arbitrary point in the real space, for example, the end of a shelf unit in one corner of the real space, is designated as a (0, 0, 0) point on the (x, y, z) coordinate system of the real space.

In an embodiment of the technology, the parameters of the external calibration are stored in two data structures. The first data structure stores intrinsic parameters. The intrinsic parameters represent a projective transformation from the 3D coordinates into 2D image coordinates. The first data structure contains intrinsic parameters per camera as shown below. The data values are all numeric floating point numbers. This data structure stores a 3×3 intrinsic matrix, represented as “K” and distortion coefficients. The distortion coefficients include six radial distortion coefficients and two tangential distortion coefficients. Radial distortion occurs when light rays bend more near the edges of a lens than they do at its optical center. Tangential distortion occurs when the lens and the image plane are not parallel. The following data structure shows values for the first camera only. Similar data is stored for all the cameras114.

{1: {K: [[x, x, x], [x, x, x], [x, x, x]],distortion_coefficients: [x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x]},}

The second data structure stores per pair of cameras: a 3×3 fundamental matrix (F), a 3×3 essential matrix (E), a 3×4 projection matrix (P), a 3×3 rotation matrix (R) and a 3×1 translation vector (t). This data is used to convert points in one camera's reference frame to another camera's reference frame. For each pair of cameras, eight homography coefficients are also stored to map the plane of the floor220from one camera to another. A fundamental matrix is a relationship between two image frames of the same scene that constrains where the projection of points from the scene can occur in both image frames. Essential matrix is also a relationship between two image frames of the same scene with the condition that the cameras are calibrated. The projection matrix gives a vector space projection from 3D real space to a subspace. The rotation matrix is used to perform a rotation in Euclidean space. Translation vector “t” represents a geometric transformation that moves every point of a figure or a space by the same distance in a given direction. The homography_floor_coefficients are used to combine image frames of features of subjects on the floor220viewed by cameras with overlapping fields of views. The second data structure is shown below. Similar data is stored for all pairs of cameras. As indicated previously, the x's represents numeric floating point numbers.

{1: {2: {F: [[x, x, x], [x, x, x], [x, x, x]],E: [[x, x, x], [x, x, x], [x, x, x]],P: [[x, x, x, x], [x, x, x, x], [x, x, x, x]],R: [[x, x, x], [x, x, x], [x, x, x]],t: [x, x, x],homography_floor_coefficients: [x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x]}},.......}
Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Maps

An inventory location, such as a shelf, in a shopping store can be identified by a unique identifier (e.g., shelf_id). Similarly, a shopping store can also be identified by a unique identifier (e.g., store_id). The two-dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) maps database140identifies inventory locations in the area of real space along the respective coordinates. For example, in a 2D map, the locations in the maps define two dimensional regions on the plane formed perpendicular to the floor220i.e., XZ plane as shown inFIG.3. The map defines an area for inventory locations where inventory items are positioned. InFIG.3, a 2D view360of shelf1in shelf unit B204shows an area formed by four coordinate positions (x1, z1), (x1, z2), (x2, z2), and (x2, z1) defines a 2D region in which inventory items are positioned on the shelf1. Similar 2D areas are defined for all inventory locations in all shelf units (or other inventory display structures) in the shopping store. This information is stored in the maps database140.

In a 3D map, the locations in the map define three dimensional regions in the 3D real space defined by X, Y, and Z coordinates. The map defines a volume for inventory locations where inventory items are positioned. InFIG.3, a 3D view350of shelf1in shelf unit B204shows a volume formed by eight coordinate positions (x1, y1, z1), (x1, y1, z2), (x1, y2, z1), (x1, y2, z2), (x2, y1, z1), (x2, y1, z2), (x2, y2, z1), (x2, y2, z2) defines a 3D region in which inventory items are positioned on the shelf1. Similar 3D regions are defined for inventory locations in all shelf units in the shopping store and stored as a 3D map of the real space (shopping store) in the maps database140. The coordinate positions along the three axes can be used to calculate length, depth and height of the inventory locations as shown inFIG.3.

In one embodiment, the map identifies a configuration of units of volume which correlate with portions of inventory locations on the inventory display structures in the area of real space. Each portion is defined by stating and ending positions along the three axes of the real space. Similar configuration of portions of inventory locations can also be generated using a 2D map of inventory locations dividing the front plan of the display structures.

The items in a shopping store are arranged in some embodiments according to a planogram which identifies the inventory locations (such as shelves) on which a particular item is planned to be placed. For example, as shown in an illustration360inFIG.3, a left half portion of shelf3and shelf4are designated for an item (which is stocked in the form of cans).

The technology disclosed can calculate a “realogram” of the shopping store at any time “t” which is the real time map of locations of inventory items in the area of real space, which can be correlated in addition in some embodiments with inventory locations in the store. A realogram can be used to create a planogram by identifying inventory items and a position in the store, and mapping them to inventory locations. In an embodiment, the system or method can create a data set defining a plurality of cells having coordinates in the area of real space. The system or method can divide the real space into a data set defining a plurality of cells using the length of the cells along the coordinates of the real space as an input parameter. In one embodiment, the cells are represented as two dimensional grids having coordinates in the area of real space. For example, the cells can correlate with 2D grids (e.g. at 1 foot spacing) of front plan of inventory locations in shelf units (also referred to as inventory display structures). Each grid is defined by its starting and ending positions on the coordinates of the two dimensional plane such as x and z coordinates. This information is stored in maps database140.

In another embodiment, the cells are represented as three dimensional (3D) grids having coordinates in the area of real space. In one example, the cells can correlate with volume on inventory locations (or portions of inventory locations) in shelf units in the shopping store. In this embodiment, the map of the real space identifies a configuration of units of volume which can correlate with portions of inventory locations on inventory display structures in the area of real space. This information is stored in maps database140. The realogram of the shopping store indicates inventory items associated with inventory events matched by their locations to cells at any time t by using timestamps of the inventory events stored in the inventory events database150.

The inventory event location processing engine180includes logic that matches the inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations to cells in the data set defining the plurality of cells. The inventory event location processing system can further map the inventory events to inventory locations matched with the cells in the data set defining the plurality of cells having coordinates in the area of real space.

Joints Data Structure

The image recognition engines112a-112nreceive the sequences of image frames from cameras114and process image frames to generate corresponding arrays of joints data structures. The system includes processing logic that uses the sequences of image frames produced by the plurality of camera to track locations of a plurality of subjects (or customers in the shopping store) in the area of real space. In one embodiment, the image recognition engines112a-112nidentify one of the 19 possible joints of a subject at each element of the image, usable to identify subjects in the area who may be taking and putting inventory items. The possible joints can be grouped in two categories: foot joints and non-foot joints. The 19thtype of joint classification is for all non-joint features of the subject (i.e. elements of the image not classified as a joint). In other embodiments, the image recognition engine may be configured to identify the locations of hands specifically. Also, other techniques, such as a user check-in procedure or biometric identification processes, may be deployed for the purposes of identifying the subjects and linking the subjects with detected locations of their hands as they move throughout the store.

Foot Joints:Ankle joint (left and right)Non-foot Joints:NeckNoseEyes (left and right)Ears (left and right)Shoulders (left and right)Elbows (left and right)Wrists (left and right)Hip (left and right)Knees (left and right)Not a joint

An array of joints data structures for a particular image classifies elements of the particular image by joint type, time of the particular image, and the coordinates of the elements in the particular image. In one embodiment, the image recognition engines112a-112nare convolutional neural networks (CNN), the joint type is one of the 19 types of joints of the subjects, the time of the particular image is the timestamp of the image generated by the source camera114for the particular image, and the coordinates (x, y) identify the position of the element on a 2D image plane.

The output of the CNN is a matrix of confidence arrays for each image per camera. The matrix of confidence arrays is transformed into an array of joints data structures. A joints data structure400as shown inFIG.4is used to store the information of each joint. The joints data structure400identifies x and y positions of the element in the particular image in the 2D image space of the camera from which the image is received. A joint number identifies the type of joint identified. For example, in one embodiment, the values range from 1 to 19. A value of 1 indicates that the joint is a left ankle, a value of 2 indicates the joint is a right ankle and so on. The type of joint is selected using the confidence array for that element in the output matrix of CNN. For example, in one embodiment, if the value corresponding to the left-ankle joint is highest in the confidence array for that image element, then the value of the joint number is “1”.

A confidence number indicates the degree of confidence of the CNN in predicting that joint. If the value of confidence number is high, it means the CNN is confident in its prediction. An integer-Id is assigned to the joints data structure to uniquely identify it. Following the above mapping, the output matrix of confidence arrays per image is converted into an array of joints data structures for each image. In one embodiment, the joints analysis includes performing a combination of k-nearest neighbors, mixture of Gaussians, and various image morphology transformations on each input image. The result comprises arrays of joints data structures which can be stored in the form of a bit mask in a ring buffer that maps image numbers to bit masks at each moment in time.

Subject Tracking Engine

The tracking engine110is configured to receive arrays of joints data structures generated by the image recognition engines112a-112ncorresponding to image frames in sequences of image frames from cameras having overlapping fields of view. The arrays of joints data structures per image are sent by image recognition engines112a-112nto the tracking engine110via the network(s)181. The tracking engine110translates the coordinates of the elements in the arrays of joints data structures corresponding to image frames in different sequences into candidate joints having coordinates in the real space. A location in the real space is covered by the field of views of two or more cameras. The tracking engine110comprises logic to detect sets of candidate joints having coordinates in real space (constellations of joints) as subjects in the real space. In one embodiment, the tracking engine110accumulates arrays of joints data structures from the image recognition engines for all the cameras at a given moment in time and stores this information as a dictionary in a subject database, to be used for identifying a constellation of candidate joints. The dictionary can be arranged in the form of key-value pairs, where keys are camera ids and values are arrays of joints data structures from the camera. In such an embodiment, this dictionary is used in heuristics-based analysis to determine candidate joints and for assignment of joints to subjects. In such an embodiment, a high-level input, processing and output of the tracking engine110is illustrated in table 1. Details of the logic applied by the subject tracking engine110to detect subjects by combining candidate joints and track movement of subjects in the area of real space are presented in U.S. Pat. No. 10,055,853, issued 21 Aug. 2018, titled, “Subject Identification and Tracking Using Image Recognition Engine” which is incorporated herein by reference. The detected subjects are assigned unique identifiers (such as “subject_id”) to track them throughout their presence in the area of real space.

TABLE 1Inputs, processing and outputs from subject tracking engine 110 in an exampleembodiment.InputsProcessingOutputArrays of joints dataCreate joints dictionaryList of identified subjectsstructures per image and forReproject joint positionsin the real space at aeach joints data structurein the fields of view ofmoment in timeUnique IDcameras with overlappingConfidence numberfields of view toJoint numbercandidate joints(x, y) position inimage space
Subject Data Structure

The subject tracking engine110uses heuristics to connect joints of subjects identified by the image recognition engines112a-112n. In doing so, the subject tracking engine110detects new subjects and updates the locations of identified subjects (detected previously) by updating their respective joint locations. The subject tracking engine110uses triangulation techniques to project the locations of joints from 2D space coordinates (x, y) to 3D real space coordinates (x, y, z).FIG.5shows the subject data structure500used to store the subject. The subject data structure500stores the subject related data as a key-value dictionary. The key is a “frame_id” and the value is another key-value dictionary where key is the camera_id and value is a list of 18 joints (of the subject) with their locations in the real space. The subject data is stored in the subject database. Every new subject is also assigned a unique identifier that is used to access the subject's data in the subject database.

In one embodiment, the system identifies joints of a subject and creates a skeleton of the subject. The skeleton is projected into the real space indicating the position and orientation of the subject in the real space. This is also referred to as “pose estimation” in the field of machine vision. In one embodiment, the system displays orientations and positions of subjects in the real space on a graphical user interface (GUI). In one embodiment, the subject identification and image analysis are anonymous, i.e., a unique identifier assigned to a subject created through joints analysis does not identify personal identification information of the subject as described above.

For this embodiment, the joints constellation of an identified subject, produced by time sequence analysis of the joints data structures, can be used to locate the hand of the subject. For example, the location of a wrist joint alone, or a location based on a projection of a combination of a wrist joint with an elbow joint, can be used to identify the location of hand of an identified subject.

Inventory Events

FIG.6presents subsystem components implementing the system for tracking changes by subjects in an area of real space. The system comprises of the plurality of cameras114producing respective sequences of image frames of corresponding fields of view in the real space. The field of view of each camera overlaps with the field of view of at least one other camera in the plurality of cameras as described above. In one embodiment, the sequences of image frames corresponding to the image frames produced by the plurality of cameras114are stored in a circular buffer602(also referred to as a ring buffer). Each image frame has a timestamp, identity of the camera (abbreviated as “camera_id”), and a frame identity (abbreviated as “frame_id”) along with the image data. Circular buffer602store a set of consecutively timestamped image frames from respective cameras114. In one embodiment, a separate circular buffer stores image frames per camera114.

A first image processors604(also referred to as subject identification subsystem), includes first image recognition engines (also referred to as subject image recognition engines), receiving corresponding sequences of image frames from the plurality of cameras114. The subject image recognition engines process image frames to generate first data sets that identify subjects and locations of subjects represented in the image frames in the corresponding sequences of image frames in the real space. In one embodiment, the subject image recognition engines are implemented as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) referred to as joints CNN112a-112n. Joints of a single subject can appear in image frames of multiple cameras in a respective image channel. The outputs of joints CNNs112a-112ncorresponding to cameras with overlapping fields of view are combined to map the location of joints from 2D image coordinates of each camera to 3D coordinates of real space. The joints data structures400per subject (j) where j equals 1 to x, identify locations of joints of a subject (j) in the real space and in 2D space for each image. Some details of subject data structure400are presented inFIG.4.

The second image processors606(also referred to as region proposals subsystem) include second image recognition engines (also referred to as foreground image recognition engines) receiving image frames from the sequences of image frames. The second image processors include logic to identify and classify foreground changes represented in the image frames in the corresponding sequences of image frames. The second image processors606include logic to process the first data sets (that identify subjects) to specify bounding boxes which include images of hands of the identified subjects in image frames in the sequences of image frames. As shown inFIG.6, the subsystem606includes a bounding box generator608, a WhatCNN610and a WhenCNN612. The joint data structures400and image frames per camera from the circular buffer602are given as input to the bounding box generator608. The bounding box generator608implements the logic to process the data sets to specify bounding boxes which include images of hands of identified subjects in image frames in the sequences of image frames. The bounding box generator identifies locations of hands in each source image frame per camera using for example, locations of wrist joints (for respective hands) and elbow joints in the multi-joints subject data structures500corresponding to the respective source image frame. In one embodiment, in which the coordinates of the joints in subject data structure indicate location of joints in 3D real space coordinates, the bounding box generator maps the joint locations from 3D real space coordinates to 2D image coordinates in the image frames of respective source images.

The bounding box generator608creates bounding boxes for hands in image frames in a circular buffer per camera114. In one embodiment, the bounding box is a 128 pixels (width) by 128 pixels (height) portion of the image frame with the hand located in the center of the bounding box. In other embodiments, the size of the bounding box is 64 pixels×64 pixels or 32 pixels×32 pixels. For m subjects in an image frame from a camera, there can be a maximum of 2m hands, thus 2m bounding boxes. However, in practice fewer than 2m hands are visible in an image frame because of occlusions due to other subjects or other objects. In one example embodiment, the hand locations of subjects are inferred from locations of elbow and wrist joints. For example, the right hand location of a subject is extrapolated using the location of the right elbow (identified as p1) and the right wrist (identified as p2) as extrapolation_amount*(p2−p1)+p2where extrapolation_amount equals 0.4. In another embodiment, the joints CNN112a-112nare trained using left and right hand images. Therefore, in such an embodiment, the joints CNN112a-112ndirectly identify locations of hands in image frames per camera. The hand locations per image frame are used by the bounding box generator to create a bounding box per identified hand.

In one embodiment, the WhatCNN and the WhenCNN models are implemented convolutional neural networks (CNN). WhatCNN is a convolutional neural network trained to process the specified bounding boxes in the image frames to generate a classification of hands of the identified subjects. One trained WhatCNN processes image frames from one camera. In the example embodiment of the shopping store, for each hand in each image frame, the WhatCNN identifies whether the hand is empty. The WhatCNN also identifies a SKU (stock keeping unit) number of the inventory item in the hand, a confidence value indicating the item in the hand is a non-SKU item (i.e. it does not belong to the shopping store inventory) and a context of the hand location in the image frame.

The outputs of WhatCNN models610for all cameras114are processed by a single WhenCNN model612for a pre-determined window of time. In the example of a shopping store, the WhenCNN performs time series analysis for both hands of subjects to identify gestures by detected subjects and produce inventory events. The inventory events are stored as entries in the inventory events database150. The inventory events identify whether a subject took a store inventory item from a shelf or put a store inventory item on a shelf. The technology disclosed uses the sequences of image frames produced by at least two cameras in the plurality of cameras to find a location of an inventory event. The WhenCNN executes analysis of data sets from sequences of image frames from at least two cameras to determine locations of inventory events in three dimensions and to identify item associated with the inventory event. A time series analysis of the output of WhenCNN per subject over a period of time is performed to identify gestures and produce inventory events and their time of occurrence. A non-maximum suppression (NMS) algorithm is used for this purpose. As one inventory event (i.e. put or take of an item by a subject) is produced by WhenCNN multiple times (both from the same camera and from multiple cameras), the NMS removes superfluous events for a subject. NMS is a rescoring technique comprising two main tasks: “matching loss” that penalizes superfluous detections and “joint processing” of neighbors to know if there is a better detection close-by.

The true events of takes and puts for each subject are further processed by calculating an average of the SKU logits for 30 image frames prior to the image frame with the true event. Finally, the arguments of the maxima (abbreviated arg max or argmax) is used to determine the largest value. The inventory item classified by the argmax value is used to identify the inventory item put on the shelf or taken from the shelf. The technology disclosed attributes the inventory event to a subject by assigning the inventory item associated with the inventory to a log data structure614(or shopping cart data structure) of the subject. The inventory item is added to a log of SKUs (also referred to as shopping cart or basket) of respective subjects. The image frame identifier “frame_id,” of the image frame which resulted in the inventory event detection is also stored with the identified SKU. The logic to attribute the inventory event to the customer matches the location of the inventory event to a location of one of the customers in the plurality of customers. For example, the image frame can be used to identify 3D position of the inventory event, represented by the position of the subject's hand in at least one point of time during the sequence that is classified as an inventory event using the subject data structure500, which can be then used to determine the inventory location from where the item was taken from or put on. The technology disclosed uses the sequences of image frames produced by at least two cameras in the plurality of cameras to find a location of an inventory event and creates an inventory event data structure. In one embodiment, the inventory event data structure stores item identifier, a put or take indicator, coordinates in three dimensions of the area of real space and a time stamp. In one embodiment, the inventory events are stored as entries in the inventory events database150.

The locations of inventory events (indicating puts and takes of inventory items by subjects in an area of space) can be compared with a planogram or other map of the store to identify an inventory location, such as a shelf, from which the subject has taken the item or placed the item on. In one embodiment, the determination of a shelf in a shelf unit is performed by calculating a shortest distance from the position of the hand associated with the inventory event. This determination of shelf is then used to update the inventory data structure of the shelf. An example inventory data structure614(also referred to as a log data structure) shown inFIG.7. This inventory data structure stores the inventory of a subject, shelf or a store as a key-value dictionary. The key is the unique identifier of a subject, shelf or a store and the value is another key value-value dictionary where key is the item identifier such as a stock keeping unit (SKU) and the value is a number identifying the quantity of item along with the “frame_id” of the image frame that resulted in the inventory event prediction. The frame identifier (“frame_id”) can be used to identify the image frame which resulted in identification of an inventory event resulting in association of the inventory item with the subject, shelf, or the store. In other embodiments, a “camera_id” identifying the source camera can also be stored in combination with the frame_id in the inventory data structure614. In one embodiment, the “frame_id” is the subject identifier because the frame has the subject's hand in the bounding box. In other embodiments, other types of identifiers can be used to identify subjects such as a “subject_id” which explicitly identifies a subject in the area of real space.

When the shelf inventory data structure is consolidated with the subject's log data structure, the shelf inventory is reduced to reflect the quantity of item taken by the customer from the shelf. If the item was put on the shelf by a customer or an employee stocking items on the shelf, the items get added to the respective inventory locations' inventory data structures. Over a period of time, this processing results in updates to the shelf inventory data structures for all inventory locations in the shopping store. Inventory data structures of inventory locations in the area of real space are consolidated to update the inventory data structure of the area of real space indicating the total number of items of each SKU in the store at that moment in time. In one embodiment, such updates are performed after each inventory event. In another embodiment, the store inventory data structures is updated periodically.

Detailed implementation of the implementations of WhatCNN and WhenCNN to detect inventory events is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 10,133,933, issued 20 Nov. 2018, titled, “Item Put and Take Detection Using Image Recognition” which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.

Inventory Item Correlations Analysis

The inventory events data generated by the analysis of the sequences of image frames from cameras with overlapping field of views is used by an analytics engine to generate correlations of inventory items in space and time.FIG.8Ais a high level architecture of a system to perform inventory item correlation analysis. It comprises of cameras114producing sequencing of image frames that are processed by an event identification engine801and stored in the inventory database150. In one embodiment the event identification engine comprises of JointsCNN112a-112n, WhatCNN610, and WhenCNN612to produce inventory events as described above. Other types of image analysis can be performed to generate the inventory events data. In another embodiment, the architecture includes a “semantic diffing” subsystem. The semantic subsystem can be used independently to produce the inventory events data or it can be used in parallel to the second image processors606to identify gestures by detected subjects and produce inventory events. This semantic diffing subsystem includes background image recognition engines, which receive corresponding sequences of image frames and recognize semantically significant differences in the background (i.e. inventory display structures like shelves) as they relate to puts and takes of inventory items, for example, over time in the image frames from each camera. The semantic diffing subsystem receives output of the subject identification subsystem604and image frames from cameras114as input. Details of “semantic diffing” subsystem are presented in U.S. Pat. No. 10,127,438, issued 13 Nov. 2018, titled, “Predicting Inventory Events using Semantic Diffing,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/945,473, filed 4 Apr. 2018, titled, “Predicting Inventory Events using Foreground/Background Processing,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.

The analytics engine803that includes logic that generates for a particular inventory item correlations to data sets related to the particular inventory item. Examples of data sets include inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations in the area of real space or data sets including other inventory items in a temporally ordered sequence of inventory events prior to an inventory event including the particular inventory item. In one embodiment, the analytics engine generates graphical constructs with actionable data for these correlations. The graphical constructs are displayed on user interfaces of computing devices805.

Inventory Item to Multiple Locations Correlation Analysis

FIG.8Bpresents an example architecture for inventory event location processing engine180for performing correlations analysis for an inventory item in multiple locations in the area of real space. The system includes logic that determines a data set including the inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations in the area of real space. The system includes logic to display on user interface a graphical construct indicating activity related to the particular inventory item in the multiple locations. For this analysis, the inventory events are selected using a query818for a particular inventory item identified by a unique identifier such as a SKU (stock keeping unit). The inventory events for the particular inventory item are further selected for a period of time using a time-range query816. The event accumulator820sends the selected data set of inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations in the area of real space to a heat map generator822. In one embodiment, the inventory event selection logic includes logic that selects inventory events that include the particular inventory item including a parameter that indicates the inventory item is sold to the identified subject.

The heat map generator822displays a graphical construct on user interface indicating activity related to the particular inventory item in the multiple locations. In one embodiment, the heat map generator creates clusters of inventory events using the positions of the inventory events in the three dimensions of the area of real space. For example, two inventory events are considered to belong to a same cluster if these are with a pre-defined Euclidean distance threshold (such as 3 feet). Known cluster analysis techniques such as k-means or DBSCAN can be applied to create clusters of inventory events. In one embodiment, the locations of centroid of the clusters are mapped to the area of real space to identify locations of activity related to the inventory item.

In one embodiment, as described above, in which a data set defining a plurality of cells having coordinates in the area of real space is available, the system includes logic that matches inventory events for the particular inventory item in multiple locations to cells in the data set defining the plurality of cells. In such an embodiment, the cells matching the inventory event locations, are used to present item-to-multiple-locations correlation data in the 2D and/or 3D item attribution maps. One or more cells can be combined at one location for illustration purposes. In one embodiment, the locations of inventory locations (such as shelves in inventory display structures) are available. In such an embodiment, the inventory display structure comprising inventory locations are matched with cells in the data set defining the plurality of cells having coordinates in the area of real space. The 2D and 3D locations of inventory locations in the area of real space are stored in the maps database140as described above. The heat map generator queries the maps database140to retrieve this information.

The system includes logic that matches cells to inventory locations and generates heat maps for inventory locations using the activity related to the particular inventory item in multiple locations. One example graphical construct is shown in the 2D item attribution map826. The 2D item attribution map shows the activity related to the particular item in portions as a top view of inventory locations such as shelves. InFIG.8B, a portion of the 2D map of the area of real space is shown as 2D item attribution map826for illustration purposes. The 2D item attribution map826shows a top view of inventory display structures828,830, and832comprising of shelves at different levels. The shelves at different levels are not visible in the 2D item attribution map. The map826shows that there are two locations834and836at which the activity occurred related to inventory item during the selected period of time.

The activity analysis can provide graphical illustrations to present this item to multiple locations correlation data. In one embodiment, the activity related to the particular inventory item includes percentages of total inventory events including the particular inventory item in the multiple locations in the period of time. The clusters indicating the item to multiple locations correlation data are mapped to 2D maps of inventory locations in the area of real space. In this embodiment, the activity of the inventory item in multiple locations834and836indicates that 87% percent of items are taken from location834and 13% of the items are taken from the inventory location836. In another embodiment, the activity related to the particular inventory item includes counts of the inventory events including the particular inventory item in the multiple locations in the period of time. In yet another embodiment, the activity related to the particular item includes levels relative to a threshold count of inventory events including the particular inventory item in multiple locations in the period of time. In such an embodiment, when the level of inventory items at a location falls below the threshold level, a notification is sent to store employee to restock inventory items at that location.

The heat map generator822also generates a 3D item attribution map840illustrating the item to multiple locations correlation. In this embodiment, the item to multiple locations correlation data is mapped to 3D cells in the area of real space. The heat map generator uses the positions of the inventory events in the three coordinates of the area of real space to create clusters as described above. This graphical representation provides further details about inventory events. For example, in the 2D item attribution map shows the location834shows 87% percent of the items are taken from this location. In 3D item attribution map, the location834is further divided into two clusters (comprising one or more cells). The 3D graphical illustrations in the map840shows more items (54%) are taken from top shelves at location834than bottom shelves (33%). The 3D cells shown in the map840can match a single shelf or more than one shelf according to level of granularity desired. Similarly at location836, the 3D item attribution map shows 7% of items are taken from the top level shelves as compared to 6% from bottom level shelves. The heat map generator stores the item attribution maps826and840in the inventory item activity database160.

FIG.8Cshows the 3D item attribution map840displayed on a graphical user interface860of a computing device. The user interface has a set of widgets862that correspond with preset queries to the database. An example of a preset query include retrieving the inventory locations from where a particular inventory item is taken by customers during a time interval such as one day or one week etc. Another example of a present query includes listing alternative considered items for a particular inventory item. It is understood that a variety of user interface designs can be implemented to present the preset queries to users. For example, a row of buttons (or widgets) on top of a page as shown inFIG.8C. In another user interface design the buttons can be positioned on different pages of the user interface. Users of the system can also generate notifications to store employees, for example, to restock inventory items on the shelves. The data can be used for planning purposes such as identifying inventory locations from where most of the shoppers take a particular item. The store planogram can then be updated using this information to efficiently utilize space on inventory locations.

Inventory Item to Chronologically Related Items Correlations Analysis

Another example of a correlation analysis performed by the technology disclosed is to determine chronologically related inventory items to a particular inventory item by using the inventory events stored in the inventory events database150.FIG.9presents a process flowchart to perform this correlation analysis. The logic can be implemented using processors, programmed using computer programs, stored in memory accessible and executable by the processors, and in other configurations, by dedicated logic hardware, including field programmable integrated circuits, and by combinations of dedicated logic hardware and computer programs. With all flowcharts herein, it will be appreciated that many of the steps can be combined, performed in parallel, or performed in a different sequence, without affecting the functions achieved. In some cases, as the reader will appreciate, a rearrangement of steps will achieve the same results only if certain other changes are made as well. In other cases, as the reader will appreciate, a rearrangement of steps will achieve the same results only if certain conditions are satisfied. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the flow charts herein show only steps that are pertinent to an understanding of the embodiments, and it will be understood that numerous additional steps for accomplishing other functions can be performed before, after and between those shown.

The process starts at step902. At step904all inventory events that resulted in sale of a particular inventory item in a specified period of time are retrieved from the inventory events database150, or at least one inventory event is retrieved. The time period can be defined as desired e.g., an hour, a day or a week. For each of the inventory event entry selected above, the technology disclosed selects for a subject identified in the inventory event, a temporally ordered sequence of inventory events leading to the particular inventory event including a particular inventory item (step906). The processing system stores the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events in data sets including inventory items in the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events within a period of time. The time series data per data set does not require subject identification information to perform the correlation analysis to determine chronologically related items to the particular inventory item. In one embodiment, the data sets are filtered to keep only the “take” inventory events entries and filter out the “put” inventory events entries. At step908, the “take” inventory events resulting in sale of inventory items are further filtered out from the data sets including inventory items in the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events leading to the particular inventory events including a particular inventory item.

The system includes logic to accumulate the plurality of data sets as described above. The system stores the accumulated data sets in a data structure. The data structure is configured for use to analyze the data to correlate the particular inventory item of a plurality of data sets with other inventory items in the plurality of data sets. In one embodiment, the data structure is used to determine alternative products considered by the shoppers before deciding to purchase particular inventory item. In one embodiment, this information is generated by selecting the inventory items in the data sets immediately preceding the particular inventory item (step910) in the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events. In another embodiment, more than one preceding items in the temporally ordered sequence in each data set are selected as alternative considered products. Other embodiments can use different selection criteria to identify subset of inventory items each data set are selected for example, selecting events in a period of time preceding the inventory event including the particular inventory item. Additional selection criteria can be applied to determine alternative considered products, for example selecting inventory items within a same product category as the particular inventory item. Finally, the selected inventory items are stored in a global list of inventory items related to the particular inventory item (step912). The list can include data from more than one store. The logic to determine related inventory items for a particular inventory item operates without the use of personal identifying biometric information associated with the subjects. The process ends at step914.

FIG.10presents an example architecture for inventory event sequencing engine190to perform inventory item to chronologically related items correlation analysis. The system includes logic1008to filter inventory events entries in the database to select the events that match a particular inventory item identified by an item identifier such as an SKU. A second criteria in the selection query to select inventory events which resulted in the sale of the particular inventory event. For each subject identified in the selected inventory events, the system selects inventory events entries for the subject identified in a specified time period (such as 30 seconds) prior to the inventory event including the particular inventory item. This results in data sets including inventory items in the temporally ordered sequence of inventory events within the specified period of time. These data sets are shown as SKU event time series1010inFIG.10. A second filter1012removes purchased items from each data set. Finally, the data sets1014include a temporally ordered sequence of events including items that were taken from the shelves but not purchased by the subjects. The tabulation logic1016selects the inventory items from the data sets using the selection criteria as described above. The resulting data is stored in the inventory item correlation database170.

Network Configuration

FIG.11presents an architecture of a network hosting the inventory event location processing engine180which is hosted on the network node104. The system includes a plurality of network nodes101a,101b,101n, and102in the illustrated embodiment. In such an embodiment, the network nodes are also referred to as processing platforms. Processing platforms (network nodes)103,101a-101n, and102and cameras1112,1114,1116, . . .1118are connected to network(s)1181. A similar network hosts the inventory event sequencing engine190which is hosted on the network node106.

FIG.11shows a plurality of cameras1112,1114,1116, . . .1118connected to the network(s). A large number of cameras can be deployed in particular systems. In one embodiment, the cameras1112to1118are connected to the network(s)1181using Ethernet-based connectors1122,1124,1126, and1128, respectively. In such an embodiment, the Ethernet-based connectors have a data transfer speed of 1 gigabit per second, also referred to as Gigabit Ethernet. It is understood that in other embodiments, cameras114are connected to the network using other types of network connections which can have a faster or slower data transfer rate than Gigabit Ethernet. Also, in alternative embodiments, a set of cameras can be connected directly to each processing platform, and the processing platforms can be coupled to a network.

Storage subsystem1130stores the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of certain embodiments of the present invention. For example, the various modules implementing the functionality of the inventory event location processing engine180may be stored in storage subsystem1130. The storage subsystem1130is an example of a computer readable memory comprising a non-transitory data storage medium, having computer instructions stored in the memory executable by a computer to perform all or any combination of the data processing and image processing functions described herein. In other examples, the computer instructions can be stored in other types of memory, including portable memory, that comprise a non-transitory data storage medium or media, readable by a computer.

These software modules are generally executed by a processor subsystem1150. A host memory subsystem1132typically includes a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM)1134for storage of instructions and data during program execution and a read-only memory (ROM)1136in which fixed instructions are stored. In one embodiment, the RAM1134is used as a buffer for storing point cloud data structure tuples generated by the inventory event location processing engine180.

A file storage subsystem1140provides persistent storage for program and data files. In an example embodiment, the storage subsystem1140includes four 120 Gigabyte (GB) solid state disks (SSD) in a RAID 0 (redundant array of independent disks) arrangement identified by a numeral1142. In the example embodiment, maps data in the maps database140, inventory events data in the inventory events database150, inventory item activity data in the inventory item activity database160, and the inventory item correlation data in the inventory item correlation database170which is not in RAM is stored in RAID 0. In the example embodiment, the hard disk drive (HDD)1146is slower in access speed than the RAID 01142storage. The solid state disk (SSD)1144contains the operating system and related files for the inventory event location processing engine180.

In an example configuration, four cameras1112,1114,1116,1118, are connected to the processing platform (network node)103. Each camera has a dedicated graphics processing unit GPU11162, GPU21164, GPU31166, and GPU41168, to process image frames sent by the camera. It is understood that fewer than or more than three cameras can be connected per processing platform. Accordingly, fewer or more GPUs are configured in the network node so that each camera has a dedicated GPU for processing the image frames received from the camera. The processor subsystem1150, the storage subsystem1130and the GPUs1162,1164, and1166communicate using the bus subsystem1154.

A network interface subsystem1170is connected to the bus subsystem1154forming part of the processing platform (network node)104. Network interface subsystem1170provides an interface to outside networks, including an interface to corresponding interface devices in other computer systems. The network interface subsystem1170allows the processing platform to communicate over the network either by using cables (or wires) or wirelessly. A number of peripheral devices such as user interface output devices and user interface input devices are also connected to the bus subsystem1154forming part of the processing platform (network node)104. These subsystems and devices are intentionally not shown inFIG.11to improve the clarity of the description. Although bus subsystem1154is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may use multiple busses.

In one embodiment, the cameras114can be implemented using Chameleon3 1.3 MP Color USB3 Vision (Sony ICX445), having a resolution of 1288×964, a frame rate of 30 FPS, and at 1.3 MegaPixels per image, with Varifocal Lens having a working distance (mm) of 300−∞, a field of view field of view with a ⅓″ sensor of 98.2°-23.8°.

Any data structures and code described or referenced above are stored according to many implementations in computer readable memory, which comprises a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. This includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.

The preceding description is presented to enable the making and use of the technology disclosed. Various modifications to the disclosed implementations will be apparent, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the technology disclosed. Thus, the technology disclosed is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The scope of the technology disclosed is defined by the appended claims.