Patent ID: 12249173

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

Biometric sensors systems capable of selective scanning and spoof detection, and associated systems and methods, are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system is a fingerprint sensor system that includes a fingerprint sensor having an active pixel matrix and a plurality of presence sensors, and an image acquisition controller in communication with the fingerprint sensor. In some embodiments, the active pixel matrix is an active thermal pixel matrix. The pixel matrix includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns. The pixel matrix has a boundary defining a perimeter of the pixel matrix. Each of the plurality of presence sensors is disposed at least partially within the boundary of the pixel matrix. The image acquisition controller is coupled to the pixel matrix and the plurality of presence sensors. The image acquisition controller receives signals and/or data from the pixel matrix and the plurality of presence sensors. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller is configured to identify, based on the signals from the presence sensors, a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to a specimen (a “scan region”). The image acquisition controller is further configured to obtain image data only from a subset of the pixel matrix for generating an image of the specimen. For example, the image acquisition controller can be configured to obtain image data from only the pixel within the scan region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of presence sensors is implemented as a plurality of electrodes. The image acquisition controller is configured to receive signals from the plurality of pixels and/or the plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, the signals from the plurality of electrodes reflect capacitive measurements of a specimen. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller is configured to determine when the capacitive measurements reflect a change in capacitance above a predetermined threshold, thereby indicating that a living specimen is in contact with or adjacent to the sensor. When the change in capacitance is above the predetermined threshold, the image controller can obtain image data from pixels of the pixel matrix for generating an image. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller is configured to determine when the capacitive measurements reflect a change in capacitance within a predetermined window, thereby indicating that a living specimen is in contact with or adjacent to the sensor. When the change in capacitance is above the predetermined threshold, the image controller can obtain image data from pixels of the pixel matrix for generating an image. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller is further configured to identify, based on the signals, a scan region. In some embodiments, the scan region is a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to the specimen on the pixel matrix. The image acquisition controller is further configured to the obtain image data only from a subset pixels that are within the scan region for generating an image of the specimen.

The combination of the presence sensors and the active pixel matrix provides a number of advantages. In particular, the presence sensors allow for the identification of the position of a specimen on the sensor such that only a portion of the active pixels need to be addressed and scanned. As a result, the time required to scan a specimen using the active pixel matrix can be reduced by only addressing the portions of the sensor (i.e., the portions of the pixel matrix) that are in contact with, or adjacent to, the specimen. In addition, the presence sensors described herein can be used to detect attempts of unauthorized access. For example, the presence sensors can be used to detect so-called “spoofing” attacks.

The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and certain features may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form in the interest of clarity and conciseness. As used herein, relative terms such as “horizontal,” “vertical,” “up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivatives thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the figure being discussed. These relative terms are for convenience of description and normally are not intended to require a particular orientation. Similarly, terms including “inwardly” versus “outwardly,” “longitudinal” versus “lateral” and the like are to be interpreted relative to one another or relative to an axis of elongation, or an axis or center of rotation, as appropriate. Terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise. The term “operatively connected” is such an attachment, coupling or connection that allows the pertinent structures to operate as intended by virtue of that relationship.

The biometric sensors described herein, such as fingerprint sensors, utilize presence sensors integrated with a matrix of imaging pixels. Although primarily described herein primarily in the context of active thermal fingerprint sensors, it will be understood that the imaging pixels can be a part of optical fingerprint scanners, capacitive fingerprint scanners, ultrasonic fingerprint scanners, and/or various other suitable fingerprint scanners. Further, although the present technology is described herein primarily with reference to a fingerprint sensor, it should be understood that the combination of presence sensors and biometric sensors, and the related systems and methods, can be applied in various other biometric sensor systems. Accordingly, the scope of the present technology is limited only as set out in the appended claims.

Fingerprint Sensor Systems

FIG.1is a schematic diagram of a biometric sensor system30in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the biometric sensor system30includes a fingerprint sensor31, an image capture application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”)32in communication with the fingerprint sensor31through interface34, and a microcontroller unit (“MCU”)33in communication with the ASIC32through interface35. The fingerprint sensor31is configured, under control of the ASIC32, to capture an image of a fingerprint and transmit image data as signals through the interface34. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31outputs analog signals, and interface34is an analog interface. The ASIC32can receive the analog signals and perform an analog-to-digital conversion (“A/D conversion”) before sending the image data to the MCU33. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the A/D conversion can occur within fingerprint sensor31such that fingerprint sensor31outputs a digital signal and interface34is a digital interface. For example, in embodiments in which the fingerprint sensor31includes a matrix of pixels (as described below), each pixel may include A/D conversion and output a digital signal to ASIC32. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31can output the digital signal directly to the MCU33. The interface34also carries various other signals from the fingerprint sensor. The ASIC32and/or MCU33can evaluate those signals to determine a presence and location of a specimen on the fingerprint sensor31. That information is used by the ASIC32and/or MCU33to control scanning. For example, the ASIC32and/or MCU33can identify a sub-portion of the fingerprint sensor31, and the ASIC32can direct the fingerprint sensor31to scan only the sub-portion.

The ASIC32reads the image data from the fingerprint sensor31and transfers it to the MCU33via the interface35(e.g., SPI, USB, or other suitable interface). The MCU33processes the image data, extracts characteristic features, and generates a fingerprint template (e.g., an image of the fingerprint), typically based on minutiae in the image data. In some embodiments, the MCU33is provided with a fingerprint matching functionality that compares the fingerprint template to one or more stored fingerprints (e.g., corresponding to the fingerprints of authorized persons) to determine whether the template matches any of the stored fingerprints. In some embodiments, the ASIC32and the MCU33are components of an image acquisition controller37. In various embodiments, the image acquisition controller37also includes one or more processors (not shown), which may be part of a host system (e.g., a smartphone, smart card, etc.) into which the biometric sensor system30is integrated.

In various embodiments, the functionality of ASIC32, MCU33, the image acquisition controller37, and/or a smart card chip (not shown) can be integrated into a single chip or chips within the host system. For example, the biometric sensor system30may be used in a mobile phone, a personal computer, an access control system, a USB reader, a point of sale terminal, a smart card, or any other appropriate application. In some embodiments, such as for smart credit card embodiments, the fingerprint template may be transferred to a smart card chip (integrated circuit card chip, ICC) where the storage and matching is performed in a so-called on-card biometric comparison application, sometimes also called “match on card” or “match on SE” (secure element).

FIG.2is a partially schematic illustration of a fingerprint sensor31in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the fingerprint sensor31includes a substrate60, a pixel matrix72, circuitry73, and connection points74. In some embodiments, the ASIC32can be mounted to substrate60, for example as shown inFIG.2. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31is a flexible sensor and substrate60is a flexible material such as, for example, polyimide. In various embodiments, the substrate60can also be constructed from plastic (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, etc.), a metal foil (e.g., steel, aluminum, etc.), a semiconductor material (e.g., silicon), quartz, glass or any material that is suitable for depositing microelectronic structures in production.

As illustrated inFIG.2, the pixel matrix72is positioned over a surface of the substrate60. In some embodiments, pixel matrix72is formed over the surface of the substrate60using a deposition process (e.g., low temperature polysilicon (LTPS)). The connection points74are electrically coupled to the pixel matrix72(e.g., communicatively via the ASIC32) and allow for connection to an external system, such as, for example, the MCU33(FIG.1). In some embodiments, a protective coating (not illustrated) may be applied over pixel matrix72. As will be described further herein, the surrounding circuitry73includes address lines that allow certain rows or columns of pixel matrix72to be selectively scanned or read.

In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31operates on the active thermal sensing principle. In such embodiments, a low power heat pulse is applied to each sensor pixel over a short period of time and a response is measured. This type of fingerprint sensor can be produced through large area production processes, such as those that form LTPS thin film transistors and devices. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31is a sensor based on the active thermal sensing principle as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,837 entitled “Sensor For Acquiring a Fingerprint” issued Jul. 18, 2000 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,902 entitled “Apparatus for Fingerprint Sensing” issued Mar. 22, 2011, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIG.3, corresponding to FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,837, is a partially schematic illustration of an active thermal principle fingerprint sensor. The figure shows details of the contact surface between the sensor and the finger. The finger includes an outer skin10(epidermis) with a portion11having blood circulation (indicated by circular arrows), particularly within papilla12in the outer skin10. The finger also has ridges13with valleys14. The ridges13in the finger generally correspond to the papilla12, which, through the blood circulation in the papilla12, affects the amount of heat reflected by the ridges13as compared to the valleys14. For example, the ridges13come in contact with and are heated by the sensor, and the blood circulation in the finger transports the heat away. In contrast, the surface of the sensor corresponding to the valleys14is cooled essentially by two mechanisms, radiation and heat conduction to the air in the valleys14. These cooling mechanisms are not as efficient as the heat conduction to ridges13. Accordingly, there is a difference between the temperature measured in ridges13and the temperature measured in valleys14. These temperature differences are measured using sensing elements15(e.g., fingerprint sensor pixels), and the measurements are processed to generate an image of the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.

As illustrated, each sensor element15has a corresponding heating element21producing a known amount of heat. In the example shown inFIG.3, the heating elements21are controlled centrally by an input voltage, Vk, and an electronic contact switch24. The signal from the temperature sensor is addressed and controlled using an electronic contact switch22, e.g. a double gate MosFET transistor. In the example, the heating elements21include one or more resistors and the sensing elements15include one or more diodes.

In the example ofFIG.3, the fingerprint sensor also includes an electrically conducting grounded layer20(e.g., made from aluminum, or another suitable conducting or semiconducting material) disposed over the sensing elements15and the finger. The grounded layer20is configured to avoid electric disturbances from the surroundings and to prevent discharges from harming the sensor. The fingerprint sensor may also include a second layer25made from a mechanically resistant material (e.g., SiO2, Si3N4 or α-Al2O3), and disposed over the sensing elements15to protect the fingerprint sensor from mechanical stress and chemical corrosion. The protective layers20,25may be sufficiently thin as not to hinder the heat transfer to the finger.

As further illustrated, an insulating material23is disposed between adjacent sensing elements15, thereby limiting the heat conduction between the elements. The insulating material23may, for example, be made from SiO2 or similar materials. The fingerprint sensor may further include a thermal insulating layer2and a heat conducting layer3to provide heat throughout the sensor.

FIG.4is a partially schematic cross-section of a fingerprint sensor31in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the fingerprint sensor31includes a plurality of sensing elements15(e.g., thermal pixels) positioned beneath an upper surface of the fingerprint sensor. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31includes circuits to independently address each of the sensing elements15of the fingerprint sensor31(e.g., to independently supply heat to thermal pixels used as sensing elements15). That is, each of the switches22aand22bcan be independently controlled to selectively measure each of the sensing elements15aand15b, and/or each of the switches24aand24bcan be selectively controlled to independently drive the corresponding heating elements21aand21b. Further, in some embodiments, the sensing elements15may be measured at one or more points of time or continuously. Using a plurality of, or continuously obtained, measurements, an image acquisition system communicatively coupled to the fingerprint sensor31can generate an image showing changes in the measurements over time. For example, in an example with active thermal pixels, the plurality of, or continuously obtained, measurements allow the image acquisition system to measure the effective heat capacity and/or conductivity of the specimen over time. These measurements allow the image acquisition system to make various determinations about the specimen. For example, live skin cells have a relatively high heat capacity due to a relatively high content of water in the cells. Accordingly, the cells directly touching the sensor surface (even if are typically dead skin cells), typically have a higher heat conductivity than the surrounding air in the valleys14. This difference in heat capacity enhances the ability of the image acquisition system to distinguish ridges13from valleys14in the final image.

The fingerprint sensor31illustrated inFIG.4also includes one or more presence sensors75disposed at least partially between some adjacent pixels (e.g., between adjacent sensing elements15). As will be described further herein, in some embodiments, the presence sensors75include electrodes that extend between adjacent columns and/or adjacent rows of pixels of pixel matrix72(as illustrated inFIG.2) (e.g., between sensing elements15). In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31can use an appropriate form of capacitive touch techniques, in conjunction with the electrodes, to detect the presence and location of a specimen (such as a finger). That is, for example, the fingerprint sensor31can detect whether it is in contact with a finger, as well as which portions of the pixel matrix72are in contact with, or adjacent to, the finger. In some embodiments, projected capacitive touch technology (e.g., mutual or self-capacitive) is used. In various embodiments, the presence sensors75can be positioned in a single layer or multiple layers. In some embodiments, for example as shown inFIG.4, the presence sensors75are positioned between the sensing elements15at about the same vertical position as the sensing elements15(e.g., at about the same distance from grounded layer20). In other embodiments, the presence sensors75can be positioned above or below sensing elements15. In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31can include an insulating material positioned between the sensing elements15. For example, in various embodiments, the insulating material can surround the presence sensors75; the insulating material can be positioned between sensing elements15that do not have a presence sensor75positioned between them; and/or the insulating material can be positioned at a different vertical level (e.g., below the presence sensors).

As an alternative to, or in addition to, electrodes, the presence sensors75can include other sensors configured for detecting the presence of the specimen over one or more pixels in the pixel matrix72. For example, presence sensors75may include one or more pressure sensors, light sensors, color sensors, infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and/or another suitable sensor.

FIG.5Ais a top view partially schematic illustration of the fingerprint sensor31in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the pixel matrix72of the fingerprint sensor31includes a boundary78defined by the perimeter of the pixel matrix72, and presence sensors in the form of a plurality of electrodes77disposed at least partially within the boundary78. In some embodiments, electrodes77are disposed between adjacent pixels of pixel matrix72on the same vertical level. In other embodiments, the electrodes77are positioned above or below pixel matrix72, for example in a layered arrangement. In some embodiments, the electrodes77are oriented parallel to the rows of pixel matrix72, for example as shown inFIG.5A. In other embodiments (not shown), electrodes77are oriented parallel to the columns of pixel matrix72. In other embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31includes a matrix or pattern of presence sensors positioned within the boundary78of the pixel matrix. In various embodiments, the matrix can be configured to maximize the area of coverage of presence sensors within the boundary78, to increase coverage in hot spots (e.g., areas most frequently underneath a specimen or near the edge of a specimen), and/or to aid in convenience for scanning the presence sensors.

FIG.5Bis a top view partially schematic illustration of the fingerprint sensor31in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the presence sensors are implemented as electrodes, which are disposed in a matrix that includes horizontal electrodes77aand vertical electrodes77bforming a grid within the boundary78of the pixel matrix72. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the electrodes77extends the entire length of a column or row of the pixel matrix72. In other embodiments, one or more of the electrodes77may cover only part of a column or row of pixel matrix72. In some embodiments in which one or more electrodes77do not extend the entire length of the row or column of pixel matrix72, for example as shown inFIG.5A, a first set of electrodes may extend from a first side of pixel matrix72and a second set of electrodes may extend from a second side of the pixel matrix72opposite the first side such that a space is left between the first and second sets of electrodes. In some embodiments, the gap between the first and second sets of electrodes is less than 25% of the width or height of pixel matrix72. In some embodiments, the electrodes77are arranged such that they do not overlap (i.e., are non-overlapping). In some embodiments, as described herein, electrodes from the first and second set of electrodes overlap. In some embodiments, the electrodes77are stacked and separated with an insulating or dielectric layer.

In various embodiments, the electrodes77may be any appropriate type, construction, and configuration of electrodes. For example, in some embodiments, each of the electrodes77is a discrete electrode. In other embodiments, the electrodes are formed by printing a conductive pattern on a sheet, such as, for example, a polyester (PET) film. In such embodiments, horizontal and vertical electrodes may be printed on separate sheets and laminated together. Such a laminate may further include one or more dielectric layers. The electrodes may be constructed of any suitable material, such as, for example, copper, carbon, silver, or other suitable material.

In some embodiments, paired electrodes are used. For example, each of the electrodes77illustrated inFIG.5Acan be a pair of electrodes that support both mutual-capacitive and self-capacitive sensing (sometimes referred to as “mutual-capacitance” and “self-capacitance” sensing, respectively). In mutual-capacitive sensing, sometimes referred to as near-field detection, the electrodes are coupled, such that the resulting signals depend on the coupling capacitance between the pair of electrodes. Mutual-capacitive sensing can be advantageous for detecting the position and movement of a specimen. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30can use mutual-capacitive sensing to detect the position and/or movement of a specimen on the pixel matrix72. In self-capacitive sensing, sometimes referred to as far-field detection, each electrode in a pair can be driven independently, or can be driven together with the same driver for more capacitive signal, while an independent signal is received from each electrode. When using self-capacitive sensing, the capacitance flux lines may flow outward from the surface of the sensor, which can make self-capacitive sensing advantageous for detecting the approach or presence of a specimen. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30can use self-capacitive sensing to detect the presence of the specimen on the pixel matrix72. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30can operate the electrodes77using a combination of mutual-capacitive sensing and self-capacitance sensing for various purposes. For example, in some embodiments, self-capacitive sensing can be used to detect the presence of a specimen, and mutual-capacitive sensing can be used to determine a precise location of the specimen (based on which the biometric sensor system30can identify a scan region). In some embodiments including pairs of electrodes, two electrodes may be disposed next to each other with minimum spacing between them. When operated using mutual capacitance, such embodiments may make use of fringe capacitance to identify changes in capacitance and the position of the specimen. In such embodiments, one electrode of the pair is configured as a transmit (TX) electrode and the other electrode is configured as a receive (RX) electrode.

Further, in some embodiments in which the electrodes77extend from both the first and second side of the pixel matrix, there is a space between the electrodes77extending from either side. In other embodiments, one or more of the electrodes77extending from the first side of the pixel matrix72overlap with the electrodes77extending from the second side of the pixel matrix72. In other words, the electrodes77may be interlaced. For example, in some embodiments, each of the electrodes77extends approximately ¾ of the width or length of the fingerprint sensor31such that in a central region of the fingerprint sensor the electrodes extending from opposite sides overlap. This may allow for more resolution in the center portion of the pixel matrix72. This may be particularly well suited for detecting smaller fingers because there is no “dead band” or gap in the center of the pixel matrix72. In some embodiments, the signals received from the electrodes77can be adjusted to compensate for the overlap area in the center of fingerprint sensor31.

In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31is configured to use self-capacitance to detect the presence and location of the specimen to be scanned. In such embodiments, a current may be supplied to each of the electrodes77. In the absence of a specimen in contact with or adjacent to pixels in the pixel matrix72, the capacitance of each of the electrodes77reaches a steady state. When a specimen (e.g., a finger) is brought into contact with or is adjacent to the pixel matrix72, the specimen at least partially couples to one or more of the electrodes77, thereby increasing the effective capacitance of the respective electrodes. Data reflecting the change in capacitance on each of the effected electrodes (e.g., as received from an analog to digital converter) may be used by the image acquisition controller37(FIG.1) to identify the location of the specimen and, further, to determine which pixels of the pixel matrix72to scan for image data.

In embodiments in which the fingerprint sensor31includes only electrodes77that extend parallel to the columns of pixels in pixel matrix72, the electrodes77can include, for example, one or more electrodes positioned on the left side of pixel matrix72(not shown) and/or one or more electrodes positioned on the right side of pixel matrix72(not shown). The side electrodes allow the image acquisition controller37to roughly determine the horizontal position of the specimen by comparing changes in capacitance among the side electrodes positioned on a single side of pixel matrix72.

Conversely, in embodiments in which the fingerprint sensor31includes only electrodes77that extend parallel to the rows of pixels in pixel matrix72, the pixel matrix72can include one or more electrodes along the top and/or bottom of the matrix. The top and bottom pixels can allow the image acquisition controller37to roughly determine the vertical position of the specimen based on a comparison of the changes in capacitance between the top and bottom electrodes.

In embodiments, such as those shown inFIG.5B, in which fingerprint sensor31includes horizontal electrodes77aand vertical electrodes77b, the electrodes form a grid of rows and columns. Image acquisition controller37receives data (e.g., from an analog to digital converter) regarding changes in capacitance from both the horizontal electrodes77aand the vertical electrodes77bthat can allow for more accurate determinations of the position of the specimen relative to pixel matrix72. In some embodiments, the horizontal electrodes77amay span the width of pixel matrix72and vertical electrodes may span the height of pixel matrix72.

In other embodiments (not shown), fingerprint sensor31includes an array of electrode “pads” that are individually addressable by image acquisition controller37. The electrode pads can allow for the accurate determination of the position of the specimen, for example by providing a number of sample points throughout the pixel matrix72.

In various embodiments, the electrodes77can be driven individually or, alternatively, the electrodes can be driven together in one or more groups. Driving the electrodes individually may provide the maximum resolution for detecting the location of the specimen. However, individually driving the electrodes77may require significant hardware overhead. For example, for a sensor with N electrodes, N drivers may be required. Grouping adjacent electrodes may reduce the hardware overhead required. Further, the analog readings received from the electrodes can be used to identify the location of the specimen.

Although primarily described as using self-capacitance, in some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor31uses mutual-capacitance to determine the location of the specimen. For example, in the embodiment shown inFIG.5B, when driven by an excitation signal, mutual capacitance may be formed at the intersections of the horizontal electrodes77aand the vertical electrodes77b, thereby forming a plurality of nodes. In such embodiments, either the horizontal electrodes77aor the vertical electrodes77bcan be configured as driving lines with the other configured as sensing lines. During operation, capacitance changes at each node can be used to determine which portions of pixel matrix72are in contact with, or adjacent to, a specimen. In use, when a specimen (e.g., finger) is adjacent to or touching the pixel matrix72, some of the mutual capacitance between the horizontal and vertical electrodes that intersect near the position of the specimen couples to the specimen, thereby reducing the capacitance at that node and the charge on the sensing electrode. Data reflecting this change in capacitance (e.g., as received from an analog to digital converter) at the various nodes can then be used by image acquisition controller37to determine the location of the specimen relative to pixel matrix72. Accordingly, in various embodiments, which portions of the pixel matrix72that are deemed “adjacent to” a specimen can include the entire portion in which some change in capacitance is sensed by the electrodes, the portion in which the change in capacitance is above a predefined threshold, and/or the portion in which the change in capacitance is within a predefined window. For example, in various embodiments, the threshold can be set such that a live specimen is expected to cause a capacitance change above the threshold in each of the immediately neighboring row and column, in each of the five neighboring rows and columns, in each of the ten neighboring rows and columns, or any other suitable distance away.

Representative Processes of a Fingerprint Sensor

As described above, data from one or more presence sensors, such as capacitive signals received from electrodes77, can be indicative of whether a specimen, such as a finger, is in contact with (or adjacent to) the pixel matrix72at various locations. Based on this information, and as described herein, a biometric sensor system can adjust which locations are activated or sensed for scanning. Advantageously, this can reduce the time to perform a scan, reduce the power consumed by a scan, and other benefits. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller37can direct the fingerprint sensor31to address and/or scan only the pixels that are in the area of interest (i.e., the area in contact with, or adjacent to, the specimen). This can be performed in less time than addressing each of the pixels in pixel matrix72. Hence, the overall scan time may be reduced without reducing the accuracy or quality of the scan. In addition, the time required to process the resulting image may also be reduced due to the reduction in the amount of data that needs to be processed (e.g., the amount of image data that is compared to a template fingerprint). This may further reduce the computing resources consumed by a fingerprint scan and analysis and reduce the power consumption of fingerprint sensor31and the biometric sensor system30. The processes of evaluating the capacitive measurements and determining which portions of fingerprint sensor31to be scanned may be performed by ASIC32, MCU33, other components of the image acquisition controller37, and/or the host system (e.g., a processor of a smart card or smartphone), either alone or in combination.

While presence sensors are primarily described below in the form of electrodes, it will be understood that other sensors or components (e.g., pressure sensors, light sensors, color sensors, infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and/or another suitable sensor) can be used as presence sensors in the described technology. References to electrodes are understood to encompass these additional forms of presence sensors, with corresponding differences in their signals.

FIG.6is a top view partially schematic illustration, in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology, of a specimen in contact with the pixel matrix72ofFIG.5Athat includes integrated electrodes77. As illustrated, a specimen touching the pixel matrix72may contact only a first portion81of the pixel matrix72, leaving, a second portion82of the pixel matrix72not in contact with the specimen. As a result, the capacitive signals from the electrodes77within the first portion81(e.g., each of the electrodes77at least partially within the grey first portion81) will differ from the capacitive signals from the electrodes77in the second portion82(e.g., each of the electrodes not partially within the grey first portion81). The image acquisition controller37(e.g., ASIC32, MCU33, and/or a processor of the host system) can perform operations to determine, based on the differing capacitive signals received from the electrodes77, which portions of the pixel matrix72are in contact with and/or adjacent to, the specimen. Accordingly, the image acquisition controller37can identify the portion of the pixel matrix72in contact with the finger (e.g., the first portion81). For example, the first portion81may include those electrodes77that detect a capacitance change within a specified range (e.g., a range expected for human skin, the range expected for human skin plus one or more deviations, or some other suitable range). In some embodiments, for example, the specified range can be between approximately 0.3 picofarads (pF) to approximately 3 pF, or between approximately 0.8 pF to approximately 2.2 pF, or between approximately 1 pF to approximately 2 pF, or other suitable ranges. In some embodiments, the first portion may include those electrodes77that measure a change in capacitance that falls above a predefined threshold value. For example, in some embodiments, the first portion can include those electrodes77that measure a change in capacitance (between electrodes77in the first portion81and the second portion82) exceeds a threshold of approximately 0.2 pF, of approximately 0.5 pF, of approximately 1 pF, or other suitable thresholds.

After determining the first portion81of the pixel matrix72(e.g., the region that is in contact with the finger), the image acquisition controller37can direct the fingerprint sensor31to address and scan only the pixels of pixel matrix72within the first portion81. As a result, the scan time is reduced by the time it would have taken to scan the second portion82(e.g., the region that is determined to not contact any of the specimen). In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller37can identify a third portion (not shown) surrounding the first portion81that is also scanned to ensure that the entire finger is scanned. For example, in some embodiments, the third portion can increase the scanned area by 10% in order to provide a buffer around the first region to ensure the specimen is fully scanned. Any appropriate method of selectively addressing the pixels of pixel matrix72may be used. For example, in one embodiment, the rows and/or columns of the untouched area in the second portion82are omitted from the scanning commands from the image acquisition controller37, are not clocked by the image acquisition controller37, etc. thereby causing the fingerprint sensor31to skip those rows and/or columns during scanning.

In some embodiments, the electrodes77in the fingerprint sensor31, are further configured to allow certain conditions of the specimen to be determined based on the capacitive signals received from electrodes77. In some embodiments, the image acquisition controller37can adjust one or more parameters for obtaining image data from the pixels of pixel matrix72based on the capacitive signals. For example, the electrodes77can be used to determine a moisture level of the specimen (i.e., the amount of moisture on the skin). In some embodiments, the magnitude of the capacitance change in the signals is dependent on the moisture level of the specimen, such that determining the moisture level allows the image acquisition controller37to control for the moisture level in determining the first portion81. For example, moisture typically increases the magnitude of the capacitance change, including in electrodes adjacent to the specimen. Accordingly, the image acquisition controller37can require a larger change in capacitance for moist specimens, thereby avoiding scanning a larger area than necessary to examine the specimen. In some embodiments, the moisture level is related to the electrical and/or thermal conductivity of the specimen. Accordingly, the image acquisition controller37can use information regarding the moisture level of the to configure processing parameters for the scan (e.g., a heating time per pixel, voltage applied to each pixel, or any other suitable processing parameter).

In some embodiments, the electrodes77in the pixel matrix72may be used to detect attempted presentation attacks (also referred to herein as “spoofing”). Because the electrodes77can be used to measure the capacitance between each of the electrodes77and the specimen, the image acquisition controller37can use the electrodes77to detect and prevent spoofing by determining whether the specimen generates a capacitance profile (i.e., a map of collected capacitance information) that is indicative of a living specimen (e.g., from a user's finger). For example, the image acquisition controller37can measure a change in capacitance between electrodes77in the first portion81and the second portion82. In some embodiments, a change that falls within a predefined range can indicate than an authentic specimen (e.g., a live finger) is in contact with or adjacent to the pixel matrix72. For example, in some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30can detect an authentic specimen when the change in capacitance (between electrodes77in the first portion81and the second portion82) measures between approximately 0.4 pF to approximately 2.5 pF, or between approximately 0.8 pF to approximately 2.2 pF, or between approximately 1 pF to approximately 2 pF, or other suitable ranges. In some embodiments, a change in capacitance that falls above a predefined threshold value can indicate that an authentic specimen (e.g., a live finger) is in contact with or adjacent to the pixel matrix72. For example, in some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30can detect an authentic specific when the change in capacitance (between electrodes77in the first portion81and the second portion82) exceeds a threshold of approximately 0.4 pF, of approximately 0.5 pF, of approximately 1 pF, or other suitable thresholds. The electrodes77thereby enable the image acquisition controller37to evaluate capacitance values, and detect fake fingers constructed of plastic or gel when the fake fingers do not create a capacitance profile similar to that generated by human skin. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system30detects a spoof specimen, or fake finger, when a change in capacitance is detected that is a fraction of the expected change of capacitance from an authentic specimen. For example, the biometric sensor system30may detect a fake finger when a change in capacitance of approximately of approximately one-third of an expected change in capacitance is detected. For example, in an embodiment in which a threshold of 1.2 pF is used by the biometric sensor system30to determine whether a specimen is authentic, a measured capacitive change of 0.4 pF may be detected as a spoof specimen or fake finger by the biometric sensor system. Because pixel matrix72can include a plurality of electrodes77, a map of capacitance information may be collected. The map can allow the image acquisition controller37to detect more sophisticated attacks that are not identifiable using a single sensing electrode. That is, the image acquisition controller37can use the map to evaluate capacitance signals from each of the electrodes77within the first portion. Since the image acquisition controller37evaluates signals from each of the electrodes77contacted, each part of the specimen contacting the pixel matrix72must be a live finger. Accordingly, each of the electrodes77in the first portion81enables the image acquisition controller37to detect a spoofing attempt, such that the entire specimen that is scanned must be a live specimen.

FIG.7an illustration of a system configured for detection of spoofing attacks in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the system includes a power source90that is configured to provide supply current to the system, and a signal generator92configured to introduce a signal to one or more selected electrodes77. In some embodiments, the respective electrodes77are multiplexed or addressed sequentially. In the illustrated embodiment, the system also includes a signal detector sink94configured to measure an output signal from the electrodes77. As described herein, the signal detector sink94can measure an output signal to determine, for example, a capacitance value. The system can utilize the measured capacitance value to, for example, detect the presence of a sample and/or evaluate whether a sample is from a living specimen. In some embodiments, the signal detector sink94can be housed in the image acquisition controller37. The output signals are evaluated to derive information for detecting spoof specimens on the pixel matrix72(e.g., the capacitance generated by the sample). In various embodiments, the evaluation can be performed by ASIC32, MCU33, any other component of the image acquisition controller37, or in a host system receiving a converted digital signal from the sensor system. Accordingly, the inclusion of electrodes77within the active pixel matrix72enables the system to detect spoofing attacks, which is not possible in prior art active thermal sensors.

The systems described herein may include any appropriate components for driving the electrodes and receiving and processing the capacitance measurements. For example, the systems may include driver integrated circuits to supply an excitation signal to the electrodes. The systems may further include an analog to digital converter to convert the capacitance measurements to a digital signal that can be processed by image acquisition controller37. In some embodiments, the systems include a sigma-delta analog to digital converter. These components can be integrated into ASIC32, MCU33, other components of the image acquisition controller37, or components of a separate microcontroller (e.g., within the host system).

The dimensions of the electrodes77and the pixels of pixel matrix72can be configured to provide any desired scan area and resolution. For example, the Fingerprint Acquisition Profile (FAP)20 standard requires a nominal width of 15.24 mm and a resolution of 500 ppi. In one embodiment of a FAP20 compliant sensor, each pixel of the pixel matrix72has a size of about 50.8 lam by about 50.8 μm. In addition, in various embodiments, the pixel matrix72may include six electrode pairs (i.e., two electrodes running parallel to each other and in close proximity), with each pair having a width in the range between approximately 10 μm and approximately 40 μm (e.g., 10 μm, 20 μm, 29 μm, 30 μm, or 40 μm).

In some embodiments, the electrodes77(or electrode pairs) are evenly distributed in the pixel matrix72. In some other embodiments, the electrodes77are unevenly distributed within the pixel matrix72. For example, in some embodiments, the electrodes77are more closely spaced nearer a hot zone (e.g., near the center of pixel matrix72) than nearer a cold zone (e.g., a less active area of the pixel matrix72, such as near the perimeter of pixel matrix72). The more tightly spaced arrangement in hot zone of the pixel matrix72allows for accurate identification of the specimen when the specimen is in contact with the pixel matrix72while minimizing the extra components needed to fit into the pixel matrix72. This may be advantageous as users are more likely to place their finger in contact with, for example, the center of the pixel matrix72than the edge of the pixel matrix72.

FIG.8is a flow diagram of a process800, performed by a biometric sensor system, for generating an image of a specimen in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology. As described further below, the process800provides for the scanning of selected regions of a fingerprint sensor, based on the detection of which regions of the fingerprint sensor are in contact with the specimen. The process can be performed by an image acquisition controller, a fingerprint sensor, and/or other components of the biometric sensor system, alone or in combination. The process800begins when a specimen contacts a fingerprint sensor which, as described above, results in the fingerprint sensor generating capacitive signals (or other signals) corresponding to different positions within the fingerprint sensor.

At block102, the biometric sensor system receives capacitive signals from the electrodes in the fingerprint sensor.

At block104, the biometric sensor system evaluates the received capacitive signals to detect a spoofing attack. For example, the biometric sensor system can process the received signals to determine whether they indicate the presence of a live finger on the fingerprint sensor. As discussed above, this check can be based on the change in the capacitive signals. For example, the biometric sensor system can evaluate the capacitive measurements to detect whether they reflect a change in capacitance above a predetermined threshold.

At block106, the biometric sensor system identifies a scan region based on the capacitive signals. The scan region is a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to a specimen. That is, the biometric sensor system can evaluate the capacitive signals to detect whether they reflect a change in capacitance above a predetermined threshold. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the predetermined threshold used to detect the presence of a specimen differs from the predetermined threshold used to detect whether a specimen is “live” or a spoof. In some embodiments, the scan region also includes a portion of the pixel matrix adjacent to the contacted portion. Including the extra portion can reduce the chance that any relevant portion of the specimen is not scanned and account for slight movements during the scanning process. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system can perform identification of the scan region in block106before evaluating the received capacitive signals to detect a spoofing attack in block104. For example, in some embodiments, the change in capacitance evaluated in block104can be based on the electrodes identified in the scan region and electrodes identified outside of the scan region in block106.

At block108, the biometric sensor system directs the scan of the pixels of the pixel matrix based on the identified scan region. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system directs the fingerprint sensor to address and scan only the pixels that are within the identified scan region. In some embodiments, the biometric sensor system directs the fingerprint sensor to address and scan each pixel of the pixel matrix, and discards and/or does not further process the image data received from the pixels outside of the scan region. The reduced scanning and/or processing can reduce the time required to generate an image template of the specimen. Further, because the biometric sensor system can be configured to discard irrelevant image data, the process800can be used in conjunction with fingerprint sensors that do not have hardware that allows the fingerprint sensor to selectively address and scan of pixels.

At block110, the biometric sensor system receives image data resulting from the directed scan (e.g., signals from the plurality of scanned pixels). At block112, the biometric sensor system generates an image template of the image of the specimen (e.g., an image of the fingerprint). In some embodiments, generating the template includes extracting characteristic features of the fingerprint, such as minutiae in the received image data. As described above, because the system limits the pixel regions scanned to those in contact with or adjacent to a specimen (and/or discards the image data from outside the scan region), and therefore generates an image template corresponding to only the region activated by the specimen (e.g., where there is fingerprint data), the total image data received and/or processed is reduced. As a result, the time the biometric sensor system takes to generate an image template of a specimen is advantageously reduced.

At block114, the biometric sensor system compares the generated image template to stored image templates to determine whether the generated image template matches any of the stored image templates. If the generated image template matches a stored image template, the biometric sensor system can authorize the scanned specimen; else the biometric sensor system can reject the specimen. In other embodiments, the biometric sensor system can pass the generated image template onto another system for the matching comparison. In these embodiments, the overall system can further save on time by communicating and/or processing the generated image for a match and processing the capacitive signals to detect a spoofing attack (block104) in parallel.

FIG.9is a partially schematic illustration of a smart card200with embedded fingerprint sensor, according to some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the smart card200includes an embedded fingerprint sensor system202exposed through the top surface204of the card200. The fingerprint sensor system202may be configured in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. The top surface204of the card200may have identification information (e.g., photograph of the user and/or name), account information (e.g., credit card account information), brand information or any other information related to the use of the card. Likewise, the back surface of the card (not shown) may have a signature block, magnetic stripe and/or other information such as CVV number.

Similarly,FIG.10is schematic illustration of a computing device300with an integrated fingerprint sensor, according to some embodiments of the present technology. In the illustrated embodiment, the computing device300includes an embedded fingerprint sensor system302. The fingerprint sensor system302may be configured in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. Computing device300may be, for example, a smartphone, tablet computer, laptop computer, point of sale device, or any other suitable computing system. In some embodiments, computing device300includes a display unit304for displaying information to a user and, in some embodiments, receiving input from the user. In operation, display unit304can display results of a scan operation using fingerprint sensor system302(e.g., an indication of whether the user was authenticated). Although the fingerprint sensor system302is shown integrated with computing device300in the illustrated embodiment, it will be understood that, in other embodiments, the fingerprint sensor system302can be separate from and connected to the computing device300via wires (e.g., a USB cable) or a wireless connection.

EXAMPLES

Various examples of aspects of the subject technology described above with reference toFIGS.1-10are provided as numbered clauses (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples and do not limit the subject technology.

1. A fingerprint sensor system, comprising:an active thermal sensor pixel matrix comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, the pixel matrix having a boundary defining a perimeter of the pixel matrix;a plurality of presence sensors disposed at least partially within the boundary of the pixel matrix; andan image acquisition controller coupled to the pixel matrix and to the plurality of presence sensors, the image acquisition controller configured to:receive signals from the plurality of presence sensors;identify, based on the signals, a scan region, wherein the scan region is a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to a specimen; andobtain image data only from pixels of the plurality of pixels that are within the scan region for generating an image of the specimen.

2. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 1, wherein the presence sensors comprise a plurality of electrodes disposed at least partially within the boundary of the pixel matrix, and wherein the signals reflect capacitive measurements.

3. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 2, wherein the plurality of electrodes includes pairs of electrodes having a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode, and wherein the first electrode is configured as a transmit electrode and the second electrode is configured as a receive electrode.

4. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 2-3, wherein the image acquisition controller is further configured to adjust one or more parameters for obtaining image data from the pixels based on the capacitive measurements.

5. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 4, wherein the capacitive measurements reflect an amount of moisture on the specimen, and the image acquisition controller is configured to adjust a processing parameter based on the capacitive measurements.

6. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 1-5, wherein each of the plurality of presence sensors is disposed between adjacent rows or adjacent columns of the pixel matrix.

7. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 1-6, wherein the plurality of presence sensors include a plurality of horizontal presence sensors and a plurality of vertical presence sensors, and wherein each of the plurality of horizontal presence sensors is disposed between adjacent rows of the pixel matrix and each of the plurality of vertical presence sensors is disposed between adjacent columns of the pixel matrix.

8. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 1-7, wherein the plurality of presence sensors include a first set of presence sensors that extend from a first side of the pixel matrix and a second set of presence sensors that extend from a second side of the pixel matrix opposite the first side, and wherein the first set of presence sensors and the second set of presence sensors overlap in a center of the pixel matrix.

9. A fingerprint sensor system comprising:an active thermal sensor pixel matrix comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, the pixel matrix having a boundary defining a perimeter of the pixel matrix;a plurality of electrodes disposed at least partially within the boundary of the pixel matrix; andan image acquisition controller coupled to the pixel matrix and the plurality of electrodes, the image acquisition controller configured to:receive signals from the plurality of electrodes, wherein the signals reflect capacitive measurements;determine when the capacitive measurements reflect a change in capacitance above a predetermined threshold, wherein a change in capacitance above the predetermined threshold indicates that a living specimen is in contact with or adjacent to the sensor; andwhen the change in capacitance is above the predetermined threshold, obtain image data from pixels of the pixel matrix for generating an image.

10. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 9, wherein the image acquisition controller is further configured to, when the change in capacitance is above the predetermined threshold, identify, based on the capacitive measurements, a scan region, wherein the scan region is a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to a specimen.

11. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 10, wherein the image acquisition controller obtains image data only from pixels of the pixel matrix that are within the scan region.

12. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 10-11, wherein the image acquisition controller obtains image data from each of the pixels of the pixel matrix, and wherein the image acquisition controller is configured to generate an image using only image data obtained from pixels of the pixel matrix within the scan region.

13. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 9-12, wherein:the plurality of electrodes includes pairs of electrodes having a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode;the capacitive measurements include first capacitive measurements form the first electrode and second capacitive measurements from the second electrode; andthe image acquisition controller is configured to:receive the first capacitive measurements from the first electrode and the second capacitive measurements the second electrode; anddetermine when the first capacitive measurements and the second capacitive measurements both reflect a change in capacitance above the.

14. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 9-13, wherein the image acquisition controller is further configured to adjust one or more parameters for obtaining image data from the pixels based on the capacitive measurements.

15. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 14, wherein the capacitive measurements reflect an amount of moisture on the specimen, and the image acquisition controller is configured to adjust a processing parameter based on the capacitive measurements.

16. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 9-15, wherein each of the plurality of electrodes is disposed between adjacent rows or adjacent columns of the pixel matrix.

17. fingerprint sensor system of clause 16, wherein the plurality of presence sensors include a first set of presence sensors that extend from a first side of the pixel matrix and a second set of presence sensors that extend from an opposite second side of the pixel matrix, and wherein the first set of presence sensors and the second set of presence sensors overlap in a center of the pixel matrix.

18. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 9-17, wherein the plurality of electrodes include a plurality of horizontal electrodes and a plurality of vertical electrodes, and wherein each of the plurality of horizontal electrodes is disposed between adjacent columns of the pixel matrix and each of the plurality of vertical electrodes is disposed between adjacent rows of the pixel matrix.

19. A fingerprint sensor system comprising:an active thermal sensor pixel matrix comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, the pixel matrix having a boundary defining a perimeter of the pixel matrix; anda plurality of electrodes disposed at least partially within the boundary of the pixel matrix, wherein the plurality of electrodes includes a first set of electrodes that extend from a first side of the pixel matrix and a second set of electrodes that extend from an opposite second side of the pixel matrix; andan image acquisition controller coupled to the pixel matrix and the plurality of electrodes, the image acquisition controller configured to:receive signals from the plurality of electrodes, wherein the signals reflect capacitive measurements;identify, based on the signals, a scan region, wherein the scan region is a portion of the pixel matrix that is in contact with or adjacent to a specimen; andobtain image data only from pixels of the plurality of pixels that are within the scan region for generating an image of the specimen.

20. The fingerprint sensor system of clause 19, wherein the first set of presence sensors and the second set of presence sensors overlap in a center of the pixel matrix.

21. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 19-20, wherein the plurality of electrodes is operated on a combination of mutual-capacitive sensing and self-capacitance sensing.

22. The fingerprint sensor system of clauses 19-20, wherein the plurality of electrodes is operated on a combination of far-field sensing and near-field sensing, and wherein the far-field sensing is used to detect a presence of the specimen on the pixel matrix and the near-field sensing is used to detect a location of the specimen on the pixel matrix.

The above detailed descriptions of embodiments of the technology are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed above. Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the technology are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the technology as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, although steps are presented in a given order above, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. Furthermore, the various embodiments described herein may also be combined to provide further embodiments.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the technology. To the extent any material incorporated herein by reference conflicts with the present disclosure, the present disclosure controls. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively. Moreover, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in reference to a list of two or more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all of the items in the list, or (c) any combination of the items in the list. Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase “and/or” as in “A and/or B” refers to A alone, B alone, and both A and B. Additionally, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and “with” are used throughout to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same features and/or additional types of other features are not precluded.

From the foregoing, it will also be appreciated that various modifications may be made without deviating from the disclosure or the technology. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that various components of the technology can be further divided into subcomponents, or that various components and functions of the technology may be combined and integrated. In addition, certain aspects of the technology described in the context of particular embodiments may also be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Furthermore, although advantages associated with certain embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein.