Patent ID: 12186967

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and which only have an illustrative, not limiting value.

A detailed front view in a vertical cross section of a conventional supporting block (92) of a multi-cavity mould (1) is shown inFIG.1. The width (w) of the conventional supporting block (92), as shown inFIG.1, is usually calculated as 20-25% of the total height (a) of the supporting block (92), thus complying with the technical considerations mentioned above.

The inventive solution to the technical problems associated with the known equipments for forming a smooth periphery for thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products, provided by the present invention, is to reconfigure the supporting block's structure and profile between adjacent cavities in order to create two vertical channels. These channels are configured to allow a further extension of a peripheral flange of the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products inside these channels by altering the thickness of the peripheral flange, to decrease from a medium thickness of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet to a lesser thickness. The inventive solution complies with the technical requirements regarding rigidity, adequate space for the cooling circuit and for the ventilation channels, easy cutting of the formed products and so on.

The thermoforming process takes a sheet of thermoplastic having a nominal thickness, according to the type of material used in this process, and carefully heats it, at a forming temperature, until it is sufficiently pliable. Forming temperature vary depending on the type of thermoplastic being used, the application for the finished part, and the forming technique. This is one of the most important operating parameters in thermoforming to meet certain quality standards. The true forming temperature of a sheet is its core temperature, not its surface temperature. Hence, it is important to calculate heat transfer across the sheet. A forming temperature is any point located above the glass transition temperature and below its melting temperature.

Polymers are chemical compounds in which molecules are bonded together in long, repeating chains. Plastics are a specific type of polymer comprised of a long chain of polymers. Plastics are known for their ability to be molded, extruded, or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. There are seven main types of plastic, each suited to certain applications. The three most common types are: polyethylene (PE) with its combinations thereof like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). These are examples of synthetic polymers. Thermoplastics are polymers with long chains of molecules. Heat is needed to enable flow. Thermoplastics are grouped into either amorphous or semi-crystalline structures. Adding heat makes these long molecules expand/randomize and during cooling in the mold, they contract or shrink. When the temperature of a thermoplastic is increased gradually, the intermolecular forces in the polymeric chains are also weakened gradually.

Examples of semi-crystalline thermoplastics are polyethylene (PE, PET, APET) and polypropylene (PP). These exhibit an organized lattice at a temperature lower than their melting point. This type is known for its excellent wear and bearing resistance, making it ideal for structural applications and durable plastic parts. This type is also known for its better chemical resistance and insulation properties. Polystyrene (PS) is an example of an amorphous thermoplastic. These materials have a random molecular structure and have a wide range of softening temperatures. Some advantages of amorphous thermoplastics are: good dimensional stability, higher impact resistance, bond well with adhesives, and are easier to thermoform than semi-crystalline thermoplastics. The main difference between these classes of thermoplastics is the arrangement of the molecular chains and how they, in turn, affect the behavior of the polymer under heat.

Table 1 provides three examples of thermoplastics used with the present invention and their specific operating temperatures (service temperature, softening temperature, thermoforming temperature and melting point):

TABLE 1ServiceSofteningThermoformingTemper-Temper-RangeMeltingatureatureTemperaturePointPlastic Type(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)Polypropylene (PP)−10 to 110130-140130-150160-170Amorphous−40 to 7070-85100-120220-260PolyethyleneTerephthalate(APET)Polystyrene (PS)−40 to 9095-105120-160240-270

The melting point of plastic pertains to the specific temperature at which the plastic material transitions from a solid state to a liquid one. Thermoplastic materials become fully liquid at their melting point. The service temperature is the temperature at which the material can be maneuvered and at this temperature the material has a nominal thickness. As heat is applied (at a softening temperature), the plastic material gradually begins to soften. Above the softening temperature, the once rigid and brittle solid material is turned into a soft and pliable rubber-like material. This transition is the glass transition. If we continue to apply heat, the plastic material will gradually melt. After the plastic material is heated at the thermoforming or forming temperature, its thickness will decrease to a medium thickness compared to the nominal thickness of the plastic material and its overall dimensions will expand.

Shrinkage of thermoplastics has a significant impact on both part design and tool design. A semi-crystalline polymer means that the material exhibits organized and tightly packed molecular chains. The areas of crystallinity are called spherulites and can vary in shape and size with amorphous areas existing between the crystalline areas. Thus, this highly organized molecular structure results in a defined melting point. These polymers are anisotropic in flow, so they exhibit greater shrinkage transverse to flow rather than with the flow, which can sometimes result in some dimensional instability. Semi-crystalline polymers generally shrink more than amorphous polymers. Because semi-crystalline polymers have regions of crystalline structure, they often shrink differently in different directions. While semi-crystalline polymers exhibit organized and tightly packed molecular chains, the polymer chains for amorphous plastics are more disorganized. In this type of material, the molecules are oriented randomly and are intertwined, which causes them to have a range of temperatures at which they will melt. This characteristic also makes for an easier thermoforming process. These polymers are isotropic in flow, so they shrink uniformly in the direction of the flow and transverse to flow. This typically results in less shrinkage and less tendency to warp. Shrinkage values are often different in the flow direction and in the cross flow direction. This is typically due to orientation of the molecules. The shrink ratio for the example materials given (see table 1 above), used in the process of thermoforming are: 1.5%-1.8% for Polypropylene (PP), 0.3-0.4% for Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 0.65% for Polystyrene (PS). Table 2 below summarizes some important properties of the example materials given (see table 1 above), used in the process of thermoforming:

TABLE 2Polymer typePropertiesAmorphousCrystallineChain StructureRandom/DisorderedOrdered/StableMelting PointNone defined/Distinct/crystallinesoftens graduallydisassociationShrinkageLowHighAppearanceTransparentOpaqueChemicalLowHighResistanceExamplesPSPP, PET, APET

Small differences in film/sheet temperature can affect thickness distribution in the final part. The part/product thickness determines the gauge of thermoplastic that is used for the manufacturing process. The different thicknesses require machinery and techniques applicable to fit the material's thickness. The thin-gauge thermoplastic films have a nominal thickness between 0.2 and 2 mm. One of the common problems in thermoforming is part/product thickness inconsistency. Overall thickness of the formed part/product is not uniform. This is primarily caused by uneven distribution of the plastic sheet. In the design of the part/product itself, thickness is difficult to control at the edges of the thermoformed product. The present invention addresses this common problem and the problems mentioned above by reconfiguring the supporting block's (92) structure and profile between adjacent cavities (8) in order to create two vertical channels (81). The invention will be detailed below.

With reference toFIGS.2to5, a multi-cavity mould (1) for a thermoforming machine used in the process of high-volume, continuous thermoforming of a plurality of thin-gauge plastic products (2) from a preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) according to the present invention is disclosed comprising an upper tool (11) and a lower tool (12) arranged in a cooperating manner to simultaneously form a plurality of thin-gauge plastic products (2). The multi-cavity mould (1) can be used as a forming station of a thermoforming machine such as the Form/Cut/Stack thermoforming machine or can be adapted to be used as a heating-forming-cutting station inside a Cut-in-Place thermoforming machine or as a forming-cutting station in a In-Mold-Cut thermoforming machine or as a forming station in a Integrated Punch-and-Die Cutting and Stacking thermoforming machine.

The upper tool (11) comprises a top base plate (4) and a plurality of plug moulds (5) arranged in an x-z array and connected in a translational manner to the top base plate (4) by means of driving rods (6) such that the plug moulds (5) are movable in a direction (y) perpendicular to a transport direction (x) of the preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3).

The lower tool (12) comprises a plurality of cavities (8) in which cavity moulds (8′) may be placed and a plurality of base plates (91) from which a plurality of supporting blocks (92) extend perpendicularly over a predetermined total height (a), situated between adjacent cavities (8). Preferably, the base plates (91), the supporting blocks (92) and the cavity moulds (8′) are made of an Aluminum alloy selected from a group consisting of 5083, 6082 or 7075 Aluminum alloys. These are known for their low density (the overall weight of a mould is therefore lower and can be easily transported), higher strength when compared to steel, relatively soft, ductile and easily workable under normal temperature. The tensile strength of these Aluminum alloys is higher than aluminum. The electrical and heat conductivity is less than that of pure aluminum and more than that of steel (the mould can have a relatively constant temperature in its entire groundmass). These can be easily forged, casted and worked with respect to their low melting point, especially on numerically controlled tools.

The upper tool (11) and the lower tool (12) are being operable to simultaneously form a plurality of thin-gauge plastic products (2) in corresponding cavity moulds (8′) arranged inside the cavities (8) of the lower tool (12) in an x-z array. Further, each supporting block (92) is divided into two distinct zones. The first zone is a substantially rectangular shaped zone (92a) in a vertical cross section through a y-z plane, extending perpendicularly from the base plate (91) over a distance (a1) calculated as 92-95% of the total height (a) of the supporting block (92) and the width (w) of the first zone (92a) is calculated as 10-15% of the total height (a) of the supporting block (92).

The second zone is a substantially isosceles trapezoid shaped zone (92b) in a vertical cross section through the y-z plane. The term “isosceles trapezoid shape” can be defined as a trapezoid with two bases (i.e. parallel sides), in which both legs (i.e. non-parallel sides) have the same length; the base angles have the same measure pair wise and the trapezoid has a line of symmetry through the midpoints of opposite sides. The segment that joins the midpoints of the parallel sides (i.e. top base and bottom base) is perpendicular to them. In the context of the present invention, the term “isosceles trapezoid shape” is limited to a “convex isosceles trapezoid shape”. In an isosceles trapezoid, the base angles have the same measure pair wise: two obtuse angles of the same measure and two acute angles, also of the same measure. According to an embodiment of the present invention, both acute base angles of the second zone (92b) are of about 85° to about 89°.

The first and second zones (92a,92b) have a common symmetry axis in the vertical cross section through the y-z plane, perpendicular to the base plate (91). Also, the adjacent cavity moulds (8′) may have a stepped profile, on their exterior surface, which corresponds in a complementary manner to the profile of the supporting block (92) between them. The second substantially isosceles trapezoid shaped zone (92b) extends in continuation of the first zone (92a) over a distance (a2) calculated as 5-8% of the total height (a) of the supporting block (92) and the second zone (92b) has a bottom base in contact with the first zone (92a) and centered relative to the common symmetry axis, a top base and two legs of equal length between the top and bottom bases. The width (w1) of the top base of the second zone (92b) is calculated as 2.5-5% of the total height (a) of the supporting block (92). The bottom base of the second zone (92b) may not have the same width as the first zone (92a). In the region of the first zone (92a), the cooling channels may be provided.

Two vertical channels (81) are formed between at least two adjacent cavity moulds (8′) for accommodating a peripheral flange (B) of each of the thermoformed plastic products (2). As described inFIG.7, a peripheral flange (B) comprises an outside flange (B1) and a secondary flange (B2). The outside flange (B1) extends in continuation of a primary flange (A) of the thermoformed plastic product (2). The primary flange (A) is the flange that is integrally joined to the upper edges of the sidewalls of the thermoformed plastic product (2) and extending outwardly all around the upper periphery of these sidewalls. The outside flange (B1) is a downward flap extending downwardly and tapering slightly outwardly from the outer periphery of the primary flange (A). The secondary flange (B2) is an overhanging portion extending outwardly from the lower edge of the outside flange (B1) used for connecting two adjacent formed products (2) and the web between them in the forming and/or cutting stations of a thermoforming machine.

The two vertical channels (81) are configured to alter, during forming of the plurality of thin-gauge plastic products (2), a thickness of the peripheral flange (B), to decrease from a medium thickness (t) of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) obtained during heating of the thermoplastic sheet (3) at a forming temperature, to a lesser thickness (t1). This is due to the configuration of the two vertical channels (81) which allow a further expansion of the thermoplastic sheet (3) in these relatively narrow channels (81) during the forming stage at the forming temperature. During forming, the thermoplastic sheet (3) is drawn down in thickness in proportion to the additional area created, i.e. the two vertical channels (81). Each of the two vertical channels (81) has preferably a predetermined medium width (d1) of about 2 mm to about 6 mm, more preferably of about 4.5 mm. The peripheral flange's (B) lesser thickness (t1) is preferably decreased to less than ½ of the medium thickness (t) of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) of each of the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2). For example, if the used thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) is Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the peripheral flange's (B) thickness (t1) is preferably decreased to about 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm, more preferably to 0.12 mm, because the lesser the thickness of the peripheral flange (B) is, the higher will be the efficiency for forming a smooth periphery for the formed products (2) later on. This is achieved due to the polymers chemical properties when subjected to heat, more specifically to their softening temperature. They shrink when heated at their softening temperature as their molecular chains curl up. A thin film of a plastic, for example a polyolefin such as, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is oriented such that the polymer chains are stretched out (an extended, oriented polymer film). When the heat is directed to the extended polymer film, the film shrinks into place. During orientation or forming, the polymer is locked, or frozen, into its elongated state. Excess energy (i.e. heat) increases molecular motion. The elongated polymer recoils, or shrinks, or more correctly, it recovers in length, forming a curled region.

Product ventilation does not suffer due to the re-configuration of the supporting block (92) and of the adjacent cavities (8)/adjacent cavity moulds (8′). The air trapped in the upper areas of the finished products (2) is evacuated for example through ventilation holes and/or channels in the supporting block (92) (not represented in the figures).

After forming the plurality of thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2) in the multi-cavity mould (1) as described above, the products (2) located inside the thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) are further transported to a cutting station of the thermoforming machine. Each thermoformed plastic product (2) is then separated from the thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) by cutting along a contour line of the products (2) within the cutting station. Each plastic product (2) has a primary flange (A) and a peripheral flange (B) as defined above. The scrap or web is discarded or recycled. The cut thermoformed plastic products (2) are then transported to a stacker station of the thermoforming machine comprising a heating element (13). This heating element (13) may be also a separate equipment (as seen inFIG.6) i.e. not forming part of a stacker station.

The heating element (13) is configured to form a smooth periphery for a plurality of thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2), formed in a multi-cavity mould (1) as described above. The heating element (13) comprises a substantially concave-shaped manipulation device (7) for holding therein each of the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2) such that the peripheral flange (B) of each of the thermoformed plastic products (2) is extending over each wall of the concave-shaped manipulation device (7).

In the context of the present invention, a concave-shape should be understood as a shape that curves and/or slopes inward. The concave-shape is a three-dimensional (3D) shape which can hold therein an item like a product or part. The word “concave” means curved or sloped/inclined inward or having a “cave” inside. 3D shapes have faces or walls, edges and vertices. They have depth and so they occupy some volume.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the substantially concave-shaped manipulation device (7) is preferably a mechanical stacker or a down stacker or a robotic stacker or any other substantially concave-shaped manipulation device (7). It can be in the form of a cup, bowl or of a substantially rectangular tray. The substantially concave-shaped manipulation device (7) is preferably made of a thermally conductive material with a liquid based cooling system, more preferably Aluminum with a water based cooling system. The manipulation device (7) acts as a protective shield between the formed product (2) and the hot air within the heating element (13). The walls of the manipulation device (7) will protect against heat the walls of the formed products (2) which are placed inside the manipulation device (7).

Further, the heating element (13) comprises a radiant heated peripheral plate (131) disposed at a minimum distance (d), around each wall of the concave-shaped manipulation device (7) to create a gap (82) for accommodating the peripheral flange (B) therein. The minimum distance (d) is preferably about 1 mm to about 4 mm. Preferably, the radiant heated peripheral plate (131) is made of an Aluminum alloy selected from a group consisting of 5083, 6082 or 7075 Aluminum alloys having the advantages mentioned above. The radiant heated peripheral plate (131) further comprises a housing for an electric heating source (131a) mounted therein. This source (131a) is preferably a Hot Air Gun Source. This is an electric tool operating a fan that pulls air into the body of the tool and drives it across an electric heating element and out through a nozzle or a plurality of nozzles. They are lightweight and easy-to-use tools. One advantage of this tool is the heat is almost instantaneous, so it can be switched off during pauses while working. It is a safer source of heat and allows an easy adjustment of the temperature.

The radiant heated peripheral plate (131) further comprises a plurality of hot air distribution channels (131b) which are in fluid communication with the electric heating source (131a) and with a plurality of outlet slits (131c) configured to direct a flow of hot air at a regulated temperature (T) during a predetermined exposure period (EP) set by a control unit connected to the radiant heated peripheral plate (131) around the peripheral flange (B). The regulated temperature (T) is a temperature set in the heating element (13) which aids the peripheral flange (B) of the formed products (2) to reach a softening temperature. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the regulated temperature (T) is preferably of about 100° C. to about 300° C., more preferably 200° C. The predetermined exposure period (EP) is expressed in terms of a continuous variable, such as the time equipment is operating and is the total time period over which a flow of hot air is directed towards a target (i.e. a peripheral flange (B)). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined exposure period (EP) is preferably about 0.5 seconds to 3 seconds. Upon direct exposure of the peripheral flange (B) to the flow of hot air at a regulated temperature (T) during a predetermined exposure period (EP), the peripheral flange's (B) lesser thickness (t1) of each of said thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2) will gradually increase from the lesser thickness (t1) to the medium thickness (t) of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) without exceeding the medium thickness (t), by developing a partial curled region (b) oriented towards an interior side of the preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) or towards a corresponding exterior wall of each of the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2). The partial curled region (b) has a smooth exterior contour. The interior side of the preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) or of the formed product (2) is the side that is oriented towards a lower or bottom part of the mould when the preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) is viewed in the transport direction (x).

Due to the pre-extended length of the peripheral flange (B) and of the softening temperature reached by the peripheral flange's material, this partial curled region (b) is obtained. If one out of these two conditions is not met, the result will be a creasing of the periphery or the flange melting. The partial curled region (b) has a partial bend or curve in a vertical cross section through a plane comprising the primary flange (A) (as seen inFIG.7).

The heating element (13) comprises also an insulation plate (132) disposed between a stripper plate (133) and the radiant heated peripheral plate (131). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the insulation plate (132) is preferably made of an insulating ceramic material, more preferably an Aluminum silicate ceramic fiber board or an Epoxy-based Syntactic Foam (ESF) with preferably a service temperature of 230° C. Ceramic fiber board is a kind of refractory material, usually composed of alumina and silicate, and it is also called an aluminum silicate board. Ceramic fiber board is made of ceramic fiber cotton, natural refractory raw materials, and a small amount of organic binder as the main raw materials. After heating, it has very good mechanical properties and has a certain hardness support, which save energy and reduce consumption, high quality, and high output. It has a high compressive strength and a high temperature resistance. It can withstand a certain amount of pressure and maintain structural integrity and stability. Ceramic fiber board ensures the reliability and safety of the product during use. It has a long service life. Also, the Epoxy-based Syntactic Foam (ESF) is a good material alternative for manufacturing the insulation plate (132) because of its high compressive strength and high temperature resistance.

The stripper plate (133) is a plate that holds the thermoplastic sheet (3) and the formed and then cut thin-gauge plastic products (2); either the ones that remain attached to the thermoplastic sheet (3), via tiny precise notches (also called “nicks”), while the pusher breaks the tags which hold the formed products (2) and release them from the sheet (3) or just the cut thin-gauge plastic products (2) when no nicks are used (for example in a Integrated Punch-and-Die Cutting and Stacking thermoforming machine). The stripper plate (133) is cooled to not overheat the formed products (2) and preferably has a liquid based cooling system, for example, water based.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a thermoforming machine used in the process of high-volume, continuous thermoforming of a plurality of thin-gauge plastic products (2) from a preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) may comprise a multi-cavity mould (1) as described above as a forming station and a heating element (13) for forming a smooth periphery for the plurality of thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2). The heating element (13) is mounted inside a stacker station of the thermoforming machine.

A method for forming a smooth periphery for a plurality of thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2), formed in a multi-cavity mould (1) of a thermoforming machine as described above and according to the present invention comprises the following successive steps of:a) feeding a preheated thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) between the upper tool (11) and lower tool (12) of the multi-cavity mould (1) in a transport direction (x); The preheating is done at a forming temperature according to the specific thermoplastic material used.b) forming the thermoformed plastic products (2) in corresponding cavity moulds (8′) arranged inside the plurality of cavities (8) of the lower tool (12) in an x-z array and simultaneously altering a thickness of the peripheral flange (B) of each thermoformed plastic products (2) to decrease from a medium thickness (t) of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) to a lesser thickness (t1) within the two vertical channels (81) as described above;c) transporting the thermoformed plastic products (2) located inside the thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) further to a cutting station of the thermoforming machine;

In some of the known thermoforming machines, the formed and then trimmed thin-gauge plastic products (2) remain attached to the thermoplastic sheet (3) via tiny precise notches (also called “nicks”) to be easily transported to the next station. On the perimeter of the cutting knife blade, there are small notches. Where there is a notch in the cutting knife it will not cut the sheet (3), and the products (2) will remain attached to the sheet (3) by the uncut perimeter points. These points are called “witness marks” or “tags”. The cut products (2) remain attached to the sheet (3), by these tags, while the sheet (3) continues its path through the thermoforming machine to the final stacking station. The stacker or stacking station comprises two parts: the lower part, with a series of plates/pushers that are shaped as the formed products (2). These pushers break the tags which hold the formed products (2) and release them from the sheet (3) and the upper part of the stacker, allows collecting the final products (2), stacking and counting the products (2) before ejecting them into piles on the tray.d) cutting along a contour line of the products (2) within the cutting station;e) transporting the cut thermoformed plastic products (2) to a stacker station of the thermoforming machine comprising a heating element (13) as described above;f) bringing the cut thermoformed plastic products (2) in a position where their peripheral flange (B) is accommodated inside the gap (82) and aligned with the outlet slits (131c) of the heating element (13);g) directing a flow of hot air at a regulated temperature (T) around the peripheral flange (B) of each thermoformed plastic product (2) through the outlet slits (131c) during a predetermined exposure period (EP) set by the control unit to determine the peripheral flange's (B) lesser thickness (t1) of each of the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2) to gradually increase from the lesser thickness (t1) to the medium thickness (t) of the thermoformed thin-gauge thermoplastic sheet (3) without exceeding the medium thickness (t) by developing a partial curled region (b) oriented towards an interior side of the thermoplastic sheet (3) or towards a corresponding exterior wall of each of the plastic products (2), the partial curled region (b) having a smooth exterior contour;h) stacking the thermoformed thin-gauge plastic products (2) with the partial curled region (b) having a smooth exterior contour for future packaging options.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for a In-Mold-Cut thermoforming machine wherein both forming and cutting happen in the same station, steps b) to d) are performed sequentially within the same station. The system ensures greater precision of the perimeter cut because the process happens in the same station without moving the sheet (3), and there is no material shrinkage. In another preferred embodiment, for a Cut-in-Place thermoforming machine wherein the heating, forming and cutting happen in the same station, steps a) to d) are performed sequentially within the same station.

In yet another preferred embodiment, for a Integrated Punch-and-Die Cutting and Stacking thermoforming machine where forming is happening in a separate station from the cutting and stacking which happen in the same combined station, steps c) to h) are performed sequentially within the same station.

What has been described and illustrated herein is an example of the disclosure along with some of its optional features. The terms, descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. The scope of the disclosure is intended to be defined by the following claims.