A communications system comprising: a base station configured to support dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between a first network and a second network; and a user equipment configured to communicate with the base station based on the first network, characterised by : the base station is configured to determine an asynchronous operation method between the first network and the second network based on a first pattern type for a plurality of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) corresponding to the first network and a second pattern type for a reference signal corresponding to the second network; wherein the first pattern type includes at least one of: a subcarrier spacing in the first network, a number of SSBs during a period, and a frequency domain of one or more resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs; wherein the second pattern type includes at least one of: a number of antenna ports in the second network and a configuration associated with a multicast-broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) subframe; the base station is configured to determine a time offset between resources of the first network and resources of the second network, and the determined asynchronous operation method minimizes overlap between resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs and resources allocated to the reference signal based on the determined time offset. a base station configured to support dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between a first network and a second network; and a user equipment configured to communicate with the base station based on the first network, characterised by : the base station is configured to determine an asynchronous operation method between the first network and the second network based on a first pattern type for a plurality of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) corresponding to the first network and a second pattern type for a reference signal corresponding to the second network; wherein the first pattern type includes at least one of: a subcarrier spacing in the first network, a number of SSBs during a period, and a frequency domain of one or more resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs; wherein the second pattern type includes at least one of: a number of antenna ports in the second network and a configuration associated with a multicast-broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) subframe; the base station is configured to determine a time offset between resources of the first network and resources of the second network, and the determined asynchronous operation method minimizes overlap between resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs and resources allocated to the reference signal based on the determined time offset. the base station is configured to determine an asynchronous operation method between the first network and the second network based on a first pattern type for a plurality of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) corresponding to the first network and a second pattern type for a reference signal corresponding to the second network; wherein the first pattern type includes at least one of: a subcarrier spacing in the first network, a number of SSBs during a period, and a frequency domain of one or more resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs; wherein the second pattern type includes at least one of: a number of antenna ports in the second network and a configuration associated with a multicast-broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) subframe; the base station is configured to determine a time offset between resources of the first network and resources of the second network, and the determined asynchronous operation method minimizes overlap between resources allocated to the plurality of SSBs and resources allocated to the reference signal based on the determined time offset. <EOS>