A method for characterizing a biomolecule parameter, said method comprising the steps of: providing a nanopore in a membrane comprising a conductor-dielectric stack, wherein said membrane separates a first fluid compartment from a second fluid compartment and said nanopore fluidly connects said first and said second fluid compartments and said conductor is graphene and said nanopore is a hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore; providing the biomolecule to said first fluid compartment; applying an electric field across said membrane; driving said biomolecule through said hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore to said second fluid compartment under said applied electric field; and monitoring an electrical parameter across the membrane or along a plane formed by the membrane as the biomolecule transits the hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore, thereby characterizing said biomolecule parameter ; wherein said conductor-dielectric stack comprises: a plurality of conductor layers, wherein adjacent conductor layers are separated by a dielectric layer; wherein one or more of said conductor layers comprises a conductor nanoribbon, through which said nanopore traverses in a direction that is transverse to a longitudinal direction of said conductor nanoribbon; and said method further comprises measuring a time-course of electric potential or transverse current along said conductor nanoribbon during said biomolecule transit through said hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore, thereby characterizing a sequence or length of said biomolecule. providing a nanopore in a membrane comprising a conductor-dielectric stack, wherein said membrane separates a first fluid compartment from a second fluid compartment and said nanopore fluidly connects said first and said second fluid compartments and said conductor is graphene and said nanopore is a hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore; providing the biomolecule to said first fluid compartment; applying an electric field across said membrane; driving said biomolecule through said hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore to said second fluid compartment under said applied electric field; and monitoring an electrical parameter across the membrane or along a plane formed by the membrane as the biomolecule transits the hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore, thereby characterizing said biomolecule parameter ; wherein said conductor-dielectric stack comprises: a plurality of conductor layers, wherein adjacent conductor layers are separated by a dielectric layer; wherein one or more of said conductor layers comprises a conductor nanoribbon, through which said nanopore traverses in a direction that is transverse to a longitudinal direction of said conductor nanoribbon; and said method further comprises measuring a time-course of electric potential or transverse current along said conductor nanoribbon during said biomolecule transit through said hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore, thereby characterizing a sequence or length of said biomolecule. a plurality of conductor layers, wherein adjacent conductor layers are separated by a dielectric layer; wherein one or more of said conductor layers comprises a conductor nanoribbon, through which said nanopore traverses in a direction that is transverse to a longitudinal direction of said conductor nanoribbon; and said method further comprises measuring a time-course of electric potential or transverse current along said conductor nanoribbon during said biomolecule transit through said hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore, thereby characterizing a sequence or length of said biomolecule. <EOS>