A method of obtaining descrambling information at a receiver, the descrambling information for enabling descrambling of scrambled content, the method comprising: using a provider verification key to access a software image, said software image having been secured by a provider using a provider signature key corresponding to the provider verification key; receiving a secured version of virtual descrambling information, wherein the secured version of the virtual descrambling information is the virtual descrambling information secured by a provider using a second provider signature key; executing the accessed software image to obtain the virtual descrambling information from the secured version of the virtual descrambling information, said executing the accessed software image comprising using a second provider verification key corresponding to the second provider signature key to access the secured version of the virtual descrambling information; providing as input to a cryptographic function, the virtual descrambling information, said provider verification key, and said second provider verification key, to produce a given output comprising said descrambling information, wherein the cryptographic function has the property that it is infeasible to determine: a key pair including a further signature key and a further verification key associated with the further signature key; a second key pair including a further second signature key and a further second verification key; and a further input for the cryptographic function comprising the further verification key, the further second verification key, and another virtual descrambling information, such that the cryptographic function produces the given output from the further input. using a provider verification key to access a software image, said software image having been secured by a provider using a provider signature key corresponding to the provider verification key; receiving a secured version of virtual descrambling information, wherein the secured version of the virtual descrambling information is the virtual descrambling information secured by a provider using a second provider signature key; executing the accessed software image to obtain the virtual descrambling information from the secured version of the virtual descrambling information, said executing the accessed software image comprising using a second provider verification key corresponding to the second provider signature key to access the secured version of the virtual descrambling information; providing as input to a cryptographic function, the virtual descrambling information, said provider verification key, and said second provider verification key, to produce a given output comprising said descrambling information, wherein the cryptographic function has the property that it is infeasible to determine: a key pair including a further signature key and a further verification key associated with the further signature key; a second key pair including a further second signature key and a further second verification key; and a further input for the cryptographic function comprising the further verification key, the further second verification key, and another virtual descrambling information, such that the cryptographic function produces the given output from the further input. a key pair including a further signature key and a further verification key associated with the further signature key; a second key pair including a further second signature key and a further second verification key; and a further input for the cryptographic function comprising the further verification key, the further second verification key, and another virtual descrambling information, such that the cryptographic function produces the given output from the further input. <EOS>