A method for rate control, comprising: encoding a first input frame using a first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) to generate a first plurality of encoded data streams , each of the first plurality of encoded data streams being generated using a corresponding coding parameter value of the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) and each of the first plurality of encoded data streams having a corresponding bitrate of a first plurality of bitrate values (R 1-N ); updating a rate control model representing a correspondence between coding parameter (CP) and bitrate (R) based on the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) and the first plurality of bitrate values (R 1-N ) respectively corresponding to the first plurality of encoded data streams ; and encoding a second input frame based on the updated rate control model , wherein encoding the first input frame comprises implementing a plurality of separate encoding processes on the first input frame to generate the first plurality of encoded data streams , each of the plurality of separate encoding processes including encoding the first input frame using one of the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) to generate a corresponding one of the first plurality of encoded data streams ; characterized in that encoding the first input frame comprises implementing the plurality of separate encoding processes including a common process on the first input frame , wherein the common process on the first input frame is shared by the plurality of separate encoding processes and is for prediction of the second input frame. encoding a first input frame using a first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) to generate a first plurality of encoded data streams , each of the first plurality of encoded data streams being generated using a corresponding coding parameter value of the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) and each of the first plurality of encoded data streams having a corresponding bitrate of a first plurality of bitrate values (R 1-N ); updating a rate control model representing a correspondence between coding parameter (CP) and bitrate (R) based on the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) and the first plurality of bitrate values (R 1-N ) respectively corresponding to the first plurality of encoded data streams ; and encoding a second input frame based on the updated rate control model , wherein encoding the first input frame comprises implementing a plurality of separate encoding processes on the first input frame to generate the first plurality of encoded data streams , each of the plurality of separate encoding processes including encoding the first input frame using one of the first plurality of coding parameter values (CP 1-N ) to generate a corresponding one of the first plurality of encoded data streams ; characterized in that encoding the first input frame comprises implementing the plurality of separate encoding processes including a common process on the first input frame , wherein the common process on the first input frame is shared by the plurality of separate encoding processes and is for prediction of the second input frame. <EOS>