A light-emitting diode (LED) lighting device , comprising: a substrate having at least one first recess and at least one second recess therein, wherein at least one of the first recess and the second recess has a bottom surface and at least one tapered side surface adjacent to the bottom surface ; a first bottom electrode disposed in the first recess ; a second bottom electrode disposed in the second recess , wherein at least one of the first bottom electrode and the second bottom electrode is reflective and covers at least a part of the bottom surface and at least a part of the tapered side surface ; at least one first vertical LED disposed in the first recess and on the first bottom electrode , wherein the first vertical LED has a top surface, the substrate has a top surface , a height of the top surface of the first vertical LED with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess is lower than a height of the top surface of the substrate with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess ; at least one second vertical LED disposed in the second recess and on the second bottom electrode ; a first bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the first recess , wherein the first bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the first vertical LED ; a second bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the second recess , wherein the second bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the second vertical LED ; and a top transparent electrode electrically connecting the first vertical LED and the second bottom electrode . a substrate having at least one first recess and at least one second recess therein, wherein at least one of the first recess and the second recess has a bottom surface and at least one tapered side surface adjacent to the bottom surface ; a first bottom electrode disposed in the first recess ; a second bottom electrode disposed in the second recess , wherein at least one of the first bottom electrode and the second bottom electrode is reflective and covers at least a part of the bottom surface and at least a part of the tapered side surface ; at least one first vertical LED disposed in the first recess and on the first bottom electrode , wherein the first vertical LED has a top surface, the substrate has a top surface , a height of the top surface of the first vertical LED with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess is lower than a height of the top surface of the substrate with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess ; at least one second vertical LED disposed in the second recess and on the second bottom electrode ; a first bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the first recess , wherein the first bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the first vertical LED ; a second bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the second recess , wherein the second bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the second vertical LED ; and a top transparent electrode electrically connecting the first vertical LED and the second bottom electrode . <EOS>