A method for a three-dimensional reconstruction of a surface of interest , using a plenoptic camera comprising an input optical system , a matrix optical sensor comprising a plurality of pixels, and a matrix (120; 220; 330; 420) of optical elements (121; 221; 321; 421) which is disposed between the input optical system and the matrix optical sensor, characterised in that it comprises the following steps of: - determining three-dimensional coordinates of a series of points of the object field of the plenoptic camera, called sampling points (P j ); - determining calibration data, associating a set of at least two pixels (p k ) of the matrix optical sensor with each sampling point (P j ); - defining a three-dimensional array, called reconstruction array, extending in the object field of the plenoptic camera and each point of which is associated with one or more sampling point(s) (P j ); - acquiring at least one image of the surface of interest using the plenoptic camera ; - from the calibration data and the image of the surface of interest, calculating , for each point of the reconstruction array, the value of a dissimilarity index (C n ), being a function of one or more dispersion(s), each dispersion being representative of a remoteness between the intensity values taken, on the image of the surface of interest, by the pixels associated with the sampling point (P j ) itself associated with said point of the reconstruction array, or by the pixels associated with one of the sampling points (P j ) themselves associated with said point of the reconstruction array; - determining a three-dimensional distribution of the points of the reconstruction array, each assigned with their value of the dissimilarity index (C n ); - three-dimensionally reconstructing the surface of interest. - determining three-dimensional coordinates of a series of points of the object field of the plenoptic camera, called sampling points (P j ); - determining calibration data, associating a set of at least two pixels (p k ) of the matrix optical sensor with each sampling point (P j ); - defining a three-dimensional array, called reconstruction array, extending in the object field of the plenoptic camera and each point of which is associated with one or more sampling point(s) (P j ); - acquiring at least one image of the surface of interest using the plenoptic camera ; - from the calibration data and the image of the surface of interest, calculating , for each point of the reconstruction array, the value of a dissimilarity index (C n ), being a function of one or more dispersion(s), each dispersion being representative of a remoteness between the intensity values taken, on the image of the surface of interest, by the pixels associated with the sampling point (P j ) itself associated with said point of the reconstruction array, or by the pixels associated with one of the sampling points (P j ) themselves associated with said point of the reconstruction array; - determining a three-dimensional distribution of the points of the reconstruction array, each assigned with their value of the dissimilarity index (C n ); - three-dimensionally reconstructing the surface of interest. <EOS>