An aerosol delivery device comprising: at least one housing enclosing a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition; an electrical load comprising an atomizer ; a power source connected to the electrical load , the power source comprising: a rechargeable lithium-ion battery , LiB, having a carbon-based anode , an electrochemically-active cathode , and a non-aqueous electrolyte in contact with the anode and the cathode , the non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt in a carbonate solvent or solvent mixture; a supercapacitor (SC) being arranged to be charged from the rechargeable LiB , and configured to provide power to the electrical load ; a DC-to-DC converter connected to the supercapacitor (SC), between the supercapacitor (SC) and the electrical load and configured to provide constant power from the supercapacitor (SC) to the electrical load to facilitate uniform dissipation of current; and a resistor (R) connected to, and between, the LiB and the DC-to-DC converter and configured to limit current from the LiB to the DC-to-DC converter ; and a microprocessor configured to operate in an active mode in which the microprocessor is configured to direct power from the power source to the atomizer and thereby control the atomizer to form an inhalable substance from the aerosol precursor composition, wherein the microprocessor being configured to direct power from the power source to the atomizer includes being configured to direct power from the supercapacitor (SC) to the atomizer . at least one housing enclosing a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition; an electrical load comprising an atomizer ; a power source connected to the electrical load , the power source comprising: a rechargeable lithium-ion battery , LiB, having a carbon-based anode , an electrochemically-active cathode , and a non-aqueous electrolyte in contact with the anode and the cathode , the non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt in a carbonate solvent or solvent mixture; a supercapacitor (SC) being arranged to be charged from the rechargeable LiB , and configured to provide power to the electrical load ; a DC-to-DC converter connected to the supercapacitor (SC), between the supercapacitor (SC) and the electrical load and configured to provide constant power from the supercapacitor (SC) to the electrical load to facilitate uniform dissipation of current; and a resistor (R) connected to, and between, the LiB and the DC-to-DC converter and configured to limit current from the LiB to the DC-to-DC converter ; and a rechargeable lithium-ion battery , LiB, having a carbon-based anode , an electrochemically-active cathode , and a non-aqueous electrolyte in contact with the anode and the cathode , the non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt in a carbonate solvent or solvent mixture; a supercapacitor (SC) being arranged to be charged from the rechargeable LiB , and configured to provide power to the electrical load ; a DC-to-DC converter connected to the supercapacitor (SC), between the supercapacitor (SC) and the electrical load and configured to provide constant power from the supercapacitor (SC) to the electrical load to facilitate uniform dissipation of current; and a resistor (R) connected to, and between, the LiB and the DC-to-DC converter and configured to limit current from the LiB to the DC-to-DC converter ; and a microprocessor configured to operate in an active mode in which the microprocessor is configured to direct power from the power source to the atomizer and thereby control the atomizer to form an inhalable substance from the aerosol precursor composition, wherein the microprocessor being configured to direct power from the power source to the atomizer includes being configured to direct power from the supercapacitor (SC) to the atomizer . <EOS>