A method of authenticating a consumable product based on a remaining life value, comprising: in response to insertion of a consumable product in a first device, establishing an authentication session with the consumable product ; determining that an identifier stored in memory of the consumable product is in a first device history of the first device; determining whether a current remaining life value associated with the consumable product is greater than a recorded remaining life value in the first device history , the recorded remaining life value being for the consumable product and associated with the identifier of the consumable product in the first device history ; determining whether a recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in a second device history for a second device different from the first device is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product ; and concluding that the consumable product is not authentic using the first and second device histories, the concluding being in response to: determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the first device history , or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product . in response to insertion of a consumable product in a first device, establishing an authentication session with the consumable product ; determining that an identifier stored in memory of the consumable product is in a first device history of the first device; determining whether a current remaining life value associated with the consumable product is greater than a recorded remaining life value in the first device history , the recorded remaining life value being for the consumable product and associated with the identifier of the consumable product in the first device history ; determining whether a recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in a second device history for a second device different from the first device is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product ; and concluding that the consumable product is not authentic using the first and second device histories, the concluding being in response to: determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the first device history , or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product . determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the first device history , or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product . <EOS>