A computer-implemented method for authenticating a user based on passive affective and knowledge-based authentication, AKBA, the method being executed by one or more processors and comprising: capturing , with a camera, data associated with eye movements and ocular dynamics of the user as the user looks at a graphical user interface, GUI, of a device; determining an AKBA signature of the user based on the captured data; authenticating the user based on a comparison of the AKBA signature with an AKBA template associated with the user; and granting an access to a subset of functions of an application in response to authenticating the user based on the comparison of the AKBA signature with the AKBA template; wherein the AKBA template of the user is generated during an enrollment process wherein generating the AKBA template of the user during the enrollment process comprises determining characteristics associated with at least one of positive preferences, negative preferences, and biographical experience based knowledge of a user, displaying a set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli to the user on a GUI of a device, wherein the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli comprise visual stimuli comprising the determined characteristics of the user, capturing, with a camera, data associated with distinguishing features of eye movements and ocular dynamics of the user as the user looks at the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli, and generating the AKBA template based on the captured data. capturing , with a camera, data associated with eye movements and ocular dynamics of the user as the user looks at a graphical user interface, GUI, of a device; determining an AKBA signature of the user based on the captured data; authenticating the user based on a comparison of the AKBA signature with an AKBA template associated with the user; and granting an access to a subset of functions of an application in response to authenticating the user based on the comparison of the AKBA signature with the AKBA template; wherein the AKBA template of the user is generated during an enrollment process wherein generating the AKBA template of the user during the enrollment process comprises determining characteristics associated with at least one of positive preferences, negative preferences, and biographical experience based knowledge of a user, displaying a set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli to the user on a GUI of a device, wherein the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli comprise visual stimuli comprising the determined characteristics of the user, capturing, with a camera, data associated with distinguishing features of eye movements and ocular dynamics of the user as the user looks at the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli, and generating the AKBA template based on the captured data. determining characteristics associated with at least one of positive preferences, negative preferences, and biographical experience based knowledge of a user, displaying a set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli to the user on a GUI of a device, wherein the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli comprise visual stimuli comprising the determined characteristics of the user, capturing, with a camera, data associated with distinguishing features of eye movements and ocular dynamics of the user as the user looks at the set of person-specific affective-cognitive preprogrammed visual stimuli, and generating the AKBA template based on the captured data. <EOS>