A computer-implemented method, the method comprising: obtaining an artefact that includes a collection of reference items, where the reference items are test cases and where each reference item includes a sequence of words; generating candidate tags from each of the reference items based on the sequences of words in the reference items, where generating candidate tags from each of the reference items comprises generating the candidate tags from a particular reference item of the reference items based on different portions of the sequence of words in the reference item; selecting a subset of the candidate tags as context tags based on an amount that the candidate tags appear in the reference items; obtaining a sample item that includes a sequence of words, where the sample item is a test case, describes an execution pathway exercised by an actual user, describes an execution pathway that resulted in a failure, or describes a feature or function that has undergone a change; identifying a subset of the context tags in the sequence of words in the sample item; classifying a subset of the reference items as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified, wherein classifying a subset of the reference items as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified comprises determining that each of the reference items in the subset of reference items includes at least one of the context tags that were identified; and executing the subset of the reference items classified as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified, or determining that the sample item is a duplicate of a reference item that was classified as contextually similar and automatically discarding the sample item based on the context tags that were identified. obtaining an artefact that includes a collection of reference items, where the reference items are test cases and where each reference item includes a sequence of words; generating candidate tags from each of the reference items based on the sequences of words in the reference items, where generating candidate tags from each of the reference items comprises generating the candidate tags from a particular reference item of the reference items based on different portions of the sequence of words in the reference item; selecting a subset of the candidate tags as context tags based on an amount that the candidate tags appear in the reference items; obtaining a sample item that includes a sequence of words, where the sample item is a test case, describes an execution pathway exercised by an actual user, describes an execution pathway that resulted in a failure, or describes a feature or function that has undergone a change; identifying a subset of the context tags in the sequence of words in the sample item; classifying a subset of the reference items as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified, wherein classifying a subset of the reference items as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified comprises determining that each of the reference items in the subset of reference items includes at least one of the context tags that were identified; and executing the subset of the reference items classified as contextually similar to the sample item based on the context tags that were identified, or determining that the sample item is a duplicate of a reference item that was classified as contextually similar and automatically discarding the sample item based on the context tags that were identified. <EOS>