A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting element , LEE; a scattering element having a first surface facing the LEE, the scattering element being spaced apart from the LEE and positioned to receive at least some light from the LEE, and configured to emit scattered light; and an extractor comprising a transparent material and forming an optical interface including or defined by a region of contact between the scattering element and the extractor, through which the extractor element receives light that is output by the scattering element and having a side surface spaced apart from the optical interface and being arranged to receive a portion of the scattered light through the optical interface, the extractor configured to emit light through an exit surface , the exit surface arranged distal with respect to the optical interface with the scattering element, wherein the scattering element is recessed in the extractor , wherein a first portion of the side surface is positioned and shaped such that an angle of incidence on the side surface of scattered light received through the optical interface that directly impinges on the side surface is equal to or larger than a critical angle for total internal reflection, a second portion of the side surface is configured to receive light from the scattering element at angles less than the critical angle, a reflective element implemented at the second portion of the side surface of the extractor to redirect light back into the extractor , and a base substrate configured to support the LEE relative to the first surface of the scattering element , wherein the base substrate comprises a recess in which the LEE is placed and a reflective side surface , wherein the reflective side surface of the base substrate comprises a portion extending from the optical interface to the side surface . a light-emitting element , LEE; a scattering element having a first surface facing the LEE, the scattering element being spaced apart from the LEE and positioned to receive at least some light from the LEE, and configured to emit scattered light; and an extractor comprising a transparent material and forming an optical interface including or defined by a region of contact between the scattering element and the extractor, through which the extractor element receives light that is output by the scattering element and having a side surface spaced apart from the optical interface and being arranged to receive a portion of the scattered light through the optical interface, the extractor configured to emit light through an exit surface , the exit surface arranged distal with respect to the optical interface with the scattering element, wherein the scattering element is recessed in the extractor , wherein a first portion of the side surface is positioned and shaped such that an angle of incidence on the side surface of scattered light received through the optical interface that directly impinges on the side surface is equal to or larger than a critical angle for total internal reflection, a second portion of the side surface is configured to receive light from the scattering element at angles less than the critical angle, a reflective element implemented at the second portion of the side surface of the extractor to redirect light back into the extractor , and a base substrate configured to support the LEE relative to the first surface of the scattering element , wherein the base substrate comprises a recess in which the LEE is placed and a reflective side surface , wherein the reflective side surface of the base substrate comprises a portion extending from the optical interface to the side surface . <EOS>