A computer-implemented method, comprising: obtaining , by an application executing on a client device , contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; blinding , by the application, the contextual application data to generate blinded contextual application data; obtaining data regarding a digital certificate of the application and device trustworthiness data including data that can be used in assessing trustworthiness of the client device; providing , to a trust assessment server, the blinded contextual application data, the data regarding the digital certificate, and the device trustworthiness data; receiving , the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and a digital signature, of the trust assessment server, over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, unblinding , by the application, the first data item to obtain an unblinded first data item; confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data; in response to confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data, providing , to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the unblinded first data item; and receiving , from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors. obtaining , by an application executing on a client device , contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; blinding , by the application, the contextual application data to generate blinded contextual application data; obtaining data regarding a digital certificate of the application and device trustworthiness data including data that can be used in assessing trustworthiness of the client device; providing , to a trust assessment server, the blinded contextual application data, the data regarding the digital certificate, and the device trustworthiness data; receiving , the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and a digital signature, of the trust assessment server, over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, unblinding , by the application, the first data item to obtain an unblinded first data item; confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data; in response to confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data, providing , to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the unblinded first data item; and receiving , from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors. <EOS>