A quantum dot binding ligand comprising the structure of formula I: wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently C 1-20 alkyl, C 2-20 alkenyl, C 2-20 alkynyl, -L 3 -(R 11 ) q , cycloalkyl, or aryl; R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-20 -alkyl, C 1-20 heteroalkyl, C 2-20 -alkenyl, C 2-20 -alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more Si(R 12 ) 3 groups; R 6 is C 1-20 -alkyl, C 1-20 heteroalkyl, C 2-20 -alkenyl, C 2-20 -alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more Si(R 12 ) 3 groups; each R 11 is independently NR 2a R 2b , C(O)OH, or PR 3a R 3b ; each of R 2a and R 2b is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl; each of R 3a and R 3b is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl; each L 1 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, or C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene; each L 2 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , C 2-8 heteroalkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , or C 3-8 alkylene-O-C 1-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , wherein each L 2 is independently substituted with one or more (R 10 ) q , Si(R 12 ) 3 , or C 3-10 cycloalkoxy; each L 3 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , C 2-8 heteroalkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , or C 3-8 alkylene-O-C 1-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q ; each R 10 is independently NR 2a R 2b , C(O)OH, or PR 3a R 3b ; each R 12 is independently C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; m is 0 to 1000; n is 1 to 50; and q is 1 to 10; wherein at least one L 2 group is substituted by Si(R 12 ) 3 . R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently C 1-20 alkyl, C 2-20 alkenyl, C 2-20 alkynyl, -L 3 -(R 11 ) q , cycloalkyl, or aryl; R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-20 -alkyl, C 1-20 heteroalkyl, C 2-20 -alkenyl, C 2-20 -alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more Si(R 12 ) 3 groups; R 6 is C 1-20 -alkyl, C 1-20 heteroalkyl, C 2-20 -alkenyl, C 2-20 -alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more Si(R 12 ) 3 groups; each R 11 is independently NR 2a R 2b , C(O)OH, or PR 3a R 3b ; each of R 2a and R 2b is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl; each of R 3a and R 3b is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl; each L 1 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, or C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene; each L 2 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , C 2-8 heteroalkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , or C 3-8 alkylene-O-C 1-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , wherein each L 2 is independently substituted with one or more (R 10 ) q , Si(R 12 ) 3 , or C 3-10 cycloalkoxy; each L 3 is independently C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-O-C 2-8 alkylene, C 2-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , C 2-8 heteroalkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q , or C 3-8 alkylene-O-C 1-8 alkylene-(C(O)NH-C 2-8 alkylene) q ; each R 10 is independently NR 2a R 2b , C(O)OH, or PR 3a R 3b ; each R 12 is independently C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; m is 0 to 1000; n is 1 to 50; and q is 1 to 10; wherein at least one L 2 group is substituted by Si(R 12 ) 3 . <EOS>