A system comprising: an MRI-compatible tongue measurement device, comprising: a mouthpiece, and a fiber optic cable configured for connecting an illumination source and a sensor to the mouthpiece; a controller programmed to: measure a magnitude and a spatial extent of activation in a plurality of brain regions of the patient during movement of the tongue, by fMRI; generate a map of an individualized network of brain regions that control tongue movement based on the measurements of the patient's brain during movement of the tongue; identify at least one intact brain region functionally associated with a lesioned brain region based on the map of the individualized network of brain regions, wherein the intact region is involved in the movement of the tongue; track at least one tongue movement of the patient; provide neurofeedback to the patient based on the level of activation of the brain region identified and the at least one movement of the tongue; and instruct the patient to change at least one motor behavior of the tongue based on the neurofeedback, thereby treating the disorder; and a display configured to provide feedback to the patient. an MRI-compatible tongue measurement device, comprising: a mouthpiece, and a fiber optic cable configured for connecting an illumination source and a sensor to the mouthpiece; a mouthpiece, and a fiber optic cable configured for connecting an illumination source and a sensor to the mouthpiece; a controller programmed to: measure a magnitude and a spatial extent of activation in a plurality of brain regions of the patient during movement of the tongue, by fMRI; generate a map of an individualized network of brain regions that control tongue movement based on the measurements of the patient's brain during movement of the tongue; identify at least one intact brain region functionally associated with a lesioned brain region based on the map of the individualized network of brain regions, wherein the intact region is involved in the movement of the tongue; track at least one tongue movement of the patient; provide neurofeedback to the patient based on the level of activation of the brain region identified and the at least one movement of the tongue; and instruct the patient to change at least one motor behavior of the tongue based on the neurofeedback, thereby treating the disorder; and measure a magnitude and a spatial extent of activation in a plurality of brain regions of the patient during movement of the tongue, by fMRI; generate a map of an individualized network of brain regions that control tongue movement based on the measurements of the patient's brain during movement of the tongue; identify at least one intact brain region functionally associated with a lesioned brain region based on the map of the individualized network of brain regions, wherein the intact region is involved in the movement of the tongue; track at least one tongue movement of the patient; provide neurofeedback to the patient based on the level of activation of the brain region identified and the at least one movement of the tongue; and instruct the patient to change at least one motor behavior of the tongue based on the neurofeedback, thereby treating the disorder; and a display configured to provide feedback to the patient. <EOS>