A catalyst system comprising a metal-ligand complex according to formula (I): where: M is a metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; X is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )SiR X 3 , where each R X is independently a (C 1 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl or a (C 1 -C 30 )heterohydrocarbyl and at least one of R X is a (C 2 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl, where any two R X or all three R X are optionally covalently linked; each Z is independently chosen from -O-, -S-, -N(R N )-, or -P(R P )-; each of R 1 and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R)-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, halogen, radicals having formula (II), radicals having formula (III), and radicals having formula (IV): where each of R 31-35 , R 41-48 , and R 51-59 is independently chosen from - H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R N )-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, or halogen, provided that at least one of R 1 or R 16 is a radical having formula (II), a radical having formula (III), or a radical having formula (IV); each of R 2-4 , R 5-8 , R 9-12 , and R 13-15 is independently selected from -H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R)-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, and halogen; L is (C 2 -C 40 )hydrocarbylene or (C 2 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbylene; and each R C , R P , and R N in formula (I) is independently a (C 1 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 30 )heterohydrocarbyl, or -H. M is a metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; X is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )SiR X 3 , where each R X is independently a (C 1 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl or a (C 1 -C 30 )heterohydrocarbyl and at least one of R X is a (C 2 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl, where any two R X or all three R X are optionally covalently linked; each Z is independently chosen from -O-, -S-, -N(R N )-, or -P(R P )-; each of R 1 and R 16 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R)-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, halogen, radicals having formula (II), radicals having formula (III), and radicals having formula (IV): where each of R 31-35 , R 41-48 , and R 51-59 is independently chosen from - H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R N )-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, or halogen, provided that at least one of R 1 or R 16 is a radical having formula (II), a radical having formula (III), or a radical having formula (IV); each of R 2-4 , R 5-8 , R 9-12 , and R 13-15 is independently selected from -H, (C 1 -C 40 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C ) 3 , -Ge(R C ) 3 , -P(R P ) 2 , -N(R N ) 2 , -OR C , -SR C , -NO 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , R C S(O)-, R C S(O) 2 -, (R C ) 2 C=N-, R C C(O)O-, R C OC(O)-, R C C(O)N(R)-, (R C ) 2 NC(O)-, and halogen; L is (C 2 -C 40 )hydrocarbylene or (C 2 -C 40 )heterohydrocarbylene; and each R C , R P , and R N in formula (I) is independently a (C 1 -C 30 )hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 30 )heterohydrocarbyl, or -H. <EOS>