An image sensor comprising: a plurality of pixels , wherein: each pixel of a first portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to receive only near-infrared light in that it comprises a near-infrared filter configured to: block red, green, and blue light; and pass at least a portion of near-infrared light; and each pixel of a second portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to: receive one of red, green, or blue light; and receive near-infrared light, wherein the image sensor further comprises: at least one processor configured to process information from the plurality of pixels in at least two modes, wherein: in a first mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing at least one of red, blue, and green light received by the plurality of pixels; and in a second mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing near-infrared light received by the plurality of pixels, wherein in either one of the first mode or the second mode, the at least one processor is further configured to: receive data from only a sub-portion of the first portion of the plurality of pixels and only a sub-portion of the second portion of pixels. a plurality of pixels , wherein: each pixel of a first portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to receive only near-infrared light in that it comprises a near-infrared filter configured to: block red, green, and blue light; and pass at least a portion of near-infrared light; and each pixel of a second portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to: receive one of red, green, or blue light; and receive near-infrared light, each pixel of a first portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to receive only near-infrared light in that it comprises a near-infrared filter configured to: block red, green, and blue light; and pass at least a portion of near-infrared light; and block red, green, and blue light; and pass at least a portion of near-infrared light; and each pixel of a second portion of the plurality of pixels is configured to: receive one of red, green, or blue light; and receive near-infrared light, receive one of red, green, or blue light; and receive near-infrared light, wherein the image sensor further comprises: at least one processor configured to process information from the plurality of pixels in at least two modes, wherein: in a first mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing at least one of red, blue, and green light received by the plurality of pixels; and in a second mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing near-infrared light received by the plurality of pixels, in a first mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing at least one of red, blue, and green light received by the plurality of pixels; and in a second mode, the at least one processor is configured to return data characterizing near-infrared light received by the plurality of pixels, wherein in either one of the first mode or the second mode, the at least one processor is further configured to: receive data from only a sub-portion of the first portion of the plurality of pixels and only a sub-portion of the second portion of pixels. <EOS>