An array antenna comprising a plurality of low profile arrays, each low profile array (LPA) comprising: a first and a second set of tuning elements , an antenna element array layer having at least one Faraday wall ; and a beamformer circuit layer coupled to the antenna element array layer , the beamformer circuit layer having at least one Faraday wall , wherein the Faraday walls extend between ground planes associated with at least one of the antenna element array layer and the beamformer circuit layer ; wherein the array antenna comprises four LPAs (10a-10d) arranged such that the first set of tuning elements of an LPA (10a-10d) and the first set of tuning elements of a second LPA (10a-10d) are respectively adjacent to the second set of tuning elements of a third LPA (10a-10d) and the second set of tuning elements of a fourth LPA (10a-10d), and wherein for each LPA the at least one Faraday wall of the antenna element array layer serves as both a Faraday wall and as the first and second sets of tuning elements; and wherein one or both of the at least one Faraday wall of the beamformer circuit layer and the at least one Faraday wall of the antenna element array layer is a trench that is back-filled with a conductive material; wherein the trench is configured to be created by milling. a first and a second set of tuning elements , an antenna element array layer having at least one Faraday wall ; and a beamformer circuit layer coupled to the antenna element array layer , the beamformer circuit layer having at least one Faraday wall , wherein the Faraday walls extend between ground planes associated with at least one of the antenna element array layer and the beamformer circuit layer ; wherein the array antenna comprises four LPAs (10a-10d) arranged such that the first set of tuning elements of an LPA (10a-10d) and the first set of tuning elements of a second LPA (10a-10d) are respectively adjacent to the second set of tuning elements of a third LPA (10a-10d) and the second set of tuning elements of a fourth LPA (10a-10d), and wherein for each LPA the at least one Faraday wall of the antenna element array layer serves as both a Faraday wall and as the first and second sets of tuning elements; and an antenna element array layer having at least one Faraday wall ; and a beamformer circuit layer coupled to the antenna element array layer , the beamformer circuit layer having at least one Faraday wall , wherein the Faraday walls extend between ground planes associated with at least one of the antenna element array layer and the beamformer circuit layer ; wherein the array antenna comprises four LPAs (10a-10d) arranged such that the first set of tuning elements of an LPA (10a-10d) and the first set of tuning elements of a second LPA (10a-10d) are respectively adjacent to the second set of tuning elements of a third LPA (10a-10d) and the second set of tuning elements of a fourth LPA (10a-10d), and wherein for each LPA the at least one Faraday wall of the antenna element array layer serves as both a Faraday wall and as the first and second sets of tuning elements; and wherein one or both of the at least one Faraday wall of the beamformer circuit layer and the at least one Faraday wall of the antenna element array layer is a trench that is back-filled with a conductive material; wherein the trench is configured to be created by milling. <EOS>