A painted circuit , comprising: a substrate , and one or more paint layers applied to the substrate, the one or more paint layers each forming an electrical component of the painted circuit, wherein: a given paint layer of the one or more paint layers comprises a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer; and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material; and wherein the one or more paint layers of conductive paint comprise: a battery anode paint layer applied to the substrate; an ion bridge paint layer applied to less than all of the battery anode paint layer; and a battery cathode paint layer applied to the ion bridge layer; characterized by a solar cell anode paint layer applied to less than all of the battery cathode paint layer; a photosensitized layer applied to the solar cell anode paint layer; and a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer. a substrate , and one or more paint layers applied to the substrate, the one or more paint layers each forming an electrical component of the painted circuit, wherein: a given paint layer of the one or more paint layers comprises a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer; and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material; and a given paint layer of the one or more paint layers comprises a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer; and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material; and wherein the one or more paint layers of conductive paint comprise: a battery anode paint layer applied to the substrate; an ion bridge paint layer applied to less than all of the battery anode paint layer; and a battery cathode paint layer applied to the ion bridge layer; characterized by a solar cell anode paint layer applied to less than all of the battery cathode paint layer; a photosensitized layer applied to the solar cell anode paint layer; and a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer. a battery anode paint layer applied to the substrate; an ion bridge paint layer applied to less than all of the battery anode paint layer; and a battery cathode paint layer applied to the ion bridge layer; characterized by a solar cell anode paint layer applied to less than all of the battery cathode paint layer; a photosensitized layer applied to the solar cell anode paint layer; and a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer. <EOS>