A magnetic movement apparatus comprising: at least one mover comprising: a plurality of magnetic bodies comprising at least a first and a second magnetic body ; a work body comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive elements ; and a working surface configured to support the at least one mover, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrically conductive elements is configured to conduct electric current to produce one or more magnetic fields; and a mechanical link mechanically linking at least the first and second magnetic bodies, wherein each magnetic body in the plurality of magnetic bodies comprises at least one magnet array comprising a plurality of magnetization elements configured to cause the at least one mover to experience one or more forces when at least one of the plurality of magnetization elements interacts with the one or more magnetic fields such that at least the first and second magnetic bodies move relative to each other, wherein the working surface separates the plurality of electrically conductive elements from the at least one mover, and wherein the first magnetic body is configured to cause the first magnetic body to experience at least two first independently controllable forces in non-parallel directions generally parallel with the working surface when the first magnetic body interacts with the one or more magnetic fields, and wherein the mechanical link is configured to constrain relative movement between the first and second magnetic bodies to one or more linear or rotational directions. at least one mover comprising: a plurality of magnetic bodies comprising at least a first and a second magnetic body ; a work body comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive elements ; and a working surface configured to support the at least one mover, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrically conductive elements is configured to conduct electric current to produce one or more magnetic fields; and a plurality of electrically conductive elements ; and a working surface configured to support the at least one mover, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrically conductive elements is configured to conduct electric current to produce one or more magnetic fields; and a mechanical link mechanically linking at least the first and second magnetic bodies, wherein each magnetic body in the plurality of magnetic bodies comprises at least one magnet array comprising a plurality of magnetization elements configured to cause the at least one mover to experience one or more forces when at least one of the plurality of magnetization elements interacts with the one or more magnetic fields such that at least the first and second magnetic bodies move relative to each other, wherein the working surface separates the plurality of electrically conductive elements from the at least one mover, and wherein the first magnetic body is configured to cause the first magnetic body to experience at least two first independently controllable forces in non-parallel directions generally parallel with the working surface when the first magnetic body interacts with the one or more magnetic fields, and wherein the mechanical link is configured to constrain relative movement between the first and second magnetic bodies to one or more linear or rotational directions. <EOS>