A method implemented by one or more processors, the method comprising: processing audio data capturing an utterance , spoken by a user, using an automatic speech recognition, ASR, model of an ASR engine , to generate a text representation of the utterance ; processing, using the ASR model, subsequent audio data capturing a subsequent utterance , spoken by the user subsequent to the utterance, to generate a subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance ; determining, based on the subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance , whether the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance , generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance, the determining comprising: determining that the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance , generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance based on determining that the text representation of the subsequent utterance does not correspond to a historical text representation of a historical utterance previously spoken by the user, the historical text representation being associated with a historical subsequent text representation of a historical subsequent utterance which the user spoke as a result of the historical text representation of the historical utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the historical utterance; and in response to determining the text representation of the utterance is a misrecognition of the utterance and the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the misrecognition, personalizing the ASR engine, for the user, using the text representation of the utterance and/or the text representation of the subsequent utterance . processing audio data capturing an utterance , spoken by a user, using an automatic speech recognition, ASR, model of an ASR engine , to generate a text representation of the utterance ; processing, using the ASR model, subsequent audio data capturing a subsequent utterance , spoken by the user subsequent to the utterance, to generate a subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance ; determining, based on the subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance , whether the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance , generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance, the determining comprising: determining that the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance , generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance based on determining that the text representation of the subsequent utterance does not correspond to a historical text representation of a historical utterance previously spoken by the user, the historical text representation being associated with a historical subsequent text representation of a historical subsequent utterance which the user spoke as a result of the historical text representation of the historical utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the historical utterance; and in response to determining the text representation of the utterance is a misrecognition of the utterance and the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the misrecognition, personalizing the ASR engine, for the user, using the text representation of the utterance and/or the text representation of the subsequent utterance . <EOS>