A method for forming a thermal management article comprising the steps of: providing a substrate , wherein the substrate includes a surface , and wherein the surface includes at least one groove formed therein, the at least one groove including a groove geometry; forming at least one duct adapted to be inserted into the at least one groove , wherein forming the at least one duct includes forming the at least one duct to have a duct geometry, wherein the at least one duct includes: a length ; at least one inner surface defining at least one fluid pathway through the at least one duct ; an outer surface including a top portion and a bottom portion , the duct geometry at the bottom portion conforming to the groove geometry and the duct geometry at the top portion conformed to be substantially flush with the surface of the substrate ; and a wall thickness between the at least one inner surface and the outer surface , wherein the wall thickness includes a top wall thickness between the top portion of the outer surface and the at least one inner surface ; and then inserting the at least one duct into the at least one groove and attaching the at least one duct to the at least one groove , wherein the bottom portion of the outer surface of the at least one duct is within the at least one groove and the top portion of the outer surface of the at least one duct is substantially flush with the surface of the substrate ; wherein the at least one duct and the at least one groove include features adapted to permit a fluid to enter the at least one duct from the substrate and exit the at least one duct to an exterior environment or to a pathway within the substrate . providing a substrate , wherein the substrate includes a surface , and wherein the surface includes at least one groove formed therein, the at least one groove including a groove geometry; forming at least one duct adapted to be inserted into the at least one groove , wherein forming the at least one duct includes forming the at least one duct to have a duct geometry, wherein the at least one duct includes: a length ; at least one inner surface defining at least one fluid pathway through the at least one duct ; an outer surface including a top portion and a bottom portion , the duct geometry at the bottom portion conforming to the groove geometry and the duct geometry at the top portion conformed to be substantially flush with the surface of the substrate ; and a wall thickness between the at least one inner surface and the outer surface , wherein the wall thickness includes a top wall thickness between the top portion of the outer surface and the at least one inner surface ; and a length ; at least one inner surface defining at least one fluid pathway through the at least one duct ; an outer surface including a top portion and a bottom portion , the duct geometry at the bottom portion conforming to the groove geometry and the duct geometry at the top portion conformed to be substantially flush with the surface of the substrate ; and a wall thickness between the at least one inner surface and the outer surface , wherein the wall thickness includes a top wall thickness between the top portion of the outer surface and the at least one inner surface ; and then inserting the at least one duct into the at least one groove and attaching the at least one duct to the at least one groove , wherein the bottom portion of the outer surface of the at least one duct is within the at least one groove and the top portion of the outer surface of the at least one duct is substantially flush with the surface of the substrate ; wherein the at least one duct and the at least one groove include features adapted to permit a fluid to enter the at least one duct from the substrate and exit the at least one duct to an exterior environment or to a pathway within the substrate . <EOS>