A nanopore sensor comprising: a nanopore disposed in a support structure , the nanopore having a nanopore radius, r pore , and a nanopore length, l pore , and the nanopore having a nanopore resistance, R Pore ; a first fluidic reservoir including a fluidic solution having a first ionic concentration; a fluidic passage disposed between the first fluidic reservoir and the nanopore to fluidically connect the first fluidic reservoir to the nanopore through the fluidic passage, the fluidic passage having a fluidic passage resistance, R FP , that is at least 10% of the nanopore resistance, R Pore , and no more than 10 times the nanopore resistance, R Pore ; a second fluidic reservoir including a fluidic solution having a second ionic concentration, the second fluidic reservoir being fluidically connected to the nanopore, with the nanopore providing fluidic connection between the fluidic passage and the second fluidic reservoir; wherein the fluidic passage has a fluidic passage radius, r FP , along at least a portion of a fluidic passage length, l FP , the fluidic passage length being greater than the fluidic passage radius; electrodes connected in the first and second reservoirs to impose an electrical potential difference across the nanopore, between the first and second fluidic reservoirs; and wherein the nanopore sensor is characterized in that : the nanopore sensor further comprises at least one electrical transduction element disposed at a location within the fluidic passage with a connection to measure electrical potential local to the fluidic passage. a nanopore disposed in a support structure , the nanopore having a nanopore radius, r pore , and a nanopore length, l pore , and the nanopore having a nanopore resistance, R Pore ; a first fluidic reservoir including a fluidic solution having a first ionic concentration; a fluidic passage disposed between the first fluidic reservoir and the nanopore to fluidically connect the first fluidic reservoir to the nanopore through the fluidic passage, the fluidic passage having a fluidic passage resistance, R FP , that is at least 10% of the nanopore resistance, R Pore , and no more than 10 times the nanopore resistance, R Pore ; a second fluidic reservoir including a fluidic solution having a second ionic concentration, the second fluidic reservoir being fluidically connected to the nanopore, with the nanopore providing fluidic connection between the fluidic passage and the second fluidic reservoir; wherein the fluidic passage has a fluidic passage radius, r FP , along at least a portion of a fluidic passage length, l FP , the fluidic passage length being greater than the fluidic passage radius; electrodes connected in the first and second reservoirs to impose an electrical potential difference across the nanopore, between the first and second fluidic reservoirs; and wherein the nanopore sensor is characterized in that : the nanopore sensor further comprises at least one electrical transduction element disposed at a location within the fluidic passage with a connection to measure electrical potential local to the fluidic passage. the nanopore sensor further comprises at least one electrical transduction element disposed at a location within the fluidic passage with a connection to measure electrical potential local to the fluidic passage. <EOS>