A system for generating a clinical effects map for electrical stimulation, the system comprising: a display ; and a processor coupled to the display and configured to perform actions comprising: receiving, for each of a plurality of first sets of stimulation parameters, at least one clinical response resulting from stimulation using the first set of stimulation parameters, wherein each first set of stimulation parameters comprises a selection of at least one electrode of an electrical stimulation lead to generate the stimulation, wherein each of the at least one clinical response is associated with at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; determining, using the clinical responses and the first sets of stimulation parameters, a spatial relationship between the electrical stimulation lead and at least one effect region , wherein each effect region is associated with at least one of the at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; estimating, based on the spatial relationship, at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of second sets of stimulation parameters which are different from the first sets of stimulation parameters; and generating and presenting, on the display, a clinical effects map illustrating at least the estimated at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of the second sets of stimulation parameters. a display ; and a processor coupled to the display and configured to perform actions comprising: receiving, for each of a plurality of first sets of stimulation parameters, at least one clinical response resulting from stimulation using the first set of stimulation parameters, wherein each first set of stimulation parameters comprises a selection of at least one electrode of an electrical stimulation lead to generate the stimulation, wherein each of the at least one clinical response is associated with at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; determining, using the clinical responses and the first sets of stimulation parameters, a spatial relationship between the electrical stimulation lead and at least one effect region , wherein each effect region is associated with at least one of the at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; estimating, based on the spatial relationship, at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of second sets of stimulation parameters which are different from the first sets of stimulation parameters; and generating and presenting, on the display, a clinical effects map illustrating at least the estimated at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of the second sets of stimulation parameters. receiving, for each of a plurality of first sets of stimulation parameters, at least one clinical response resulting from stimulation using the first set of stimulation parameters, wherein each first set of stimulation parameters comprises a selection of at least one electrode of an electrical stimulation lead to generate the stimulation, wherein each of the at least one clinical response is associated with at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; determining, using the clinical responses and the first sets of stimulation parameters, a spatial relationship between the electrical stimulation lead and at least one effect region , wherein each effect region is associated with at least one of the at least one therapeutic effect or side effect; estimating, based on the spatial relationship, at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of second sets of stimulation parameters which are different from the first sets of stimulation parameters; and generating and presenting, on the display, a clinical effects map illustrating at least the estimated at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of the second sets of stimulation parameters. <EOS>