A method of transmitting, by a communication device, a signal for estimating phase noise for a downlink channel in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: generating a phase noise reference signal, PNRS; generating a demodulation reference signal, DMRS; mapping the PNRS to resources that are utilized for downlink data transmission such that: (i) based on the DMRS being mapped to a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain: the PNRS is mapped to at least one subcarrier among the plurality of subcarriers to which the DMRS is mapped, and (ii) based on the DMRS being mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a time domain: the PNRS is mapped to a plurality of OFDM symbols that occur after the OFDM symbol to which the DMRS is mapped, wherein the plurality of OFDM symbols are spaced apart from each other by one or more OFDM symbol durations; and transmitting, to a user equipment, (i) the PNRS mapped to the at least one subcarrier and to the plurality of OFDM symbols, and (ii) the DMRS mapped to the plurality of subcarriers and to the OFDM symbol. generating a phase noise reference signal, PNRS; generating a demodulation reference signal, DMRS; mapping the PNRS to resources that are utilized for downlink data transmission such that: (i) based on the DMRS being mapped to a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain: the PNRS is mapped to at least one subcarrier among the plurality of subcarriers to which the DMRS is mapped, and (ii) based on the DMRS being mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a time domain: the PNRS is mapped to a plurality of OFDM symbols that occur after the OFDM symbol to which the DMRS is mapped, wherein the plurality of OFDM symbols are spaced apart from each other by one or more OFDM symbol durations; and transmitting, to a user equipment, (i) the PNRS mapped to the at least one subcarrier and to the plurality of OFDM symbols, and (ii) the DMRS mapped to the plurality of subcarriers and to the OFDM symbol. (i) based on the DMRS being mapped to a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain: the PNRS is mapped to at least one subcarrier among the plurality of subcarriers to which the DMRS is mapped, and (ii) based on the DMRS being mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, symbol in a time domain: the PNRS is mapped to a plurality of OFDM symbols that occur after the OFDM symbol to which the DMRS is mapped, wherein the plurality of OFDM symbols are spaced apart from each other by one or more OFDM symbol durations; and transmitting, to a user equipment, (i) the PNRS mapped to the at least one subcarrier and to the plurality of OFDM symbols, and (ii) the DMRS mapped to the plurality of subcarriers and to the OFDM symbol. the PNRS is mapped to a plurality of OFDM symbols that occur after the OFDM symbol to which the DMRS is mapped, wherein the plurality of OFDM symbols are spaced apart from each other by one or more OFDM symbol durations; and transmitting, to a user equipment, (i) the PNRS mapped to the at least one subcarrier and to the plurality of OFDM symbols, and (ii) the DMRS mapped to the plurality of subcarriers and to the OFDM symbol. <EOS>