A device comprising: a passive element formed of a plurality of individual layers stacked sequentially on top of each other and comprising: a plurality of insulating layers, each of which comprise an insulating material; at least one sensing layer, each of which comprise a conductive or a semi-conductive material; a plurality of conductive layers, each of which comprises an electrically conductive material; and at least one semi-porous layer, each of which comprises a semi-porous material; wherein the semi-porous material is an electrically, mechanically, magnetically, and/or chemically porous material that, when deformed, opens or closes its pores, or alters an electromechanical, chemical, or magnetic state; wherein all of the plurality of conductive layers are separated from each other by one or more of the plurality of insulating layers, one or more of the at least one sensing layer, and/or one or more of the at least one semi-porous layer; optionally, wherein at least some or all of the plurality of conductive layers are spaced apart from the at least one sensing layer by the at least one semi-porous layer; and wherein the passive element comprises one or more of resistive, capacitive, and inductive characteristics; a first insulating layer disposed over a top surface of the passive element; a second insulating layer disposed over a bottom surface of the passive element; and one or more electrically conductive threads, each of which is electromechanically attached to one of the plurality of conductive layers of the passive element and also exposed on and/or embedded within the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer. a passive element formed of a plurality of individual layers stacked sequentially on top of each other and comprising: a plurality of insulating layers, each of which comprise an insulating material; at least one sensing layer, each of which comprise a conductive or a semi-conductive material; a plurality of conductive layers, each of which comprises an electrically conductive material; and at least one semi-porous layer, each of which comprises a semi-porous material; wherein the semi-porous material is an electrically, mechanically, magnetically, and/or chemically porous material that, when deformed, opens or closes its pores, or alters an electromechanical, chemical, or magnetic state; wherein all of the plurality of conductive layers are separated from each other by one or more of the plurality of insulating layers, one or more of the at least one sensing layer, and/or one or more of the at least one semi-porous layer; optionally, wherein at least some or all of the plurality of conductive layers are spaced apart from the at least one sensing layer by the at least one semi-porous layer; and wherein the passive element comprises one or more of resistive, capacitive, and inductive characteristics; a plurality of insulating layers, each of which comprise an insulating material; at least one sensing layer, each of which comprise a conductive or a semi-conductive material; a plurality of conductive layers, each of which comprises an electrically conductive material; and at least one semi-porous layer, each of which comprises a semi-porous material; wherein the semi-porous material is an electrically, mechanically, magnetically, and/or chemically porous material that, when deformed, opens or closes its pores, or alters an electromechanical, chemical, or magnetic state; wherein all of the plurality of conductive layers are separated from each other by one or more of the plurality of insulating layers, one or more of the at least one sensing layer, and/or one or more of the at least one semi-porous layer; optionally, wherein at least some or all of the plurality of conductive layers are spaced apart from the at least one sensing layer by the at least one semi-porous layer; and wherein the passive element comprises one or more of resistive, capacitive, and inductive characteristics; a first insulating layer disposed over a top surface of the passive element; a second insulating layer disposed over a bottom surface of the passive element; and one or more electrically conductive threads, each of which is electromechanically attached to one of the plurality of conductive layers of the passive element and also exposed on and/or embedded within the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer.