A transmission mode switching method, comprising: receiving, by a terminal, transmission mode configuration information sent by a base station, wherein the transmission mode configuration information comprises a configuration parameter of a target transmission mode; and switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space; wherein the target transmission mode is an asynchronous hybrid automatic repeat request HARQ transmission mode or a synchronous HARQ transmission mode; wherein when the target transmission mode is the asynchronous HARQ transmission mode, the trigger signaling is downlink control information DCI that comprises a HARQ process identifier, and the switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space comprises: if the terminal detects, through listening in the preset space, the DCI that comprises the HARQ process identifier, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the asynchronous HARQ transmission mode; wherein when the target transmission mode is the synchronous HARQ transmission mode, the trigger signaling is downlink control information DCI in format 0 or DCI in format 4, and the switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space comprises: if the terminal detects, through listening, the DCI in format 0 or the DCI in format 4 in the preset space, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the synchronous HARQ transmission mode. receiving, by a terminal, transmission mode configuration information sent by a base station, wherein the transmission mode configuration information comprises a configuration parameter of a target transmission mode; and switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space; wherein the target transmission mode is an asynchronous hybrid automatic repeat request HARQ transmission mode or a synchronous HARQ transmission mode; wherein when the target transmission mode is the asynchronous HARQ transmission mode, the trigger signaling is downlink control information DCI that comprises a HARQ process identifier, and the switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space comprises: if the terminal detects, through listening in the preset space, the DCI that comprises the HARQ process identifier, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the asynchronous HARQ transmission mode; wherein when the target transmission mode is the synchronous HARQ transmission mode, the trigger signaling is downlink control information DCI in format 0 or DCI in format 4, and the switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space comprises: if the terminal detects, through listening, the DCI in format 0 or the DCI in format 4 in the preset space, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the synchronous HARQ transmission mode. if the terminal detects, through listening in the preset space, the DCI that comprises the HARQ process identifier, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the asynchronous HARQ transmission mode; wherein when the target transmission mode is the synchronous HARQ transmission mode, the trigger signaling is downlink control information DCI in format 0 or DCI in format 4, and the switching, by the terminal, a current uplink transmission mode to the target transmission mode if the terminal detects, through listening, trigger signaling in preset space comprises: if the terminal detects, through listening, the DCI in format 0 or the DCI in format 4 in the preset space, switching, by the terminal, the current uplink transmission mode to the synchronous HARQ transmission mode.