A surgical instrument, comprising: a surgical end effector comprising first and second jaw members (210, 250) wherein application of a closure motion to at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250) results in the movement of the at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250) to a closed position relative to the other of said first and second jaw members (210, 250); and a closure system comprising: an axially movable closure member configured to apply said closure motion to said at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250); a closure actuator including a first actuator portion configured to move axially through a first range of axial travel upon actuation of said closure actuator; and a closure transmission interfacing with said first actuator portion and comprising a second actuator portion interfacing with said axially movable closure member such that upon actuation of said closure actuator, said second actuator portion moves said axially movable closure member through a second range of axial travel that is greater than said first range of axial travel, characterised in that: said first actuator portion comprises a first axially movable closure rack and said second actuator portion comprises a second axially movable closure rack in operable engagement with said first axially movable closure rack, and in that said closure transmission further comprises: a transfer rack axially movable between said first axially movable closure rack and said second axially movable closure rack; a closure pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said first axially movable closure rack and said transfer rack; a transfer pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said transfer rack; and a multiplier pinion gear coupled to said transfer pinion gear and in operable meshing engagement with said second axially movable closure rack. a surgical end effector comprising first and second jaw members (210, 250) wherein application of a closure motion to at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250) results in the movement of the at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250) to a closed position relative to the other of said first and second jaw members (210, 250); and a closure system comprising: an axially movable closure member configured to apply said closure motion to said at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250); a closure actuator including a first actuator portion configured to move axially through a first range of axial travel upon actuation of said closure actuator; and a closure transmission interfacing with said first actuator portion and comprising a second actuator portion interfacing with said axially movable closure member such that upon actuation of said closure actuator, said second actuator portion moves said axially movable closure member through a second range of axial travel that is greater than said first range of axial travel, characterised in that: an axially movable closure member configured to apply said closure motion to said at least one of said first and second jaw members (210, 250); a closure actuator including a first actuator portion configured to move axially through a first range of axial travel upon actuation of said closure actuator; and a closure transmission interfacing with said first actuator portion and comprising a second actuator portion interfacing with said axially movable closure member such that upon actuation of said closure actuator, said second actuator portion moves said axially movable closure member through a second range of axial travel that is greater than said first range of axial travel, characterised in that: said first actuator portion comprises a first axially movable closure rack and said second actuator portion comprises a second axially movable closure rack in operable engagement with said first axially movable closure rack, and in that said closure transmission further comprises: a transfer rack axially movable between said first axially movable closure rack and said second axially movable closure rack; a closure pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said first axially movable closure rack and said transfer rack; a transfer pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said transfer rack; and a multiplier pinion gear coupled to said transfer pinion gear and in operable meshing engagement with said second axially movable closure rack. a transfer rack axially movable between said first axially movable closure rack and said second axially movable closure rack; a closure pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said first axially movable closure rack and said transfer rack; a transfer pinion gear supported in operable meshing engagement with said transfer rack; and a multiplier pinion gear coupled to said transfer pinion gear and in operable meshing engagement with said second axially movable closure rack.