A tissue gripping device comprising: a U-shaped base section having a pair of base bend features at a distal end of the U-shaped base section; a pair of arms comprising a first arm and a second arm each having a flat proximal side and a flat distal side, the first and second arms being disposed opposite one another, and each arm extending radially outward from a respective side of a proximal end of the U-shaped base section to a free end; and a pair of arm bend features partitioning the arms from the base section such that the first arm and the second arm are separated, in a relaxed state, by an angle measured between the proximal sides of the first and second arms, the base bend features and the arm bend features being configured to give the tissue gripping device a bent configuration when the tissue gripping device is in the relaxed state, such that when the tissue gripping device is forced into a stressed state, the tissue gripping device is resiliently biased toward the relaxed state, each arm including a furcated section, the furcated sections coinciding with the arm bend features, and the tissue gripping device including a plurality of frictional elements configured to engage with tissue at a treatment site and resist movement of tissue away from the tissue gripping device after the frictional elements have engaged with the tissue, the frictional elements being formed as angled barbs extending distally and inwardly from a side edge of the arms of the tissue gripping device, the frictional elements integrally formed with and protruding from a side edge of each of the arms thereby forming a plurality of slotted recesses disposed along side edges of each arm at sections adjacent to the frictional elements, wherein the U-shaped base section, the arm bend features, and the arms are formed from a shape-memory stock material configured to exhibit superelasticity in a physiological environment, characterized in that the angle is of between 180 degrees and 200 degrees as measured between the proximal sides of the first and second arms. a U-shaped base section having a pair of base bend features at a distal end of the U-shaped base section; a pair of arms comprising a first arm and a second arm each having a flat proximal side and a flat distal side, the first and second arms being disposed opposite one another, and each arm extending radially outward from a respective side of a proximal end of the U-shaped base section to a free end; and a pair of arm bend features partitioning the arms from the base section such that the first arm and the second arm are separated, in a relaxed state, by an angle measured between the proximal sides of the first and second arms, the base bend features and the arm bend features being configured to give the tissue gripping device a bent configuration when the tissue gripping device is in the relaxed state, such that when the tissue gripping device is forced into a stressed state, the tissue gripping device is resiliently biased toward the relaxed state, each arm including a furcated section, the furcated sections coinciding with the arm bend features, and the tissue gripping device including a plurality of frictional elements configured to engage with tissue at a treatment site and resist movement of tissue away from the tissue gripping device after the frictional elements have engaged with the tissue, the frictional elements being formed as angled barbs extending distally and inwardly from a side edge of the arms of the tissue gripping device, the frictional elements integrally formed with and protruding from a side edge of each of the arms thereby forming a plurality of slotted recesses disposed along side edges of each arm at sections adjacent to the frictional elements, wherein the U-shaped base section, the arm bend features, and the arms are formed from a shape-memory stock material configured to exhibit superelasticity in a physiological environment, characterized in that the angle is of between 180 degrees and 200 degrees as measured between the proximal sides of the first and second arms.