A photoelectric physiological signal acquiring and processing device, comprising: a light source, a photoelectric sensing device, an acquisition circuit, an analog-to-digital device, and a microprocessing unit; wherein a light of a specific wavelength and light intensity emitted by the light source for acquiring a physiological signal is transmitted through or reflected by a human physiological signal acquisition site and irradiated on the photoelectric sensing device; the photoelectric sensing device converts an optical signal into a current signal and outputs the current signal to the acquisition circuit; the current signal is converted into a processed voltage signal by the acquisition circuit, and the processed voltage signal is output to the analog-to-digital device; the processed voltage signal is converted into a digital signal by the analog-to-digital device, and the digital signal is output to the microprocessing unit; and the data signal is processed by the microprocessing unit to obtain the physiological signal; and the acquisition circuit comprises a current-to-voltage conversion module, a filtering device, and an amplification circuit; the current-to-voltage conversion module converts the current signal into the processed voltage signal and outputs the processed voltage signal to the filtering device; the filtering device filters the voltage signal and outputs a filtered voltage signal to the amplification circuit; and the amplified circuit amplifies the filtered voltage signal and outputs an amplified voltage signal to the analog-to-digital device, wherein the device further comprises an optical filtering unit attached to and covering the photoelectric sensing device; and wherein the optical filtering unit and the photoelectric sensing device are correspondingly selected so that a wavelength range of the light passing through the optical filtering unit is within a spectral response range of the photoelectric sensing device, wherein the current-to-voltage conversion module is a trans-impedance amplifier, and the trans-impedance amplifier is configured to convert a varied current signal into a varied voltage signal, without amplifying the varied current signal. wherein a light of a specific wavelength and light intensity emitted by the light source for acquiring a physiological signal is transmitted through or reflected by a human physiological signal acquisition site and irradiated on the photoelectric sensing device; the photoelectric sensing device converts an optical signal into a current signal and outputs the current signal to the acquisition circuit; the current signal is converted into a processed voltage signal by the acquisition circuit, and the processed voltage signal is output to the analog-to-digital device; the processed voltage signal is converted into a digital signal by the analog-to-digital device, and the digital signal is output to the microprocessing unit; and the data signal is processed by the microprocessing unit to obtain the physiological signal; and the acquisition circuit comprises a current-to-voltage conversion module, a filtering device, and an amplification circuit; the current-to-voltage conversion module converts the current signal into the processed voltage signal and outputs the processed voltage signal to the filtering device; the filtering device filters the voltage signal and outputs a filtered voltage signal to the amplification circuit; and the amplified circuit amplifies the filtered voltage signal and outputs an amplified voltage signal to the analog-to-digital device, wherein the device further comprises an optical filtering unit attached to and covering the photoelectric sensing device; and wherein the optical filtering unit and the photoelectric sensing device are correspondingly selected so that a wavelength range of the light passing through the optical filtering unit is within a spectral response range of the photoelectric sensing device, wherein the current-to-voltage conversion module is a trans-impedance amplifier, and the trans-impedance amplifier is configured to convert a varied current signal into a varied voltage signal, without amplifying the varied current signal.