An indeno-fused naphthopyran having the core skeletal structure represented by Formula (Ia): wherein, D is oxygen or sulfur; E is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2'; a is 0 or 1; R 1 is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R 2 and R 2' are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; provided that when R 2 is a substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl, the substituent does not comprise an aromatic group or a cyclic group; and provided that when E is oxygen or sulfur, R 2 is not hydrogen; and wherein, R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from (i) hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, allyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; (ii) alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkylthio, ketone, aldehyde, ester, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, siloxane, alkoxysilane, or polysiloxane; (iii) a group comprising polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, polyurethane or combinations thereof; or (iv) R 3 and R 4 together form an aliphatic ring having 3 to 20 ring member carbon atoms, a condensed polycyclic ring having an aromatic ring or aromatic hetero ring condensed to the above aliphatic ring, a hetero ring having 3 to 20 ring member atoms, or a condensed polycyclic ring having an aromatic ring or aromatic hetero ring condensed to the above hetero ring, together with the 13-position carbon atom bonded thereto. D is oxygen or sulfur; E is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2'; a is 0 or 1; R 1 is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R 2 and R 2' are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; provided that when R 2 is a substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl, the substituent does not comprise an aromatic group or a cyclic group; and provided that when E is oxygen or sulfur, R 2 is not hydrogen; and wherein, R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from (i) hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, allyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; (ii) alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkylthio, ketone, aldehyde, ester, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, siloxane, alkoxysilane, or polysiloxane; (iii) a group comprising polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, polyurethane or combinations thereof; or (iv) R 3 and R 4 together form an aliphatic ring having 3 to 20 ring member carbon atoms, a condensed polycyclic ring having an aromatic ring or aromatic hetero ring condensed to the above aliphatic ring, a hetero ring having 3 to 20 ring member atoms, or a condensed polycyclic ring having an aromatic ring or aromatic hetero ring condensed to the above hetero ring, together with the 13-position carbon atom bonded thereto. provided that when R 2 is a substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl, the substituent does not comprise an aromatic group or a cyclic group; and provided that when E is oxygen or sulfur, R 2 is not hydrogen; and wherein, R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from (i) hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, allyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; (ii) alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkylthio, ketone, aldehyde, ester, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, siloxane, alkoxysilane, or polysiloxane; (iii) a group comprising polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, polyurethane or combinations thereof; or (iv) R 3 and R 4 together form an aliphatic ring having 3 to 20 ring (i) hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, allyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; (ii) alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkylthio, ketone, aldehyde, ester, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, siloxane, alkoxysilane, or polysiloxane; (iii) a group comprising polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, polyurethane or combinations thereof; or (iv) R 3 and R 4 together form an aliphatic ring having 3 to 20 ring