A compound having the structure of formula II: wherein, R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2, SR, S R, S 2 R, -SO 2 N 2, -N SO 2 R, -N R, -N NR 2, -N OR, -O R, - R, - OR, - NR 2, -O OR, -O NR 2, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of provided that at least one of R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If), wherein each R can be the same or different; L 1 and L 2 are each independently a covalent bond, -O-, or NR 3a -; p is 0, 1, or 2; R 1a and R 2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -alkylene-C -O-R 4a, or -alkylene-O-C -O-R 4a; and R 3a and R 4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; L 3 and L 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR 2, or SR; wherein each R can be the same or different; R 5a, R 6a, and R 7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl; R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2, SR, S R, S 2 R,-SO 2 N 2, -N SO 2 R -N R, -N NR 2, -N OR, -O R, - R, - OR, - NR 2, -O OR, or -O NR 2; wherein each R can be the same or different; Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie); A 1 and A 2 together are -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH=CH-, -CH -CH -, -CH -CH(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)-CH -, 1,2-cyclopropadiyl, or 1,2-oxirane; X 1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR 2, NH-OR, SR, S R, S 2 R, -N-O-(CH 2) n -CO 2 -R; or X 1 together with X 2 or X 3 represents a covalent bond; wherein each R can be the same or different; X 2 and X 3 are both hydrogen, or one of X 2 and X 3 is hydrogen and the other together. with X 1 represents a covalent bond; R 7 is =O, = S, =N-OR, =N-O-(CH 2) n COOR, =N-O-(CH 2) n CONR 2, =N-NR 2, =N-N-SOR or =N-N-SO 2 R; and n is 1, 2 or 3. R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2, SR, S R, S 2 R, -SO 2 N 2, -N SO 2 R, -N R, -N NR 2, -N OR, -O R, - R, - OR, - NR 2, -O OR, -O NR 2, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of provided that at least one of R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If), wherein each R can be the same or different; L 1 and L 2 are each independently a covalent bond, -O-, or NR 3a -; p is 0, 1, or 2; R 1a and R 2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -alkylene-C -O-R 4a, or -alkylene-O-C -O-R 4a; and R 3a and R 4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; L 3 and L 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR 2, or SR; wherein each R can be the same or different; R 5a, R 6a, and R 7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl; R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2, SR, S R, S 2 R,-SO 2 N 2, -N SO 2 R -N R, -N NR 2, -N OR, -O R, - R, - OR, - NR 2, -O OR, or -O NR 2; wherein each R can be the same or different; Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie); A 1 and A 2 together are -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH=CH-, -CH -CH -, -CH -CH(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)-CH -, 1,2-cyclopropadiyl, or 1,2-oxirane; X 1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR 2, NH-OR, SR, S R, S 2 R, -N-O-(CH 2) n -CO 2 -R; or X 1 together with X 2 or X 3 represents a covalent bond; wherein each R can be the same or different; X 2 and X 3 are both hydrogen, or one of X 2 and X 3 is hydrogen and the other together. with X 1 represents a covalent bond; R 7 is =O, = S, =N-OR, =N-O-(CH 2) n COOR, =N-O-(CH 2) n CONR 2, =N-NR 2, =N-N-SOR or =N-N-SO 2 R; and n is 1, 2 or 3.