A substantially purified compound of the formula: wherein: R 1 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 1a, CO 2 R 1a, and OC R 1a, wherein R 1a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; R 2 -R 8 are the same or different and each is R 10, C R 10, SO 3 R 10, or SO 2 R 10, wherein R 10 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 10 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 10a, CO 2 R 10a and OC R 10a, wherein R 10a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; and R 9 is a substituent of the formula: wherein the R 9a substituents are the same or different and each is R 11, C R 11, or SO 2 R 11, wherein R 11 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 11 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 11a, CO 2 R 11a and OC R 11a, wherein R 11a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; wherein R 1a, R 10a and R 11a are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, and a hydroxyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. R 1 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 1a, CO 2 R 1a, and OC R 1a, wherein R 1a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; R 2 -R 8 are the same or different and each is R 10, C R 10, SO 3 R 10, or SO 2 R 10, wherein R 10 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 10 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 10a, CO 2 R 10a and OC R 10a, wherein R 10a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; and R 9 is a substituent of the formula: wherein the R 9a substituents are the same or different and each is R 11, C R 11, or SO 2 R 11, wherein R 11 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 11 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 11a, CO 2 R 11a and OC R 11a, wherein R 11a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; wherein R 1a, R 10a and R 11a are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, and a hydroxyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. wherein the R 9a substituents are the same or different and each is R 11, C R 11, or SO 2 R 11, wherein R 11 is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof, wherein R 11 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, which are the same or different, selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, OR 11a, CO 2 R 11a and OC R 11a, wherein R 11a is H, a straight-chain or branched C 1-30 saturated alkyl, a straight-chain or branched C 2-30 unsaturated alkyl, or an aryl comprising 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof; wherein R 1a, R 10a and R 11a are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an oxo, and a hydroxyl;