A positive electrode active material, comprising secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, wherein the primary particles comprise a layered nickel-containing lithium composite oxide, wherein the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide satisfies a chemical formula Li 1+ m [Ni x Co y Mn z M p]O 2- q X q, wherein M and X are the doping elements, M is selected from one or more of Si, Ti, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Pd, Rh, Sb, Te, Ce, and W, X is selected from one or more of F, N, P, and S, 0.5 ≤ x < 1, 0 ≤ y < 0.3, 0 ≤ z < 0.3, -0.1 ≤ m < 0.2, 0 ≤ p <0.3, 0 ≤ q <0.2, x + y + z + p = 1, and p and q are not 0 simultaneously, wherein the molar percentage of nickel in elements at a transition metal site of the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide is 50% to 60%; or the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide satisfies a chemical formula Li 1+ n [Ni r - d Co s Mn t M' d]O 2- v X' v, wherein M' and X' are the doping elements, M' is selected from one or more of Si, Ti, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Pd, Rh, Sb, Te, Ce, and W, X' is selected from one or more of F, N, P, and S, 0.5 ≤ r - d < 1, 0 ≤ s < 0.3, 0 ≤ t < 0.3, -0.1 ≤ n < 0.2, 0 ≤ d <0.3, 0 ≤ v < 0.2, r + s + t = 1, and d and v are not 0 simultaneously, wherein the molar percentage of nickel in elements at a transition metal site of the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide is 50% to 60%; and when the positive electrode active material is charged from an 11% delithiated state to a 78% delithiated state at a rate of 0.1C, a lattice of the primary particles has a maximum shrinkage rate satisfying Δa max ≤ 2.69% in an a-axis direction, and a maximum swelling rate satisfying Δc max ≤ 2.75% in a c-axis direction. the primary particles comprise a layered nickel-containing lithium composite oxide, wherein the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide satisfies a chemical formula Li 1+ m [Ni x Co y Mn z M p]O 2- q X q, wherein M and X are the doping elements, M is selected from one or more of Si, Ti, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Pd, Rh, Sb, Te, Ce, and W, X is selected from one or more of F, N, P, and S, 0.5 ≤ x < 1, 0 ≤ y < 0.3, 0 ≤ z < 0.3, -0.1 ≤ m < 0.2, 0 ≤ p <0.3, 0 ≤ q <0.2, x + y + z + p = 1, and p and q are not 0 simultaneously, wherein the molar percentage of nickel in elements at a transition metal site of the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide is 50% to 60%; or the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide satisfies a chemical formula Li 1+ n [Ni r - d Co s Mn t M' d]O 2- v X' v, wherein M' and X' are the doping elements, M' is selected from one or more of Si, Ti, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Pd, Rh, Sb, Te, Ce, and W, X' is selected from one or more of F, N, P, and S, 0.5 ≤ r - d < 1, 0 ≤ s < 0.3, 0 ≤ t < 0.3, -0.1 ≤ n < 0.2, 0 ≤ d <0.3, 0 ≤ v < 0.2, r + s + t = 1, and d and v are not 0 simultaneously, wherein the molar percentage of nickel in elements at a transition metal site of the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide is 50% to 60%; and when the positive electrode active material is charged from an 11% delithiated state to a 78% delithiated state at a rate of 0.1C, a lattice of the primary particles has a maximum shrinkage rate satisfying Δa max ≤ 2.69% in an a-axis direction, and a maximum swelling rate satisfying Δc max ≤ 2.75% in a c-axis direction.