A transcutaneous electrical stimulation system, comprising: a transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) comprising a first processor, wherein the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) is configured and arranged to provide electrical stimulation signals to a plurality of electrode sets electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged to remain external to a patient for transcutaneous electrical stimulation of patient tissue to treat patient pain; a first electrode set electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged for placement along patient skin over a first stimulation location, the first electrode set configured and arranged to communicate with the first processor and to generate a first effective electric field suitable for transcutaneous stimulation of patient tissue at the first stimulation location using the electrical stimulation signals provided from the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b); and a second electrode set electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged for placement along patient skin over a second stimulation location, the second electrode set configured and arranged to communicate with the first processor and to generate a second effective electric field suitable for stimulating patient tissue at the second stimulation location using the electrical stimulation signals provided from the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b), wherein the second effective electric field is time-delayed from the first effective electric field such that the second effective electric field is out of phase with the first effective electric field, wherein the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) is configured and arranged to provide the electrical stimulation signals to the first electrode set and the second electrode set in response to a first detected shift in frequency of the theta band activity. a transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) comprising a first processor, wherein the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) is configured and arranged to provide electrical stimulation signals to a plurality of electrode sets electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged to remain external to a patient for transcutaneous electrical stimulation of patient tissue to treat patient pain; a first electrode set electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged for placement along patient skin over a first stimulation location, the first electrode set configured and arranged to communicate with the first processor and to generate a first effective electric field suitable for transcutaneous stimulation of patient tissue at the first stimulation location using the electrical stimulation signals provided from the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b); and a second electrode set electrically-coupled to the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) and configured and arranged for placement along patient skin over a second stimulation location, the second electrode set configured and arranged to communicate with the first processor and to generate a second effective electric field suitable for stimulating patient tissue at the second stimulation location using the electrical stimulation signals provided from the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b), wherein the second effective electric field is time-delayed from the first effective electric field such that the second effective electric field is out of phase with the first effective electric field, wherein the transcutaneous control module (102, 102a, 102b) is configured and arranged to provide the electrical stimulation signals to the first electrode set and the second electrode set in response to a first detected shift in frequency of the theta band activity.