A method for inspecting a moving object based on cosmic rays, the method comprising: detecting whether a speed of the inspected moving object is within a preset range; recording a motion trajectory of the moving object with a monitoring device; acquiring information about charged particles in the cosmic rays with a position sensitive detector, the information about charged particles comprising track information of the charged particles; reconstructing the track of the charged particles according to the information about the charged particles; and recognizing the material inside the moving object based on the track reconstruction; wherein: multiple pieces of track information of the charged particles are processed in parallel during the reconstruction of the track; the track information of the charged particles comprises an incident time, an incident position and an incident direction, an emission time, an emission position and an emission direction of the charged particles; there is provided the step of determining the moving object by matching positions of the motion trajectory and the track information by: analyzing a time difference between the incident time and the emission time, and matching the time and position of the track information of the charged particles and the motion trajectory of the moving object according to the incident position, the emission position and the analyzed time difference; and the information about charged particles is updated in real time. detecting whether a speed of the inspected moving object is within a preset range; recording a motion trajectory of the moving object with a monitoring device; acquiring information about charged particles in the cosmic rays with a position sensitive detector, the information about charged particles comprising track information of the charged particles; reconstructing the track of the charged particles according to the information about the charged particles; and recognizing the material inside the moving object based on the track reconstruction; wherein: multiple pieces of track information of the charged particles are processed in parallel during the reconstruction of the track; the track information of the charged particles comprises an incident time, an incident position and an incident direction, an emission time, an emission position and an emission direction of the charged particles; there is provided the step of determining the moving object by matching positions of the motion trajectory and the track information by: analyzing a time difference between the incident time and the emission time, and matching the time and position of the track information of the charged particles and the motion trajectory of the moving object according to the incident position, the emission position and the analyzed time difference; and the information about charged particles is updated in real time. multiple pieces of track information of the charged particles are processed in parallel during the reconstruction of the track; the track information of the charged particles comprises an incident time, an incident position and an incident direction, an emission time, an emission position and an emission direction of the charged particles; there is provided the step of determining the moving object by matching positions of the motion trajectory and the track information by: analyzing a time difference between the incident time and the emission time, and matching the time and position of the track information of the charged particles and the motion trajectory of the moving object according to the incident position, the emission position and the analyzed time difference; and the information about charged particles is updated in real time. analyzing a time difference between the incident time and the emission time, and matching the time and position of the track information of the charged particles and the motion trajectory of the moving object according to the incident position, the emission position and the analyzed time difference; and the information about charged particles is updated in real time.