Aircraft comprising: - an aerodynamic surface adapted to be exposed to a flow of air, - at least one aerodynamics improvement device comprising: • at least a first electrode embedded beneath the aerodynamic surface and separated from the aerodynamic surface by at least one layer of an electrically insulating material, • at least a second electrode, electrically isolated from the first electrode, • at least one layer of an electrically insulating material between the second electrode and the aerodynamic surface, • a voltage generator, connected to the first electrode and to the second electrode, and adapted to apply a voltage signal between the first electrode and the second electrode, of at least a predetermined voltage, called ionizing voltage, adapted to ionize air above the aerodynamic surface, characterized in that it further comprises an ice detection device adapted to: - apply a predetermined voltage signal, called permittivity voltage, between the first electrode and the second electrode, - measure an electrical current, called permittivity current, between said first electrode and said second electrode, - compute a permittivity value representative of an electrical permittivity between said first electrode and said second electrode, based on the permittivity current upon application of the permittivity voltage between said first electrode and said second electrode. - an aerodynamic surface adapted to be exposed to a flow of air, - at least one aerodynamics improvement device comprising: • at least a first electrode embedded beneath the aerodynamic surface and separated from the aerodynamic surface by at least one layer of an electrically insulating material, • at least a second electrode, electrically isolated from the first electrode, • at least one layer of an electrically insulating material between the second electrode and the aerodynamic surface, • a voltage generator, connected to the first electrode and to the second electrode, and adapted to apply a voltage signal between the first electrode and the second electrode, of at least a predetermined voltage, called ionizing voltage, adapted to ionize air above the aerodynamic surface, characterized in that it further comprises an ice detection device adapted to: - apply a predetermined voltage signal, called permittivity voltage, between the first electrode and the second electrode, - measure an electrical current, called permittivity current, between said first electrode and said second electrode, - compute a permittivity value representative of an electrical permittivity between said first electrode and said second electrode, based on the permittivity current upon application of the permittivity voltage between said first electrode and said second electrode. • at least a first electrode embedded beneath the aerodynamic surface and separated from the aerodynamic surface by at least one layer of an electrically insulating material, • at least a second electrode, electrically isolated from the first electrode, • at least one layer of an electrically insulating material between the second electrode and the aerodynamic surface, • a voltage generator, connected to the first electrode and to the second electrode, and adapted to apply a voltage signal between the first electrode and the second electrode, of at least a predetermined voltage, called ionizing voltage, adapted to ionize air above the aerodynamic surface, - apply a predetermined voltage signal, called permittivity voltage, between the first electrode and the second electrode, - measure an electrical current, called permittivity current, between said first electrode and said second electrode, - compute a permittivity value representative of an electrical permittivity between said first electrode and said second electrode, based on the permittivity current upon application of the permittivity voltage between said first electrode and said second electrode.