A computer-implemented method, comprising: obtaining, by an application executing on a client device, contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; generating, by the application, a random set of data and blinding the random set of data to generate a blinded random set of data; providing, to a trust assessment server, the blinded random set of data; generating, by the trust assessment server, a digital signature over the blinded random set of data; unblinding, by the application, the blinded random set of data to confirm that the unblinded random set of data is the same as the random set of data; providing, to a trust assessment server, data regarding a digital certificate of the application executing on a client device, the contextual application data, and device trustworthiness data representing data for assessing trustworthiness of the client device; receiving, from the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and the digital signature over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, confirming that the first data item matches the contextual application data; providing, to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the first data item; and receiving, from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors. obtaining, by an application executing on a client device, contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; generating, by the application, a random set of data and blinding the random set of data to generate a blinded random set of data; providing, to a trust assessment server, the blinded random set of data; generating, by the trust assessment server, a digital signature over the blinded random set of data; unblinding, by the application, the blinded random set of data to confirm that the unblinded random set of data is the same as the random set of data; providing, to a trust assessment server, data regarding a digital certificate of the application executing on a client device, the contextual application data, and device trustworthiness data representing data for assessing trustworthiness of the client device; receiving, from the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and the digital signature over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, confirming that the first data item matches the contextual application data; providing, to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the first data item; and receiving, from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors.