A compound of formula or a tautomer or a salt thereof, wherein: Y is nitro, -OR y1, or -NR y1 R y2; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p + q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9; R 3, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, CN, nitro, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, -OR A3, -NR B3 R C3, -OG E, or -NR B3 G E; G E, at each occurrence, independently comprises an enzyme substrate, wherein biotransformation by an enzyme converts G E to H; R 4, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, CN, nitro, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, -OR A4, or -NR B4 R C4; R A3 and R A4, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3 - 12 cycloalkyl, -C C 1-10 alkyl, -CCO)C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -CCO)C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; R B3, R B4, R C3, and R C4, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1 - 10 haloalkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -C C 1-10 alkyl, -C C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -CCO)C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -SO 2 C 1-10 alkyl, -SO 2 C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -SO 2 C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; alternatively, R B3 and R C3 and/or R B4 and R C4, together with the nitrogen atom to which each attaches form a 4- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, oxo, -OH, and -OC 1-4 alkyl; R y1 and R y2, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; and alternatively, R y1 and R y2 together with the nitrogen atom to which each attaches form a 4- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, oxo, -OH, and -OC 1-4 alkyl. Y is nitro, -OR y1, or -NR y1 R y2; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p + q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9; R 3, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, CN, nitro, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, -OR A3, -NR B3 R C3, -OG E, or -NR B3 G E; G E, at each occurrence, independently comprises an enzyme substrate, wherein biotransformation by an enzyme converts G E to H; R 4, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, CN, nitro, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, -OR A4, or -NR B4 R C4; R A3 and R A4, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3 - 12 cycloalkyl, -C C 1-10 alkyl, -CCO)C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -CCO)C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; R B3, R B4, R C3, and R C4, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1 - 10 haloalkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -C C 1-10 alkyl, -C C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -CCO)C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, -SO 2 C 1-10 alkyl, -SO 2 C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -SO 2 C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; alternatively, R B3 and R C3 and/or R B4 and R C4, together with the nitrogen atom to which each attaches form a 4- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, oxo, -OH, and -OC 1-4 alkyl; R y1 and R y2, at each occurrence, are independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or -C 1-3 alkylene-C 3-12 cycloalkyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkyl; and alternatively, R y1 and R y2 together with the nitrogen atom to which each attaches form a 4- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, oxo, -OH, and -OC 1-4 alkyl.