A method for extracting a rare earth metal from a mixture of one or more rare earth metals, said method comprising contacting an acidic solution of the rare earth metal with a composition which comprises an ionic liquid to form an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase into which the rare earth metal has been selectively extracted, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula: [Cat +][X -] in which: [Cat +] represents a cationic species having the structure: where: [Y +] comprises a group selected from ammonium, benzimidazolium, benzofuranium, benzothiophenium, benzotriazolium, borolium, cinnolinium, diazabicyclodecenium, diazabicyclononenium, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium, diazabicyclo-undecenium, dithiazolium, furanium, guanidinium, imidazolium, indazolium, indolinium, indolium, morpholinium, oxaborolium, oxaphospholium, oxazinium, oxazolium, iso-oxazolium, oxothiazolium, phospholium, phosphonium, phthalazinium, piperazinium, piperidinium, pyranium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyridazinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolium, quinazolinium, quinolinium, iso-quinolinium, quinoxalinium, quinuclidinium, selenazolium, sulfonium, tetrazolium, thiadiazolium, iso-thiadiazolium, thiazinium, thiazolium, iso-thiazolium, thiophenium, thiuronium, triazinium, triazolium, iso-triazolium and uronium groups; each EDG represents an electron donating group; and L 1 represents a linking group selected from C 1-10 alkanediyl, C 2 - 10 alkenediyl, C 1-10 dialkanylether and C 1-10 dialkanylketone groups; each L 2 represents a linking group independently selected from C 1-2 alkanediyl, C 2 alkenediyl, C 1-2 dialkanylether and C 1-2 dialkanylketone groups; and [X -] represents an anionic species. [Cat +] represents a cationic species having the structure: where: [Y +] comprises a group selected from ammonium, benzimidazolium, benzofuranium, benzothiophenium, benzotriazolium, borolium, cinnolinium, diazabicyclodecenium, diazabicyclononenium, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium, diazabicyclo-undecenium, dithiazolium, furanium, guanidinium, imidazolium, indazolium, indolinium, indolium, morpholinium, oxaborolium, oxaphospholium, oxazinium, oxazolium, iso-oxazolium, oxothiazolium, phospholium, phosphonium, phthalazinium, piperazinium, piperidinium, pyranium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyridazinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolium, quinazolinium, quinolinium, iso-quinolinium, quinoxalinium, quinuclidinium, selenazolium, sulfonium, tetrazolium, thiadiazolium, iso-thiadiazolium, thiazinium, thiazolium, iso-thiazolium, thiophenium, thiuronium, triazinium, triazolium, iso-triazolium and uronium groups; each EDG represents an electron donating group; and L 1 represents a linking group selected from C 1-10 alkanediyl, C 2 - 10 alkenediyl, C 1-10 dialkanylether and C 1-10 dialkanylketone groups; each L 2 represents a linking group independently selected from C 1-2 alkanediyl, C 2 alkenediyl, C 1-2 dialkanylether and C 1-2 dialkanylketone groups; and where: [Y +] comprises a group selected from ammonium, benzimidazolium, benzofuranium, benzothiophenium, benzotriazolium, borolium, cinnolinium, diazabicyclodecenium, diazabicyclononenium, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium, diazabicyclo-undecenium, dithiazolium, furanium, guanidinium, imidazolium, indazolium, indolinium, indolium, morpholinium, oxaborolium, oxaphospholium, oxazinium, oxazolium, iso-oxazolium, oxothiazolium, phospholium, phosphonium, phthalazinium, piperazinium, piperidinium, pyranium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyridazinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolium, quinazolinium, quinolinium, iso-quinolinium, quinoxalinium, quinuclidinium, selenazolium, sulfonium, tetrazolium, thiadiazolium, iso-thiadiazolium, thiazinium, thiazolium, iso-thiazolium, thiophenium, thiuronium, triazinium, triazolium, iso-triazolium and uronium groups; each EDG represents an electron donating group; and L 1 represents a linking group selected from C 1-10 alkanediyl, C 2 - 10 alkenediyl, C 1-10 dialkanylether and C 1-10 dialkanylketone groups; each L 2 represents a linking group independently selected from C 1-2 alkanediyl, C 2 alkenediyl, C 1-2 dialkanylether and C 1-2 dialkanylketone groups; and [X -] represents an anionic species.