A catheter system, comprising: a catheter comprising a tip assembly, the tip assembly having a plurality of electrodes, the plurality of electrodes configured to measure electrical signals; and a processing unit configured to: receive a first electrical signal sensed by a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes and a second electrical signal sensed by a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes; determine a first vector, based on the first electrical signal, corresponding to the first electrode; determine a second vector, based on the second electrical signal, corresponding to the second electrode; the first vector comprising a first magnitude and a first direction, and the second vector comprising a second magnitude and a second direction, wherein the magnitude of the first and second vectors correspond to voltages measured at the first and second electrodes, respectively, wherein the first and second directions correspond, respectively, to a first and second position of the electrode relative to a central terminal, wherein the central terminal comprises a virtual electrode that represents a mean or median of the position coordinates of the plurality of electrodes at a point in time; and determine a resultant vector by summing at least the first vector and the second vector, wherein the resultant vector is indicative of the orientation of the tip assembly with respect to cardiac tissue contacted by the tip assembly. a catheter comprising a tip assembly, the tip assembly having a plurality of electrodes, the plurality of electrodes configured to measure electrical signals; and a processing unit configured to: receive a first electrical signal sensed by a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes and a second electrical signal sensed by a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes; determine a first vector, based on the first electrical signal, corresponding to the first electrode; determine a second vector, based on the second electrical signal, corresponding to the second electrode; the first vector comprising a first magnitude and a first direction, and the second vector comprising a second magnitude and a second direction, wherein the magnitude of the first and second vectors correspond to voltages measured at the first and second electrodes, respectively, wherein the first and second directions correspond, respectively, to a first and second position of the electrode relative to a central terminal, wherein the central terminal comprises a virtual electrode that represents a mean or median of the position coordinates of the plurality of electrodes at a point in time; and determine a resultant vector by summing at least the first vector and the second vector, wherein the resultant vector is indicative of the orientation of the tip assembly with respect to cardiac tissue contacted by the tip assembly. receive a first electrical signal sensed by a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes and a second electrical signal sensed by a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes; determine a first vector, based on the first electrical signal, corresponding to the first electrode; determine a second vector, based on the second electrical signal, corresponding to the second electrode; the first vector comprising a first magnitude and a first direction, and the second vector comprising a second magnitude and a second direction, wherein the magnitude of the first and second vectors correspond to voltages measured at the first and second electrodes, respectively, wherein the first and second directions correspond, respectively, to a first and second position of the electrode relative to a central terminal, wherein the central terminal comprises a virtual electrode that represents a mean or median of the position coordinates of the plurality of electrodes at a point in time; and the first vector comprising a first magnitude and a first direction, and the second vector comprising a second magnitude and a second direction, wherein the magnitude of the first and second vectors correspond to voltages measured at the first and second electrodes, respectively, wherein the first and second directions correspond, respectively, to a first and second position of the electrode relative to a central terminal, wherein the central terminal comprises a virtual electrode that represents a mean or median of the position coordinates of the plurality of electrodes at a point in time; determine a resultant vector by summing at least the first vector and the second vector, wherein the resultant vector is indicative of the orientation of the tip assembly with respect to cardiac tissue contacted by the tip assembly.