A space optical coupling apparatus, comprising: M first couplers (31, 51, 71, 81), a phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72), M second couplers (33, 53, 73, 82), a coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74), and a controller (35, 55, 75, 84), wherein the M first couplers (31, 51, 71, 81) are in a one-to-one correspondence with the M second couplers (33, 53, 73, 82), and M is a positive integer greater than 1; the first coupler (31, 51, 71, 81) is configured to receive a beam and couple the beam to the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72); the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72) comprises M input ports, M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821), M output ports, N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823), and N detectors (322, 522, 722, 822), wherein 1≤N≤M, and N is an integer; and the M input ports are connected in a one-to-one correspondence with the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821), and the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821) are connected in a one-to-one correspondence with the M output ports; the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72) receives M beams respectively from the M first couplers (31, 51, 71, 81) through the M input ports; each beam splitter (323, 523, 723) of the N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823) is located between an input port and a phase adjuster (321, 521, 721) corresponding to the input port, and is configured to split a received beam into two beams, one beam is sent to a corresponding detector (322, 522, 722, 822), and the other beam is sent to a corresponding phase adjuster (321, 521, 721, 821); and the N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823) are respectively in a one-to-one correspondence with N input ports of the M input ports; the M second couplers (33, 53, 73, 82) are configured to: receive output light respectively from the M output ports, and couple the output light to the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74); the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74) is configured to couple the received beam to a single-mode fiber (78, 88); and the controller (35, 55, 75, 84) is configured to: obtain beam intensity detected by each detector (322, 522, 722, 822) and beam intensity on the single-mode fiber (78, 88), and control, based on the beam intensity detected by each detector (322, 522, 722, 822) and the beam intensity on the single-mode fiber (78, 88), the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821) to respectively adjust phases of received beams, wherein the controller (35, 55, 75, 84) is further configured to adjust the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74), so that a spot of an output beam of the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74) is located at a center position of an end face of the single-mode fiber (78, 88).. the first coupler (31, 51, 71, 81) is configured to receive a beam and couple the beam to the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72); the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72) comprises M input ports, M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821), M output ports, N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823), and N detectors (322, 522, 722, 822), wherein 1≤N≤M, and N is an integer; and the M input ports are connected in a one-to-one correspondence with the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821), and the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821) are connected in a one-to-one correspondence with the M output ports; the phase adjustment apparatus (32, 72) receives M beams respectively from the M first couplers (31, 51, 71, 81) through the M input ports; each beam splitter (323, 523, 723) of the N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823) is located between an input port and a phase adjuster (321, 521, 721) corresponding to the input port, and is configured to split a received beam into two beams, one beam is sent to a corresponding detector (322, 522, 722, 822), and the other beam is sent to a corresponding phase adjuster (321, 521, 721, 821); and the N beam splitters (332, 523, 723, 823) are respectively in a one-to-one correspondence with N input ports of the M input ports; the M second couplers (33, 53, 73, 82) are configured to: receive output light respectively from the M output ports, and couple the output light to the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74); the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74) is configured to couple the received beam to a single-mode fiber (78, 88); and the controller (35, 55, 75, 84) is configured to: obtain beam intensity detected by each detector (322, 522, 722, 822) and beam intensity on the single-mode fiber (78, 88), and control, based on the beam intensity detected by each detector (322, 522, 722, 822) and the beam intensity on the single-mode fiber (78, 88), the M phase adjusters (321, 521, 721, 821) to respectively adjust phases of received beams, wherein the controller (35, 55, 75, 84) is further configured to adjust the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74), so that a spot of an output beam of the coupling apparatus (34, 54, 74) is located at a center position of an end face of the single-mode fiber (78, 88)..