A computer-implemented method, comprising: obtaining, by an application executing on a client device, contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; blinding, by the application, the contextual application data to generate blinded contextual application data; obtaining data regarding a digital certificate of the application and device trustworthiness data including data that can be used in assessing trustworthiness of the client device; providing, to a trust assessment server, the blinded contextual application data, the data regarding the digital certificate, and the device trustworthiness data; receiving, the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and a digital signature, of the trust assessment server, over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, unblinding, by the application, the first data item to obtain an unblinded first data item; confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data; in response to confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data, providing, to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the unblinded first data item; and receiving, from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors. obtaining, by an application executing on a client device, contextual application data representing a context in which content is provided and interacted with, within the application; blinding, by the application, the contextual application data to generate blinded contextual application data; obtaining data regarding a digital certificate of the application and device trustworthiness data including data that can be used in assessing trustworthiness of the client device; providing, to a trust assessment server, the blinded contextual application data, the data regarding the digital certificate, and the device trustworthiness data; receiving, the trust assessment server, a set of data including a first indication specifying that the client device is trustworthy, a second indication specifying that the application is authentic, and a digital signature, of the trust assessment server, over a first data item; validating the digital signature over the first data item; in response to validating the digital signature over the first data item, unblinding, by the application, the first data item to obtain an unblinded first data item; confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data; in response to confirming that the unblinded first data item matches the contextual application data, providing, to an application error detection server, the digital signature over the first data item, the first indication, the second indication, and the unblinded first data item; and receiving, from the application error detection server, a third indication specifying that the application does not have any errors.