A compound of formula, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: each of R 4 and R 5 is, independently, H, -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-OR 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, or nitrile, wherein said -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, or-(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, -N(R 6) 2, oxo, and halogen, wherein each R 6 is independently H or -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl; or R 4 and R 5, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; or R 4 and R 8, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 4-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; or R 4 is a bond, and R 4 and R 8, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, - (C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; each of R 11 and R 12 is, independently, H, -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, -CO 2 H, or nitrile, wherein said - (C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, or -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, -N(R 6) 2, and halogen; or R 11 and R 12, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring; or R 4 and R 12, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or R 8 and R 11, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; each of R 8 and R 9 is, independently, H, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, -OR 6, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, or nitrile; and each of m and n is, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3, with m + n being no more than 4, wherein an alkyl moiety is an aliphatic hydrocarbon that may be straight chain, branched chain, monocyclic, polycyclic or a combination thereof. R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: each of R 4 and R 5 is, independently, H, -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-OR 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, or nitrile, wherein said -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, or-(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, -N(R 6) 2, oxo, and halogen, wherein each R 6 is independently H or -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl; or R 4 and R 5, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; or R 4 and R 8, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 4-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; or R 4 is a bond, and R 4 and R 8, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring is optionally substituted with -OH, - (C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, oxo, or nitrile; each of R 11 and R 12 is, independently, H, -OH, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, -CO 2 H, or nitrile, wherein said - (C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -O(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, or -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, -N(R 6) 2, and halogen; or R 11 and R 12, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring; or R 4 and R 12, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or R 8 and R 11, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; each of R 8 and R 9 is, independently, H, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-N(R 6) 2, -OR 6, -(C 1 -C 6)alkyl-O-R 6, -C NH 2, -N(R 6) 2, halogen, or nitrile; and each of m and n is, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3, with m + n being no more than 4, wherein an alkyl moiety is an aliphatic hydrocarbon that may be straight chain, branched chain, monocyclic, polycyclic or a combination thereof.