A developing roller comprising: an electro-conductive substrate; an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive substrate; and a surface layer on the electro-conductive elastic layer, the surface layer comprising a matrix, and resin particles (2, 4) dispersed in the matrix, the matrix containing polyurethane as a binder, the resin particles (2, 4) including a first resin particle and a second resin particle, the outer surface of the surface layer having a first protrusion and a second protrusion, the second protrusion existing in an area which is free from the first protrusion, the second protrusion having a height lower than a height of the first protrusion by 5.0 μm or more, the first protrusion being formed by the first resin particle, the second protrusion being formed by the second resin particle, the first resin particle comprising polyurethane, and the outer surface of the developing roller having a maximum height roughness Rz, as measured in accordance with the description, of 6 to 18 μm, characterized in that an elastic modulus E b of the matrix at a region which is a depth of 1.0 μm or more from an outer surface of the surface layer is 10 to 100 MPa, when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, the first resin particle has an elastic modulus E 1 of 100 to 2000 MPa when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, the second resin particle has an elastic modulus E 2 of 2 to 50 MPa when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, and the outer surface of the developing roller has a peak vertex density Spd, as measured in accordance with the description, of 5.0×10 3 to 5.0×10 4 (1/mm 2), wherein the layer thickness in the depth direction from the outer surface of the surface layer is determined in accordance with the description based on a distance from a local minimum point of a concave portion between the protrusions which exist on the outer surface of the surface layer, to the interface between the surface layer and the electro-conductive elastic layer. an electro-conductive substrate; an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive substrate; and a surface layer on the electro-conductive elastic layer, the surface layer comprising a matrix, and resin particles (2, 4) dispersed in the matrix, the matrix containing polyurethane as a binder, the resin particles (2, 4) including a first resin particle and a second resin particle, the outer surface of the surface layer having a first protrusion and a second protrusion, the second protrusion existing in an area which is free from the first protrusion, the second protrusion having a height lower than a height of the first protrusion by 5.0 μm or more, the first protrusion being formed by the first resin particle, the second protrusion being formed by the second resin particle, the first resin particle comprising polyurethane, and the outer surface of the developing roller having a maximum height roughness Rz, as measured in accordance with the description, of 6 to 18 μm, characterized in that an elastic modulus E b of the matrix at a region which is a depth of 1.0 μm or more from an outer surface of the surface layer is 10 to 100 MPa, when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, the first resin particle has an elastic modulus E 1 of 100 to 2000 MPa when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, the second resin particle has an elastic modulus E 2 of 2 to 50 MPa when measured in a cross section in a thickness direction of the surface layer in accordance with the description, and the outer surface of the developing roller has a peak vertex density Spd, as measured in accordance with the description, of 5.0×10 3 to 5.0×10 4 (1/mm 2), wherein the layer thickness in the depth direction from the outer surface of the surface layer is determined in accordance with the description based on a distance from a local minimum point of a concave portion between the protrusions which exist on the outer surface of the surface layer, to the interface between the surface layer and the electro-conductive elastic layer.