A computer-implemented method for use in geophysical exploration, comprising: accessing a set of source time functions, a set of measured receiver array data, and a subsurface attribute model, the subsurface attribute model defining a modeling grid; forward modeling the source time functions in the subsurface attribute model, including: generating a set of modeled receiver array data from modeled receiver arrays gathered from the modeling grid, wherein generating the set of modeled receiver array data includes: propagating energy from a source through the subsurface attribute model to elements of the modeling grid during forward wavefield extrapolation to generate a modeled source wavefield at each receiver element in the modeled receiver array; gathering the elements of the modeling grid into the modeled receiver arrays; weighting each element of each modeled receiver array; and summing each modeled receiver array over the weighted elements to produce the modeled receiver array data; and differencing the measured receiver array data from the modeled receiver array data to obtain a data residual for each gathered, modeled receiver array; back propagating the data residual into the subsurface attribute model to produce a modeled residual wavefield; and updating the subsurface attribute model using the modeled residual wavefield; and iterating updates to the subsurface attribute model to convergence. accessing a set of source time functions, a set of measured receiver array data, and a subsurface attribute model, the subsurface attribute model defining a modeling grid; forward modeling the source time functions in the subsurface attribute model, including: generating a set of modeled receiver array data from modeled receiver arrays gathered from the modeling grid, wherein generating the set of modeled receiver array data includes: propagating energy from a source through the subsurface attribute model to elements of the modeling grid during forward wavefield extrapolation to generate a modeled source wavefield at each receiver element in the modeled receiver array; gathering the elements of the modeling grid into the modeled receiver arrays; weighting each element of each modeled receiver array; and summing each modeled receiver array over the weighted elements to produce the modeled receiver array data; and differencing the measured receiver array data from the modeled receiver array data to obtain a data residual for each gathered, modeled receiver array; propagating energy from a source through the subsurface attribute model to elements of the modeling grid during forward wavefield extrapolation to generate a modeled source wavefield at each receiver element in the modeled receiver array; gathering the elements of the modeling grid into the modeled receiver arrays; weighting each element of each modeled receiver array; and summing each modeled receiver array over the weighted elements to produce the modeled receiver array data; and differencing the measured receiver array data from the modeled receiver array data to obtain a data residual for each gathered, modeled receiver array; back propagating the data residual into the subsurface attribute model to produce a modeled residual wavefield; and updating the subsurface attribute model using the modeled residual wavefield; and iterating updates to the subsurface attribute model to convergence.