A non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network comprising a reactive mixture of a small amino acid phosphate species, a multivalent metal compound, and an polymeric material selected from the group consisting of: poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide), polyglycolide, poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(teramethylglycolic-acid), poly(dioxanone), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxyvalerate), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone), poly(glycolide-co-dioxanone-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(tetramethylglycolic-acid-co-dioxanone-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone-co-L-lactide-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, and a copolymer or mixture thereof, in an aqueous environment, wherein the small amino acid phosphate species is present in an amount from about 10% to about 89.9% weight based on the weight of the combination of the multivalent metal compound, the polymeric material, and the small amino acid phosphate species; wherein the small amino acid phosphate species is a compound of the formula where A is O, CH 2, or S; R is H, NH 2, NHCO(CH 2) t CH 3 where t is 0 to 2, NH(CH 2) x CH 3 where x is 0 to 3, NR 1 R 2 where R 1 is (CH 2) y CH 3 and R 2 is (CH 2) y CH 3 where y is 0 to 2, (CH 2) z CH 3 where z is 0 to 3; where m is 0 to 1; and where n is 0 to 3; provided that the non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network is not one of the following: - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 250 mg phosphoserine, 175 μl water, 14 mg calcium carbonate, 133 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 25 mg PLGA (10:90) fiber; - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 250 mg phosphoserine, 135 μl water, 14 mg calcium carbonate, 133 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 7 mg PLGA (50:50) fiber; - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 267 mg phosphoserine, 160 μl water, 100 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 7 mg PLGA (50:50) powder; or - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 185 mg phosphoserine, 130 μl water, 100 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 10 mg PLLA-PEG-PLLA (5k:1k:5k) block copolymer. poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide), polyglycolide, poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(teramethylglycolic-acid), poly(dioxanone), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxyvalerate), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone), poly(glycolide-co-dioxanone-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(tetramethylglycolic-acid-co-dioxanone-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone-co-L-lactide-co-trimethylene-carbonate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, and a copolymer or mixture thereof, in an aqueous environment, wherein the small amino acid phosphate species is present in an amount from about 10% to about 89.9% weight based on the weight of the combination of the multivalent metal compound, the polymeric material, and the small amino acid phosphate species; - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 250 mg phosphoserine, 175 μl water, 14 mg calcium carbonate, 133 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 25 mg PLGA (10:90) fiber; - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 250 mg phosphoserine, 135 μl water, 14 mg calcium carbonate, 133 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 7 mg PLGA (50:50) fiber; - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 267 mg phosphoserine, 160 μl water, 100 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 7 mg PLGA (50:50) powder; or - a non-covalently bonded interpenetrating network consisting of 400 mg tetra calcium phosphate, 185 mg phosphoserine, 130 μl water, 100 mg beta tricalcium phosphate granules, and 10 mg PLLA-PEG-PLLA (5k:1k:5k) block copolymer.