A method for determining the probability that a subject will develop Type-2 diabetes, the method comprising: analyzing a plasma sample from the subject to determine the level of cinnamoylglycine optionally analyzing one or more additional biomarkers selected from the group consisting of 7-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate (7-Hoca), 3-hydroxypropanoate, 3-hydroxy-2- oxovalerate, beta-hydroxypyruvate, palmitoyl sphingomyelin, oleoylcamitine, 1-methylurate, 1,3-dimethylurate, 1,7-dimethylurate, 1,3,7-trimethylurate, 5alpha- androstan-3beta,17alpha-diol disulfate, 5alpha-pregnan-3beta, 20alpha-diol disulfate, 2-methylbutrylcamitine, 3-dehydrocamitine, 3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate), adrenate, catechol sulfate, alpha-hydroxyisovalerate, glutamine, glycine, tyrosine, deoxycholate, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate, indolelactate, 5- oxoproline, bradykinin-hydroxy-pro, mannose, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate(DHEA-S), urate, 3-indoxylsulfate, propionylcarnitine, acetylcarnitine, myo-inositol, xanthine, trigonelline (N'-methylnicotinate), 2-hydroxyhippurate (salicylurate), piperine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, erythrose, glycerol-3-phosphate, hexanoylcamitine, hippurate, margarate, quinate, heme, valine and isoleucine in the plasma sample by directly measuring the level(s) of cinnamoylglycine and optionally the one or more additional biomarkers in the sample; and analyzing the level(s) of cinnamoylglycine and, optionally the one or more additional biomarkers, in the sample by a statistical analysis to determine the probability that the subject will develop Type-2 diabetes wherein the level of cinnamoylglycine is decreased (lower) in the subjects who are predicted to develop Type-2 diabetes. analyzing a plasma sample from the subject to determine the level of cinnamoylglycine optionally analyzing one or more additional biomarkers selected from the group consisting of 7-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate (7-Hoca), 3-hydroxypropanoate, 3-hydroxy-2- oxovalerate, beta-hydroxypyruvate, palmitoyl sphingomyelin, oleoylcamitine, 1-methylurate, 1,3-dimethylurate, 1,7-dimethylurate, 1,3,7-trimethylurate, 5alpha- androstan-3beta,17alpha-diol disulfate, 5alpha-pregnan-3beta, 20alpha-diol disulfate, 2-methylbutrylcamitine, 3-dehydrocamitine, 3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate), adrenate, catechol sulfate, alpha-hydroxyisovalerate, glutamine, glycine, tyrosine, deoxycholate, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate, indolelactate, 5- oxoproline, bradykinin-hydroxy-pro, mannose, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate(DHEA-S), urate, 3-indoxylsulfate, propionylcarnitine, acetylcarnitine, myo-inositol, xanthine, trigonelline (N'-methylnicotinate), 2-hydroxyhippurate (salicylurate), piperine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, erythrose, glycerol-3-phosphate, hexanoylcamitine, hippurate, margarate, quinate, heme, valine and isoleucine in the plasma sample by directly measuring the level(s) of cinnamoylglycine and optionally the one or more additional biomarkers in the sample; and analyzing the level(s) of cinnamoylglycine and, optionally the one or more additional biomarkers, in the sample by a statistical analysis to determine the probability that the subject will develop Type-2 diabetes wherein the level of cinnamoylglycine is decreased (lower) in the subjects who are predicted to develop Type-2 diabetes.