A compound of formula 2a or a stereoisomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X 5 -X 9 are independently selected from CH, C substituted with W 3 or W 4, and N; Y is S, SO, SO 2, CH 2, CHR, CRR, or CO, wherein R is a C 1 -C 6 alkyl or alkoxyl chain; Z is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkynyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; W 1 and W 2 independently at each occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, nitro, cyano, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, amino, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; and W 3 and W 4 independently at each occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; wherein the term "alkyl" refers to an optionally substituted linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon group, in which the atom attached to the remainder of the structure is a carbon atom; term "alkenyl" refers to an optionally substituted linear or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon group having a carbon-carbon double bond at one or more places, in which the atom attached to the remainder of the structure is a carbon atom; the term "alkynyl" refers to an optionally substituted branched or unbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon group having a carbon-carbon triple bond at one or more places, in which the atom attached to the remainder of the structure is a carbon atom; the term "aryl" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring group having 5 to about 30 carbon atoms; and the term "heterocycle" means an optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group with 4 to about 20 carbon atoms, wherein 1 to about 4 carbon atoms are replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. X 5 -X 9 are independently selected from CH, C substituted with W 3 or W 4, and N; Y is S, SO, SO 2, CH 2, CHR, CRR, or CO, wherein R is a C 1 -C 6 alkyl or alkoxyl chain; Z is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkynyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; W 1 and W 2 independently at each occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, nitro, cyano, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, amino, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; and W 3 and W 4 independently at each occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, alkenyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, acylamino, carbamyl, substituted and unsubstituted amido, alkylamido, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamido, -NHSO 2 alkenyl, -NHCOalkenyl, -NHCOalkynyl, -COalkenyl, -COalkynyl, trihalocarbon, thioalkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, -COO-alkyl, -COalkyl, and alkyl-CN; wherein