A temperature measurement system, comprising: an optical fiber; a temperature distribution measurement apparatus configured to detect backscattered light by causing light to enter the optical fiber, and acquire a temperature distribution of the optical fiber in a length direction of the optical fiber based on a result of the detection; and a data processing apparatus configured to store the temperature distribution acquired by the temperature distribution measurement apparatus in the data processing apparatus, perform signal processing on a difference temperature distribution obtained by computing a difference between a current temperature distribution and a past temperature distribution, and determine the presence of a spot where abnormality is considered to have occurred is present based on a result of the signal processing, characterized in that when determining that the presence of the spot where abnormality is considered to have occurred is present based on the result of the signal processing, the data processing apparatus is configured to set an abnormality region and reference temperature regions before and after the abnormality region along the length direction of the optical fiber, the abnormality region being a region where abnormality is considered to have occurred based on the result of the signal processing, the reference temperature regions being regions where no abnormality is considered to have occurred based on the result of the signal processing, and the data processing apparatus is configured to then perform signal processing which corrects a peak value of the difference temperature distribution in the abnormality region by using a temperature difference between the current temperature distribution and the past temperature distribution in the reference temperature regions as a reference, and determine whether or not abnormality is present based on a result of the signal processing which corrects the peak value of the difference temperature distribution, when performing the signal processing which corrects the peak value of the difference temperature distribution is super-resolution signal processing, the data processing apparatus is configured to correct the difference temperature distribution sequentially a plurality of times such that a squared error between convolution of the difference temperature distribution and a transfer function, and the difference temperature distribution decreases at each correction, and each time the correction is performed, the data processing apparatus is configured to replace difference temperatures in the reference temperature regions after the correction with an estimated difference temperature such that a non-negative constraint condition or a non-positive constraint condition derived from a result of integration of the difference temperature distribution is met. an optical fiber; a temperature distribution measurement apparatus configured to detect backscattered light by causing light to enter the optical fiber, and acquire a temperature distribution of the optical fiber in a length direction of the optical fiber based on a result of the detection; and a data processing apparatus configured to store the temperature distribution acquired by the temperature distribution measurement apparatus in the data processing apparatus, perform signal processing on a difference temperature distribution obtained by computing a difference between a current temperature distribution and a past temperature distribution, and determine the presence of a spot where abnormality is considered to have occurred is present based on a result of the signal processing, characterized in that when determining that the presence of the spot where abnormality is considered to have occurred is present based on the result of the signal processing, the data processing apparatus is configured to set an abnormality region and reference temperature regions before and after the abnormality region along the length direction of the optical fiber, the abnormality region being a region where abnormality is considered to have occurred based on the result of the signal processing, the reference temperature regions being regions where no abnormality is considered to have occurred based on the result of the signal processing, and the data processing apparatus is configured to then perform signal processing which corrects a peak value of the difference temperature distribution in the abnormality region by using a temperature difference between the current temperature distribution and the past temperature distribution in the reference temperature regions as a reference, and determine whether or not abnormality is present based on a result of the signal processing which corrects the peak value of the difference temperature distribution, when performing the signal processing which corrects the peak value of the difference temperature distribution is super-resolution signal processing, the data processing apparatus is configured to correct the difference temperature distribution sequentially a plurality of times such that a squared error between convolution of the difference temperature distribution and a transfer function, and the difference temperature distribution decreases at each correction, and each time the correction is performed, the data processing apparatus is configured to replace difference temperatures in the reference temperature regions after the correction with an estimated difference temperature such that a non-negative constraint condition or a non-positive constraint condition derived from a result of integration of the difference temperature distribution is met.