A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: receiving a reference signal comprising a plurality of time and frequency resources, the plurality of time and frequency resources spanning a plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments, the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments being time aligned or having a known time offset with respect to each other; and determining a time of arrival, ToA, of the reference signal based on jointly processing the plurality of time and frequency resources of the reference signal across the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments, wherein determining the ToA of the reference signal comprises: determining the ToA of the reference signal based on a modified matrix pencil algorithm, and wherein determining the ToA of the reference signal based on the modified matrix pencil algorithm comprises: determining a plurality of channel frequency response, CFR, measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a first plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on the plurality of CFR measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a second plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on slicing the first plurality of Hankel matrices; and stacking the second plurality of Hankel matrices to generate a plurality of stacked matrices. receiving a reference signal comprising a plurality of time and frequency resources, the plurality of time and frequency resources spanning a plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments, the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments being time aligned or having a known time offset with respect to each other; and determining a time of arrival, ToA, of the reference signal based on jointly processing the plurality of time and frequency resources of the reference signal across the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments, wherein determining the ToA of the reference signal comprises: determining the ToA of the reference signal based on a modified matrix pencil algorithm, and wherein determining the ToA of the reference signal based on the modified matrix pencil algorithm comprises: determining a plurality of channel frequency response, CFR, measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a first plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on the plurality of CFR measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a second plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on slicing the first plurality of Hankel matrices; and stacking the second plurality of Hankel matrices to generate a plurality of stacked matrices. determining a plurality of channel frequency response, CFR, measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a first plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on the plurality of CFR measurements corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments; determining a second plurality of Hankel matrices corresponding to the plurality of disjoint bandwidth segments based on slicing the first plurality of Hankel matrices; and stacking the second plurality of Hankel matrices to generate a plurality of stacked matrices.