An individualized cancer vaccine for use in a method of treating a cancer patient, said method comprising the steps: providing the individualized cancer vaccine by a method comprising the steps: (a) identifying cancer specific somatic mutations in a tumor specimen of the cancer patient to provide a cancer mutation signature of the cancer patient, comprising (aa) obtaining nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing genomic DNA and/or RNA of the tumor specimen of the cancer patient, (bb) obtaining reference nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing DNA or RNA of normal non-cancerous cells obtained from the cancer patient, and (cc) comparing the nucleic acid sequence information from the tumor specimen obtained in step (aa) with the reference nucleic acid sequence information obtained in step (bb); and (b) providing an RNA vaccine featuring the cancer mutation signature obtained in step (a), wherein the RNA vaccine comprises RNA encoding a recombinant polyepitopic polypeptide comprising mutation based neo-epitopes; and administering the individualized cancer vaccine to the cancer patient. providing the individualized cancer vaccine by a method comprising the steps: (a) identifying cancer specific somatic mutations in a tumor specimen of the cancer patient to provide a cancer mutation signature of the cancer patient, comprising (aa) obtaining nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing genomic DNA and/or RNA of the tumor specimen of the cancer patient, (bb) obtaining reference nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing DNA or RNA of normal non-cancerous cells obtained from the cancer patient, and (cc) comparing the nucleic acid sequence information from the tumor specimen obtained in step (aa) with the reference nucleic acid sequence information obtained in step (bb); and (b) providing an RNA vaccine featuring the cancer mutation signature obtained in step (a), wherein the RNA vaccine comprises RNA encoding a recombinant polyepitopic polypeptide comprising mutation based neo-epitopes; and (a) identifying cancer specific somatic mutations in a tumor specimen of the cancer patient to provide a cancer mutation signature of the cancer patient, comprising (aa) obtaining nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing genomic DNA and/or RNA of the tumor specimen of the cancer patient, (bb) obtaining reference nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing DNA or RNA of normal non-cancerous cells obtained from the cancer patient, and (cc) comparing the nucleic acid sequence information from the tumor specimen obtained in step (aa) with the reference nucleic acid sequence information obtained in step (bb); and (aa) obtaining nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing genomic DNA and/or RNA of the tumor specimen of the cancer patient, (bb) obtaining reference nucleic acid sequence information by sequencing DNA or RNA of normal non-cancerous cells obtained from the cancer patient, and (cc) comparing the nucleic acid sequence information from the tumor specimen obtained in step (aa) with the reference nucleic acid sequence information obtained in step (bb); and (b) providing an RNA vaccine featuring the cancer mutation signature obtained in step (a), wherein the RNA vaccine comprises RNA encoding a recombinant polyepitopic polypeptide comprising mutation based neo-epitopes; and administering the individualized cancer vaccine to the cancer patient.