An organic electroluminescence display substrate, comprising: a pixel array, wherein, the pixel array includes a plurality of pixels arranged in an array, each of the pixels includes a first sub-pixel emitting light of a first color, a second sub-pixel emitting light of a second color and a third sub-pixel emitting light of a third color, and each of the first sub-pixels, each of the second sub-pixels and each of the third sub-pixels include an organic electroluminescence element; a light extraction layer, covering on the pixel array and at least including a plurality of first light extraction units and a plurality of second light extraction units, and an optical property of the first light extraction unit and an optical property of the second light extraction unit being different from each other; the first light extraction unit and the second light extraction unit have different thicknesses or different refractive indexes; characterized in that: in two adjacent pixels, a cathode light-emission side of the first sub-pixel of a first one of the two adjacent pixels is only covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the first sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is only covered by the second light extraction unit; a cathode light-emission side of the second sub-pixels of the first one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the second sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the second light extraction unit, a cathode light-emission side of the third sub-pixel of the first one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the third sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the second light extraction unit. a pixel array, wherein, the pixel array includes a plurality of pixels arranged in an array, each of the pixels includes a first sub-pixel emitting light of a first color, a second sub-pixel emitting light of a second color and a third sub-pixel emitting light of a third color, and each of the first sub-pixels, each of the second sub-pixels and each of the third sub-pixels include an organic electroluminescence element; a light extraction layer, covering on the pixel array and at least including a plurality of first light extraction units and a plurality of second light extraction units, and an optical property of the first light extraction unit and an optical property of the second light extraction unit being different from each other; the first light extraction unit and the second light extraction unit have different thicknesses or different refractive indexes; characterized in that: in two adjacent pixels, a cathode light-emission side of the first sub-pixel of a first one of the two adjacent pixels is only covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the first sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is only covered by the second light extraction unit; a cathode light-emission side of the second sub-pixels of the first one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the second sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the second light extraction unit, a cathode light-emission side of the third sub-pixel of the first one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the first light extraction unit and a cathode light-emission side of the third sub-pixel of the second one of the two adjacent pixels is at least partially covered by the second light extraction unit.