An ion exchange medium formed by a method comprising: (a) attaching a first polymer layer to a substrate by a method which is a member selected from the group of: (i) polymerizing at least a first polymerizable monomer, having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group, in contact with the substrate; and (ii) attaching an intact polymer having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group thereby attaching the first polymer layer to the substrate, forming a polymer coated substrate, said polymer comprising said functional group, wherein the first polymer layer is a polymer other than one formed by a condensation polymerization between two or more different reactants; (b) reacting with the functional group a compound which is a member selected from: (i) at least a first amine compound comprising a first reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary and a secondary amine; (ii) at least a first polyfunctional compound, having at least two first reactive functional groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group; and (iii) a combination thereof, thereby forming a first condensation polymer reaction product, and (c) reacting the first condensation polymer reaction product with a member selected from: (i) a second amine compound comprising a second reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary, and a secondary amine when a reactive functional group derived from a polyfunctional compound is present in the first condensation polymer product, and (ii) a second polyfunctional compound, having at least two second reactive groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group when the first reactive nitrogen group is present in the first condensation polymer, thereby forming a second condensation polymer reaction product. (a) attaching a first polymer layer to a substrate by a method which is a member selected from the group of: (i) polymerizing at least a first polymerizable monomer, having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group, in contact with the substrate; and (ii) attaching an intact polymer having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group thereby attaching the first polymer layer to the substrate, forming a polymer coated substrate, said polymer comprising said functional group, wherein the first polymer layer is a polymer other than one formed by a condensation polymerization between two or more different reactants; (i) polymerizing at least a first polymerizable monomer, having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group, in contact with the substrate; and (ii) attaching an intact polymer having a functional group which is a member selected from a reactive functional group and a charged functional group (b) reacting with the functional group a compound which is a member selected from: (i) at least a first amine compound comprising a first reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary and a secondary amine; (ii) at least a first polyfunctional compound, having at least two first reactive functional groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group; and (iii) a combination thereof, thereby forming a first condensation polymer reaction product, and (i) at least a first amine compound comprising a first reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary and a secondary amine; (ii) at least a first polyfunctional compound, having at least two first reactive functional groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group; and (iii) a combination thereof, (c) reacting the first condensation polymer reaction product with a member selected from: (i) a second amine compound comprising a second reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary, and a secondary amine when a reactive functional group derived from a polyfunctional compound is present in the first condensation polymer product, and (ii) a second polyfunctional compound, having at least two second reactive groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group when the first reactive nitrogen group is present in the first condensation polymer, thereby forming a second condensation polymer reaction product. (i) a second amine compound comprising a second reactive nitrogen group which is a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, a primary, and a secondary amine when a reactive functional group derived from a polyfunctional compound is present in the first condensation polymer product, and (ii) a second polyfunctional compound, having at least two second reactive groups reactive with the first reactive nitrogen group when the first reactive nitrogen group is present in the first condensation polymer, thereby forming a second condensation polymer reaction product.