A portable, hand-held device for electrospinning or electrospraying toward a deposit surface a predetermined solution formulated for the device, the device comprising: a durable portion; and a semi-durable portion configured to removably receive therein a consumable portion, wherein the semi-durable portion is configured to be removably coupled to the durable portion, wherein the durable portion is configured to provide a high voltage to the semi-durable portion and includes: a user control interface configured to receive manual input from a user to control a drive mechanism and application of the high voltage to at least one electrode to create an electric field for application to the solution to electrospin or electrospray the solution from a nozzle of the semi-durable portion toward the deposit surface, wherein the semi-durable portion is configured to provide the high voltage to the at least one electrode and includes: the nozzle, which is configured to output the solution from a nozzle tip thereof, and the at least one electrode, which is inside the nozzle, wherein the at least one electrode includes: a conductive body portion surrounding at least one first electrode such that a portion of the at least one first electrode extends from a first side of the conductive body portion, wherein the at least one first electrode is a hollow tube, wherein the conductive body portion forms at least one secondary electrode, wherein the conductive body portion comprises a first planar portion and a second planar portion, and wherein a second side of the conductive body portion opposite the first side corresponds to an outward-facing side of the second planar portion, the second side having one or more projections extending therefrom, wherein the first side is configured to face towards the consumable portion and the second side is configured to face away from the consumable portion. a durable portion; and a semi-durable portion configured to removably receive therein a consumable portion, wherein the semi-durable portion is configured to be removably coupled to the durable portion, wherein the durable portion is configured to provide a high voltage to the semi-durable portion and includes: a user control interface configured to receive manual input from a user to control a drive mechanism and application of the high voltage to at least one electrode to create an electric field for application to the solution to electrospin or electrospray the solution from a nozzle of the semi-durable portion toward the deposit surface, wherein the semi-durable portion is configured to provide the high voltage to the at least one electrode and includes: the nozzle, which is configured to output the solution from a nozzle tip thereof, and the at least one electrode, which is inside the nozzle, the nozzle, which is configured to output the solution from a nozzle tip thereof, and the at least one electrode, which is inside the nozzle, wherein the at least one electrode includes: a conductive body portion surrounding at least one first electrode such that a portion of the at least one first electrode extends from a first side of the conductive body portion, wherein the at least one first electrode is a hollow tube, wherein the conductive body portion forms at least one secondary electrode, wherein the conductive body portion comprises a first planar portion and a second planar portion, and wherein a second side of the conductive body portion opposite the first side corresponds to an outward-facing side of the second planar portion, the second side having one or more projections extending therefrom, wherein the first side is configured to face towards the consumable portion and the second side is configured to face away from the consumable portion.