A system for identifying connections between perturbagens and genes associated with periorbital dyschromia, comprising: (a) at least one computer readable medium having stored thereon a plurality of instances and a periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature, wherein the instances and the gene expression signature are derived from one of a human epidermal skin cell or a human dermal skin cell, each instance comprises an instance list of rank-ordered identifiers of differentially expressed genes, and the periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature comprises one or more gene expression signature lists of identifiers representing differentially expressed genes associated with at least one type of periorbital dyschromia; (b) a programmable computer comprising computer-readable instructions that cause the programmable computer to execute one or more of the following: (i) accessing the plurality of instances and a periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature stored on the computer readable medium; (ii) comparing the periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature to the plurality of the instances, wherein the comparison comprises comparing each identifier in the gene expression signature list with the position of the same identifier in the instance list for each of the plurality of instances; and (iii) assigning a connectivity score to each of the plurality of instances. (a) at least one computer readable medium having stored thereon a plurality of instances and a periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature, wherein the instances and the gene expression signature are derived from one of a human epidermal skin cell or a human dermal skin cell, each instance comprises an instance list of rank-ordered identifiers of differentially expressed genes, and the periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature comprises one or more gene expression signature lists of identifiers representing differentially expressed genes associated with at least one type of periorbital dyschromia; (b) a programmable computer comprising computer-readable instructions that cause the programmable computer to execute one or more of the following: (i) accessing the plurality of instances and a periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature stored on the computer readable medium; (ii) comparing the periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature to the plurality of the instances, wherein the comparison comprises comparing each identifier in the gene expression signature list with the position of the same identifier in the instance list for each of the plurality of instances; and (iii) assigning a connectivity score to each of the plurality of instances. (i) accessing the plurality of instances and a periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature stored on the computer readable medium; (ii) comparing the periorbital dychromia-relevant gene expression signature to the plurality of the instances, wherein the comparison comprises comparing each identifier in the gene expression signature list with the position of the same identifier in the instance list for each of the plurality of instances; and (iii) assigning a connectivity score to each of the plurality of instances.