A fast imaging and inspection apparatus for a moving target, comprising: a passage for the moving target to pass therethrough; a scanning and imaging device, comprising a betatron for generating X-rays, and a detector for receiving X-rays penetrating through the moving target, wherein the betatron images the moving target by emitting the X-rays to the moving target passing through the passage; a first position sensor, disposed at a position away from and on one side of the scanning and imaging device and configured to output a sensing signal indicating whether the moving target begins to enter the passage; a second position sensor, disposed between the first position sensor and the scanning and imaging device, and configured to detect a type feature of the moving target, distinguish a protected part of the moving target from an unprotected part of the same, section the moving target into respective sections, and output a sensing signal indicating whether the protected part of the moving target is passing or has already passed through a radiation scanning area; and a control unit, connected to the scanning and imaging device, the first position sensor and the second position sensor, and configured to power on the betatron to place it in a standby state upon receiving the sensing signal indicating that the moving target begins to enter the passage from the first position sensor, and control a beam emitting time-point and a beam emitting mode of the betatron to correspondingly inspect respective sections of the moving target when the second position sensor detects that the respective sections are passing through the radiation scanning area, characterized in that: the control unit is configured to switch the betatron between a continuous operating mode and an intermittent operating mode, wherein the betatron is switched between a standby state and an operating state in the continuous operating mode, and is switched between a powered-on state and a powered-off state in the intermittent operating mode. a passage for the moving target to pass therethrough; a scanning and imaging device, comprising a betatron for generating X-rays, and a detector for receiving X-rays penetrating through the moving target, wherein the betatron images the moving target by emitting the X-rays to the moving target passing through the passage; a first position sensor, disposed at a position away from and on one side of the scanning and imaging device and configured to output a sensing signal indicating whether the moving target begins to enter the passage; a second position sensor, disposed between the first position sensor and the scanning and imaging device, and configured to detect a type feature of the moving target, distinguish a protected part of the moving target from an unprotected part of the same, section the moving target into respective sections, and output a sensing signal indicating whether the protected part of the moving target is passing or has already passed through a radiation scanning area; and a control unit, connected to the scanning and imaging device, the first position sensor and the second position sensor, and configured to power on the betatron to place it in a standby state upon receiving the sensing signal indicating that the moving target begins to enter the passage from the first position sensor, and control a beam emitting time-point and a beam emitting mode of the betatron to correspondingly inspect respective sections of the moving target when the second position sensor detects that the respective sections are passing through the radiation scanning area, characterized in that: the control unit is configured to switch the betatron between a continuous operating mode and an intermittent operating mode, wherein the betatron is switched between a standby state and an operating state in the continuous operating mode, and is switched between a powered-on state and a powered-off state in the intermittent operating mode.