A method for use in imaging a sample through a scattering medium, or for use in imaging a sub-surface region of a sample through a scattering surface region of the sample, the method comprising: illuminating the sample through the scattering medium, or illuminating the sub-surface region of the sample through the scattering surface region of the sample, with a plurality of spatial patterns of incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation is coherent and comprises a stream of pulses of incident electromagnetic radiation, and wherein each spatial pattern of incident electromagnetic radiation interacts with the sample, or the sub-surface region of the sample, to generate electromagnetic radiation in the sample or the sub-surface region of the sample; using single pixel detection to measure, for each spatial pattern of incident electromagnetic radiation, a corresponding value representative of a quantity of at least a portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation; and using the plurality of spatial patterns of incident electromagnetic radiation and the plurality of corresponding measured values to determine an image of the sample, or an image of the sub-surface region of the sample, without using a spatial distribution of the emitted electromagnetic radiation, wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation comprises a range of different wavelengths and the method comprises: dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering medium and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sample; or dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering surface region of the sample and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sub-surface region of the sample. illuminating the sample through the scattering medium, or illuminating the sub-surface region of the sample through the scattering surface region of the sample, with a plurality of spatial patterns of incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation is coherent and comprises a stream of pulses of incident electromagnetic radiation, and wherein each spatial pattern of incident electromagnetic radiation interacts with the sample, or the sub-surface region of the sample, to generate electromagnetic radiation in the sample or the sub-surface region of the sample; using single pixel detection to measure, for each spatial pattern of incident electromagnetic radiation, a corresponding value representative of a quantity of at least a portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation; and using the plurality of spatial patterns of incident electromagnetic radiation and the plurality of corresponding measured values to determine an image of the sample, or an image of the sub-surface region of the sample, without using a spatial distribution of the emitted electromagnetic radiation, wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation comprises a range of different wavelengths and the method comprises: dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering medium and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sample; or dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering surface region of the sample and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sub-surface region of the sample. dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering medium and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sample; or dispersing the different wavelengths in the range of different wavelengths along different paths through the scattering surface region of the sample and focusing the different wavelengths to the same focal plane or the same focal volume within the sub-surface region of the sample.