A positioning system comprising: a measurement apparatus including a first antenna pair including two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2), a second antenna pair including two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2), and a signal generation circuit that generates transmission signals (St 11, St 12, St 21, St 22) to be output from the antenna elements, a space (L 1) between the two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and a space (L 2) between the two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair being set to distances different from each other, the measurement apparatus having a function of outputting transmission signals (St 11, St 12) whose the phase difference changes over time from each other from the two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and outputting transmission signals (St 21, St 22) whose the phase difference changes over time from each other from the two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair; and a target object including a target-side antenna, a signal processing circuit that simultaneously receives from the target-side antenna two transmission signals transmitted from the measurement apparatus and processes a reception signal (Sr 1, Sr 2) by detecting the phase difference (Δφ 10) between the transmission signals (St 11, St 12) from the antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and the phase difference (Δφ 20) between the transmission signals (St 21, St 22) from the antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair, based on the beat of received transmission signals, and a transmission circuit that returns a processed signal (Sp) from the target-side antenna to the measurement apparatus, wherein a distance and a direction of the target object from the measurement apparatus are detected by configuring the first antenna pair and the second antenna pair of the measurement apparatus to operate alternately in terms of time and by configuring the target object to transmit information (Dφ) processed by the signal processing circuit to the measurement apparatus with a predetermined delay. a measurement apparatus including a first antenna pair including two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2), a second antenna pair including two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2), and a signal generation circuit that generates transmission signals (St 11, St 12, St 21, St 22) to be output from the antenna elements, a space (L 1) between the two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and a space (L 2) between the two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair being set to distances different from each other, the measurement apparatus having a function of outputting transmission signals (St 11, St 12) whose the phase difference changes over time from each other from the two antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and outputting transmission signals (St 21, St 22) whose the phase difference changes over time from each other from the two antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair; and a target object including a target-side antenna, a signal processing circuit that simultaneously receives from the target-side antenna two transmission signals transmitted from the measurement apparatus and processes a reception signal (Sr 1, Sr 2) by detecting the phase difference (Δφ 10) between the transmission signals (St 11, St 12) from the antenna elements (3 1, 3 2) of the first antenna pair and the phase difference (Δφ 20) between the transmission signals (St 21, St 22) from the antenna elements (4 1, 4 2) of the second antenna pair, based on the beat of received transmission signals, and a transmission circuit that returns a processed signal (Sp) from the target-side antenna to the measurement apparatus, wherein a distance and a direction of the target object from the measurement apparatus are detected by configuring the first antenna pair and the second antenna pair of the measurement apparatus to operate alternately in terms of time and by configuring the target object to transmit information (Dφ) processed by the signal processing circuit to the measurement apparatus with a predetermined delay.