A ventilation device for a transport vehicle, in particular for a railway vehicle, comprising: - a device for generating an air flow; - at least one air circulation duct intended to receive the air flow, the duct extending along a direction of extension between an air inlet and an air outlet; and - an air filter in the filtration position in which said filter is arranged between the air inlet and the air outlet in the air circulation duct; characterized in that the ventilation device further comprises: - a storage compartment for a plurality of air filters, said storage compartment being separate from the air circulation duct; - at least one air filter in the storage position in which said filter is arranged in the storage compartment; and - a device for changing air filters configured to move each filter between the filtration position and the storage position of said filter, the ventilation device further comprising an electronic maintenance device configured to receive a first warning signal characteristic of a clogging rate of the filter in the filtration position, the electronic maintenance device being configured to send an instruction to replace said filter to the device for changing air filters when the degree of clogging of said filter exceeds a first clogging threshold, the electronic maintenance device further being configured to send a maintenance instruction to a receiver external to the ventilation device when: - each filter in the storage position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to the first clogging threshold; and - the filter in the filtration position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to a second clogging threshold, the second clogging threshold being lower than the first clogging threshold. - a device for generating an air flow; - at least one air circulation duct intended to receive the air flow, the duct extending along a direction of extension between an air inlet and an air outlet; and - an air filter in the filtration position in which said filter is arranged between the air inlet and the air outlet in the air circulation duct; - a storage compartment for a plurality of air filters, said storage compartment being separate from the air circulation duct; - at least one air filter in the storage position in which said filter is arranged in the storage compartment; and - a device for changing air filters configured to move each filter between the filtration position and the storage position of said filter, the ventilation device further comprising an electronic maintenance device configured to receive a first warning signal characteristic of a clogging rate of the filter in the filtration position, the electronic maintenance device being configured to send an instruction to replace said filter to the device for changing air filters when the degree of clogging of said filter exceeds a first clogging threshold, the electronic maintenance device further being configured to send a maintenance instruction to a receiver external to the ventilation device when: - each filter in the storage position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to the first clogging threshold; and - the filter in the filtration position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to a second clogging threshold, the second clogging threshold being lower than the first clogging threshold. - each filter in the storage position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to the first clogging threshold; and - the filter in the filtration position has a clogging rate greater than or equal to a second clogging threshold, the second clogging threshold being lower than the first clogging threshold.