An anaerobic ammonia oxidation-based sewage treatment process using membrane bioreactor, comprising the following steps: sewage pretreatment: after removing large particles of sewage by a coarse grid and sand removal device, sending the sewage to a coagulation reactor for flocculation, and separating solid particles by a pretreatment fine grid unit, so that sizes of the solid particles in pretreated sewage is not larger than that of anammox bacteria particles in denitrification treatment step; denitrification treatment: sending the pretreated sewage to a nitrification tank for nitrification, wherein the nitrification tank is equipped with an aerator to make the ammonia nitrogen incompletely oxidized into nitrite and produce an activated sludge liquid containing residual ammonia nitrogen; wherein an aeration rate from the aerator to the nitrification tank is less than a critical value of ammonia nitrogen oxidation to nitrate; and putting the activated sludge liquid containing nitrite and residual ammonia nitrogen into an anammox reactor which is an anaerobic environment without oxygen for denitrification reaction; solid-liquid separation treatment: putting sewage after the denitrification treatment into an MBR for solid-liquid separation, wherein the MBR is equipped with an aerator to oxidize nitrite into nitrate; and the activated sludge rich in anammox bacteria particles and nitrate separated from the MBR is returned to the anammox reactor as a reactant for a next denitrification treatment, wherein excess sludge is treated by a reflux fine grid unit, wherein the anaerobic autotrophic bacteria particles screened out by the reflux fine grid unit are returned to the anammox reactor through the sludge reflux, and the sludge grid slag is discharged into sludge treatment system, and the reflux fine grid unit is used to control a concentration of anammox bacteria in the anammox reactor. sewage pretreatment: after removing large particles of sewage by a coarse grid and sand removal device, sending the sewage to a coagulation reactor for flocculation, and separating solid particles by a pretreatment fine grid unit, so that sizes of the solid particles in pretreated sewage is not larger than that of anammox bacteria particles in denitrification treatment step; denitrification treatment: sending the pretreated sewage to a nitrification tank for nitrification, wherein the nitrification tank is equipped with an aerator to make the ammonia nitrogen incompletely oxidized into nitrite and produce an activated sludge liquid containing residual ammonia nitrogen; wherein an aeration rate from the aerator to the nitrification tank is less than a critical value of ammonia nitrogen oxidation to nitrate; and putting the activated sludge liquid containing nitrite and residual ammonia nitrogen into an anammox reactor which is an anaerobic environment without oxygen for denitrification reaction; solid-liquid separation treatment: putting sewage after the denitrification treatment into an MBR for solid-liquid separation, wherein the MBR is equipped with an aerator to oxidize nitrite into nitrate; and the activated sludge rich in anammox bacteria particles and nitrate separated from the MBR is returned to the anammox reactor as a reactant for a next denitrification treatment, wherein excess sludge is treated by a reflux fine grid unit, wherein the anaerobic autotrophic bacteria particles screened out by the reflux fine grid unit are returned to the anammox reactor through the sludge reflux, and the sludge grid slag is discharged into sludge treatment system, and the reflux fine grid unit is used to control a concentration of anammox bacteria in the anammox reactor.