A combustion apparatus, comprising: a center member (30, 30a-30g) having a longitudinal axis and comprising: a body (34, 34a-34g) where at least a portion of the body is substantially cylindrical; and a tip (42, 42a-42g) integral with the body (34, 34a-34g), where at least a portion of the tip (42, 42a-42g) is substantially hemispherical; a first outer member (54, 54a, 54b) comprising: a body (58, 58a, 58b); a tip (62, 62a, 62b) integral with the body (58, 58a, 58b); and a bore (66, 66a, 66b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b) is positioned such that a first channel (70, 70a, 70b) is defined between the first outer member and the center member (30, 30a-30g); and a second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) comprising: a body (78, 78a, 78b); a tip (82, 82a, 82b) integral with the body (78, 78a, 78b); and a bore (86, 86a, 86b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) is positioned such that a second channel (90, 90a, 90b) is defined between the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) and the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b); where the apparatus is configured to: permit fluid to move through the first channel (70, 70a, 70b) and out of the tip (62, 62a, 62b) of the first outer member; and permit fluid to move through the second channel (90, 90a, 90b) and out of the tip (82, 82a, 82b) of the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b), characterized in that the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g) has a first end and a second end, and the second end of the tip is substantially concave and the tips (62, 62a, 62b, 82, 82a, 82b) of the first (54, 54a, 54b) and second (74, 74a, 74b) outer members are substantially curved so that the fluid moving through the first (70, 70a, 70b) and second (90, 90a, 90b) channels flow over curved surfaces of the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g), first outer member (54, 54a, 54b), and second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) to generate a region of low pressure and to form a recirculation zone near the substantially concave portion of the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g). a center member (30, 30a-30g) having a longitudinal axis and comprising: a body (34, 34a-34g) where at least a portion of the body is substantially cylindrical; and a tip (42, 42a-42g) integral with the body (34, 34a-34g), where at least a portion of the tip (42, 42a-42g) is substantially hemispherical; a body (34, 34a-34g) where at least a portion of the body is substantially cylindrical; and a tip (42, 42a-42g) integral with the body (34, 34a-34g), where at least a portion of the tip (42, 42a-42g) is substantially hemispherical; a first outer member (54, 54a, 54b) comprising: a body (58, 58a, 58b); a tip (62, 62a, 62b) integral with the body (58, 58a, 58b); and a bore (66, 66a, 66b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b) is positioned such that a first channel (70, 70a, 70b) is defined between the first outer member and the center member (30, 30a-30g); and a body (58, 58a, 58b); a tip (62, 62a, 62b) integral with the body (58, 58a, 58b); and a bore (66, 66a, 66b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b) is positioned such that a first channel (70, 70a, 70b) is defined between the first outer member and the center member (30, 30a-30g); and a second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) comprising: a body (78, 78a, 78b); a tip (82, 82a, 82b) integral with the body (78, 78a, 78b); and a bore (86, 86a, 86b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) is positioned such that a second channel (90, 90a, 90b) is defined between the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) and the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b); a body (78, 78a, 78b); a tip (82, 82a, 82b) integral with the body (78, 78a, 78b); and a bore (86, 86a, 86b) concentric with the longitudinal axis of the center member (30, 30a-30g); where the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) is positioned such that a second channel (90, 90a, 90b) is defined between the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) and the first outer member (54, 54a, 54b); where the apparatus is configured to: permit fluid to move through the first channel (70, 70a, 70b) and out of the tip (62, 62a, 62b) of the first outer member; and permit fluid to move through the second channel (90, 90a, 90b) and out of the tip (82, 82a, 82b) of the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b), permit fluid to move through the first channel (70, 70a, 70b) and out of the tip (62, 62a, 62b) of the first outer member; and permit fluid to move through the second channel (90, 90a, 90b) and out of the tip (82, 82a, 82b) of the second outer member (74, 74a, 74b), characterized in that the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g) has a first end and a second end, and the second end of the tip is substantially concave and the tips (62, 62a, 62b, 82, 82a, 82b) of the first (54, 54a, 54b) and second (74, 74a, 74b) outer members are substantially curved so that the fluid moving through the first (70, 70a, 70b) and second (90, 90a, 90b) channels flow over curved surfaces of the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g), first outer member (54, 54a, 54b), and second outer member (74, 74a, 74b) to generate a region of low pressure and to form a recirculation zone near the substantially concave portion of the tip (42, 42a-42g) of the center member (30, 30a-30g).