A first substrate for a microfluidic device, comprising: a first base substrate; a first electrode layer on the first base substrate, the first electrode layer comprising a plurality of drive electrodes; a first dielectric layer on a side of the first electrode layer away from the first base substrate; a first lyophobic layer on a side of the first dielectric layer away from the first base substrate; a second electrode layer between the first base substrate and the first electrode layer; an insulating layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; and a second dielectric layer between the first dielectric layer and the first lyophobic layer, wherein the plurality of drive electrodes define at least one flow channel (128, 126, 121, 132, 142, 154, 162) and at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160) in the first substrate, the at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160) comprises a reagent area, the at least one flow channel (128, 126, 121, 132, 142, 154, 162) comprises a reagent area flow channel, the reagent area comprises a reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) and a droplet shape changing portion (205, 116), the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) is adjacent to the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), and the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) is on a side of the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) away from the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), wherein the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114), the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116), and the reagent area flow channel (206, 128) are configured to generate an intermediate droplet from the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) that covers the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) and configured to change a shape of the intermediate droplet to generate a reagent droplet in the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), wherein the second electrode layer comprises a plurality of leads, a drive electrode in the first electrode layer and a lead corresponding to the drive electrode are connected by a via hole, and the via hole penetrates the insulating layer, and wherein in one or more functional areas of the at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160), the first lyophobic layer is patterned so that the second dielectric layer is periodically exposed. a first base substrate; a first electrode layer on the first base substrate, the first electrode layer comprising a plurality of drive electrodes; a first dielectric layer on a side of the first electrode layer away from the first base substrate; a first lyophobic layer on a side of the first dielectric layer away from the first base substrate; a second electrode layer between the first base substrate and the first electrode layer; an insulating layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; and a second dielectric layer between the first dielectric layer and the first lyophobic layer, wherein the plurality of drive electrodes define at least one flow channel (128, 126, 121, 132, 142, 154, 162) and at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160) in the first substrate, the at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160) comprises a reagent area, the at least one flow channel (128, 126, 121, 132, 142, 154, 162) comprises a reagent area flow channel, the reagent area comprises a reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) and a droplet shape changing portion (205, 116), the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) is adjacent to the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), and the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) is on a side of the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) away from the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), wherein the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114), the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116), and the reagent area flow channel (206, 128) are configured to generate an intermediate droplet from the reagent area liquid storage portion (204, 114) that covers the droplet shape changing portion (205, 116) and configured to change a shape of the intermediate droplet to generate a reagent droplet in the reagent area flow channel (206, 128), wherein the second electrode layer comprises a plurality of leads, a drive electrode in the first electrode layer and a lead corresponding to the drive electrode are connected by a via hole, and the via hole penetrates the insulating layer, and wherein in one or more functional areas of the at least one functional area (112, 122, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160), the first lyophobic layer is patterned so that the second dielectric layer is periodically exposed.