A method of constructing an underwater concrete block structure, the method comprising: fabricating a plurality of concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) having a vertical hole (110, 411, 611) extending in the vertical direction; after the concrete block (100, 400, 600) fabricating step, forming a foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) by installing the concrete block (100, 400, 600) on the seafloor; after the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) formation step, vertically installing at least one guide pole in the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) by inserting a lower end of the guide pole extending in the vertical direction into the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) forming the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) so that an upper end of the guide pole protrudes above the surface of the water; after the guide pole installation step, forming a concrete block stack (100b, 400b) by repeating a process of positioning the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed above the surface of the water such that the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed is above the guide pole, and lowering the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed so that the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed is installed on an upper portion of the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) in a state in which the guide pole is inserted into the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed; characterized in that after the concrete block stack (100b, 400b) formation step, forming a main concrete column (310, 320, 510, 520) for binding the plurality of concrete blocks (100, 400, 600), extending in the vertical direction in a main continuous hole (100b-1,100b-2, 400b-2), the main continuous hole (100b-1,100b-2, 400b-2) defining both the space in which the guide pole is removed by removing the guide poles disposed in the concrete block stack (100b, 400b) and the space in which the vertical holes (110, 411, 611) of the concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) vertically stacked on one another are continuously connected in the vertical direction; and wherein the guide pole has a hollow body portion formed to extend in the vertical direction in a shape corresponding to the cross section of the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600), and an upper insert portion formed on an upper end of the body portion in an upwardly tapered shape. fabricating a plurality of concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) having a vertical hole (110, 411, 611) extending in the vertical direction; after the concrete block (100, 400, 600) fabricating step, forming a foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) by installing the concrete block (100, 400, 600) on the seafloor; after the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) formation step, vertically installing at least one guide pole in the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) by inserting a lower end of the guide pole extending in the vertical direction into the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) forming the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) so that an upper end of the guide pole protrudes above the surface of the water; after the guide pole installation step, forming a concrete block stack (100b, 400b) by repeating a process of positioning the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed above the surface of the water such that the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed is above the guide pole, and lowering the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed so that the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed is installed on an upper portion of the foundation concrete block structure (100a, 400a, 600a) in a state in which the guide pole is inserted into the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600) to be installed; characterized in that after the concrete block stack (100b, 400b) formation step, forming a main concrete column (310, 320, 510, 520) for binding the plurality of concrete blocks (100, 400, 600), extending in the vertical direction in a main continuous hole (100b-1,100b-2, 400b-2), the main continuous hole (100b-1,100b-2, 400b-2) defining both the space in which the guide pole is removed by removing the guide poles disposed in the concrete block stack (100b, 400b) and the space in which the vertical holes (110, 411, 611) of the concrete blocks (100, 400, 600) vertically stacked on one another are continuously connected in the vertical direction; and wherein the guide pole has a hollow body portion formed to extend in the vertical direction in a shape corresponding to the cross section of the vertical hole (110, 411, 611) of the concrete block (100, 400, 600), and an upper insert portion formed on an upper end of the body portion in an upwardly tapered shape.