A compound of the formula: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, -CN, alkynyl, -N(R 6) 2, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-alkyl, -N(R 6)-C -N(R 9) 2, -alkylene-CN, -cycloalkylene-CN, -alkylene-O-alkyl, -C -alkyl, -C(=N-OR 5)-alkyl, -C -N(R 9) 2, -C -O-alkyl, -alkylene-C -alkyl, -alkylene-C -O-alkyl, -alkylene-C -N(R 9) 2, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is -CN; W is =C(R 8)- or =N-; X is -C - or -S(O 2)-; Y is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -, -O-, and -N(R 6)-C -, with the proviso that: (a) the nitrogen atom of -N(R 6)-C - is bonded to X, and (b) if R 1 or R 2 is and Y is -O-, X is not -S(O 2)-; Z is -C(R 7) 2 -, -N(R 6)-, or -O-; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, -CH 2 OR 5, and alkyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, acyl, aroyl, alkylsulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl; R 5 is H or alkyl; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl; each R 7 is independently H or alkyl; or each R 7, together with the ring carbon to which they are shown attached, form a cycloalkylene ring; R 8 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, -N(R 6) 2, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-alkyl, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-aryl, -N(R 6)-C -alkyl, -N(R 6)-C -aryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, and -CN; R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and aryl, or each R 9, together with the nitrogen to which they are shown attached, form a heterocycloalkyl ring; Ar 1 and Ar 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl and aryl substituted with 0 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -CN, -OH, and -NO 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; and m is 1, 2, or 3. R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, -CN, alkynyl, -N(R 6) 2, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-alkyl, -N(R 6)-C -N(R 9) 2, -alkylene-CN, -cycloalkylene-CN, -alkylene-O-alkyl, -C -alkyl, -C(=N-OR 5)-alkyl, -C -N(R 9) 2, -C -O-alkyl, -alkylene-C -alkyl, -alkylene-C -O-alkyl, -alkylene-C -N(R 9) 2, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is -CN; W is =C(R 8)- or =N-; X is -C - or -S(O 2)-; Y is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -, -O-, and -N(R 6)-C -, with the proviso that: (a) the nitrogen atom of -N(R 6)-C - is bonded to X, and (b) if R 1 or R 2 is and Y is -O-, X is not -S(O 2)-; (a) the nitrogen atom of -N(R 6)-C - is bonded to X, and (b) if R 1 or R 2 is and Y is -O-, X is not -S(O 2)-; Z is -C(R 7) 2 -, -N(R 6)-, or -O-; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, -CH 2 OR 5, and alkyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, acyl, aroyl, alkylsulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl; R 5 is H or alkyl; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl; each R 7 is independently H or alkyl; or each R 7, together with the ring carbon to which they are shown attached, form a cycloalkylene ring; R 8 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, -N(R 6) 2, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-alkyl, -N(R 6)-S(O 2)-aryl, -N(R 6)-C -alkyl, -N(R 6)-C -aryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, and -CN; R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and aryl, or each R 9, together with the nitrogen to which they are shown attached, form a heterocycloalkyl ring; Ar 1 and Ar 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl and aryl substituted with 0 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -CN, -OH, and -NO 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; and m is 1, 2, or 3.