A method for determining a subject's risk for developing esophageal and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, said method comprising: (a) obtaining a non-endoscopic biological sample from the esophagus of a subject having gastroesophageal cells; (b) performing cytology of the obtained biological sample of (a) to identify presence or absence of cellular changes, implicated in development of EAC; the cellular changes comprise presence of columnar cell metaplasia; optionally wherein the cytology is carried out by Papanicolaou stain, Haematoxylin-eosin staining, Gene chip arrays and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); (c) determining from the obtained biological sample from (b) showing presence of cellular changes, implicated in development of EAC, the nucleic acid sequence of each gene in a panel of genes implicated in the development of EAC; optionally wherein the sequencing is carried out by next generation sequencing; (d) detecting a change in at least one of the genes implicated in the development of EAC, the change being detection of presence of one or more genetic mutations or change in gene copy number in the panel of genes sequenced from the obtained biological sample in (c), wherein the panel of genes comprises one or more genes selected from the group consisting of CDKN2A, ERBB2, SMARCA4, and LRP1B, wherein the change is: i) a threonine to methionine change at position 910 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence (NP_001122316), ii) a glycine to serine change at position 1162 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence, iii) a valine to alanine change at position 2091 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence (NP_061027), iv) a serine to cysteine change at position 4003 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, v) a threonine to alanine change at position 4410 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, vi) a serine to phenylalanine change at position 280 in the ERBB2 amino acid sequence (NP_001005862), vii) a loss of the CDKN2A sequence (NP_000068), or a combination thereof; and (e) determining the subject's risk for developing EAC, wherein detecting the presence of cellular changes implicated in development of EAC in (b) and change in at least one of the genes implicated in the development of EAC in (d), indicates that said subject is at risk of developing EAC. (a) obtaining a non-endoscopic biological sample from the esophagus of a subject having gastroesophageal cells; (b) performing cytology of the obtained biological sample of (a) to identify presence or absence of cellular changes, implicated in development of EAC; the cellular changes comprise presence of columnar cell metaplasia; optionally wherein the cytology is carried out by Papanicolaou stain, Haematoxylin-eosin staining, Gene chip arrays and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); (c) determining from the obtained biological sample from (b) showing presence of cellular changes, implicated in development of EAC, the nucleic acid sequence of each gene in a panel of genes implicated in the development of EAC; optionally wherein the sequencing is carried out by next generation sequencing; (d) detecting a change in at least one of the genes implicated in the development of EAC, the change being detection of presence of one or more genetic mutations or change in gene copy number in the panel of genes sequenced from the obtained biological sample in (c), wherein the panel of genes comprises one or more genes selected from the group consisting of CDKN2A, ERBB2, SMARCA4, and LRP1B, wherein the change is: i) a threonine to methionine change at position 910 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence (NP_001122316), ii) a glycine to serine change at position 1162 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence, iii) a valine to alanine change at position 2091 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence (NP_061027), iv) a serine to cysteine change at position 4003 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, v) a threonine to alanine change at position 4410 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, vi) a serine to phenylalanine change at position 280 in the ERBB2 amino acid sequence (NP_001005862), vii) a loss of the CDKN2A sequence (NP_000068), or a combination thereof; and i) a threonine to methionine change at position 910 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence (NP_001122316), ii) a glycine to serine change at position 1162 in the SMARCA4 amino acid sequence, iii) a valine to alanine change at position 2091 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence (NP_061027), iv) a serine to cysteine change at position 4003 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, v) a threonine to alanine change at position 4410 in the LRP1B amino acid sequence, vi) a serine to phenylalanine change at position 280 in the ERBB2 amino acid sequence (NP_001005862), vii) a loss of the CDKN2A sequence (NP_000068), (e) determining the subject's risk for developing EAC, wherein detecting the presence of cellular changes implicated in development of EAC in (b) and change in at least one of the genes implicated in the development of EAC in (d), indicates that said subject is at risk of developing EAC.