A neurostimulation device, comprising: first and second electrodes (515A, 515B) wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to deliver the modulated electrical signal to the subject through transdermal electrical stimulation; first and second earpieces (550A, 550B), each of the earpieces comprising a respective one of the first and second electrodes (515A, 515B); first and second thermoelectric devices thermally coupled to the first and second earpieces (550A, 550B), respectively; and first and second heat sinks thermally coupled to the first and second thermoelectric devices, respectfully, opposite the respective one of the first and second earpieces, wherein ones of the first and second electrodes are configured to be insertable into a respective ear canal of the subject and configured to deliver the modulated electrical signal to the subject through galvanic vestibular stimulation; and further comprising a controller comprising a waveform generator configured to deliver a modulated electrical signal to a subject through the first and second electrodes, the modulated electrical signal comprising a plurality of spaced-apart packets of electrical pulses, ones of the plurality of packets comprising a plurality of electrical pulses and a separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, ones of the electrical pulses comprising a width in time, an amplitude in voltage, and a separation in time between adjacent ones of the electrical pulses within a packet, at least one of a quantity of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the width in time of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the amplitude in voltage of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, and the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses being modulated to modulate the electrical signal, the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses being modulated based on a target stimulus frequency, wherein the controller is configured to generate a first control signal to control a first time varying thermal waveform output from the first thermoelectric device and a second control signal to control a second time varying thermal waveform output from the second thermoelectric device. first and second electrodes (515A, 515B) wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to deliver the modulated electrical signal to the subject through transdermal electrical stimulation; first and second earpieces (550A, 550B), each of the earpieces comprising a respective one of the first and second electrodes (515A, 515B); first and second thermoelectric devices thermally coupled to the first and second earpieces (550A, 550B), respectively; and first and second heat sinks thermally coupled to the first and second thermoelectric devices, respectfully, opposite the respective one of the first and second earpieces, wherein ones of the first and second electrodes are configured to be insertable into a respective ear canal of the subject and configured to deliver the modulated electrical signal to the subject through galvanic vestibular stimulation; and further comprising a controller comprising a waveform generator configured to deliver a modulated electrical signal to a subject through the first and second electrodes, the modulated electrical signal comprising a plurality of spaced-apart packets of electrical pulses, ones of the plurality of packets comprising a plurality of electrical pulses and a separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, ones of the electrical pulses comprising a width in time, an amplitude in voltage, and a separation in time between adjacent ones of the electrical pulses within a packet, at least one of a quantity of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the width in time of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the amplitude in voltage of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of electrical pulses within ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses, and the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses being modulated to modulate the electrical signal, the separation in time between adjacent ones of the plurality of packets of electrical pulses being modulated based on a target stimulus frequency, wherein the controller is configured to generate a first control signal to control a first time varying thermal waveform output from the first thermoelectric device and a second control signal to control a second time varying thermal waveform output from the second thermoelectric device.