A light-emitting diode lighting device, comprising: a substrate having at least one first recess and at least one second recess therein, wherein at least one of the first recess and the second recess has a bottom surface (117, 114) and at least one tapered side surface (118, 115) adjacent to the bottom surface (117, 114); a first bottom electrode disposed in the first recess; a second bottom electrode disposed in the second recess, wherein at least one of the first bottom electrode and the second bottom electrode is reflective and covers at least a part of the bottom surface (117, 114) and at least a part of the tapered side surface (118, 115); at least one first vertical LED disposed in the first recess and on the first bottom electrode, wherein the first vertical LED has a top surface, the substrate has a top surface, a height of the top surface of the first vertical LED with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess is lower than a height of the top surface of the substrate with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess; at least one second vertical LED disposed in the second recess and on the second bottom electrode; a first bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the first recess, wherein the first bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the first vertical LED; a second bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the second recess, wherein the second bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the second vertical LED; and a top transparent electrode electrically connecting the first vertical LED and the second bottom electrode. a substrate having at least one first recess and at least one second recess therein, wherein at least one of the first recess and the second recess has a bottom surface (117, 114) and at least one tapered side surface (118, 115) adjacent to the bottom surface (117, 114); a first bottom electrode disposed in the first recess; a second bottom electrode disposed in the second recess, wherein at least one of the first bottom electrode and the second bottom electrode is reflective and covers at least a part of the bottom surface (117, 114) and at least a part of the tapered side surface (118, 115); at least one first vertical LED disposed in the first recess and on the first bottom electrode, wherein the first vertical LED has a top surface, the substrate has a top surface, a height of the top surface of the first vertical LED with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess is lower than a height of the top surface of the substrate with respect to the bottom surface of the first recess; at least one second vertical LED disposed in the second recess and on the second bottom electrode; a first bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the first recess, wherein the first bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the first vertical LED; a second bottom transparent isolation layer disposed in the second recess, wherein the second bottom transparent isolation layer has at least one opening therein to expose at least a part of the second vertical LED; and a top transparent electrode electrically connecting the first vertical LED and the second bottom electrode.