A large-deformation tensile testing system, for large deformation tensile testing of an anchor shank or an anchor rope, wherein the large-deformation tensile testing system comprises: a main frame; a rear collet component arranged at a first position in a longitudinal direction of the main frame; a front collet component movably arranged at a second position in the longitudinal direction of the main frame; a telescoping apparatus arranged near one end of the main frame, connected to the front collet component, and configured to stretch a sample clamped between the rear collet component and the front collet component according to a set control scheme; and a measurement and control apparatus including a sensor module, a control module, an analysis module, and an output module, wherein the sensor module is connected to the telescoping apparatus, senses a real-time displacement of the telescoping apparatus and a real-time tensile of the telescoping apparatus to the sample, forms real-time displacement data and real-time tensile data, and transmits the data to the analysis module and the control module; the control module is configured to control a testing process to be performed under set testing conditions, according to a set control scheme and an input from the sensor module; the analysis module is configured to analyze an input from the sensor module, and form and transmit a test result to the output module; and the output module outputs the test result, characterized in that the telescoping apparatus stretches the sample through a piston cylinder, and in that the telescoping apparatus includes a connecting carriage, a pair of screw rods, and the piston cylinder, wherein the pair of screw rods are connected between the front collet component and a connecting plate of the connecting carriage, a cylinder body of the piston cylinder is fixedly connected to one end of the main frame, and a piston rod of the piston cylinder is connected to the connecting plate and extended away from the main frame. a main frame; a rear collet component arranged at a first position in a longitudinal direction of the main frame; a front collet component movably arranged at a second position in the longitudinal direction of the main frame; a telescoping apparatus arranged near one end of the main frame, connected to the front collet component, and configured to stretch a sample clamped between the rear collet component and the front collet component according to a set control scheme; and a measurement and control apparatus including a sensor module, a control module, an analysis module, and an output module, wherein the sensor module is connected to the telescoping apparatus, senses a real-time displacement of the telescoping apparatus and a real-time tensile of the telescoping apparatus to the sample, forms real-time displacement data and real-time tensile data, and transmits the data to the analysis module and the control module; the control module is configured to control a testing process to be performed under set testing conditions, according to a set control scheme and an input from the sensor module; the analysis module is configured to analyze an input from the sensor module, and form and transmit a test result to the output module; and the output module outputs the test result, characterized in that the telescoping apparatus stretches the sample through a piston cylinder, and in that the telescoping apparatus includes a connecting carriage, a pair of screw rods, and the piston cylinder, wherein the pair of screw rods are connected between the front collet component and a connecting plate of the connecting carriage, a cylinder body of the piston cylinder is fixedly connected to one end of the main frame, and a piston rod of the piston cylinder is connected to the connecting plate and extended away from the main frame.