A system for determining crop population within a field during a harvesting operation being performed by an agricultural harvester, the system comprising: a feeder configured to convey harvested material from a harvesting implement of the agricultural harvester to a threshing and separating assembly of the agricultural harvester, an imaging device configured to generate image data depicting the harvested material entering or being conveyed through the feeder during the harvesting operation; and a computing system communicatively coupled to the imaging device, the computing system configured to: analyze the generated image data to identify crop ears present within the harvested material entering or being conveyed through the feeder; determine a crop population within at least a portion of the field based on the identified crop ears present within the harvested material; and characterized in that the computing system is configured to: access planting data indicative of a number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field; and determine a difference between the determined crop population within the at least the portion of the field and the number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field. a feeder configured to convey harvested material from a harvesting implement of the agricultural harvester to a threshing and separating assembly of the agricultural harvester, an imaging device configured to generate image data depicting the harvested material entering or being conveyed through the feeder during the harvesting operation; and a computing system communicatively coupled to the imaging device, the computing system configured to: analyze the generated image data to identify crop ears present within the harvested material entering or being conveyed through the feeder; determine a crop population within at least a portion of the field based on the identified crop ears present within the harvested material; and characterized in that the computing system is configured to: access planting data indicative of a number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field; and determine a difference between the determined crop population within the at least the portion of the field and the number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field. analyze the generated image data to identify crop ears present within the harvested material entering or being conveyed through the feeder; determine a crop population within at least a portion of the field based on the identified crop ears present within the harvested material; and characterized in that the computing system is configured to: access planting data indicative of a number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field; and determine a difference between the determined crop population within the at least the portion of the field and the number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field. access planting data indicative of a number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field; and determine a difference between the determined crop population within the at least the portion of the field and the number of seeds planted within the at least the portion of the field.