A miniaturized wide-field fundus indirect ophthalmoscopy apparatus for use with a camera sensor of a portable device, the apparatus comprising: an illumination sub-system including at least a first lens and a light source, the light source being positioned at least partially within a first plane and producing illumination light rays of at least a first wavelength range, the first wavelength range including light of at least a first wavelength, the first lens and the light source being positioned relative to one another such that the illumination light rays produced by the light source are imaged by the first lens at a first location to a point on a pupil plane at which a pupil of an eye of a subject is expected to be located during an eye examination of the subject, the illumination light rays imaged to the point on the pupil plane illuminating a posterior of the eye; and an imaging sub-system including at least the first lens and at least a second lens, the first lens and the second lens being positioned relative to one another along an optical axis of the apparatus along which the first and second lenses (5, 6) and the camera sensor are positioned such that the first lens forms an image of a retina of the eye at a location in between the first and second lenses (5, 6) and at least the second lens relays the image of the retina onto the camera sensor, wherein the second lens is positioned at least partially within the first plane, and wherein the second lens and the light source are conjugated to a pupil plane at which the plane of the pupil is expected to be located during the eye examination of the subject, characterised in that overlap at the pupil plane of imaging light rays that form the image of the retina and the illumination light rays that are imaged to the point on the pupil plane is avoided to ensure confocal rejection of back reflectance of illumination light rays onto the first lens. an illumination sub-system including at least a first lens and a light source, the light source being positioned at least partially within a first plane and producing illumination light rays of at least a first wavelength range, the first wavelength range including light of at least a first wavelength, the first lens and the light source being positioned relative to one another such that the illumination light rays produced by the light source are imaged by the first lens at a first location to a point on a pupil plane at which a pupil of an eye of a subject is expected to be located during an eye examination of the subject, the illumination light rays imaged to the point on the pupil plane illuminating a posterior of the eye; and an imaging sub-system including at least the first lens and at least a second lens, the first lens and the second lens being positioned relative to one another along an optical axis of the apparatus along which the first and second lenses (5, 6) and the camera sensor are positioned such that the first lens forms an image of a retina of the eye at a location in between the first and second lenses (5, 6) and at least the second lens relays the image of the retina onto the camera sensor, wherein the second lens is positioned at least partially within the first plane, and wherein the second lens and the light source are conjugated to a pupil plane at which the plane of the pupil is expected to be located during the eye examination of the subject, characterised in that overlap at the pupil plane of imaging light rays that form the image of the retina and the illumination light rays that are imaged to the point on the pupil plane is avoided to ensure confocal rejection of back reflectance of illumination light rays onto the first lens.