A method of authenticating a consumable product (100, 150) based on a remaining life value, comprising: in response to insertion of a consumable product (100, 150) in a first device, establishing an authentication session with the consumable product (100, 150); determining that an identifier stored in memory of the consumable product (100, 150) is in a first device history of the first device; determining whether a current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150) is greater than a recorded remaining life value in the first device history, the recorded remaining life value being for the consumable product (100, 150) and associated with the identifier of the consumable product (100, 150) in the first device history; determining whether a recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in a second device history for a second device different from the first device is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150); and concluding that the consumable product (100, 150) is not authentic using the first and second device histories, the concluding being in response to: determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150) is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the first device history, or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150). in response to insertion of a consumable product (100, 150) in a first device, establishing an authentication session with the consumable product (100, 150); determining that an identifier stored in memory of the consumable product (100, 150) is in a first device history of the first device; determining whether a current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150) is greater than a recorded remaining life value in the first device history, the recorded remaining life value being for the consumable product (100, 150) and associated with the identifier of the consumable product (100, 150) in the first device history; determining whether a recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in a second device history for a second device different from the first device is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150); and concluding that the consumable product (100, 150) is not authentic using the first and second device histories, the concluding being in response to: determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150) is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the first device history, or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150). determining that the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150) is greater than the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the first device history, or determining that the recorded remaining life value for the consumable product (100, 150) in the second device history is less than the current remaining life value associated with the consumable product (100, 150).