A double-side expansion cabin type mobile nucleic acid detection laboratory, comprising a fixed cabin, an expansion cabin, and an expansion tent, wherein an equipment room and a central control area are arranged in the fixed cabin; the expansion cabin serves as a preparation room and a PCR room; the expansion tent serves as a core workroom and a liquid preparation room; a buffer room is arranged in each of the fixed cabin, the expansion cabin, and the expansion tent; the expansion cabin and the expansion tent are separately connected to the fixed cabin; both the expansion cabin and the expansion tent can be folded; when completely folded, the expansion cabin and the expansion tent are located in the fixed cabin; when the expansion cabin and the expansion tent are unfolded, both the expansion cabin and the expansion tent communicate with the fixed cabin; the expansion tent is in sealed connection with the fixed cabin; wherein the expansion tent comprises a second base plate, an inner tent, an outer tent, and a telescopic skeleton; the second base plate is hinged to the fixed cabin; one end of the telescopic skeleton is connected to the fixed cabin; the inner tent is connected to the telescopic skeleton; the outer tent is arranged outside the telescopic skeleton; the inner tent is in sealed connection with the fixed cabin; the telescopic skeleton can stretch and retract; the telescopic skeleton can drive the inner tent to move in a direction far away from the fixed cabin and be tiled to the second base plate; the outer tent is detachably connected to the inner tent; both the inner tent and the outer tent are made of a flexible material; wherein the core workroom is provided at an exhaust outlet thereof with a first high efficiency filter, and a scanning leak detection and sampling device is arranged downstream of the first high efficiency filter, to allow in-situ leak detection of the first high efficiency filter; the buffer room, the PCR room, and the preparation room each are provided at a respective exhaust outlet with a second high efficiency filter, respective exhaust pipelines are mounted in a side wall of the laboratory; and a downstream aerosol sampling port is mounted on a downstream pipeline of the second high efficiency filter; exhausted air from the core workroom, the buffer room, and the preparation room is collected into an exhaust static pressure box in which two exhaust fans are mounted; external air is supplied into each of the core workroom, the buffer room, the liquid preparation room, the PCR room, and the preparation room after passing through a primary efficiency filter, a medium efficiency filter, an air conditioning unit, and a third high efficiency filter, among which communicating doors are provided. wherein the expansion tent comprises a second base plate, an inner tent, an outer tent, and a telescopic skeleton; the second base plate is hinged to the fixed cabin; one end of the telescopic skeleton is connected to the fixed cabin; the inner tent is connected to the telescopic skeleton; the outer tent is arranged outside the telescopic skeleton; the inner tent is in sealed connection with the fixed cabin; the telescopic skeleton can stretch and retract; the telescopic skeleton can drive the inner tent to move in a direction far away from the fixed cabin and be tiled to the second base plate; the outer tent is detachably connected to the inner tent; both the inner tent and the outer tent are made of a flexible material; wherein the core workroom is provided at an exhaust outlet thereof with a first high efficiency filter, and a scanning leak detection and sampling device is arranged downstream of the first high efficiency filter, to allow in-situ leak detection of the first high efficiency filter; the buffer room, the PCR room, and the preparation room each are provided at a respective exhaust outlet with a second high efficiency filter, respective exhaust pipelines are mounted in a side wall of the laboratory; and a downstream aerosol sampling port is mounted on a downstream pipeline of the second high efficiency filter; exhausted air from the core workroom, the buffer room, and the preparation room is collected into an exhaust static pressure box in which two exhaust fans are mounted; external air is supplied into each of the core workroom, the buffer room, the liquid preparation room, the PCR room, and the preparation room after passing through a primary efficiency filter, a medium efficiency filter, an air conditioning unit, and a third high efficiency filter, among which communicating doors are provided.