A system comprising: an application layer comprising at least one blockchain-based application program (316, 318, 320) configured to perform a plurality of steps to provide a service; and a trusted service layer comprising a trusted timing module from which a verified time stamp is obtained, a trusted identity module from which a verified identity is obtained, and a trusted computing module from which a computation result based on a processing of blockchain data is obtained; wherein for each step of at least some of the plurality of steps, the at least one application program (316, 318, 320) is configured to perform, at least one of obtaining a verified time stamp from the trusted timing module, obtaining a verified identity from the trusted identity module, or obtaining a computation result based on a processing of blockchain data using the trusted computing module, and the trusted computing module is configured to record information about the corresponding step that is performed by the at least one application program (316, 318, 320) and at least one of the verified time stamp, the verified identity, or the computation result in a blockchain, wherein the trusted identity module is configured to verify an identity of a user based on one or more of identifiers associated with the user, the identifiers including at least one of (i) a mobile phone number, (ii) a credit card number, (iii) a user ID associated with an online payment system, (iv) a user ID associated with an online shopping account, (v) a user ID associated with a music streaming or downloading account, (vi) a user IDS associated with a movie streaming or downloading account, (vii) a user ID associated with a messaging or chat account, (viii) a user ID associated with an online banking account, (ix) a user ID associated with a ride hailing service, (x) a user ID associated with an online food ordering service, (xi) a social security number, (xii) a driver's license number, (xiii) a passport number, (xiv) a user ID associated with an online gaming service, (xv) an ID issued by a government entity, (xvi) one or more fingerprints, (xvii) one or more voice prints, or (xviii) iris information. an application layer comprising at least one blockchain-based application program (316, 318, 320) configured to perform a plurality of steps to provide a service; and a trusted service layer comprising a trusted timing module from which a verified time stamp is obtained, a trusted identity module from which a verified identity is obtained, and a trusted computing module from which a computation result based on a processing of blockchain data is obtained; wherein for each step of at least some of the plurality of steps, the at least one application program (316, 318, 320) is configured to perform, at least one of obtaining a verified time stamp from the trusted timing module, obtaining a verified identity from the trusted identity module, or obtaining a computation result based on a processing of blockchain data using the trusted computing module, and the trusted computing module is configured to record information about the corresponding step that is performed by the at least one application program (316, 318, 320) and at least one of the verified time stamp, the verified identity, or the computation result in a blockchain, wherein the trusted identity module is configured to verify an identity of a user based on one or more of identifiers associated with the user, the identifiers including at least one of (i) a mobile phone number, (ii) a credit card number, (iii) a user ID associated with an online payment system, (iv) a user ID associated with an online shopping account, (v) a user ID associated with a music streaming or downloading account, (vi) a user IDS associated with a movie streaming or downloading account, (vii) a user ID associated with a messaging or chat account, (viii) a user ID associated with an online banking account, (ix) a user ID associated with a ride hailing service, (x) a user ID associated with an online food ordering service, (xi) a social security number, (xii) a driver's license number, (xiii) a passport number, (xiv) a user ID associated with an online gaming service, (xv) an ID issued by a government entity, (xvi) one or more fingerprints, (xvii) one or more voice prints, or (xviii) iris information.