A flow cell, comprising: a substrate; and a copolymer coating attached to at least a portion of the substrate, the copolymer coating including a plurality of copolymer chains, wherein each copolymer chain includes: a first recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 2 is an azido; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50; a second recurring unit of formula: wherein: each of R 3, R 3', R 4, R 4' is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, R 5, -OR 5, -C OR 5, -C R 5, -OC R 5, - C NR 6 R 7, and -NR 6 R 7; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OH, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a hydroxyalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; and each of R 6 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H and an alkyl; and a third recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from a carbon based substituent; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50. a substrate; and a copolymer coating attached to at least a portion of the substrate, the copolymer coating including a plurality of copolymer chains, wherein each copolymer chain includes: a first recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 2 is an azido; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50; a second recurring unit of formula: wherein: each of R 3, R 3', R 4, R 4' is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, R 5, -OR 5, -C OR 5, -C R 5, -OC R 5, - C NR 6 R 7, and -NR 6 R 7; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OH, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a hydroxyalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; and each of R 6 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H and an alkyl; and a third recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from a carbon based substituent; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50. a first recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 2 is an azido; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50; R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 2 is an azido; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50; a second recurring unit of formula: wherein: each of R 3, R 3', R 4, R 4' is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, R 5, -OR 5, -C OR 5, -C R 5, -OC R 5, - C NR 6 R 7, and -NR 6 R 7; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OH, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a hydroxyalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; and each of R 6 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H and an alkyl; and each of R 3, R 3', R 4, R 4' is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, R 5, -OR 5, -C OR 5, -C R 5, -OC R 5, - C NR 6 R 7, and -NR 6 R 7; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OH, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a hydroxyalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; and each of R 6 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of -H and an alkyl; and a third recurring unit of formula: wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from a carbon based substituent; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50. R 1 is selected from the group consisting of -H, a halogen, an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, a heterocycle, and optionally substituted variants thereof; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from a carbon based substituent; each (CH 2) p can be optionally substituted; and p is an integer from 1 to 50.