A surface-treated steel sheet comprising an oxygen-containing adhesive layer which is disposed on at least one surface of the steel sheet and which contains Ti and at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Zn, the ratio of the total amount of Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Zn to the amount of Ti contained therein being 0.01 to ten on a mass basis, which has been cathodically electrolyzed in an aqueous solution containing ions of Ti and ions of at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Zn, wherein the adhesive layer has a thickness of 20 to 800 nm and also has bumps arranged with a line density of one or more per μm, the thickness of the adhesive layer is defined as the maximum height H from the lower surface of the adhesive layer to the bumps in a cross-sectional profile of the layer observed with a transmission electron microscope, and the line density of the bumps is defined as the number of the bumps per unit length, the number thereof being determined on the assumption that one of the bumps is present when one or more intersections of an upper-level horizontal line and a profile curve are present between two adjacent intersections of a lower-level horizontal line and the profile curve, the upper- and lower-level horizontal lines being ±10 nm apart from a center line located at a position given by the formula (H + L) / 2, where L represents the minimum height from the lower surface of the adhesive layer to the bottom of a recessed portion, and the surface-treated steel sheet further comprising a corrosion-resistant layer which is disposed on at least one surface of the steel sheet; which includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a Ni layer, a Sn layer, a Fe-Ni alloy layer, a Fe-Sn alloy layer, and a Fe-Ni-Sn alloy layer; and which is disposed under the adhesive layer. wherein the adhesive layer has a thickness of 20 to 800 nm and also has bumps arranged with a line density of one or more per μm, the thickness of the adhesive layer is defined as the maximum height H from the lower surface of the adhesive layer to the bumps in a cross-sectional profile of the layer observed with a transmission electron microscope, and the line density of the bumps is defined as the number of the bumps per unit length, the number thereof being determined on the assumption that one of the bumps is present when one or more intersections of an upper-level horizontal line and a profile curve are present between two adjacent intersections of a lower-level horizontal line and the profile curve, the upper- and lower-level horizontal lines being ±10 nm apart from a center line located at a position given by the formula (H + L) / 2, where L represents the minimum height from the lower surface of the adhesive layer to the bottom of a recessed portion, and the surface-treated steel sheet further comprising a corrosion-resistant layer which is disposed on at least one surface of the steel sheet; which includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a Ni layer, a Sn layer, a Fe-Ni alloy layer, a Fe-Sn alloy layer, and a Fe-Ni-Sn alloy layer; and which is disposed under the adhesive layer.