A protective film-attached microscopic roughness structure comprising: a microscopic roughness structure on the surface having a microscopically rough structure having a period less than or equal to the wavelength of visible light, and a protective film for protecting the surface of the microscopic roughness structure affixed thereto, characterized in that the protective film-attached microscopic roughness structure fulfills the following conditions and: the water contact angle of the surface of the microscopic roughness structure is 40° or less, the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side, and the compressive stress obtainable when the adhesive layer is compressed in the thickness direction to a compression ratio of 20% is 0.6 MPa to 3.0 MPa; the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side; in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the microscopically rough structure, the ratio (A1/A2) of the peak area A1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area A2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.1 to 0.8; and in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the adhesive layer, the ratio (B1/B2) of the peak area B1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area B2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.6 to 1.3. a microscopic roughness structure on the surface having a microscopically rough structure having a period less than or equal to the wavelength of visible light, and a protective film for protecting the surface of the microscopic roughness structure affixed thereto, characterized in that the protective film-attached microscopic roughness structure fulfills the following conditions and: the water contact angle of the surface of the microscopic roughness structure is 40° or less, the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side, and the compressive stress obtainable when the adhesive layer is compressed in the thickness direction to a compression ratio of 20% is 0.6 MPa to 3.0 MPa; the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side; in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the microscopically rough structure, the ratio (A1/A2) of the peak area A1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area A2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.1 to 0.8; and in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the adhesive layer, the ratio (B1/B2) of the peak area B1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area B2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.6 to 1.3. the water contact angle of the surface of the microscopic roughness structure is 40° or less, the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side, and the compressive stress obtainable when the adhesive layer is compressed in the thickness direction to a compression ratio of 20% is 0.6 MPa to 3.0 MPa; the protective film comprises an adhesive layer that is in contact with the surface on the microscopically rough structure side; in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the microscopically rough structure, the ratio (A1/A2) of the peak area A1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area A2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.1 to 0.8; and in the infrared absorption spectrum of the surface of the adhesive layer, the ratio (B1/B2) of the peak area B1 having the absorption maximum in the region of 3700 cm -1 to 3100 cm -1, and the peak area B2 having the absorption maximum in the region of 1730 ± 10 cm -1, is 0.6 to 1.3.