A method comprising: applying a coating composition in one application step, the one-step coating composition containing first particles, second particles, and third particles in a base containing a polymer, the second particles having a composition different from the third particles and first particles, and the third particles having a composition different from the first particles; curing the applied one-step coating composition, forming a cross-linked, continuous polymer matrix, and forming a layer of a cured coating, the cured layer exhibiting a porosity of at most 25 vol%; homogeneously distributing the first particles throughout a thickness of the cross-linked, continuous polymer matrix, the first particles exhibiting a particle size range of less than 100 nm, the thickness of the polymer matrix extending inward from a top periphery of the polymer matrix to a bottom periphery of the polymer matrix; homogeneously distributing the second particles throughout the thickness of the polymer matrix, the second particles exhibiting a particle size range of from 100 nm to 500 nm; homogeneously distributing the third particles throughout the thickness of the polymer matrix, the third particles exhibiting a particle size range for their largest dimension of greater than 500 nm; and forming an outer surface of the cured layer including surfaces of at least first particles extending outward from the top periphery of the polymer matrix, the outer surface exhibiting a water contact angle greater than 90° and exhibiting a property of delaying ice formation compared to the cured layer without the first particles. applying a coating composition in one application step, the one-step coating composition containing first particles, second particles, and third particles in a base containing a polymer, the second particles having a composition different from the third particles and first particles, and the third particles having a composition different from the first particles; curing the applied one-step coating composition, forming a cross-linked, continuous polymer matrix, and forming a layer of a cured coating, the cured layer exhibiting a porosity of at most 25 vol%; homogeneously distributing the first particles throughout a thickness of the cross-linked, continuous polymer matrix, the first particles exhibiting a particle size range of less than 100 nm, the thickness of the polymer matrix extending inward from a top periphery of the polymer matrix to a bottom periphery of the polymer matrix; homogeneously distributing the second particles throughout the thickness of the polymer matrix, the second particles exhibiting a particle size range of from 100 nm to 500 nm; homogeneously distributing the third particles throughout the thickness of the polymer matrix, the third particles exhibiting a particle size range for their largest dimension of greater than 500 nm; and forming an outer surface of the cured layer including surfaces of at least first particles extending outward from the top periphery of the polymer matrix, the outer surface exhibiting a water contact angle greater than 90° and exhibiting a property of delaying ice formation compared to the cured layer without the first particles.