A continuous process for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or salt thereof, the process comprising: 1) in a first stage, contacting (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, (b) optionally, at least one second ligand, (c) an olefin, (d) carbon dioxide (CO 2), and (e) a diluent to form a first composition; and 2) in a second stage, contacting a polyanionic solid with the first composition to form a second composition, wherein the polyanionic solid comprises: a poly(vinyl aryloxide), a poly(vinyl alkoxide), a poly(acrylate), a poly((meth)acrylate), a poly(styrene sulfonate), a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-resin and fluorophenol-formaldehyde resin, a poly(vinyl arylamide), a poly(vinyl alkylamide), or combinations thereof; a chemically-treated solid oxide comprising at least one solid oxide that has been treated with at least one electron withdrawing anion; or an organic base moiety immobilized on a solid support comprising structural units having the general formula: SS- x -L-B wherein SS is a solid support, A is an anchor moiety, L is a direct bond or linking moiety, and B is an organic base moiety, and x is 0 to 3, and wherein the organic base moiety B has the general formula: [-CR 1 R 2 -O] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -S] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -NR 3] -, or [-CR 1 R 2 -PR 3] -, wherein each of R 1 and R 2, independently or together, are selected from H or an unbranched or branched, acyclic or cyclic, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl residue; and R 3 is selected independently from hydrogen or a substituted or an unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl; and 3) in a third stage, (a) contacting the second composition with a polar solvent to release a metal salt of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid and form a reacted solid; and (b) contacting the reacted solid with a metal-containing base to produce a regenerated polyanionic solid. 1) in a first stage, contacting (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, (b) optionally, at least one second ligand, (c) an olefin, (d) carbon dioxide (CO 2), and (e) a diluent to form a first composition; and 2) in a second stage, contacting a polyanionic solid with the first composition to form a second composition, wherein the polyanionic solid comprises: a poly(vinyl aryloxide), a poly(vinyl alkoxide), a poly(acrylate), a poly((meth)acrylate), a poly(styrene sulfonate), a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-resin and fluorophenol-formaldehyde resin, a poly(vinyl arylamide), a poly(vinyl alkylamide), or combinations thereof; a chemically-treated solid oxide comprising at least one solid oxide that has been treated with at least one electron withdrawing anion; or an organic base moiety immobilized on a solid support comprising structural units having the general formula: SS- x -L-B wherein SS is a solid support, A is an anchor moiety, L is a direct bond or linking moiety, and B is an organic base moiety, and x is 0 to 3, and wherein the organic base moiety B has the general formula: [-CR 1 R 2 -O] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -S] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -NR 3] -, or [-CR 1 R 2 -PR 3] -, wherein each of R 1 and R 2, independently or together, are selected from H or an unbranched or branched, acyclic or cyclic, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl residue; and R 3 is selected independently from hydrogen or a substituted or an unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl; and a poly(vinyl aryloxide), a poly(vinyl alkoxide), a poly(acrylate), a poly((meth)acrylate), a poly(styrene sulfonate), a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-formaldehyde resin, a polyhydroxyarene-resin and fluorophenol-formaldehyde resin, a poly(vinyl arylamide), a poly(vinyl alkylamide), or combinations thereof; a chemically-treated solid oxide comprising at least one solid oxide that has been treated with at least one electron withdrawing anion; or an organic base moiety immobilized on a solid support comprising structural units having the general formula: SS- x -L-B wherein SS is a solid support, A is an anchor moiety, L is a direct bond or linking moiety, and B is an organic base moiety, and x is 0 to 3, and wherein the organic base moiety B has the general formula: [-CR 1 R 2 -O] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -S] -, [-CR 1 R 2 -NR 3] -, or [-CR 1 R 2 -PR 3] -, wherein each of R 1 and R 2, independently or together, are selected from H or an unbranched or branched, acyclic or cyclic, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl residue; and R 3 is selected independently from hydrogen or a substituted or an unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl; and 3) in a third stage, (a) contacting the second composition with a polar solvent to release a metal salt of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid and form a reacted solid; and (b) contacting the reacted solid with a metal-containing base to produce a regenerated polyanionic solid.