A metal complex comprising the following structure: wherein at least two of the following bonds X-M, X'-M, X"-M, and X"'-M are covalent and at least one is dative; the M-X' bond is covalent, dative bond or does not exist; Ar 1, Ar 2, and Ar 3 are independently an aryl moiety or heteroaryl moiety; B is an aliphatic moiety or heteroaliphatic moiety linking X and X', wherein B has from one to 50 atoms, not counting H; X is oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, substituted phosphorus, or substituted carbon; X' is oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, substituted phosphorus, or an unsaturated carbon group; X" and X'" are independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, or substituted phosphorus, R 1 is either: 1) an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an aromatic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; or 2) part of an aliphatic carbocycle, an aromatic carbocycle, a heterocyclic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; and M is one or more metals selected from a Group 4 element; wherein the terms "substituted nitrogen" is a tertiary, secondary or primary nitrogen moiety and "substituted phosphorus" is a tertiary, secondary or primary phosphorous moiety; and the term "substituted carbon" is wherein at least one hydrogen atom bound to said carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituents that are functional groups selected from hydroxyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, amino, halo and silyl. at least two of the following bonds X-M, X'-M, X"-M, and X"'-M are covalent and at least one is dative; the M-X' bond is covalent, dative bond or does not exist; Ar 1, Ar 2, and Ar 3 are independently an aryl moiety or heteroaryl moiety; B is an aliphatic moiety or heteroaliphatic moiety linking X and X', wherein B has from one to 50 atoms, not counting H; X is oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, substituted phosphorus, or substituted carbon; X' is oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, substituted phosphorus, or an unsaturated carbon group; X" and X'" are independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, or substituted phosphorus, R 1 is either: 1) an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an aromatic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; or 2) part of an aliphatic carbocycle, an aromatic carbocycle, a heterocyclic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; and M is one or more metals selected from a Group 4 element; wherein the terms "substituted nitrogen" is a tertiary, secondary or primary nitrogen moiety and "substituted phosphorus" is a tertiary, secondary or primary phosphorous moiety; and the term "substituted carbon" is wherein at least one hydrogen atom bound to said carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituents that are functional groups selected from hydroxyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, amino, halo and silyl. X' is oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, substituted phosphorus, or an unsaturated carbon group; X" and X'" are independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, substituted nitrogen, or substituted phosphorus, R 1 is either: 1) an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an aromatic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; or 2) part of an aliphatic carbocycle, an aromatic carbocycle, a heterocyclic moiety, or a heteroaromatic moiety; and M is one or more metals selected from a Group 4 element; wherein the terms "substituted nitrogen" is a tertiary, secondary or primary nitrogen moiety and "substituted phosphorus" is a tertiary, secondary or primary phosphorous moiety; and the term "substituted carbon" is wherein at least one hydrogen atom bound to said carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituents that are functional groups selected from hydroxyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, amino, halo and silyl. wherein the terms "substituted nitrogen" is a tertiary, secondary or primary nitrogen moiety and "substituted phosphorus" is a tertiary, secondary or primary phosphorous moiety; and the term "substituted carbon" is wherein at least one hydrogen atom bound to said carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituents that are functional groups selected from hydroxyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, amino, halo and silyl.