A method implemented by one or more processors, the method comprising: processing audio data capturing an utterance, spoken by a user, using an automatic speech recognition, ASR, model of an ASR engine, to generate a text representation of the utterance; processing, using the ASR model, subsequent audio data capturing a subsequent utterance, spoken by the user subsequent to the utterance, to generate a subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance; determining, based on the subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance, whether the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance, the determining comprising: determining that the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance based on determining that the text representation of the subsequent utterance does not correspond to a historical text representation of a historical utterance previously spoken by the user, the historical text representation being associated with a historical subsequent text representation of a historical subsequent utterance which the user spoke as a result of the historical text representation of the historical utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the historical utterance; and in response to determining the text representation of the utterance is a misrecognition of the utterance and the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the misrecognition, personalizing the ASR engine, for the user, using the text representation of the utterance and/or the text representation of the subsequent utterance. processing audio data capturing an utterance, spoken by a user, using an automatic speech recognition, ASR, model of an ASR engine, to generate a text representation of the utterance; processing, using the ASR model, subsequent audio data capturing a subsequent utterance, spoken by the user subsequent to the utterance, to generate a subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance; determining, based on the subsequent text representation of the subsequent utterance, whether the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance, the determining comprising: determining that the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the text representation of the utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the utterance based on determining that the text representation of the subsequent utterance does not correspond to a historical text representation of a historical utterance previously spoken by the user, the historical text representation being associated with a historical subsequent text representation of a historical subsequent utterance which the user spoke as a result of the historical text representation of the historical utterance, generated using the ASR model, being a misrecognition of the historical utterance; and in response to determining the text representation of the utterance is a misrecognition of the utterance and the user spoke the subsequent utterance as a result of the misrecognition, personalizing the ASR engine, for the user, using the text representation of the utterance and/or the text representation of the subsequent utterance.