A system for modulation of spinal neurons associated with regulation of effector organ activity in a vertebrate being, the system comprising: (a) a first stimulation component configured to provide neural direct current stimulation of a target nerve at a neural location associated with activity of a target effector organ; said first stimulation component having neural stimulation poles configured to stimulate said nerve; (b) a second stimulation component configured to provide spinal direct current stimulation to a spinal location associated with regulation of activity of the target effector organ, the spinal location and neural location communicating via a neural pathway; (c) the second stimulation component configured to provide an active spinal stimulation pole for stimulating the spinal location in cooperation with a reference spinal stimulation pole at a location distal to the spinal location, and the first stimulation component providing a proximal neural stimulation pole, at a location proximal to the spinal location on the neural pathway, for stimulating the neural location; and (d) a controller component, the controller component configured to control the polarity and range of direct current from a power source to the first and second stimulation components, wherein the active spinal stimulation pole and the proximal neural stimulation pole simultaneously form a resulting polarization circuit for supplying polarizing current flow between the active spinal stimulation pole and the neural stimulation pole on the neural pathway, wherein the active spinal stimulation pole and the proximal neural stimulation pole are at opposite polarities, for controlling the polarizing current flow on the neural pathway to achieve one of up-regulation and down-regulation of the activity of the target effector organ. (a) a first stimulation component configured to provide neural direct current stimulation of a target nerve at a neural location associated with activity of a target effector organ; said first stimulation component having neural stimulation poles configured to stimulate said nerve; (b) a second stimulation component configured to provide spinal direct current stimulation to a spinal location associated with regulation of activity of the target effector organ, the spinal location and neural location communicating via a neural pathway; (c) the second stimulation component configured to provide an active spinal stimulation pole for stimulating the spinal location in cooperation with a reference spinal stimulation pole at a location distal to the spinal location, and the first stimulation component providing a proximal neural stimulation pole, at a location proximal to the spinal location on the neural pathway, for stimulating the neural location; and (d) a controller component, the controller component configured to control the polarity and range of direct current from a power source to the first and second stimulation components, wherein the active spinal stimulation pole and the proximal neural stimulation pole simultaneously form a resulting polarization circuit for supplying polarizing current flow between the active spinal stimulation pole and the neural stimulation pole on the neural pathway, wherein the active spinal stimulation pole and the proximal neural stimulation pole are at opposite polarities, for controlling the polarizing current flow on the neural pathway to achieve one of up-regulation and down-regulation of the activity of the target effector organ.