A surface-treatment solution composition for a zinc-based plated steel sheet, comprising: 10wt% to 20wt% of a trivalent chromium compound containing chromium phosphate and chromium nitrate; 20wt% to 40wt% of a silane-based sol-gel resin in which three types of silane compounds are crosslinked; 0.2wt% to 0.4wt% of a rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resistant agent; 0.1wt% to 0.3wt% of a molybdenum-based compound; 5wt% to 10wt% of a water-soluble cationic urethane resin; 0.5wt% to 2.0wt% of a silane coupling agent; 0.5wt% to 2.0wt% of an Al compound; and 25.3wt% to 63.7wt% of water, wherein the rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resistant agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-based rust inhibitor (excluding molybdenum fluoride), a vanadium-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), a cerium salt-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), and a cobalt-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), wherein the molybdenum-based compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of molybdenum oxide, molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum acetate, molybdenum phosphate, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum chloride, molybdenum fluoride, and molybdenum nitride, wherein the three types of silane compounds comprise: one type of first silane selected from the group consisting of tetraethylorthosilicate, tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, and dimethyldiethoxysilane; one type of second silane selected from the group consisting of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyl trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and 3-glycidoxypropyl methyldiethoxysilane; and one type of third silane selected from the group consisting of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, and wherein the Al compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum isopropoxide, and aluminum phosphate. 10wt% to 20wt% of a trivalent chromium compound containing chromium phosphate and chromium nitrate; 20wt% to 40wt% of a silane-based sol-gel resin in which three types of silane compounds are crosslinked; 0.2wt% to 0.4wt% of a rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resistant agent; 0.1wt% to 0.3wt% of a molybdenum-based compound; 5wt% to 10wt% of a water-soluble cationic urethane resin; 0.5wt% to 2.0wt% of a silane coupling agent; 0.5wt% to 2.0wt% of an Al compound; and 25.3wt% to 63.7wt% of water, wherein the rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resistant agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-based rust inhibitor (excluding molybdenum fluoride), a vanadium-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), a cerium salt-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), and a cobalt-based rust inhibitor (excluding a fluorine compound), wherein the molybdenum-based compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of molybdenum oxide, molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum acetate, molybdenum phosphate, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum chloride, molybdenum fluoride, and molybdenum nitride, wherein the three types of silane compounds comprise: one type of first silane selected from the group consisting of tetraethylorthosilicate, tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, and dimethyldiethoxysilane; one type of second silane selected from the group consisting of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyl trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and 3-glycidoxypropyl methyldiethoxysilane; and one type of third silane selected from the group consisting of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, and one type of first silane selected from the group consisting of tetraethylorthosilicate, tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, and dimethyldiethoxysilane; one type of second silane selected from the group consisting of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyl trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and 3-glycidoxypropyl methyldiethoxysilane; and one type of third silane selected from the group consisting of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, and wherein the Al compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum isopropoxide, and aluminum phosphate.