A computer implemented method for reducing a noise level of a data set for a target analyte in a sample comprising: (a) providing a noise-reduction ratio for reducing the noise level of the data set; wherein the data set is obtained from a signal-generating process for the target analyte using a signal-generating means; wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data points; wherein the data point comprises cycle of the signal-generating process and signal value at the cycle; wherein the noise-reduction ratio is provided by a value provided by signal values of data points within a noise-level determining region and a noise-reduction goal value; wherein the signal-generating process is a process amplifying the signal value; wherein the noise-level determining region is selected within a background region of the data set obtained from the signal-generating process; wherein the signal-generating process comprises a plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data sets obtained from the plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the noise-reduction goal values to be applied to the plurality of data sets are identical to each other; and wherein the noise-reduction ratio is provided by defining a ratio of (i) a maximum value of the signal values of the data points within the noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; or by defining a ratio of (i) the difference between maximum and minimum values of the signal values of the data points within a noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; and (b) providing a calibrated data set having a reduced noise level by calibrating the signal values of a plurality of data points in the data set with the noise reduction ratio. (a) providing a noise-reduction ratio for reducing the noise level of the data set; wherein the data set is obtained from a signal-generating process for the target analyte using a signal-generating means; wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data points; wherein the data point comprises cycle of the signal-generating process and signal value at the cycle; wherein the noise-reduction ratio is provided by a value provided by signal values of data points within a noise-level determining region and a noise-reduction goal value; wherein the signal-generating process is a process amplifying the signal value; wherein the noise-level determining region is selected within a background region of the data set obtained from the signal-generating process; wherein the signal-generating process comprises a plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data sets obtained from the plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the noise-reduction goal values to be applied to the plurality of data sets are identical to each other; and wherein the noise-reduction ratio is provided by defining a ratio of (i) a maximum value of the signal values of the data points within the noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; or by defining a ratio of (i) the difference between maximum and minimum values of the signal values of the data points within a noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; and wherein the signal-generating process is a process amplifying the signal value; wherein the noise-level determining region is selected within a background region of the data set obtained from the signal-generating process; wherein the signal-generating process comprises a plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data sets obtained from the plurality of signal-generating processes; wherein the noise-reduction goal values to be applied to the plurality of data sets are identical to each other; and wherein the noise-reduction ratio is provided by defining a ratio of (i) a maximum value of the signal values of the data points within the noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; or by defining a ratio of (i) the difference between maximum and minimum values of the signal values of the data points within a noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; and by defining a ratio of (i) a maximum value of the signal values of the data points within the noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; or by defining a ratio of (i) the difference between maximum and minimum values of the signal values of the data points within a noise-level determining region to (ii) the noise-reduction goal value; and (b) providing a calibrated data set having a reduced noise level by calibrating the signal values of a plurality of data points in the data set with the noise reduction ratio.