A plant cultivation apparatus using an up-down system comprising a driving unit installed at trusses installed at regular intervals in a forward and backward direction to horizontally cross tops of inner pillars of a greenhouse, an elevating unit installed to be operated by the driving unit, and left and right cultivation gutters (40 and 40') configured to be ascended and descended by the elevating unit, wherein the driving unit comprises a deceleration motor, a drive shaft axially installed on the bottoms of middle crossbars of the trusses to cross the middle crossbars in the forward and backward direction and being rotated by the deceleration motor, driving sprocket members each configured with a set of five sprockets of first to fifth sprockets (231 to 235) and axially installed at the drive shaft at regular intervals in the forward and backward direction, and first to fourth left and right auxiliary sprockets (241 to 244) installed to be adjacent to left and right sides of the second to fifth sprockets (232 to 235) respectively; the elevating unit is configured with a set of five elevating members of first to fifth elevating members (31 to 35); the first elevating member comprises first left and right guide sprockets installed on the top of the middle crossbar of the truss to be located at upper positions than the drive shaft and spaced apart from left and right sides of the drive shaft at the same interval respectively and a first elevating chain having a middle part interlocking with a bottom portion of the first sprocket, left and right parts interlocking with top portions of the first left and right guide sprockets and directed downward from left and right sides of the top portions thereof respectively, and left and right ends to which cultivation gutters (40 and 40') are coupled respectively; the second elevating member comprises second left and right guide sprockets installed on the top of a lower crossbar of the truss to be located at lower positions than the first left and right guide sprockets and spaced apart from left and right sides thereof at the same interval respectively and a second elevating chain having a middle part interlocking with a top portion of the second sprocket, left and right parts interlocking with bottom portions of the first left and right auxiliary sprockets and top portions of the second left and right guide sprockets and directed downward from left and right sides of the top portions of the second left and right guide sprockets respectively, and left and right ends to which cultivation gutters (40 and 40') are coupled respectively; the third elevating member 33 comprises third left and right guide sprockets installed on the top of the middle crossbar to be located at upper positions than the second left and right guide sprockets and spaced apart from left and right sides thereof at the same interval respectively and a third elevating chain having a middle part interlocking with a bottom portion of the third sprocket, left and right parts interlocking with top portions of the second left and right auxiliary sprockets and top portions of the third left and right guide sprockets and directed downward from left and right sides of the top portions of the third left and right guide sprockets respectively, and left and right ends to which cultivation gutters (40 and 40') are coupled respectively; the fourth elevating member comprises fourth left and right guide sprockets installed on the top of the lower crossbar to be located at lower positions than the third left and right guide sprockets and spaced apart from left and right sides thereof at the same interval respectively and a fourth elevating chain having a middle part interlocking with a top portion of the fourth sprocket, left and right parts interlocking with bottom portions of the third left and right auxiliary sprockets and top portions of the fourth left and right guide sprockets and directed downward from left and right sides of the top portions of the fourth left and right guide sprockets respectively, and left and right ends to which cultivation gutters (40 and 40') are coupled respectively; and the fifth elevating member comprises fifth left and right guide sprockets installed on the top of the middle crossbar to be located at upper positions than the fourth left and right guide sprockets and spaced apart from left and right sides thereof at the same interval respectively and a fifth elevating chain having a middle part interlocking with a bottom portion of the fifth sprocket, left and right parts interlocking with top portions of the fourth left and right auxiliary sprockets and top portions of the fifth left and right guide sprockets and directed downward from left and right sides of the top portions of the fifth left and right guide sprockets respectively, and left and right ends to which cultivation gutters (40 and 40') are coupled respectively, wherein the left and right cultivation gutters (40 and 40') of the first to fifth elevating members (31 to 35) ascend and descend alternately in turn in a zigzag shape by using the deceleration motor and the drive shaft.