Method for estimating the state of health SOH of a battery, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: • measuring a plurality of open-circuit voltage values of the battery for different states of charge; • computing parameters of mathematical models of the open-circuit potentials of each of the electrodes of the battery, in order to obtain an estimation of the open-circuit voltages of the battery for the states of charge considered in the preceding step from these mathematical models, this computation of parameters implementing iterations in order to find extreme values xmax; xmin; ymax; ymin of the degrees of insertion of the electrodes of the battery in the operating range thereof, until the difference between the estimated open-circuit voltage values and the measured values of these open-circuit voltages is smaller than or equal to a set threshold; • computing the state of health SOH of the battery from the mathematical models of the open-circuit potentials of each of the electrodes of the battery and from the parameters associated with these mathematical models computed in the preceding step, this step of computing the state of health of the battery comprising computing the capacity Qcell of the battery using the following formula: Qcell = Qneg xmax − xmin where Qneg is the capacity of the negative electrode, and where xmax and xmin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the negative electrode in the operating range of the battery, or this step of computing the state of health of the battery comprising computing the capacity Qcell of the battery using the following formula: Qcell = Qpos ymax − ymin where Qpos is the capacity of the positive electrode, and where ymax and ymin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the positive electrode in the operating range of the battery. • measuring a plurality of open-circuit voltage values of the battery for different states of charge; • computing parameters of mathematical models of the open-circuit potentials of each of the electrodes of the battery, in order to obtain an estimation of the open-circuit voltages of the battery for the states of charge considered in the preceding step from these mathematical models, this computation of parameters implementing iterations in order to find extreme values xmax; xmin; ymax; ymin of the degrees of insertion of the electrodes of the battery in the operating range thereof, until the difference between the estimated open-circuit voltage values and the measured values of these open-circuit voltages is smaller than or equal to a set threshold; • computing the state of health SOH of the battery from the mathematical models of the open-circuit potentials of each of the electrodes of the battery and from the parameters associated with these mathematical models computed in the preceding step, this step of computing the state of health of the battery comprising computing the capacity Qcell of the battery using the following formula: Qcell = Qneg xmax − xmin where Qneg is the capacity of the negative electrode, and where xmax and xmin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the negative electrode in the operating range of the battery, or this step of computing the state of health of the battery comprising computing the capacity Qcell of the battery using the following formula: Qcell = Qpos ymax − ymin where Qpos is the capacity of the positive electrode, and where ymax and ymin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the positive electrode in the operating range of the battery. where Qneg is the capacity of the negative electrode, and where xmax and xmin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the negative electrode in the operating range of the battery, or this step of computing the state of health of the battery comprising computing the capacity Qcell of the battery using the following formula: Qcell = Qpos ymax − ymin where Qpos is the capacity of the positive electrode, and where ymax and ymin are the extreme degrees of insertion of the positive electrode in the operating range of the battery.