A method of refining the grain size of a workpiece comprising a titanium alloy selected from Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy (UNS R56260), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si alloy (UNS R54620), Ti-4Al-2.5V alloy (UNS R54250), Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy (UNS R56700), and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn alloy (UNS R56620), the method comprising: beta annealing the workpiece; cooling the beta annealed workpiece to a temperature below the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy; and multi-axis forging the workpiece, wherein the multi-axis forging comprises press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in a workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a first orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate sufficient to adiabatically heat an internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a second orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a third orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, and repeating at least one of the press forging steps until a total true strain of at least 1.0 up to less than 3.5 is achieved in the workpiece. beta annealing the workpiece; cooling the beta annealed workpiece to a temperature below the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy; and multi-axis forging the workpiece, wherein the multi-axis forging comprises press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in a workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a first orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate sufficient to adiabatically heat an internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a second orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a third orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, and repeating at least one of the press forging steps until a total true strain of at least 1.0 up to less than 3.5 is achieved in the workpiece. press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in a workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a first orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate sufficient to adiabatically heat an internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a second orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, press forging the workpiece at a workpiece forging temperature in the workpiece forging temperature range in the direction of a third orthogonal axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that is sufficient to adiabatically heat the internal region of the workpiece, and repeating at least one of the press forging steps until a total true strain of at least 1.0 up to less than 3.5 is achieved in the workpiece.