A method for establishing a new cryptographic identity for an electronic device, the method comprising: providing, in response to acceptance of an ownership taken transaction initiated by a stakeholder establishing the new cryptographic identity, in the electronic device at least one device key for encryption or decryption of data or commands, or for proving the identity of the electronic device, according to the new cryptographic identity, wherein the cryptographic identity is represented by the at least one device key, and wherein acceptance of the ownership taken transaction is dependent on the stakeholder providing a transfer token derived from a previous transaction performed on the electronic device by a previous stakeholder who established a previous cryptographic identity in the chain of cryptographic identities; and uploading, to a public ledger for tracking a chain of cryptographic identities established for said electronic device, information indicative of an identity of the stakeholder establishing the new cryptographic identity for the electronic device and an order in which the new cryptographic identity was established with respect to other cryptographic identities in said chain, wherein in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction, data binding identity information indicative of the identity of the stakeholder to the transfer token is uploaded to the public ledger, and wherein the electronic device maintains a counter for tracking a number of transactions accepted by the electronic device for establishing the chain of cryptographic identities, and the data uploaded to the public ledger in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction comprises at least: a first value dependent on the transfer token and a given value of said counter; and a second value dependent on the identity information and a next value of said counter. providing, in response to acceptance of an ownership taken transaction initiated by a stakeholder establishing the new cryptographic identity, in the electronic device at least one device key for encryption or decryption of data or commands, or for proving the identity of the electronic device, according to the new cryptographic identity, wherein the cryptographic identity is represented by the at least one device key, and wherein acceptance of the ownership taken transaction is dependent on the stakeholder providing a transfer token derived from a previous transaction performed on the electronic device by a previous stakeholder who established a previous cryptographic identity in the chain of cryptographic identities; and uploading, to a public ledger for tracking a chain of cryptographic identities established for said electronic device, information indicative of an identity of the stakeholder establishing the new cryptographic identity for the electronic device and an order in which the new cryptographic identity was established with respect to other cryptographic identities in said chain, wherein in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction, data binding identity information indicative of the identity of the stakeholder to the transfer token is uploaded to the public ledger, and wherein the electronic device maintains a counter for tracking a number of transactions accepted by the electronic device for establishing the chain of cryptographic identities, and the data uploaded to the public ledger in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction comprises at least: a first value dependent on the transfer token and a given value of said counter; and a second value dependent on the identity information and a next value of said counter. wherein in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction, data binding identity information indicative of the identity of the stakeholder to the transfer token is uploaded to the public ledger, and wherein the electronic device maintains a counter for tracking a number of transactions accepted by the electronic device for establishing the chain of cryptographic identities, and the data uploaded to the public ledger in response to acceptance of the ownership taken transaction comprises at least: a first value dependent on the transfer token and a given value of said counter; and a second value dependent on the identity information and a next value of said counter.