A method of detecting and diagnosing diabetes wherein the change in the composition of urinary extracellular vesicles in a urine sample collected from a patient is examined, and this change confirms the presence of diabetes and its progression, wherein the method comprises the following stages: a) Urinary extracellular vesicles are isolated from the urine sample, b) Raman spectra are registered and the analysis of the distribution of the intensity of characteristic bands is performed, wherein the characteristic bands in the Raman spectrum are located in the following ranges: from 980 cm -1 to 1020 cm -1, from 1110 cm -1 to 1140 cm -1, from 1420 cm -1 to 1470 cm -1 and from 1565 cm -1 to 1710 cm -1, c) If it is confirmed that the value of RI for the intensity of the Raman spectrum is lower than the value of RI for a Raman spectrum obtained in an identical way for a sample collected from a healthy individual, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes, wherein RI is calculated on the basis of the following formula: RI = I Amid I I Phenylalanin × a + I Lipids I Phenylalanin where: I Amid I is the value of the band intensity for Amid I (1565 - 1710 cm -1) I Phenylalanine is the value of the band intensity for phenylalanine (980 - 1020 cm -1) I Lipids is the value of the band intensity for lipids (1420 - 1470 cm -1) a is the weight factor determined as the quotient of statistical significance ( p) for the difference between the intensity of bands I Lipids and I Amid I between the group of patients and the group of healthy individuals calculated on the basis of the following formula: a = p Lipids p Amid I wherein it is accepted that the values of RI: - for the group of healthy individuals are above 1000, preferably from 1144 to 1164, - for patients with diabetes are below 600, - for the group of patients with controlled diabetes are from 550 to 600, - for the group of patients with uncontrolled diabetes are from 390 to 410, - for the group of patients with advanced renal impairment caused by diabetes with the glomerular filtration rate below 46 mL/min/1.73m 2 are below 300. a) Urinary extracellular vesicles are isolated from the urine sample, b) Raman spectra are registered and the analysis of the distribution of the intensity of characteristic bands is performed, wherein the characteristic bands in the Raman spectrum are located in the following ranges: from 980 cm -1 to 1020 cm -1, from 1110 cm -1 to 1140 cm -1, from 1420 cm -1 to 1470 cm -1 and from 1565 cm -1 to 1710 cm -1, c) If it is confirmed that the value of RI for the intensity of the Raman spectrum is lower than the value of RI for a Raman spectrum obtained in an identical way for a sample collected from a healthy individual, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes, wherein RI is calculated on the basis of the following formula: RI = I Amid I I Phenylalanin × a + I Lipids I Phenylalanin where: I Amid I is the value of the band intensity for Amid I (1565 - 1710 cm -1) I Phenylalanine is the value of the band intensity for phenylalanine (980 - 1020 cm -1) I Lipids is the value of the band intensity for lipids (1420 - 1470 cm -1) a is the weight factor determined as the quotient of statistical significance ( p) for the difference between the intensity of bands I Lipids and I Amid I between the group of patients and the group of healthy individuals calculated on the basis of the following formula: a = p Lipids p Amid I wherein it is accepted that the values of RI: - for the group of healthy individuals are above 1000, preferably from 1144 to 1164, - for patients with diabetes are below 600, - for the group of patients with controlled diabetes are from 550 to 600, - for the group of patients with uncontrolled diabetes are from 390 to 410, - for the group of patients with advanced renal impairment caused by diabetes with the glomerular filtration rate below 46 mL/min/1.73m 2 are below 300. I Amid I is the value of the band intensity for Amid I (1565 - 1710 cm -1) I Phenylalanine is the value of the band intensity for phenylalanine (980 - 1020 cm -1) I Lipids is the value of the band intensity for lipids (1420 - 1470 cm -1) a is the weight factor determined as the quotient of statistical significance ( p) for the difference between the intensity of bands I Lipids and I Amid I between the group of patients and the group of healthy individuals calculated on the basis of the following formula: a = p Lipids p Amid I - for the group of healthy individuals are above 1000, preferably from 1144 to 1164, - for patients with diabetes are below 600, - for the group of patients with controlled diabetes are from 550 to 600, - for the group of patients with uncontrolled diabetes are from 390 to 410, - for the group of patients with advanced renal impairment caused by diabetes with the glomerular filtration rate below 46 mL/min/1.73m 2 are below 300.