A procatalyst comprising a metal-ligand complex according to formula: where: M is a metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; X is selected from the group consisting of -OR X or -NR X 2; wherein each R X is independently a (C 1 -C 50)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 50)heterohydrocarbyl, or -H and at least one R X is (C 1 -C 50)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 50)heterohydrocarbyl, and, when X is -NR X 2, optionally two R X are covalently linked; the metal-ligand complex is overall charge-neutral; each Z is independently chosen from -O-, -S-, -N(R N)-, or -P(R P)-; R 1 and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N -, (R C) 2 NC -, halogen, radicals having formula, radicals having formula, and radicals having formula: where each of R 31-35, R 41-48, and R 51-59 is independently chosen from-H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -N=CHR C, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N(R N)-, (R C) 2 NC -, or halogen, provided that at least one of R 1 or R 16 is a radical having formula, a radical having formula, or a radical having formula; each of R 2-4, R 5-8, R 9-12, and R 13-15 is independently selected from -H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N -, (R C) 2 NC -, and halogen; L is (C 2 -C 40)hydrocarbylene or (C 2 -C 40)heterohydrocarbylene; and each R C, R P, and R N in formula is independently a (C 1 -C 30)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 30)heterohydrocarbyl, or -H. M is a metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; X is selected from the group consisting of -OR X or -NR X 2; wherein each R X is independently a (C 1 -C 50)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 50)heterohydrocarbyl, or -H and at least one R X is (C 1 -C 50)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 50)heterohydrocarbyl, and, when X is -NR X 2, optionally two R X are covalently linked; the metal-ligand complex is overall charge-neutral; each Z is independently chosen from -O-, -S-, -N(R N)-, or -P(R P)-; R 1 and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N -, (R C) 2 NC -, halogen, radicals having formula, radicals having formula, and radicals having formula: where each of R 31-35, R 41-48, and R 51-59 is independently chosen from-H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -N=CHR C, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N(R N)-, (R C) 2 NC -, or halogen, provided that at least one of R 1 or R 16 is a radical having formula, a radical having formula, or a radical having formula; each of R 2-4, R 5-8, R 9-12, and R 13-15 is independently selected from -H, (C 1 -C 40)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 40)heterohydrocarbyl, -Si(R C) 3, -Ge(R C) 3, -P(R P) 2, -N(R N) 2, -OR C, -SR C, -NO 2, -CN, -CF 3, R C S -, R C S 2 -, (R C) 2 C=N-, R C C O-, R C OC -, R C C N -, (R C) 2 NC -, and halogen; L is (C 2 -C 40)hydrocarbylene or (C 2 -C 40)heterohydrocarbylene; and each R C, R P, and R N in formula is independently a (C 1 -C 30)hydrocarbyl, (C 1 -C 30)heterohydrocarbyl, or -H.