A population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for use in a method of treating non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first population of TILs obtained and/or received from surgical resection, needle biopsy, core biopsy, small biopsy, or other means for obtaining a sample that contains a mixture of tumor and TIL cells from a NSCLC tumor in a patient or providing a first population of TILs obtained from a tumor resected from a patient having NSCLC; (b) contacting tumor fragments comprising the first population of TILs with a first cell culture medium; (c) performing an initial expansion of the first population of TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3 antibody), and optionally antigen presenting cells (APCs) and further wherein the initial expansion is performed during a period of up to or at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days or 8 days; (d) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3 antibody), and antigen presenting cells (APCs), which are optionally irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is performed during a period of up to or at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days or 8 days, 9 days, 10 days or 11 days; (e) harvesting the third population of TILs; (f) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the third population of TILs to a patient with the NSCLC; wherein the NSCLC is refractory to treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody. (a) providing a first population of TILs obtained and/or received from surgical resection, needle biopsy, core biopsy, small biopsy, or other means for obtaining a sample that contains a mixture of tumor and TIL cells from a NSCLC tumor in a patient or providing a first population of TILs obtained from a tumor resected from a patient having NSCLC; (b) contacting tumor fragments comprising the first population of TILs with a first cell culture medium; (c) performing an initial expansion of the first population of TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3 antibody), and optionally antigen presenting cells (APCs) and further wherein the initial expansion is performed during a period of up to or at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days or 8 days; (d) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3 antibody), and antigen presenting cells (APCs), which are optionally irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is performed during a period of up to or at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days or 8 days, 9 days, 10 days or 11 days; (e) harvesting the third population of TILs; (f) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the third population of TILs to a patient with the NSCLC;