A cardiac monitoring system for cardiac monitoring of a patient, in particular for determining a stroke volume of the patient, the cardiac monitoring system comprising: a display; a blood pressure sensor configured to sense a blood pressure of an artery of the patient and generate a blood pressure signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the blood pressure signal and convert the blood pressure signal to blood pressure data in digital form; and a hardware processor configured to execute a software code to: identify a plurality of cardiovascular metrics of the patient based on the blood pressure data, the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including at least one of an aortic impedance and an aortic compliance of the patient; and determine a stroke volume of the patient using a first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics and an additive factor (Ψ), the first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including the at least one of the aortic impedance and the aortic compliance of the patient; wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a meta-parameter including a weighted sum of combinatorial parameters, each combinatorial parameter including a second subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics; and wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a numerator which is a product of the meta-parameter and a standard deviation of an arterial blood pressure waveform of the patient, and a denominator including a mean arterial blood pressure of the patient. a display; a blood pressure sensor configured to sense a blood pressure of an artery of the patient and generate a blood pressure signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the blood pressure signal and convert the blood pressure signal to blood pressure data in digital form; and a hardware processor configured to execute a software code to: identify a plurality of cardiovascular metrics of the patient based on the blood pressure data, the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including at least one of an aortic impedance and an aortic compliance of the patient; and determine a stroke volume of the patient using a first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics and an additive factor (Ψ), the first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including the at least one of the aortic impedance and the aortic compliance of the patient; wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a meta-parameter including a weighted sum of combinatorial parameters, each combinatorial parameter including a second subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics; and wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a numerator which is a product of the meta-parameter and a standard deviation of an arterial blood pressure waveform of the patient, and a denominator including a mean arterial blood pressure of the patient. identify a plurality of cardiovascular metrics of the patient based on the blood pressure data, the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including at least one of an aortic impedance and an aortic compliance of the patient; and determine a stroke volume of the patient using a first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics and an additive factor (Ψ), the first subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics including the at least one of the aortic impedance and the aortic compliance of the patient; wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a meta-parameter including a weighted sum of combinatorial parameters, each combinatorial parameter including a second subset of the plurality of cardiovascular metrics; and wherein the additive factor (Ψ) comprises a numerator which is a product of the meta-parameter and a standard deviation of an arterial blood pressure waveform of the patient, and a denominator including a mean arterial blood pressure of the patient.