A system being formed as a multi-layered computer chip, the system comprising: a first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) being formed as a first superconducting flux qubit comprising a first elongated loop of superconducting material (212a-d), the first qubit laid out horizontally at least partially in a first metal layer; a second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) being formed as a second superconducting flux qubit comprising a second elongated loop of superconducting material (222a-d), the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) laid out vertically with respect to the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) at least partially in a second metal layer, wherein at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) crosses at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580); and a coupler (230, 240, 511, 512, 523, 530, 531, 533, 560, 590, 612, 623) that provides a communicative coupling between the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) and the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580), the coupler (230, 240, 511, 512, 523, 530, 531, 533, 560, 590, 612, 623) physically proximate to the at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) that crosses the at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580), characterized in that the at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) crosses the at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) perpendicularly; and a perimeter of the coupler encompasses a first portion of the first qubit that does not cross the second qubit and a first portion of the second qubit that does not cross the first qubit, the coupler comprising a loop of superconducting material, and wherein a perimeter of the coupler comprises a first arm that extends substantially parallel to a length of the first qubit and a second arm that extends substantially parallel to a length of the second qubit, the first elongated loop and the second elongated loop each having a corresponding, respective long dimension which is longer than a corresponding, respective short dimension of the corresponding, respective elongated loop, the coupler comprising a said loop of superconducting material, the loop of superconducting material of the coupler comprising the first arm and the second arm, the length of the first qubit corresponding to the long dimension of the first elongated loop and the length of the second qubit corresponding to the long dimension of the second elongated loop. a first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) being formed as a first superconducting flux qubit comprising a first elongated loop of superconducting material (212a-d), the first qubit laid out horizontally at least partially in a first metal layer; a second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) being formed as a second superconducting flux qubit comprising a second elongated loop of superconducting material (222a-d), the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) laid out vertically with respect to the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) at least partially in a second metal layer, wherein at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) crosses at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580); and a coupler (230, 240, 511, 512, 523, 530, 531, 533, 560, 590, 612, 623) that provides a communicative coupling between the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) and the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580), the coupler (230, 240, 511, 512, 523, 530, 531, 533, 560, 590, 612, 623) physically proximate to the at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) that crosses the at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580), characterized in that the at least a portion of the first qubit (172a, 210, 540, 570) crosses the at least a portion of the second qubit (172b, 220, 550, 580) perpendicularly; and a perimeter of the coupler encompasses a first portion of the first qubit that does not cross the second qubit and a first portion of the second qubit that does not cross the first qubit, the coupler comprising a loop of superconducting material, and wherein a perimeter of the coupler comprises a first arm that extends substantially parallel to a length of the first qubit and a second arm that extends substantially parallel to a length of the second qubit, the first elongated loop and the second elongated loop each having a corresponding, respective long dimension which is longer than a corresponding, respective short dimension of the corresponding, respective elongated loop, the coupler comprising a said loop of superconducting material, the loop of superconducting material of the coupler comprising the first arm and the second arm, the length of the first qubit corresponding to the long dimension of the first elongated loop and the length of the second qubit corresponding to the long dimension of the second elongated loop.