A compound of formula: wherein: Z is -O-, -S-, -NH-, -OC O-, -NHC O-, -OC NH- or -NHC NH-; R 1 is hydroxy, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate or polyphosphate; R 2 is hydrogen or hydroxy; R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, or amino; alkyl (C≤12), alkenyl (C≤12), alkynyl (C≤12), aryl (C≤12), aralkyl (C≤12), heteroaryl (C≤12), heteroaralkyl (C≤12), alkoxy (C≤12), aryloxy (C≤12), aralkoxy (C≤12), heteroaryloxy (C≤12), heteroaralkoxy (C≤12), alkylamino (C≤12), dialkylamino (C≤12), arylamino (C≤12), or aralkylamino (C≤12); and R 5, R 6, R 7, R 8, and R 9 are each independently: hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, or mercapto; alkyl (C≤12), alkenyl (C≤12), alkynyl (C≤12), aryl (C≤12), aralkyl (C≤12), heteroaryl (C≤12), heteroaralkyl (C≤12), acyl (C≤12), alkoxy (C≤12), alkenyloxy (C≤12), alkynyloxy (C≤12), aryloxy (C≤12), aralkoxy (C≤12), heteroaryloxy (C≤12), heteroaralkoxy (C≤12), acyloxy (C≤12), alkylamino (C≤12), dialkylamino (C≤12), alkoxyamino (C≤12), alkenylamino (C≤12), alkynylamino (C≤12), arylamino (C≤12), aralkylamino (C≤12), heteroarylamino (C≤12), heteroaralkylamino (C≤12), alkylsulfonylamino (C≤12), amido (C≤12), alkylthio (C≤12), alkenylthio (C≤12), alkynylthio (C≤12), arylthio (C≤12), aralkylthio (C≤12), heteroarylthio (C≤12), heteroaralkylthio (C≤12), acylthio (C≤12), thioacyl (C≤12), alkylsulfonyl (C≤12), arylsulfonyl (C≤12), alkylammonium (C≤12), alkylsulfonium (C≤12), or alkylsilyl (C≤12); or a group of formula: or wherein X is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; or alkanediyl (C≤12), alkenediyl (C≤12), alkynediyl (C≤12), arenediyl (C≤12), or heteroarenediyl (C≤12); Y is -O-, -NH-, or alkanediyl (C≤12); n is an integer from 0-12; and m is an integer from 0-12; or a -linker-reporter; or a salt, ester, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, or optical isomer thereof. Z is -O-, -S-, -NH-, -OC O-, -NHC O-, -OC NH- or -NHC NH-; R 1 is hydroxy, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate or polyphosphate; R 2 is hydrogen or hydroxy; R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, or amino; alkyl (C≤12), alkenyl (C≤12), alkynyl (C≤12), aryl (C≤12), aralkyl (C≤12), heteroaryl (C≤12), heteroaralkyl (C≤12), alkoxy (C≤12), aryloxy (C≤12), aralkoxy (C≤12), heteroaryloxy (C≤12), heteroaralkoxy (C≤12), alkylamino (C≤12), dialkylamino (C≤12), arylamino (C≤12), or aralkylamino (C≤12); and R 5, R 6, R 7, R 8, and R 9 are each independently: hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, or mercapto; alkyl (C≤12), alkenyl (C≤12), alkynyl (C≤12), aryl (C≤12), aralkyl (C≤12), heteroaryl (C≤12), heteroaralkyl (C≤12), acyl (C≤12), alkoxy (C≤12), alkenyloxy (C≤12), alkynyloxy (C≤12), aryloxy (C≤12), aralkoxy (C≤12), heteroaryloxy (C≤12), heteroaralkoxy (C≤12), acyloxy (C≤12), alkylamino (C≤12), dialkylamino (C≤12), alkoxyamino (C≤12), alkenylamino (C≤12), alkynylamino (C≤12), arylamino (C≤12), aralkylamino (C≤12), heteroarylamino (C≤12), heteroaralkylamino (C≤12), alkylsulfonylamino (C≤12), amido (C≤12), alkylthio (C≤12), alkenylthio (C≤12), alkynylthio (C≤12), arylthio (C≤12), aralkylthio (C≤12), heteroarylthio (C≤12), heteroaralkylthio (C≤12), acylthio (C≤12), thioacyl (C≤12), alkylsulfonyl (C≤12), arylsulfonyl (C≤12), alkylammonium (C≤12), alkylsulfonium (C≤12), or alkylsilyl (C≤12); or a group of formula: or wherein X is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; or alkanediyl (C≤12), alkenediyl (C≤12), alkynediyl (C≤12), arenediyl (C≤12), or heteroarenediyl (C≤12); Y is -O-, -NH-, or alkanediyl (C≤12); n is an integer from 0-12; and m is an integer from 0-12; or a -linker-reporter; hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, or mercapto; alkyl (C≤12), alkenyl (C≤12), alkynyl (C≤12), aryl (C≤12), aralkyl (C≤12), heteroaryl (C≤12), heteroaralkyl (C≤12), acyl (C≤12), alkoxy (C≤12), alkenyloxy (C≤12), alkynyloxy (C≤12), aryloxy (C≤12), aralkoxy (C≤12), heteroaryloxy (C≤12), heteroaralkoxy (C≤12), acyloxy (C≤12), alkylamino (C≤12), dialkylamino (C≤12), alkoxyamino (C≤12), alkenylamino (C≤12), alkynylamino (C≤12), arylamino (C≤12), aralkylamino (C≤12), heteroarylamino (C≤12), heteroaralkylamino (C≤12), alkylsulfonylamino (C≤12), amido (C≤12), alkylthio (C≤12), alkenylthio (C≤12), alkynylthio (C≤12), arylthio (C≤12), aralkylthio (C≤12), heteroarylthio (C≤12), heteroaralkylthio (C≤12), acylthio (C≤12), thioacyl (C≤12), alkylsulfonyl (C≤12), arylsulfonyl (C≤12), alkylammonium (C≤12), alkylsulfonium (C≤12), or alkylsilyl (C≤12); or a group of formula: or wherein X is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; or alkanediyl (C≤12), alkenediyl (C≤12), alkynediyl (C≤12), arenediyl (C≤12), or heteroarenediyl (C≤12); Y is -O-, -NH-, or alkanediyl (C≤12); n is an integer from 0-12; and m is an integer from 0-12; or X is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; or alkanediyl (C≤12), alkenediyl (C≤12), alkynediyl (C≤12), arenediyl (C≤12), or heteroarenediyl (C≤12); -O-, -S-, or -NH-; or alkanediyl (C≤12), alkenediyl (C≤12), alkynediyl (C≤12), arenediyl (C≤12), or heteroarenediyl (C≤12); Y is -O-, -NH-, or alkanediyl (C≤12); n is an integer from 0-12; and m is an integer from 0-12; or a -linker-reporter;