A particle beam target (102, 200), comprising: a target body including a front side, a back side, and a lateral outer wall extending from the front side to the back side; and a plurality of parallel grooves formed in the back side, each groove including a first groove end and a second groove end and running along a transverse direction from the first groove end to the second groove end, the transverse direction being orthogonal to a lateral axis; characterized by a target cavity disposed in the target body, the target cavity including a back inner wall, a lateral inner wall, and a cross-section bounded by the lateral inner wall, the back inner wall spaced from the back side relative to said lateral axis, and the lateral inner wall extending from the back inner wall toward the front side along the direction of the lateral axis; a plurality of peripheral bores (656, 658) extending through the target body from the plurality of grooves toward the front side, the peripheral bores (656, 658) arranged to circumscribe the target cavity cross-section in proximity to the lateral inner wall, wherein each groove fluidly communicates with at least one peripheral bore at the first groove end and at least one other peripheral bore at the second groove end; and a plurality of radial outflow bores extending in respective radial directions relative to the lateral axis from the plurality of peripheral bores (656, 658) to the lateral outer wall, each radial outflow bore fluidly communicating with at least one of the peripheral bores (656, 658), wherein the target body defines a plurality of liquid coolant flow paths (904, 906, 912, 914, 916), each liquid coolant flow path running from a respective groove to at least one of the first groove end and the second groove end of the groove, through at least one peripheral bore (656, 658), through at least one radial outflow bore, and to the lateral outer wall. a target body including a front side, a back side, and a lateral outer wall extending from the front side to the back side; and a plurality of parallel grooves formed in the back side, each groove including a first groove end and a second groove end and running along a transverse direction from the first groove end to the second groove end, the transverse direction being orthogonal to a lateral axis; characterized by a target cavity disposed in the target body, the target cavity including a back inner wall, a lateral inner wall, and a cross-section bounded by the lateral inner wall, the back inner wall spaced from the back side relative to said lateral axis, and the lateral inner wall extending from the back inner wall toward the front side along the direction of the lateral axis; a plurality of peripheral bores (656, 658) extending through the target body from the plurality of grooves toward the front side, the peripheral bores (656, 658) arranged to circumscribe the target cavity cross-section in proximity to the lateral inner wall, wherein each groove fluidly communicates with at least one peripheral bore at the first groove end and at least one other peripheral bore at the second groove end; and a plurality of radial outflow bores extending in respective radial directions relative to the lateral axis from the plurality of peripheral bores (656, 658) to the lateral outer wall, each radial outflow bore fluidly communicating with at least one of the peripheral bores (656, 658), wherein the target body defines a plurality of liquid coolant flow paths (904, 906, 912, 914, 916), each liquid coolant flow path running from a respective groove to at least one of the first groove end and the second groove end of the groove, through at least one peripheral bore (656, 658), through at least one radial outflow bore, and to the lateral outer wall.