A compound of formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein p is 1 or 2; ----- is a single or double bond; R 1 is selected from wherein R 1 is attached to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom in the group; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1,2,3,4,5, or 6; X 0 is selected from CH and N; X 1 is selected from CH and N; X 2 and X 3 are independently selected from CH, C(R a) and N; provided that at least one of X 1, X 2, and X 3 is other than N; each R a is independently selected from alkenyloxy, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkyl, benzodioxanyl, carboxamido, carboxy, carboxyalkoxy, cyano, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, deuteroalkoxy, dialkylamino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, morpholinyl, phenyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolyl, and pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, wherein the morpholinyl, the phenyl, the piperazinyl, the pyridinyl, and the pyrrolidinyl are optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from alkoxy, alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, and morpholinyl; and wherein two adjacent R a groups, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can optionally form a ring selected from dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, morpholinyl, pyranyl, and phenyl, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from alkyl and halo; R b is alkyl; R x is selected from methyl and ethyl; R y and R z are independently selected from hydrogen and hydroxy; provided that when ----- is a double bond, R y and R z are each hydrogen; R 2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, deuteroalkoxycarbonyl, deuterohaloalkoxycarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylcarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, heterocyclyloxycarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, and phenyloxycarbonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl part of the cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, the cycloalkylcarbonyl, and the cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, the heterocyclyl part of the heterocyclylcarbonyl and the heterocyclyloxycarbonyl, and the phenyl part of the phenylcarbonyl and the phenyloxycarbonyl, is optionally substituted with one, two, or three groups independently selected from alkyl, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyl, dialkylamino, halo, haloalkoxy, and haloalkyl. p is 1 or 2; ----- is a single or double bond; R 1 is selected from wherein R 1 is attached to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom in the group; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1,2,3,4,5, or 6; X 0 is selected from CH and N; X 1 is selected from CH and N; X 2 and X 3 are independently selected from CH, C(R a) and N; provided that at least one of X 1, X 2, and X 3 is other than N; each R a is independently selected from alkenyloxy, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkyl, benzodioxanyl, carboxamido, carboxy, carboxyalkoxy, cyano, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, deuteroalkoxy, dialkylamino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, morpholinyl, phenyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolyl, and pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, wherein the morpholinyl, the phenyl, the piperazinyl, the pyridinyl, and the pyrrolidinyl are optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from alkoxy, alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, and morpholinyl; and wherein two adjacent R a groups, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can optionally form a ring selected from dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, morpholinyl, pyranyl, and phenyl, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from alkyl and halo; R b is alkyl; R x is selected from methyl and ethyl; R y and R z are independently selected from hydrogen and hydroxy; provided that when ----- is a double bond, R y and R z are each hydrogen; R 2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, deuteroalkoxycarbonyl, deuterohaloalkoxycarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylcarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, heterocyclyloxycarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, and phenyloxycarbonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl part of the cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, the cycloalkylcarbonyl, and the cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, the heterocyclyl part of the heterocyclylcarbonyl and the heterocyclyloxycarbonyl, and the phenyl part of the phenylcarbonyl and the phenyloxycarbonyl, is optionally substituted with one, two, or three groups independently selected from alkyl, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyl, dialkylamino, halo, haloalkoxy, and haloalkyl.