A filtration membrane comprising a polymer comprising a structure represented by a formula: wherein each Z is wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein p is independently 0, 0.5, or 1; wherein q is independently 0, 0.5, or 1; wherein, for each x, p + q = 1; wherein each of R 1a, R 1b, R 1c, and R 1d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN. -SR 20, -OR 21, -N R22a R 22b, -NR 22a R 22b H +, -SO 2 R 23, -(C=O)R 24, and C1-C3 alkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -CN, -SR 20, -OR 21, -NR 22a R 22b, -SO 2 R 23, and -(C=O)R 24; wherein each of R 2a and R 2b is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -SR 30, -OR 31, -NR 32a R 32b, -NR 32a R 32b H +, -SO 2 R 33, -(C=O)R 34, and C1-C3 alkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -CN, -SR 30, -OR 31, -NR 32a R 32b, -SO 2 R 33, and -(C=O)R 34; wherein each of R 3a, R 3b, and R 3c is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN. -SR 40, -OR 41, -NR 42a R 42b, -NR 42a R 42b H +, -SO 2 R 43, and -(C=O)R 44; wherein each of R 20, R 21, R 22a, R 22b, R 30, R 31, R 32a, R 32b, R 40, R 41, R 42a, and R 42b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 23 and R 24, when present, is independently selected from -O -, -OR 25, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 26a R 26b; wherein each of R 25, R 26a, and R 26b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 33 and R 34, when present, is independently selected from -O-, -OR 35, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 36a R 36b; wherein each of R 35, R 36a, and R 36b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 43 and R 44, when present, is independently selected from -O -, -OR 45, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 46a R 46b; wherein each of R 45, R 46a, and R 46b, when present, is selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl. wherein each Z is wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein p is independently 0, 0.5, or 1; wherein q is independently 0, 0.5, or 1; wherein, for each x, p + q = 1; wherein each of R 1a, R 1b, R 1c, and R 1d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN. -SR 20, -OR 21, -N R22a R 22b, -NR 22a R 22b H +, -SO 2 R 23, -(C=O)R 24, and C1-C3 alkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -CN, -SR 20, -OR 21, -NR 22a R 22b, -SO 2 R 23, and -(C=O)R 24; wherein each of R 2a and R 2b is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -SR 30, -OR 31, -NR 32a R 32b, -NR 32a R 32b H +, -SO 2 R 33, -(C=O)R 34, and C1-C3 alkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -CN, -SR 30, -OR 31, -NR 32a R 32b, -SO 2 R 33, and -(C=O)R 34; wherein each of R 3a, R 3b, and R 3c is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN. -SR 40, -OR 41, -NR 42a R 42b, -NR 42a R 42b H +, -SO 2 R 43, and -(C=O)R 44; wherein each of R 20, R 21, R 22a, R 22b, R 30, R 31, R 32a, R 32b, R 40, R 41, R 42a, and R 42b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 23 and R 24, when present, is independently selected from -O -, -OR 25, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 26a R 26b; wherein each of R 25, R 26a, and R 26b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 33 and R 34, when present, is independently selected from -O-, -OR 35, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 36a R 36b; wherein each of R 35, R 36a, and R 36b, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 43 and R 44, when present, is independently selected from -O -, -OR 45, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl, and -NR 46a R 46b; wherein each of R 45, R 46a, and R 46b, when present, is selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C3 polyhaloalkyl.