An electromagnetic induction type Hopkinson pressure/tension bar loading device, comprising a power supply, a capacitor charger, a loading gun and an incident bar, wherein a positive electrode output line of an output of the capacitor charger is connected with a positive electrode line of the loading gun and a negative electrode output line of the output of the capacitor charger is connected with a negative electrode line of the loading gun; characterized in that, the loading gun comprises a loading gun housing, a primary coil, a centering tube, a secondary coil, an insulation layer, an amplifier and a compression head and a flange; the primary coil and the secondary coil are mounted on the centering tube in sequence, and one end surface of the secondary coil is configured to be adjacent to a locating end surface of the centering tube; another end surface of the secondary coil is adjacent to and freely fitted with an end surface of the primary coil; the centering tube on which the primary coil and the secondary coil are mounted is put in the middle section in the loading gun housing, the amplifier is installed at the end nearing the locating end surface of the centering tube, and the insulation layer is mounted between an internal end surface of the amplifier and the end surface of the secondary coil; the primary coil, the secondary coil, the amplifier and the centering tube are all coaxial with the loading gun housing; the centering tube is in threaded connection with the secondary coil; wherein, the compression head is configured for threaded connection with the amplifier; so that, during a Hopkinson compression experiment an internal end surface of a compression wave output section of the compression head is contactable with the incident bar, into which stress waves are propagated; and wherein, an end having external threads of the incident bar is configured to penetrate through the through holes of the centering tube and the amplifier in sequence, for threaded connection with the flange at one side of the stress wave output section of the amplifier; so that, during a Hopkinson tension experiment, compression waves entering into the flange from the stress wave output section of the amplifier, are reflected on a free end surface of the flange as tension waves, which enter the incident bar to form incident waves. another end surface of the secondary coil is adjacent to and freely fitted with an end surface of the primary coil; the centering tube on which the primary coil and the secondary coil are mounted is put in the middle section in the loading gun housing, the amplifier is installed at the end nearing the locating end surface of the centering tube, and the insulation layer is mounted between an internal end surface of the amplifier and the end surface of the secondary coil; the primary coil, the secondary coil, the amplifier and the centering tube are all coaxial with the loading gun housing; the centering tube is in threaded connection with the secondary coil; wherein, the compression head is configured for threaded connection with the amplifier; so that, during a Hopkinson compression experiment an internal end surface of a compression wave output section of the compression head is contactable with the incident bar, into which stress waves are propagated; and wherein, an end having external threads of the incident bar is configured to penetrate through the through holes of the centering tube and the amplifier in sequence, for threaded connection with the flange at one side of the stress wave output section of the amplifier; so that, during a Hopkinson tension experiment, compression waves entering into the flange from the stress wave output section of the amplifier, are reflected on a free end surface of the flange as tension waves, which enter the incident bar to form incident waves.