An automatic inflation/deflation device applied in an OCT endoscopic scanning and imaging system, the OCT endoscopic scanning and imaging system comprising a sweep laser module, an interference module, a probe module, a data collection module, a data processing module, an image display module, an actuator, an OCT microprobe, a balloon catheter, and an automatic inflation/deflation device; the automatic inflation/deflation device comprising a control and display module, an air pump, an inflation solenoid valve, a deflation solenoid valve, characterized in that: the automatic inflation/deflation device further comprises a balloon, a throttle valve, pressure sensors (103, 105), an anti-explosion pressure sensor, and a mechanical pressure switch; the automatic inflation/deflation device is applied in the OCT endoscopic scanning and imaging system to implement automatic inflation/deflation and accurate air pressure control; the air pump is connected to the throttle valve by using the inflation solenoid valve and the deflation solenoid valve; the throttle valve is connected to the balloon; at least one of the pressure sensors (103, 105) is connected to the balloon, at least one of the pressure sensors (103, 105) is disposed among the throttle valve, the inflation solenoid valve, and the deflation solenoid valve; the anti-explosion pressure sensor is connected with the balloon; the mechanical pressure switch is connected to the balloon; the control and display module is capable of setting the balloon pressure and the inflation time, collecting pressure, controlling the air pump to start and stop, and controlling a working condition of the solenoid valve; wherein the control and display module is configured to perform a process of using the automatic inflation/deflation device that comprises: an inflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and an inflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to inflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; a deflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and a deflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to deflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; and during the inflation/deflation processes, the system being under over-voltage protection by the anti-explosion pressure sensor, the air pump being turned off when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure, and the pressure being relievable through the mechanical pressure switch when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure value. the automatic inflation/deflation device further comprises a balloon, a throttle valve, pressure sensors (103, 105), an anti-explosion pressure sensor, and a mechanical pressure switch; the automatic inflation/deflation device is applied in the OCT endoscopic scanning and imaging system to implement automatic inflation/deflation and accurate air pressure control; the air pump is connected to the throttle valve by using the inflation solenoid valve and the deflation solenoid valve; the throttle valve is connected to the balloon; at least one of the pressure sensors (103, 105) is connected to the balloon, at least one of the pressure sensors (103, 105) is disposed among the throttle valve, the inflation solenoid valve, and the deflation solenoid valve; the anti-explosion pressure sensor is connected with the balloon; the mechanical pressure switch is connected to the balloon; the control and display module is capable of setting the balloon pressure and the inflation time, collecting pressure, controlling the air pump to start and stop, and controlling a working condition of the solenoid valve; wherein the control and display module is configured to perform a process of using the automatic inflation/deflation device that comprises: an inflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and an inflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to inflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; a deflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and a deflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to deflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; and during the inflation/deflation processes, the system being under over-voltage protection by the anti-explosion pressure sensor, the air pump being turned off when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure, and the pressure being relievable through the mechanical pressure switch when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure value. an inflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and an inflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to inflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; a deflation process comprising setting the balloon pressure and a deflation time on the control and display module, and keeping the pump to deflate the balloon until the preset pressure value is reached; and during the inflation/deflation processes, the system being under over-voltage protection by the anti-explosion pressure sensor, the air pump being turned off when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure, and the pressure being relievable through the mechanical pressure switch when the balloon exceeds the preset pressure value.