A detection and telemetry process using electromagnetic radiation pulses, in order to characterize a radial velocity distribution (v r) as a function of a separation distance (d e) within an exploration zone, comprising the following steps: 1) getting a system for detection and telemetry by using electromagnetic radiation pulses, that is adapted for, during an acquisition sequence, emitting at least one electromagnetic radiation pulse, detecting a portion of said at least one radiation pulse which was backscattered by at least one target present in the exploration zone, and producing a measurement signal which corresponds to the backscattered and detected radiation pulse portion, where said measurement signal contains information on a separation distance (d e) and a radial velocity (v r) of each target, the information on the radial velocity of each target corresponding to a Doppler effect frequency shift which occurs when the radiation is backscattered by this target; and 2) performing an acquisition sequence by controlling the system for emitting the at least one pulse into the exploration, the process being characterized in that it further comprises the following additional steps: 3) getting a characterization of a pulse response of the system, where the pulse response corresponds to the measurement signal which is produced by said system during an acquisition sequence and when a single backscattering element is in the exploration zone, said single backscattering element corresponding to a single separation distance value (d e) and having a known radial velocity value (v r) relative to the system, and when the exploration zone is devoid of backscattering element other than the so-called single backscattering element; and 4) by treating the measurement signal which was produced in step 2) as a sum of contributions which each correspond to the pulse response applied to a value for the separation distance (d e) and to a value for the radial velocity (v r), and multiplied by a backscattering amplitude value, getting by decomposition of the measurement signal into several contributions, a measurement result in a form of pairs which are each comprised of a backscattering amplitude value and a radial velocity value, and which are assigned respectively to several separation distance values within the exploration zone. 1) getting a system for detection and telemetry by using electromagnetic radiation pulses, that is adapted for, during an acquisition sequence, emitting at least one electromagnetic radiation pulse, detecting a portion of said at least one radiation pulse which was backscattered by at least one target present in the exploration zone, and producing a measurement signal which corresponds to the backscattered and detected radiation pulse portion, where said measurement signal contains information on a separation distance (d e) and a radial velocity (v r) of each target, the information on the radial velocity of each target corresponding to a Doppler effect frequency shift which occurs when the radiation is backscattered by this target; and 2) performing an acquisition sequence by controlling the system for emitting the at least one pulse into the exploration, 3) getting a characterization of a pulse response of the system, where the pulse response corresponds to the measurement signal which is produced by said system during an acquisition sequence and when a single backscattering element is in the exploration zone, said single backscattering element corresponding to a single separation distance value (d e) and having a known radial velocity value (v r) relative to the system, and when the exploration zone is devoid of backscattering element other than the so-called single backscattering element; and 4) by treating the measurement signal which was produced in step 2) as a sum of contributions which each correspond to the pulse response applied to a value for the separation distance (d e) and to a value for the radial velocity (v r), and multiplied by a backscattering amplitude value, getting by decomposition of the measurement signal into several contributions, a measurement result in a form of pairs which are each comprised of a backscattering amplitude value and a radial velocity value, and which are assigned respectively to several separation distance values within the exploration zone.