Method for evaluating signals of fluorescence scanning microscopy with simultaneous excitation and detection of the fluorescence in different focal planes of a sample using confocal laser scanning microscopy, having the steps of: - using a beam combiner to couple at least one illumination beam into a microscopic observation beam path which is defined from a measurement volume of the sample up to an image plane and has, along an optical axis, a microscope objective, the beam combiner for coupling in the illumination beam and a detector array arranged in the image plane, - focusing the illumination beam with the microscope objective into the measurement volume, wherein the illumination beam undergoes beam-shaping in an illumination pupil for producing an elongate focus, - collecting and collimating fluorescence light produced in the measurement volume using the microscope objective and passing resulting light beams onto a diffractive optical unit that is arranged between the beam combiner and the image plane, - splitting the light beams produced in the measurement volume into beam bundles of different orders of diffraction using the diffractive optical unit and imaging the different orders of diffraction onto separate detector regions of the detector array using a detection optical unit, wherein the diffractive optical unit imprints onto the light beams of each order of diffraction a spherical phase that differs from the other orders of diffraction, such that fluorescence light from focal planes of various depths of the measurement volume is assigned to different orders of diffraction and deflected without confocal discrimination onto the separate detector regions, which convert fluorescence light from assigned focal planes of the measurement volume and fluorescence crosstalk from unsharply imaged adjacent focal planes of the measurement volume into electronic fluorescence signals, - assigning the fluorescence signals, which originate from different focal planes of the measurement volume and are superposed along the orders of diffraction due to crosstalk, to focal planes defined in the measurement volume using correlation-based assignment of the fluorescence signals based on distinguishable blinking behaviour of fluorescent dyes in the measurement volume. - using a beam combiner to couple at least one illumination beam into a microscopic observation beam path which is defined from a measurement volume of the sample up to an image plane and has, along an optical axis, a microscope objective, the beam combiner for coupling in the illumination beam and a detector array arranged in the image plane, - focusing the illumination beam with the microscope objective into the measurement volume, wherein the illumination beam undergoes beam-shaping in an illumination pupil for producing an elongate focus, - collecting and collimating fluorescence light produced in the measurement volume using the microscope objective and passing resulting light beams onto a diffractive optical unit that is arranged between the beam combiner and the image plane, - splitting the light beams produced in the measurement volume into beam bundles of different orders of diffraction using the diffractive optical unit and imaging the different orders of diffraction onto separate detector regions of the detector array using a detection optical unit, wherein the diffractive optical unit imprints onto the light beams of each order of diffraction a spherical phase that differs from the other orders of diffraction, such that fluorescence light from focal planes of various depths of the measurement volume is assigned to different orders of diffraction and deflected without confocal discrimination onto the separate detector regions, which convert fluorescence light from assigned focal planes of the measurement volume and fluorescence crosstalk from unsharply imaged adjacent focal planes of the measurement volume into electronic fluorescence signals, - assigning the fluorescence signals, which originate from different focal planes of the measurement volume and are superposed along the orders of diffraction due to crosstalk, to focal planes defined in the measurement volume using correlation-based assignment of the fluorescence signals based on distinguishable blinking behaviour of fluorescent dyes in the measurement volume.