A fisheye camera calibration system, comprising: a polyhedral target, comprising an inner surface and a plurality of markers disposed on the inner surface, the inner surface being composed of a plurality of hexagonal planes and a plurality of pentagonal planes; a fisheye camera, configured to photograph the polyhedral target to capture a target image, wherein the polyhedral target and the plurality of markers disposed on the inner surface of the polyhedral target are captured in the target image; and an electronic device, configured to: fit, according to the target image, a selected radial distortion model with an equidistant projection model, to obtain initial values of distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5; calculate a radius r max according to the initial values of the distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5 and an equation r max =k 1 θ max +k 2 θ max 3 +k 3 θ max 5 +k 4 θ max 7 +k 5 θ max 9, where θ max represents a maximum field of view of the fisheye camera; perform ellipse fitting on the polyhedral target in the target image, and obtain initial values of u 0, v 0, m u and m v according to the fitted ellipse and the value of r max, where (u 0, v 0) represents a principal point, m u represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a horizontal direction of coordinates of the target image, and m v represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a vertical direction of coordinates of the target image; acquire, according to the polyhedral target, a translation matrix T j and a rotation matrix R j of each of the pentagonal and hexagonal planes (111, 112) where the markers are located; and optimize the initial values of k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4, k 5, u 0, v 0, m u, m v, T j and R j by using a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, thereby determining imaging model parameters of the fisheye camera. a polyhedral target, comprising an inner surface and a plurality of markers disposed on the inner surface, the inner surface being composed of a plurality of hexagonal planes and a plurality of pentagonal planes; a fisheye camera, configured to photograph the polyhedral target to capture a target image, wherein the polyhedral target and the plurality of markers disposed on the inner surface of the polyhedral target are captured in the target image; and an electronic device, configured to: fit, according to the target image, a selected radial distortion model with an equidistant projection model, to obtain initial values of distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5; calculate a radius r max according to the initial values of the distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5 and an equation r max =k 1 θ max +k 2 θ max 3 +k 3 θ max 5 +k 4 θ max 7 +k 5 θ max 9, where θ max represents a maximum field of view of the fisheye camera; perform ellipse fitting on the polyhedral target in the target image, and obtain initial values of u 0, v 0, m u and m v according to the fitted ellipse and the value of r max, where (u 0, v 0) represents a principal point, m u represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a horizontal direction of coordinates of the target image, and m v represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a vertical direction of coordinates of the target image; acquire, according to the polyhedral target, a translation matrix T j and a rotation matrix R j of each of the pentagonal and hexagonal planes (111, 112) where the markers are located; and optimize the initial values of k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4, k 5, u 0, v 0, m u, m v, T j and R j by using a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, thereby determining imaging model parameters of the fisheye camera. fit, according to the target image, a selected radial distortion model with an equidistant projection model, to obtain initial values of distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5; calculate a radius r max according to the initial values of the distortion parameters k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4 and k 5 and an equation r max =k 1 θ max +k 2 θ max 3 +k 3 θ max 5 +k 4 θ max 7 +k 5 θ max 9, where θ max represents a maximum field of view of the fisheye camera; perform ellipse fitting on the polyhedral target in the target image, and obtain initial values of u 0, v 0, m u and m v according to the fitted ellipse and the value of r max, where (u 0, v 0) represents a principal point, m u represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a horizontal direction of coordinates of the target image, and m v represents the number of pixels per unit distance in a vertical direction of coordinates of the target image; acquire, according to the polyhedral target, a translation matrix T j and a rotation matrix R j of each of the pentagonal and hexagonal planes (111, 112) where the markers are located; and optimize the initial values of k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4, k 5, u 0, v 0, m u, m v, T j and R j by using a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, thereby determining imaging model parameters of the fisheye camera.