A wireline coring recovery system of a seafloor drilling rig, comprising: a winch, a rope, a submersible tension sensor, a cover, a main shaft and a catcher; characterized in that the cover is provided on a drilling power head; a center hole of the cover is communicated with a center hole of the main shaft which is provided on the drilling power head; a first bracket is provided on the cover to support the submersible tension sensor; the first bracket is connected to a first pulley via a connecting rod; the submersible tension sensor is provided on the connecting rod; one end of the rope is wound on the winch, and the other end of the rope is connected to an upper end of the catcher after the rope passes over the first pulley and then through a top hole on the cover; and the catcher is located in the center hole of the main shaft; the catcher comprises an anti-stuck mechanism, a weight rod, a compression rod, a fixed guide tube, a rotatable ferrule, a compression spring, a steel ball seat and a plurality of steel balls; wherein the anti-stuck mechanism is provided at an upper end of the weight rod and connected to the other end of the rope; the compression rod is fixed at a lower end of the weight rod and inserted into an inner cavity of the fixed guide tube; a plurality of compression rod skewed teeth are provided at a lower end of the compression rod; a guide groove is provided on a side of the compression rod along an axis of the compression rod; a guide key is provided on a side wall of the inner cavity of the fixed guide tube along an axis of the fixed guide tube; the guide groove and the guide key fit with each other; the rotatable ferrule is located in the fixed guide tube; a plurality of first rotating core skewed teeth and a plurality of second rotating core skewed teeth are alternately provided at an upper end of the rotatable ferrule to match with the plurality of compression rod skewed teeth; a U-shaped groove is provided on each second rotating core skewed tooth; a compression spring seat is provided in an inner cavity of the rotatable ferrule; and the rotatable ferrule has a trumpet-shaped lower part; and the steel ball seat is fixed at a bottom of the fixed guide tube and provided with an annular column; the compression spring is provided between the compression spring seat and a top of the annular column; a plurality of steel ball holes are provided at a side wall of the annular column; each steel ball hole is provided with one steel ball; a downward movement of the rotatable ferrule forces the steel balls to move towards a center of the annular column and then snap into an annular groove of a spearhead of an inner core barrel. characterized in that the cover is provided on a drilling power head; a center hole of the cover is communicated with a center hole of the main shaft which is provided on the drilling power head; a first bracket is provided on the cover to support the submersible tension sensor; the first bracket is connected to a first pulley via a connecting rod; the submersible tension sensor is provided on the connecting rod; one end of the rope is wound on the winch, and the other end of the rope is connected to an upper end of the catcher after the rope passes over the first pulley and then through a top hole on the cover; and the catcher is located in the center hole of the main shaft; the catcher comprises an anti-stuck mechanism, a weight rod, a compression rod, a fixed guide tube, a rotatable ferrule, a compression spring, a steel ball seat and a plurality of steel balls; wherein the anti-stuck mechanism is provided at an upper end of the weight rod and connected to the other end of the rope; the compression rod is fixed at a lower end of the weight rod and inserted into an inner cavity of the fixed guide tube; a plurality of compression rod skewed teeth are provided at a lower end of the compression rod; a guide groove is provided on a side of the compression rod along an axis of the compression rod; a guide key is provided on a side wall of the inner cavity of the fixed guide tube along an axis of the fixed guide tube; the guide groove and the guide key fit with each other; the rotatable ferrule is located in the fixed guide tube; a plurality of first rotating core skewed teeth and a plurality of second rotating core skewed teeth are alternately provided at an upper end of the rotatable ferrule to match with the plurality of compression rod skewed teeth; a U-shaped groove is provided on each second rotating core skewed tooth; a compression spring seat is provided in an inner cavity of the rotatable ferrule; and the rotatable ferrule has a trumpet-shaped lower part; and the steel ball seat is fixed at a bottom of the fixed guide tube and provided with an annular column; the compression spring is provided between the compression spring seat and a top of the annular column; a plurality of steel ball holes are provided at a side wall of the annular column; each steel ball hole is provided with one steel ball; a downward movement of the rotatable ferrule forces the steel balls to move towards a center of the annular column and then snap into an annular groove of a spearhead of an inner core barrel.