A flow probe (210, 310, 410, 510, 610, 710) comprising: a housing with walls forming a conduit to allow a liquid to flow therethrough; a thermally-conductive material secured to a portion of the walls so that the thermally-conductive material is in thermal contact with a liquid flowing through the conduit; a heating element in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the heating element is not exposed to the conduit; a proximal temperature sensor upstream of the heating element, the proximal temperature sensor in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the proximal temperature sensor is not exposed to the conduit; a distal temperature sensor downstream of the heating element, the distal temperature sensor in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the distal temperature sensor is not exposed to the conduit; and a controller in communication with the heating element, the proximal temperature sensor, and the distal temperature sensor, the controller configured to: control the heating element to apply heat to the thermally-conductive material; determine an upstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the proximal temperature sensor; determine a downstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the distal temperature sensor; adjust a heater power provided to the heating element based at least in part on a determined temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature, the adjustment to the heater power being configured to achieve an adjustable targeted temperature differential; and when the targeted temperature differential has been achieved, determine a liquid flow rate using the adjusted heater power provided to the heating element, and the achieved temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature. a housing with walls forming a conduit to allow a liquid to flow therethrough; a thermally-conductive material secured to a portion of the walls so that the thermally-conductive material is in thermal contact with a liquid flowing through the conduit; a heating element in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the heating element is not exposed to the conduit; a proximal temperature sensor upstream of the heating element, the proximal temperature sensor in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the proximal temperature sensor is not exposed to the conduit; a distal temperature sensor downstream of the heating element, the distal temperature sensor in thermal contact with the thermally-conductive material so that the distal temperature sensor is not exposed to the conduit; and a controller in communication with the heating element, the proximal temperature sensor, and the distal temperature sensor, the controller configured to: control the heating element to apply heat to the thermally-conductive material; determine an upstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the proximal temperature sensor; determine a downstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the distal temperature sensor; adjust a heater power provided to the heating element based at least in part on a determined temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature, the adjustment to the heater power being configured to achieve an adjustable targeted temperature differential; and when the targeted temperature differential has been achieved, determine a liquid flow rate using the adjusted heater power provided to the heating element, and the achieved temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature. control the heating element to apply heat to the thermally-conductive material; determine an upstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the proximal temperature sensor; determine a downstream temperature based at least in part on signals received from the distal temperature sensor; adjust a heater power provided to the heating element based at least in part on a determined temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature, the adjustment to the heater power being configured to achieve an adjustable targeted temperature differential; and when the targeted temperature differential has been achieved, determine a liquid flow rate using the adjusted heater power provided to the heating element, and the achieved temperature differential between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature.