A system (100, 200, 300) for muon tomography detection having movable muon detection sensors, comprising: a first housing structure including a first array of one or more muon detection sensors, the first housing structure positioned along a first side adjacent to a detection region having a volume to contain a target object, wherein the one or more muon detection sensors of the first array measure positions and directions of muons passing through the first array to the detection region; a second housing structure including a second array of one or more muon detection sensors, the second housing structure positioned along a second side opposite the first side and adjacent to the detection region and at a fixed height from the first housing structure, wherein the one or more muon detection sensors of the second array measure positions and directions of the muons passing from the detection region through the second array; one or more support structures to position the first housing structure at the fixed height; a motion mechanism engaged to the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors to move the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors at different positions while maintaining a relative position with respect to each other; and a processing unit to receive data of the measured positions and directions from the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors, the processing unit configured to analyze scattering behaviors of the muons caused by scattering of the muons in materials of the target object within the detection region to obtain a tomographic profile or spatial distribution of scattering centers within the detection region. a first housing structure including a first array of one or more muon detection sensors, the first housing structure positioned along a first side adjacent to a detection region having a volume to contain a target object, wherein the one or more muon detection sensors of the first array measure positions and directions of muons passing through the first array to the detection region; a second housing structure including a second array of one or more muon detection sensors, the second housing structure positioned along a second side opposite the first side and adjacent to the detection region and at a fixed height from the first housing structure, wherein the one or more muon detection sensors of the second array measure positions and directions of the muons passing from the detection region through the second array; one or more support structures to position the first housing structure at the fixed height; a motion mechanism engaged to the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors to move the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors at different positions while maintaining a relative position with respect to each other; and a processing unit to receive data of the measured positions and directions from the first and second arrays of one or more muon detection sensors, the processing unit configured to analyze scattering behaviors of the muons caused by scattering of the muons in materials of the target object within the detection region to obtain a tomographic profile or spatial distribution of scattering centers within the detection region.