An electronic shelf label positioning system comprising: an electronic shelf label (ESL1-ESL9), a guide rail, a PDA and a background server, wherein the guide rail is installed on a commodity shelf, and the electronic shelf label is installed on the guide rail; wherein the electronic shelf label comprises a main control SoC, a card reader IC, a screen, a power supply device, and a displacement sensor; the main control SoC is configured to control the screen display and to communicate with an AP; the card reader IC is configured to read a wireless label; and the power supply device is configured to supply power to the electronic shelf label; the displacement sensor is configured to detect whether the electronic shelf label moves; and the main control SoC is further configured to control the card reader IC based on a displacement signal detected by the displacement sensor; the guide rail comprises a guide rail identification area and a label area; the label area is installed with a plurality of wireless labels (T101-T408) each having a unique non-repeated ID number and being fixed on the guide rail; and the guide rail identification area is installed with an identity recognition device that comprises a guide rail ID; the PDA is configured to: read the wireless label IDs sequentially to generate the guide rail ID; scan a commodity shelf ID and a guide rail ID to form a binding relationship between a shelf and the guide rail ID, scan an electronic shelf label ID and a commodity ID to form a binding relationship between the electronic shelf label and a commodity, and transfer the binding relationships to the background server; the electronic shelf label is configured to read a wireless label ID on the guide rail and transfer the wireless label ID to the background server; and the background server is configured to: send commodity and price information to be displayed on the electronic shelf label, determine the guide rail ID based on the wireless label ID, determine shelf information based on the guide rail ID and the binding relationship between the shelf and the guide rail ID, and obtain a corresponding position of the electronic shelf label based on the shelf information. wherein the electronic shelf label comprises a main control SoC, a card reader IC, a screen, a power supply device, and a displacement sensor; the main control SoC is configured to control the screen display and to communicate with an AP; the card reader IC is configured to read a wireless label; and the power supply device is configured to supply power to the electronic shelf label; the displacement sensor is configured to detect whether the electronic shelf label moves; and the main control SoC is further configured to control the card reader IC based on a displacement signal detected by the displacement sensor; the guide rail comprises a guide rail identification area and a label area; the label area is installed with a plurality of wireless labels (T101-T408) each having a unique non-repeated ID number and being fixed on the guide rail; and the guide rail identification area is installed with an identity recognition device that comprises a guide rail ID; the PDA is configured to: read the wireless label IDs sequentially to generate the guide rail ID; scan a commodity shelf ID and a guide rail ID to form a binding relationship between a shelf and the guide rail ID, scan an electronic shelf label ID and a commodity ID to form a binding relationship between the electronic shelf label and a commodity, and transfer the binding relationships to the background server; the electronic shelf label is configured to read a wireless label ID on the guide rail and transfer the wireless label ID to the background server; and the background server is configured to: send commodity and price information to be displayed on the electronic shelf label, determine the guide rail ID based on the wireless label ID, determine shelf information based on the guide rail ID and the binding relationship between the shelf and the guide rail ID, and obtain a corresponding position of the electronic shelf label based on the shelf information.