An image forming apparatus comprising: a photoconductive unit comprising a photoconductive layer; a first refresh unit; a second refresh unit; and a controller, wherein: the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a first refreshing cycle, apply a first refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; the second refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, apply a second refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a second refreshing cycle, apply a third refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer, wherein the third refresh voltage is higher than the first refresh voltage and higher than the second refresh voltage, and wherein: at least one of the first and second refresh units is controllable by the controller to, during a print routine, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a print polarity; each of the first and second refresh units are controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a refresh polarity opposite to the print polarity; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the second refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to the refresh polarity. a photoconductive unit comprising a photoconductive layer; a first refresh unit; a second refresh unit; and a controller, wherein: the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a first refreshing cycle, apply a first refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; the second refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, apply a second refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a second refreshing cycle, apply a third refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer, wherein the third refresh voltage is higher than the first refresh voltage and higher than the second refresh voltage, and wherein: at least one of the first and second refresh units is controllable by the controller to, during a print routine, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a print polarity; each of the first and second refresh units are controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a refresh polarity opposite to the print polarity; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the second refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to the refresh polarity. the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a first refreshing cycle, apply a first refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; the second refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, apply a second refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during a second refreshing cycle, apply a third refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer, wherein the third refresh voltage is higher than the first refresh voltage and higher than the second refresh voltage, and wherein: at least one of the first and second refresh units is controllable by the controller to, during a print routine, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a print polarity; each of the first and second refresh units are controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a refresh polarity opposite to the print polarity; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the second refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to the refresh polarity. at least one of the first and second refresh units is controllable by the controller to, during a print routine, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a print polarity; each of the first and second refresh units are controllable by the controller to, during the first refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a refresh polarity opposite to the print polarity; and the first refresh unit is controllable by the controller to, during the second refreshing cycle, electrically bias the photoconductive layer to the refresh polarity.