A system for modulating activity of an autonomically-innervated effector organ in a vertebrate being, the system comprising: a first housing including a first DC power source configured to provide direct current between power terminals of opposite polarity; a first stimulation component including a spinal stimulation circuit coupled to the power terminals and having an identified spinal signal output connection and an identified spinal reference connection, both on said housing, and configured to provide a constant direct current spinal stimulation signal between a first active electrode located at a spinal location associated with efferent neural outflow to the autonomically-innervated effector organ and a second return electrode at a location for applying said constant direct current spinal stimulation signal for said modulation of the activity of the autonomically-innervated effector organ; an implanted feedback device, wherein said implanted feedback device is a bladder pressure sensor; wherein the autonomically-innervated effector organ is the bladder, wherein said return electrode is for application of said constant direct current spinal stimulation signal between said active electrode and said return electrode located in contact with or in close proximity to a nerve of the bladder, for defining a neural circuit between said active and said return electrodes, for modulation of the activity of the bladder; and a controller component receiving data from the implanted feedback device; the controller component being also configured to initiate stimulation of the bladder, initiation of stimulation determined by whether a value, sensed by the implanted feedback device is less than or exceeds a predetermined value, in order to reduce incontinence or to reduce urinary retention; the controller component being also configured to adjust, initiate or cease stimulation determined by bladder data sensed by the implanted feedback device. a first housing including a first DC power source configured to provide direct current between power terminals of opposite polarity; a first stimulation component including a spinal stimulation circuit coupled to the power terminals and having an identified spinal signal output connection and an identified spinal reference connection, both on said housing, and configured to provide a constant direct current spinal stimulation signal between a first active electrode located at a spinal location associated with efferent neural outflow to the autonomically-innervated effector organ and a second return electrode at a location for applying said constant direct current spinal stimulation signal for said modulation of the activity of the autonomically-innervated effector organ; an implanted feedback device, wherein said implanted feedback device is a bladder pressure sensor; wherein the autonomically-innervated effector organ is the bladder, wherein said return electrode is for application of said constant direct current spinal stimulation signal between said active electrode and said return electrode located in contact with or in close proximity to a nerve of the bladder, for defining a neural circuit between said active and said return electrodes, for modulation of the activity of the bladder; and a controller component receiving data from the implanted feedback device; the controller component being also configured to initiate stimulation of the bladder, initiation of stimulation determined by whether a value, sensed by the implanted feedback device is less than or exceeds a predetermined value, in order to reduce incontinence or to reduce urinary retention; the controller component being also configured to adjust, initiate or cease stimulation determined by bladder data sensed by the implanted feedback device.