A vertebral balloon dilation system, comprising a pushing tube and a balloon fixedly connected to a distal end of said pushing tube, wherein: said vertebral balloon dilation system can withstand water pressure of no less than 10 atm; said pushing tube is a rigid tube, a lumen of said pushing tube is in communication with an interior of said balloon; and said balloon is made of a membrane material, a distal end of said balloon is fixedly connected with a sealing head that is closed at its distal end and has a blind hole at its proximal end, wherein said blind hole has an opening towards the interior of said balloon; characterized in that: said vertebral balloon dilation system further comprises a sleeve tube and a liner core, wherein said liner core is slidably inserted into said pushing tube, a distal end part of said liner core is a curved section, which protrudes out of the distal end of said pushing tube, a distal end of said liner core is inserted into said blind hole of said sealing head through said pushing tube and the interior of said balloon, and said balloon is configured to wrap up the curved section of the liner core; a distal end part of said sleeve tube is a flexible section, whereas a proximal end part of said sleeve tube is a rigid section, wherein said flexible section is rigid in the radial direction, and said sleeve tube is sleeved on said pushing tube and said balloon; and when said vertebral balloon dilation system is operated, said sleeve tube slides towards a proximal end of said pushing tube in the axial direction, and said balloon is exposed. said vertebral balloon dilation system can withstand water pressure of no less than 10 atm; said pushing tube is a rigid tube, a lumen of said pushing tube is in communication with an interior of said balloon; and said balloon is made of a membrane material, a distal end of said balloon is fixedly connected with a sealing head that is closed at its distal end and has a blind hole at its proximal end, wherein said blind hole has an opening towards the interior of said balloon; characterized in that: said vertebral balloon dilation system further comprises a sleeve tube and a liner core, wherein said liner core is slidably inserted into said pushing tube, a distal end part of said liner core is a curved section, which protrudes out of the distal end of said pushing tube, a distal end of said liner core is inserted into said blind hole of said sealing head through said pushing tube and the interior of said balloon, and said balloon is configured to wrap up the curved section of the liner core; a distal end part of said sleeve tube is a flexible section, whereas a proximal end part of said sleeve tube is a rigid section, wherein said flexible section is rigid in the radial direction, and said sleeve tube is sleeved on said pushing tube and said balloon; and when said vertebral balloon dilation system is operated, said sleeve tube slides towards a proximal end of said pushing tube in the axial direction, and said balloon is exposed. said vertebral balloon dilation system further comprises a sleeve tube and a liner core, wherein said liner core is slidably inserted into said pushing tube, a distal end part of said liner core is a curved section, which protrudes out of the distal end of said pushing tube, a distal end of said liner core is inserted into said blind hole of said sealing head through said pushing tube and the interior of said balloon, and said balloon is configured to wrap up the curved section of the liner core; a distal end part of said sleeve tube is a flexible section, whereas a proximal end part of said sleeve tube is a rigid section, wherein said flexible section is rigid in the radial direction, and said sleeve tube is sleeved on said pushing tube and said balloon; and when said vertebral balloon dilation system is operated, said sleeve tube slides towards a proximal end of said pushing tube in the axial direction, and said balloon is exposed.