A sensor, comprising: a detection device, including: an optical waveguide; an optical sensor operatively associated with the optical waveguide; and device circuitry, including: a reagent electrode; a first embedded metal layer electrically connected to the reagent electrode; and a second embedded metal layer electrically connected to the optical sensor; wherein the first embedded metal layer is spaced from the second embedded metal layer by an electrically isolating gap; at least a portion of a passivation layer being in contact with the first embedded metal layer and an input region of the optical waveguide, the at least the portion of the passivation layer having a reaction site, which is a localized region of the sensor where a designated reaction may occur and wherein a designated reaction includes a change in at least one of a chemical, electrical, physical or optical property or quality of an analyte-of-interest, wherein the reaction site is at least partially adjacent to the input region of the optical waveguide; and a lid operatively connected to the passivation layer to partially define a flow channel between the lid and the reaction site; wherein the reagent electrode is positioned to be in contact with a reagent to be introduced into the flow channel; wherein the sensor further comprises a first controller electrically connecting the reagent electrode and the first embedded metal layer to selectively apply an electrical bias that renders the reagent electrode an anode and the first embedded metal layer a cathode; and a second controller electrically connecting the second embedded metal layer to the optical sensor to transmit data signals in response to photons detected by the optical sensor. a detection device, including: an optical waveguide; an optical sensor operatively associated with the optical waveguide; and device circuitry, including: a reagent electrode; a first embedded metal layer electrically connected to the reagent electrode; and a second embedded metal layer electrically connected to the optical sensor; wherein the first embedded metal layer is spaced from the second embedded metal layer by an electrically isolating gap; an optical waveguide; an optical sensor operatively associated with the optical waveguide; and device circuitry, including: a reagent electrode; a first embedded metal layer electrically connected to the reagent electrode; and a second embedded metal layer electrically connected to the optical sensor; wherein the first embedded metal layer is spaced from the second embedded metal layer by an electrically isolating gap; a reagent electrode; a first embedded metal layer electrically connected to the reagent electrode; and a second embedded metal layer electrically connected to the optical sensor; wherein the first embedded metal layer is spaced from the second embedded metal layer by an electrically isolating gap; at least a portion of a passivation layer being in contact with the first embedded metal layer and an input region of the optical waveguide, the at least the portion of the passivation layer having a reaction site, which is a localized region of the sensor where a designated reaction may occur and wherein a designated reaction includes a change in at least one of a chemical, electrical, physical or optical property or quality of an analyte-of-interest, wherein the reaction site is at least partially adjacent to the input region of the optical waveguide; and a lid operatively connected to the passivation layer to partially define a flow channel between the lid and the reaction site; wherein the reagent electrode is positioned to be in contact with a reagent to be introduced into the flow channel; wherein the sensor further comprises a first controller electrically connecting the reagent electrode and the first embedded metal layer to selectively apply an electrical bias that renders the reagent electrode an anode and the first embedded metal layer a cathode; and a second controller electrically connecting the second embedded metal layer to the optical sensor to transmit data signals in response to photons detected by the optical sensor.