A battery system configured to be used in an automotive vehicle, wherein the battery system comprises: - a first battery module electrically coupled to a regenerative braking system; - a second battery module electrically coupled in parallel with the first battery module via a bus, wherein the second battery module is configured to be electrically coupled to the regenerative braking system and has a different battery chemistry from the first battery module; and - a control module configured to control operation of the battery system by: - determining a predicted driving pattern of the automotive vehicle over a prediction horizon using a driving pattern recognition model based at least in part on a battery current and a previous driving pattern of the automotive vehicle; - determining a predicted battery resistance of the first battery module over the prediction horizon using a recursive battery model based at least in part on the predicted driving pattern, the battery current, a present bus voltage, and a previous bus voltage; - determining a target trajectory of a battery temperature of the first battery module over a control horizon using an objective function providing weighting between various factors to balance effects of the battery temperature on aspects of the first battery module, wherein the aspects of the first battery module comprise a life span of the first battery module and a fuel economy contribution by the first battery module; - determining a predicted trajectory of the battery temperature over the prediction horizon using a thermal predictive model based at least in part on the battery temperature, the predicted driving pattern, the predicted battery resistance, the target trajectory of the battery temperature, a temperature threshold or any combination thereof; and - controlling magnitude and duration of electrical power supplied from the regenerative braking system to the first battery module such that the predicted trajectory of the battery temperature is guided toward the target trajectory of the battery temperature during the control horizon. - a first battery module electrically coupled to a regenerative braking system; - a second battery module electrically coupled in parallel with the first battery module via a bus, wherein the second battery module is configured to be electrically coupled to the regenerative braking system and has a different battery chemistry from the first battery module; and - a control module configured to control operation of the battery system by: - determining a predicted driving pattern of the automotive vehicle over a prediction horizon using a driving pattern recognition model based at least in part on a battery current and a previous driving pattern of the automotive vehicle; - determining a predicted battery resistance of the first battery module over the prediction horizon using a recursive battery model based at least in part on the predicted driving pattern, the battery current, a present bus voltage, and a previous bus voltage; - determining a target trajectory of a battery temperature of the first battery module over a control horizon using an objective function providing weighting between various factors to balance effects of the battery temperature on aspects of the first battery module, wherein the aspects of the first battery module comprise a life span of the first battery module and a fuel economy contribution by the first battery module; - determining a predicted trajectory of the battery temperature over the prediction horizon using a thermal predictive model based at least in part on the battery temperature, the predicted driving pattern, the predicted battery resistance, the target trajectory of the battery temperature, a temperature threshold or any combination thereof; and - controlling magnitude and duration of electrical power supplied from the regenerative braking system to the first battery module such that the predicted trajectory of the battery temperature is guided toward the target trajectory of the battery temperature during the control horizon. - determining a predicted driving pattern of the automotive vehicle over a prediction horizon using a driving pattern recognition model based at least in part on a battery current and a previous driving pattern of the automotive vehicle; - determining a predicted battery resistance of the first battery module over the prediction horizon using a recursive battery model based at least in part on the predicted driving pattern, the battery current, a present bus voltage, and a previous bus voltage; - determining a target trajectory of a battery temperature of the first battery module over a control horizon using an objective function providing weighting between various factors to balance effects of the battery temperature on aspects of the first battery module, wherein the aspects of the first battery module comprise a life span of the first battery module and a fuel economy contribution by the first battery module; - determining a predicted trajectory of the battery temperature over the prediction horizon using a thermal predictive model based at least in part on the battery temperature, the predicted driving pattern, the predicted battery resistance, the target trajectory of the battery temperature, a temperature threshold or any combination thereof; and - controlling magnitude and duration of electrical power supplied from the regenerative braking system to the first battery module such that the predicted trajectory of the battery temperature is guided toward the target trajectory of the battery temperature during the control horizon.