An optical channel data unit ODU service transmission apparatus, comprising, a first ODU service processing unit, a timeslot allocating unit, a switching output port allocating unit, an Ethernet switching unit, and a second ODU service processing unit, wherein: the first ODU service processing unit is configured to receive an ODU service, the ODU service comprising an ODU frame, encapsulate the ODU frame into an Ethernet frame according to a slice length of the ODU frame, and send the Ethernet frame to the Ethernet switching unit according to an output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit determined by the timeslot allocating unit; the timeslot allocating unit is configured to generate a synchronous frame period, and determine the output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit according to the synchronous frame period, an obtained rate of the ODU frame and the number of output ports of the first ODU service processing unit; the switching output port allocating unit is configured to determine an input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit according to the output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit determined by the timeslot allocating unit, determine an output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit according to the input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit, and determine an allocation forwarding command of the Ethernet switching unit according to the input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit and the output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit; the Ethernet switching unit is configured to forward the received Ethernet frame to the second ODU service processing unit according to the allocation forwarding command of the Ethernet switching unit; and the second ODU service processing unit is configured to decapsulate the received Ethernet frame according to the output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit determined by the switching output port allocating unit, obtain bit stream data of the payload of the decapsulated Ethernet frame, and encapsulate the bit stream data of the Ethernet payload into an ODU frame to send the ODU frame. the first ODU service processing unit is configured to receive an ODU service, the ODU service comprising an ODU frame, encapsulate the ODU frame into an Ethernet frame according to a slice length of the ODU frame, and send the Ethernet frame to the Ethernet switching unit according to an output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit determined by the timeslot allocating unit; the timeslot allocating unit is configured to generate a synchronous frame period, and determine the output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit according to the synchronous frame period, an obtained rate of the ODU frame and the number of output ports of the first ODU service processing unit; the switching output port allocating unit is configured to determine an input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit according to the output port timeslot mapping table of the first ODU service processing unit determined by the timeslot allocating unit, determine an output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit according to the input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit, and determine an allocation forwarding command of the Ethernet switching unit according to the input port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit and the output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit; the Ethernet switching unit is configured to forward the received Ethernet frame to the second ODU service processing unit according to the allocation forwarding command of the Ethernet switching unit; and the second ODU service processing unit is configured to decapsulate the received Ethernet frame according to the output port frame period timeslot table of the Ethernet switching unit determined by the switching output port allocating unit, obtain bit stream data of the payload of the decapsulated Ethernet frame, and encapsulate the bit stream data of the Ethernet payload into an ODU frame to send the ODU frame.