A system for providing an indication to a user based on a determination as to whether a received email (108, 110, 112) is likely to be deferred, the system comprising: a processor (602, 760); and memory (604, 762) including instructions which when executed by the processor (602, 760), causes the processor (602, 760) to implement a trained deferral processor and a trained email follow-up processor: wherein the deferral processor is configured to determine whether the received email (108, 110, 112) is likely to be deferred by the user and perform at least one deferral action on the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred, the deferral processor having been trained based on an analysis of previous emails by the user and/or by a group of users; wherein the email follow-up processor is configured to determine a mode for providing an indication to the user to follow-up with the email determined likely to be deferred, determine a reminder time for the indication, and cause an indication specific to the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred to be provided to the user at the determined reminder time, the email follow-up processor having been trained by obtaining, from one or more of email logs, calendar logs, and task logs, a type of action and when an action occurred on previously deferred emails. a processor (602, 760); and memory (604, 762) including instructions which when executed by the processor (602, 760), causes the processor (602, 760) to implement a trained deferral processor and a trained email follow-up processor: wherein the deferral processor is configured to determine whether the received email (108, 110, 112) is likely to be deferred by the user and perform at least one deferral action on the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred, the deferral processor having been trained based on an analysis of previous emails by the user and/or by a group of users; wherein the email follow-up processor is configured to determine a mode for providing an indication to the user to follow-up with the email determined likely to be deferred, determine a reminder time for the indication, and cause an indication specific to the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred to be provided to the user at the determined reminder time, the email follow-up processor having been trained by obtaining, from one or more of email logs, calendar logs, and task logs, a type of action and when an action occurred on previously deferred emails. wherein the deferral processor is configured to determine whether the received email (108, 110, 112) is likely to be deferred by the user and perform at least one deferral action on the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred, the deferral processor having been trained based on an analysis of previous emails by the user and/or by a group of users; wherein the email follow-up processor is configured to determine a mode for providing an indication to the user to follow-up with the email determined likely to be deferred, determine a reminder time for the indication, and cause an indication specific to the email (108, 110, 112) determined likely to be deferred to be provided to the user at the determined reminder time, the email follow-up processor having been trained by obtaining, from one or more of email logs, calendar logs, and task logs, a type of action and when an action occurred on previously deferred emails.