A preceding train identification method based on a trackside object controller having a jurisdiction within which trains run, comprising: carrying out communication interaction, by a vehicle on board controller of a train, with an object controller to acquire ID information and axle counter offset information of all running trains within the jurisdiction of the object controller, before the train enters the jurisdiction of the object controller; communicating, by the vehicle on board controller, with each train corresponding to the acquired ID information to acquire a position information of the running trains; and sorting, by the vehicle on board controller, the position information of the trains corresponding to all ID information to identify the ID information of an adjacent preceding train of a present train by: sorting, by the vehicle on board controller, axle counter information within the jurisdiction of the object controller; matching the ID information of each train with the sorted axle counter information according to the axle counter offset information, and determining a sorting sequence of the running trains; and identifying the ID information of the adjacent preceding train of the present train according to the sorting sequence of the running trains; wherein the axle counter offset information of each train comprises an axle counter offset of the head of the train and the axle counter offset of the tail of the train. carrying out communication interaction, by a vehicle on board controller of a train, with an object controller to acquire ID information and axle counter offset information of all running trains within the jurisdiction of the object controller, before the train enters the jurisdiction of the object controller; communicating, by the vehicle on board controller, with each train corresponding to the acquired ID information to acquire a position information of the running trains; and sorting, by the vehicle on board controller, the position information of the trains corresponding to all ID information to identify the ID information of an adjacent preceding train of a present train by: sorting, by the vehicle on board controller, axle counter information within the jurisdiction of the object controller; matching the ID information of each train with the sorted axle counter information according to the axle counter offset information, and determining a sorting sequence of the running trains; and identifying the ID information of the adjacent preceding train of the present train according to the sorting sequence of the running trains; sorting, by the vehicle on board controller, axle counter information within the jurisdiction of the object controller; matching the ID information of each train with the sorted axle counter information according to the axle counter offset information, and determining a sorting sequence of the running trains; and identifying the ID information of the adjacent preceding train of the present train according to the sorting sequence of the running trains; wherein the axle counter offset information of each train comprises an axle counter offset of the head of the train and the axle counter offset of the tail of the train.