A composition for forming an electroactive coating, comprising: at least one compound of formula as a monomer, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of S, O, Se, Te, PR 2 and NR 2, wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, and aryloyl groups; Y is hydrogen, or a precursor of a leaving group Y - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; Z is hydrogen, silyl, or a precursor of a leaving group Z - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; b is 0, 1 or 2; each R 1 is a substituent, wherein when b=2, the two R 1 are the same or different and may j oint together to form a ring; and the at least one compound of formula comprises at least one compound of formula with Z=H and Y≠H; an acid as a polymerization catalyst selected from the group consisting of a protic acid, a polymeric acid, and a non-transitional Lewis acid; and at least one functional component, selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a polymerization retardant, a polymer binder, a dopant, a latent dopant, a plasticizer, an impact modifier, a reinforcing filler, a blowing agent, a crosslinking agent, an ultraviolet stabilizer, a flame retardant, a photoresist, a thickening agent, a defoaming agent, an emulsifier, a surfactant, and a dispersion stabilizer, wherein the at least one functional component contains at least the polymerization retardant and the polymer binder, and the polymerization retardant comprises at least one Lewis base having a stronger basicity than the monomer and slows down or inhibits polymerization activity of a mixture solution of the monomer and the acid as the polymerization catalyst, the polymer binder (a) is not a polymerization retardant, or (b) comprises a polymeric acid functioning as the acid as the polymerization catalyst and functioning as the dopant; and wherein the concentration of the monomer in the composition ranges from 1 wt% to 99 wt%, the molar ratio of the acid as the polymerization catalyst to the monomer ranges from 0.0001 to 20, the molar ratio of the polymerization retardant to the acid as the polymerization catalyst is greater than 0.0001, and the weight ratio of the polymer binder to the monomer ranges from 0.001 to 500. at least one compound of formula as a monomer, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of S, O, Se, Te, PR 2 and NR 2, wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, and aryloyl groups; Y is hydrogen, or a precursor of a leaving group Y - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; Z is hydrogen, silyl, or a precursor of a leaving group Z - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; b is 0, 1 or 2; each R 1 is a substituent, wherein when b=2, the two R 1 are the same or different and may j oint together to form a ring; and the at least one compound of formula comprises at least one compound of formula with Z=H and Y≠H; X is selected from the group consisting of S, O, Se, Te, PR 2 and NR 2, wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, and aryloyl groups; Y is hydrogen, or a precursor of a leaving group Y - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; Z is hydrogen, silyl, or a precursor of a leaving group Z - whose conjugate acid has a pK a of less than 45; b is 0, 1 or 2; each R 1 is a substituent, wherein when b=2, the two R 1 are the same or different and may j oint together to form a ring; and the at least one compound of formula comprises at least one compound of formula with Z=H and Y≠H; an acid as a polymerization catalyst selected from the group consisting of a protic acid, a polymeric acid, and a non-transitional Lewis acid; and at least one functional component, selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a polymerization retardant, a polymer binder, a dopant, a latent dopant, a plasticizer, an impact modifier, a reinforcing filler, a blowing agent, a crosslinking agent, an ultraviolet stabilizer, a flame retardant, a photoresist, a thickening agent, a defoaming agent, an emulsifier, a surfactant, and a dispersion stabilizer, wherein the at least one functional component contains at least the polymerization retardant and the polymer binder, and the polymerization retardant comprises at least one Lewis base having a stronger basicity than the monomer and slows down or inhibits polymerization activity of a mixture solution of the monomer and the acid as the polymerization catalyst, the polymer binder (a) is not a polymerization retardant, or (b) comprises a polymeric acid functioning as the acid as the polymerization catalyst and functioning as the dopant; and wherein the concentration of the monomer in the composition ranges from 1 wt% to 99 wt%, the molar ratio of the acid as the polymerization catalyst to the monomer ranges from 0.0001 to 20, the molar ratio of the polymerization retardant to the acid as the polymerization catalyst is greater than 0.0001, and the weight ratio of the polymer binder to the monomer ranges from 0.001 to 500.