An apparatus, comprising: a housing; a first sensor array segment comprising wireless communication hardware, the wireless communication hardware including an antenna; a second sensor array segment disposed within the housing, the second sensor array segment including: a soil moisture sensor, an electrical conductivity sensor, and an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) pH sensor configured to detect, during use and in an adjacent region of soil, a pH; the apparatus being characterised in that it comprises: a first ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 2-7, the first ISFET phosphate sensor having a first membrane comprising a tin organometallic, a second ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 7-12, the second ISFET phosphate sensor having a second membrane comprising a cyclic polyamine; a soil temperature sensor, an ISFET nitrate sensor configured to detect, during use, nitrates in an adjacent region of soil, an ISFET ammonium sensor configured to detect, during use, ammonium in an adjacent region of soil, and an ISFET potassium sensor configured to detect, during use, potassium in an adjacent region of soil, and a reference electrode electrically coupled to each of the first sensor array segment and the second sensor array segment, the first sensor array segment disposed on a first side of the second sensor array segment, and the reference electrode disposed on a second side of the second sensor array segment, the second side of the second sensor array segment opposite the first side of the second sensor array segment. a housing; a first sensor array segment comprising wireless communication hardware, the wireless communication hardware including an antenna; a second sensor array segment disposed within the housing, the second sensor array segment including: a soil moisture sensor, an electrical conductivity sensor, and an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) pH sensor configured to detect, during use and in an adjacent region of soil, a pH; the apparatus being characterised in that it comprises: a first ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 2-7, the first ISFET phosphate sensor having a first membrane comprising a tin organometallic, a second ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 7-12, the second ISFET phosphate sensor having a second membrane comprising a cyclic polyamine; a soil temperature sensor, an ISFET nitrate sensor configured to detect, during use, nitrates in an adjacent region of soil, an ISFET ammonium sensor configured to detect, during use, ammonium in an adjacent region of soil, and an ISFET potassium sensor configured to detect, during use, potassium in an adjacent region of soil, and a soil moisture sensor, an electrical conductivity sensor, and an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) pH sensor configured to detect, during use and in an adjacent region of soil, a pH; the apparatus being characterised in that it comprises: a first ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 2-7, the first ISFET phosphate sensor having a first membrane comprising a tin organometallic, a second ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 7-12, the second ISFET phosphate sensor having a second membrane comprising a cyclic polyamine; a soil temperature sensor, an ISFET nitrate sensor configured to detect, during use, nitrates in an adjacent region of soil, an ISFET ammonium sensor configured to detect, during use, ammonium in an adjacent region of soil, and an ISFET potassium sensor configured to detect, during use, potassium in an adjacent region of soil, and a first ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 2-7, the first ISFET phosphate sensor having a first membrane comprising a tin organometallic, a second ISFET phosphate sensor configured to detect phosphates in a pH range of 7-12, the second ISFET phosphate sensor having a second membrane comprising a cyclic polyamine; a soil temperature sensor, an ISFET nitrate sensor configured to detect, during use, nitrates in an adjacent region of soil, an ISFET ammonium sensor configured to detect, during use, ammonium in an adjacent region of soil, and an ISFET potassium sensor configured to detect, during use, potassium in an adjacent region of soil, and a reference electrode electrically coupled to each of the first sensor array segment and the second sensor array segment, the first sensor array segment disposed on a first side of the second sensor array segment, and the reference electrode disposed on a second side of the second sensor array segment, the second side of the second sensor array segment opposite the first side of the second sensor array segment.