An optical transmitter, comprising: an interference region configured to confine resonant light between a first reflector region and a second reflector region along a first direction; a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the interference region, the first electrode and the second electrode being configured to generate light in the interference region through an electrical carrier injection by an electrical field applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; a third electrode electrically coupled to the interference region, the third electrode being configured to modulate an electrical carrier concentration in the interference region by an electrical field applied (i) between the first electrode and the third electrode or (ii) between the second electrode and the third electrode; wherein the generated light resonates along the first direction and emits along a second direction different from the first direction; further comprising a grating region coupled to the interference region and configured to direct the light out of the interference region along the second direction, wherein the second direction is substantially perpendicular to the first direction; characterized in that the first electrode, the third electrode and the second electrode are consecutively arranged along the first direction, and wherein the first electrode, the second electrode and the third electrode are arranged at a surface of the optical transmitter where the resonant light is emitted from or opposite to the surface of the optical transmitter where the resonant light is emitted from. an interference region configured to confine resonant light between a first reflector region and a second reflector region along a first direction; a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the interference region, the first electrode and the second electrode being configured to generate light in the interference region through an electrical carrier injection by an electrical field applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; a third electrode electrically coupled to the interference region, the third electrode being configured to modulate an electrical carrier concentration in the interference region by an electrical field applied (i) between the first electrode and the third electrode or (ii) between the second electrode and the third electrode; wherein the generated light resonates along the first direction and emits along a second direction different from the first direction; further comprising a grating region coupled to the interference region and configured to direct the light out of the interference region along the second direction, wherein the second direction is substantially perpendicular to the first direction; characterized in that the first electrode, the third electrode and the second electrode are consecutively arranged along the first direction, and wherein the first electrode, the second electrode and the third electrode are arranged at a surface of the optical transmitter where the resonant light is emitted from or opposite to the surface of the optical transmitter where the resonant light is emitted from.