A photovoltaic cell comprising: a substrate, wherein the substrate has a front surface with a plurality of metal pattern regions and a plurality of non-metal pattern regions; a plurality of first pyramid structures and a plurality of second pyramid structures disposed in each of the plurality of metal pattern regions, wherein a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of first pyramid structures is greater than a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of second pyramid structures in a same direction; a plurality of third pyramid structures and a plurality of fourth pyramid structures disposed in each of the plurality of non-metal pattern regions, wherein a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of third pyramid structures is greater than a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of fourth pyramid structures in the same direction; and wherein an area proportion of the plurality of first pyramid structures on a portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective metal pattern region is greater than an area proportion of the plurality of third pyramid structures on a portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective non-metal pattern region; a first tunneling layer and a first doped conductive layer formed only in each respective metal pattern region and stacked on the portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective metal pattern region in a direction away from the substrate; and a second tunneling layer and a second doped conductive layer stacked on a rear surface of the substrate in a direction away from the substrate. a substrate, wherein the substrate has a front surface with a plurality of metal pattern regions and a plurality of non-metal pattern regions; a plurality of first pyramid structures and a plurality of second pyramid structures disposed in each of the plurality of metal pattern regions, wherein a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of first pyramid structures is greater than a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of second pyramid structures in a same direction; a plurality of third pyramid structures and a plurality of fourth pyramid structures disposed in each of the plurality of non-metal pattern regions, wherein a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of third pyramid structures is greater than a one-dimensional dimension of a bottom portion of each of the plurality of fourth pyramid structures in the same direction; and wherein an area proportion of the plurality of first pyramid structures on a portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective metal pattern region is greater than an area proportion of the plurality of third pyramid structures on a portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective non-metal pattern region; a first tunneling layer and a first doped conductive layer formed only in each respective metal pattern region and stacked on the portion of the front surface of the substrate in each respective metal pattern region in a direction away from the substrate; and a second tunneling layer and a second doped conductive layer stacked on a rear surface of the substrate in a direction away from the substrate.