An aqueous polyhydroxyurethane resin dispersion being an aqueous dispersion comprising a polyhydroxyurethane resin dispersed in water, wherein the average particle diameter d50 is 0.005 μm to 0.5 μm, wherein the particle diameter is measured using dynamic light scattering, and wherein the polyhydroxyurethane resin comprises a repeating unit represented by the following formula as a basic structure and has a carboxyl group-containing chemical structure moiety represented by the following formula in the structure: wherein: -X- represents a direct bond, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, any one of an ether bond, an amino bond, a sulfonyl bond, and an ester bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and a polyalkylene glycol chain having a number of repeating units of 1 to 30 each comprising 2 to 6 carbon atoms is optionally contained; Y- represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, an ether bond or a sulfonyl bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group and a halogen atom is optionally contained; -Z 1 - and -Z 2 - each independently represent at least any one of structures selected from the group consisting of the following formula, formula, formula, and formula, and two types or more of the structures selected from these formulas to are optionally mixed within repeating units and between repeating units; and in any of cases where any one of formulas to is selected, a bond on a right side bonds with an oxygen atom, and a bond on a left side bonds with X, and in a case where X represents a direct bond, the bond on the left side bonds with a bond on a left side of the other Z, wherein R in formula or formula represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, wherein: -W- represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, any one of an ether bond, an amino bond, a sulfonyl bond, and an ester bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and a polyalkylene glycol chain having a number of repeating units of 1 to 30 each comprising 2 to 6 carbon atoms is optionally contained; Y- represents a part to be bonded with a urethane structure having a bond represented by formula and is selected from those represented as Y- in the formula; -V- represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom is optionally contained; and wherein the polyhydroxyurethane resin has an acid value in a range of 15 mgKOH/g to 50 mgKOH/g. -X- represents a direct bond, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, any one of an ether bond, an amino bond, a sulfonyl bond, and an ester bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and a polyalkylene glycol chain having a number of repeating units of 1 to 30 each comprising 2 to 6 carbon atoms is optionally contained; Y- represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, an ether bond or a sulfonyl bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group and a halogen atom is optionally contained; -Z 1 - and -Z 2 - each independently represent at least any one of structures selected from the group consisting of the following formula, formula, formula, and formula, and two types or more of the structures selected from these formulas to are optionally mixed within repeating units and between repeating units; and in any of cases where any one of formulas to is selected, a bond on a right side bonds with an oxygen atom, and a bond on a left side bonds with X, and in a case where X represents a direct bond, the bond on the left side bonds with a bond on a left side of the other Z, -W- represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, any one of an ether bond, an amino bond, a sulfonyl bond, and an ester bond, or as a substituent, any one of a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and a polyalkylene glycol chain having a number of repeating units of 1 to 30 each comprising 2 to 6 carbon atoms is optionally contained; Y- represents a part to be bonded with a urethane structure having a bond represented by formula and is selected from those represented as Y- in the formula; -V- represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and in structures of these groups, an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom is optionally contained; and