A method comprising: receiving, from an application executing on a computing device and by an authentication process executing on the computing device, data representative of user credentials corresponding to the application; packaging, by the authentication process, the data representative of user credentials with a device identification assigned to the computing device, wherein packaging comprises packaging the user credentials with the device identification and an indication that the user credentials correspond to the application; outputting for transmission, by the authentication process and to an authentication server, an authentication request containing the packaged user credentials and device identification; and receiving, by the authentication process and from the authentication server, and in response to the authentication request, an indication of authentication of the user credentials; wherein the authentication process is isolated from the application, and wherein the device identification is hidden from the application; and wherein in response to the indication of authentication of the user credentials indicating that no user credentials are associated with the device identification, outputting for display an indication that no user credentials are associated with the computing device; receiving a user indication to associate the computing device with another computing device; outputting for transmission, by the authentication process and to the authentication server after the device identification assigned to the computing device is associated with a device identification assigned to the another computing device, a new authentication request containing the user credentials packaged with the device identification of the computing device; receiving, by the authentication process and from the authentication server, and in response to the new authentication request, a new indication of authentication of the user credentials; and forwarding the new indication from the authentication process to the application. receiving, from an application executing on a computing device and by an authentication process executing on the computing device, data representative of user credentials corresponding to the application; packaging, by the authentication process, the data representative of user credentials with a device identification assigned to the computing device, wherein packaging comprises packaging the user credentials with the device identification and an indication that the user credentials correspond to the application; outputting for transmission, by the authentication process and to an authentication server, an authentication request containing the packaged user credentials and device identification; and receiving, by the authentication process and from the authentication server, and in response to the authentication request, an indication of authentication of the user credentials; wherein the authentication process is isolated from the application, and wherein the device identification is hidden from the application; and wherein in response to the indication of authentication of the user credentials indicating that no user credentials are associated with the device identification, outputting for display an indication that no user credentials are associated with the computing device; receiving a user indication to associate the computing device with another computing device; outputting for transmission, by the authentication process and to the authentication server after the device identification assigned to the computing device is associated with a device identification assigned to the another computing device, a new authentication request containing the user credentials packaged with the device identification of the computing device; receiving, by the authentication process and from the authentication server, and in response to the new authentication request, a new indication of authentication of the user credentials; and forwarding the new indication from the authentication process to the application.