A method for detecting chromosome aneuploidy, which is characterized in that the method includes the following steps of: high-throughput sequencing of the peripheral blood cell-free DNA from a pregnant woman to be tested to produce sequencing data comprising all of the chromosomes; calculating coverage statistics for all of the chromosomes with the sequencing data by segmenting the chromosomes into windows so as to produce a pre-correction coverage of each chromosome; performing a Z-test on the number of unique sequences in each window of the pregnant woman to produce a Z CNV value and then locating chromosomal fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman on the basis of the magnitude of the Z CNV value; wherein the chromosomal fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman are 300 kb or more in length and have Z CNV values of the chromosome fragments greater than or equal to 4 or less than or equal to -4 in at least 80% of the total windows within the fragments which are 300 kb or more in length, correcting the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome by utilizing the impact of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman on the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome to produce the corrected coverage of each chromosome; and performing a Z-test for each chromosome by using the corrected coverage of each chromosome to obtain a Z aneu value, and determining chromosome aneuploidy based on whether the absolute value of Z aneu is greater than or equal to 3; wherein if the absolute value of Z aneu is greater than or equal to 3, chromosome aneuploidy is determined; wherein the impact of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman to be tested on the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome is represented by a parameter α, when the fetus inherits the fragments with copy number variations from the mother, the parameter α is calculated as formula: α = m − n ⋅ 2 + n ⋅ cn m ⋅ 2 when the fetus does not inherit the fragments with copy number variations from the mother, the parameter α is calculated as formula: α = m − n ⋅ 2 + f ⋅ n ⋅ 2 + 1 − f ⋅ n ⋅ cn m ⋅ 2 wherein in formula and formula, m represents the effective length of the chromosome in which the fragments with copy number variations occur, in the unit of Mb; and n represents the length of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman to be tested, in the unit of Mb; cn represents the copy number of the fragments with copy number variations found in the pregnant woman to be tested; wherein in formula, f represents the fraction of the cell-free fetal DNA existing in the peripheral blood cell-free DNA of the pregnant woman to be tested, and the fraction f of the cell-free fetal DNA is assumed to be less than 50%; correcting the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome by using x ′ = x ^ α, wherein x̂ represents the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome and x' represents the corrected coverage of each chromosome. high-throughput sequencing of the peripheral blood cell-free DNA from a pregnant woman to be tested to produce sequencing data comprising all of the chromosomes; calculating coverage statistics for all of the chromosomes with the sequencing data by segmenting the chromosomes into windows so as to produce a pre-correction coverage of each chromosome; performing a Z-test on the number of unique sequences in each window of the pregnant woman to produce a Z CNV value and then locating chromosomal fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman on the basis of the magnitude of the Z CNV value; wherein the chromosomal fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman are 300 kb or more in length and have Z CNV values of the chromosome fragments greater than or equal to 4 or less than or equal to -4 in at least 80% of the total windows within the fragments which are 300 kb or more in length, correcting the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome by utilizing the impact of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman on the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome to produce the corrected coverage of each chromosome; and performing a Z-test for each chromosome by using the corrected coverage of each chromosome to obtain a Z aneu value, and determining chromosome aneuploidy based on whether the absolute value of Z aneu is greater than or equal to 3; wherein if the absolute value of Z aneu is greater than or equal to 3, chromosome aneuploidy is determined; wherein the impact of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman to be tested on the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome is represented by a parameter α, when the fetus inherits the fragments with copy number variations from the mother, the parameter α is calculated as formula: wherein in formula and formula, m represents the effective length of the chromosome in which the fragments with copy number variations occur, in the unit of Mb; and n represents the length of the fragments with copy number variations of the pregnant woman to be tested, in the unit of Mb; cn represents the copy number of the fragments with copy number variations found in the pregnant woman to be tested; wherein in formula, f represents the fraction of the cell-free fetal DNA existing in the peripheral blood cell-free DNA of the pregnant woman to be tested, and the fraction f of the cell-free fetal DNA is assumed to be less than 50%; correcting the pre-correction coverage of each chromosome by using