A system for combined production of yellow phosphorous and syngas, comprising a phosphorus coal gasifier, wherein a discharge port of a pulverized coal preparation unit is connected to a pulverized coal inlet of the phosphorus coal gasifier and used for feeding pulverized coal into the phosphorus coal gasifier; a gas outlet of an air separation unit is connected to a gas inlet at the bottom of the phosphorus coal gasifier and used for feeding oxygen into the phosphorus coal gasifier; a mineral aggregate forming unit is connected to a feeding port at the top of the phosphorus coal gasifier and used for conveying raw materials for production into the phosphorus coal gasifier; a furnace gas outlet of the phosphorus coal gasifier is connected to a gas inlet of a separating washing unit; one output port of the separating washing unit is a yellow phosphorus product output port, the other output port of the separating washing unit is a crude syngas output port, and the system further characterized that the crude syngas output port is connected to an input port of a purification unit; refined syngas is output from an output port of the purification unit; a slag discharge port at the bottom of the phosphorus coal gasifier is connected to an input port of a slag cold quenching unit, and the slag is discharged from an output port of the slag cold quenching unit, wherein the phosphorous coal gasifier is a fixed bed reactor, pure oxygen sprayed by the air separation unit and pulverized coal fed by the pulverized coal preparation unit are burnt at the lower part of the phosphorous coal gasifier by using a burner, thus forming a high-temperature coal gasification combustion zone at 1600 °C or above; and by taking the combustion zone as a boundary, massive phosphate rock ore, coke, silica or a spherical mixture of the three fed by the mineral aggregate forming unit are located at the upper part of the phosphorus coal gasifier, and the lower part of the phosphorus coal gasifier is a smelting zone for phosphate rock reduction, at which the phosphate rock undergoes reduction reaction at high temperature to generate yellow phosphorus; coal-gasified CO+H 2 and phosphorus steam gradually rise to the top from the bottom of the phosphorus coal gasification furnace and are fed into the separating washing unit from a gas guide pipe; and the furnace gas temperature is 300 to 700 °C, and the operating pressure is 1.5 to 3.5 MPa, and wherein the smelting zone employs high-temperature flue gas for liquid seal, liquid-phase slag discharging and slag water quenching. wherein the phosphorous coal gasifier is a fixed bed reactor, pure oxygen sprayed by the air separation unit and pulverized coal fed by the pulverized coal preparation unit are burnt at the lower part of the phosphorous coal gasifier by using a burner, thus forming a high-temperature coal gasification combustion zone at 1600 °C or above; and by taking the combustion zone as a boundary, massive phosphate rock ore, coke, silica or a spherical mixture of the three fed by the mineral aggregate forming unit are located at the upper part of the phosphorus coal gasifier, and the lower part of the phosphorus coal gasifier is a smelting zone for phosphate rock reduction, at which the phosphate rock undergoes reduction reaction at high temperature to generate yellow phosphorus; coal-gasified CO+H 2 and phosphorus steam gradually rise to the top from the bottom of the phosphorus coal gasification furnace and are fed into the separating washing unit from a gas guide pipe; and the furnace gas temperature is 300 to 700 °C, and the operating pressure is 1.5 to 3.5 MPa, and wherein the smelting zone employs high-temperature flue gas for liquid seal, liquid-phase slag discharging and slag water quenching.