A computer-implemented method comprising: retrieving probe data for an intersection with at least one upstream road link and at least one downstream road link; performing a lane-level map-matching of the probe data to one or more upstream lanes of the at least one upstream road link, one or more downstream lanes of the at least one downstream road link, or a combination thereof; generating a junction matrix for the intersection between the one or more upstream lanes of the at least one upstream road link and the one or more downstream lanes of the at least one downstream road link based on the lane-level map-matching of the probe data, wherein each element of the junction matrix corresponds to a combination of an originating upstream lane and an ending downstream lane determined from among the one or more upstream lanes and the one or more downstream lanes; determining an average speed, an average map-matching confidence, or a combination thereof of the probe data corresponding to said each element; and determining lane-connectivity data for the intersection based on the junction matrix, wherein the lane-connectivity data is further based on the average speed, the average map-matching confidence, or a combination thereof; the method further comprising: storing the lane-connectivity data as an attribute of the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof in a geographic database; or providing the lane-connectivity data as an output for determining direction-based traffic data for the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof. retrieving probe data for an intersection with at least one upstream road link and at least one downstream road link; performing a lane-level map-matching of the probe data to one or more upstream lanes of the at least one upstream road link, one or more downstream lanes of the at least one downstream road link, or a combination thereof; generating a junction matrix for the intersection between the one or more upstream lanes of the at least one upstream road link and the one or more downstream lanes of the at least one downstream road link based on the lane-level map-matching of the probe data, wherein each element of the junction matrix corresponds to a combination of an originating upstream lane and an ending downstream lane determined from among the one or more upstream lanes and the one or more downstream lanes; determining an average speed, an average map-matching confidence, or a combination thereof of the probe data corresponding to said each element; and determining lane-connectivity data for the intersection based on the junction matrix, wherein the lane-connectivity data is further based on the average speed, the average map-matching confidence, or a combination thereof; the method further comprising: storing the lane-connectivity data as an attribute of the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof in a geographic database; or providing the lane-connectivity data as an output for determining direction-based traffic data for the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof. storing the lane-connectivity data as an attribute of the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof in a geographic database; or providing the lane-connectivity data as an output for determining direction-based traffic data for the intersection, the at least one upstream link, the at least one downstream link, or a combination thereof.