mgor/protobowl-11-13 huggingface dataset:
Category: Science
Question: Apollonius' Theorem can be used to find the length of this construct given the side lengths of a triangle. Three of them divide a triangle into six triangles with equal areas, and they intersect at the centroid, or center of mass. For 10 points, identify this term that in geometry refers to a line drawn from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side and in statistics refers to the middle number in a list.
Answer: medians

The Medes  (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭 Māda-; Akkadian:  mat Mādāya,  mat Mātāya; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι Mēdoi; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan). Their consolidation in Iran is believed to have occurred during the 8th century BC. In the 7th century BC, all of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule, but their precise geographic extent remains unknown.
Although they are generally recognized as having an important place in the history of the ancient Near East, the Medes have left no written source to reconstruct their history, which is known only from foreign sources such as the Assyrians, Babylonians, Armenians and Greeks, as well as a few Iranian archaeological sites, which are believed to have been occupied by Medes. The accounts relating to the Medes reported by Herodotus left the image of a powerful people, who would have formed an empire at the beginning of the 7th century BC that lasted until the 550s BC, played a determining role in the fall of the Assyrian Empire and competed with the powerful kingdoms of Lydia and Babylonia. However, a recent reassessment of contemporary sources from the Mede period has altered scholars' perceptions of the Median state. The state remains difficult to perceive in the documentation, which leaves many doubts about it, some specialists even suggesting that there never was a powerful Median kingdom. In any case, it appears that after the fall of the last Median king against the Persian king Cyrus the Great, Media became an important province and was prized by the empires which successively dominated it (Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians and Sasanids).
Category: History
Question: He sent his armies to quash an uprising that was sparked by the Papist Act of 1778; these uprisings were known as the Gordon Riots. He succeeded his grandfather as king during the Seven Years' War, and although he won that war, the resulting debt led Parliament to pass the Stamp Act of 1765. For 10 points, name this "mad" king of Great Britain who lost the American colonies in the Revolutionary War.
Answer: {George III} [prompt on George]

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover.
George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire.
In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. The exact nature of the mental illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either bipolar disorder or porphyria. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, the Prince of Wales, was named Prince Regent the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the Georgian and Regency eras. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history.
Category: Religion
Question: That story describes how this phenomenon was found by a man tending his father-in-law Jethro's flock on Mount Horeb. While investigating it, Moses was told to deliver the children of Israel out of slavery in Egypt. For 10 points, identify this phenomenon in which a certain plant was engulfed in fire without being consumed.
Answer: the {burning bush} [accept clear equivalents]

Far Eastern Bible College (abbreviation: FEBC; Chinese: 远东神学院; Malay: Kolej Alkitab Timur Jauh; Tamil: தூர கிழக்கு வேதாகம கல்லூரி) is a  reformed, fundamentalist, and separatist Bible-Presbyterian theological institution located at Gilstead Road, under the Novena Planning Area, within the Central Region of Singapore. Founded in 1962 by Timothy Tow, FEBC is the fourth oldest Bible college in the country. The current principal is Jeffrey Khoo.
The college motto is "Holding forth the Word of Life" (Phil 2:16) and "Holding fast the Faithful Word" (Titus 1:9).
Category: Literature
Question: Characters in this work include Count Ugolino as well as Francesca da Rimini, whose husband caught her with Paolo. The speaker of this work faints while Charon and Virgil guide a boat across the Acheron. Beginning the day before Good Friday, this work depicts nine concentric circles in which sinners are punished. For 10 points, name this first section of The Divine Comedy, in which the poet Dante is guided through Hell.
Answer: {Inferno} [prompt on The {Divine Comedy} before mentioned]

Infernö is a Norwegian thrash metal band. They formed in 1995, and are currently signed to Duplicate Records.
The band's most known member is Carl-Michael "Aggressor" Eide. He has been a member of Cadaver, Dødheimsgard, Satyricon, Ulver and Ved Buens Ende. He is also a member of Aura Noir and Virus.
Category: Literature
Question: This character becomes his team's leader after defeating Spitz in a final fight. After being sold to Mercedes, Hal, and Charles, he is rescued by John Thornton. His devotion to Thornton is total; he saves Thornton's life from a drunken miner and from river rapids. (*) For 10 points, what dog stolen from California becomes a Yukon sled dog in Jack London's The Call of the Wild?
Answer: Buck

Charles Michael "Bucky" Lasek ( LAY-sik; born December 3, 1972) is an American professional skateboarder and rallycross driver.
Category: Social Science
Question: The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice. Appropriations bills are not subject to it, and Strom Thurmond once did this for 24 hours and 37 minutes. The cloture rule requires a three-fifths majority to stop it. For 10 points, what is this practice found exclusively in the Senate, often used by minority parties to block legislation from passing?
Answer: {filibuster} [accept word forms]

A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill", and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body.
Category: Literature
Question: One work by this author, about a man who injures himself while hanging curtains, is The Death of Ivan Ilyich. One of his novels has a relationship between Levin and Kitty, while the title character has an affair with Count Vronsky and eventually commits suicide by jumping in front of a (*) train. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about the French invasion of Russia in War and Peace in addition to writing Anna Karenina.
Answer: Leo {Tolstoy} [or {Lev} ({Nikolayvich}) {Tolstoy}]

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (; Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой, IPA: [ˈlʲef nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj] ; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 –  20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time. He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909.
Born into an aristocratic family, Tolstoy's notable works include the novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878), often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction, and two of the greatest books of all time. He first achieved literary acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852–1856), and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based upon his experiences in the Crimean War. His fiction includes dozens of short stories such as "After the Ball" (1911), and several novellas such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), Family Happiness (1859) and Hadji Murad (1912). He also wrote plays and essays concerning philosophical, moral and religious themes.
In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work Confession (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Ludwig Wittgenstein. He also became a dedicated advocate of Georgism, the economic philosophy of Henry George, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in his novel Resurrection (1899).
Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. Virginia Woolf called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists", and Gary Saul Morson referred to War and Peace as the greatest of all novels. Tolstoy never having won a Nobel Prize was a major Nobel Prize controversy, and remains one.
Category: History
Question: During the seventh of these events, King Louis IX of France was captured in the Nile Delta. The fourth one was diverted to Constantinople with the help of the Doge of Venice. At the Council of Clermont (“Claremont”), Pope Urban II called for the first one, which recaptured Jerusalem in 1099. For 10 points, what medieval military campaigns saw Christian knights try to conquer the Holy Land?
Answer: {Crusades}

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate centuries earlier. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century.
In 1095, after a Byzantine request for aid, Pope Urban II proclaimed the first expedition at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a variety of motivations. These included religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organised armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal indulgences. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli. A European presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. After this, no further large military campaigns were organised.
Other church-sanctioned campaigns include crusades against Christians not obeying papal rulings and heretics, those against the Ottoman Empire, and ones for political reasons. The struggle against the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula–the Reconquista–ended in 1492 with the Fall of Granada. From 1147, the Northern Crusades were fought against pagan tribes in Northern Europe. Crusades against Christians began with the Albigensian Crusade in the 13th century and continued through the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century. Crusades against the Ottomans began in the late 14th century and include the Crusade of Varna. Popular crusades, including the Children's Crusade of 1212, were generated by the masses and were unsanctioned by the Church.
Category: History
Question: The philosophy of nullification was developed to oppose this form of government. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments specifically create this type of government, which is defined as a power-sharing arrangement between national and state governments. For 10 points, name this type of government after which a political party including John Adams was named.
Answer: {federalism} [accept word forms such as {federalist}]

Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two. Johannes Althusius is considered the father of modern federalism along with Montesquieu. Althusius notably exposes the bases of this political philosophy in Politica Methodice Digesta, Atque Exemplis Sacris et Profanis Illustrata (1603).  In the Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu for his part sees examples of federalist republics in corporate societies, the polis bringing together villages, and the cities themselves forming confederations. Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level. It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state.
Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, and Venezuela. Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states".
Category: Fine Arts
Question: This composer of the oratorio Judith Triumphans and the opera Orlando Furioso composed a set of twelve violin concertos titled The Contest Between Harmony and Invention, the first of which simulates a barking dog using forte violas and the fourth of which uses pizzicato notes to mimic icy rain in winter. Nicknamed the Red Priest, for 10 points, name this Italian composer who included La Primavera (PREEmah- VAIR-uh), or "Spring," in The Four Seasons.
Answer: Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Along with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, Vivaldi ranks amongst the greatest Baroque composers and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form into a widely accepted and followed idiom.
Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà, a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the priesthood at the age of 15 and was ordained at 25, but was given dispensation to no longer say public Masses due to a health problem. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died in poverty less than a year later.
After almost two centuries of decline, Vivaldi's musical reputation underwent a revival in the early 20th century, with much scholarly research devoted to his work. Many of Vivaldi's compositions, once thought lost, have been rediscovered – some as recently as 2015. His music remains widely popular in the present day and is regularly played all over the world.
Category: Science
Question: Buildup of these organic molecules in the brain causes Tay-Sachs disease, and vitamins A and D dissolve in them. Humans use adipose cells to store the triglyceride form of these, while their water-repellant quality makes them excellent insulation in marine mammals. Some countries have banned the (*) trans kind in foods altogether. For 10 points, name these high-energy molecules that contribute to obesity and can be unsaturated.
Answer: fats [or fatty acids; prompt on lipids]

In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
The term often refers specifically to triglycerides (triple esters of glycerol), that are the main components of vegetable oils and of fatty tissue in animals; or, even more narrowly, to triglycerides that are solid or semisolid at room temperature, thus excluding oils. The term may also be used more broadly as a synonym of lipid—any substance of biological relevance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, that is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. In this sense, besides the triglycerides, the term would include several other types of compounds like mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids (such as lecithin), sterols (such as cholesterol), waxes (such as beeswax), and free fatty acids, which are usually present in human diet in smaller amounts.
Fats are one of the three main macronutrient groups in human diet, along with carbohydrates and proteins, and the main components of common food products like milk, butter, tallow, lard, salt pork, and cooking oils. They are a major and dense source of food energy for many animals and play important structural and metabolic functions in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and thermal insulation. The human body can produce the fat it requires from other food ingredients, except for a few essential fatty acids that must be included in the diet. Dietary fats are also the carriers of some flavor and aroma ingredients and vitamins that are not water-soluble.
Category: Literature
Question: This character interrupts a round of storytelling by attacking a stash of wine-skins. He wears a washbasin as a helmet while calling himself the Knight of the Sorry Face. He owns the horse Rocinante (ROHsin- AHN-tay) and frequently speaks of his love for Dulcinea (dull-sin-AY-ah) to his friend Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this self-proclaimed knight from La Mancha who fights against windmills in a book by Miguel de Cervantes.
Answer: {Don Quixote} de la Mancha

Don Quixote is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615. Considered a founding work of Western literature, it is often labelled as the first modern novel and the greatest work ever written. Don Quixote is also one of the most-translated books in the world and one of the best-selling novels of all time. 
The plot revolves around the adventures of a member of the lowest nobility, a hidalgo from La Mancha named Alonso Quijano, who reads so many chivalric romances that he loses his mind and decides to become a knight-errant (caballero andante) to revive chivalry and serve his nation, under the name Don Quixote de la Mancha. He recruits as his squire a simple farm labourer, Sancho Panza, who brings a unique, earthy wit to Don Quixote's lofty rhetoric. In the first part of the book, Don Quixote does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story meant for the annals of all time. However, as Salvador de Madariaga pointed out in his Guía del lector del Quijote (1972 [1926]), referring to "the Sanchification of Don Quixote and the Quixotization of Sancho", as "Sancho's spirit ascends from reality to illusion, Don Quixote's declines from illusion to reality".
The book had a major influence on the literary community, as evidenced by direct references in Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers (1844), and Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac (1897) as well as the word quixotic. Mark Twain referred to the book as having "swept the world's admiration for the mediaeval chivalry-silliness out of existence".