mgor/protobowl-11-13 huggingface dataset:
Category: Fine Arts
Question: A dog barks at a drummer in the lower left of this painting. One of the two central figures is dressed in bright yellow, matching the girl with the chicken in her belt. The other is in black with a white collar a red sash across his chest. After restoration, it was revealed that this painting did not actually depict an evening scene. For 10 points, name this work depicting a Dutch militia by Rembrandt.
Answer: The {Nightwatch} [or De {Nachtwacht} ; or The {Shooting Company} of Captain Franz Banning

Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq, also known as The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, but commonly referred to as The Night Watch (Dutch: De Nachtwacht), is a 1642 painting by Rembrandt van Rijn. It is in the collection of the Amsterdam Museum but is prominently displayed in the Rijksmuseum as the best-known painting in its collection. The Night Watch is one of the most famous Dutch Golden Age paintings. Rembrandt's large painting (363 by 437 centimetres (12 by 14+1⁄2 feet)) is famed for transforming a group portrait of a civic guard company into a compelling drama energized by light and shadow (tenebrism). The title is a misnomer; the painting does not depict a nocturnal scene.
The Night Watch was completed in 1642 at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age. It depicts the eponymous company moving out, led by Captain Frans Banninck Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (dressed in yellow, with a white sash). Behind them, the company's colors are carried by the ensign, Jan Visscher Cornelissen. Rembrandt incorporated the traditional emblem of the arquebusiers in the figure of the young girl who carries a dead chicken on her belt, referencing the clauweniers (arquebusiers) and a type of drinking horn used at group banquets.
Category: History
Question: During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters. It was uncovered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with the help of Deep Throat. For 10 points, what scandal caused President Nixon to resign following his reelection?
Answer: {Watergate} scandal

The Watergate scandal was a significant political controversy in the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974, ultimately resulting in Nixon's resignation. It originated from attempts by the Nixon administration to conceal its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters located in the Watergate Office Building in Washington, D.C.
Following the apprehension of the five individuals involved in the break-in, both the press and the Department of Justice connected the funds found on those involved to the CRP (the fundraising organization of Richard Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign). Subsequent investigations and revelations during trials prompted the U.S. House of Representatives to grant the House Judiciary Committee expanded investigative authority.  Additionally, the Senate established the U.S. Senate Watergate Committee, which conducted hearings.
Witnesses testified that Nixon had sanctioned plans to cover up his administration's involvement in the burglary and that there was a voice-activated taping system in the Oval Office. Nixon's administration resisted the investigations, leading to a constitutional crisis. The televised Senate Watergate hearings garnered nationwide attention and public interest.
Numerous revelations and Nixon's efforts to impede the investigation in 1973 led the House to initiate impeachment proceedings against him. The Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Nixon (1974) compelled Nixon to surrender the Oval Office tapes, which revealed his complicity in the cover-up. The House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment against Nixon, who subsequently resigned from office on August 9, 1974, becoming the only U.S. president to do so. His successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him on September 8, 1974.
The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 indictments and 48 convictions, involving several high-ranking officials from the Nixon administration.  The term "Watergate" has since become synonymous with various clandestine and illicit activities conducted by Nixon's aides, including the bugging of political opponents' offices, unauthorized investigations, and the misuse of government agencies for political purposes.  The addition of "-gate" to a term has since been used to denote public scandals,  particularly in politics.
Category: Literature
Question: In this novel, some mice fabricate a question that a super-computer was attempting to formulate, but it was destroyed minutes before the end of its 10 million year program. This novel features a whale's internal monologue and a Vogon poetry reading. For 10 points, Arthur Dent survives the Earth's destruction in what Douglas Adams novel titled after an encyclopedia for space hobos?
Answer: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a comedy science fiction franchise created by Douglas Adams. Originally a 1978 radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4, it was later adapted to other formats, including novels, stage shows, comic books, a 1981 TV series, a 1984 text adventure game, and 2005 feature film.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is an international multimedia phenomenon; the novels are the most widely distributed, having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005. The first novel, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979), has been ranked fourth on the BBC's The Big Read poll. The sixth novel, And Another Thing..., was written by Eoin Colfer with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams. In 2017, BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th-anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs, one of the original producers, in charge. The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018.
The broad narrative of Hitchhiker follows the misadventures of the last surviving man, Arthur Dent, following the demolition of the Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass. Dent is rescued from Earth's destruction by Ford Prefect—a human-like alien writer for the eccentric, electronic travel guide The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy—by hitchhiking onto a passing Vogon spacecraft. Following his rescue, Dent explores the galaxy with Prefect and encounters Trillian, another human who had been taken from Earth (before its destruction) by the self-centred President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and the depressed Marvin the Paranoid Android. Certain narrative details were changed among the various adaptations.
Category: Fine Arts
Question: This structure experiences only compression, with no shear, and is therefore an inverted catenary curve. It is made from a series of tapering equilateral triangles, and visitors can ride a sloping tram system to its top. This largest building in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial was designed by Eero Saarinen (“AIR-oh SAHR-in-en”). For 10 points, name this large curved structure located in St. Louis, Missouri.
Answer: The {Gateway Arch} [prompt on {St. Louis Arch} or equivalents before “St. Louis”]

The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot-tall (192 m) monument in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a weighted catenary arch, it is the world's tallest arch and Missouri's tallest accessible structure. Some sources consider it the tallest human-made monument in the Western Hemisphere. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States and officially dedicated to "the American people", the Arch, commonly referred to as "The Gateway to the West", is a National Historic Landmark in Gateway Arch National Park and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis, as well as a popular tourist destination.
The Arch was designed by the Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947, and construction began on February 12, 1963 and was completed on October 28, 1965, at an overall cost of $13 million (equivalent to $95.9 million in 2023). The monument opened to the public on June 10, 1967. 
It is located at the 1764 site of the founding of St. Louis on the west bank of the Mississippi River.
Category: Literature
Question: The characters in this novel are either "biguns" or "littluns." In this novel, a fat asthmatic is killed by a falling rock that also shatters a conch shell, and a group of choir boys led by Jack Merridew kill a sow and impale her head on a stick as an offering for "the beast." Ralph, elected leader of a group of stranded boys, fails to prevent their descent into savagery in, for 10 points, what novel by William Golding?
Answer: Lord of the Flies

Lord of the Flies is the 1954 debut novel of British author William Golding. The plot concerns a group of British boys who are stranded on an uninhabited island and their disastrous attempts to govern themselves. The novel's themes include morality, leadership, and the tension between civility and chaos.
Lord of the Flies was generally well received, and is a popular assigned book in schools.
Category: Literature
Question: In this story, a boy boards a train "wrapped in an apron of steam," and, nearing his destination, sees the lights of the city as "lights of an ocean liner sailing on a frozen sea." Upon arrival, he receives a gift of his choosing, which he later loses through a hole in his pocket. For 10 points, name this story in which the boy's lost bell, which his parents cannot hear, is returned to him by Santa on Christmas.
Answer: The Polar Express

The Polar Express is a 1985 fantasy children's picture book written and illustrated by American author Chris Van Allsburg. The book is now widely considered to be a classic Christmas story for young children. It was praised for its detailed illustrations and calm, relaxing storyline. For the work, Van Allsburg won the annual Caldecott Medal for illustration of an American children's picture book in 1986, his second after Jumanji.
The book is set partially in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the author's home town, and was inspired in part by Van Allsburg's memories of visiting the Herpolsheimer's and Wurzburg's department stores as a child. It was adapted as an Oscar-nominated motion-capture film in 2004 starring Tom Hanks and directed by Robert Zemeckis. Van Allsburg served as an executive producer on the film.
Category: Science
Question: This constellation is often interpreted as fighting Taurus with his dogs Canis Minor and Canis Major. Stars within this constellation include the “amazon star” Bellatrix (“BELL-uh-tricks”), the red giant Betelgeuse (“beetle juice”), and Rigel (“RYE-gull”). It is most easily recognizable by the three stars making up the belt of the figure in this constellation. For 10 points, name this constellation also known as "the Hunter."
Answer: {Orion} [prompt on “the {Hunter} before mentioned]

Orion is a prominent set of stars visible during winter in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. It is named for a hunter in Greek mythology.
Orion is most prominent during winter evenings in the Northern Hemisphere, as are five other constellations that have stars in the Winter Hexagon asterism.  Orion's two brightest stars, Rigel (β) and Betelgeuse (α), are both among the brightest stars in the night sky; both are supergiants and slightly  variable.  There are a further six stars brighter than magnitude 3.0, including three making the short straight line of the Orion's Belt asterism. Orion also hosts the radiant of the annual Orionids, the strongest meteor shower associated with Halley's Comet, and the Orion Nebula, one of the brightest nebulae in the sky.
Category: Literature
Question: This novel's main character expresses lament that his dad says everything is "fine." It depicts a ritual in which a boy must draw from a box containing five white marbles and one black one. Emile Janza calls this book's main character "a fairy" and "a queer" in response to that character's attempted defiance of the Vigils. For 10 points, name this Robert Cormier book about Jerry Renault's refusal to sell the title sweet.
Answer: The Chocolate War

The Chocolate War is a 1974 young adult novel by American writer Robert Cormier. It was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time. Set at a fictional Catholic high school, the story depicts a secret student organization's manipulation of the student body, which descends into cruel and ugly mob mentality against a lone, non-conforming student. Because of the novel's language, the concept of a high school secret society using intimidation to enforce the cultural norms of the school and various characters' sexual ponderings, it has been embroiled in censorship controversies and appeared as third on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books in 2000–2009. A sequel was published in 1985 called Beyond the Chocolate War.
Category: Science
Question: The hormone ethylene causes the abscission of these structures, which have palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. Stomata allow these structures to obtain carbon dioxide, and in monocots, they generally have parallel veins. Tendrils and spines are modified types of these structures that usually consist of a petiole and blade. For 10 points, name these flat, green plant structures, the major site of photosynthesis.
Answer: leaf [or leaves]

A leaf (pl.: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a variegated leaf.
Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, textures and colors. The broad, flat leaves with complex venation of flowering plants are known as megaphylls and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or megaphyllous plants, which also include acrogymnosperms and ferns. In the lycopods, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as microphylls. Some leaves, such as bulb scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls and spines. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes, and flattened leaf stems called phyllodes which differ from leaves both in their structure and origin. Some structures of non-vascular plants look and function much like leaves. Examples include the phyllids of mosses and liverworts.
Category: Literature
Question: In one poem by this writer, the speaker says that the title idea "perches in the soul." In addition to "Hope is the thing with feathers," this author wrote a poem that proclaims "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" and a poem that describes a "blue, uncertain, stumbling (*) buzz". A poem about a carriage ride with Death and Immortality was written by, for 10 points, what poet of "Because I could not stop for death," and "I heard a fly buzz when I died"?
Answer: Emily Dickinson

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry. Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, into a prominent family with strong ties to its community. After studying at the Amherst Academy for seven years in her youth, she briefly attended the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before returning to her family's home in Amherst. Evidence suggests that Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation. Considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a penchant for white clothing and was known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, even to leave her bedroom. Dickinson never married, and most of her friendships were based entirely upon correspondence.
Although Dickinson was a prolific writer, her only publications during her lifetime were 10 of her nearly 1,800 poems and one letter. The poems published then were usually edited significantly to fit conventional poetic rules. Her poems were unique for her era; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality (two recurring topics in letters to her friends), aesthetics, society, nature, and spirituality.
Although Dickinson's acquaintances were most likely aware of her writing, it was not until after she died in 1886—when Lavinia, Dickinson's younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that her work became public. Her first published collection of poetry was made in 1890 by her personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd, though they heavily edited the content. A complete collection of her poetry first became available in 1955 when scholar Thomas H. Johnson published The Poems of Emily Dickinson. In 1998, The New York Times reported on a study in which infrared technology revealed that certain poems of Dickinson's had been deliberately censored to exclude the name "Susan". At least eleven of Dickinson's poems were dedicated to her sister-in-law Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson, and all the dedications were later obliterated, presumably by Todd. This censorship serves to obscure the nature of Emily and Susan's relationship, which many scholars have interpreted as romantic.
Category: Science
Question: This term describes a "zone" below the water table in which groundwater is found. This term describes compounds that contain only single bonds. It also describes solutions that have the maximum possible amount of dissolved solute. For 10 points, give this term generally describing things unable to hold more, which names a certain kind of "bad" fat.
Answer: {saturated} [or word forms, such as {saturation}]

Saturation, saturated, unsaturation or unsaturated may refer to:
Category: Literature
Question: One story in this work tells of the rooster Chauntecleer outsmarting a fox. Another story is about three rogues killing each other under an oak tree in a quest to find Death. In another story, a knight is forced to find out what women most desire; that story is told by the Wife of Bath. (*) Pilgrims on their way to visit an English cathedral city swap stories in, for 10 points, what collection by Geoffrey Chaucer?
Answer: The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of twenty-four stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. It is widely regarded as Chaucer's magnum opus. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.
It has been suggested that the greatest contribution of The Canterbury Tales to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature, as opposed to French, Italian or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer's time, and several of Chaucer's contemporaries—John Gower, William Langland, the Pearl Poet, and Julian of Norwich—also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference.
The Canterbury Tales is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer's life. In the General Prologue, some 30 pilgrims are introduced. According to the Prologue, Chaucer's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim, two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination, St. Thomas Becket's shrine (making for a total of about 120 stories). It is revered as one of the most important works in English literature.
Category: Science
Question: Tritium [TRIH-tee-um] and deuterium [doo-TEER-ee-um] are examples of these for hydrogen. Radioactive examples like carbon (*)-14 and uranium 239 are used for finding out how old some objects are and in nuclear reactors, respectively. For 10 points, name these forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.
Answer: isotopes

Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. While all isotopes of a given element have similar chemical properties, they have different atomic masses and physical properties.
The term isotope is derived from the Greek roots isos (ἴσος "equal") and topos (τόπος "place"), meaning "the same place"; thus, the meaning behind the name is that different isotopes of a single element occupy the same position on the periodic table. It was coined by Scottish doctor and writer Margaret Todd in a 1913 suggestion to the British chemist Frederick Soddy, who popularized the term.
The number of protons within the atom's nucleus is called its atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral (non-ionized) atom. Each atomic number identifies a specific element, but not the isotope; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons. The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number.
For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7, and 8 respectively.