mgor/protobowl-11-13 huggingface dataset:
Category: Science
Question: Synthetic division can be used to divide these mathematical concepts. The fundamental theorem of algebra says that non-constant examples of these have a zero, and some of their zeroes may have (*) multiplicity. For 10 points, name these types of equations in which the exponents of the variable are natural numbers, and which are called quadratics if they have degree two.
Answer: {polynomials} (of one variable)

In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x2 − 4x + 7. An example with three indeterminates is x3 + 2xyz2 − yz + 1.
Polynomials appear in many areas of mathematics and science. For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problems to complicated scientific problems; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; and they are used in calculus and numerical analysis to approximate other functions. In advanced mathematics, polynomials are used to construct polynomial rings and algebraic varieties, which are central concepts in algebra and algebraic geometry.
Category: Social Science
Question: This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams. "Anna O.," "Little Hans," and the "Wolf Man" were some of the patients who sought advice from his Vienna clinic. "Jokes and their Relation to the (*) Unconscious" is an essay by this man, whose "structural theory" proposed that the mind is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.
Answer: (Sigismund Schlomo) Sigmund {Freud}

Sigmund Freud ( FROYD, German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfrɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. Following the German annexation of Austria in March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939.
In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfilments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this basis, Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego and super-ego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and neurotic guilt. In his later work, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.
Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders the feminist cause. Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. W. H. Auden's 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".
Category: Trash
Question: This politician claimed that he went into politics because of Ayn Rand and made Atlas Shrugged required reading for his staff, but he later said he rejected Rand's atheism. He is the current chair of the House Budget Committee, and one of his budget proposals was titled (*) "The Path to Prosperity." For 10 points what Wisconsin Republican was Mitt Romney's Vice Presidential nominee in the 2012 election?
Answer: Paul {Ryan}

Paul Davis Ryan (born January 29, 1970) is an American politician who served as the 54th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2015 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was the vice presidential nominee in the 2012 election with Mitt Romney, but they lost to incumbent President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.
Ryan is a native of Janesville, Wisconsin, and graduated from Miami University in 1992. He spent five years working for Congress in Washington, D.C., becoming a speechwriter, then returned to Wisconsin in 1997 to work at his family's construction company. He was elected to Congress to represent Wisconsin's 1st congressional district the following year, replacing Mark Neumann, who had vacated the seat to run for U.S. Senate. Ryan went on to represent the district for 20 years. He chaired the House Budget Committee from 2011 to 2015, and briefly chaired the House Ways and Means Committee in 2015.
A self-proclaimed deficit hawk, Ryan was a major proponent of Social Security privatization in the mid-2000s. During the 2010s, two proposals heavily influenced by Ryan—"The Path to Prosperity" and "A Better Way"—became part of the national dialogue advocating for the privatization of Medicare, the conversion of Medicaid into a block grant program, the repeal of the Affordable Care Act, and significant federal tax cuts. In October 2015, after Speaker John Boehner's resignation, Ryan was elected to replace him. During his speakership, he played a key role in the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act in 2018, which partially repealed the Dodd–Frank Act. His other major piece of legislation, the American Health Care Act of 2017, passed the House but failed in the Senate by one vote.
Ryan declined to run for re-election in the 2018 midterm elections. With the Democratic Party taking control of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi succeeded Ryan as Speaker of the House.
Category: Fine Arts
Question: Arias by this composer include Va, penseiro (VAH PENN-see-AIR-oh) and La donna e mobile (MOHbee-LAY), This composer of an opera about the Duke of Mantua's court jester included a "Drinking Song" in an opera about Violetta Valéry (VAL-ay-ree), La Traviata. He also depicted Radames's (RAHdah-meez's) dilemma in choosing between the titular Ethiopian slave girl and his loyalty to Egypt. For 10 points, name this composer of Rigoletto and Aida ("eye"-EE-duh).
Answer: Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the help of a local patron, Antonio Barezzi. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gaetano Donizetti, whose works significantly influenced him.
In his early operas, Verdi demonstrated sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy. He also participated briefly as an elected politician. The chorus "Va, pensiero" from his early opera Nabucco (1842), and similar choruses in later operas, were much in the spirit of the unification movement, and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals. An intensely private person, Verdi did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements. As he became professionally successful, he was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region. He surprised the musical world by returning, after his success with the opera Aida (1871), with three late masterpieces: his Requiem (1874), and the operas Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893).
His operas remain extremely popular, especially the three peaks of his 'middle period': Rigoletto, Il trovatore and La traviata. The bicentenary of his birth in 2013 was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances.
Category: Trash
Question: In this film, a priest's rhotacism causes him to pronounce the word "marriage" incorrectly. One character lists two classic blunders, getting involved in a land war in Asia, and having a battle of wits with a Sicilian. The main character later reveals his identity while rolling down a hill by saying, (*) "As you wish." For 10 points, name this comedic fantasy film in which Westley rescues the title character, Buttercup.
Answer: The Princess Bride

The Princess Bride may refer to:

The Princess Bride (novel), 1973 fantasy romance novel by writer William Goldman
The Princess Bride (film), 1987 American film adaptation directed by Rob Reiner
The Princess Bride (soundtrack), a 1987 soundtrack for the film
Category: Literature
Question: In one poem, this writer depicted the blacksmith named Basil as the father of Gabriel, who is the sweetheart of the title daughter of Benedict. In another poem, this writer depicted the evil magician named Pearl-Feather who is defeated by a title Native American. For 10 points, name this American writer who wrote Evangeline and The Song of Hiawatha.
Answer: Henry Wadsworth {Longfellow}

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator. His original works include the poems "Paul Revere's Ride", "The Song of Hiawatha", and "Evangeline". He was the first American to completely translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and was one of the fireside poets from New England.
Longfellow was born in Portland, District of Maine, Massachusetts (now Portland, Maine). He graduated from Bowdoin College and became a professor there and, later, at Harvard College after studying in Europe. His first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841). He retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, and he lived the remainder of his life in the Revolutionary War headquarters of George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage. His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time and focused on translating works from foreign languages. Longfellow died in 1882.
Longfellow wrote many lyric poems known for their musicality and often presenting stories of mythology and legend. He became the most popular American poet of his day and had success overseas. He has been criticized for imitating European styles and writing poetry that was too sentimental.
Category: Trash
Question: This university's women's soccer team has won 21 national championships, more than any other school in that sport. Its men's basketball team has featured players such as Ty Lawson and Tyler Hansbrough, behind whom it won the 2009 NCAA Championship. It is currently coached by Roy Williams. For 10 points, name this university located in Chapel Hill and rival of Duke whose mascot is the Tar Heels.
Answer: {University} of {North Carolina}  Chapel Hill [or {UNC}]

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC, UNC-Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, or simply Carolina) is a public research university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Chartered in 1789, the university first began enrolling students in 1795, making it one of the oldest public universities in the United States. 
The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit, the College of Arts & Sciences. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU). The National Science Foundation ranked UNC–Chapel Hill 13th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with $1.2 billion. As a highly ranked public university, it is also considered a public ivy.
The campus covers 760 acres (310 ha), encompassing the Morehead Planetarium and the many stores and shops located on Franklin Street. Students can participate in over 550 officially recognized student organizations. UNC Chapel Hill is one of the charter members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, which was founded on June 14, 1953. The university's athletic teams compete as the Tar Heels.
Category: Trash
Question: After the end of this book, Doug Hoo becomes an Olympic medalist, but during it, his parents own a Chinese restaurant. In this book, J.J. Ford recognizes some clues, taken from America the Beautiful, to be like a Queen's Sacrifice. Sydelle (“sid-ELL”) Pulaski is involved in this book by mistake, and Angela Wexler turns out to be the bomber. For 10 points, name this game in which Turtle solves the title puzzle to win Sam's money.
Answer: The {Westing} Game

The Westing Game  is a mystery book written by Ellen Raskin and published by Dutton on May 1, 1978. It won the Newbery Medal recognizing the year's most distinguished contribution to American children's literature.
The Westing Game was ranked number nine all-time among children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal in 2012. It has been adapted as the 1997 feature film Get a Clue (also distributed as The Westing Game).
Category: Social Science
Question: The “straw” form of this practice is unscientific and the “push” form of this is really just a campaign tactic designed to attack an opponent in disguise. Most important to politicians in the midst of a campaign are the “exit” form and “tracking” forms. They require some form of a random sample and carefully worded questions in order to be accurate. For 10 points, what is a survey used to measure public opinion called?
Answer: {polls} [or {polling}]

Poll, polled, or polling may refer to:
Category: Fine Arts
Question: At the bottom right of this painting, a girl steps on a dog, while a nun stands next to a servant. In the back, a figure is shown pausing on the stairs and looking at the central group. The king and the queen can be seen in a mirror, and the painter himself is shown holding a paint brush. For 10 points, identify this painting of the Spanish court in which maids surround the Infant Margarita, by Diego Velazquez.
Answer: {Las Meninas} [accept The {Maids} of {Honor}]

Las Meninas (Spanish for 'The Ladies-in-waiting' pronounced [las meˈninas]) is a 1656 painting in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Baroque. It has become one of the most widely analyzed works in Western painting for the way its complex and enigmatic composition raises questions about reality and illusion, and for the uncertain relationship it creates between the viewer and the figures depicted.
The painting is believed by F. J. Sánchez Cantón to depict a room in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid during the reign of King Philip IV of Spain, and presents several figures, most identifiable from the Spanish court, captured in a particular moment as if in a snapshot. Some of the figures look out of the canvas towards the viewer, while others interact among themselves. The five-year-old Infanta Margaret Theresa is surrounded by her entourage of maids of honour, chaperone, bodyguard, two dwarfs and a dog. Just behind them, Velázquez portrays himself working at a large canvas. Velázquez looks outwards beyond the pictorial space to where a viewer of the painting would stand. In the background there is a mirror that reflects the upper bodies of the king and queen. They appear to be placed outside the picture space in a position similar to that of the viewer, although some scholars have speculated that their image is a reflection from the painting Velázquez is shown working on.
Las Meninas has long been recognised as one of the most important paintings in the history of Western art. The Baroque painter Luca Giordano said that it represents the "theology of painting", and in 1827 the president of the Royal Academy of Arts Sir Thomas Lawrence described the work in a letter to his successor David Wilkie as "the true philosophy of the art". More recently, it has been described as "Velázquez's supreme achievement, a highly self-conscious, calculated demonstration of what painting could achieve, and perhaps the most searching comment ever made on the possibilities of the easel painting".
Category: Trash
Question: This award is named after the coach who holds the record for largest margin of victory in a college football game. Archie Griffin is the only man to win this award twice. Until 2007, no sophomore had won this award; since then, three straight sophomores have won it. In 2009, balloting for this award saw the closest vote ever. For 10 points, name this award won in 2009 by Alabama's Mark Ingram.
Answer: John {Heisman} Memorial Trophy

The Heisman Memorial Trophy ( HYZE-mən; usually known colloquially as the Heisman Trophy or The Heisman) is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in college football. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work. It is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games.
The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize "the most valuable college football player east of the Mississippi", and was first awarded to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger.  After the death in October 1936 of the club's athletic director, John Heisman, the award was named in his honor and broadened to include players west of the Mississippi. Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player; a head football, basketball, and baseball coach; and an athletic director.
It is the oldest of several overall awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award, and the AP Player of the Year. The Heisman and the AP Player of the Year honor the outstanding player, while the Maxwell and the Walter Camp award recognizes the best player, and the Archie Griffin Award recognizes the most valuable player. The most recent winner is LSU Tigers quarterback Jayden Daniels.
Category: Literature
Question: The fourth chapter in this collection of adventures features a sensible Badger attempting to curb the reckless behavior of a fellow Wild Wood citizen. That effort fails, causing the Badger to put the citizen under house arrest. While the Water Rat stands guard, Mr. (*) Toad escapes his prison by feigning illness and stealing a car before setting off on a Wild Ride. For 10 points, name this book by Kenneth Grahame.
Answer: The Wind in the Willows

The Wind in the Willows is a classic children's novel by the British novelist Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. It details the story of Mole, Ratty, and Badger as they try to help Mr. Toad, after he becomes obsessed with motorcars and gets into trouble. It also details short stories about them that are disconnected from the main narrative. The novel was based on bedtime stories Grahame told his son Alastair. It has been adapted numerous times for both stage and screen.
The Wind in the Willows received negative reviews upon its initial release, but it has since become a classic of British literature. It was listed at No. 16 in the BBC's survey The Big Read and has been adapted multiple times in different media.