anno_start anno_end anno_text entity_type sentence section 4 11 dynamic protein_state The dynamic organization of fungal acetyl-CoA carboxylase TITLE 28 34 fungal taxonomy_domain The dynamic organization of fungal acetyl-CoA carboxylase TITLE 35 57 acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein_type The dynamic organization of fungal acetyl-CoA carboxylase TITLE 0 23 Acetyl-CoA carboxylases protein_type Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyse the committed step in fatty-acid biosynthesis: the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. They are important regulatory hubs for metabolic control and relevant drug targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. ABSTRACT 25 29 ACCs protein_type Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyse the committed step in fatty-acid biosynthesis: the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. They are important regulatory hubs for metabolic control and relevant drug targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. ABSTRACT 91 94 ATP chemical Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyse the committed step in fatty-acid biosynthesis: the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. They are important regulatory hubs for metabolic control and relevant drug targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. ABSTRACT 122 132 acetyl-CoA chemical Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyse the committed step in fatty-acid biosynthesis: the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. They are important regulatory hubs for metabolic control and relevant drug targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. ABSTRACT 136 147 malonyl-CoA chemical Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyse the committed step in fatty-acid biosynthesis: the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. They are important regulatory hubs for metabolic control and relevant drug targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. ABSTRACT 0 10 Eukaryotic taxonomy_domain Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 11 15 ACCs protein_type Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 20 45 single-chain multienzymes protein_type Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 72 85 non-catalytic protein_state Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 86 100 central domain structure_element Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 102 104 CD structure_element Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 121 124 ACC protein_type Eukaryotic ACCs are single-chain multienzymes characterized by a large, non-catalytic central domain (CD), whose role in ACC regulation remains poorly characterized. ABSTRACT 19 36 crystal structure evidence Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast ACC CD, revealing a unique four-domain organization. ABSTRACT 44 49 yeast taxonomy_domain Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast ACC CD, revealing a unique four-domain organization. ABSTRACT 50 53 ACC protein_type Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast ACC CD, revealing a unique four-domain organization. ABSTRACT 54 56 CD structure_element Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast ACC CD, revealing a unique four-domain organization. ABSTRACT 2 17 regulatory loop structure_element A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 28 42 phosphorylated protein_state A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 65 85 phosphorylation site site A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 89 95 fungal taxonomy_domain A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 96 99 ACC protein_type A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 146 148 CD structure_element A regulatory loop, which is phosphorylated at the key functional phosphorylation site of fungal ACC, wedges into a crevice between two domains of CD. ABSTRACT 14 19 yeast taxonomy_domain Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 20 22 CD structure_element Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 23 32 structure evidence Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 78 94 larger fragments mutant Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 101 107 intact protein_state Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 108 112 ACCs protein_type Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 162 169 dynamic protein_state Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 170 176 fungal taxonomy_domain Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 177 180 ACC protein_type Combining the yeast CD structure with intermediate and low-resolution data of larger fragments up to intact ACCs provides a comprehensive characterization of the dynamic fungal ACC architecture. ABSTRACT 23 35 carboxylases protein_type In contrast to related carboxylases, large-scale conformational changes are required for substrate turnover, and are mediated by the CD under phosphorylation control. ABSTRACT 133 135 CD structure_element In contrast to related carboxylases, large-scale conformational changes are required for substrate turnover, and are mediated by the CD under phosphorylation control. ABSTRACT 142 157 phosphorylation ptm In contrast to related carboxylases, large-scale conformational changes are required for substrate turnover, and are mediated by the CD under phosphorylation control. ABSTRACT 1 24 Acetyl-CoA carboxylases protein_type Acetyl-CoA carboxylases are central regulatory hubs of fatty acid metabolism and are important targets for drug development in obesity and cancer. ABSTRACT 59 73 highly dynamic protein_state Here, the authors demonstrate that the regulation of these highly dynamic enzymes in fungi is governed by a mechanism based on phosphorylation-dependent conformational variability. ABSTRACT 74 81 enzymes protein_type Here, the authors demonstrate that the regulation of these highly dynamic enzymes in fungi is governed by a mechanism based on phosphorylation-dependent conformational variability. ABSTRACT 85 90 fungi taxonomy_domain Here, the authors demonstrate that the regulation of these highly dynamic enzymes in fungi is governed by a mechanism based on phosphorylation-dependent conformational variability. ABSTRACT 127 142 phosphorylation ptm Here, the authors demonstrate that the regulation of these highly dynamic enzymes in fungi is governed by a mechanism based on phosphorylation-dependent conformational variability. ABSTRACT 0 40 Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases protein_type Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 42 46 ACCs protein_type Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 88 91 ATP chemical Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 119 129 acetyl-CoA chemical Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 133 144 malonyl-CoA chemical Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 227 238 fatty acids chemical Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 243 262 fatty-acid synthase protein_type Biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are essential enzymes that catalyse the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction provides the committed activated substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids via fatty-acid synthase. INTRO 66 69 ACC protein_type By catalysing this rate-limiting step in fatty-acid biosynthesis, ACC plays a key role in anabolic metabolism. INTRO 0 36 ACC inhibition and knock-out studies experimental_method ACC inhibition and knock-out studies show the potential of targeting ACC for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. INTRO 69 72 ACC protein_type ACC inhibition and knock-out studies show the potential of targeting ACC for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. INTRO 22 25 ACC protein_type Furthermore, elevated ACC activity is observed in malignant tumours. INTRO 22 25 ACC protein_type A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 70 79 mutations mutant A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 87 122 breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 protein A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 124 129 BRCA1 protein A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 173 178 BRCA1 protein A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 184 187 ACC protein_type A direct link between ACC and cancer is provided by cancer-associated mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), which relieve inhibitory interactions of BRCA1 with ACC. INTRO 6 9 ACC protein_type Thus, ACC is a relevant drug target for type 2 diabetes and cancer. INTRO 0 9 Microbial taxonomy_domain Microbial ACCs are also the principal target of antifungal and antibiotic compounds, such as Soraphen A. INTRO 10 14 ACCs protein_type Microbial ACCs are also the principal target of antifungal and antibiotic compounds, such as Soraphen A. INTRO 93 103 Soraphen A chemical Microbial ACCs are also the principal target of antifungal and antibiotic compounds, such as Soraphen A. INTRO 47 51 ACCs protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 102 118 Escherichia coli species The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 120 127 E. coli species The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 129 132 ACC protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 134 152 Biotin carboxylase protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 154 156 BC protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 172 175 ATP chemical The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 205 211 biotin chemical The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 254 285 biotin carboxyl carrier protein protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 287 291 BCCP protein_type The principal functional protein components of ACCs have been described already in the late 1960s for Escherichia coli (E. coli) ACC: Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyses the ATP-dependent carboxylation of a biotin moiety, which is covalently linked to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP). INTRO 0 19 Carboxyltransferase protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 21 23 CT protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 49 57 carboxyl chemical Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 69 82 carboxybiotin chemical Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 86 96 acetyl-CoA chemical Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 106 117 malonyl-CoA chemical Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 119 130 Prokaryotic taxonomy_domain Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 131 135 ACCs protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 140 149 transient protein_state Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 175 177 BC protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 179 181 CT protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 186 190 BCCP protein_type Carboxyltransferase (CT) transfers the activated carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA. Prokaryotic ACCs are transient assemblies of individual BC, CT and BCCP subunits. INTRO 0 10 Eukaryotic taxonomy_domain Eukaryotic ACCs, instead, are multienzymes, which integrate all functional components into a single polypeptide chain of ∼2,300 amino acids. INTRO 11 15 ACCs protein_type Eukaryotic ACCs, instead, are multienzymes, which integrate all functional components into a single polypeptide chain of ∼2,300 amino acids. INTRO 30 42 multienzymes protein_type Eukaryotic ACCs, instead, are multienzymes, which integrate all functional components into a single polypeptide chain of ∼2,300 amino acids. INTRO 0 5 Human species Human ACC occurs in two closely related isoforms, ACC1 and 2, located in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane, respectively. INTRO 6 9 ACC protein_type Human ACC occurs in two closely related isoforms, ACC1 and 2, located in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane, respectively. INTRO 40 48 isoforms protein_state Human ACC occurs in two closely related isoforms, ACC1 and 2, located in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane, respectively. INTRO 50 54 ACC1 protein Human ACC occurs in two closely related isoforms, ACC1 and 2, located in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane, respectively. INTRO 59 60 2 protein Human ACC occurs in two closely related isoforms, ACC1 and 2, located in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane, respectively. INTRO 29 43 ACC components structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 45 55 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 56 60 ACCs protein_type In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 73 86 non-catalytic protein_state In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 87 94 regions structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 106 120 central domain structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 122 124 CD structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 134 158 BC–CT interaction domain structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 160 162 BT structure_element In addition to the canonical ACC components, eukaryotic ACCs contain two non-catalytic regions, the large central domain (CD) and the BC–CT interaction domain (BT). INTRO 4 6 CD structure_element The CD comprises one-third of the protein and is a unique feature of eukaryotic ACCs without homologues in other proteins. INTRO 51 68 unique feature of protein_state The CD comprises one-third of the protein and is a unique feature of eukaryotic ACCs without homologues in other proteins. INTRO 69 79 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain The CD comprises one-third of the protein and is a unique feature of eukaryotic ACCs without homologues in other proteins. INTRO 80 84 ACCs protein_type The CD comprises one-third of the protein and is a unique feature of eukaryotic ACCs without homologues in other proteins. INTRO 67 82 phosphorylation ptm The function of this domain remains poorly characterized, although phosphorylation of several serine residues in the CD regulates ACC activity. INTRO 94 100 serine residue_name The function of this domain remains poorly characterized, although phosphorylation of several serine residues in the CD regulates ACC activity. INTRO 117 119 CD structure_element The function of this domain remains poorly characterized, although phosphorylation of several serine residues in the CD regulates ACC activity. INTRO 130 133 ACC protein_type The function of this domain remains poorly characterized, although phosphorylation of several serine residues in the CD regulates ACC activity. INTRO 4 6 BT structure_element The BT domain has been visualized in bacterial carboxylases, where it mediates contacts between α- and β-subunits. INTRO 37 46 bacterial taxonomy_domain The BT domain has been visualized in bacterial carboxylases, where it mediates contacts between α- and β-subunits. INTRO 47 59 carboxylases protein_type The BT domain has been visualized in bacterial carboxylases, where it mediates contacts between α- and β-subunits. INTRO 96 98 α- structure_element The BT domain has been visualized in bacterial carboxylases, where it mediates contacts between α- and β-subunits. INTRO 103 113 β-subunits structure_element The BT domain has been visualized in bacterial carboxylases, where it mediates contacts between α- and β-subunits. INTRO 0 18 Structural studies experimental_method Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 53 59 intact protein_state Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 60 64 ACCs protein_type Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 143 152 transient protein_state Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 170 179 bacterial taxonomy_domain Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 180 184 ACCs protein_type Structural studies on the functional architecture of intact ACCs have been hindered by their huge size and pronounced dynamics, as well as the transient assembly mode of bacterial ACCs. INTRO 9 27 crystal structures evidence However, crystal structures of individual components or domains from prokaryotic and eukaryotic ACCs, respectively, have been solved. INTRO 69 80 prokaryotic taxonomy_domain However, crystal structures of individual components or domains from prokaryotic and eukaryotic ACCs, respectively, have been solved. INTRO 85 95 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain However, crystal structures of individual components or domains from prokaryotic and eukaryotic ACCs, respectively, have been solved. INTRO 96 100 ACCs protein_type However, crystal structures of individual components or domains from prokaryotic and eukaryotic ACCs, respectively, have been solved. INTRO 4 27 structure determination experimental_method The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 35 46 holoenzymes protein_state The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 50 59 bacterial taxonomy_domain The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 60 89 biotin-dependent carboxylases protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 97 101 lack protein_state The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 121 123 CD structure_element The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 137 157 pyruvate carboxylase protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 159 161 PC protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 164 189 propionyl-CoA carboxylase protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 191 224 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 231 262 long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase protein_type The structure determination of the holoenzymes of bacterial biotin-dependent carboxylases, which lack the characteristic CD, such as the pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase and a long-chain acyl-CoA carboxylase revealed strikingly divergent architectures despite a general conservation of all functional components. INTRO 9 19 structures evidence In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 25 27 BC protein_type In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 32 34 CT protein_type In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 35 47 active sites site In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 163 180 flexibly tethered protein_state In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 181 185 BCCP protein_type In these structures, the BC and CT active sites are at distances between 40 and 80 Å, such that substrate transfer could be mediated solely by the mobility of the flexibly tethered BCCP. INTRO 0 5 Human species Human ACC1 is regulated allosterically, via specific protein–protein interactions, and by reversible phosphorylation. INTRO 6 10 ACC1 protein Human ACC1 is regulated allosterically, via specific protein–protein interactions, and by reversible phosphorylation. INTRO 14 38 regulated allosterically protein_state Human ACC1 is regulated allosterically, via specific protein–protein interactions, and by reversible phosphorylation. INTRO 101 116 phosphorylation ptm Human ACC1 is regulated allosterically, via specific protein–protein interactions, and by reversible phosphorylation. INTRO 26 31 human species Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 32 36 ACC1 protein Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 76 100 regulated allosterically protein_state Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 118 125 citrate chemical Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 144 153 palmitate chemical Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 190 196 MIG-12 protein Dynamic polymerization of human ACC1 is linked to increased activity and is regulated allosterically by the activator citrate and the inhibitor palmitate, or by binding of the small protein MIG-12 (ref.). INTRO 0 5 Human species Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 6 10 ACC1 protein Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 44 59 phosphorylation ptm Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 81 86 BRCA1 protein Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 90 97 Ser1263 residue_name_number Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 105 107 CD structure_element Human ACC1 is further regulated by specific phosphorylation-dependent binding of BRCA1 to Ser1263 in the CD. INTRO 0 5 BRCA1 protein BRCA1 binds only to the phosphorylated form of ACC1 and prevents ACC activation by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. INTRO 24 38 phosphorylated protein_state BRCA1 binds only to the phosphorylated form of ACC1 and prevents ACC activation by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. INTRO 47 51 ACC1 protein BRCA1 binds only to the phosphorylated form of ACC1 and prevents ACC activation by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. INTRO 65 68 ACC protein_type BRCA1 binds only to the phosphorylated form of ACC1 and prevents ACC activation by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. INTRO 83 94 phosphatase protein_type BRCA1 binds only to the phosphorylated form of ACC1 and prevents ACC activation by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. INTRO 13 28 phosphorylation ptm Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 32 60 AMP-activated protein kinase protein Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 62 66 AMPK protein Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 72 101 cAMP-dependent protein kinase protein Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 103 106 PKA protein Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 131 135 ACC1 protein Furthermore, phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to a decrease in ACC1 activity. INTRO 0 4 AMPK protein AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 20 24 ACC1 protein AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 37 42 Ser80 residue_name_number AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 44 51 Ser1201 residue_name_number AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 56 63 Ser1216 residue_name_number AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 68 71 PKA protein AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 75 80 Ser78 residue_name_number AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 85 92 Ser1201 residue_name_number AMPK phosphorylates ACC1 in vitro at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1216 and PKA at Ser78 and Ser1201. INTRO 31 35 ACC1 protein However, regulatory effects on ACC1 activity are mainly mediated by phosphorylation of Ser80 and Ser1201 (refs). INTRO 68 83 phosphorylation ptm However, regulatory effects on ACC1 activity are mainly mediated by phosphorylation of Ser80 and Ser1201 (refs). INTRO 87 92 Ser80 residue_name_number However, regulatory effects on ACC1 activity are mainly mediated by phosphorylation of Ser80 and Ser1201 (refs). INTRO 97 104 Ser1201 residue_name_number However, regulatory effects on ACC1 activity are mainly mediated by phosphorylation of Ser80 and Ser1201 (refs). INTRO 0 14 Phosphorylated protein_state Phosphorylated Ser80, which is highly conserved only in higher eukaryotes, presumably binds into the Soraphen A-binding pocket. INTRO 15 20 Ser80 residue_name_number Phosphorylated Ser80, which is highly conserved only in higher eukaryotes, presumably binds into the Soraphen A-binding pocket. INTRO 31 47 highly conserved protein_state Phosphorylated Ser80, which is highly conserved only in higher eukaryotes, presumably binds into the Soraphen A-binding pocket. INTRO 56 73 higher eukaryotes taxonomy_domain Phosphorylated Ser80, which is highly conserved only in higher eukaryotes, presumably binds into the Soraphen A-binding pocket. INTRO 101 126 Soraphen A-binding pocket site Phosphorylated Ser80, which is highly conserved only in higher eukaryotes, presumably binds into the Soraphen A-binding pocket. INTRO 15 22 Ser1201 residue_name_number The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 34 55 moderate conservation protein_state The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 63 80 higher eukaryotes taxonomy_domain The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 92 106 phosphorylated protein_state The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 107 114 Ser1216 residue_name_number The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 118 134 highly conserved protein_state The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 146 156 eukaryotes taxonomy_domain The regulatory Ser1201 shows only moderate conservation across higher eukaryotes, while the phosphorylated Ser1216 is highly conserved across all eukaryotes. INTRO 22 29 Ser1216 residue_name_number However, no effect of Ser1216 phosphorylation on ACC activity has been reported in higher eukaryotes. INTRO 30 45 phosphorylation ptm However, no effect of Ser1216 phosphorylation on ACC activity has been reported in higher eukaryotes. INTRO 49 52 ACC protein_type However, no effect of Ser1216 phosphorylation on ACC activity has been reported in higher eukaryotes. INTRO 83 100 higher eukaryotes taxonomy_domain However, no effect of Ser1216 phosphorylation on ACC activity has been reported in higher eukaryotes. INTRO 4 10 fungal taxonomy_domain For fungal ACC, neither spontaneous nor inducible polymerization has been detected despite considerable sequence conservation to human ACC1. INTRO 11 14 ACC protein_type For fungal ACC, neither spontaneous nor inducible polymerization has been detected despite considerable sequence conservation to human ACC1. INTRO 129 134 human species For fungal ACC, neither spontaneous nor inducible polymerization has been detected despite considerable sequence conservation to human ACC1. INTRO 135 139 ACC1 protein For fungal ACC, neither spontaneous nor inducible polymerization has been detected despite considerable sequence conservation to human ACC1. INTRO 4 9 BRCA1 protein The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 22 35 phosphoserine residue_name The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 48 61 not conserved protein_state The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 65 71 fungal taxonomy_domain The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 72 75 ACC protein_type The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 140 146 fungal taxonomy_domain The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 147 150 ACC protein_type The BRCA1-interacting phosphoserine position is not conserved in fungal ACC, and no other phospho-dependent protein–protein interactions of fungal ACC have been described. INTRO 3 8 yeast taxonomy_domain In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 9 12 ACC protein_type In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 14 35 phosphorylation sites site In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 60 64 Ser2 residue_name_number In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 66 72 Ser735 residue_name_number In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 74 81 Ser1148 residue_name_number In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 83 90 Ser1157 residue_name_number In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 95 102 Ser1162 residue_name_number In yeast ACC, phosphorylation sites have been identified at Ser2, Ser735, Ser1148, Ser1157 and Ser1162 (ref.). INTRO 15 22 Ser1157 residue_name_number Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 26 42 highly conserved protein_state Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 46 52 fungal taxonomy_domain Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 53 56 ACC protein_type Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 61 70 aligns to experimental_method Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 71 78 Ser1216 residue_name_number Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 82 87 human species Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 88 92 ACC1 protein Of these, only Ser1157 is highly conserved in fungal ACC and aligns to Ser1216 in human ACC1. INTRO 4 19 phosphorylation ptm Its phosphorylation by the AMPK homologue SNF1 results in strongly reduced ACC activity. INTRO 27 31 AMPK protein Its phosphorylation by the AMPK homologue SNF1 results in strongly reduced ACC activity. INTRO 42 46 SNF1 protein Its phosphorylation by the AMPK homologue SNF1 results in strongly reduced ACC activity. INTRO 75 78 ACC protein_type Its phosphorylation by the AMPK homologue SNF1 results in strongly reduced ACC activity. INTRO 37 40 ACC protein_type Despite the outstanding relevance of ACC in primary metabolism and disease, the dynamic organization and regulation of the giant eukaryotic, and in particular fungal ACC, remain poorly characterized. INTRO 129 139 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain Despite the outstanding relevance of ACC in primary metabolism and disease, the dynamic organization and regulation of the giant eukaryotic, and in particular fungal ACC, remain poorly characterized. INTRO 159 165 fungal taxonomy_domain Despite the outstanding relevance of ACC in primary metabolism and disease, the dynamic organization and regulation of the giant eukaryotic, and in particular fungal ACC, remain poorly characterized. INTRO 166 169 ACC protein_type Despite the outstanding relevance of ACC in primary metabolism and disease, the dynamic organization and regulation of the giant eukaryotic, and in particular fungal ACC, remain poorly characterized. INTRO 20 29 structure evidence Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 33 57 Saccharomyces cerevisiae species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 59 62 Sce species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 64 67 ACC protein_type Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 68 70 CD structure_element Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 105 115 structures evidence Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 119 124 human species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 126 129 Hsa species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 131 134 ACC protein_type Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 135 137 CD structure_element Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 142 158 larger fragments mutant Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 162 168 fungal taxonomy_domain Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 169 172 ACC protein_type Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 178 201 Chaetomium thermophilum species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 203 206 Cth species Here we provide the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) ACC CD, intermediate- and low-resolution structures of human (Hsa) ACC CD and larger fragments of fungal ACC from Chaetomium thermophilum (Cth; Fig. 1a). INTRO 28 56 small-angle X-ray scattering experimental_method Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 58 62 SAXS experimental_method Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 68 87 electron microscopy experimental_method Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 89 91 EM experimental_method Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 186 192 fungal taxonomy_domain Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 193 196 ACC protein_type Integrating these data with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy (EM) observations yield a comprehensive representation of the dynamic structure and regulation of fungal ACC. INTRO 24 29 yeast taxonomy_domain The organization of the yeast ACC CD RESULTS 30 33 ACC protein_type The organization of the yeast ACC CD RESULTS 34 36 CD structure_element The organization of the yeast ACC CD RESULTS 21 44 structure determination experimental_method First, we focused on structure determination of the 82-kDa CD. RESULTS 59 61 CD structure_element First, we focused on structure determination of the 82-kDa CD. RESULTS 4 21 crystal structure evidence The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 29 31 CD structure_element The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 35 41 SceACC protein The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 43 46 Sce species The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 46 48 CD structure_element The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 88 108 experimental phasing experimental_method The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 113 120 refined experimental_method The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 124 129 Rwork evidence The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 130 135 Rfree evidence The crystal structure of the CD of SceACC (SceCD) was determined at 3.0 Å resolution by experimental phasing and refined to Rwork/Rfree=0.20/0.24 (Table 1). RESULTS 26 29 Sce species The overall extent of the SceCD is 70 by 75 Å (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1a,b), and the attachment points of the N-terminal 26-residue linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are separated by 46 Å (the N- and C termini are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1b). RESULTS 29 31 CD structure_element The overall extent of the SceCD is 70 by 75 Å (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1a,b), and the attachment points of the N-terminal 26-residue linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are separated by 46 Å (the N- and C termini are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1b). RESULTS 129 146 26-residue linker structure_element The overall extent of the SceCD is 70 by 75 Å (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1a,b), and the attachment points of the N-terminal 26-residue linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are separated by 46 Å (the N- and C termini are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1b). RESULTS 154 158 BCCP structure_element The overall extent of the SceCD is 70 by 75 Å (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1a,b), and the attachment points of the N-terminal 26-residue linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are separated by 46 Å (the N- and C termini are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1b). RESULTS 185 187 CT structure_element The overall extent of the SceCD is 70 by 75 Å (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1a,b), and the attachment points of the N-terminal 26-residue linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are separated by 46 Å (the N- and C termini are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1b). RESULTS 0 3 Sce species SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 3 5 CD structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 53 69 α-helical domain structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 71 74 CDN structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 91 122 four-helix bundle linker domain structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 124 127 CDL structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 146 173 α–β-fold C-terminal domains structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 175 179 CDC1 structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 180 184 CDC2 structure_element SceCD comprises four distinct domains, an N-terminal α-helical domain (CDN), and a central four-helix bundle linker domain (CDL), followed by two α–β-fold C-terminal domains (CDC1/CDC2). RESULTS 0 3 CDN structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 20 27 C shape protein_state CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 56 81 regular four-helix bundle structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 83 88 Nα3-6 structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 110 125 helical hairpin structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 127 132 Nα8,9 structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 142 157 bridging region structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 172 179 helices structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 181 194 Nα1,2,7,10–12 structure_element CDN adopts a letter C shape, where one of the ends is a regular four-helix bundle (Nα3-6), the other end is a helical hairpin (Nα8,9) and the bridging region comprises six helices (Nα1,2,7,10–12). RESULTS 0 3 CDL structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 21 55 small, irregular four-helix bundle structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 57 62 Lα1–4 structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 108 112 CDC1 structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 120 129 interface site CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 152 159 helices structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 160 163 Lα3 structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 168 171 Lα4 structure_element CDL is composed of a small, irregular four-helix bundle (Lα1–4) and tightly interacts with the open face of CDC1 via an interface of 1,300 Å2 involving helices Lα3 and Lα4. RESULTS 0 3 CDL structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 27 30 CDN structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 97 101 CDC2 structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 108 112 loop structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 121 127 Lα2/α3 structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 154 157 Lα1 structure_element CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 167 176 interface site CDL does not interact with CDN apart from the covalent linkage and forms only a small contact to CDC2 via a loop between Lα2/α3 and the N-terminal end of Lα1, with an interface area of 400 Å2. RESULTS 0 4 CDC1 structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 5 9 CDC2 structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 52 73 six-stranded β-sheets structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 101 119 long, bent helices structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 137 144 strands structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 145 150 β3/β4 structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 155 160 β4/β5 structure_element CDC1/CDC2 share a common fold; they are composed of six-stranded β-sheets flanked on one side by two long, bent helices inserted between strands β3/β4 and β4/β5. RESULTS 0 4 CDC2 structure_element CDC2 is extended at its C terminus by an additional β-strand and an irregular β-hairpin. RESULTS 8 16 extended protein_state CDC2 is extended at its C terminus by an additional β-strand and an irregular β-hairpin. RESULTS 52 60 β-strand structure_element CDC2 is extended at its C terminus by an additional β-strand and an irregular β-hairpin. RESULTS 68 87 irregular β-hairpin structure_element CDC2 is extended at its C terminus by an additional β-strand and an irregular β-hairpin. RESULTS 18 44 root mean square deviation evidence On the basis of a root mean square deviation of main chain atom positions of 2.2 Å, CDC1/CDC2 are structurally more closely related to each other than to any other protein (Fig. 1c); they may thus have evolved by duplication. RESULTS 84 88 CDC1 structure_element On the basis of a root mean square deviation of main chain atom positions of 2.2 Å, CDC1/CDC2 are structurally more closely related to each other than to any other protein (Fig. 1c); they may thus have evolved by duplication. RESULTS 89 93 CDC2 structure_element On the basis of a root mean square deviation of main chain atom positions of 2.2 Å, CDC1/CDC2 are structurally more closely related to each other than to any other protein (Fig. 1c); they may thus have evolved by duplication. RESULTS 55 58 CDN structure_element Close structural homologues could not be found for the CDN or the CDC domains. RESULTS 66 69 CDC structure_element Close structural homologues could not be found for the CDN or the CDC domains. RESULTS 2 17 regulatory loop structure_element A regulatory loop mediates interdomain interactions RESULTS 34 55 insect-cell-expressed experimental_method To define the functional state of insect-cell-expressed ACC variants, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) for phosphorylation site detection. RESULTS 56 59 ACC protein_type To define the functional state of insect-cell-expressed ACC variants, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) for phosphorylation site detection. RESULTS 82 99 mass spectrometry experimental_method To define the functional state of insect-cell-expressed ACC variants, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) for phosphorylation site detection. RESULTS 101 103 MS experimental_method To define the functional state of insect-cell-expressed ACC variants, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) for phosphorylation site detection. RESULTS 109 139 phosphorylation site detection experimental_method To define the functional state of insect-cell-expressed ACC variants, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) for phosphorylation site detection. RESULTS 3 24 insect-cell-expressed experimental_method In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 25 36 full-length protein_state In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 37 43 SceACC protein In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 49 65 highly conserved protein_state In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 66 73 Ser1157 residue_name_number In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 86 100 fully occupied protein_state In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 101 121 phosphorylation site site In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 151 164 S. cerevisiae species In insect-cell-expressed full-length SceACC, the highly conserved Ser1157 is the only fully occupied phosphorylation site with functional relevance in S. cerevisiae. RESULTS 11 26 phosphorylation ptm Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 44 51 Ser2101 residue_name_number Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 56 63 Tyr2179 residue_name_number Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 90 107 neither conserved protein_state Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 115 121 fungal taxonomy_domain Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 122 125 ACC protein_type Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 126 153 nor natively phosphorylated protein_state Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 157 162 yeast taxonomy_domain Additional phosphorylation was detected for Ser2101 and Tyr2179; however, these sites are neither conserved across fungal ACC nor natively phosphorylated in yeast. RESULTS 0 2 MS experimental_method MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 15 33 dissolved crystals experimental_method MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 48 62 phosphorylated protein_state MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 72 79 Ser1157 residue_name_number MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 88 91 Sce species MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 91 93 CD structure_element MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 94 102 crystals evidence MS analysis of dissolved crystals confirmed the phosphorylated state of Ser1157 also in SceCD crystals. RESULTS 4 7 Sce species The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 7 9 CD structure_element The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 10 19 structure evidence The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 63 69 SceACC protein The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 81 87 enzyme protein The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 91 100 inhibited protein_state The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 104 134 SNF1-dependent phosphorylation ptm The SceCD structure thus authentically represents the state of SceACC, where the enzyme is inhibited by SNF1-dependent phosphorylation. RESULTS 7 10 Sce species In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 10 12 CD structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 13 30 crystal structure evidence In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 36 50 phosphorylated protein_state In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 51 58 Ser1157 residue_name_number In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 72 101 regulatory 36-amino-acid loop structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 110 117 strands structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 118 120 β2 structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 125 127 β3 structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 131 135 CDC1 structure_element In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 179 193 less-conserved protein_state In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 194 215 phosphorylation sites site In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 217 224 Ser1148 residue_name_number In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 229 236 Ser1162 residue_name_number In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 251 256 yeast taxonomy_domain In the SceCD crystal structure, the phosphorylated Ser1157 resides in a regulatory 36-amino-acid loop between strands β2 and β3 of CDC1 (Fig. 1b,d), which contains two additional less-conserved phosphorylation sites (Ser1148 and Ser1162) confirmed in yeast, but not occupied here. RESULTS 5 20 regulatory loop structure_element This regulatory loop wedges between the CDC1 and CDC2 domains and provides the largest contribution to the interdomain interface. RESULTS 40 44 CDC1 structure_element This regulatory loop wedges between the CDC1 and CDC2 domains and provides the largest contribution to the interdomain interface. RESULTS 49 53 CDC2 structure_element This regulatory loop wedges between the CDC1 and CDC2 domains and provides the largest contribution to the interdomain interface. RESULTS 107 128 interdomain interface site This regulatory loop wedges between the CDC1 and CDC2 domains and provides the largest contribution to the interdomain interface. RESULTS 29 44 regulatory loop structure_element The N-terminal region of the regulatory loop also directly contacts the C-terminal region of CDC2 leading into CT. RESULTS 93 97 CDC2 structure_element The N-terminal region of the regulatory loop also directly contacts the C-terminal region of CDC2 leading into CT. RESULTS 111 113 CT structure_element The N-terminal region of the regulatory loop also directly contacts the C-terminal region of CDC2 leading into CT. RESULTS 0 18 Phosphoserine 1157 residue_name_number Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 43 59 highly conserved protein_state Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 60 69 arginines residue_name Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 71 78 Arg1173 residue_name_number Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 83 90 Arg1260 residue_name_number Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 95 99 CDC1 structure_element Phosphoserine 1157 is tightly bound by two highly conserved arginines (Arg1173 and Arg1260) of CDC1 (Fig. 1d). RESULTS 23 37 phosphorylated protein_state Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 38 45 Ser1157 residue_name_number Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 72 87 regulatory loop structure_element Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 116 137 phosphorylation sites site Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 138 145 Ser1148 residue_name_number Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 150 157 Ser1162 residue_name_number Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 165 174 same loop structure_element Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 236 251 regulatory loop structure_element Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 260 264 CDC1 structure_element Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 269 273 CDC2 structure_element Already the binding of phosphorylated Ser1157 apparently stabilizes the regulatory loop conformation; the accessory phosphorylation sites Ser1148 and Ser1162 in the same loop may further modulate the strength of interaction between the regulatory loop and the CDC1 and CDC2 domains. RESULTS 0 15 Phosphorylation ptm Phosphorylation of the regulatory loop thus determines interdomain interactions of CDC1 and CDC2, suggesting that it may exert its regulatory function by modifying the overall structure and dynamics of the CD. RESULTS 23 38 regulatory loop structure_element Phosphorylation of the regulatory loop thus determines interdomain interactions of CDC1 and CDC2, suggesting that it may exert its regulatory function by modifying the overall structure and dynamics of the CD. RESULTS 83 87 CDC1 structure_element Phosphorylation of the regulatory loop thus determines interdomain interactions of CDC1 and CDC2, suggesting that it may exert its regulatory function by modifying the overall structure and dynamics of the CD. RESULTS 92 96 CDC2 structure_element Phosphorylation of the regulatory loop thus determines interdomain interactions of CDC1 and CDC2, suggesting that it may exert its regulatory function by modifying the overall structure and dynamics of the CD. RESULTS 206 208 CD structure_element Phosphorylation of the regulatory loop thus determines interdomain interactions of CDC1 and CDC2, suggesting that it may exert its regulatory function by modifying the overall structure and dynamics of the CD. RESULTS 23 30 Ser1157 residue_name_number The functional role of Ser1157 was confirmed by an activity assay based on the incorporation of radioactive carbonate into acid non-volatile material. RESULTS 51 65 activity assay experimental_method The functional role of Ser1157 was confirmed by an activity assay based on the incorporation of radioactive carbonate into acid non-volatile material. RESULTS 0 14 Phosphorylated protein_state Phosphorylated SceACC shows only residual activity (kcat=0.4±0.2 s−1, s.d. based on five replicate measurements), which increases 16-fold (kcat=6.5±0.3 s−1) after dephosphorylation with λ protein phosphatase. RESULTS 15 21 SceACC protein Phosphorylated SceACC shows only residual activity (kcat=0.4±0.2 s−1, s.d. based on five replicate measurements), which increases 16-fold (kcat=6.5±0.3 s−1) after dephosphorylation with λ protein phosphatase. RESULTS 52 56 kcat evidence Phosphorylated SceACC shows only residual activity (kcat=0.4±0.2 s−1, s.d. based on five replicate measurements), which increases 16-fold (kcat=6.5±0.3 s−1) after dephosphorylation with λ protein phosphatase. RESULTS 139 143 kcat evidence Phosphorylated SceACC shows only residual activity (kcat=0.4±0.2 s−1, s.d. based on five replicate measurements), which increases 16-fold (kcat=6.5±0.3 s−1) after dephosphorylation with λ protein phosphatase. RESULTS 186 207 λ protein phosphatase protein_type Phosphorylated SceACC shows only residual activity (kcat=0.4±0.2 s−1, s.d. based on five replicate measurements), which increases 16-fold (kcat=6.5±0.3 s−1) after dephosphorylation with λ protein phosphatase. RESULTS 24 40 dephosphorylated protein_state The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 41 47 SceACC protein The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 90 108 non-phosphorylated protein_state The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 109 114 yeast taxonomy_domain The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 115 118 ACC protein_type The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 119 131 expressed in experimental_method The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 132 139 E. coli species The values obtained for dephosphorylated SceACC are comparable to earlier measurements of non-phosphorylated yeast ACC expressed in E. coli. RESULTS 13 15 CD structure_element The variable CD is conserved between yeast and human RESULTS 19 28 conserved protein_state The variable CD is conserved between yeast and human RESULTS 37 42 yeast taxonomy_domain The variable CD is conserved between yeast and human RESULTS 47 52 human species The variable CD is conserved between yeast and human RESULTS 31 37 fungal taxonomy_domain To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 42 47 human species To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 48 51 ACC protein_type To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 52 54 CD structure_element To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 59 83 determined the structure experimental_method To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 89 94 human species To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 95 108 ACC1 fragment mutant To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 128 130 BT structure_element To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 135 137 CD structure_element To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 147 155 HsaBT-CD mutant To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 162 167 lacks protein_state To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 179 183 BCCP structure_element To compare the organization of fungal and human ACC CD, we determined the structure of a human ACC1 fragment that comprises the BT and CD domains (HsaBT-CD), but lacks the mobile BCCP in between (Fig. 1a). RESULTS 3 28 experimentally phased map evidence An experimentally phased map was obtained at 3.7 Å resolution for a cadmium-derivatized crystal and was interpreted by a poly-alanine model (Fig. 1e and Table 1). RESULTS 68 75 cadmium chemical An experimentally phased map was obtained at 3.7 Å resolution for a cadmium-derivatized crystal and was interpreted by a poly-alanine model (Fig. 1e and Table 1). RESULTS 17 19 CD structure_element Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 31 39 HsaBT-CD mutant Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 81 84 Sce species Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 84 86 CD structure_element Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 104 109 human species Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 114 119 yeast taxonomy_domain Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 120 123 CDs structure_element Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 149 159 structures evidence Each of the four CD domains in HsaBT-CD individually resembles the corresponding SceCD domain; however, human and yeast CDs exhibit distinct overall structures. RESULTS 45 48 Sce species In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 48 50 CD structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 88 91 CDL structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 96 100 CDC1 structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 117 125 HsaBT-CD mutant In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 135 140 human species In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 141 144 CDL structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 145 149 CDC1 structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 187 200 superposition experimental_method In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 204 209 human species In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 214 219 yeast taxonomy_domain In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 220 224 CDC2 structure_element In agreement with their tight interaction in SceCD, the relative spatial arrangement of CDL and CDC1 is preserved in HsaBT-CD, but the human CDL/CDC1 didomain is tilted by 30° based on a superposition of human and yeast CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 1c). RESULTS 31 34 CDL structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 38 43 helix structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 44 47 Lα1 structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 67 70 CDN structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 104 107 CDN structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 111 119 HsaBT-CD mutant As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 176 179 Sce species As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 179 181 CD structure_element As a result, the N terminus of CDL at helix Lα1, which connects to CDN, is shifted by 12 Å. Remarkably, CDN of HsaBT-CD adopts a completely different orientation compared with SceCD. RESULTS 5 8 CDL structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 9 13 CDC1 structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 14 24 superposed experimental_method With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 26 29 CDN structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 33 41 HsaBT-CD mutant With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 70 75 hinge structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 97 100 CDN structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 101 104 CDL structure_element With CDL/CDC1 superposed, CDN in HsaBT-CD is rotated by 160° around a hinge at the connection of CDN/CDL (Supplementary Fig. 1d). RESULTS 42 45 CDN structure_element This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 49 57 HsaBT-CD mutant This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 80 83 Sce species This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 83 85 CD structure_element This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 156 162 linker structure_element This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 170 181 BCCP domain structure_element This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 201 203 CT structure_element This rotation displaces the N terminus of CDN in HsaBT-CD by 51 Å compared with SceCD, resulting in a separation of the attachment points of the N-terminal linker to the BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain by 67 Å (the attachment points are indicated with spheres in Fig. 1e). RESULTS 4 6 BT structure_element The BT domain of HsaBT-CD consists of a helix that is surrounded at its N terminus by an antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel. RESULTS 17 25 HsaBT-CD mutant The BT domain of HsaBT-CD consists of a helix that is surrounded at its N terminus by an antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel. RESULTS 40 45 helix structure_element The BT domain of HsaBT-CD consists of a helix that is surrounded at its N terminus by an antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel. RESULTS 89 125 antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel structure_element The BT domain of HsaBT-CD consists of a helix that is surrounded at its N terminus by an antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel. RESULTS 17 19 BT structure_element It resembles the BT of propionyl-CoA carboxylase; only the four C-terminal strands of the β-barrel are slightly tilted. RESULTS 23 48 propionyl-CoA carboxylase protein_type It resembles the BT of propionyl-CoA carboxylase; only the four C-terminal strands of the β-barrel are slightly tilted. RESULTS 75 98 strands of the β-barrel structure_element It resembles the BT of propionyl-CoA carboxylase; only the four C-terminal strands of the β-barrel are slightly tilted. RESULTS 16 18 MS experimental_method On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 31 52 insect-cell-expressed experimental_method On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 53 58 human species On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 59 70 full-length protein_state On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 71 74 ACC protein_type On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 76 81 Ser80 residue_name_number On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 110 125 phosphorylation ptm On the basis of MS analysis of insect-cell-expressed human full-length ACC, Ser80 shows the highest degree of phosphorylation (90%). RESULTS 0 5 Ser29 residue_name_number Ser29 and Ser1263, implicated in insulin-dependent phosphorylation and BRCA1 binding, respectively, are phosphorylated at intermediate levels (40%). RESULTS 10 17 Ser1263 residue_name_number Ser29 and Ser1263, implicated in insulin-dependent phosphorylation and BRCA1 binding, respectively, are phosphorylated at intermediate levels (40%). RESULTS 33 66 insulin-dependent phosphorylation ptm Ser29 and Ser1263, implicated in insulin-dependent phosphorylation and BRCA1 binding, respectively, are phosphorylated at intermediate levels (40%). RESULTS 71 76 BRCA1 protein Ser29 and Ser1263, implicated in insulin-dependent phosphorylation and BRCA1 binding, respectively, are phosphorylated at intermediate levels (40%). RESULTS 104 118 phosphorylated protein_state Ser29 and Ser1263, implicated in insulin-dependent phosphorylation and BRCA1 binding, respectively, are phosphorylated at intermediate levels (40%). RESULTS 4 20 highly conserved protein_state The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 21 28 Ser1216 residue_name_number The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 47 60 S. cerevisiae species The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 61 68 Ser1157 residue_name_number The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 82 89 Ser1201 residue_name_number The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 103 118 regulatory loop structure_element The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 140 158 not phosphorylated protein_state The highly conserved Ser1216 (corresponding to S. cerevisiae Ser1157), as well as Ser1201, both in the regulatory loop discussed above, are not phosphorylated. RESULTS 18 33 phosphorylation ptm However, residual phosphorylation levels were detected for Ser1204 (7%) and Ser1218 (7%) in the same loop. RESULTS 59 66 Ser1204 residue_name_number However, residual phosphorylation levels were detected for Ser1204 (7%) and Ser1218 (7%) in the same loop. RESULTS 76 83 Ser1218 residue_name_number However, residual phosphorylation levels were detected for Ser1204 (7%) and Ser1218 (7%) in the same loop. RESULTS 96 105 same loop structure_element However, residual phosphorylation levels were detected for Ser1204 (7%) and Ser1218 (7%) in the same loop. RESULTS 0 2 MS experimental_method MS analysis of the HsaBT-CD crystallization sample reveals partial proteolytic digestion of the regulatory loop. RESULTS 19 27 HsaBT-CD mutant MS analysis of the HsaBT-CD crystallization sample reveals partial proteolytic digestion of the regulatory loop. RESULTS 28 50 crystallization sample evidence MS analysis of the HsaBT-CD crystallization sample reveals partial proteolytic digestion of the regulatory loop. RESULTS 96 111 regulatory loop structure_element MS analysis of the HsaBT-CD crystallization sample reveals partial proteolytic digestion of the regulatory loop. RESULTS 21 30 this loop structure_element Accordingly, most of this loop is not represented in the HsaBT-CD crystal structure. RESULTS 57 65 HsaBT-CD mutant Accordingly, most of this loop is not represented in the HsaBT-CD crystal structure. RESULTS 66 83 crystal structure evidence Accordingly, most of this loop is not represented in the HsaBT-CD crystal structure. RESULTS 4 14 absence of protein_state The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 19 34 regulatory loop structure_element The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 58 73 less-restrained protein_state The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 74 83 interface site The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 87 90 CDL structure_element The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 91 95 CDC1 structure_element The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 100 104 CDC2 structure_element The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 148 155 domains structure_element The absence of the regulatory loop might be linked to the less-restrained interface of CDL/CDC1 and CDC2 and altered relative orientations of these domains. RESULTS 12 27 regulatory loop structure_element Besides the regulatory loop, also the phosphopeptide target region for BRCA1 interaction is not resolved presumably because of pronounced flexibility. RESULTS 38 66 phosphopeptide target region site Besides the regulatory loop, also the phosphopeptide target region for BRCA1 interaction is not resolved presumably because of pronounced flexibility. RESULTS 71 76 BRCA1 protein Besides the regulatory loop, also the phosphopeptide target region for BRCA1 interaction is not resolved presumably because of pronounced flexibility. RESULTS 16 24 isolated experimental_method At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 25 30 yeast taxonomy_domain At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 35 40 human species At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 41 43 CD structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 49 68 structural analysis experimental_method At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 108 114 hinges structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 156 174 CDN/CDL connection structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 216 219 CDL structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 220 224 CDC1 structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 229 233 CDC2 structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 257 272 phosphorylation ptm At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 280 295 regulatory loop structure_element At the level of isolated yeast and human CD, the structural analysis indicates the presence of at least two hinges, one with large-scale flexibility at the CDN/CDL connection, and one with tunable plasticity between CDL/CDC1 and CDC2, plausibly affected by phosphorylation in the regulatory loop region. RESULTS 19 21 CD structure_element The integration of CD into the fungal ACC multienzyme RESULTS 31 37 fungal taxonomy_domain The integration of CD into the fungal ACC multienzyme RESULTS 38 53 ACC multienzyme protein_type The integration of CD into the fungal ACC multienzyme RESULTS 63 69 fungal taxonomy_domain To further obtain insights into the functional architecture of fungal ACC, we characterized larger multidomain fragments up to the intact enzymes. RESULTS 70 73 ACC protein_type To further obtain insights into the functional architecture of fungal ACC, we characterized larger multidomain fragments up to the intact enzymes. RESULTS 92 120 larger multidomain fragments mutant To further obtain insights into the functional architecture of fungal ACC, we characterized larger multidomain fragments up to the intact enzymes. RESULTS 131 137 intact protein_state To further obtain insights into the functional architecture of fungal ACC, we characterized larger multidomain fragments up to the intact enzymes. RESULTS 138 145 enzymes protein To further obtain insights into the functional architecture of fungal ACC, we characterized larger multidomain fragments up to the intact enzymes. RESULTS 6 27 molecular replacement experimental_method Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 37 43 fungal taxonomy_domain Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 44 47 ACC protein_type Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 48 50 CD structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 55 57 CT structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 78 88 structures evidence Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 94 101 variant mutant Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 113 116 Cth species Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 116 118 CT structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 123 127 CDC1 structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 128 132 CDC2 structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 136 153 two crystal forms evidence Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 187 202 CthCD-CTCter1/2 mutant Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 235 238 Cth species Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 238 240 CT structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 262 264 CD structure_element Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 286 294 CthCD-CT mutant Using molecular replacement based on fungal ACC CD and CT models, we obtained structures of a variant comprising CthCT and CDC1/CDC2 in two crystal forms at resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 Å (CthCD-CTCter1/2), respectively, as well as of a CthCT linked to the entire CD at 7.2 Å resolution (CthCD-CT; Figs 1a and 2, Table 1). RESULTS 67 97 larger BC-containing fragments mutant No crystals diffracting to sufficient resolution were obtained for larger BC-containing fragments, or for full-length Cth or SceACC. RESULTS 106 117 full-length protein_state No crystals diffracting to sufficient resolution were obtained for larger BC-containing fragments, or for full-length Cth or SceACC. RESULTS 118 121 Cth species No crystals diffracting to sufficient resolution were obtained for larger BC-containing fragments, or for full-length Cth or SceACC. RESULTS 125 131 SceACC protein No crystals diffracting to sufficient resolution were obtained for larger BC-containing fragments, or for full-length Cth or SceACC. RESULTS 3 28 improve crystallizability experimental_method To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 33 42 generated experimental_method To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 43 57 ΔBCCP variants mutant To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 61 72 full-length protein_state To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 73 76 ACC protein_type To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 94 107 SAXS analysis experimental_method To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 132 138 intact protein_state To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 139 142 ACC protein_type To improve crystallizability, we generated ΔBCCP variants of full-length ACC, which, based on SAXS analysis, preserve properties of intact ACC (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 4 12 CthΔBCCP mutant For CthΔBCCP, crystals diffracting to 8.4 Å resolution were obtained. RESULTS 14 22 crystals evidence For CthΔBCCP, crystals diffracting to 8.4 Å resolution were obtained. RESULTS 9 30 molecular replacement experimental_method However, molecular replacement did not reveal a unique positioning of the BC domain. RESULTS 74 76 BC structure_element However, molecular replacement did not reveal a unique positioning of the BC domain. RESULTS 50 60 structures evidence Owing to the limited resolution the discussion of structures of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP is restricted to the analysis of domain localization. RESULTS 64 72 CthCD-CT mutant Owing to the limited resolution the discussion of structures of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP is restricted to the analysis of domain localization. RESULTS 77 85 CthΔBCCP mutant Owing to the limited resolution the discussion of structures of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP is restricted to the analysis of domain localization. RESULTS 7 23 these structures evidence Still, these structures contribute considerably to the visualization of an intrinsically dynamic fungal ACC. RESULTS 89 96 dynamic protein_state Still, these structures contribute considerably to the visualization of an intrinsically dynamic fungal ACC. RESULTS 97 103 fungal taxonomy_domain Still, these structures contribute considerably to the visualization of an intrinsically dynamic fungal ACC. RESULTS 104 107 ACC protein_type Still, these structures contribute considerably to the visualization of an intrinsically dynamic fungal ACC. RESULTS 13 31 crystal structures evidence In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 37 39 CT structure_element In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 66 78 head-to-tail protein_state In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 79 84 dimer oligomeric_state In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 91 103 active sites site In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 138 147 protomers oligomeric_state In all these crystal structures, the CT domains build a canonical head-to-tail dimer, with active sites formed by contributions from both protomers (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 3a). RESULTS 4 14 connection structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 18 20 CD structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 25 27 CT structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 45 71 10-residue peptide stretch residue_range The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 103 105 CT structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 113 151 irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 155 159 CDC2 structure_element The connection of CD and CT is provided by a 10-residue peptide stretch, which links the N terminus of CT to the irregular β-hairpin/β-strand extension of CDC2 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). RESULTS 4 21 connecting region structure_element The connecting region is remarkably similar in isolated CD and CthCD-CTCter structures, indicating inherent conformational stability. RESULTS 47 55 isolated protein_state The connecting region is remarkably similar in isolated CD and CthCD-CTCter structures, indicating inherent conformational stability. RESULTS 56 58 CD structure_element The connecting region is remarkably similar in isolated CD and CthCD-CTCter structures, indicating inherent conformational stability. RESULTS 63 75 CthCD-CTCter mutant The connecting region is remarkably similar in isolated CD and CthCD-CTCter structures, indicating inherent conformational stability. RESULTS 76 86 structures evidence The connecting region is remarkably similar in isolated CD and CthCD-CTCter structures, indicating inherent conformational stability. RESULTS 0 2 CD structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 3 5 CT structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 90 109 β-hairpin extension structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 113 117 CDC2 structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 133 137 loop structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 146 159 strands β2/β3 structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 167 176 CT N-lobe structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 195 204 conserved protein_state CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 205 217 RxxGxN motif structure_element CD/CT contacts are only formed in direct vicinity of the covalent linkage and involve the β-hairpin extension of CDC2 as well as the loop between strands β2/β3 of the CT N-lobe, which contains a conserved RxxGxN motif. RESULTS 17 21 loop structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 29 31 CT structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 46 48 CT structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 49 51 β1 structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 52 54 β2 structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 90 98 isolated protein_state The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 99 101 CT structure_element The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 102 112 structures evidence The neighbouring loop on the CT side (between CT β1/β2) is displaced by 2.5 Å compared to isolated CT structures (Supplementary Fig. 3c). RESULTS 98 107 interface site On the basis of an interface area of ∼600 Å2 and its edge-to-edge connection characteristics, the interface between CT and CD might be classified as conformationally variable. RESULTS 116 118 CT structure_element On the basis of an interface area of ∼600 Å2 and its edge-to-edge connection characteristics, the interface between CT and CD might be classified as conformationally variable. RESULTS 123 125 CD structure_element On the basis of an interface area of ∼600 Å2 and its edge-to-edge connection characteristics, the interface between CT and CD might be classified as conformationally variable. RESULTS 87 89 CD structure_element Indeed, the comparison of the positioning of eight instances of the C-terminal part of CD relative to CT in crystal structures determined here, reveals flexible interdomain linking (Fig. 3a). RESULTS 102 104 CT structure_element Indeed, the comparison of the positioning of eight instances of the C-terminal part of CD relative to CT in crystal structures determined here, reveals flexible interdomain linking (Fig. 3a). RESULTS 108 126 crystal structures evidence Indeed, the comparison of the positioning of eight instances of the C-terminal part of CD relative to CT in crystal structures determined here, reveals flexible interdomain linking (Fig. 3a). RESULTS 127 137 determined experimental_method Indeed, the comparison of the positioning of eight instances of the C-terminal part of CD relative to CT in crystal structures determined here, reveals flexible interdomain linking (Fig. 3a). RESULTS 4 21 CDC2/CT interface site The CDC2/CT interface acts as a true hinge with observed rotation up to 16°, which results in a translocation of the distal end of CDC2 by 8 Å. RESULTS 32 42 true hinge structure_element The CDC2/CT interface acts as a true hinge with observed rotation up to 16°, which results in a translocation of the distal end of CDC2 by 8 Å. RESULTS 131 135 CDC2 structure_element The CDC2/CT interface acts as a true hinge with observed rotation up to 16°, which results in a translocation of the distal end of CDC2 by 8 Å. RESULTS 4 13 interface site The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 22 26 CDC2 structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 31 34 CDL structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 35 39 CDC1 structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 66 80 phosphorylated protein_state The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 81 96 regulatory loop structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 104 107 Sce species The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 107 109 CD structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 110 119 structure evidence The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 147 161 CD–CT junction structure_element The interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1, which is mediated by the phosphorylated regulatory loop in the SceCD structure, is less variable than the CD–CT junction, and permits only limited rotation and tilting (Fig. 3b). RESULTS 26 41 phosphorylation ptm Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 49 58 interface site Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 67 71 CDC2 structure_element Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 76 79 CDL structure_element Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 80 84 CDC1 structure_element Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 88 102 CthACC variant mutant Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 103 113 structures evidence Analysis of the impact of phosphorylation on the interface between CDC2 and CDL/CDC1 in CthACC variant structures is precluded by the limited crystallographic resolution. RESULTS 9 11 MS experimental_method However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 24 32 CthCD-CT mutant However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 37 45 CthΔBCCP mutant However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 85 100 phosphorylation ptm However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 104 111 Ser1170 residue_name_number However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 130 136 SceACC protein However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 137 144 Ser1157 residue_name_number However, MS analysis of CthCD-CT and CthΔBCCP constructs revealed between 60 and 70% phosphorylation of Ser1170 (corresponding to SceACC Ser1157). RESULTS 4 7 CDN structure_element The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 39 42 CDL structure_element The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 43 47 CDC1 structure_element The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 112 122 structures evidence The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 126 129 Sce species The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 129 131 CD structure_element The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 140 163 larger CthACC fragments mutant The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 165 168 CDN structure_element The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 257 266 protomers oligomeric_state The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 270 278 CthCD-CT mutant The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 287 295 protomer oligomeric_state The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 299 307 CthΔBCCP mutant The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 320 331 CthCD-CT1/2 mutant The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 336 345 CthΔBCCP1 mutant The CDN domain positioning relative to CDL/CDC1 is highly variable with three main orientations observed in the structures of SceCD and the larger CthACC fragments: CDN tilts, resulting in a displacement of its N terminus by 23 Å (Fig. 4a, observed in both protomers of CthCD-CT and one protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthCD-CT1/2 and CthΔBCCP1, respectively). RESULTS 13 16 CDN structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 35 41 hinges structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 68 71 CDN structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 72 75 CDL structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 116 124 protomer oligomeric_state In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 128 136 CthΔBCCP mutant In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 149 158 CthΔBCCP2 mutant In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 191 194 Sce species In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 194 196 CD structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 229 240 anchor site site In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 249 260 BCCP linker structure_element In addition, CDN can rotate around hinges in the connection between CDN/CDL by 70° (Fig. 4b, observed in the second protomer of CthΔBCCP, denoted as CthΔBCCP2) and 160° (Fig. 4c, observed in SceCD) leading to displacement of the anchor site for the BCCP linker by up to 33 and 40 Å, respectively. RESULTS 34 36 CD structure_element Conformational variability in the CD thus contributes considerably to variations in the spacing between the BC and CT domains, and may extend to distance variations beyond the mobility range of the flexibly tethered BCCP. RESULTS 108 110 BC structure_element Conformational variability in the CD thus contributes considerably to variations in the spacing between the BC and CT domains, and may extend to distance variations beyond the mobility range of the flexibly tethered BCCP. RESULTS 115 117 CT structure_element Conformational variability in the CD thus contributes considerably to variations in the spacing between the BC and CT domains, and may extend to distance variations beyond the mobility range of the flexibly tethered BCCP. RESULTS 198 215 flexibly tethered protein_state Conformational variability in the CD thus contributes considerably to variations in the spacing between the BC and CT domains, and may extend to distance variations beyond the mobility range of the flexibly tethered BCCP. RESULTS 216 220 BCCP structure_element Conformational variability in the CD thus contributes considerably to variations in the spacing between the BC and CT domains, and may extend to distance variations beyond the mobility range of the flexibly tethered BCCP. RESULTS 73 79 fungal taxonomy_domain On the basis of the occurrence of related conformational changes between fungal and human ACC fragments, the observed set of conformations may well represent general states present in all eukaryotic ACCs. RESULTS 84 89 human species On the basis of the occurrence of related conformational changes between fungal and human ACC fragments, the observed set of conformations may well represent general states present in all eukaryotic ACCs. RESULTS 90 103 ACC fragments mutant On the basis of the occurrence of related conformational changes between fungal and human ACC fragments, the observed set of conformations may well represent general states present in all eukaryotic ACCs. RESULTS 188 198 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain On the basis of the occurrence of related conformational changes between fungal and human ACC fragments, the observed set of conformations may well represent general states present in all eukaryotic ACCs. RESULTS 199 203 ACCs protein_type On the basis of the occurrence of related conformational changes between fungal and human ACC fragments, the observed set of conformations may well represent general states present in all eukaryotic ACCs. RESULTS 42 48 fungal taxonomy_domain Large-scale conformational variability of fungal ACC RESULTS 49 52 ACC protein_type Large-scale conformational variability of fungal ACC RESULTS 34 40 fungal taxonomy_domain To obtain a comprehensive view of fungal ACC dynamics in solution, we employed SAXS and EM. RESULTS 41 44 ACC protein_type To obtain a comprehensive view of fungal ACC dynamics in solution, we employed SAXS and EM. RESULTS 54 65 in solution protein_state To obtain a comprehensive view of fungal ACC dynamics in solution, we employed SAXS and EM. RESULTS 79 83 SAXS experimental_method To obtain a comprehensive view of fungal ACC dynamics in solution, we employed SAXS and EM. RESULTS 88 90 EM experimental_method To obtain a comprehensive view of fungal ACC dynamics in solution, we employed SAXS and EM. RESULTS 0 4 SAXS experimental_method SAXS analysis of CthACC agrees with a dimeric state and an elongated shape with a maximum extent of 350 Å (Supplementary Table 1). RESULTS 17 23 CthACC protein SAXS analysis of CthACC agrees with a dimeric state and an elongated shape with a maximum extent of 350 Å (Supplementary Table 1). RESULTS 38 45 dimeric oligomeric_state SAXS analysis of CthACC agrees with a dimeric state and an elongated shape with a maximum extent of 350 Å (Supplementary Table 1). RESULTS 59 74 elongated shape protein_state SAXS analysis of CthACC agrees with a dimeric state and an elongated shape with a maximum extent of 350 Å (Supplementary Table 1). RESULTS 25 42 scattering curves evidence The smooth appearance of scattering curves and derived distance distributions might indicate substantial interdomain flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 47 77 derived distance distributions evidence The smooth appearance of scattering curves and derived distance distributions might indicate substantial interdomain flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 2a–c). RESULTS 33 44 full-length protein_state Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 45 51 CthACC protein Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 52 61 particles evidence Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 76 78 MS experimental_method Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 106 120 phosphorylated protein_state Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 121 139 low-activity state protein_state Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 144 161 negative stain EM experimental_method Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 204 221 rod-like extended protein_state Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 225 233 U-shaped protein_state Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 234 243 particles evidence Direct observation of individual full-length CthACC particles, according to MS results predominantly in a phosphorylated low-activity state, in negative stain EM reveals a large set of conformations from rod-like extended to U-shaped particles. RESULTS 0 14 Class averages evidence Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 28 88 maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification experimental_method Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 109 116 dimeric oligomeric_state Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 117 119 CT structure_element Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 135 139 full protein_state Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 140 150 BC–BCCP–CD mutant Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 170 178 protomer oligomeric_state Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 230 232 BC structure_element Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 233 235 CD structure_element Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 260 262 CT structure_element Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 263 268 dimer oligomeric_state Class averages, obtained by maximum-likelihood-based two-dimensional (2D) classification, are focused on the dimeric CT domain and the full BC–BCCP–CD domain of only one protomer, due to the non-coordinated motions of the lateral BC/CD regions relative to the CT dimer. RESULTS 38 41 CDN structure_element They identify the connections between CDN/CDL and between CDC2/CT as major contributors to conformational heterogeneity (Supplementary Fig. 4a,b). RESULTS 42 45 CDL structure_element They identify the connections between CDN/CDL and between CDC2/CT as major contributors to conformational heterogeneity (Supplementary Fig. 4a,b). RESULTS 58 62 CDC2 structure_element They identify the connections between CDN/CDL and between CDC2/CT as major contributors to conformational heterogeneity (Supplementary Fig. 4a,b). RESULTS 63 65 CT structure_element They identify the connections between CDN/CDL and between CDC2/CT as major contributors to conformational heterogeneity (Supplementary Fig. 4a,b). RESULTS 23 36 CDC2/CT hinge structure_element The flexibility in the CDC2/CT hinge appears substantially larger than the variations observed in the set of crystal structures. RESULTS 109 127 crystal structures evidence The flexibility in the CDC2/CT hinge appears substantially larger than the variations observed in the set of crystal structures. RESULTS 4 6 BC structure_element The BC domain is not completely disordered, but laterally attached to BT/CDN in a generally conserved position, albeit with increased flexibility. RESULTS 70 72 BT structure_element The BC domain is not completely disordered, but laterally attached to BT/CDN in a generally conserved position, albeit with increased flexibility. RESULTS 73 76 CDN structure_element The BC domain is not completely disordered, but laterally attached to BT/CDN in a generally conserved position, albeit with increased flexibility. RESULTS 82 110 generally conserved position protein_state The BC domain is not completely disordered, but laterally attached to BT/CDN in a generally conserved position, albeit with increased flexibility. RESULTS 26 59 linear and U-shaped conformations protein_state Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 99 101 BC structure_element Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 106 108 CT structure_element Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 109 121 active sites site Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 211 217 static protein_state Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 218 228 structures evidence Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 250 278 biotin-dependent carboxylase protein_type Surprisingly, in both the linear and U-shaped conformations, the approximate distances between the BC and CT active sites would remain larger than 110 Å. These observed distances are considerably larger than in static structures of any other related biotin-dependent carboxylase. RESULTS 47 61 BCCP–CD linker structure_element Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 65 71 fungal taxonomy_domain Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 72 75 ACC protein_type Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 79 93 26 amino acids residue_range Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 111 115 BCCP structure_element Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 160 172 active sites site Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 176 178 BC structure_element Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 183 185 CT structure_element Furthermore, based on an average length of the BCCP–CD linker in fungal ACC of 26 amino acids, mobility of the BCCP alone would not be sufficient to bridge the active sites of BC and CT. RESULTS 130 149 CDC1/CDC2 interface site The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 178 185 Ser1157 residue_name_number The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 186 200 phosphorylated protein_state The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 201 216 regulatory loop structure_element The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 237 240 Sce species The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 240 242 CD structure_element The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 243 260 crystal structure evidence The most relevant candidate site for mediating such additional flexibility and permitting an extended set of conformations is the CDC1/CDC2 interface, which is rigidified by the Ser1157-phosphorylated regulatory loop, as depicted in the SceCD crystal structure. RESULTS 32 38 fungal taxonomy_domain Altogether, the architecture of fungal ACC is based on the central dimeric CT domain (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 39 42 ACC protein_type Altogether, the architecture of fungal ACC is based on the central dimeric CT domain (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 67 74 dimeric oligomeric_state Altogether, the architecture of fungal ACC is based on the central dimeric CT domain (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 75 77 CT structure_element Altogether, the architecture of fungal ACC is based on the central dimeric CT domain (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 4 6 CD structure_element The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 33 43 subdomains structure_element The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 74 76 CT structure_element The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 84 90 mobile protein_state The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 91 95 BCCP structure_element The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 103 111 oriented protein_state The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 112 114 BC structure_element The CD consists of four distinct subdomains and acts as a tether from the CT to the mobile BCCP and an oriented BC domain. DISCUSS 4 6 CD structure_element The CD has no direct role in substrate recognition or catalysis but contributes to the regulation of all eukaryotic ACCs. DISCUSS 105 115 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain The CD has no direct role in substrate recognition or catalysis but contributes to the regulation of all eukaryotic ACCs. DISCUSS 116 120 ACCs protein_type The CD has no direct role in substrate recognition or catalysis but contributes to the regulation of all eukaryotic ACCs. DISCUSS 3 20 higher eukaryotic taxonomy_domain In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 21 25 ACCs protein_type In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 42 57 phosphorylation ptm In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 98 113 phosphorylation ptm In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 117 122 Ser80 residue_name_number In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 124 131 Ser1201 residue_name_number In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 136 143 Ser1263 residue_name_number In higher eukaryotic ACCs, regulation via phosphorylation is achieved by combining the effects of phosphorylation at Ser80, Ser1201 and Ser1263. DISCUSS 3 9 fungal taxonomy_domain In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 10 13 ACC protein_type In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 24 31 Ser1157 residue_name_number In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 39 54 regulatory loop structure_element In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 62 64 CD structure_element In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 77 97 phosphorylation site site In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 136 150 phosphorylated protein_state In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 193 196 ACC protein_type In fungal ACC, however, Ser1157 in the regulatory loop of the CD is the only phosphorylation site that has been demonstrated to be both phosphorylated in vivo and involved in the regulation of ACC activity. DISCUSS 7 21 phosphorylated protein_state In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 33 48 regulatory loop structure_element In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 60 67 Ser1157 residue_name_number In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 83 87 CDC1 structure_element In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 88 92 CDC2 structure_element In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 119 141 conformational freedom protein_state In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 150 171 interdomain interface site In its phosphorylated state, the regulatory loop containing Ser1157 wedges between CDC1/CDC2 and presumably limits the conformational freedom at this interdomain interface. DISCUSS 29 34 hinge structure_element However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 55 72 full ACC activity protein_state However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 103 121 BCCP anchor points structure_element However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 130 142 active sites site However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 146 148 BC structure_element However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 153 155 CT structure_element However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 206 210 BCCP structure_element However, flexibility at this hinge may be required for full ACC activity, as the distances between the BCCP anchor points and the active sites of BC and CT observed here are such large that mobility of the BCCP alone is not sufficient for substrate transfer. DISCUSS 49 55 fungal taxonomy_domain The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 56 59 ACC protein_type The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 107 113 unique protein_state The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 114 116 CD structure_element The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 175 187 active sites site The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 191 193 BC structure_element The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 198 200 CT structure_element The current data thus suggest that regulation of fungal ACC is mediated by controlling the dynamics of the unique CD, rather than directly affecting catalytic turnover at the active sites of BC and CT. DISCUSS 21 27 fungal taxonomy_domain A comparison between fungal and human ACC will help to further discriminate mechanistic differences that contribute to the extended control and polymerization of human ACC. DISCUSS 32 37 human species A comparison between fungal and human ACC will help to further discriminate mechanistic differences that contribute to the extended control and polymerization of human ACC. DISCUSS 38 41 ACC protein_type A comparison between fungal and human ACC will help to further discriminate mechanistic differences that contribute to the extended control and polymerization of human ACC. DISCUSS 162 167 human species A comparison between fungal and human ACC will help to further discriminate mechanistic differences that contribute to the extended control and polymerization of human ACC. DISCUSS 168 171 ACC protein_type A comparison between fungal and human ACC will help to further discriminate mechanistic differences that contribute to the extended control and polymerization of human ACC. DISCUSS 17 34 crystal structure evidence Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 38 54 near full-length protein_state Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 55 73 non-phosphorylated protein_state Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 74 77 ACC protein_type Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 83 95 S. cerevisae species Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 97 109 lacking only protein_state Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 110 112 21 residue_range Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 153 158 flACC mutant Most recently, a crystal structure of near full-length non-phosphorylated ACC from S. cerevisae (lacking only 21 N-terminal amino acids, here denoted as flACC) was published by Wei and Tong. DISCUSS 3 8 flACC mutant In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 14 17 ACC protein_type In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 18 23 dimer oligomeric_state In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 66 89 triangular architecture protein_state In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 95 102 dimeric oligomeric_state In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 103 105 BC structure_element In flACC, the ACC dimer obeys twofold symmetry and assembles in a triangular architecture with dimeric BC domains (Supplementary Fig. 5a). DISCUSS 16 31 mutational data experimental_method In their study, mutational data indicate a requirement for BC dimerization for catalytic activity. DISCUSS 24 44 elongated open shape protein_state The transition from the elongated open shape, observed in our experiments, towards a compact triangular shape is based on an intricate interplay of several hinge-bending motions in the CD (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 85 109 compact triangular shape protein_state The transition from the elongated open shape, observed in our experiments, towards a compact triangular shape is based on an intricate interplay of several hinge-bending motions in the CD (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 185 187 CD structure_element The transition from the elongated open shape, observed in our experiments, towards a compact triangular shape is based on an intricate interplay of several hinge-bending motions in the CD (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 0 10 Comparison experimental_method Comparison of flACC with our CthΔBCCP structure reveals the CDC2/CT hinge as a major contributor to conformational flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 5b,c). DISCUSS 14 19 flACC mutant Comparison of flACC with our CthΔBCCP structure reveals the CDC2/CT hinge as a major contributor to conformational flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 5b,c). DISCUSS 29 37 CthΔBCCP mutant Comparison of flACC with our CthΔBCCP structure reveals the CDC2/CT hinge as a major contributor to conformational flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 5b,c). DISCUSS 38 47 structure evidence Comparison of flACC with our CthΔBCCP structure reveals the CDC2/CT hinge as a major contributor to conformational flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 5b,c). DISCUSS 60 73 CDC2/CT hinge structure_element Comparison of flACC with our CthΔBCCP structure reveals the CDC2/CT hinge as a major contributor to conformational flexibility (Supplementary Fig. 5b,c). DISCUSS 3 8 flACC mutant In flACC, CDC2 rotates ∼120° with respect to the CT domain. DISCUSS 10 14 CDC2 structure_element In flACC, CDC2 rotates ∼120° with respect to the CT domain. DISCUSS 49 51 CT structure_element In flACC, CDC2 rotates ∼120° with respect to the CT domain. DISCUSS 2 14 second hinge structure_element A second hinge can be identified between CDC1/CDC2. DISCUSS 41 45 CDC1 structure_element A second hinge can be identified between CDC1/CDC2. DISCUSS 46 50 CDC2 structure_element A second hinge can be identified between CDC1/CDC2. DISCUSS 18 31 superposition experimental_method On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 35 39 CDC2 structure_element On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 41 45 CDC1 structure_element On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 53 67 phosphorylated protein_state On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 68 71 Sce species On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 71 73 CD structure_element On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 104 108 CDC1 structure_element On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 116 134 non-phosphorylated protein_state On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 135 140 flACC mutant On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 207 225 non-phosphorylated protein_state On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 226 234 HsaBT-CD mutant On the basis of a superposition of CDC2, CDC1 of the phosphorylated SceCD is rotated by 30° relative to CDC1 of the non-phosphorylated flACC (Supplementary Fig. 5d), similar to what we have observed for the non-phosphorylated HsaBT-CD (Supplementary Fig. 1d). DISCUSS 5 15 inspecting experimental_method When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 31 39 protomer oligomeric_state When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 44 52 fragment mutant When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 53 63 structures evidence When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 111 130 CDN/CDC1 connection structure_element When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 136 151 highly flexible protein_state When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 152 157 hinge structure_element When inspecting all individual protomer and fragment structures in their study, Wei and Tong also identify the CDN/CDC1 connection as a highly flexible hinge, in agreement with our observations. DISCUSS 19 29 regulatory protein_state The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 30 49 phophorylation site site The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 53 59 fungal taxonomy_domain The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 60 63 ACC protein_type The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 71 86 regulatory loop structure_element The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 116 120 CDC1 structure_element The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 121 125 CDC2 structure_element The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 170 188 hinge conformation structure_element The only bona fide regulatory phophorylation site of fungal ACC in the regulatory loop is directly participating in CDC1/CDC2 domain interactions and thus stabilizes the hinge conformation. DISCUSS 3 8 flACC mutant In flACC, the regulatory loop is mostly disordered, illustrating the increased flexibility due to the absence of the phosphoryl group. DISCUSS 14 29 regulatory loop structure_element In flACC, the regulatory loop is mostly disordered, illustrating the increased flexibility due to the absence of the phosphoryl group. DISCUSS 33 50 mostly disordered protein_state In flACC, the regulatory loop is mostly disordered, illustrating the increased flexibility due to the absence of the phosphoryl group. DISCUSS 117 127 phosphoryl chemical In flACC, the regulatory loop is mostly disordered, illustrating the increased flexibility due to the absence of the phosphoryl group. DISCUSS 36 45 protomers oligomeric_state Only in three out of eight observed protomers a short peptide stretch (including Ser1157) was modelled. DISCUSS 48 61 short peptide structure_element Only in three out of eight observed protomers a short peptide stretch (including Ser1157) was modelled. DISCUSS 81 88 Ser1157 residue_name_number Only in three out of eight observed protomers a short peptide stretch (including Ser1157) was modelled. DISCUSS 94 102 modelled evidence Only in three out of eight observed protomers a short peptide stretch (including Ser1157) was modelled. DISCUSS 23 30 Ser1157 residue_name_number In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 105 119 phosphorylated protein_state In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 120 126 serine residue_name In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 151 164 superposition experimental_method In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 175 179 CDC1 structure_element In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 183 187 CDC2 structure_element In those instances the Ser1157 residue is located at a distance of 14–20 Å away from the location of the phosphorylated serine observed here, based on superposition of either CDC1 or CDC2. DISCUSS 0 8 Applying experimental_method Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 33 48 CDC1/CDC2 hinge structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 61 64 Sce species Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 64 66 CD structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 70 75 flACC mutant Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 85 88 CDN structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 114 118 CDC2 structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 123 125 BT structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 126 129 CDN structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 144 146 CT structure_element Applying the conformation of the CDC1/CDC2 hinge observed in SceCD on flACC leads to CDN sterically clashing with CDC2 and BT/CDN clashing with CT (Supplementary Fig. 6a,b). DISCUSS 53 68 phosphorylation ptm Thus, in accordance with the results presented here, phosphorylation of Ser1157 in SceACC most likely limits flexibility in the CDC1/CDC2 hinge such that activation through BC dimerization is not possible (Fig. 4d), which however does not exclude intermolecular dimerization. DISCUSS 72 79 Ser1157 residue_name_number Thus, in accordance with the results presented here, phosphorylation of Ser1157 in SceACC most likely limits flexibility in the CDC1/CDC2 hinge such that activation through BC dimerization is not possible (Fig. 4d), which however does not exclude intermolecular dimerization. DISCUSS 83 89 SceACC protein Thus, in accordance with the results presented here, phosphorylation of Ser1157 in SceACC most likely limits flexibility in the CDC1/CDC2 hinge such that activation through BC dimerization is not possible (Fig. 4d), which however does not exclude intermolecular dimerization. DISCUSS 128 143 CDC1/CDC2 hinge structure_element Thus, in accordance with the results presented here, phosphorylation of Ser1157 in SceACC most likely limits flexibility in the CDC1/CDC2 hinge such that activation through BC dimerization is not possible (Fig. 4d), which however does not exclude intermolecular dimerization. DISCUSS 173 175 BC structure_element Thus, in accordance with the results presented here, phosphorylation of Ser1157 in SceACC most likely limits flexibility in the CDC1/CDC2 hinge such that activation through BC dimerization is not possible (Fig. 4d), which however does not exclude intermolecular dimerization. DISCUSS 13 15 EM experimental_method In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 16 27 micrographs evidence In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 31 45 phosphorylated protein_state In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 50 66 dephosphorylated protein_state In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 67 73 SceACC protein In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 106 142 elongated and U-shaped conformations protein_state In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 181 209 particle shape distributions evidence In addition, EM micrographs of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SceACC display for both samples mainly elongated and U-shaped conformations and reveal no apparent differences in particle shape distributions (Supplementary Fig. 7). DISCUSS 25 41 triangular shape protein_state This implicates that the triangular shape with dimeric BC domains has a low population also in the active form, even though a biasing influence of grid preparation cannot be excluded completely. DISCUSS 47 54 dimeric oligomeric_state This implicates that the triangular shape with dimeric BC domains has a low population also in the active form, even though a biasing influence of grid preparation cannot be excluded completely. DISCUSS 55 57 BC structure_element This implicates that the triangular shape with dimeric BC domains has a low population also in the active form, even though a biasing influence of grid preparation cannot be excluded completely. DISCUSS 99 110 active form protein_state This implicates that the triangular shape with dimeric BC domains has a low population also in the active form, even though a biasing influence of grid preparation cannot be excluded completely. DISCUSS 76 110 carrier protein-based multienzymes protein_type Large-scale conformational variability has also been observed in most other carrier protein-based multienzymes, including polyketide and fatty-acid synthases (with the exception of fungal-type fatty-acid synthases), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, although based on completely different architectures. DISCUSS 122 157 polyketide and fatty-acid synthases protein_type Large-scale conformational variability has also been observed in most other carrier protein-based multienzymes, including polyketide and fatty-acid synthases (with the exception of fungal-type fatty-acid synthases), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, although based on completely different architectures. DISCUSS 181 213 fungal-type fatty-acid synthases protein_type Large-scale conformational variability has also been observed in most other carrier protein-based multienzymes, including polyketide and fatty-acid synthases (with the exception of fungal-type fatty-acid synthases), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, although based on completely different architectures. DISCUSS 216 249 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases protein_type Large-scale conformational variability has also been observed in most other carrier protein-based multienzymes, including polyketide and fatty-acid synthases (with the exception of fungal-type fatty-acid synthases), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, although based on completely different architectures. DISCUSS 258 290 pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes protein_type Large-scale conformational variability has also been observed in most other carrier protein-based multienzymes, including polyketide and fatty-acid synthases (with the exception of fungal-type fatty-acid synthases), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, although based on completely different architectures. DISCUSS 15 37 structural information evidence Together, this structural information suggests that variable carrier protein tethering is not sufficient for efficient substrate transfer and catalysis in any of these systems. DISCUSS 4 29 determination of a set of experimental_method The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 30 48 crystal structures evidence The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 52 58 SceACC protein The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 74 90 unphosphorylated protein_state The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 95 109 phosphorylated protein_state The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 117 138 major regulatory site site The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 139 146 Ser1157 residue_name_number The determination of a set of crystal structures of SceACC in two states, unphosphorylated and phosphorylated at the major regulatory site Ser1157, provides a unique depiction of multienzyme regulation by post-translational modification (Fig. 4d). DISCUSS 4 18 phosphorylated protein_state The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 19 34 regulatory loop structure_element The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 47 62 allosteric site site The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 70 79 interface site The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 87 100 non-catalytic protein_state The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 157 163 hinges structure_element The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 171 178 dynamic protein_state The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 179 182 ACC protein_type The phosphorylated regulatory loop binds to an allosteric site at the interface of two non-catalytic domains and restricts conformational freedom at several hinges in the dynamic ACC. DISCUSS 32 58 rare, compact conformation protein_state It disfavours the adoption of a rare, compact conformation, in which intramolecular dimerization of the BC domains results in catalytic turnover. DISCUSS 104 106 BC structure_element It disfavours the adoption of a rare, compact conformation, in which intramolecular dimerization of the BC domains results in catalytic turnover. DISCUSS 138 159 active site structure site The regulation of activity thus results from restrained large-scale conformational dynamics rather than a direct or indirect influence on active site structure. DISCUSS 23 26 ACC protein_type To our best knowledge, ACC is the first multienzyme for which such a phosphorylation-dependent mechanical control mechanism has been visualized. DISCUSS 40 51 multienzyme protein_type To our best knowledge, ACC is the first multienzyme for which such a phosphorylation-dependent mechanical control mechanism has been visualized. DISCUSS 69 84 phosphorylation ptm To our best knowledge, ACC is the first multienzyme for which such a phosphorylation-dependent mechanical control mechanism has been visualized. DISCUSS 24 27 ACC protein_type However, the example of ACC now demonstrates the possibility of regulating activity by controlled dynamics of non-enzymatic linker regions also in other families of carrier-dependent multienzymes. DISCUSS 110 138 non-enzymatic linker regions structure_element However, the example of ACC now demonstrates the possibility of regulating activity by controlled dynamics of non-enzymatic linker regions also in other families of carrier-dependent multienzymes. DISCUSS 165 195 carrier-dependent multienzymes protein_type However, the example of ACC now demonstrates the possibility of regulating activity by controlled dynamics of non-enzymatic linker regions also in other families of carrier-dependent multienzymes. DISCUSS 4 18 phosphorylated protein_state The phosphorylated central domain of yeast ACC. FIG 19 33 central domain structure_element The phosphorylated central domain of yeast ACC. FIG 37 42 yeast taxonomy_domain The phosphorylated central domain of yeast ACC. FIG 43 46 ACC protein_type The phosphorylated central domain of yeast ACC. FIG 53 63 eukaryotic taxonomy_domain (a) Schematic overview of the domain organization of eukaryotic ACCs. FIG 64 68 ACCs protein_type (a) Schematic overview of the domain organization of eukaryotic ACCs. FIG 0 23 Crystallized constructs evidence Crystallized constructs are indicated. FIG 34 37 Sce species (b) Cartoon representation of the SceCD crystal structure. FIG 37 39 CD structure_element (b) Cartoon representation of the SceCD crystal structure. FIG 40 57 crystal structure evidence (b) Cartoon representation of the SceCD crystal structure. FIG 0 3 CDN structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 19 36 four-helix bundle structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 38 41 CDL structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 46 66 two α–β-fold domains structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 68 72 CDC1 structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 77 81 CDC2 structure_element CDN is linked by a four-helix bundle (CDL) to two α–β-fold domains (CDC1 and CDC2). FIG 4 19 regulatory loop structure_element The regulatory loop is shown as bold cartoon, and the phosphorylated Ser1157 is marked by a red triangle. FIG 54 68 phosphorylated protein_state The regulatory loop is shown as bold cartoon, and the phosphorylated Ser1157 is marked by a red triangle. FIG 69 76 Ser1157 residue_name_number The regulatory loop is shown as bold cartoon, and the phosphorylated Ser1157 is marked by a red triangle. FIG 4 17 Superposition experimental_method (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 21 25 CDC1 structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 30 34 CDC2 structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 43 59 highly conserved protein_state (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 60 65 folds structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 75 90 regulatory loop structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 100 114 phosphorylated protein_state (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 115 122 Ser1157 residue_name_number (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 155 159 CDC1 structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 164 168 CDC2 structure_element (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 174 183 conserved protein_state (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 193 200 Arg1173 residue_name_number (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 205 212 Arg1260 residue_name_number (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 228 238 phosphoryl chemical (c) Superposition of CDC1 and CDC2 reveals highly conserved folds. (d) The regulatory loop with the phosphorylated Ser1157 is bound into a crevice between CDC1 and CDC2, the conserved residues Arg1173 and Arg1260 coordinate the phosphoryl-group. FIG 27 35 HsaBT-CD mutant (e) Structural overview of HsaBT-CD. FIG 40 44 BCCP structure_element The attachment points to the N-terminal BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are indicated with spheres. FIG 71 73 CT structure_element The attachment points to the N-terminal BCCP domain and the C-terminal CT domain are indicated with spheres. FIG 20 22 CD structure_element Architecture of the CD–CT core of fungal ACC. FIG 23 25 CT structure_element Architecture of the CD–CT core of fungal ACC. FIG 34 40 fungal taxonomy_domain Architecture of the CD–CT core of fungal ACC. FIG 41 44 ACC protein_type Architecture of the CD–CT core of fungal ACC. FIG 26 44 crystal structures evidence Cartoon representation of crystal structures of multidomain constructs of CthACC. FIG 48 70 multidomain constructs mutant Cartoon representation of crystal structures of multidomain constructs of CthACC. FIG 74 80 CthACC protein Cartoon representation of crystal structures of multidomain constructs of CthACC. FIG 4 12 protomer oligomeric_state One protomer is shown in colour and one in grey. FIG 37 48 active site site Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 52 54 CT structure_element Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 79 88 conserved protein_state Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 89 99 regulatory protein_state Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 100 118 phosphoserine site site Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 128 131 Sce species Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 131 133 CD structure_element Individual domains are labelled; the active site of CT and the position of the conserved regulatory phosphoserine site based on SceCD are indicated by an asterisk and a triangle, respectively. FIG 34 38 CDC2 structure_element Variability of the connections of CDC2 to CT and CDC1 in fungal ACC. FIG 42 44 CT structure_element Variability of the connections of CDC2 to CT and CDC1 in fungal ACC. FIG 49 53 CDC1 structure_element Variability of the connections of CDC2 to CT and CDC1 in fungal ACC. FIG 57 63 fungal taxonomy_domain Variability of the connections of CDC2 to CT and CDC1 in fungal ACC. FIG 64 67 ACC protein_type Variability of the connections of CDC2 to CT and CDC1 in fungal ACC. FIG 4 9 Hinge structure_element (a) Hinge properties of the CDC2–CT connection analysed by a CT-based superposition of eight instances of the CDC2-CT segment. FIG 28 46 CDC2–CT connection structure_element (a) Hinge properties of the CDC2–CT connection analysed by a CT-based superposition of eight instances of the CDC2-CT segment. FIG 61 83 CT-based superposition experimental_method (a) Hinge properties of the CDC2–CT connection analysed by a CT-based superposition of eight instances of the CDC2-CT segment. FIG 110 125 CDC2-CT segment mutant (a) Hinge properties of the CDC2–CT connection analysed by a CT-based superposition of eight instances of the CDC2-CT segment. FIG 22 30 protomer oligomeric_state For clarity, only one protomer of CthCD-CTCter1 is shown in full colour as reference. FIG 34 47 CthCD-CTCter1 mutant For clarity, only one protomer of CthCD-CTCter1 is shown in full colour as reference. FIG 21 25 CDC2 structure_element For other instances, CDC2 domains are shown in transparent tube representation with only one helix each highlighted. FIG 74 78 CDC2 structure_element The range of hinge bending is indicated and the connection points between CDC2 and CT (blue) as well as between CDC1 and CDC2 (green and grey) are marked as spheres. FIG 83 85 CT structure_element The range of hinge bending is indicated and the connection points between CDC2 and CT (blue) as well as between CDC1 and CDC2 (green and grey) are marked as spheres. FIG 112 116 CDC1 structure_element The range of hinge bending is indicated and the connection points between CDC2 and CT (blue) as well as between CDC1 and CDC2 (green and grey) are marked as spheres. FIG 121 125 CDC2 structure_element The range of hinge bending is indicated and the connection points between CDC2 and CT (blue) as well as between CDC1 and CDC2 (green and grey) are marked as spheres. FIG 8 29 interdomain interface site (b) The interdomain interface of CDC1 and CDC2 exhibits only limited plasticity. FIG 33 37 CDC1 structure_element (b) The interdomain interface of CDC1 and CDC2 exhibits only limited plasticity. FIG 42 46 CDC2 structure_element (b) The interdomain interface of CDC1 and CDC2 exhibits only limited plasticity. FIG 32 36 CDC1 structure_element Representation as in a, but the CDC1 and CDC2 are superposed based on CDC2. FIG 41 45 CDC2 structure_element Representation as in a, but the CDC1 and CDC2 are superposed based on CDC2. FIG 50 60 superposed experimental_method Representation as in a, but the CDC1 and CDC2 are superposed based on CDC2. FIG 70 74 CDC2 structure_element Representation as in a, but the CDC1 and CDC2 are superposed based on CDC2. FIG 4 12 protomer oligomeric_state One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 16 24 CthΔBCCP mutant One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 49 52 CDL structure_element One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 109 123 phosphorylated protein_state One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 124 130 serine residue_name One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 140 143 Sce species One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 143 145 CD structure_element One protomer of CthΔBCCP is shown in colour, the CDL domains are omitted for clarity and the position of the phosphorylated serine based on SceCD is indicated with a red triangle. FIG 27 31 CDC1 structure_element The connection points from CDC1 to CDC2 and to CDL are represented by green spheres. FIG 35 39 CDC2 structure_element The connection points from CDC1 to CDC2 and to CDL are represented by green spheres. FIG 47 50 CDL structure_element The connection points from CDC1 to CDC2 and to CDL are represented by green spheres. FIG 31 37 fungal taxonomy_domain The conformational dynamics of fungal ACC. FIG 38 41 ACC protein_type The conformational dynamics of fungal ACC. FIG 52 55 CDN structure_element (a–c) Large-scale conformational variability of the CDN domain relative to the CDL/CDC1 domain. FIG 79 82 CDL structure_element (a–c) Large-scale conformational variability of the CDN domain relative to the CDL/CDC1 domain. FIG 83 87 CDC1 structure_element (a–c) Large-scale conformational variability of the CDN domain relative to the CDL/CDC1 domain. FIG 0 9 CthCD-CT1 mutant CthCD-CT1 (in colour) serves as reference, the compared structures (as indicated, numbers after construct name differentiate between individual protomers) are shown in grey. FIG 47 66 compared structures experimental_method CthCD-CT1 (in colour) serves as reference, the compared structures (as indicated, numbers after construct name differentiate between individual protomers) are shown in grey. FIG 144 153 protomers oligomeric_state CthCD-CT1 (in colour) serves as reference, the compared structures (as indicated, numbers after construct name differentiate between individual protomers) are shown in grey. FIG 19 22 CDN structure_element Domains other than CDN and CDL/CDC1 are omitted for clarity. FIG 27 30 CDL structure_element Domains other than CDN and CDL/CDC1 are omitted for clarity. FIG 31 35 CDC1 structure_element Domains other than CDN and CDL/CDC1 are omitted for clarity. FIG 68 71 CDN structure_element The domains are labelled and the distances between the N termini of CDN (spheres) in the compared structures are indicated. FIG 23 29 fungal taxonomy_domain (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 30 33 ACC protein_type (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 82 84 CD structure_element (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 92 106 phosphorylated protein_state (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 107 116 inhibited protein_state (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 124 142 non-phosphorylated protein_state (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 143 152 activated protein_state (d) Schematic model of fungal ACC showing the intrinsic, regulated flexibility of CD in the phosphorylated inhibited or the non-phosphorylated activated state. FIG 19 23 CDC2 structure_element Flexibility of the CDC2/CT and CDN/CDL hinges is illustrated by arrows. FIG 24 26 CT structure_element Flexibility of the CDC2/CT and CDN/CDL hinges is illustrated by arrows. FIG 31 34 CDN structure_element Flexibility of the CDC2/CT and CDN/CDL hinges is illustrated by arrows. FIG 35 38 CDL structure_element Flexibility of the CDC2/CT and CDN/CDL hinges is illustrated by arrows. FIG 39 45 hinges structure_element Flexibility of the CDC2/CT and CDN/CDL hinges is illustrated by arrows. FIG 4 11 Ser1157 residue_name_number The Ser1157 phosphorylation site and the regulatory loop are schematically indicated in magenta. FIG 12 27 phosphorylation ptm The Ser1157 phosphorylation site and the regulatory loop are schematically indicated in magenta. FIG 41 56 regulatory loop structure_element The Ser1157 phosphorylation site and the regulatory loop are schematically indicated in magenta. FIG